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1905

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7

LAMB'S

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

OP THE

UNITED STATES

EDITED BY
JOHN HOWARD BROWN

" Search for tlie truth is the noblest occupation of man ; its publication a duty,"
Madame de StaU.

Volume VI.
NEWTON— SEARS

BOSTON, MASS.
FEDERAL BOOK COMPANY OP BOSTON
372 Boylston Stbeet
1903

Copyright, 1903,
By Federal Book Company, of Boston

FULL PAGE PORTRAITS.

John Singer Sargent
Oliver Hazard Perry
Franklin Pierce
James Knox Polk
Theodore Roosevelt
Jacob Gould Schurman

Artisl Naval Officer
President President
President '
Educator.. .•-,¦

PAGE
Frontispiece Facing 223
258 288
542C43

LAMB'S
Biographical Dictionary

OP THE

UNITED STATES.

N.

NEWTON, John Brockenbrough, coadjutor
bishop of Virginia and 174th in succession in the
American episcopate, was born at his father's
.home " Linden," in Westmoreland county, Va.,
Feb. 7, 1839; son of Willoughby and Mary
(Brockenbrough) Newton ; grandson of Wil
loughby and Sally Bland (Poythress) Newton
and of Judge William Brockenbrough of the Vir
ginia court of appeals, and his wife, Judith
White, daughter of Rev. John White and grand
daughter of Carter Braxton, the signer. On his
father's side he was descended from Col. Rich
ard Bland of Revolutionary fame, who was
the son of Theodorick Bland, one of the earliest
¦settlers in Virginia. His earliest Newton ances
tor in America, John Newton, came to Virginia
in 1670,and settled in Westmoreland county. He
was a student at the Episcopal high school
near Alexandria, and was graduated at the
Medical College of Virginia, M.D., in 1860.
He served as assistant and full surgeon in the
Confederate States army, 1861-65, and after the
¦close of the war practised his profession in West
moreland county until 1870, when he determined
to enter the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal
church. That his family might not suffer, he
continued to practise medicine while studying
the prescribed course at his home in Westmore
land, taking the regular examinations with the
class at the Virginia Theological seminary. He
was ordained' deacon, June 25, 1871, and priest,
June 29, 1872, by Bishop Whittle. He was
rector of St. John's and St. Paul's churches,
South Farnham parish, Tappahannock, Essex
county, Va. , 1871-76 ; of St. Luke's church,
Norfolk, Va., 1876-84, and of Monumental
church, Richmond, Va., 1884-94. He was a
delegate to the General convention at Chicago
in 1886, at New York in 1889, at Baltimore in
1892, and present as a member of the House of
Bishops at Minneapolis in 1895. He was elected

coadjutor bishop of Virginia, Jan. 31, 1894,
and was consecrated in Monumental church,
Richmond, Va., May 16, 1894, by Bishops Whit
tle, Dudley, Peterkin, Randolph, Jackson and
Capers. The degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Washington and Lee university and by
the University of the South, in 1896. He died in
Richmond, Va., May 28, 1897.
NEWTON, John Thomas, naval officer, was
born in Alexandria, Va., May 20, 1793. He was
appointed to the U.S. navy as a midshipman Jan.
16, 1809, and served as acting lieutenant of the
Hornet in the engagement with the Peacock, Feb.
24, 1813. He was promoted lieutenant, July 24,
1813, and first lieutenant of the Hornet during
her action with the Penguin, March 23, 1815.
He was promoted commander, March 3, 1827 ;
captain, Feb. 9, 1837, and commanded the steamers
Fulton and Missouri, and the navy yard at Pen-
sacola, Fla., 1848-52. He was flag-officer of the
home squadron, 1852-55, which gave him the title
of commodore, and commanded the navy yard
at Portsmouth, N.H., 1855-57. He died in Wash
ington, D.C., July 28, 1857.
NEWTON, Richard, clergyman, was born in
Liverpool, England, July 25, 1813 ; son of Richard
and Elizabeth (Cluett) Newton. He immigrated
to the United States with his parents in 1823, and
settled in Philadelphia, Pa. He was graduated
at the University of Pennsylvania, A.B. 1836,
A.M. 1839, and at the General Theological semi
nary, New York city, in 1839. He was married
July 31, 1834, to Lydia, daughter of Lawrence
Greatorex of Philadelphia, Pa. He was ordered.
deacon in 1839, was rector of the Church of the
Holy Trinity, West Chester, Pa., 1839; was or
dained priest in 1840, and was rector of St. Paul's
church, Philadelphia, 1840-62 ; of the Church of
the Epiphany, Philadelphia, 1862-81, and of the
Church of the Covenant, Philadelphia, 1881-87.
He traveled in Europe, 1869-70. He was a

[1]

NEWTON

NEWTON

trustee of the University of Philadelphia, 1869-
87, and received the degree of D.D. from Kenyon
college in 1851. He contributed extensively to
juvenile literature and many of his sermons pre
pared for children have been translated into
French, German, Arabic and other languages.
He is the author of : Rills from the Fountain of
Life (1856) ; The King's Highway (1858) ; Bible
Jewels (1867) ; Nature's Wonders (1872) ; The
King in His Beauty (1875) ; Bible Promises
(1876) ; Natural History of the Bible (1877) ;
Covenant Names and Privileges (1880) ; Leaves
from the Tree of Life ; Giants and How to Fight
Them ; The Heath in the Wilderness ; Travels in
Bible Lands ; Heroes of the Early Church ; Heroes
of the Reformation ; The Life of Christ for the
Young ; Bible Animals. He died at Chestnut
Hill, Philadelphia, Pa., May 25, 1887.
NEWTON, Richard Heber, clergyman, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 31, 1840 ; son of the
Rev. Richard and Lydia (Greatorex) Newton. He
attended the University of Pennsylvania and the
Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal church
in Philadelphia, 1857-62 ; was ordained deacon in
1862 ; was assistant to his father at St. Paul's,
Philadelphia, 1862-63 ;
assistant at the
Church of the Epi
phany, Philadelphia,
1863-64, and deacon
in charge of Trinity
church, at Sharon
Springs, N.Y., 1864-
66. He was married,
April 14, 1864, to
Mary E., daughter of
Charles S. Lewis of
Philadelphia, Pa. He
was ordained priest
in 1866, was rector of
St. Paul's church,
Philadelphia, 1866-69,
and of All Souls' church, New York city, 1869-
1902. He became special preacher at Leland Stan
ford university, Cal., in 1902, but resigned in May,
1903, discouraged in his efforts to harmonize differ
ent creeds. He was charged with heresy as early as
1883 and again in 1891, when he demanded a
regular trial from his bishop, which was not
granted. He was active in philanthropic and re
form movements and became known as a Chris
tian socialist. In 1890 he attempted with Father
Ducey a municipal reform in New York city, be
ing largely instrumental in organizing the
People's Municipal league. His parish bought
the building of the Church of the Holy Spirit,
Madison avenue and 66th street, in 1890. He
served as vice-president of the Liberal Congress
of Religions and director of the New York State

Conference of Religions, also president of the In.
ternational Metaphysical league. He received
the degree of D.D. from Union college in 1881.
He is the author of : Children's Church, a hymn-
book (1872) ; The Morals of Trade (1876) ; Woman
hood (1879) ; Studies of Jesus (1881) ; The Right
and Wrong Uses of the Bible (1883) ; Tlie Book of
the Beginnings, a Study of Genesis (1884) ; Phil
istinism (1885) ; Social Studies (1886) ; Church
and Creed (1891) ; Christian Science (1898) , and
magazine articles, reviews, sermons and ad
dresses. NEWTON, Robert Crittenden, soldier, was
born in Little Rock, Ark., June 2, 1840; son of
Thomas W. and Eliza (Allen) Newton ; grandson
of Col. John Allen, who was killed while leading
his regiment at the battle of River Raisin, Jan.
22, 1813, and a descendant of Jared Newton, a-n
Englishman, who immigrated to Westmoreland
county, Pa., in the 17th century. Thomas W.
Newton was cashier of the Real Estate bank,
clerk of Pulaski county, member of the state
legislature in both houses, U.S. marshal and rep-
resentive in the 29th congress. Robert C. Newton
was educated in the Western Military institute,
Tyree Springs, Tenn., in the literary department
of the University of Nashville, and studied math
ematics and languages under a private tutor. He
was admitted to the bar in 1860, and practised in
Little Rock. He entered the Confederate army
as a private in 1861, was promoted lieutenant and
assistant adjutant-general on the staff of Gen.
Thomas C. Hindman, and took part in the battles
of Woodsonville, Shiloh, Corinth, Prairie Grove,
Helena, Little Rock, Jenkins's Ferry and minor
engagements. He was regularly promoted, be
coming colonel of the 5th Arkansas cavalry, and
was acting brigadier-general in command of the
Arkansas state troops at the close of the war. He
was a commissioner from Arkansas to the authori
ties at Washington in 1866, to secure representa
tion for the state in congress ; was appointed
major-general of the state troops by Governor
Baxter in 1873, and filled that position during the
Brooks-Baxter controversy in 1874. Commodore
Thomas Nelson, U.S.N. , was his uncle, and his
mother's sister, Ann Maria Allen, married Henry
Crittenden and was the mother of Gov. Thomas
S. Crittenden (q.v.) of Missouri, and by a second
marriage became the mother of Governor Eli
Houston Murray (q.v.) of Utah. General Newton
died at Little Rock, Ark., June 2, 1887.
NEWTON, Thomas, representative, was born
in Norfolk, Va., in 1769 ; son of Thomas and
Martha (Tucker) Newton ; grandson of Thomas
and Amy (Hutchins) Newton, and of Robert
Tucker, and a great grandson of George and
Aphie (Wilson) Newton. George Newton was
mayor of the borough of Norfolk, Va., in 1736

[2]

NEWTON

NICHOLA

and 1742. Thomas received a good education,
studied law and settled in practioe in Norfolk.
He was a Republican representative in the 7th-
20th and the 22d congresses, 1801-29 and 1831-33.
He claimed election to the 21st congress, but the
house by a majority of thirteen gave the seat to
George Loyall who had contested it. He retired
the oldest member in point of service in the house,
having also served for many years as chair
man of the committee on commerce and manu
factures. His son, John Newton (q.v.), was the
distinguished soldier and engineer. He died in
Norfolk, Va.s Aug. 5, 1847.
NEWTON, William Wilberforce, clergyman,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 4, 1843 ; son
of the Rev. Richard and Lydia (Greatorex) New
ton. He left the University of Pennsylvania
with other students in 1863 to serve in Landis
battery in the emergency corps for the defence
of the state against Lee's invasion. He was
graduated at the University of Pennsylvania,
A.B., 1865, A.M., 1868, and at the Divinity School
of the Protestant Episcopal church, Philadelphia,
in 1868. He was ordered deacon in 1868, and
ordained priest, June 19, 1869, and was as
sistant at the Church of the Epiphany, Philadel
phia, during his father's absence in Europe, 1869-
70. He was married, Nov. 16, 1870, to Emily
Stevenson, daughter of the Rev. James Welsh
Cooke, of Philadelphia, Pa. He was rector of
St. Paul's, Brookline, Mass., 1870-75 ; of Trinity,
Newark, N. J., 1875-77; of St. Paul's, B~oston,'
Mass., 1877-81, and in 1881 became rector of St.
Stephen's, Pittsfield, Mass. He was a member of
the school committee while in Brookline, Mass.,
and held a similar office in Pittsfield, Mass., 1887-
88. He organized the American congress of
churches, which met at Hartford, Conn., in 1885,
and at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1886. He received the
degree of D.D. from the University of Pennsyl
vania in 1890. He is the author of : Little and
Wise (1877) ; New Tracts for New Times (1877);
The Wicket Gate (1878); Essays of To-day (1879);
Tlie Interpreter's House (1879) ; The Palace Beau
tiful (1880); Great Heart (1881); Tlie Voice of
St. John (1881); Troublesome Children (1880);
Priest and Man (1883); Summer Sermons (1885);
Toyland (1885); The Vine Out of Egypt (1887);
Prayers of the Ages (1887); A Father's Blessing
(1888); Ragnar the Sea-King (1888) ; The Life of
Dr. William A. Muhlenburg, D.D. (1890); Tlie
Child and the Bishop (1894) ; A Run Tlirough
Russia (1894) ; Philip McGregor (1895). His three
poems in The Voice of St. John : Paradise, Tele-
machus and Ragnar, were set to music in cantata
form by Prof. F. J. Liddle, organist- .of St.
Stephen's church, Pittsfield.
NIBLACK, William Ellis, representative, was
born in Dubois county, Ind., May 19, 1822 ; son

of John and Martha (Hargrave) Niblack. He
matriculated at Indiana university in the class of
1844, but left at the close of his freshman year,
studied law, was admitted to the bar and after
ward settled in practioe in Vincennes. He rep
resented Martin county in the Jndiana legislature
in 1849 and 1858, and was a state senator, 1850-52.
He was appointed circuit judge in January, 1854,
and in October, 1854, was re-appointed for a term
of six years, but resigned in October, 185 'I, hav
ing been elected to the 35th congress from the
first Indiana district to fill the term of James
Lockhart, who died Sept. 7, 1857. He served in
the 35th, 36th and 39th-43d congresses, 1857-61,
and 1865-75. He was a delegate at large from
Indiana to the Democratic national conventions
of 1864, 1868 and 1876 ; a member from Indiana
of the Democratic congressional committee,
.1865-72, and a judge of the supreme court for the
first district of Indiana, 1877-89, being defeated
for re-election in 1888 by S. D. Coffey. He was
married to Eliza A. Sherman of Cazenovia, N.Y.,
and of their sons, William Caldwell Niblack, a
lawyer of Chicago, 111., is the author of "Niblack
on Benefit Societies and Accident Insurance ; "
Mason Jenks Niblack, lawyer, Vincennes, Ind.,
was speaker of the house of representatives in
the Indiana legislature, 1889-91, and Albert Par
ker Niblack, lieutenant U.S.N., was inspector of
naval militia, 1895-96, naval attache at Berlin,
Rome and Vienna, 1896-98, served in Cuba, Man
illa and China waters, 1898-1901, and is the au
thor of " Coast Indians of Alaska." Judge
Niblack died in Indianapolis, Ind., May 7, 1893.
NICHOLA, Lewis, soldier, was born in Dublin,
Ireland, in 1717, of Huguenot- descent. He fol
lowed the calling of his father and grandfather,
entering the British army in 1740 as an ensign,
and was promoted major. 'He came to America in
1766 and settled in Philadelphia, Pa., where he
wag a surveyor. He established and edited the
American Magazine in 1769, and edited the Trans
actions of the American Philosophical society
of which he was a member. He was appointed
barracks-master-general of Philadelphia, in 1776,
and was subsequently given command of tlie
city guard. He was town-major, with the rank
of major in the state militia, 1776-82. He
planned a river defence boat and drew maps of
the injuries done by the British while they ooeu-
pied the city. He offered to congress the sugges
tion that a regiment of invalid soldiers be re
cruited from men disabled in the service, and
used as a camp of instruction or military school.
His plan was acted upon, and in 1777 he was
commissioned - colonel ¦ and • commandant of
the school of instruction. He was brevetted
brigadier-general in November, 1783. J3e was
an original member of the Pennsylvania branch,

[3]

NICHOLAS

NICHOLLS

:Society of the Cincinnati. He favored a limited
monarchical government, and even suggested to
General Washington that he would best serve his
country by assuming the title of king. For this
suggestion he received a severe rebuke from
Washington. He- is the author of : A Treatise of
Military Exercise Calculated for the Use of Amer
icans, in which Everything that is Supposed to be
¦of Use to Them is Retained, and such Maneuvers
as are only for Show and Parade are Omitted
(1777) . He died in Alexandria, Va., Aug. 9, 1807.
NICHOLAS, John, representative, was born
in Williamsburg, Va., Jan, 19, 1761 ; son of Robert
Carter (q.v.) and Ann (Cary) Nicholas. He was
graduated at the College of William and Mary
and became a planter. He was an Anti-Feder
alist representative from Virginia in the 3d-6th
-congresses, 1793-1801, removed to Geneva, N.Y.,
in 1803, where he cultivated a farm, was judge of
the court of common pleas, 1806-19, and served
as state senator, 1807-09. He died in Geneva,
N.Y., Dec. 31, 1819.
NICHOLAS, Robert Carter, statesman, was
born in Hanover, Va., in 1715 ; son of Dr. George
Nicholas, who. immigrated to Virginia about 1700.
His brother, John Nicholas, was the progenitor of
the Nicholas family of the Seven Islands in the
¦James river and was married to Martha, daughter
of Col. Joshua and Mary (Micon) Fry. Robert
¦Carter Nicholas was graduated from the College
¦of William and Mary about 1733, and practised
law in James City, Va. He was married to a
•daughter of Wilson Cary and had sons : George
(1755-1799); Wilson Cary (q.v.); John (q.v.),
and Philip Norborne (1773-1849), judge of the
.general court of Virginia, 1823-49. He was
treasurer of the colony of Virginia, 1766-77, the
member from James City iu the house of bur
gesses until 1777, and a member of the house of
delegates, 1777-79. He was opposed to the stamp
act resolutions proposed by Patrick Henry, hold
ing that the act was void because unconstitu
tional. He was a member of the committee of
correspondence, 1773, and of the various state
conventions, being president pro tempore of the
one of July, 1775. He was appointed judge of
tlie high court of chancery in 1779 and subse
quently became judge of the court of appeals.
He died in Hanover, Va., in 1780.
NICHOLAS, Robert Carter, senator, was born
in Hanover, Va., in 1790; son of Col. George
and Mary (Smith) Nicholas, and grandson of
Judge Robert Carter (q.v.) and Ann (Cary)
Nicholas. His father was born in Hanover about
1755 ; graduated at the College of William and
Mary ; was colonel, 2d Virginia regiment, in the
Revolution ; a member of the convention that rat
ified the Federal constitution ; a member of the
house of delegates, and in 1790 removed to

M

Kentucky where he was a member of the state
constitutional convention, April 1, 1792, and
author of the document ; first attorney-gen
eral of the state, and died in 1799. Robert
Carter Nicholas was graduated from the College
of William and Mary in 1810 ; was appointed
captain in the 25th U.S. infantry, March 12, 1812 ;
was promoted major and assigned to the 12th
U.S. infantry, March 3, 1813 ; lieutenant-colonel
and assigned to the 44th U.S. infantry, Aug. 20,
1814, and was transferred to the 30th U.S. infan
try, Nov. 14, 1814. He served in the war of 1812
and on the Canadian frontier and was mustered
out of service on the reduction of the army in
June, 1815. He retired to a sugar plantation in
Louisiana. He was U.S. charge d'affaires to
Naples ; secretary of the state of Louisiana for
several years ; U.S. senator, 1836-41, and state
superintendent of public instruction, 1851-57. He
died in Terrebonne parish, La., Dec. 24, 1857.
NICHOLAS, Samuel Smith, jurist, was born
in Lexington, Ky., in 1796; son of George and
Mary (Smith) Nicholas, and brother of Robert
Carter Nicholas (1790-1857). He became a promr
inent merchant of New Orleans and subsequently
removed to Louisville, Ky., where he engaged in
the practice of law. He was appointed judge of
the court of appeals in 1831 and was later elected
a representative in the state legislature. He
assisted in revising the code of Kentucky and is
the author of Constitutional Law (1857). He
died in Louisville, Ky., Nov. 27, 1869.
NICHOLAS, Wilson Cary, governor of Vir
ginia, was born in Hanover, Va., in 1757 ; son of
Robert Carter (q.v.) and Ann (Cary) Nicholas. He
was graduated from the College of William and
Mary in 1774, and served throughout the Revolu
tion as an officer in the Con- ^s&^^^Bs*.
tinental army. He com
manded Washington's life
guard ; was a member of the
Virginia convention that
ratified the Federal constitu
tion, and was a friend and
supporter of Thomas Jeffer
son. He was elected U.S. senator from Virginia
in 1799 and resigned in 1804, to accept the collec-
torship of the ports of Norfolk and Portsmouth,
Va., where he served, 1804-07. He was a Demo
cratic representative in the 9th and 10th con
gresses, 1805-09, and was governor of Virginia,
1814-17. He died in Milton, Va., Oct. 10, 1820.
NICHOLLS, Francis Tillou, governor of Louis
iana, was born in Donaldsoriville, La., Aug. 20
1834 ;sf)n of Thomas Clarke and Louisa H.(Drake)
.Nicholls, and grandson of Edward Church and
Wilhelmina (Hamilton) Nicholls. His father was
a member of the general assembly of Louisiana ;
judge of the district court and senior judge of

NICHOLS

NICHOLS

focvntw ttti*wW&*

the court of errors and appeals, and his mother
was a sister of Joseph Rodman Drake (q.v.),
Francis was graduated from the U.S. Military
academy and assign
ed to the 2d U.S.
artillery, July 1, 1855,
and served in Florida
and at Fort Yuma,
Cal., 1855-56. He was
promoted 2d lieuten
ant in the 3d artillery,
Oct. 19, 1855 ; re
signed his commis
sion, Oct. 1, 1856, and
removed to Louisiana,
where he was mar
ried in April, 1860, to
Caroline Z. Guion
of Lafourche parish.
He practised law
at Napoleonville, 1856-61. He was commissioned
captain in the 8th Louisiana volunteer regiment
early in 1861, becoming lieutenant-colonel on the
organization of the regimsnt in the C.S.A ; was
promoted colonel of the loth Louisiana regi
ment in 1862,and shortly after brigadier-general in
command of the 2d Louisiana brigade. He led
his brigade in the battle of Winchester, Va., where
he lost his left arm, andatChancellorsville, where
he lost his left foot. He was superintendent ofthe
conscript bureau, trans-Mississippi department,
1864-65, and after the close of the war returned to
Louisiana and practised law, 1865-76. He was
Democratic governor of Louisiana, 1877-80 and
1888-92, and after the expiration of his first term
as governor, practised law in New Orleans.
He was a member and president of the board of
visitors to the U.S. Military academy in 1886,
and after the expiration of his second term as
governor, he was appointed chief justice of the
supreme court of Louisiana for a term of twelve
years, 1892-1904.
NICHOLS, Edward Leamington, physicist,
was born in Leamington, England, Sept. 14, 1854;
son of Edward Willard and Maria (Watkinson)
Nichols ; grandson of Rev. Noah and Mary H.
(Low) Nichols of Rumney, N.H., and of Edward
and Lavinia (Hudson) Watkinson of Hartford,
Conn. , and a descendant of David Nichols of Cohas-
set, Mass, and of the Watkinsons of Black Notely
Hall, England. His parents,' who were Amer
icans, were at the time of his birth visiting Eng
land. He attended the Peekskill Military acad
emy and was graduated from Cornell university,
B.S., 1875. He studied at the universities of
Leipzig, Berlin and Gottingen (Ph.D.' 1879) and
was appointed a fellow in physics at. the Johns
Hopkins university in 1879. He was connected
with Thomas A. Edison at Menlo Park, N.J.,

L5J

1880-81, where he was employed principally upon
problems in testing incandescent light. He was
married in 1881 to Ida Preston of South Dover,
N. Y. He was professor of physics and chemistry
in Central university, Richmond, Ky., 1881-83 ;
professor of physics and astronomy at the Uni
versity of Kansas, 1883-87, and in 1887 became
professor of physics at Cornell university. He
was elected a fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science and of the Amer
ican Academy of Arts and Sciences ; member of
the Kansas Academy of Science and its presi
dent, 1885-86, member of the American Institute
of Electrical Engineers ; the American Physical
society ; the Franklin Institute, and the National
Academy of Sciences. He became editor of the
Physical Review and is the author of : The Gal
vanometer (1894) ; Laboratory Manual of Physics
and Applied Electricity (1894); The Elements of
Physics (3 vols., 1895) ; Outline of Physics (1897),
and numerous articles on experimental physics.
NICHOLS, Edward Tatnall, naval officer, was
born in Augusta, Ga., March 1, 1823. He was
appointed midshipman, U.S.N. , in December,
1836 ; was promoted passed midshipman in 1842,
and lieutenant in March, 1850. He served in the
Mediterranean squadron, 1853-56 ; in the Home
squadron, 1858-60 ; commanded the U. S. steamer
Winona of the Western Gulf blockading squad
ron, participating in the bombardment of Forts
Jackson and St. Philip, and receiving the surren
der of Fort St. Philip, April 28, 1862. He also
directed the Winona in both passages of the
Vicksburg batteries and in the engagement with
the Confederate ram Arkansas. He was pro
moted commander in July, 1862, commanded the
U.S.S. Alabama of the West India squadron in
1863, and the Mendota of the South Atlantic
squadron, 1864-65. He successfully engaged a
Confederate battery at Four Mile creek, James
river, Va., June 16, 1864 ; was detailed on special
duty in New York, 1806-68, and was chief-of-
staff of the Asiatic squadron in 1870. He was
promoted captain in 1866; commodore in 1872 :
rear-admiral in 1878, and was retired in March,
1885. He made his home at Pomfret, Conn.,
where he died, Oct. 12. 1886.
NICHOLS, Ernest Reuben, educator, was born
in Farmington, Conn., Sept. 11, 1858 ; son of An
drew Frisbie and Jane Elizabeth (Crampton)
Nichols, and grandson of Reuben and Jerusha
(Frisbie) Nichols, and of Rufus and Naomi (Chid-
zie) Crampton. He attended the public schools of
Clayton county, Iowa, and was graduated from
the Iowa state normal school, B.D., 1882; from
the State University of Iowa, B.S., 1887, A.M.,
1890, and was a graduate student at the Univer
sity of Chicago, 1894-95. He taught school for
two years ; was principal of the high school at

NICHOLS

NICHOLS

Charles city, Iowa, 1882-83, superintendent of the
Nashua, Iowa, public schools, 1883-87 ; assistant
professor of mathematics of the State University
of Iowa, 1887-90 ; professor of physics at the
Kansas State Agricultural college, 1890-99, and
was elected president of the college in 1899. He
was married, Dec. 20, 1888, to Marguerite Rae
Nichols. NICHOLS, Francis, soldier, was born in Crieve
Hill, Enniskillen, Ireland, in 1737. He immigrated
to America in 1769 with his brother William
(1754-1804), who became captain and quarter
master in the American army. They settled in
Cumberland county, Pa., and Francis enlisted in
the patriot army in June, 1775 ; was pro
moted 2d lieutenant, and took part in the battle
of Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775, where he was taken
prisoner. He was released in August, 1776, and
his sword was returned to him in the presence
of all the American officers. He rose in the
army to the grade of brigadier-general. At the
close of the war he was elected first U.S. mar
shal of the eastern district of Pennsylvania. He
died in Pottstown, Pa., Feb. 13, 1812.
NICHOLS, Qeorge, educationist, was born in
Northfield, Vt., April 17, 1827 ; son of James and
Annis Aiken (Dole) Nichols, and grandson of
Eleazer Nichols, a member of the body guard
of Gan. Washington at Valley Forge, and a sol
dier during the entire Revolution. George as
sisted his father, a carpenter, when not attend
ing the district school. He attended the Orange
county grammar school, 1840 ; taught in the
Northfield district school, 1841-42 ; studied pri
vately, taught and attended Newbury, Vt., semi
nary, 1842-48, and was graduated with high
honors from the Vermont Medical college, Wood
stock, in 1851, declining the position of de
monstrator of anatomy there. He was state libra
rian, 1848-53, and entered upon the practice of
medicine, combining with it the drug business, in
1854. In 1862-65 he served as surgeon of the 15th
Vermont volunteers and had charge of the field
hospitals of the 1st corps at Gettysburg. He
was secretary of state of Vermont, 1865-84 ;
president of the state constitutional conven
tion of 1870 ; a delegate to the Republican
national convention at Philadelphia in 1872 ;
a member of the Republican national com
mittee, 1872-84, and secretary and chairman of
the state committee, 1872-84. He was an offi
cer in several railroad companies and director
and president of the Northfield national bank,
1875-1900. He was elected a trustee of the North-
field institution, in 1865 ; was a director of the
Northfield graded and high school for twelve
years ; a trustee of the Vermont Episcopal insti
tute at Burlington, and for several years a mem
ber of the executive board. He took an active

interest in the removal of Norwich university to
Northfield, in 1866, and in that year was elected
a trustee and treasurer of the institution. He
was vice-president and acting president of the
university, 1885-95, and contributed liberally
toward the construction of the first univei'sity
building, also rendering much subsequent aid.
He was married in 1852 to Ellen Maria, daughter
of Abijah Blake of Vergennes, Vt., and their
two children died in infancy. Norwich univer
sity conferred upon him the honorary degree of
LL.D. in 1881.
NICHOLS, Herbert, psychologist and author,
was born in Walpole, N.H., Feb. 7, 1852; son of
Amos and Lydia (Nichols) Nichols ; grandson of
Capt. Thomas and Tirzah (Lamson) Nichols, and
a descendant of Lieut. John Nichols, who served
in the Revolutionary war ; also of John Nicol, the
first ancestor in America, who landed in Boston
about 1750, and of Alexandre (Lincon) Nicol, a Hu
guenot refugee. He was graduated from the Wor
cester Polytechnic institute, B.S., 1871, and took a
special course in architecture and engineering.
He was a civil engineer in the main office of the
Pennsylvania railroad, 1874-84; studied in Ger
many and France, 1887-88 ; was instructor in
psychology at Harvard university, 1891-93, and a
lecturer at Johns Hopkins university in 1896. He
was married, Oct. 1, 1900, to Jenny L., daughter
of Franklin Ward, of North Orange, Mass. The
honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him
by Clark university in 1891. He was elected a
member of the American Psychological associa
tion, 1891 ; of the American Society of Natur
alists in 1892, and of the New York Philosophical
club in 1900. He is the author of: Tlie Psy
chology of Time (1891) ; Our Notions of Number
andSpace (1894); A Treatiseon Cosmology 71902) ,
and many monographs including : The Origin of
Pleasure and Pain ; How We Came to Have
Minds; The Feelings ; The Motor Power of Ideas,
and Psychology of Education.
NICHOLS, Matthias H., representative, was
born in Sharpstown, N.J., Oct. 3, 1824. He
learned the printers' trade' and removed to Ohio
in 1842, where he was a printer. He was ad
mitted to the bar in 1849, and settled in practice
in Lima, Allen county, Ohio. He served as pros
ecuting attorney of Allen county and was a Re
publican representative from the Tourth district
in the 33d, 34th and 35th congresses, 1853-59.
He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 15, 1862.
NICHOLS, Othniel Foster, civil engineer, was
born in Newport, R.I., July 29, 1845 ; son of
Thomas Pitman and Lydia (Foster) Nichols;
grandson of William Stoddard and Eliza (Pitman)
Nichols, and of Othniel and Eunice (Browning)
Foster, and a descendant of Sergt. Thomas.
Nichols, who emigrated from Wales to Newport,

[6]

NICHOLS

NICHOLS

R.I., in 1660, and of John Foster of Salem, Mass.,
who settled in Rhode Island early in the seven
teenth century. He attended the public schools
of Brooklyn, N. Y.; was apprenticed to a ma
chinist in 1862, and was graduated from the
Rensselaer Polytechnic institute, C.E., 1868. He
was employed on the laying out of Prospect park,
Brooklyn, N.Y. ; on the first elevated railway in
New York city, and was a teacher of mathe
matics at the Cooper institute, N.Y. He was as
sistant engineer in the office of Cooper & Hewitt,
1870-71, and was engaged in constructing the
tunnel divisions of the Lima and Oroza and of
the Chimbote railroad, Peru, 1871-76. He was
married, Nov. 21, 1876, to Jennie Swasey, daugh
ter of Judge Samuel Sterne of Newport, R.I.
He was in Brazil as resident engineer of an Eng
lish railway enterprise, 1878-79, and was em
ployed by Cooper & Hewitt in the New Jersey
Steel and Iron company at Trenton, 1879-81, and
by the Peter Cooper glue factory in Brooklyn,;
in 1882. He was resident engineer of the Hen
derson bridge over the Ohio river, 1882-86, and
chief engineer of the Westerly, R.I. water works,
1886. He was principal assistant engineer of the
Suburban Rapid Transit company in New York,
1887-88 ; city and chief engineer of the Brook
lyn elevated railroad company, 1888-92, and was
elected general manager and chief engineer of
the latter, 1892. He was chosen principal assist
ant engineer of the new East River bridge in
February, 1896. He was elected a member of
the American Society of Civil Engineers ;. the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers ; the
Institution of Civil Engineers ; a fellow of the
American Geographical society, and a trustee of
the Engineers' club of New York city.
NICHOLS, William Augustus, soldier, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 12, 1818; grand
son of Gen. Francis Nichols (q.v.). He was
graduated from tlie U.S. Military academy, July
1, 1838, and assigned to the 2d artillery. He was
promoted 2d lieutenant, July 7, 1838, 1st lieuten
ant, June 1, 1844, and engaged in the battle of
Monterey, Sept. 21-23, 1846. He was brevetted
captain for gallant conduct in the several con
flicts at Monterey, Mexico ; served as aide-de
camp to General Quitman, Aug. 19 to Oct. 6,
1846 ; as adjutant of 2d artillery, 1846-47, and at
the same time as acting assistant adjutant-general
of the 5th military department. He was acting
assistant adjutant-general of Garland's brigade,
Worth's division, and took part in the siege of Vera
Cruz ; the battle of Cerro Gordo ; the skirmish of
Amazoque ; the capture of San Antonio, and
battle of Churubusco. He was brevetted major,
Sept. 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct
in the battle of Molino Del Rey, and took part in
the storming of Chapultepec and in the assault

[7]

and capture of the city of Mexico. He was
brevetted captain of staff and assistant adjutant-
general, July 29, 1852, and served in the 4th
military department ; in the adjutant-general's
office at Washington, D.C, and in the depart
ments of Texas and New Mexico. He was
brevetted major of the staff, March 7, 1861, and
was captured by the Texas secessionist -and
paroled. He served as adjutant-general of the
Department of the East and of the Department
of New York ; was mustering and disbursing
officer in New York city, 1861-62, and assistant in
the adjutant-general's office at Washington , D.C,
1862-66. He was promoted colonel of staff,
June 1, 1864, and was brevetted brigadier-general,
Sept. 24, 1864, and major-general, March 13, 1865,
for " meritorious and faithful services during the
rebellion." He was adjutant-general of the
military division of the Missouri and chief of
staff to Lieut.-Gen. W. S. Sherman, 1868-69. He
died in St. Louis, Mo., April 8, 1869.
NICHOLS, William Ford, second bishop of
California and 154th in succession in the Ameri
can episcopate, was born at Lloyd, N.Y., June 9,
1849 ; son of Charles Hubert and Margaret
Emilia (Grant) Nichols ; grandson of Josiah
Morse and Delilah
(Duncombe) Nichols
and of Sweton and
Hannah (Whiteley)
Grant, and a descend
ant of Francis Nich
ols, an original settler
and proprietor of
Stratford, Connecti
cut, 1639. He was grad
uated from Trinity
college, A.B., 1870,
A.M., 1873, and from
Berkeley divinity
school in 1873. He
was admitted to the
diaconate by Bishop
Williams of Connecticut in 1873 and to the priest
hood, in 1874, and was private secretary to Bishop
Williams, 1871-76. He was married, May 18, 1876,
to Clara, daughter of Edward Augustus and
Mary (Gillespie) Quintard. He was assistant at
Holy Trinity, Middletown, Conn., 1873-75, rector
of St. James, West Hartford, Conn., and Grace
church, Newington, Conn., 1875-77 ; rector of
Christ church, Hartford, 1877-87, and of St.
James, Philadelphia, Pa., 1887-90. He was a
delegate to the Seabury centenary at Aberdeen,
Scotland, in 1884, and in behalf of the clergy and
laity of Connecticut presented a paten and
chalice to the Scottish church. He was professor
of church history at the Berkeley divinity school,
1885-87, and was assistant secretary of the House

X^T^s^S

NICHOLS

NICHOLSON

of Bishops in 1886. He declined the election as
bishop coadjutor of Ohio in 1888 ; was a deputy to
the General convention from the diocese of
Pennsylvania in 1889 ; was elected bishop coad
jutor of California with full charge in 1890, and
was consecrated in St. James' church, Philadel
phia, June 24, 1890, by Bishops Williams (Con
necticut), Quintard, Neely, Littlejohn, Whita-
ker, Niles, Adams, Scarborough, Whitehead and
H. C. Potter. Upon the death of Bishop Kip,
April 6, 1893, he became the second bishop of the
diocese. He founded and became dean of the
Church Divinity School of the Pacific at San
Mateo, Cal. On the organization of the domestic
missionary district of Honolulu, Bishop Nichols
was sent by the presiding bishop to act in his be
half in assuming jurisdiction and receiving the
transfer of property from the Anglican bishop of
the diocese of Honolulu, the Rt. Rev. Alfred
Willis, D.D. On April 1, 1902, so commissioned
by the presiding bishop, he assumed such juris
diction and was relieved of the charge by Bishop
Restarick after the consecration of the latter, July
2, 1902. The honorary degree of D.D. was con
ferred on him by Kenyon and Trinity in 1888.
He is the author of : On the Trial of Your Faith
(1895). NICHOLS, William Ripley, chemist, was born
in Boston, Mass., April 30, 1847 ; son of Charles
Carter and Betsey Foster Morton (Ripley)
Nichols ; grandson of Col. Israel and Esther
(Gowing) Nichols, and of William Putnam and
Elizabeth Foster; (Morton) Ripley, and a descen
dant of George Morton, who came over in tlie brig
Ann, 1624j and' of Elder Brewster, of the May
flower. Hcattended the Roxbury -Latin school ;
studied abroad ,-/t#63-6 5; was graduated Irom the -
Massachusetts Institute -of- Technology in 1869,
was instructor and -assistant professor of chem
istry there, 1869-72, and professor of general
chemistry, 1872-86. He was an authority on
chemistry as applied to sanitation ; was a mem
ber of the German Chemical society ; the London
Society of Chemical Industry ; the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; the New York
Academy of Science, and various other scientific
associations and societies of art and industry, and
was vice-president of the section of chemistry of
the American Association for the Advancement
of Science in 1885. He compiled a record of the
Publication of the Officers, Students and Alumni
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
with the co-operation of the authors prepared
an abridgment of Eliot and Storer's Manual of
Chemistry ; and by similar help revised Eliot and
Storer's Compendious Manual of Qualitative
Analysis (1872). He is the author of : Water
Supply mainly from a Chemical and Sanitary
Standpoint (1883) with Lewis M. Morton ; Experi

ments in General Chemistry (1884) , and a Dic
tionary of Chemical Synonyms. He died in Ham
burg, Germany, July 14, 1886.
NICHOLSON, Alfred Osborn Pope, senator,
was born in Williamson county, Tenn., Aug. 31,
1801. He was graduated from the University of
North Carolina in 1827 ; studied medicine, but re
linquished it for law ; was admitted to the bar
in 1831, and practised at Columbia, Tenn. He
edited the Western Mercury at Columbia, 1832-
35 ; was a representative in the state legislature
1833-39 ; succeeded Felix Grundy, deceased, as
U.S. senator by appointment, serving in the 26th
and 27th congresses, 1841-43 ; was editor of the
Nashville Union, 1844-46 ; chancellor of the middle
division of the state, 1845-51 ; president of the
Bank of Tennessee, 1846-47 ; member of the
Nashville convention of 1850 ; of the Democratic
national convention of 1852, and in 1853 refused a
cabinet position. He was printer of the U.S. house
of representatives, 1853-55, and of the U.S.
senate, 1855-57. He was a member of the Demo
cratic national convention, 1852, and edited the
Washington Union, 1853-56. He was^elected to
the U.S. senate for a full term in 1857 and served
until March 3, 1861. He was at Columbia, Tenn.,
during the war, and was twice arrested and im
prisoned by the Federal authorities. He was a
member of the convention to revise the constitu
tion of the state of Tennessee in 1870, and was
chief justice of the supreme court of Tennessee,
1870-76. He is the author of : Compilation of
Laws of Tennessee ; Nicholson Letter (1848). He
died at Columbia, Tenn. , March 23, 1876.
NICHOLSON, Eliza Jane, journalist, was born
on a plantation on Pearl river, Miss., March 11,
1843 ; daughter of Capt. John W. Poitevant. Her
father was of French Huguenot descent and her
maternal .ancestors- were from South Carolina.
She early contributed -poems and* stories to the
New York and New Orleans papers, under the
pen name " Pearl Rivers." She became literary
editor of the New Orleans Picayune in 1874 and
was the pioneer woman journalist of the south.
She was married to Col. A. H. Holbrook, the pro
prietor of the Picayune, and became conversant
with all the details of journalism, and upon his
death in 1876 assumed entire charge of his
affairs, paid off a debt of $80,000 erected a large
publishing house and owned the entire land
building and plant. She was married secondly
in 1878 to George Nicholson, the business manager
of the Picayune, who had been her chief adviser
after her husband's death, and she retained en
tire editorial control of the Picayune, while Mr.
Nicholson became financial manager. Her
poems were published as Lyrics by Pearl Rivers.
Mr. Nicholson died in New Orleans, La., in Febru
ary, 1896, and Mrs. Nicholson, Feb. 15, 1896.

18]

IMIOI-IULSUIN

NICHOLSON

NICHOLSON, Isaac Lea, fifth bishop of Mil
waukee and 159th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 18,
1844 ; son of John Johns and Jane (Ricketts)
Nicholson ; grandson of Christopher and Mary
(Johns) Nicholson, and a descendant of an Eng
lish ancestry, from Appleby, England. He re
ceived his academic training at St. Timothy's
Hall, Catonsville. Md., but ill health at this time
prevented a college course. He engaged in com
mercial pursuits, including a partnership in his
father's banking house. He was graduated from
Dartmouth college, A.B., 1869, A.M., 1872, com
pleting his studies at the Virginia Theological
seminary, Alexandria, Va., in 1871. He received
deacon's orders in Grace church, Baltimore, Sept.
21, 1871, and was ordained priest, Sept. 22, 1872.
He served as curate at St. Thomas's church,
H mover, N.H., 1871-72 ; at St. Paul's, Baltimore,
Md., 1872-75 ; rector of the Church of the Ascen
sion, Westminster, Md., 1875-79, and of St.
Mark's, Philadelphia, 1879-91. He declined the
episcopate of Indiana in 1883 ; was elected to and
accepted the bishopric of Milwaukee as successor
to the Rt. Rev. Cyrus Frederick Knight, who died,
June 8, 1891, and he was consecrated at St. Mark's,
Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 28, 1891, by Bishops Mc
Laren, Whittaker, Adams, Scarborough, White
head, Rulison, Paret, Worthington, Talbot, A.
Leonard and Grafton. , He received the degree of
D.D. frpm Nashotah in 1890.
NICHOLSON, James, naval officer, was born
in Chestertown, Md., in 1737. His father emi
grated from "Berwickron-T weed, Scotland; held
a grant of land in Virginia, and was an officer
under the crown. James shipped as a sailor
when a boy and was rapidly promoted, serving as
an officer on the fleet that captured Havana in
1762. He resided in New York city, 1763-71,
and was married to Frances Witter. In 1775 he
enlisted in the Maryland navy, on board the
Defiance, and after recapturing a number of
American trading crafts taken by the British,
was appointed commander of the sloop Vir
ginia, 28 guns, in June, 1776. Upon the dismissal
of Commodore Esek Hopkins (q.v.), Captain
Nicholson, as senior captain, succeeded him as
commander-in-chief of the continental navy and
held the position until its dissolution. The Vir
ginia was prevented from escaping from Balti
more by the blockade maintained by the British,
and Captain Nicholson, with his crew, joined Gen
eral Washington's army at Trenton and took part
in the battle at that place. He returned to his
ship and in attempting to run the blockade she
grounded on a bar aiid was captured, Captain
Nicholson and most of his crew escaping to
land. He was subjected to. a court of inquiry by
congress and acquitted of blame. He next

commanded the frigate Trumbull, 38 guns, and
on June 2, 1780, captured the British frigate
Watt, and in August, 1781, fell in with the Iris
and the General Monk off the capes of Delaware.
Of the 120 men on board the Trumbull, many
were English sailors who had shipped in order to
capture the vessel, and they on the first discharge
of a broadside fled into the hold of the vessel,
followed by the landsmen, who comprised part
of the crew. This left but fifty men to fight the
two British frigates and after a desperate con
flict, during which eighteen of the Americans
were killed, Captain Nicholson was obliged to
strike his colors. He was held a prisoner until
near the close of the war. He returned to New
York city, where he made his home, and was
U.S. commissioner of loans, 1801-04. His
brothers Samuel (q.v.) and John were both
officers in the Continental navy, and his daughter
Hannah married Albert Gallatin in 1793. He
died in New York city, Sept. 2, 1804.
NICHOLSON, James William Augustus,
naval officer, was born in Dedham, Mass., March
10, 1821 ; son of Nathaniel Dowse Nicholson,
U.S.N. , and grandson of Samuel Nicholson
U.S.N, (q.v.). His father served in the war of
1812. James entered
the U.S. navy as
midshipman, Feb. 10,
1838 ; was promoted
passed midshipman
in 1844, and served
as acting master in
the war with Mexico,
1841-48. He was
promoted lieutenant
in 1852 and served
on the sloop Van-
dalia, on the expedi
tion to Japan under
Commodore Perry,
1853-55, and in the

(H>=

[0]

VAWOALI A
Chinese rebellion. He
cruised along the coast of Africa in suppress
ing the slave trade, 1857-60, and in 1861 was
on board the Pocahontas and went to the relief
of Fort Sumter, but arrived after the surrender,
April 13, 1861. He commanded the Isaac Smith
in the Port Royal expedition and took part in
the battle of Port Royal, S.C., Nov. 7, 1861,
where he was commended by Admiral Dupont
for his coolness and gallantry. He served in
Florida in the capture of Jacksonville, Fernan-
dina and St. Augustine, and was assigned to the
command of St. Augustine. He repulsed a Con
federate flotilla on the Savannah river in
February, 1862, was promoted commander, July
16, 1862, and served as ordnance officer on the
New York station, 1862-63. He commanded the
Shamrock in the South Atlantic blockading;

NICHOLSON

NICHOLSON

squadron, 1863-64, and the monitor Manhattan,
under Admiral Farragut, in the battle of Mobile
Bay, where he engaged the Confederate ram
Tennessee, Aug. 5, 1864. He bombarded Fort
Powell for twelve days and after a siege of six
weeks captured Fort Morgan. He commanded
che U.S. steamer Mohican of the Pacific squadron,
1865-66 ; was promoted captain in July, 1866 ;
commanded the U.S. flagship Lancaster, ofthe
Brazil squadron, 1871-72, and was promoted com
modore in 1873. He was commandant of the
U.S. navy yard at Brooklyn, N. Y., 1876-80 ; was
appointed to the command of the European
station, Sept. 1,1881, and was commissioned rear-
admiral, Oct. 1, 1881. He was present at the bom
bardment of Alexandria, Egypt, by the British
fleet, July 11, 1882, and on July 14th he landed
100 marines to protect the U.S. consulate, thus
incidentally affording protection to many other
refugees, and a gold medal was presented
him by the king of Sweden in recognition of
his services. He was retired, March 10, 1883.
He died in New York city, Oct. 28, 1887.
NICHOLSON, John Anthony, representative,
was born in Laurel, Del., Nov. 17, 1827 ; son of
Jacob Cannon and Susan Fauntleroy (Quarles)
Nicholson ; grandson of Francis West and Lucy
Dangerfield (Smith) Quarles, and -a. descendant of
Moore Fauntleroy of Naylor's Hole, who came to
Virginia in 1643, and of Col. William Danger-
field, and Merri wether Smith, both of Virginia.
. He attended an academy in Nelson county, Va. ,
matriculated at Dickinson college in the class of
1847, but left in 1845 to study law in Dover, Del.,
with Martin W. Bates. He ,began practice in
1850, having married Angelica K. Reed of Dover
in 1848. He was appointed superintendent of the
free schools for Kent county, Del., in 1851, and
was made brigadier-general of Kent county
militia in 1861. He was a member of the Demo
cratic national committee, 1864-68, a representa
tive in the 39th and 40th congresses from the state-
at-Iarge, 1865-69, and opposed the impeachment
measures. In 1902 he resided in Kent county, Del.
NICHOLSON, John B., naval officer, was born
in Richmond, Va., in 1783. He was appointed a
midshipman in the U.S. navy, July 4, 1800 ; was
promoted lieutenant, May 20, 1812, and was
4th lieutenant on the frigate United States,
when that vessel captured the British frigate
Macedonian, near the Island of Madeira, Oct. 25,
1812. He was 1st lieutenant of the Peacock,
under' Captain Warrington, in the engagement
with the brig Epervier, April 29, 1814, and was
given command of the captured Epervier, taking
her safely into port. He commanded the brig
Flambeau, under Commodore Decatur, on the
declaration of war with the Barbary powers, Feb.
23, 1815. He w.is promoted commander, March

5, 1817 ; captain, April 24, 1828, and was subse
quently commissioned a commodore. He died in
Washington, D.C, Nov. 9, 1846.
NICHOLSON, John Reed, chancellor, was
born in Dover, Del. , May 19, 1849 ; son of John
Anthony (q.v.) and Angelica Killen (Reed)
Nicholson, and a descendant of William Killen,
the first chancellor of the state. He was gradu
ated from Yale, A. 13., 1870, and from Columbia,
LL.B., 1873. In 1870 he accompanied Prof.
Ithniel C Marsh (q.v.) on a paleontological ex
pedition through the Rocky Mountains and the
great plains. He practised law in New Yorks
1873-76, and in Dover, Del., after 1876. He was
married, June 3, 1884, to Isabella Hayes Hager of
Lancaster, Pa. He was attorney-general of Dela
ware, 1892-95 ; and became chancellor of the
state, Nov. 23, 1895. He was a member of the
board of electors for the Hall of Fame for Great
Americans, New York university, October, 1900.
NICHOLSON, Joseph Hopper, representative,
was born in Maryland in 1770. He was admitted
to the bar and practised in his native state, where
he was the Anti-Federalist leader and a repre
sentative in the legislature. In 1792 he intro
duced a bill to remove from the statutes of the
state the property qualification for voters. He
was a representative from Maryland in the 6th,
7th, 8th, and 9th congresses, 1799-1806. He
resigned, March 1, 1808, to accept the chief
judgeship of the sixth judicial district to which
he had been appointed in 1805, and he was
succeeded by Edward Lloyd (q.v.). He subse
quently became judge of the court of appeals of
Maryland. He died in Anne Arundel county,
Md., March 4, 1871.
NICHOLSON, Samuel, naval officer, was born
in Maryland in 1743. His father was proprietor
of Nicholson Manor, Virginia, and his brothers
James (q.v.) and John were officers in the Con
tinental navy. Samuel served under John Paul
Jones, as a lieutenant on the Bon Homme Rich-

[10]

BATTLE OF THE BON HOMME. RICHARD AND S ERAPIS.
ard; was promoted captain, Sept. 17, 1779, and
engaged in the celebrated sea fight with the
Serapis, Sept. 23, 1779. He commanded the frigate
Deane, 32 guns, in 1782, and cruised with great

NICHOLSON

NICOLAY

success, capturing three British sloops of war
of heavier metal. Upon the reorganization of
the navy in 1794 he retained his commission and
was given command of the frigate Constitution,
having superintended her construction. He died
in Chaiiestown, Mass., Dec. 29, 1813.
NICHOLSON, Somerville, naval officer, was
born in New Yorkcity, Jan. 1, 1822 ; son of Major
A. A. and Helen Bache (Lispenard) Nicholson.
He was appointed a midshipman in the U.S.
navy, June 21, 1839 ; was promoted passed mid
shipman, July 2, 1845; master, Sept. 9, 1853;
lieutenant. May 5, 1854 ; lieutenant-commander,
July 16, 1862 ; commander, Jan. 2, 1863 ; captain,
June 10, 1870, and commodore, Jan. 22, 1880. He
commanded the steam gunboat Marblehead and
the steamer State of Georgia, and was engaged in
blockading service during the civil war, 1861-65.
After seventeen years' sea service and twelve
years' shore duty, on his own application under
the act of Aug. 3, 1861, he was retired, April 7,
1881. He made his home in Washington, D.C
NICHOLSON, William Carmichael, navaj
officer, was born in Maryland in 1800 ; son of
Capt. John Nicholson, an officer in the Continen
tal navy during the Revolutionai'y war, and
nephew of James and Samuel Nicholson (q.v. ) . He
was commissioned a midshipman in the U.S. navy,
July 18, 1812, and served on the President, under
Decatur, during the action off Long Island in
1815, where he was taken -a prisoner to England
and confined until the close of the war. He was
promoted lieutenant in March, 1821, and served
on the frigate United Stales, Pacific squadron,
1827-34. In 1834 he was assigned to duty at the
naval station. He was commissioned commander,
Sept. 8, 1841, and commanded the sloop Preble
in the Mediterranean squadron, 1843-45. He was
on duty at the naval rendezvous at Boston, Mass.,
1845-46 ; served on the receiving ship in New
York, 1847-48, and commanded the navy yard at
Memphis, Tenn.,, 1852-53. He was promoted
captain, Aug. 22, 1855 ; was fleet captain of the
Pacific squadron in 1855 ; commanded the steam
frigate Missis
sippi in the East
India squadron,
1858-61 ; was in
command of the
United States
'¦ marine asylum
in Philadelphia,
and commanded
. the steam fri
gate Roanoke
u.S.s. MISSISSIPPI-, , ., ...
when, the civil
war began. He served on special duty, 1861-66,
and was commissioned commodore, July 16, 1862.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 25, 1872.

till

NICHOLSON, William Rufus, R.E. bishop,
was born in Green county, Miss., Jan. 8, 1822;
son of Isaac Rogelle and America (Gilmer) Nichol
son. He was gi-aduated from La Grange college,
Ala., in 1840; was ordained deacon and priest in
the Protestant Episcopal church, and served as
rector of Grace church, New Orleans, La. ; St.
John's, Cincinnati, Ohio; St. Paul's, Boston, Mass.,
and Trinity, Newark, N.J. He joined the Re
formed Episcopal movement in 1874 and was
rector of the Second R.E. (St. Paul's) church in
Philadelphia, 1874-76. He was elected and con
secrated bishop in 1876 and also assumed the
duties of dean of the Refomied Episcopal Theolo
gical seminary in Philadelphia, Pa. The honorary
degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Kenyon
college, Ohio, in 1857. .He was twice married ;
first, on Nov. 27, 1845, to Jane, daughter of Dr.
Franklin Shaw of Mobile, Ala. , and secondly on
Oct. 18, 1866, to Katharine Stanley, daughter of
Charles Hamilton Parker of Boston, Mass. He
is the author of : The Blessedness of Heaven (1874) ;
Reasons why I am a Reformed Episcopalian
(1875) ; The Real Presence in the Bread and Wine
of the Lord's Supper (1877); Tlie Call to the
Ministry (1877), and The Bearing of Prophecy
on Inspiration (1888) . He died in Philadelphia,
Pa., June 7, 1901.
NICKLIN, Philip Holbrook, bookseller, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1786. He was grad
uated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.,
1804, A.M., 1807 ; studied law, and engaged in
business as a bookseller in Baltimore, Md. , 1809-
14, and in Philadelphia, 1814-39. He was a
trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, 1827-
42 ; visited England in 1833, and on his return in
1834 made a report before the board of trustees
on the educational advantages offered by the
universities of Oxford and Cambridge. He
wrote articles on conchology for Silliman's Jour
nal ; letters descriptive of the Virginia mineral
springs and of a journey through Pennsylvania ;
articles on the rights of authors to literary prop
erty and papers, and on the tariff as affecting
the trade in books. He died in Philadelphia,
Pa., March 2, 1842.
NICOLAY, John George, author, was born in
Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832 ; son of Jacob
and Helena Nicolay. He- immigrated to the
United States with his parents in 1838, who
settled first in Cincinnati, Ohio, and then suc
cessively in Indiana, Missouri and Illinois. He
received a limited education and was employed
as a clerk in a retail stoi'e in Whitehall, 111. , 1846-
47; in the printing office of the Pittsfield, 111.,
Free Press, 1848-56, becoming successively, pub
lisher, editor and proprietor. He was clerk of
the secretary of state at Springfield, 111., 1850-60 ;
private secretary to Abraham Lincoln, 1860-65 ;

NICOLL

NIEHAUS

U.S. consul to Paris, 1865-59, and marshal of the
U.S. supreme court, 1872-87. He was a founder
of the Literary society and the Columbia His
torical society of Washington, and a life member
of the American Historical society. He was
married in June, 1865, to Therena Bates of Pitts
field, 111. She died in November, 1885. In collabo
ration with John Hay, he is the author of : Abra
ham Lincoln, a history (10 vols. 1890), which first
appeared in the Century, 1886-90, and in 1901
was condensed by Mr. Nicolay, and Abraham
Lincoln's Complete Works (2 vols., 1894). He also
wrote The Outbreak of the Rebellion (1881), being
the first volume of a series entitled : " Campaigns
of the Civil War " ; the article on President
Lincoln in the English edition of the " Encylo-
paedia Britannica," and many articles in the
leading magazines and periodicals. He died in
Washington, D.C, Sept. 26, 1901.
NICOLL, James Craig, painter, was born in
New York city, Nov. 22, 1846 ; son of John W.
and Elizabeth Phillips (Craig) Nicoll, and grand
son of John and Anne (Williams) Nicoll of
Newburgh, N.Y., and of James Jefferson and Har
riet R. (Phillips) Craig of Craigsville, N.Y. His
first ancestor in America was John Nicoll of
Haddieweel, Scotland, who arrived in New York
in 1711. He attended Quackenbos school, New
York, and studied painting with Maurice F. H.
de Haas. He exhibited in 1868 at the National
Academy of Design ; was elected an associate
member in 1880, and an academician in 1885. He
was secretary of the Etching club for several
years ; was elected president of the Artists' Fund
society in 1887 ; was one of the founders of the
American Water-color society and its secretary
for several years, and secretary of the National
Academy. He received medals at the Paris ex
position ; the American Prize Fund ; the New
Orleans exposition of 1885, and at the Pan-
American exposition, Buffalo, 1901. He was
secretary of the International Jury of Award son
Painting at the World's Columbian exposition,
Chicago. Among his water colors are : On the
Gulf of St. Lawrence; Foggy Morning, Grand
Me'nan (1876); Moonlight, Cape Ann (1877); Out
let of Lake Oscawana (1878); Moonlight at Nahant
(1881); A Creek (1884), and Stormy Days at
Block Island (1886). His paintings in oil include :
Bass Rocks near Gloucester, Mass. (1879) ; Shower
at Block Island (1880) ; On the Rocks near Port
land (1881); Harbor View (1882); Marblehead
Rock (1883) ; Sunlight on the Sea (1884); Summer
Morning (1885); Fog and Sunshine (1886); An
August Evening (1886); Night (1900).
NICUM, John, educator and clergyman, was
born in Winnenden, Wurtemberg, Germany,
Jan. 6, 1851. He attended the Latin school at
Winnenden, was graduated from Muhlenberg

im

college, Allentown, Pa., in 1873, and from the
Lutheran Theological seminary at Philadelphia,
Pa., in 1876. He was pastor at Frackville, Pa.,.
1876-78 ; at Frankfort,' Philadelphia, Pa., 1878-
80 ; at Syracuse, N.Y., 1880-87, and in 1887 was.
elected pastor of St. John's Lutheran church at
Rochester, N.Y. In addition to his services as
pastor he accepted the presidency of the Wagner
Memorial Lutheran college at first temporarily in
1894, but which soon after became permanent
and included the professorship of mental and
moral science and Hebrew. He served as presi
dent of the fourth conference of the New York
Ministerium, 1884-89, secretary of the generaL
council of the Evangelical Lutheran church in
North America, 1886-97, and president of the
general council's board of German home missions,
1888-97. He received the degree of D.D. from
Muhlenberg college in 1893. He is the author of :
Gleichniss-Reden Jesu (1884) ; Laws of the State
of New York Relating to Churches (1884); Refor
mations Album (1885) ; The Doctrinal Develop
ment of the New York Ministerium (1887) ; the
German edition of Wolf's " The Lutherans in
America" (1892) ; History of the New York Min
isterium (1888) ; Abivehr (1892) ; Confessional
History of the Lutheran Church in tlie United.
States (1892).
NIEHAUS, Charles Henry, sculptor, was born
in Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 24, 1855 ; son of John
Conrad and Sophia W. (Block) Niehaus, natives.
of Hanover, Germany, who came to the United
States in childhood and settled in Cincinnati.
Charles Henry Niehaus successfully engaged in
wood engraving, casting and cutting marble, to
which latter trade he was apprenticed. He
studied art at the McMicken school of design at.
night and won the first prize in drawing and
modeling. He studied at the Royal academy,
Munich, 1877-80, where he was awarded a first.
prize diploma and medal in recognition of his
group, " Fleeting Time," the first prize ever given
to an American by a German academy. He
traveled in Italy, France and England, 1880-81,
and in 1881 executed a bust of Lord DTsraeli at.
Manchester, England. He established a studio
in Villa Strohl-Fern, Rome, Italy, where he exe
cuted "The Scraper" and "The Pugilist," the
former winning a fellowship in the Societe della
Artistica Internazienale di Roma, five medals and
a special medal, Chicago, 1893. In 1885 he es
tablished his studio in New York city, where he
was made a member of the council of the
National Sculpture society, a member of the
Architectural League of America, of the Muni
cipal Art society, of the National Arts club, of
the Society for the Preservation of Historic and
Science Places, of the Ohio society and of the
Players' club. He executed statues of Garfield

NIEMEYER

NILES

and William Allen, placed in Statuary Hall,
Washington, D.C, 1884 j colossal statues of Gib
bon, typifying history,' and Moses, representing
religion, for the Congressional library at Wash
ington (1896) ; statues of Hooker and Davenport,
and interpretative doors and tympanums for the
capitol at Hartford, Conn. (1895) ; statue of
Vice-President Tompkins for the senate chamber,
Washington ; statue of Governor Morton of In
diana for Statuary Hall, Washington (1900) ; the
memorial Hahnemann monument at Washing
ton, with a seated figure of Samuel Hahnemann
and four illustrative panels (1900) ; the equestrian
statues of Robert E. Lee and of William T. Sher
man ; the Astor bronze doors for Trinity church
(1894) ; a statue of Andrew G. Curtin of Penn
sylvania (1897) ; heroic statues of Abraham
Lincoln and Admiral Farragut for Hackley
Square, Muskegon, Mich. (1900) ; an immense
pediment, " The Triumph of the Law," for the
Appellate Court House in New York city (1900) ;
two colossal groups representing mineral wealth,
being "The Story of Light" and "The Story of
Gold," Pan-American exposition (1901) ; the
monument to General Forrest in Memphis, Tenn.,
from a design accepted June 6, 1901 ; a bust of
President McKinley finished June, 1901, and an
heroic seated figure of Lincoln for the Buffalo
Historical society (1901).
NIEMEYER, John Henry, artist, was born in
Bremen, Germany, June 25, 1839. About 1845
his parents settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he
received his primary education. Prom 1866 to
1870 he studied painting in Paris at the Ecole des
Beaux Arts under Leon Gerome, and drawing
under Adolphe Yvon and subsequently under
Louis Jacquesson de la Chevreuse and Sebastian
Cornu. He became a painter of portraits and
landscapes. In 1871 he was appointed professor
of drawing in the Yale School of the Fine Arts.
In 1869 he exhibited in the Paris Salon, the his
torical picture of " Gutenberg Inventing Movable
Types " and a full-length life-size portrait. His
landscapes are principally of New England
scenery. He also produced The Young Orator
(1873); Tlie Braid (1874); Where? (1875). He
painted a portrait of Theodore D. Woolsey for
the Woolsey Auditorium of Yale university
and portraits of Professor T. R. Lounsbury,
LL.D. ; the Rev. T. T. Munger, D.D., and others.
He modeled in bas-relief a portrait of William
M. Hunt, the artist, in 1883-84, and after reading
Rossetti's "Lilith," modeled Lilith Tempting Eve.
NIGHTINGALE, Augustus Frederick, educa
tionist, was born in Quincy, Mass., Nov. 11, 1843 ;
son of Thomas J. and Alice (Brackett) Nightin
gale ; grandson of Samuel B. and Meliitable
(Brackett) Nightingale, and of Joseph G. and Char
lotte (Newcomb) Brackett, and a descendant of

John Nightingale, who settled in Hull, Mass.,
1634 or 1654. He was graduated from Wesleyan
university, A.B., 1866, A.M., 1869, and was pro
fessor of ancient languages at Upper Iowa uni
versity, Fayette, Iowa, 1867-68 ; acting president
of Northwestern Female college, Evanston, 111.,
1868-71 ; professor of ancient languages and
teacher of elocution in Simpson Centenary col
lege, Indianola, Iowa, 1871-72 ; superintendent
of public instruction in Omaha, Neb. , 1872-74 ;
principal of Lake View high school, Ravens-
wood, 111., 1874-90 ; assistant superintendent of
public instruction in Chicago, 111., 1890-92 ; super
intendent of the public high schools of Chicago,
1892-1901, and in March, 1902, was elected
president of the board of trustees of the Univer
sity of Illinois. He was married, Aug. 24, 1866,
to Fanny Orena, daughter of the Rev. C H.
Chase. He was elected president of the Nebraska
State Teachers' association in 1873 ; president of
the Nebraska State Sabbath School association in
1873 ; of the Illinois State Teachers' association in
1887 ; of the secondary department of the Na
tional Educational association in 1888, and presi
dent of the North Central association of colleges
and secondary schools in 1898. He was a mem
ber of the National Educational association and
chairman of the national committee on college
entrance requirements, 1895-1899. He received
from Wesleyan university the degreeof Ph.D. in
1891 and of LL.D. in 1901. He is editor of Twen
tieth Century Text Books (100 vols., 1899 et seq.),
and the author of : A Hand Book of Requirements
for Admission to the Colleges of the United States
(1879) ; and with George Howland of Two Edu
cational Essays (1881), besides many reports and
educational papers.
NILES, Hezekiah, editor, was born in Chester
county, Pa., Oct. 10, 1777. He was early appren
ticed to a printer, and in 1808 removed to Balti
more, Md., where he edited a daily paper, 1804-14.
He founded and edited Niles' Register, a weekly
journal published in Baltimore, 1811-36, in which
he advocated protection of American industries.
The first 32 volumes (1812-27) were reprinted,
and the Register was continued by his son, Miller
Ogden Niles, and others, 1827-49. He is the
author of : Principles and Acts of the Revolution
(1822), and of a series of humorous essays, en
titled Quill Driving. The towns of Niles inMich-
igan and Ohio were named in his honor. He
died in Wilmington, Del., April 2, 1839.
NILES, John Milton, senator, was born in
Windsor, Conn., Aug. 20, 1787 ; son of Moses and
Naomi (Marshall) Niles, and grandson of Benja
min and Lucy (Sill) Niles. His father was a
native of Groton, Conn., and removed to Windsor
prior to the Revolutionary war. John attended
school at Windsor, studied law with John

[13]

NILES

NILES

Sargent and was admitted to the bar in 1817. In
January, 1817, he established and was manager of
the Hartford Times, and obtained for that paper
a large circulation. He was an associate judge
of the county court, 1821-29 ; was a representa
tive in the general assembly in 1826, and was de
feated for the state senate in 1827. He sup
ported General Jackson for president, and upon
his inauguration, in 1829, President Jackson ap
pointed Maj. H. B. Norton, editor of the Times,
postmaster of Hartford, in recognition of the
service rendered by the paper during the cam
paign. Against this appointment Niles pro
tested vigorously, and tlie President dismissed
Norton and appointed Niles his successor. On
the death of Nathan Smith, U.S. senator from
Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1836, Niles was elected to
complete the term expiring March 3, 1839. In
1840 President Van Buren appointed him post
master-general in his cabinet, as successor to
Amos Kendall, who resigned, May 9, 1840, and
Niles held the office until the close of Van Buren's
administration, March 3, 1841. He was the Dem
ocratic candidate for governer of Connecticut in
1839 and 1840, and was again U.S. senator, 1843-
49. He was twice married, first June 7, 1824, to
Sarah, daughter of William Robinson, and widow
of Lewis Howe. She died, Nov. 23, 1842, and he
was married secondly, Nov. 26, 1845, to Jane H.
Pratt of Columbia county, N.Y., who died in
September, 1850. He made several bequests, in
cluding $70,000 in trust to the city of Hartford,
the income therefrom to be devoted to the worthy
poor, and his large library to the Connecticut
Historical society. He is the author of : The Inde
pendent Whig (1816) ; Gazetteer of Connecticut
and Rhode Island (1819); History of the Revolu
tion in Mexico and South America, with a View of
Texas (1829); The Civil Officer (1840); Loss of
the Brig Commerce upon the West Coast of Africa
(1842). He died in Hartford, Conn., May 31, 1856.
NILES, Nathaniel, representative, was born in
South Kingston, R.I. , April 3, 1741 ; son of Samuel
Niles ; grandson of the Rev. Samuel and Ann
(Coddington) Niles of Braintree, Mass., and great-
grandson of Nathaniel and Sarah (Sands) Niles of
Block Island. He matriculated at Harvard col
lege and was graduated from the College of New
Jersey, A.B., 1766, A.M., 1769. He studied the
ology under the Rev. Dr. Joseph Bellamy, and
also studied law and medicine in New York city,
where he taught school. He preached in Nor
wich andTorrington, Conn.; resided in Norwich,
where he invented a process for making wire
from bar iron, and added to the wire mill, which
was run by water, a woolen cord manufactory.
He served as a soldier throughout the Revolution,
and subsequently removed to Vermont, where he
purchased a large tract of land, founded the town

of West Fairlee and held religious services in
liis own house for nearly forty years. He was
a representative in the Vermont legislature ;
speaker and agent to congress in 1784 ; judge of
the supreme court, 1784-88 ; a member of the
council of censors in 1785, 1787 and 1789, and a
member of the constitutional convention of 1791.
He was a representative from Vermont in the 2d
and 3d congresses, 1791-95 ; was a representative
in the state legislature, 1800-02 and 1812-14 ; a
member of the governor's council, 1803-08; a
presidential elector, 1805 and 1813, and a member
of the constitutional convention of 1814. He led
in formulating the demand of the state for a con
stitutional amendment prohibiting the importa
tion of slaves ; was opposed to the bank bill
schemes of 1800, but in 1806 voted for the estab
lishment of a state bank. He was twice married:
first to a daughter of Rev. Dr. Lathrop of West
Springfield, Mass., and secondly to Elizabeth,
daughter of William Watson of Plymouth,
Mass., and of his sons, Nathaniel was U.S. con
sul at Sardinia, acting plenipotentiary to Austria
and secretary of legation at tlie court of St.
James under U.S. Minister Cass. The honorary
degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Har
vard in 1772, and by Dartmouth in 1791. He was
trustee of Dartmouth college, 1793-1820. He is
the author of : Four Discourses on Secret Prayer
(1773); Two Discourses on Sin and Forgiveness
(1773); Two Discourses upon Liberty; The Per
fection of God (1777), and The Fountain of Goo§,
(1777). He also wrote an ode entitled The Amer
ican Hero, which was inspired by the news of
the battle of Bunker Hill, was set to music by
the Rev. Sylvanus Ripley, and became the war
song of the New England soldiers. He died at
West Fairlee, Vt., Oct. 31, 1828.
NILES, Samuel, clergyman, was born on
Block Island, R.I., May 1, 1674 ; son of Nathaniel
and Sarah (Sands) Niles. He was graduated
from Harvard college, A.B., 1699, A.M., 1709, and
was a preacher on Block Island, 1699-1701 ; at
Kingstown, 1702-10, and was ordained pastor of
the Second church, Braintree, Mass., in i711.
He was twice married ; first, in 1716, to a daughter
of Peter Thatcher of Milton, Mass., and sec
ondly, in 1732, to Ann Coddington. He returned
to Block Island in his latter years and became
pastor of a church in Charleston, composed
chiefly of the Niantic Indians. He is the author
of : A Brief and Sorrowful Account of the
Churches in New England (1745); A Vindication
of Diverse Important Doctrines of Scripture (1752) ;
Scripture Doctrines of Original Sin (1757) ; History
of the French and Indian Wars (1760) , and a diary
kept by him for sixty years, which forms an in
teresting history of Braintree. He died in Brain
tree, Mass., May 1, 1762.
[H].

NILES

NINDE

NILES, William Harmon, geologist, was born
in Northampton, Mass., May' 18, 1838 ; son of
the Rev. Asa and Mary Ann (Marcy) Niles, and
grandson of Peter Niles. He attended the schools
of Worthington, Mass., where in 1855 he began
teaching. He prepared for his science education
at Wilbraham, Mass., where he was with his
uncle, Oliver Marcy, LL.D., of Northwestern
university, Evanston, 111., under whose encour
agement in 1862 he entered the Lawrence Scien
tific school, Harvard, and was graduated, S.B.,
in 1866. For a year he was a student at the
Sheffield Scientific- school, Yale, and graduated
Ph.B. in 1867. He was married in 1869 to Helen
M. Plyrnpton of Cambridge, Mass. He was the
stated lecturer in natural science at the Massa
chusetts State Teachers' institutes, 1867-77. He
delivered public lectures upon geological and
geographical subjects, 1867-90, giving a number
of full courses at the Lowell Institute, Boston,
and at the Peabody Institute, Baltimore. He
was appointed professor of physical geology and
geography at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology in 1871. He was also made professor
of geology at the Boston university in 1875 ;
stated lecturer at Wellesley college, 1882-87, and
professor of geology at Wellesley, 1888. Tlie
honorary degree of A.M. w-as conferred on him
by the Wesleyan university in 1870. He was
president of the Boston Society of Natural His
tory, 1892-97 ; was three times president of the
Appalachian Mountain club ; president of the
New England Meteorological society, and was
elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, a fellow of the Geological Society
of America, a member of tlie National Geographic
society and corresponding member of the New
York Academy of Sciences. In 1902 he was
professor and head of the department of geology
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
at Wellesley college, and professor of geology in
Boston university.
NILES, William Woodruff, second bishop of
New Hampshire and 96th in succession in tlie
American episcopate, was born in Hatley, Lower
Canada (now Quebec) , May 24, 1832 ; son of
Daniel Swit and Delia (Woodruff) Niles. He was
graduated from Trinity college. Hartford, Conn.,
A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860 ; was a tutor there, 1857-58,
and was graduated from the Berkeley Divinity
school in 1861. He was ordered deacon, May 22,
1861 ; ordained priest, May 14, 1862, and was in
charge of St. Philip's church, Wiscasset, Maine,
1861-64. He was married, June 5, 1862, to Bertha
Olmsted of Hartford, Conn.; was professor of
Latin language and literature at Trinity college,
1864-70, editing the Churchman, 1866-67, and
serving as rector of St. John's, Warehouse Point,
Conn., 1868-70. He was elected second bishop of

^¦r^^^fe;

New Hampshire, as successor to Bishop Chase who
died, Jan. 18, 1870, and was consecrated, Sept. 21,
1870, at St. Paul's church, Concord, N.H., by
Bishops Smith, Williams, Neely, Bissell, Doane
and Williams of Quebec. At the time of his
consecration he was a
British subject, and
he became an Ameri
can citizen in Decem
ber, 1873. Trinity
conferred on him the
honorary degrees of
S.T.D. in 1870 and
LL.D. in 1896; Dart
mouth that of D.D.
in 1879, and Bishops
college, P.Q., that of
D.C.L. in 1898. He
was made president
of the corporation of
St. Paul's school, of
Holderness school and
of St. Mary's school, Concord, N.H., a visitor of
Trinity from 1870, and a trustee from 1877. He
was also a member of the board of managers of
domestic and foreign missions ; of the commis
sion for revising the prayer-book and of that to
revise the marginal readings in the Bible. He is
the author of many essays, sermons and addresses.
NINDE, William Xavier, M.E. bishop, was born
in Cortlandville, N.Y., June 21, 1832 ; sou of the
Rev. William Ward Ninde, a well known Metho
dist preacher. He was prepared for college at
Rome academy, graduated from the Wesleyan
university at Middletown, Conn., A.B., 1§55, A.M.
1858 ; was a teacher in Rome academy, N.Y.,
1855-56 ; joined the Black River conference in
1856, and was stationed successively at Fulton,
Theresa, Adams and Rome, N.Y., 1856-60 ; was
transferred to the Cincinnati conference in 1861,
and ministered at Mission chapel, Union chapel
and Christian chapel ; traveled in Europe and
Asia, 1868-69 ; was transferred to the Detroit con
ference in 1870, and was pastor of the Central
church, Detroit, Mich., 1870-72. He was profes
sor of practical theology at Garrett Biblical in
stitute, Evanston, 111., 1873-76; was a delegate
to the general conference of the Methodist Epis
copal church in 1876 ; was pastor of Central
church, Detroit, 1876-79 ; president of Garrett
Biblical institute, 1879-81 ; a delegate to the
Methodist Ecumenical conference held in London
in 1881, and was elected bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal church, May 15, 1884. ¦ He was presi
dent of the Methodist conference in China, Japan
and Korea, returning to the United States in the
spring of 1895, having visited and ministered to
the missions in the Orient for several years. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by

[15]

NISBET

NITSCHMANN

Wesleyan university in 1874, and that of LL.D.
by Northwestern university in 1892. He died in
Detroit, Mich., Jan. 3, 1901.
NISBET, Charles, educator, was born in Had
dington, Scotland, Jan. 21,1736; son of William
and Alison Nesbit. He was graduated from the
University of Edinburgh in 1754, having sustained
the entire expense of his aollegiate course by
teaching. He studied theology in the Divinity
Hall of Edinburgh, 1754-60, and was licensed to
preach by the presbytery of Edinburgh, Sept. 24,
1760. He was pastor of the Presbyterian church
at Montrose, Scotland, and during the Revolu
tionary war sympathized with the colonists,
which caused dissatisfaction in his parish. He
was married in June, 1766, to Ann, daughter of
Thomas Sweedie of Quarter, Scotland. In 1783,
upon the establishment of Dickinson college, Car
lisle, Pa., he was chosen its
first president. He arrived
in Philadelphia, Pa. , in June,
1785, and took charge of
the college, July 5, 1785-
He resigned the office, Oct.
18, 1785, on account of a
severe illness which had
afflicted himself and his family. Recovering,
however, he was re-elected, May 10, 1786, and
immediately resumed his duties. The financial
state of Dickinson college, which had been but
slenderly endowed, became greats impaired and
the attendance grew less and less. The plans
of the president were not supported by the
trustees of the college, and his salary was cut
down from $1200 to $800. Even that sum was
not paid in full and at the time of his decease
the arrears amounted to four or five years' salary.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by the College of New Jersey in 1783, to
wnich institution he bequeathed his valuable
library. He died in Carlisle, Pa., Jan. 18, 1804.
NISBET, Eugenius Aristides, jurist, was born
near Union Point, Greene county, Ga., Dec. 7,
1803 ; son of Dr. James and Penelope (Cooper)
Nisbet. His father was a member of the con
stitutional convention of 1798 and a representative
in the state legislature, having moved to Georgia
from Iredell, N.C., about 1791. His parents set
tled in Athens, Ga., and he attended Powellton
academy, Hancock county.Ga., 1815-17, and South
Carolina college. Columbia, S.0, 1817-18, and was
graduated from the University of Georgia in
1821, with the first honor. He studied law in the
office of Judge Augustin S. Clayton, Athens,
1821-22, and under Judge Gould, Litchfield, Conn.,
1822-23. He was admitted to the bar of Greene
county by special act of the legislature in
1823, and practised in Madison, Ga., where he
was a representative in the state assembly for

[16]

three years ; state senator for one term, and
a Whig representative in the 26th and 27th con
gresses, 1839-43, resigning his seat in congress to
meet obligations of $30,000, as surety for a relative.
He moved from Madison to Macon, Ga., in 1837.
He resumed his law practice in Macon, and upon
the organization of the supreme court in 1845
was appointed one of its judges and served, 1845-
53. He supported Harrison in 1840 ; Clay in
1844, and Bell and Everett in 1860. He was a
member of the state secession convention of
1861 and of the Confederate provisional congress.
In the secession convention he was chairman of
the committee of eighteen which reported the
ordinance of secession, and was the author of
that ordinance. He practised law in Macon
with a brother and son, 1865-71. He was a
trustee of the University of Georgia, 1804-71, and
received from there the honorary degree of LL.D.
in 1868. He was married in 1824 to Amanda M.
F. Battle of Powellton, Ga., and they had twelve
children. Mrs. Nisbet died in 1865. Judge Nisbet
was the author of the first fourteen volumes of
Georgia Reports, and his decisions are frequently
quoted as authority on the law, both in the
United States and England. He died in Macon,
Ga., March 18, 1871.
NITSCHMANN, David, Moravian bishop, was
born in Zauchtenthal, Moravia, Dec. 27, 1696.
His parents were members of the church of the
Ancient Brethren, and David, in May, 1724, fled
from persecution to Herrnhut, Saxony, became
an evangelist and was consecrated first bishop of
the renewed Moravian church at Berlin, March 13,
1735, by Bishop Jablousky, with the concurrence
of Bishop Sitkovius of Poland. He led a colony
of Moravians to Savannah, Ga., in 1735, and on
Feb. 28, 1736, ordained Augustus G. Spangen-
berg and Anthony Seifferth, presbyters of the
church, probably the first ordinations by a Prot
estant bishop in the United States ; John Wesley,
who was his fellow voyager to America, being
present. In 1740 he again visited America and
in 1741 purchased a tract of land on the Lehigh
river in Pennsylvania, where he formed a small
colony from the abandoned settlement in Geor
gia, which he named Bethelem. He returned
to Saxony in 1744, but extended his labors to
New York and North Carolina, and during his
lifetime visited the chief countries of northern
Europe and the West Indies, making probably
fifty sea voyages. In 1755 he returned to Penn
sylvania. He resided in Weissport, Pa., 1755-56,
atLititz, Pa., 1756-61, and at Bethelem, 1761-72.
He died in Bethlehem, Pa., Oct. 8, 1772.
NITSCHMANN, John, Moravian bishop, was
born in Schoenau, Moravia, in 1703. He was a
descendant of the Ancient Brethren's church,
and in 1724, through religious persecutions, he

NIXON

NIXON

Telinquished his possessions in Moravia and with
a number of followers immigrated to Herrnhut,
Saxony, where he engaged in evangelical work
and in 1741 was consecrated to the episcopacy.
He immigrated to America in 1749, to fill the place
cf Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, as presiding
bishop, who had established a Moravian colony
at Savannah, Ga. He remained in America until
1751, when he returned to Europe. He died in
Zeist, Holland, May 6, 1772.
NIXON, John, soldier, was born in Framing-
ham, Mass., March 1,1727; son of Christopher
and Mary (Sever) Nixon, and grandson of Joseph
Sever. Christopher Nixon came to Framingham
early in 1724, and John joined the troops under
Sir William Pepperrell in 1745, in the expedition
against Cape Breton and in the capture of Louis-
burg. He served in the Colonial army, 1745-75,
except 1752-55, when he was at his home in Fram
ingham. He was a lieutenant in Capt. E. Newell's
company in the expedition to Crown Point,
1755-56 ; was commissioned captain in 1756, took
part in the defence of Fort William Henry, Lake
George, 1756 ; commanded a company in Col. T.
Ruggles's regiment at Half Moon, 1758, and was
captain in command of 108 men, 1761-62. He
led a company of minute men at the battle of
Lexington and commanded a regiment at the
battle of Bunker Hill, where he was seriously
wounded. He was promoted brigadier-general
in the Continental army, Aug. 9, 1776 ; com
manded the forces stationed at Governor's Island
in New York harbor, and in the battle of Still
water, commanded the 1st Massachusetts regi
ment, in the army of Gen. Horatio Gates.
He resigned his commission in the Continental
army, Sept. 12, 1780. owing to ill health occa
sioned by his wounds. He was married, first, Feb.
7, 1754, to Thankful, daughter of Joseph Berry,
and secondly, Feb. 5, 1778, to Hannah (Drury)
Gleason, widow of Capt. Micajah Gleason and
daughter of Josiah Drury. She died, Sept. 26,
1831. General Nixon died in Middlebury, Vt.,
March 24, 1815.
NIXON, John, patriot financier, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1733; son of Richard and
Sarah (Bowles) Nixon. Richard Nixon came
with his parents from Wefford, Ireland, to Phila
delphia, when quite young, and married Sarah
Bowles, Jan. 7, 1728, and in 1738 built Nixon's
wharf on the Delaware river. He was a
member of the city council, 1742-56, and was
chosen captain of the dock-yard company upon
the organization of the " Associators " dur
ing the French and Spanish war. John Nix
on inherited his father's property ; succeeded
to his business in 1756 ; was chosen lieutenant
of the dockyard company, and in 1765 was
among those who signed the Non-Importation

Agreement, thus establishing himself among the
leaders of the patriot cause in Philadelphia.
He was appointed a warden of the port in 1766
and one of the signers of the Penn paper money
in 1767. He was a member of the first committee
of correspondence ; was a deputy to the provincial
conventions, 1774-75 ; was commissioned lieuten
ant-colonel of the 3d battalion of the " Associa
tors," known as " Silk stockings " : became
a member of the committee of safety on its re
organization, Oct. 20, 1775, and frequently pres
ided at its meetings, being chairman of the
committee on accounts. He commanded the de
fences of the Delaware at Fort Island in May,
1776, and was put in command of the city guard
of Philadelphia. He read to the assembled people
the Declaration of Independence on July 8, 1776,
and during July, 1776, his battalion saw service at
Amboy, N.J. He succeeded John Cadwalader as
colonel of the " Associators " and joined Wash
ington's army at Trenton, taking part in the
battle of Princeton. He was a member of the
Continental navy board in 1776 ; in December,
1778, was made one of a committee of three to
settle and adjust the accounts of the committee
and council of safety, and in August, 1778, was
one of the auditors of public accounts. He
was an original subscriber to the Pennsylvania
bank in June, 1780, to the amount of £5000, and
with George Clymer became the custodian of
the funds subscribed. They were known as
directors and
handed the cur
rency over to
Tench Francis,
tlie factor, to
purchase provi
sions for the
army. He was
also a founder
in 1781 of the f
Bank of North
America, a di
rector, 1784-
1808, and its sec"
ond president,
1792-1808, suc
ceeding Thomas
Willing, who re
signed Jan. 9, 1792, to become president of the
Bank of the United States. He married in October,
1765, Elizabeth, daughter of George and Jane
(Currie) Davis. His son Henry, who died, Aug.
18, 1840, married Maria, daughter of Robert Mor
ris, and was the fourth president of the Bank of
North America, 1822-40. John Nixon was a trustee
of the University of Pennsylvania, 1789-91. His
wife died Aug. 31, 1795, and he died in Phila
delphia, Pa. , Dec. 24, 1808.

BANK off-NopJtf A/AER.ICA
•irai-

[17]

NIXON

NIXON

NIXON, John Thompson, jurist, was born in
Fairton, N.J., Aug. 31, 1820 ; son of Jeremiah S.
Nixon, who removed with his family to Bridgeton
soon after his son's birth. He was graduated from
the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1841, A.M.,
1844, and was a tutor at the college a short time
and in the family of Judge Pennybacker at
Staunton, Va., where he studied law and was
admitted to the bar of Virginia in 1845. He had
made arrangements to form a partnership with
Judge Isaac S. Pennybacker, but upon the latter's
death, Jan. 12, 1847, returned to Bridgeton, N.J.,
where he practised law with Judge Charles E.
Elmer, one of the justices of the state supreme
court, recently retired. He was a representative
in the state legislature, 1848-49, and speaker of
the house in 1850. He was married in 1851 to
Mary H., daughter of Lucius Q. C. Elmer (q.v.),
justice of the state supreme court, 1852-59. He
was a Republican representative in the 36th and
37th congresses, 1859-63, serving on the commit
tee on commerce, and failing to secure a desired
appointment as judge of the U.S. district court
from President Lincoln in 1863. President Grant in
1870 appointed him as successor to Judge Richard
S. Field, deceased, to whom President Lincoln
had given the office in 1863. He was a trustee of
the College of New Jersey, 1864-89. In 1875 he
was one of the four residuary legatees chosen by
John Cleve Green (q.v.) to distribute his estate,
exceeding $7,000,000. for charitable and benevo
lent objects. He was active in the old-school as
sembly of the Presbyterian church in 1869, held
for the purpose of re-uniting its two branches ;
was a member of- the committee of the general
assembly to revise the form of government, and
the book of discipline ; was a delegate to the
Pan Presbyterian council at Edinburgh, in 1877,
and a director of the Princeton Theological semi
nary, 1883-89. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on hirn by the College of New Jer
sey in 1877. He is the author of three revised
editions of Elmer's Digest of the Laws of Neiv
Jersey (1838), known as Nixon's Digest (1858,
1861 and 1868), and of Forms of Proceeding
under the Laws of New Jersey, an outgrowth of
Elmer's Book of Forms. He died in Stockbridge,
Mass., Sept. 28, 1889.
NIXON, Lewis, shipbuilder, was born in Lees-
burg, Va. , April 7, 1861 ; son of Joel Lewis and
Mary Jane (Turner) Nixon ; grandson of Joel and
Hannah (Milburn) Nixon, and of George and
Mary Pane (Beattie) Turner, and a descen
dant of John Nixon, who came to New Jersey
from Inniskillern, Ireland, about 1710. He at
tended the common schools of Leesburg, and was
appointed midshipman in the U.S. navy in 1878.
He was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy
at Annapolis in 1882, standing first in his class,

and was sent by the navy department to the Royal
Navy college, Greenwich, England, in 1882. He
was transferred to the construction corps of the
U.S. navy in 1884, and in 1890 designed the
battleships Oregon, Indiana and Massachusetts.
He resigned from the navy in 1891 ; served as
superintending constructor at the Cramp ship-

[18]

THE OREOON.
yard, Philadelphia, 1891-95, and established the
Crescent shipyard at Elizabeth, N.J., in 1895,
where among other vessels he constructed the
sub-marine torpedo boat Holland, the monitor
Florida, the torpedo boat O'Brien and the cruiser
Chattanooga. He was married, Jan. 29, 1891, to
Sally Lewis, daughter of Col. Lafayette B. and
Margaret (Robertson) Wood of Washington,
D.C He was appointed by Mayor Van Wyck
president of the East River Bridge commission
in January, 1898, and was appointed consulting
naval architect of the Cramp Shipbuilding com
pany ; president of the International Smokeless
Powder and Dynamite company ; of the U.S.
Long Distance Automobile Co. ; the Carbon Axle
Co.; the New East River Bridge commission ; a
trustee of Webb's Academy and Home for Ship
builders ; a director of the Idaho Exploration
and Mining Co.; a delegate from New York to
the Democratic national convention of 1900,
and vice-president of the Democratic Club of New
York. On Dec. 17, 1901, he was appointed one
of twelve prominent citizens to represent capital
on the board of arbitration of the industrial de
partment of the National Civic Federation, con
vened in New York city, Dec. 16, 1901, and on
Jan. 11, 1902, succeeded Richard Croker '(q.v.)
as leader of the Tammany Hall organization in
New York city, which position he resigned, May
14, 1902. He is the author of : Military Value, of
the Shipyard (1897), and Commercial Value of
the Shipyard (1897), both of which appeared in
the North American Review.
NIXON, Oliver Woodson, editor, was born in
Guilford county, N.C, Oct. 25, 1825; son of
Samuel and Rhoda (Hubbard) Nixon ; grandson
of Barnabas and Sarah (Hunnicutt) Nixon, and
a descendant of Phineas and Mary Nixon. His
grandfather, Barnabas Nixon, was a prominent,
mover in the antislavery question in Virginia

NIXON

NOBLE

and was among the first in the state to free his
slaves. His father removed to Indiana, where
Oliver attended the common schools. He was
graduated from Farmers college, Ohio, A.B., in
1848, and from Jefferson Medical college, M.D.,
in 1854. He was married in 1854 to Louise
Elstun of Mt. Carmel, Ohio. During the civil
war he was surgeon of the 39th Ohio volunteers,
medical director of the Army of the Mississippi
and a member of Gen. John Pope's staff. He was
treasurer of Hamilton county, Ohio, for two
terms ; was one of the organizers of the Cincin
nati Evening Chronicle in 1870, and with his
brother, William Penn Nixon, consolidated it
with the Cincinnati Times. In 1878 he joined
his brother in the purchase of the Chicago Inter-
Ocean, disposed of it to a stock company and
became literary editor and president of the corpo
ration of the Inter-Ocean. He received the hon
orary degree of LL.D. from Whitman college,
Walla Walla, Wash., in 1897. He is the author
of : How Marcus Whitman Saved Oregon (1895).
NIXON, William Penn, editor,' was born at
Fountain City, Ind., March 19, 1833; son of
Samuel and Rhoda (Hubbard) Butler Nixon, and
grandson of Barnaby Nixon, a Quaker preacher,
and a resident of Virginia. His great grand
mother on his mother's side was a Cherokee
Indian. He was graduated from Farmers col
lege, Ohio, in 1853 ; taught school in Cincinnati,
Ohio, 1853-55, and was graduated from the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania, LL.B., 1859. He prac
tised law in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1859-68 ; was a
Republican representative in the state legislature,
1864-67 ; president of the Cincinnati Mutual Life
Insurance Co., 1866-71, and in 1868, in connection
with his brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, established
the Daily Chronicle, of which he was commercial
editor and subsequently publisher and general
manager. Upon the consolidation of the paper
with the Daily Times, in 1872, he sold his interest
and became business manager of the Chicago
Inter-Ocean, serving until 1875, and as general-
manager and editor-in-chief, 1875-97. In 1897
he sold his controlling interest in the Inter-Ocean,
but retained his connection with the company of
which he was secretary and treasurer. He was
appointed a commissioner of Lincoln park in 1896,
and its president in 1897 ; was president of the
associated press for several years ; was a delegate
at large for the state of Illinois to the Republican
national convention of 1896, and was appointed
collector of U.S. customs of Chicago in Decem
ber, 1897. He was twice married, first in Septem
ber, 1861, to Mary, daughter of Hezekiah and Ruth
(Ferris) Stites. She died in 1862, and he was
married secondly, June 15, 1869, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Charles and Sarah E. Duffield of
Chicago, 111.

NOAH, Mordecai Manuel, journalist, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa. , July 14, 1785 ; son of Manuel
and Zipporah (Phillips) Noah, and grandson of
Jonas and Rebecca Mendes (Machado) Phillips.
His mother died when he was a child, and he was
left in care of his maternal grandfather, who
apprenticed him to a trade. He studied law in
Charleston, S.C., and engaged in political jour
nalism and dramatic writing. He declined the
U.S. consulship at Riga, Russia, in 1811 ; was
U.S. consul-general at Tunis, with a special mis
sion to Algiers, 1813-19, and during his term of
service opposed the further payment of tribute
for the security of our merchant marine, and also
liberated a number of Americans held as slaves.
He was recalled in 1819 by the government, who
considered his being a Jew a drawback to the
success of his mission, and he engaged in jour
nalism in New York city, where he aided James
Gordon Bennett in establishing the New York
Herald, and founded and edited in rapid -succes
sion the National Advocate, the Courier and En
quirer, the Evening Star, the Union, and Noah's
Times and Weekly Messenger, tlie latter becom
ing eminently successful. He was appointed
sheriff of New York in 1821 ; served as surveyor
of the port of New York, 1829-33, and as asso
ciate judge of the court of sessions in New York
in 1841. He was also an officer of the New York
militia, attaining the rank of major, and was
president of the Hebrew Benevolent society, New
York city, in 1842. He originated the plan of a
permanent city of refuge for the Jews on Grand
Island in the Niagara river, in 1820,1 which
proved unsuccessful. He was married to Rebecca
Jackson of New York city. His plays include :
The Fortress of Sorrento ; Paul and Alexis, or the
Orphans of the Rhine ; She Would Be a Soldier,
or the Plains of Chippewa ; Oh Yes ! or the New
Constitution ; Marion, or the Hero of Lake George;
The Grecian Captive; Yusef Caramalli, or the
Siege of Tripoli, and The Grand Canal. He is
the author of : Travels in England, France, Spain
and the Barbary States (1819); Gleanings from
a Gathered Harvest, newspaper essays (1845);
Restoration of the Jews, address (1845), and a
translation of the Book of Joshua (1840). He
died in New York city, May 22, 1851.
NOBLE, Annette Lucile, author, was born in
Albion, N.Y., July 12, 1844; daughter of Dr.
William and Amelia Stiles (Denio) Noble ; grand
daughter of Elnathan and Mary (Weston) Noble,
and of John and Harriet (Stiles) Denio. Harriet
Stiles was a granddaughter of Ezra Stiles (q.v.).
Annette Lucile Noble was graduated at Phipps
Union seminary, Albion, N.Y., in 1863, and en
gaged in literary work, traveling extensively
in Europe, Egypt, Palestine, Syria and other for
eign countries. Her stories have been translate

[191

NOBLE

NOBLE

into several foreign languages and had a large
circulation in Holland. She is the author of :
Eleanor Willoughby (1870); St. Augustine's Lad
der (1872); Judge Branard's Infantry (1873);
Under Shelter (1876); Out of the Way (1877);
The Queer House in Rugby Court (1878); Silas
Gower's Daughter (1878) ; Uncle Jack's Executors
(1880); Eunice Lathrop, Spinster (1881); How
Billy went up in the World (1883); Miss Janet's
Old House (1884); The Prof essor's Dilemma (1885);
The Crazy Angel (1888), and many stories for the
young. NOBLE, Frederick Alphonso, minister, was
born in Baldwin, Maine, March 17, 1832 ; son of
James and Jane (Cram) Noble ; grandson of
George and Sarah (Spencer) Noble, and of Joseph
and Abigail (Pugsley) Cram, and a descendant of
Christopher Noble, a soldier in the Revolution,
whose ancestors came to America from England
at a date not established. He was graduated
from Yale in 1858 ; attended Andover Theological
¦seminary, Mass., 1858-60, and Lane Theological
seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1861, and was or
dained to the ministry by the presbytery of Min
nesota, July 16, 1862. He was pastor of the
House of Hope church, St. Paul, Minn. , 1862-68 ;
the Third church, Pittsburg, Pa., 1868-75 ; Center
church, New Haven, Conn., 1875-79, and Union
Park church, Chicago, 111., 1879-1901. He re
signed his pastorate in 1901, and gave his time to
literary work. He was twice married : first, Sept.
15, 1861, to Lucy Augusta Perry of Dummerston,
Vt., who died, June 7, 1895, and secondly, July 1,
1897, to Leila Moss Crandon of Evanston, 111.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Western Reserve college in 1872, and that
of LL.D. by Oberlin college in 1899. He was
elected president of the American Missionary as
sociation in 1898 ; first president of the New West
Education commission in 1882, and was a delegate
to the missionary conference held at London,
England, in 1888 ; to the International council of
the Congregational churches, London, in 1891,
and to the second council held at Boston, Mass.,
in September, 1899, of which last he was first
vice-president. He is the author of : Divine Life
in Man (1896); Discourses on Philippians (1897);
Our Redemption (1898) ; Typical New Testament
Conversion (1901) ; The Pilgrims (1902). and many
pamphlets on civil, educational and religious sub
jects. He was a resident of Phillips, Franklin
county, Maine, in 1902.
NOBLE, James, senator, was born near Berry
ville, Clarke county, Va., Dec. 16, 1785; son of
Thomas and Betty Clair (Sedgwick) Noble. His
parents removed to Campbell county, Ky. , in
1795, and he studied law under Richard South-
gate of Newport, Ky., and was admitted to the
bar in Lawrenceburgh, Ind. He was married,

[20]

April 7, 1803, to Mary Lindsey of Cincinnati,
Ohio. He settled in Brookville, Franklin county,
Indiana Territory, in 1811 ; served as a member of
the territorial legislature for several years, and
on the admission of the state in 1816 was elected
to the U.S. senate, and was re-elected in 1821
and 1827, serving until his death, which occurred
in Washington, D.C, Feb. 26, 1831.
NOBLE, John Willcox, cabinet officer, was
born in Lancaster, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1831 ; son of
John and Catharine (McDill) Noble, and grand
son of Samuel and (Mary Patterson) Noble. He
attended Miami university ; was graduated at
Yale, 1851 ; studied law at Columbus, Ohio, and
was admitted to the bar there in 1853, and in St.
Louis, Mo., in 1855.
He practised in Col
umbus, Ohio, 1853, St.
Louis.Mo., 1855-1856;
and in Keokuk, Iowa,
1856-1861 ; was city
attorney of Keokuk,
1859-60, and in 1861
enlisted in the 3d
Iowa volunteer cav
alry, being mustered
1st lieutenant and ad
jutant in August,
1861, and becoming
major, lieutenant-col
onel and colonel in
this regiment. He
was judge advocate of the Army of the South
west and afterward of the department of the
Missouri. He took part in the battle of Pea
Ridge and the siege of Vicksburg, and served
under Gen. Andrew J. Smith against Forrest,
and under Gen. James H. Wilson in Alabama
and Georgia. He was brevetted brigadier-gen
eral of volunteers to date, March 13, 1865, and
was mustered out of the service in August, 1865.
He was married, Feb. 6, 1864, to Lizabeth,
daughter of Hatfield Halstead of Northampton,
Mass. He resumed the practice of law in St.
Louis, Mo., 1865 ; was U.S. district attorney
for Missouri, 1867-70; received the thanks of
President Grant before the cabinet in 1869, and
declined the solicitor generalship offered by
the President. He was secretary of the inte
rior in President Harrison's cabinet, 1889-93. He
received the honorary degree of LL.D. from
Miami university in 1889 and from Yale uni
versity in 1891.
NOBLE, Louis Legrand, clergyman, poet and
author, was born in New Lisbon, N.Y., Sept. 26,
1811 ; son of Sylvanus and Sally (Tuttle) Noble ;
grandson of Elnathan and Johannah (Bostwick)
Noble, and of Jeremiah Tuttle, and a descendant
of Thomas and Hannah( Warriner) Noble. Thomas

CpX-z*<-*-*-£_2*/. ^^Zert^e^,

NOBLE

NORCROSS

Noble was a native of England, and looated in Bos
ton, Mass., as early as 1653 ; removed to Springfield
in that year, and to Westfield about 1666. Louis
Legrand was graduated at Bristol college, Pa., in
1837, and at the General Theological seminary,
New York city, in 1840. He was admitted to the
diaconate, June 28, 1840, and to the priesthood,
June 4, 1844. He was curate at St. Peter's,
Albany, N.Y., in 1840, and removed to Perquimans
county, N.C, the same year, where lie was
planters' chaplain and rector of Christ church,
Elizabeth City, 1841-44. He was married, Oct.
80, 1844, to Sarah Ann, daughter of Isaac and
Sally (Nygatt) Hayes of Unadilla, N.Y. He
was rector of St. Luke's, Catskill, N.Y., 1845-54 ;
•of Grace church, Chicago, 111., in 1855; of the
Church of the Messiah, Glen's Falls,, N.Y., and
Trinity church, Fredonia, N.Y., 1856-57, and of
Holy Trinity, Hudson City, N.J., 1858-72. He
was professor of English literature in St. Stephen's
college, Annandale. N.Y., 1872-80, and rector of
St. John's church, Ionia, Mich., 1880-82. He was
honored by Griswold with a place among the
American poets, and is the author of : Ne-Ma-
Min, an Indian Story (1852); The Course of
Empire, Voyage of Life and other Pictures of
Thomas Cole, N.A., with Selections from his Let
ters and Miscellaneous Writings, Illustrative of
his Life, Character and Genius (1853) ; The Lady
Angeline, a Lay of the Appalachians ; The Hours
and Other Poems (1857); A Voyage to the Arctic
Seas in Search of Icebergs ivith Church the Artist
(1861). He died in Ionia, Mich., Feb. 6, 1882.
NOBLE, Noah, governor of "Indiana, was born
near Berryville, Clarke county, Va., Jan. 15,
1794 ; son of Thomas and Betty Clair (Sedgwick)
Noble, and brother of Senator James Noble. His
parents removed to Campbell county, Ky., in
1795, and he subsequently lo
cated in Brookville, Franklin
county, Indian Territory. He
was married, Nov. 18, 1819,
to Katharine Swearingen, a
native of Berryville, Va.
He was sheriff of Franklin
county, 1820-24 ; represented
Franklin county in the Indiana legislature, 1824-
26 ; was receiver of public moneys, Indianapolis
land district, 1825-29, and governor of Indiana,
1831-37. He died in Indianapolis, Ind. . Feb. 7, 1844!
NOBLE, Patrick, governor of South Carolina,
was born in Abbeville district, S.C, in 1787 ; son
of Alexander and Catharine (Calhoun) Noble ;
grandson of John and Mary (Calhoun) Noble,
and of Patrick Calhoun. John Noble, native
cf Donegal county, Ireland, settled in Pennsyl
vania about 1733, and removed thence to Augusta
county, Va., where he died in 1753. His widow,
with her sons, located in what became Abbeville

district, S.C. Patrick Noble was prepared for
college under Dr. Moses Waddell, graduated at
the College of New Jersey in 1806, and studied
law under George McDuffie and John C Cal
houn. He was admitted to tlie bar in 1809 ;
practised in Abbeville, in partnership with John
C Calhoun, 1809-10, and alone, 1810-40. He
was married, Sept. 5, 1816, to Elizabeth Bonneau,
daughter of Ezekiel and Elizabeth (Bonneau)
Pickens of Pendleton district, S.C. He repre
sented Abbeville district in the state assembly in
1812, 1818-24 and in 1832, and was speaker of
the assembly, 1818-24 and 1832. He was presi
dent of the state senate, 1836-38, and the States'
Rights governor of South Carolina, 1838-40. He
died in Abbeville district, S.C, April 7, 1840.
NOELL, John W., representative, was born
in Bedford county, Va., Feb. 22, 1816. He re
ceived a limited education, and in 1833 removed
with his parents to Perry county, Mo. He en
gaged in milling and store-keeping, and in the
study of law, and became a noted lawyer
especially in criminal courts of the state. He
was clerk of the circuit court for Perry county,
1841-50 ; a member of the state senate, 1850-54 ; a '
Democratic representative from the 3rd Missouri
district in the 36th and 37th congresses, 1859-63,
and was re-elected to the 38th congress in 1862,
but died before that congress convened. In the
40th congress his son, Capt. Thomas E. Noell, of
the 19th U.S. infantry, represented the district,
was re-elected to the 41st congress, but died, Oct.
3, 1867, before taking his seat. John W. Noell
died in Washington, D.C, March 14, 1863.
NORCROSS, Amasa, representative, was born
inRindge, N.H., Jan. 26, 1824; son of Capt.
Daniel and Polly (Jones) Norcross ; grandson of
Jeremiah and Lucy (Chaplin) Norcross and of
Asa and Mary (Martin) Jones, and a descendant of
Jeremiah Norcross, who emigrated from England
and settled in Watertown, Mass., as early as
1642. Amasa attended the public schools and
Appleton academy, Newr Ipswich, and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1847. He settled in practice in
Fitchburg, Mass., and was married, June 1, 1852,
to Augusta, daughter of Benjamin Wallis of
Ashby. He was a representative in the Massa
chusetts legislature, 1858-59 and 1862 ; a state
senator in 1874 ; assessor of internal revenue for
the 9th Massachusetts district, 1862, and first
mayor of Fitchburg, 1873-74. He was a Repub
lican representative from the tenth Massachu
setts district in the 45th , 46th and 47th congresses,
1877-83. He was a director, of the Rollstone
National bank ; president of the Fitchburg Mu
tual Fire Insurance company ; of the Worcester
North Savings institution, and of Cushing
Academy, Ashburnham. He died in Fitchburg,
Mass., April 1,

ran

NORDHOFF

NORDICA

NORDHOFF, Charles, author and journalist,
was born in Erwitte, Westphalia, Prussia, Aug.
31, 1830; son of Charles and Adelheid (Plate)
Nordhoff. His father, an officer who won the
Waterloo medal under Blucher, resigned from the
German army and immigrated to America in
1835, in order to have his son educated under
democratic institutions. Qharles on the death of
his father was left to the care of Dr. William
Nast and Dr. J. H. Pulte (q.v.) of Cincinnati. He
attended the public schools and Woodward
college ; worked as a printer, 1843-44 ; served in
the U.S. navy on the old ship Columbus, 1844-47,
and in the merchant marine and whale and
mackerel fisheries, 1847-53, where he collected
material for his books. He was engaged in
newspaper work in Philadelphia, Pa. , and Indian
apolis, Ind., 1853-57, was editorially connected
with Harper & Bros., New York city, 1857-61,
and on the staff of the New York Evening Post,
1861-71, where his vigorous editorials in that
paper and subsequently in the New York Times
were largely influential in the appointment of
the committee of seventy and the overthrow of
tlie Tweed ring. He traveled extensively in
.1871-72 ; visited the Sandwich Islands in 1873,
and in 1874 became attached to the staff of the
New York Herald as an editorial writer and
also as the special Washington correspondent.
Upon his retirement from that paper in 1891 he
made his home in Coronado, Cal. He was
married in 1857 to Lida, daughter of James and
Martha (Fallon) Letford, and their daughter,
Evelyn Hunter Nordhoff (1863-1898), was an
artist and the first woman to become an expert
in artistic book-binding. He edited an American
edition of Kern's " Practical Landscape Garden
ing" (1855), and "The Tin Trumpet," and is
the author of : Man-of-War Life : a Boy's Ex
perience in the U.S. Navy (1855) ; The Mer
chant Vessel (1855) ; Whaling and Fishing
(1856) ; Stories from the Island World (1857);
Secession is Rebellion : the Union Indissoluble
(1860) ; The Freedmen of South Carolina :
some Account of their Appearance, Character,
Condition and Customs (1863) ; America for
Free Working Men (1865) ; Cape Cod and
All Along Shore ; a Collection of Stories (1868) ;
California for Health, Pleasure and Residence
(1872) ; Northern California, Oregon and the
Sandwich Islands (1874) ; Politics for Young
Americans (1875), which was written for his
young son, and adopted as a text-book in schools
and translated into Bohemian and Spanish ;
The Communistic Societies of the United States
(1875), which was translated into Russian and
French ; The Cotton Slates in the Spring and
Summer of 1875 (1876). He died in San Fran
cisco, Cal., July 14, 1901.

NORDICA, Lillian, prima donna, was born in
Farmington, Maine, Dec. 12, 1859 ; daughter of
Edwin and Amanda Elvira (Allen) Norton ;
granddaughter of James Instance and Sarah
(Smith) Norton, and' of the Rev. John and Annah
(Hersey) Allen, and a descendant of Nicholas
Norton of English descent, born in Weymouth,
Mass., and a resident of Duke's county, Mass., as
early as 1669. She removed to Boston, Mass. , with
her parents in 1863, was educated in the public
schools and studied vocal culture under John
O'Neil at the New England Conservatory of
Music, graduating in 1875. • She sang in choirs
and concerts and with the Handel and Haydn
society, and studied for a short time under
Madame Maretzek in New York. She went to
Europe as the soloist of Gilmore's band in 1878,
and sang at the Crystal Palace, London, and at
the Trocadero in Paris. She studied under San
Giovanni in Milan, Italy, with the determination
to become an opera singer, and in six months
had a repertory including ten operas. She made
her debut in Brescia, Italy, in " La Traviata " in
1879 ; appeared as Alice in " Roberto " at Novara,
Italy, in the same year, and sang the part of
Marguerite in " Faust," 1880. She appeared in
the operas " Rigoletto," "Faust" and "Lucia"
at Aquilla, Italy ; in "Mignon," " L'Africaine,"
" Le Nozze di Figaro," " Le Prophete," "Don
Giovanni " and " Les Huguenots " in St. Peters
burg, Russia, in 1880, and in 1881 before Ambrose-
Thomas and Van Corbeil, who engaged her for
the grand opera in Paris. She sang the role of
Marguerite in " Faust," in Paris in 1882 ; made a.
tour of the United States under Colonel Mapleson
in 1883, and in Berlin and London in 1887, becom
ing a great favorite in the latter city, where she
received the personal thanks of the Prince and
Princess of Wales, and was commanded to sing
before Queen Victoria. She appeared in the
Wagnerian role of Elsa in " Lohengrin" at Bey-
reuth in 1894, joined the Abbey, Schoffel and
Grau Opera company, with whom she made
various tours of the United States, singing Elsa
in " Lohengrin " and Isolde in "Tristan und
Isolde." Her repertory in 1903 consisted of over
forty operas and all the standard oratorios. She
was decorated by the Duke of Edinburgh and the
Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, and also
received the title of royal chamber singer, a
brooch of precious stones from Queen Victoria,
and a tiara of diamonds from the stockholders of
the Metropolitan Opera House of New York city
in 1896. She was married, Jan. 22, 1883, to Fred
eric Allen Gower, an aeronaut, who lost his life
in 1886, in an attempt to cross the English chanr
nel. In June, 1896, she was married to Zoltan
Dome, a Hungarian. Madame Nordica was the
first foreigner to sing at Beyreuth, and she

[221

NORRIS

NORRIS

created there the role of Elsa. She was also appointment as chief justice of the supreme

chosen to open the new Prince Regent opera
house in Munich, in May, 1901, and re-engaged
for the following year for all the Brunhilde roles.
NORRIS, Frank, author, was born in Chicago,
III. , March 5, 1870 ; son of Benjamin Franklin
and Gertrude (Doggett) Norris ; grandson of
Samuel Wales Doggett. He was prepared for
college in the high school of San Francisco, Cal.,
and attended the University of California, 1890-
94, and Harvard, 1894-95. He studied art in
Paris, 1887-89, and on his return to the United
States settled in San Francisco, and there en
gaged in literary and journalistic work. He was
war correspondent of the San Francisco Chronicle
in South Africa during the Uitlander insurrec
tion, 1895-96 ; associate editor of the San Fran
cisco Wave, 1896-97, and war correspondent for
McClure's Magazine in Cuba during the Spanish-
American war, 1898. He settled in New York
city in 1899, and was married, Feb. 12, 1900, to
Jeanette, daughter of R. M. Black of San Fran
cisco. He is the author of : Moran of the Lady
Letty (1898); McTeague (1899); Blix (1899); A
Man's Woman (1900); Tlie Octopus, an Epic of
the Wheat (1901); The Pit (1903), and he was
gathering material for The Wolf, the last of the
wheat trilogy, at the time of his death, which oc
curred at San Francisco, Cal., Oct. 25, 1902.
NORRIS, Isaac, merchant, was born in London,
England, July 26, 1671 ; son of Thomas and Mary
(Moore) Norris or Norrice, who with their family
removed to Port Royal, Jamaica, W.I., 1678.
In 1690 he was sent by his father to Philadelphia
to secure a home for the family. On returning
to Port Royal, he found that the earthquake of
June 7, 1692, had destroyed the lives and property
of his family, and he saved from the wreck bare
ly £100. - He returned alone to Philadelphia in
1693, and engaged in merchandising. He was
married, March 7, 1694, to Mary, daughter of
Thomas and Mary (Jones) Lloyd, natives of
Shropshire, London, who were converts to the
faith of George Fox. He went to England about
1706-8, when he visited his wife's relatives,
and while in England he persuaded the Fords
to discontinue their persecution of William
Penn. On his return to Philadelphia in August,
1708, he again took an active part in governmental
affairs, having already been a member of the
assembly for five years, and he was a member of
the governor's council, 1709, and of the assembly
for nine terms, being speaker for two terms. He
was not a lawyer by profession, but was appointed
a justice of Philadelphia county in 1717, and serv
ed for several years. On the organization of the
High Court of Chancery he was made a master to
hear cases with the lieutenant-governor. He was
mayor of Philadelphia in 1724, and declined the

court of Pennsylvania, as successor to David
Lloyd, deceased. He was a trustee under William
Penn's will, and attorney for Hannah Penn. He
died at Stanton, Pa., June 4, 1735.
NORRIS, Isaac, party leader, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 3, 1707 ; son of Isaac and
Mary (Lloyd) Norris. He engaged in the
business of merchandising, principally with
Great Britain, first as clerk for his father, then in
partnership until his father's death, in 1735. He
was a member of the Philadelphia common
council, 1727-30; alderman, 1730-34, and member
of the assembly with few interruptions, 1734-64.
He was married in 1739, to Sarah, daughter of
James Logan. He assumed the leadership of the
peace party, which became known as the Norris
party. When the assembly met in October, 1739,
the measures for defence against threatened in
vasion by the French and Spanish troops recom
mended by Governor Thomas, were opposed by
the Norris party as representatives of the Quakers,
who conscientiously refrained from bearing arms
or engaging in strife. The governor objected
to the demands of the Quakers for compensation
for the services of their indentured servants who
were serving in the army, and Norris obtained
from the assembly compensation to the masters
for such service. In 1742 his seat in the assembly
was unsuccessfully contested by Mr. Allen,
the wealthy recorder of Philadelphia ; but the
contest called out a bitter controversy and charges
of "fraud" and " bulldozing," and a riot in the
streets which the recorder took no means to
suppress. He was appointed by the governor in
1745, and again in 1755, to treat with the Indians
at Albany, who were the owners of the large area
of lands in southwestern Pennsylvania, and he
secured several million acres by purchase. He
succeeded John Kinsey, deceased, as speaker of
the assembly in 1751. In the same year the bell
for the state house was ordered from England,
and Norris directed the
inscription; "Proclaim
liberty throughout the
land unto all the inhabit
ants thereof," to be placed
around it, and when the
bell was cracked in 1752,
it was recast with the
same inscription, and be
came the historic liberty
bell that proclaimed the
signing of the Declaration
of Independence, July 4,
1776. He resigned the speakership in 1764;
when he found himself powerless to prevent
the passage of a petition to transfer the
government of the province from the

[23]

NORRIS

NORRIS

Proprietors to the crown, and was succeeded by
Benjamin Franklin, who signed the petition, but
in the election of the same year, Franklin failing
re-election, Norris was elected, and made speaker,
but resigned Oct. 24, 1764. He was a man of
liberal education, and possessed a library, 1500
volumes of which became the property of Dick
inson college, by gift from John Dickinson. His
daughter Mary, who inherited his estates, married
John Dickinson (q.v.). He died at Fair Hill, Pa.,
July 13, 1766.
NORRIS, Mary Harriott, author, was born in
Boonton, N.J., March 16, 1848; daughter of
Charles Bryan and Mary Lyon (Kerr) Norris ;
granddaughter of Luther and Hannah (Stout)
Norris ; great-granddaughter of Capt. James
Stout of the Revolutionary army, and a descen-
dent from Richard and Penelope (Van Francis)
Stout, from William Joseph Kerr, from Richard
and Elizabeth (Hawley) Booth, from Thomas
Trowbridge and from Maj. -Gen. Humphrey and
Mary (Wales) Atherton, all immigrants. She
was graduated from Vassar college, Poughkeep-
esi, N.Y., in 1870; founded a private school in
New York city, serving as its principal, 1879-91,
and was dean of women at Northwestern univer
sity, 1898-99. She is the author of : Fraulein
Mina (1872); Ben and Bentie Series (1873-76);
Dorothy Delafield (1886) ; Those Good-f or- Naughts,
a serial (1877); A Damsel ofthe Eighteenth Cen
tury (1889); Phebe (1890); Afterward (1893);
Tlie Nine Blessings (1893); John Applegate,
Surgeon (1894); Lakewood (1895); The Gray
House of the Quarries (1898); The Grapes of
Wrath (1901). She edited Silas Marnier in 1890 ;
Marmion in 1891 ; Evangeline in 1897 ; Kenil-
worth in 1898, and Quentin Durward in 1899.
She also wrote a number of short stories, letters
from Europe and educational articles, as well as
contributions to tlie Methodist Quarterly Review
and The Christian Advocate.
NORRIS, Moses, senator, was born in Pitts
field, N.H., Sept. 16, 1799 ; son of Moses and Com
fort (Leavett) Norris ; grandson of Moses and
Susannah L. (Gordon) Norris, and of Benjamin
and Esther (Towle) Leavett, and a descendant of
Nicholas and Sarah (Coxe) Norris. Nicholas
Norris, of English extraction, born in Ireland in
1640, came to America as a stowaway about 1654,
and settled in Hampton and subsequently Exeter,
N.H. Moses was graduated at Dartmouth col
lege in 1828 ; was admitted to the bar in 1832,
and settled in practice in Barnstead, N.H. He
removed to Pittsfield and from there to Manches
ter, N.H., in 1849, where he continued his prac
tice. He represented Pittsfield in the New
Hampshire legislature, 1837-40 and 1842, and was
speaker in 1840. He was a member of the gov
ernor's council in 1841, and was state solicitor for

Merrimack county in 1843. He was a Democratic
representative from New Hampshire in the 28th
and 29th congresses, 1843-47, was again a repre
sentative in the state legislature, 1847-48, and
speaker in 1847. He was elected to the U.S.
senate as successor to C G. Atherton, whose
term expired, March 3, 1849, and he served until
his death, J. S. Wells completing the term.
He was married to Abigail Brown, daughter of
Atkins and Rhoda (Choate) Todd of Portsmouth,
N.H. He died in Washington, D.C, Jan. 11,1855.
NORRIS, William Fisher, ophthalmologist,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 6, 1839; son
of Dr. George Washington and Mary Pleasants
(Fisher) Norris ; grandson of Joseph Parker and
Elizabeth Hill (Fox) Norris, and of William
Wharton and Mary Pleasants (Fox) Fisher. He
was a descendant of Isaac (1671-1735), the immi
grant (1693) , and Mary (Lloyd) Norris, and of
Thomas and Mary (Jones) Lloyd. He was grad
uated at the University of Pennsylvania, A.B.,
1857, A.M., 1860, and M. D., 1861 ; was resident
physician of the Pennsylvania hospital, 1861-63 ;
assistant surgeon in the U.S. army, 1863-65 ; was
for over a year surgeon in charge of Douglas
General hospital, Washington, D.C, and was
brevetted captain for meritorious service during
the war. He was an eye specialist in Philadel
phia, 1865-73 ; clinical professor of the diseases
of the eye in the medical department of the
University of Pennsylvania, 1873-91 ; honorary
professor of ophthalmology, 1888-91, and in 1891
became professor of ophthalmology. He was a
surgeon to the Wills eye hospital, 1872-91 ; a fel
low of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia,
and president of its ophthalmic section in 1894 ;
a member of the Pathological Society of Philadel
phia, and its vice-president in 1877 ; a mem
ber of the Academy of Natural Science ; of the
American Philosophical society, and of the
American Ophthalmological society, of which he
was vice-president in 1879 and president, 1885-89.
He was married, July 4, 1873, to Rosa C,
daughter of Hieronymus Buchmann, and after
the death of his first wife he married, June 12,
1899, Annetta Culp, daughter of George A. Earn-
shaw of Gettysburg, lieutenant-colonel of the
138th Pennsylvania volunteers. He is the author
of various papers on intraocular tumors, heredi
tary atrophy of the optic nerves, association of
gray degeneration of the optic nerves with ab
normal patellar tenden reflexes, ivory exostoses •
of the orbit, administration of ether in Blight's
disease of the kidneys, etc., and of : Medical Oph
thalmology in Pepper's System of Medicine ; Ver-
such iXber Hornhaut Entzundung, with Prof. S.
Strieker, Vienna (1869); A Contribution to the
Anatomy of the Human Retina (1893) ; A Text-
Book of Ophthalmology, with Dr. C. A. Oliver

[24]

NORTH

NORTH

(1893); A Contribution to- the Anatomy of the
Human Retina, with Dr. James Wallace (1894).
He also edited : A System of Diseases of the Eye,
by American, British, French, Dutch and Spanish
authors (4 vols., 1897-1900), in which he himself
contributed the article on cataract.
NORTH, Caleb, soldier, was born in Chester
county, Pa., July 15, 1753. He was a merchant
in Coventry, Pa., at the outbreak of the Revolu
tionary war. He was commissioned captain in
the 4th battalion, Jan. 5, 1776, was in the Canada
and northern New York campaign ; was promoted
major and transferred to the 10th Pennsylvania,
March 12, 1777, and served under Gen. Anthony
Wayne at Paoli, where he formed a rear guard,
and saved the brigade from capture. He was
present at the battle of Germantown ; was pro
moted lieutenant-colonel and transferred to the
llth Pennsylvania, Oct. 22, 1777 ; served in the
battle of Monmouth ; was transferred to the 9th
Pennsylvania, July 1, 1778, and to the 2d Penn
sylvania, Jan. 17, 1781, and took part in the
southern campaign. He conducted the prisoners
of Cornwallis's army from Virginia to York and
Lancaster, Pa., and Tarleton's legion to Phila
delphia. He was retired from the army Jan. 1,
1783. He removed from Coventry to Philadelphia,
where he was made high sheriff in 1819. He was
president of the Pennsylvania branch, Society of
the Cincinnati, 1828-40, and the last survivor of
the field-officers of the Pennsylvania line. He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 7, 1840.
NORTH, Edward, educator, was born in Berlin,
Conn., March 9, 1820 ; the fourth son of Reuben
and Hulda (Wilcox) North ; grandson of Simeon
North, of Middletown, Conn., and a descendant
in the eighth generation of John North (1615-1691),
who came to Boston in 1635, on the ship Susan
and Ellen ; was an original proprietor and settler
of the town of Farmington, Conn. (1653), which
was the first offshoot from the church of the Rev.
Thomas Hooker of Hartford, Conn. He married
Hannah, daughter of Thomas Bird, and had two
sons, John and Samuel, who were with their
father included in the eighty-four original land
owners of Farmington. Edward North was pre
pared for college in Worthington academy, grad
uated at Hamilton college in 1841 and engaged
in teaching, 1841-43. He was married, July 31,
1844, toMai'y Frances, only daughter of S. Newton
Dexter of Whitesboro, N.Y. He was professor
of Latin and Greek, and of Greek language and
literature in Hamilton college, 1843-1901, necrol
ogist from 1855, a trustee from 1881, a member of
the executive committee from 1891, and emeritus
professor of Greek language and literature from
1901. He was an active member of the conven
tion which organized the University Convocation
in 1863, and was president of the New York [251

state teachers' association in 1865. He was act
ing president of Hamilton college from the death
of President Darling, April 20, 1891, until the
accession of President Stryker in 1892. He was
elected to membership in the American Philo
logical association ; the American Philosophical
association ; the New York Historical society ; the
Oneida Historical society ; the Hellenic Physiolog
ical Society of Constantinople, and the Albany
Institute. He received the degree of A.M. from
Brown in 1844, of L.H.D. from the regents of
the Univei'sity of the State of New York in 1869,
and of LL.D. from Madison (Colgate) university
in 1887. He edited "Alumniana '' in the Hamilton
Monthly from 1856.
NORTH, Elisha, physician, was born in Goshen,
Conn., Jan. 8, 1768 ; son of Dr. Joseph and Lucy
(Cowles) North ; grandson of Joseph and Martha
(Denny) Smith North ; and a descendant of John
and Hannah (Bird) North, Boston, 1635, Farm
ington, Conn., 1653. Elisha North's father was
a self-taught physician and surgeon, and his
grandfather was a farmer. He studied medi
cine under Lemuel . Hopkins at Hartford, and
Benjamin Rush at Philadelphia, Pa. He was
admitted to practice and settled in Goshen, Conn. ,
where he was married to Hannah Beach, and
where his son Dr. Erasmus Darwin Nortli (1806-
1858) was born. Inl812 he removed to New London ,
Conn. He made a special study of vaccination ;.
was among the first to practice it successfully in
the United States, and he introduced vaccine
matter in New York. He also devoted much
study to diseases of the eye and established at New-
London the first eye infirmary in the United
States, in 1817. He was very successful in his
treatment of the new disease called spotted fever
which was epidemic in New England, 1806-10.
He is the author of : A Treatise on a Malignant
Epidemic commonly known as Spotted Fever (1811);
Outlines of the Science of Life (1829); and Uncle
Toby's Pilgrim's Progress in Phrenology (1836).
He died in New London, Conn., Dec. 29, 1843.
NORTH, Erasmus Darwin, microscopist, was
born in Goshen, Conn., Sept. 4, 1806 ; son of Dr
Elisha (q.v.) and Hannah (Beach) North. He
was graduated from the University of North
Carolina, A.B., 1826, A.M., 1831,. and from Yale,
M.D., 1833. He was instructor in elocution at
Yale, 1830-33 and 1837-54, and published a treatise
on " Practical Speaking "that became l-ecognized
as authority on the subject. After his resigna
tion from Yale he devoted himself to scientific
and literary studies and made notable investiga
tions in microscopy. Some of his scientific
papers appeared in the American Journal of
Science. He was married in 1836, to Phoebe Sum-
merville, who died in 1841, leaving two children.
He died in Westfield, Mass., June 17, 1856.

NORTH

NORTHEN

NORTH, Simeon, educator, was born in Berlin,
Conn., Sept. 7, 1802 ; son of Col. Simeon North,
and a descendant of John and Hannah (Bird)
North, original proprietors and settlers in Farm
ington, Conn., in 1653. He was graduated at
Yale college, A.B., 1825, A.M., 1828; attended
the Yale Divinity school, 1825-28, and was a tutor
at Yale, 1827-29. He was <professor of ancient
languages in Hamilton college, Clinton, N. Y.,
1829-39, and was president of the college, succeed
ing the Rev. Dr. Joseph Penney, 1839-57, when
he resigned and lived in retirement at Clinton,
until his death. He was ordained to the Congre
gational ministry in 1842 ; was a trustee of Ham
ilton college, 1839-84, and of Auburn Theological
seminary, 1840-49. He received the degree of
LL.D. from Western Reserve college in 1842,
and that of D.D. from Wesleyan university in
1849. He was married April 21, 1835, to Frances
Harriet, daughter of Professor Thomas Hubbard,
M.D., of Yale. He was the century annalist of
Hamilton college in 1872, and is the author of :
The American System of Collegiate Education
(1839) ; Faith in the World's Conversion (1842);
Anglo-Saxon Literaturs, an address (1847) ; The
Weapons in Christian Warfare (1849); Obedience
in Death (1849), and Half -Century Letter of
Reminiscences (1879). See Memorial of President
North (1884). He died on his farm at Clinton,
N. Y.. Feb. 9, 1884.
NORTH, William, senator, was born in Fort
Frederick, Pemaquid, Maine, in 1755 ; son of
Capt. John and Elizabeth (Pitson) North ; grand
son of John North and of James Pitson of Boston,
Mass. John North, the immigrant, was a native
of West Meath, Ire
land. came to America
in 1730, and settled
in Pemaquid, Lincoln
county Maine. Capt.
John North com
manded Fort Fred
erick and Fort St.
George during the
French and Indian
war ; was the first
surveyor of lands in
Pemaquid, and judge
of the court of com
mon pleas from the
organization of Lin
coln county in 1760
William removed with
Mass., where he was
educated and placed with a merchant until the
closing of the port in 1774. He entered the Revo
lutionary army in 1775. He was commissioned 2d
lieutenant in Knox's regiment of Continental
artillery in which he served from May 9, 1776, to

until his death in 1763.
his mother to Boston,

[26]

Jan. 1, 1777. He was promoted captain in Col.-
Jackson's Additional Continental regiment May
10, 1777, and led his company at the battle of
Monmouth. He was transferred to Spencer's
regiment April 22, 1779, which became the 16th
Massachusetts, July 23, 1780, and was aide-de
camp to Baron Steuben from May, 1779, to No
vember, 1783. Steuben made him one of his
sub-inspectors in introducing and perfecting his
military system in the Continental, army. He
was promoted major of the 2d U.S. regiment Oct.
20, 1780 ; transferred to the 9th Massachusetts*!
regiment Jan. 1, 1781 ; to the 4th Massachusetts
regiment Jan. 1, 1783, and attended Baron Steu
ben in the Virginia campaign and was present
at the surrender of Cornwallis. He was bre
vetted major Sept. 11, 1783. He served as in
spector of the army from April 15, 1784, to June
25, 1788 ; was promoted major of the 2d U. S.
regiment Oct. 20, 1786 ; adjutant-general of the
U.S. army, with the rank of brigadier-general,
July 19, 1798, and was honorably discharged from
the service June 15, 1800. He w-as married Oct.
14, 1787, to Mary, daughter of James Duane, of
New York city. He settled in Duanesburg, N.Y. ;
represented his district in the New York assem
bly several times ; served as speaker, and was ap
pointed by Governor Jay U.S. senator to fill the va
cancy caused by the resignation of John Sloss Ho-
bart, May 5, 1798, serving from May 21, 1798,
until the election of James Watson by the legis
lature in 1799. He was appointed adjutant-gen
eral of the U.S. army March 27, 1812, but declined
to serve. Baron Steuben bequeathed the larger
part of his property to him at his death, which he
in turn divided among his military companions.
He was one of the first canal commissioners of New
York, and a member of the Society of the Cin
cinnati. He died in New York city, Jan. 3, 1836.
NORTHEN, William Jonathan, governor of
Georgia, was born in Jones county, Ga., July 9,
1835 ; son of Capt. Peter and Louise M. (Davis)
Northen ; grandson of William and Margaret
Northen, who settled in North Carolina, and of
Abner Davis, and a descendent of John Northen, ,
of England, who settled on the eastern shore of
Virginia in 1635. He was graduated at Mercer , '
university in 1853; taught a high school , 1854-56;
was an assistant instructor in the Mount Zion
high school,' 1856-57, and succeeded Dr. Carlisle
Beeman as principal of the school, 1857-61. He
was married Dec. 19, 1860, to Mattie M., daughter
of Thomas Neel, of Mt. Zion, Ga. He served in
the Confederate army as a private in the com
pany commanded by his father, 1861-65, was
principal of the'high school at Mt. Zion, 1865-72,
and engaged in farming in Hancock county,
1874-90. He was a member of the Democratic |
state convention in 1867 ; a representative in the

NORTHROP

NORTHROP

state legislature from Hancock county, 1887-79
and 1880-81 ; a state senator, 1884-85, and served
as chairman of the educational committee. He
was governor of Georgia, 1890-94, and in 1894 be
came manager of the Georgia
Immigration and Investment
bureau. He was president
of the Hancock County
farmers' club, vice-president
of the State Agricultural
society for several years, and
president of the same, 1886-
88, and president of the Young Farmers' Club
of the Southern States, 1884. He was elected a
trustee of Mercer university in 1877 ; was president
of the trustees of Washington institute for eight
years, and received the degree LL.D. from Mercer
university in 1892, from Richmond college, Va.,
in 1894, and from Baylor university, Texas, in
1900. He contributed to leading agricultural and
educational journals in the south.
NORTHROP, Cyrus, educator, was born in
Ridgefield, Conn., Sept. 30, 1834; son of Cyrus
and Polly Bouton (Fancher) Northrop ; grandson
of Josiah and Rebecca (Olmstead) Northrop and
a descendant of English ancestors. He was
graduated at Yale, A.B., 1857, and LL.B., 1859 ;
was admitted to the bar in 1860, settled in
practice in Norwalk, Conn., and was clerk of the
Connecticut house of representatives in 1861 and
of the state senate in 1862. He was married,
Sept. 30, 1862, to Anna Elizabeth, daughter of
Joseph Davenport Warren of Stamford, Conn.
He was editor-in-chief of the New Haven Daily
Palladium, 1862-63 ; was professor of rhetoric and
English literature in Yale college, 1863-84, and
served as collector of the port of New Haven. In
1884 he was elected president of the University
of Minnesota. He was moderator of the Con
gregational National Council at Worcester in
1889, and assistant moderator of the first In
ternational Congregational Council in London,
England, in 1891. He received the degree of LL.D.
from Yale in 1886, and published several ad
dresses. NORTHROP, Henry Pinckney, R.C bishop,
was born in Charleston, S.C, May 5, 1842; son
of Claudian Byrd and Hannah Eliza (Anderson)
Northrop ; grandson of Amos and Mary (Bellinger)
Northrop, and a descendant of Edmund Bellinger,
landgrave, surveyor-general to his Majesty's plan
tations in the Carolinas, and of Joseph Northrop,
the English immigrant, Milford, Conn., 1639.
He studied at Georgetown college, was graduated
at Mount St. Mary's college, Emmitsburg, Md.,
in 1860, and attended the theological seminary at
Emmitsburg, 1860-64, and the American college
at Rome, Italy, 1864-65. He was ordained priest
at Rome, Italy, June 25, 1865 ; was assistant

[27]

at the Church of the Nativity, New York city,
1865-66 ; assistant pastor at St. Joseph's, Charles
ton, S.C, 1866-68, and missionary priest at New
Berne, N.C, 1868-72. He was assistant rector of
the pro-cathedral and pastor at Sullivan's island,
Charleston, S.C, 1872—77, and was rector of St.
Patrick's, Charleston, S.C, 1877-82. He was ap
pointed vicar-apostolic of North Carolina and
was consecrated as titular bishop of " Rosalia " at
Baltimore, Md., by Archbishop Gibbons, assisted
by Bishops Keane and Becker. He was trans
ferred by papal brief to the see of Charleston,
S.C, Jan. 27, 1883, as successor to Bishop Patrick
N. Lynch, who died, Feb. 26, 1882, but continued
the administration of the vicariate of North Caro
lina until July 1, 1888, when he was relieved by
Bishop Leo Haid, O.S.B. He was a member of
the third plenary council of Baltimore in 1884.
NORTHROP, Lucius Bellinger, soldier, was
•born in Charleston, S.C, Sept. 8, 1811 ; son of
Amos and Mary (Bellinger) Northrop. He was
graduated at the United States Military acad
emy and brevetted 2d lieutenant in the 7th
infantry, July 1, 1831. He served on frontier
and scouting duty, 1831-34 ; was transferred to
the 1st dragoons, Aug. 14, 1833, was promoted 2d
lieutenant of the 1st dragoons, July 21, 1834, was
stationed at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, in
1835, and on a sick leave of absence, 1835-37. He
was promoted 1st lieutenant, July 4, 1836, and
served on frontier duty at Fort Gibson, Indian
Territory, 1837-39. He returned to Charleston,
S.C, in 1839, attended Jefferson Medical college
at Philadelphia, Pa., and practised occasionally
on charity patents in his native city. He was
dropped from the U.S. army for that reason,
Jan. 8, 1848, but when Jefferson Davis became
secretary of war, he was re-appointed with his
former rank and promoted captain of the 1st
dragoons, July 21, 1848. He practised medicine
in Charleston, S.C, 1853-61. He resigned from
the U.S. army Jan. 8. 1861, was appointed
commissary-general by President Davis, March 16,
1861, and was head of the commissary department
at Richmond,
Va., until Feb.
16, 1865, when
he was succeed
ed by Gen. I. M.
St. John. He
gained the ill-
will of General
Beauregard
after the battle
of Bull Run, that officer charging him with de
laying the progress of the battle by failing to
supply provisions, which charge he denied. He
was also charged with treating Federal prisoners
inhumanely and with being responsible for the

., CAPITOL,

NORTHRUP

NORTHRUP

law passed early in 1864 abolishing the. office of
commissary of prisons. His removal from office
was unsuccessfully contested until Feb. 16, 1865,
when he retired to North Carolina and engaged
in farming, but was arrested by the government
in July, 1865, and confined in Richmond until
November of that year. He settled on a farm in
Charlottesville, Va., in 1866, wjiere he resided for
many years. He is the author of : The Confeder
ate Commissariat at Manassas in ' ' Battles and
Leaders of the Civil War " (Vol. I., p. 261, 1887) in
which he defends himself against the charges of
General Beauregard. He died in a soldier's home
at Pikesville, Md., Feb. 9, 1894.
NORTHRUP, Ansel Judd, lawyer and author,
was born in Smithfield, Madison county, N.Y. ,
June 30, 1833 ; son of Rensselaer and Clarissa
(Judd) Northrup ; grandson of Amos and Betsey
(Stedman) Northrup, and of Ansel and Electa
(Jones) Judd, and descended from Joseph North
rup, immigrant from England, one of the first
settlers of Milford, Conn., in 1639. He was
graduated at Hamilton college, A.B., 1858, A.M.,
1861, studied law at Columbia Law school, New
York city, 1858-59, and settled in practice in
Syracuse, N.Y., in 1859. He was U.S. circuit
court commissioner, 1870-97 ; judge, of Onondaga
county, N.Y., 1882-94; commissioner to revise
the statutes and codes of New York, 1895-1900,
and in June, 1897, was made a U.S. commis
sioner. He was vice-president and president of
the Loyal League during and after the civil war,
and a lay commissioner to the general assembly
of the Presbyterian church, at Saratoga, N.Y., in
1890. He received the degree of LL.D. from
Hamilton college in 1895. He was married Nov.
24, 1863, to Eliza S. , daughter of Thomas Brocka-
way and Ursula Ann (Elliott) Fitch, of Syracuse,
N.Y. He is the author of : Camps and Tramps
in the Adirondaeks, and Grayling Fishing in
Northern Michigan (1880); Sconset Cottage Life
(1881 and 1901) ; The Powers and Duties of Elders
in the Presbyterian Church (1890); Slavery in
New York, a Historical Sketch (1900); Northrup
Genealogy, and other papers and addresses.
NORTHRUP, Birdsey Grant, educationist,
was born in Kent, Conn. , July 16, 1817 ; son of
Thomas G. and Aurelia (Curtis) Northrup, and
grandson of Lieut. Amos Northrup, Yale, A. B.,
1762, A.M., 1765. He was graduated at Yale,
A.B., 1841, and at Yale Theological seminary in
1845. He was married Feb. 18, 1846, to Harriet
Eliza Chichester. He was ordained pastor of the
Congregational church, Saxonville, Mass., March
10, 1847, and resigned in 1857. He was agent of
the Massachusetts board of education, 1857-67,
and secretary of the Connecticut board of edu
cation, 1867-83, where he directed the movement
for educating Chinese and Japanese youth in

[28]

American colleges and schools. In 1872 the gov
ernment of Japan invited him to -establish a sys
tem of public education in that country, which
he declined, believing that he could serve thein
better in the United States. He went abroad
in 1871, and again in 1877, to investigate the
educational systems of Europe, and the schools
for the study of forestry and those for industrial
education. He devoted much time to tree-plant
ing ; originated and introduced the observance of
Arbor Day in the public schools, and for his at
tention to sanitary and sesthetic home surround
ings he was called the " Father of Village Im
provement Societies." He was a member of the
board of visitors of the U.S. Military academy,
1863-64 ; president of the American Institute of
Instruction, 1864-66 ; of the National Association
of School Superintendents in 1866, and of the
National Educational association in 1873. It was.
through his influence that Daniel Hand, of Guil
ford, Conn., gave to the American Missionary
society $1 ,500,000 for the education of the colored
people in 1888. In 1895 he visited Japan, where.
he was received as the guest of the nation and
was also presented with a set of china by the
Japanese government in acknowledgment of his.
services. He received the degree of A.M. from
Yale in 1853, and the honorary degree of LL.D.
from Williams college in 1872. He is the author
of : Education Abroad ; Forestry in Europe ;
Lessons from European Schools, and pamphlets.
He died in Clinton, Conn., April 27, 1898.
NORTHRUP, George Washington, educator,
was born in Antwerp, Jefferson county, N.Y.;
Oct. 15, 1826 ; son of William Northrup ; grand
son of Remington and Amy (Knowles) Northrup,
and a descendant (through Nicholas, Nicholas and
Stephen) of Stephen Northrup, immigrant, of
Providence and Kingston, signer of the " Origi
nal Compact" of the settlers "19th, llmo.,
1645." George W. Northrup was graduated at
Williams college in 1854, and at Rochester Theo
logical seminary in 1857, remaining as instructor
in church history, 1857-58, and professor of
church history, 1858-67. He was ordained to the
Baptist ministry at Rochester in 1857, was pastor
of the First Baptist church, Rochester, 1857-58,
and preached in neighboring churches, 1858-67.
He was president and professor of systematic.
theology, Baptist Union Theological seminary,
Morgan Park, Chicago, 111., 1867-92, and pro
fessor of systematic theology at the University of
Chicago, 1892-1900. He received the degree of
D.D. from the University of Rochester in 1864,
and that of LL.D. from Kalamazoo college in
1879. He was twice married, and by his first wife
he had one daughter and two sons. By his second
wife, Naomi Sayles, of Chicago, he had one-
child. He died at Chicago, 111., Dec. 30, 1900.

NORTHWAY

NORTON

NORTHWAY, Stephen Asa, representative,
was born in Christian or Lafayette Hollow,- Onon
daga county, N.Y., June 19, 1833 ; son of Orange
and Maria (Graff) North way, and grandson of
Zenas Northway. He removed to Orwell, Ashta
bula county, Ohio, with his parents in 1840, and
they occupied a pioneer's cabin in the woods
where he assisted in clearing a farm. He at
tended and taught the district school ; was a
student at Kingsville and Orwell academies ; was
admitted to the bar in 1859, and settled in prac
tice in Jefferson, Ohio. He was married in Jan
uary, 1862, to Lydia A., daughter of Anson and
Harriet (Rockwell) Dodge, of .Lenox, Ohio. He
was prosecuting attorney for Ashtabula county,
1861-65, and resigned in 1865, having been elected
a representative in the state legislature for the
term 1866-68. He resumed the practice of law in
Jefferson in 1868, and was a Republican repre-
rentative from the nineteenth Ohio district in the
53d, 54th and 55th congresses, 1893-98, and on his
death in 1898, Charles Dick, of Akron, was elected
to complete the term. He died in Jefferson town
ship, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1898.
NORTON, Andrews, theologian, was born in
Hingham, Mass. , Deo. 31, 1786; son of Samuel
and Jane (Andrews) Norton ; grandson of John
and Anne (Belknap) Norton, and of Joseph
Andrews, and a descendant of the Rev. William
Norton, a native of Starford, Hertfordshire,
England, who with his brother, the Rev. John
Norton, emigrated to America in 1634. William
settled in Ipswich, Mass., and married Lucy
Downing. Andrews Norton was graduated at
Harvard, A.B., 1804, A.M., 1807 ; pursued a post
graduate course, and studied theology. He was
a tutor at Bowdoin college, 1809-10, at Harvard,
1811-13, and editor of the General Repository, a
theological publication, in 1812. He was Dexter
lecturer on Biblical criticism at Harvard, 1813-19 ;
librarian at Harvard, 1813-21, and Dexter pro
fessor of Biblical criticism, 1819-30. He was
married in 1821 to Catherine, daughter of Samuel
Eliot of Boston. In 1828 he visited England.
He resigned his professorship in 1830 and thence
forth led the life of a retired scholar, residing at
Cambridge, Mass., and making Newport, R.I.,
his summer home, 1849-52. He received the
honorary degree of A.M. from Bowdoin college
in 1815, and declined that of D.D. offered him by
Harvard college. He edited the Miscellaneous
Writings of Charles Eliot (1814) ; the Poems of Mrs.
Hemans (1826) ; and in conjunction with Charles
Folsom Tlie Select Journal of Foreign Periodical
Literature (4 vols., 1833-34). He is the author
of : A Statement of the Reasons for not Believing
the Doctrines of Trinitarians concerning the
Nature of God and the Person of Christ (1833, new
edition with a memoir of the author, 1856) ; His

torical Evidences of the Genuineness of the Gospels
(3 vols., 1837-44 ; The Latent Form of Infidelity
(1839); Tracts concerning Christianity (1852); A
Translation of the Gospels with Notes (2 vols.,
1855) ; The Internal Evidences of the Genuineness
of the Gospels (1855) and several poems. He died
in Newport, R.I., Sept. 18, 1852.
NORTON, Asahel Strong, clergyman, was
born in Farmington, Conn., Sept. 20, 1765 ; son
of Col. Ichabod and Ruth (Strong) Norton ; grand
son of Thomas Norton, and of Asahel and Ruth
(Hooker) Strong, and a descendant of John
Norton, the founder of the family in Farmington,
Conn., whose name first appears on the records
of the town of Branford in 1646. He was grad
uated at Yale, A.B., 1790, studied theology under
Dr. Strong of Haddam, and Dr. Smalley of
Berlin, and was licensed to preach by the as
sociation of Hartford county, in 1792. He was
ordained pastor of the Congregational church at
Clinton, N.Y., in September, 1793. He was
married Jan. 19, 1795, to Mary Clap, daughter of
the Rev. Timothy and Temperance (Clap) Pit
kin, of Farmington, Conn. He was dismissed
from liis pastorate at his own request in Novem
ber, 1833, and devoted himself to agricultural
pursuits. He was one of the founders of Hamil-
HAAMLTO* COLLEGE

[29]

ton college in 1812, delivered the Latin address
at the inauguration of the Rev. Azel Backus, its
first president, and was a member of the cor
poration of the college, 1812-33. He received the
honorary degree D.D. from Union college in
1815. He died in Clinton, N.Y., May 10, 1853.
NORTON, Charles Benjamin, publisher and
author, was born in Hartford, Conn., July 1,
1825 ; eldest son of Major Benjamin Hammatt
and Augusta (Ware) Norton. He was educated
in Boston and in Sanbornton, N.H., and was
engaged in the book business in Boston until
1848, when he removed to New York city, where
he was in the house of D. Appleton & Co. until
1850, when he went into the publishing and
bookselling business for himself. He made a
special study of book collections for libraries,
and in 1852 engaged in publishing Norton's Lit
erary Gazette and Publishers' Circular, and
Norton's Literary Letter. He published many
important works, including the first issue of
Poole's " Index to Periodicals," and Stewart's
" Naval Dry Docks " and " Naval Steamships " of

NORTON

NORTON

the United States. He was elected assistant
secretary and librarian of the Book Publishers'
association upon its organization, turning over
to the use of the association his Gazette and re
linquishing the editorial management in July,
1855. He served throughout the civil war, attain
ing the rank of brevet brigadier-general U.S.V.
He was a commissioner to the World's Fair
in London in 1851 ; a juror of the fair in
New York in 1853, and United States and New
York state commissioner to the Paris exposition
1867, residing in Paris 1867-1870, where he pub
lished the Continental Gazette in English. He
was the first to propose the Centennial exhibition
of 1873-76, and the foreign exhibition held at
Boston in 1883, of which he was manager. He
removed to Chicago in 1890, on the invitation of
the managers of the Columbian exposition, to
aid in the organization of that enterprise. He
edited the Civil Service Chronicle in 1888 ; and is
the author of Rifled Guns and Munitions of War
(1869) ; History of the Centennial Exposition,
illustrated in colors (1877); and World's Fairs
(1891). He died in Chicago, 111., Jan. 29, 1891.
NORTON, Charles Eliot, literator, was born
in Cambridge, Mass. , Nov. 16, 1827 ; son of An
drews and Catherine (Eliot) Norton. He was grad
uated at Harvard, A.B., 1846, A.M. 1849. While
employed in an East India house.in Boston, Mass.,
1846-49, he sailed to the East Indies as super
cargo. He travelled extensively in that portion of
Asia, made a tour of Europe, returned to Boston
in 1851, and was instructor in French at Harvard
in the course of that year. He travelled in Europe,
1855-57 and 1868-73 ; and edited, with Dr. Ezra
Abbot, Andrews Norton's " Translation of the
Gospel with Notes "(2 vols., 1855) and his" Inter
nal Evidences of the Genuineness of the Gospels "
(1855). He was married in 1862, to Susan, daughter
of Theodore and Sara (Ashburn) Sedgwick of
Stockbridge and New York. He edited the papers
issued by the Loyal Publication society at Boston,
1863-65, and was joint editor with James Russell
Lowell of the North American Review, 1864-68.
He was a university lecturer at Harvard, 1863-64
and 1874-75, and in 1875 was made professor of
the history of art. He became known as a Dante
scholar and as an authority on art. He resigned
his chair in Harvard in 1898. He was a member
of the Massachusetts Historical society, a fellow
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
and of the Imperial German Archaeological
society. He received the degrees : Litt.D. from
the University of Cambridge, England, in 1884 ;
LL.D. from Harvard in 1887; L.H.D. from
Columbia in" 1888, D.CL. from the University of
Oxford, England, in 1900 and LL.D. from Yale
in 1900. He edited The Poems of Arthur Hugh
Clough (1862); Philosophical Discussions by

[30]

Chauncey Wright (1877); Correspondence of
Carlyle and Emerson (1883) ; Correspondence of
Goethe and Carlyle (1887) ; The Reminiscences
and. the Letters of Tliomas Carlyle (1886-87) ;
Letters of James Russell Lowell (1893) ; Writings
of George William Curtis (1894) ; Letters of
Emerson to a Friend (1899) ; and (for the Grolier
Club) The Poems of John Donne (1895) and Two
Note Books of Thomas Carlyle (1898). He is the
translator of Dante's Vitta Nuova (1867) and
Divina Commedia (1891). He is the author of a
large number of books including ; Considerations
of Some Recent Social Theories (1853); Notes of
Travel and Study in Italy (1860) ; and Historical
Studies of Church-Building in the Middle Ages :
Venice, Siena, Florence (1880).
NORTON, Charles Ledyard, soldier, author,
was born in Farmington, Conn., June 11, 1837;
son of John Treadwell and Elizabeth (Cogswell)
Norton ; grandson of Romanta and Dolly (Tread-
well) Norton and of Mason F. and Mary Ledyard
Cogswell and a descendent of Col. Ichabod Norton,
of Gov. Jonathan Treadwell of Connecticut and
of Col. William Ledyard, killed in action at Ft.
Groton, Conn., Sept. 7, 1781. He was graduated
at Yale, A. B. , 1859, and continued his studies in
chemistry in the Yale Scientific school until 1861.
He enlisted as a private in the 7th regiment of the
New York National Guard in 1861, and served in
Maryland. In September, 1882, he became a
lieutenant in the 25th Connecticut volunteers.
He served in Gen. N. P. Banks's expedition to the
gulf as aide to Gen. Henry W. Birge, was promoted
captain in February, 1863, and was engaged in the
Red River campaign and in the siege of Port
Hudson. He helped to organize and was assigned.
to the 29th Connecticut volunteers in October,
1863. He was married, Sept. 1, 1863, to Electa
Melanie daughter of Gustavus Mason Richards
of New York. He was commissioned colonel of
the 78th U. S. colored troops in December, 1863,
and served mainly in garrison and outpost duty in
the department of the Gulf until the close of the
war. He commanded a district in western Louisi
ana and received and despatched the troops on
their way north on the conclusion of peace until
he was mustered out of the service in January,
1866. He conducted a cotton plantation near New
Orleans, La., 1866-67, travelled in Europe for his
health, 1867-68, and was a member of the staff of
the Christian Union, New York city, 1869-76 ;
and managing editor, 1876-79 ; an invalid,
1879-81 ; managing editor of the Continent,
1881-84 ; of the Domestic Monthly. 1884-86, of the
American Canoeist, 1885-87, and of Outing,
1892-93. He was one of the founders of the
New York Canoe club, and became a member of
the University, Authors and Quill clubs, of the
American Canoe association and of the Military

- NORTON

NORTON

Order of the Loyal Legion. He contributed to
magazines on historical and out-of-door topics
and is the author of : Canoeing in Kaunuckia
with John Habberton (1878) ; A Handbook of
Florida (1890) ; Political Americanisms (1890) ;
Jack Benson's Log (1895) ; A Medal of Honor Man
(1896) ; Midshipman Jack (1897) ; A Soldier of
the Legion (1898) and The Queen's Rangers
(1899). NORTON, Charles Stuart, naval officer, was
born in Albany, N.Y., Aug. 10, 1836 ; son of John
and Mary (Stuart) Norton ; grandson of Lachlan
and Margaret Stuart and of Jonathan Norton, and
a descendant of the Stuarts of Inverness, Scotland,
and the Nortons of
Troy and Waterford,
N.Y. He was gradu
ated at the U.S. Naval
academy, June 9,
1855 ; was promoted
passed midshipman,
April 15, 1858, master,
Nov. 3, 1858, and lieu
tenant, Nov. 24, 1860.
He was married ,
March 29, 1872, to
Mary, daughter of A.
M. C. Smith, of New
York city. He served
on the European
squadron, 1858-59, on
the Brazil squadron, 1860-61 ; on the steamer
Seminole, Charleston, S.C, blockade, Potomac
flotilla and at Hampton Roads, Va., 1861-62. He
was promoted lieutenant-commander, July 16,
1862 ; was attached to the North Atlantic block
ading squadron, 1862-64, and the West Gulf
blockading squadron, 1864-65. He commanded
the Maratusa, the Mercedita and the Albatross
for various periods during the civil war, serving
constantly during that period afloat, except for
three months in hospital and waiting orders.
He served on the Shamrock of the European
squadron, 1866-68, the navy yard at Portsmouth,
N.H., the receiving ship Vermont and the navy
yard at New York, 1868-69, and served on iron
clad duty at New Orleans, La., 1869-71. He was
promoted commander, July 1, 1870, was light
house inspector, 1872-75, commanded the sloop
Shawmut and the iron-clad Passaic of the North
Atlantic squadron, 1875-76, was stationed at the
torpedo station, Newport, R.I., in 1877; com
manded the receiving ship Passaic at Washington,
D.C, 1877-78, was lighthouse inspector, 1878-81 ;
was promoted captain, Oct. 12, 1881, commanded
the receiving ship Independence at Mare Island,
Cal. , 1881-83, the Shenandoah of the South Pacific
station, 1883-86, was a member of the board of
inspection and survey, 1886-89 ; commanded the

W-ZtT*-

[311

navy yard at Norfolk, Va. , 1889-91 ; the receiving
ship Vermont, 1891-92 ; and was a member of the
naval examining and retiring board, 1892-94. He
was promoted commodore, July 31, 1894, and
served as acting rear-admiral, commanding tlie
South Atlantic station, 1894-96, and commanded
the navy yard and station at Washington, D.C,
1896-98. He was promoted rear-admiral, Feb. 1,
1898, and was retired Aug. 10, 1898, but remained
on duty as a member of the board of promotion
until April 17, 1899.
NORTON, Daniel Sheldon, senator, was born
in Mt. Vernon, Ohio, April 12, 1829; son of
Daniel Sheldon and Sarah (Banning) Norton,
and grandson of Anthony Banning of Knox
county, Ohio. His father was a native of At-
takapas, La., where his family were among the
first English-speaking settlers. He matriculated
at Kenyon college with the class of 1846, but left
before graduating, and served in the 2d Ohio
regiment in the war with Mexico, He studied
law under his brother-in-law, Judge Rollin C.
Hurd, in Mt. Vernon ; visited California and
Nicaragua in 1850-52, was admitted to the bar in
1852, and practised in Mt. Vernon until 1855,
when he removed to Minnesota Territory, and
settled in Winona. On the adoption of the state
constitution, Oct. 13, 1857, he was elected a state
senator, and served in the first legislature, 1857-
58, in the third, 1861, and in the sixth, 1863, and
seventh 1864 and 1865. He was elected in 1865
by the Republican legislature to the U.S. senate,
his term to expire March 3, 1871, and William
Windom and O. P. Stearns completed his term.
He was a conservative Republican, and on nation
al questions voted generally with the Democrats.
He died in Washington, D.C, July 14, 1870.
NORTON, Frank Henry, author and journalist,
was born in Hingham,. Mass., March 20, 1836 ;
son of Maj. Benjamin Hammatt and Augusta
(Ware) Norton ; grandson of Thomas Norton,
ship-owner, of Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard,
and a descendant of Nicholas Norton, who emi
grated from near Bristol, Somersetshire, England,
and settled on Martha's Vineyard, Mass., in 1632.
Maj. B. H. Norton was U.S. consul at Pictou,
Nova Scotia, for twenty-one years. Frank was
educated in the Dwight school, Boston, at a
private school in Waltham, and at the academy
in Pictou, N.S., and was engaged in the book
business with his brother Charles B. Norton, in
New York city, 1850-55. He was assistant libra
rian and assistant superintendent in the Astor
library, 1855-65, chief librarian of the Brooklyn
Mercantile library, 1866-67, and then engaged in
newspaper work. He was connected with the
editorial staff of Noah's Sunday Times, the New
York Commercial Advertiser, and Frank Leslie's
publications ; was proprietor and editor of the

NORTON

NORTON

New York Era, 1879-81 ; and on the editorial
staff of the Neiv York ' Herald in New York,
London and Paris, 1883-91, when he retired
from active journalism and devoted himself to
general writing, and to the study of mathematics
and astronomy in their relation to astrology.
He traveled in Mexico, California and Central
America in 1870, and in Holland and Belgium
for the Boston foreign exhibition in 1883. He
was one of the founders and first president of
the American Numismatic and Archaeological
society. He contributed to current literature
and to cyclopedias ; wrote plays which were pro
duced in New York, New Orleans, Philadelphia
and St. Louis, including : Leonie, or Love Wins
(1873); Alhambra, a burlesque (1874); Azrael,
a fairy spectacle (1874); Cupid and Psyche, a
burlesque (1874); and Maude's Faith (1874),
melodrama. He is the author of : Illustrated
Historical Register of the Centennial Exhibition
(1876), and The Paris Exposition (1878); The
Rights and Wrongs of Labor (1879); Life of
Major-General Winfield Scott Hancock, with Rev.
David K. Junkin, D.D. (1880); Life of Alexander
H. Stephens (1883) ; Romance of the Life of
Daniel Boone (1883); The Malachite Cross (1894).
He edited, and published (privately), in 1867,
from the original MS. which fell in his hands by
a curious chance — Journal Kept by Hugh Finlay,
Surveyor of the Post Roads on the Continent of
North America, 1773-1774 , of which only one
hundred and twenty-five copies were printed.
NORTON, George Hatley, clergyman, was
born in Winchester, Va., May 7, 1824 ; son of the
Rev. George Hatley and Catherine (Bush) Norton;
grandson of John Hatley and Anne (Nicholas)
Norton, and of Philip and Catherine (Clough)
Bush, and a descendant of John Norton, a native
of London, England, who settled in Yorktown, Va.
He matriculated at Hobart college in the class of
1843, left to study law in Virginia, but abandoned
it for the ministry, and was graduated at the
Theological seminary of Virginia in 1846. He
was admitted to the diaconate in July, 1846, and
ordained priest in May, 1848, by Bishop Meade ;
was rector of St. James's, Warrenton, Va., 1846-
48 ; of Trinity, Columbus, Ohio, 1858-59, and of
St. Paul's, Alexandria, Va., 1859-93. He was a
delegate to the general council of the Protestant
Episcopal church in the Confederate States ;
deputy to the general conventions in the United
States, 1868-86 ; a member of the standing com
mittee of the diocese, and a trustee of the Theo
logical Seminary of Virginia, 1865-93. He was
elected professor of systematic divinity in the
Theological Seminary of Virginia in 1874, and
president of Kenyon college. Ohio, in 1876, but
declined both. He received the degree S.T.D.
from William and Mary college in 1869. He was

[32]

married June 1, 1854, to Ann Burwell, daughter
of James Keith and Claudia Hamilton (Burwell)
Marshall, of Fauquier county, Va. He contrib
uted to current religious literature and is the
author of : Inquiry into the Nature and Extent of
the Holy Catholic Church (1853). He died at
Alexandria, Va., Sept. 15, 1893.
NORTON, James, representative, was born in
Marion county, S.C, Oct. 8, 1843 ; son of John
and Pennsy (Lewis) Norton ; grandson of James
Norton and of Jonathan Lewis, and a descendant
of the Nortons who first came from England to
New England, thence to Virginia near Alexan
dria, and then to South Carolina after the Revo
lution ; and of the Lewises who came from the
north of Ireland to Virginia and to South Carolina.
He was attending an academy at Archadelphia
when South Carolina seceded, and he entered
the Confederate army, and served through the
war in the Army of Northern Virginia. He was
shot through the body and right lung, and was
captured at the battle of Petersburg in 1864. He
re-entered the academy in 1865, but did not finish
his course, and engaged in merchandising and
farming in Mullins, S.C He was married May
18, 1870, to Rachel C, daughter of Col. W. W.
Sellers, of Marion county. He was school com
missioner for Marion county in 1870-72 ; repre
sented Marion county in the South Carolina leg
islature, 1886-87 and 1890-91 ; was assistant
comptroller-general, 1891-94, and comptroller-
general of the state, 1894-97, and Democratic
representative from the sixth district in the
55th congress to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of John L. McLaurin, and in the
56th congress, serving to March 3, 1901.
NORTON, James Albert, representative, was
born in Seneca county, Ohio, Nov. 11, 1843 ; son
of Dr. Rufus and Clarissa (Waters) Norton,
pioneers of Seneca county. Dr. Rufus Norton
was a native of Utica, N.Y., and his father, Isaiah
Norton, an immigrant from the North of England.
James Albert Norton was educated in the public
schools of Tiffin, Ohio, and in August, 1862, en
listed in the 101st Ohio volunteer infantry, where
he attained the rank of sergeant. He was pro
moted 1st lieutenant and transferred to the 123d
U.S. colored infantry in 1864, served the regi
ment as adjutant, and was mustered out in 1865.
He was married July 19, 1865, to Adeline, daugh
ter of Thomas Hemming, of Tiffin, Ohio. He
studied medicine, 1865-67, settled in practice in
Tiffin in 1867, and continued in that until 1879, in
the meantime studying law. He was admitted
to the bar in 1879, and practiced at Tiffin. He
represented Seneca county in the Ohio legislature
for three terms, 1874-80, and was speaker pro
tempore of that body, 1878-80. He was a mem
ber of the Seneca County Agricultural society ;

11UJLVJ.U1>

NORTON

•a delegate to the Democratic national convention
in 1888, and auditor of Seneca county, 1885-92.
He was commissioner of railroads and telegraphs
in Ohio during Gov. James E. Campbell's admin
istration, having been appointed as successor to
William S. Cappeller, removed, April, 1890, and
held the office during a part of Gov. William
McKinley's term, resigning in 1892. He was a
Democratio representative from the thirteenth
Ohio district in the 55th, 56th and 57thcongresses,
1897-1903. NORTON, Jesse O., representative, was born
in Bennington, Vt. , Dec. 25, 1812 ; son of Col.
Martin Norton, a soldier in the war of 1812. He
was graduated at Williams college, A.B., 1835;
taught a school in Wheeling, Va., and in Potosi,
Mo. He was married Dec. 25, 1837, to Phoebe
Ann Sheldon, of Potosi. He was admitted
to the Illinois bar in 1840, and settled in
practice in Joliet. He was city attorney ; county
judge, 1846-50 ; a member of the state con
stitutional convention, 1848 ; a representative
in the state legislature, 1851-52 ; a Republican
representative from the sixth district in the
33d, 34th and 38th congresses, 1853-57 and
1863-65, and judge of the eleventh judicial dis
trict of Illinois, 1857-62. He was district attor
ney of the northern district of Illinois, 1866-69,
and in 1869 removed to Chicago, where he prac
ticed law in partnership with J. R. Doolittle
until 1871. He died in Chicago, 111., Aug. 3, 1875.
NORTON, John, clergyman, was born in Star-
ford, Hertfordshire, England, May 6, 1606. He
attended Cambridge university ; took orders in
the Church of England, and became a curate in
Starford. He joined the Puritans and came to
Plymouth, Mass., in 1635, where he engaged in
preaching. He removed to Boston in 1636, and
became pastor of the Church at Ipswich during
the same year. He took part in forming the
" Cambridge Platform " in 1648; became colleague
of the Rev. John Wilson, first minister of the
First Church at Boston in 1652, and in 1662 he
returned to England with Governor Bradstreet
as agent to present to the king a petition in be
half of the New England colonies. He was as
sured of the confirmation of the charter of the
colony by Charles II. , but the conditions attached
were regarded by the colonists as arbitrary, and
the agents were accused of having laid the
. foundation of ruin of the liberties of the colon
ists. Norton's popularity greatly decreased and
the charge was believed to have hastened his
death. The following estimate of Mr. Norton's
work appears in Dr. Thomas Fuller's " Church
History of Britain," book II, section 51 : " Of all
the authors I have perused concerning the opin
ions of these dissenting brethren, none to me was
more informative than Mr. John Norton (one of no

less learning than modesty), minister in New
England, in his answer to Apollonius. " He com
posed the first Latin book in the colonies, Respon-
sio ad Totum Quaistionum Syllogen a Guilielmo
Apollonio propositam ad componendas Controver-
sias . . . in Anglia (London, 1648), and he was
also the author of : A Discussion on the Sufferings
of Christ (1653); The Orthodox Evangelist (1654);
Election Sermon (1657); Life of Rev. John Cotton
(1658); The Heart of New England Rent by the
Blasphemies of the Present Generation (1660), a
catechism, and some writings in an unfinished
state, including Body of Divinity. He died in
Boston, Mass., April 5, 1663.
NORTON, John Nicholas, clergyman, was
born in Waterloo, N.Y. (or at Allen's Hill, Rich
mond, Va. ), in 1820; son of the Rev. George
Hatley. and Catherine (Bush) Norton, of Win
chester, Va. He was graduated at Hobart col
lege, Geneva, N.Y., A.B., 1842, A.M., 1845, and
at the General Theological seminary, New York
city, in 1845. He was ordained deacon in Trinity
church, Geneva, N.Y., July 20, 1845, and priest in
St. Paul's church, Rochester, N.Y., Aug. 24, 1846,
by Bishop Delancey. He was assistant rector of
St. Luke's church, Rochester, N.Y., and a mis
sionary in western New York, 1845-46. He was
rector of Ascension church in Frankfort, Ky. ,
1846-70, professor at the Kentucky Military
institute, and rector of Christ church at
Louisville, Ky., 1870-81. He was a member of
the standing committee of the diocese of Ken
tucky ; a deputy to the general convention of
the Protestant Episcopal church for nine years,
and a trustee of the Theological Seminary of Ken
tucky. He received the degree S.T.D. from Ho
bart college in 1862 ; was vice-president of the
Association of Alumni of Hobart, and a bene
factor of the college library. He is the author of
nearly forty books, including : The Boy who was
Trained up to be a Clergyman (1854); Full Proof
of tlie Ministry (1855) ; Lives of the Bishops of the
Protestant Episcopal Church, beginning with
Bishop White (1857); followed by Bishop Seabury
and fifteen others (1857-59); Life of Bishop He-
ber (1858); Life of George Washington (I860);
Life of Benjamin Franklin (1861); Life of Arch-
bishop Cranmer (1863): Life of Archbishop Laud
(1864); Short Sermons (1858); Sketches, Literary
and Theological (1872); The King's Ferry-Boat,
sermons (1876), and Old Paths, sermons (1880).
He died in Louisville, Ky., Jan. 18, 1881.
NORTON, Sidney Augustus, educator, was
born in Bloomingfield, Ohio, Jan. 11, 1835 ; son of
Charles Hull and Caroline Brayton (Cornell)
Norton ; grandson of Dr. Herman and Sally
(Gibbs) Norton, and of Benjamin Clarke Cor
nell ; great-grandson of Zenas Gibbs and of John
Brayton, and a descendant of John Norton, one of

[33]

NORTON

NORTON

the original proprietors of Farmington, Conn. He
was graduated at Union college, N.Y., A.B., 1866,
A.M., 1859, and taught natural science in Pough
keepsie, N.Y., 1856-57. He studied chemistry in
Bonn, Leipzig and Heidelberg, Germany, in 1857,
was a tutor at Union college in 1857 ; principal
of the Hamilton high school, 1858 ; instructor in
natural science in the Cleveland high school,
1856-66 ; was graduated at Miami Medical college
in 1869 ; was professor of chemistry there, 1867-72 ;
acting professor of physics at Union college
in 1873, and the same year became professor
of chemistry in the Ohio State- university at Col
umbus, and served as professor of chemistry in
Starling Medical college two years. He received
the degree M.D. from Western Reserve col
lege in 1869 ; honorary Ph.D. from Kenyon col
lege in 1878, LL.D. from Wooster university in
1881, and from Union university in 1899. He
was married in 1864, to Sarah J. Chamber lin, of
Cleveland, Ohio, who died in 1868, and secondly
in 1876, to Jessie Carter, of Columbus, Ohio. He
edited Weld and Quackenbos's English Gram-
mer (1863), and is the author of : Elements of
Natural Philosophy (1870); Essays and Notes
(1874); Elements of Physics (1875); Elements of
Inorganic Chemistry (1878); Organic Chemistry
(1884), and of various scientific and educational
papers. NORTON, Thomas Herbert, diplomatist and
educator, was born in Rushford, N.Y., June 30,
1851 ; son of the Rev. Robert and Julia Ann
Granger (Horsford) Norton ; grandson of Lewis
Mills and Laura (Foote) Norton, and of the Hon.
Jerediah Horsford of
Moscow, N.Y., and a
descendant of Thomas
Norton, who emigrat
ed from Oakley, Sur
rey, England, to
America in 1639,
settled at Guilford,
Conn. , and became
the miller of the col
ony. His grandfather,
Lewis Mills Norton,
was a noted inventor
and genealogist.
Thomas Herbert was
graduated at Hamil
ton college, A.B., and
valedictorian in 1873, Sc.D. honoris causa, 1875,
and at the University of Heidelberg, Germany,
Ph.D. in 1875, where he made a specialty of the
study of chemistry. He was an assistant in
chemistry at the University of Berlin in 1877, and
manager of chemical works of the Compagnie
Generate des Cyanures, Paris, France, 1878-83.
He traveled 12,000 miles on foot through Europe

6^/fe^^?fe

[34]

and Asia, engaged in scientific research. He was
•elected professor of chemistry and librarian of the
University of Cincinnati in 1883. He was married,
Dec. 27, 1883, to Edith Eliza, daughter ot Col.
James D. Ames of Lockport, N.Y. In 1900
President McKinley appointed him to establish a
U.S. consulate at Harpoot in Asia Minor, where
the American college had been destroyed and
many Americans massacred. On his arrival in
Constantinople the porte asserted that no consul
was needed there, and the question was not
settled until Oct. 9, 1901, when the exequatur of
Consul Norton so long withheld was granted.
He became a fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science and served as
its secretary in 1893, vice-president in 1894, and
librarian in 1897 ; was councillor of the American
Chemical society, 1892-98, a member of the
chemical societies of Berlin, St. Petersburg,
London and Paris, and of numerous historical,
patriotic and hereditary societies. He made im
portant discoveries in the metals of the ceriun
group and in organic chemistry, and noteworthy
researches and discoveries along the headwaters
of the Euphrates, and is the author of scientific
papers relating to these researches.
NORTON, William Augustus, educator, was
born in East Bloomfield, N.Y., Oct. 25,1810;
son of Herman and Julia (Strong) Norton, and
grandson of Nathaniel and Mary (Beebe) Norton,
and of Elisha and Mary (Beebe) Strong. He was
graduated at the U.S. Military academy, seventh
in the class of 1831, and was promoted 2d lieu
tenant, 4th U.S. artillery, July 1, 183-1 . He was
assistant professor of natural and experimental
philosophy at the academy, 1831-33. He resigned
from the U.S. army Sept. , 30, 1833, and was
assistant in natural philosophy in the University
of the City of New York, 1833-38. He was
married, Jan. 15, 1839, to Elizabeth Emery,
daughter of Samuel Bingham and Joanna (Val-
som) Stevens of Exeter, N.H. He was professor
of mathematics and natural philosophy in Dela
ware college, Newark, Del., 1839-50; president
of Delaware college, 1850 ; professor of natural
philosophy and civil engineering in Brown uni
versity, 1850-52, and professor of civil engineering
at Yale, 1852-83. He was a member of the
National Academy of Sciences, and of various
other scientific societies, and received the honor
ary degree A.M. , from the University of Vermont,
in 1840, and from Yale in 1867. His scientific
work includes researches in molecular physics, K
terrestrial magnetism, and astronomical physics,
the results of which were published in the
American Journal of Science ; and read before the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science and before the National Academy of
Sciences. He is the author of: Elementary Treatise

WUKVELL

NOTT

on Astronomy (1839) ; and First Book of Natural
Philosophy and Astronomy (1858). He died in
New Haven, Conn., Sept. 21, 1883.
NORVELL, John, senator, was born near
Danville, Garrard county, Ky., Dec. 21, 1789;
son of Lipsocomb Norvell, a Virginian and an
officer in the Revolutionary war. On the advice
of Thomas Jefferson he learned the trade of
printer in Baltimore, Md., and at the same time
studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He
became a journalist and political supporter of
James Monroe and Andrew Jackson. He edited an
Anti-Federalist paper in Philadelphia, Pa., 1816-
32, and in May, 1832, removed to Michigan Terri
tory, having been appointed postmaster of Detroit
by President Jackson. He was a delegate to the
state constitutional convention that met at
Detroit, May 11, 1835, and was chairman of eight
committees. He went to Washington with
Lucius Lyon in 1836, and on June 15 secured
from congress the northern boundary line so as
to include the mineral wealth and territory of a
large portion of the upper peninsula in exchange
for a small strip of land on the southern boundary
of the state including the territory occupied by
Toledo, Ohio, to which exchange the second
convention of assent, December, 1836, agreed. He
was elected, with Lucius Lyon, U.S. senator from
Michigan, and he drew the long term expiring
March 3, 1841. He resumed practice in Detroit,
Mich., represented Wayne county in the state
legislature in 1842, and was U.S. district attorney
of Michigan, 1845-49. He supported the Polk
administration in the prosecution of the Mexican
war, to sustain which he sent three sons, and six
of his seven sons served in the Federal army
during the civil war. He was appointed on
March 21, 1837, one of the twelve original regents
of the Michigan State university and served 1837-
39. He died in Hamtramck, Mich., April 11, 1850.
NORWOOD, Thomas Manson, senator, was
born in Talbot county, Ga., April 26, 1830; son
of Caleb Merriman and Jeannette (Manson) Nor
wood ; grandson of John Norwood, of Maryland,
and a descendant of John Norwood, of Norwood
near London, who came to Baltimore, Md., be
fore the Revolution. He was graduated at Emory
college, Oxford, Ga., 1850; taught school in
Monroe county, Ga., 1850-51, and was admitted
to the bar in March, 1852, and established a law
office in Savannah, Ga. He was married, June
2, 1853, to Anna M., daughter of George Hendree,
of Richmond, Va. He represented his county in
the state legislature, 1861-62 ; served as a private
in the Confederate army, 1861-65 ; was alternate
elector on the Seymour and Blair ticket in 1868.
He was elected to the senate as a Democrat in
1871, his seat being unsuccessfully contested by
Foster Blodgett, Republican, and he served,

1871-77. He was the candidate of one of the two
factions of the Democratic party for governor of
Georgia in 1880, but was defeated in the election
by Governor Colquitt, re-elected. He was repre
sentative in the 49th and 50th congresses from the
first district of Georgia, 1885-89, and retired from
the practice of law in 1896, upon being elected
judge of the city court of Savannah. He is the
author of : Plutocracy, or American White Slavery,
a politico-social novel (1888) ; Mother Goose Carved
by a Commentator (1900) ; Patriotism, Democracy
or Empire: A Satire (1900), and, under the pen-
name Nemesis, of a series of articles in 1870.
NOTT, Charles Cooper, jurist, was born in
Schenectady, N.Y., Sept. 16, 1827; son of Joel
Benedict and Margaret Tayler (Cooper) Nott, and
grandson of Dr. Eliphalet and Sallie (Benedict)
Nott, and of Dr. Charles D. and Margaret (Van
Valkenburg) Cooper. He was graduated at
Union college in 1848, studied law under John V.
L. Pruyn at Albany, N.Y. , and began the prac
tice of law in New York city in 1851. He was a
trustee of public schools, notary public, loan
commissioner, one of the commissioners ap
pointed by the governor to revise the school sys
tem of the city, and the unsuccessful Republican
candidate for judge of tlie court of common pleas
against Charles P. Daly, in 1858. In February,
1860, he brought Abraham Lincoln to New York
to deliver the "Cooper Institute Address," which
resulted in Mr. Lincoln's nomination for the
presidency. (See letter in Nicolay and Hayjs
"Life of Lincoln," Vol. II. , p. 217). He was
captain in the Fremont Hussars in 1861 ; was
transferred to the 5th Iowa cavalry ; to the 131st
New York volunteers as lieutenant-colonel, and
to the 176th New York volunteers as colonel. He
was taken prisoner at the capture of Brashear,
city, La., June, 1863, and was a captive in Texas
until July, 1864. On Feb. 22, 1865, President
Lincoln appointed him judge of the court of
claims, and on Nov. 23, 1896, President Cleveland
appointed him chief justice of the court. He was
married Oct. 22, 1867, to Alice Effingham, daugh
ter of President Mark and Mary (Hubbell) Hop
kins, of Williamstown, Mass. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Williams college
in 1874, and was a trustee of Union college, 1868-
82. He annotated with Cephas Brainerd of New
York, the " Cooper Institute Address of Abraham
Lincoln " in 1860 ; contributed editorials to the
press ; wrote reviews and magazine articles, and
is the author of: Mechanics' Lien Law (1856);
Sketches ofthe War (1863), translated into Ger
man (1883) ; Sketches of Prison Camps (1865) ,
translated into German (1884) ; and compiled and
edited : The Seven Great Hymns of the Mediaeval
Church (1866, 8th ed. 1902), and the Court of
Claims Reports (36 vols., 1867-1901).

[35]

NOTT

NOTT

(^-C^JieMrJ(6?(7:

NOTT, Eliphalet, educator, was born in Ash-
ford, Conn., June 25, 1773 ; son of Stephen and
Deborah (Selden) Nott ; grandson of the Rev.
Abraham (1696-1756) and Phebe (Tapping) Nott,
of Saybrook, and of Samuel Selden, of Lyme, and
a descendant of John
Nott, who emigrated
from Nottingham,
England, to America
in 1640, and settled in
Wethersfield, Conn . ,
where he was a re
presentative at the
general court for
several years. He was
educated by his
mother and in the
office of Dr. Palmer,
at Ashford, until his
mother's death in
1788, when he entered
the family of his
•brother, the Rev. Samuel Nott, pastor of the Con
gregational church, Franklin, Conn., 1781-1852.
He was principal of the academy at Plainfield,
Conn., 1793-95; studied theology under the Rev.
Joel Benedict, pastor of the Plainfigld Congrega
tional church, and was married in 1796 to Sallie
Benedict, daughter of his preceptor in theology.
Upon passing the senior examination at Brown
university in 1795, he received the honorary de
gree A.M. He was licensed to preach, June 26,
1796 ; went to Cherry Valley, N. Y. , as a missionary
in that year, where he established an academy and
acted as both pastor and teacher. He was ordained
by the presbytery of Albany, N.Y., Oct. 13, 1798,
pastor of the First Presbyterian church, Albany,
and served 1798-1804. He was elected a trustee of
Union college, Schenectady, N.Y., in 1800, and
president as successor to Dr. Jonathan Maxcy in
1804. Through his efforts the state legislature
passed a law in 1805 by which financial aid was
secured through four lotteries to be drawn for
the benefit of the college, the management of
which lotteries was given to Dr. Nott and con
ducted by him for several years. The sum of
$80,000 was the sum first agreed upon, but as the
drawings did not take place until 1814, the legis
lature made a further grant of $200,000 for which
Dr. Nott was made personally responsible. His
government of the college was parental, for he
had little regard for the obedience or studious-
ness that was compulsory, and was as a result
greatly loved by his pupils, 4000 of whom were
graduated during his term of office. He advo
cated temperance, anti-slavery and civil and
religious liberty throughout his life. He was a
student of the laws of heat and secured about
thirty patents for. stoves and other devices, among

them being the first stove used for the burning of
anthracite coal, which bore his name. He re
ceived the degree D.D. from the College of New
Jersey in 1805, and LL.D. from Brown university
in 1828. In 1855 he endowed Union college with
property worth $500,000 known as the "Nott
Trust Fund " of which he was a visitor, 1855-66.
He published several sermons and addresses,
among them the famous address on the death of
Alexander Hamilton, and is the author of :
Councils to Young Men (1845), and Lectures on
Temperance (1847). See Memoir by Cornelius
Van Santvoord, with a contribution and revision
by Professor Tayler Lewis (1876). He died in
Schenectady, N.Y., Jan. 29, 1866.
NOTT, Henry Junius, educator, was born in
Union district, S.C, Nov. 4, 1797 ; son of Judge
Abraham and Angelica (Mitchell) Nott ; grand
son of Josiah and Zerviah (Clark) Nott, and a
descendant of John Nott. the immigrant, 1640.
His father, a native of Saybrook, Conn., was
graduated at Yale, 1781, taught school in Georgia,
1781-91, was admitted to the bar in Camden, S.C,
1791 ; was a Federalist representative in the 7th
congress, 1801-03 ; a judge of the state court,
1810-24, and president of the court of appeals of
South Carolina, 1824-30. Henry Junius Nott was
graduated at South Carolina college in 1812. He
visited Europe in 1866, studied law in Colum
bia, S.C, under William Harper (q.v.), and
was admitted to the bar in 1818. He settled
in practice in Columbia, in partnership with
David J. McCord, but in 1821 abandoned his
profession on account of ill health, visited Eu
rope, and engaged in literary work in Holland
and France until 1825, when he returned to the
United States. He was professor of the elements
of criticism, logic and the philosophy of languages
in South Carolina college, 1825-34, visited New
York in 1837, with his wife, a French lady whom
he had married in Paris, and on the homeward
voyage the vessel was wrecked off the coast of
North Carolina and both lost their lives. He was
an essayist and lecturer, and contributed a series
of sketches in the Southern Review, which were
afterward published in book form under the
title Novelettes of a Traveller (2 vols., 1834). He
also published Law Reports of South Carolina
with David J. McCord (2 vols., 1818-20). He died
at sea, Oct. 13, 1837.
NOTT, Joel Benedict, educator, was born in
Cherry Valley, N.Y., Dec. 14, 1797; son of the
Rev. Dr. Eliphalet and Sallie (Benedict) Nott.
He was graduated at Union college, A.B., 1817,
A.M., 1820 ; was tutor there, 1820-22 ; lecturer in
chemistry, 1822-23 ; professor of chemistry, 1823-
31. In 1837 he retired to a farm in Guilderland,
Albany county, where he continued to reside
during his lifetime. He was married in 1826 to

[36]

NOTT

NOURSE

Margaret Tayler, daughter of Dr. Charles D. and
Margaret (Van Valkenburg) Cooper. Margaret
Van Valkenburg was a niece and adopted daugh
ter of Lieut.-Gov. John Tayler (q.v.). He was a
member of the state assembly, 1850. He was
president of the State Agricultural society, 1841,
when he directed the first state fair, at Syracuse.
He died in Guilderland, N.Y., May 22, 1878.
NOTT, John, educator, was born in Albany,
N.Y., Dec. 14, 1801 ; son of Eliphalet and Sallie
(Benedict) Nott. He was graduated at Union
college in 1823, attended Andover Theological
seminary, 1823-25, and Princeton Theological
seminary, 1826-27. He was ordained by the pres
bytery of Albany, May 19, 1827, was tutor at
Union college, 1830-39 ; assistant professor of
rhetoric, 1839-54 ; assistant pastor of the Re
formed Dutch church, Rotterdam, N.Y., 1839-41,
and pastor, 1841-54 ; pastor of Presbyterian
churches at Goldsboro and Evansville, N.C, 1854-
61, and assistant pastor of the Reformed Dutch
church, Auriesville, N.Y., 1861-78. He died at
Fonda, N.Y., May 12, 1878.
NOTT, Josiah Clark, ethnologist, was born in
Columbia, S.C, March 24, 1804; son of Judge
Abram and Angelica (Mitchell) Nott. He was
graduated at South Carolina college, A.B., 1824,
and at the University of Pennsylvania, M.D. , 1827.
He was a demonstrator of anatomy in the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania, 1827-29 ; practised medi
cine in Columbia, S.C, 1829-34, and studied in
the hospitals of Paris, 1835-36. He practised in
Mobile, Ala., 1836-57 ; was professor of anatomy
in the University of Louisiana, 1857-58 ; estab
lished the medical school of the State university
at Mobile, in 1858, and was professor of surgery
there, 1859-61. He served on the medical staff
of General Bragg, 1861-65, and in 1867 removed
to New York city where he practised medicine,
but subsequently returned to Mobile. He was
married in March, 1832, to Sarah Chesnut, daugh
ter of James Sutherland and Margaret (Chesnut)
Deas, and sister of Zachariah C. Deas (q.v.).
Mrs. Nott died in New York city, April 17, 1883.
Dr. Nott denied the theory of the unity of the
human race and is the author of : Two Lectures
on the Connection between the Biblical and Phys
ical History of Man (1849) ; The Physical History
of the Jewish Race (1850) ; Types of Mankind
(1854), and Indigenous Races of the Earth (1857).
In an article published in the New Orleans Med
ical Journal (1848) ; relative to the contagion of
yellow fever Dr. Nott demonstrates with remark
able clearness that the disease is spread by in
sects and not by germs, and suggests mosquitoes
as one of the insects. This paper was published
fifty-four years before the ' ' discovery " was pub
lished by the U.S. war department in 1902. He
died in Mobile, Ala., March 31, 1873.

[37]

NOTT, Samuel, educator, was born in Frank
lin, Conn., Sept. 11, 1788 ; son ofthe Rev. Samuel
Nott, D.D. (1754-1852), Yale, 1780, pastor of Con
gregational church, Franklin, Conn., 1781-1852,
and known as the " Patriarch of the New Eng
land Clergy." Samuel Nott, Jr., was graduated
at Union college in 1808, and at Andover Theo
logical seminary in 1810. He was ordained, Feb.
6, 1812, and became one of the first missionaries
of the A.B.OF.M. sent to India, serving, 1812-16.
His health becoming broken he returned to the
United States in 1816, and was a school-teacher
in New York city, 1816-23; pastor at Galway,
N.Y., 1823-29, and at Wareham, Mass., 1829-49,
and founder and proprietor of a private academy
at Wareham, 1849-66. In 1866 he returned from
active labor and resided at Wareham and at
Hartford, Conn. He is the author of : Sixteen
Years' Preaching and Procedure at Wareham
(1845) ; Slavery and the Remedy (1856) ; and
various published sermons and addresses. He
died in Hartford, Conn., June 1, 1869.
NOURSE, Elizabeth, artist, was born in Cin
cinnati, Ohio ; daughter of Caleb E. and Eliza
beth Le Breton (Rogers) Nourse ; and a descend
ant of an old Huguenot family, who settled in
Massachusetts where her parents were born ;
and of Rebecca Nourse, who was hanged as a
witch near Salem, July 19, 1692. Elizabeth
Nourse studied art in Cincinnati and then in
Paris, under Boulanger, Lefebvre and Julian,
where she opened a studio of her own. She then
worked independently under the criticism of
such men as Carolus-Duran and Dagnan-Bouveret.
In the summer of 1901 she was elected societaire
of the Societe Nationale des Beaux Arts, which
honor entitled her to exhibit in the annual
salon without submitting her pictures to the jury.
Ten of her works were shown in the New Salon
of 1902, an honor never before conferred upon an
American woman. She chose as subjects the
rugged types of peasant life.
NOURSE, Henry Stedman, civil engineer, was
born in Lancaster, Mass., April 9, 1831 ; son of
Stedman and Patty (Howard) Nourse ; grand
son of Oliver and Mary (Houghton) Nourse, and
of George and Parnel (Ames) Howard ; and a
descendant of Francis and Rebecca (Towne)
Nurse (the latter judicially murdered as a witch
on Gallows Hill, Salem, July 19, 1692) and of
John Howard, immigrant to Duxbury before 1643,
representative, 1678 ; also of John and Priscilla
(Mullins) Alden, Mayflower pilgrims, through
their daughter Ruth. He was graduated from
Harvard college, A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856, and was
professor of ancient languages at Phillips Exeter
academy, 1853-55. During the civil war he served
in the Federal army as captain in the 55th Illinois
volunteer infantry and as commissary of musters

NOURSE

NOYES

of the 17th army corps, 1861-65. He was con
structional engineer and superintendent of the
Bessemer steel works, Steelton, Pa., 1866-74. He
was a Republican representative in the Massa
chusetts legislature in 1883 ; state senator, 1885-
86 ; a trustee of the Worcester Insane hospital,
1888-98 ; a member of the Massachusetts Free
Public Library commission, 1890-1903 ; a member
of the Massachusetts board of charity, 1898-1903,
and became a member of the Massachusetts His
torical society, of the American Antiquarian soci
ety and of kindred organizations. He is the author
of : Early Records of Lancaster, 1643-1725 (1884) ;
The Story of the 55th Regiment of Illinois In
fantry (1887) ; The Military Annals of Lancaster,
1740-1S65 (1889) ; Tlie Birth, Marriage and Death
Register, etc., of Lancaster, 1843-50 (1890) ; His
tory of the Town of Harvard, Mass. (1891) ; The
Ninth Report of the Free Public Library Commis
sion (1899), and many pamphlets and- contribu
tions to historical and literary publications.
NOURSE, Joseph, treasury official, was born
in London, England, July 16, 1754. He immi
grated with his parents, who were Presbyterians
(the family including his brother Michael who
became a colonel in the American army), and
they settled in Virginia in 1769. He reached his
majority when the Revolution broke out, and he
entered the army as secretary to Gen. Charles
Lee in March, 1776, and served with that general
while he was engaged in organizing the cavalry
of Virginia. He was made assistant adjutant-
general's clerk and paymaster of the board of
war, serving in that capacity, 1777-81, and as
register of the U.S. treasury, 1781-1829. He was
a vice-president of the American Bible society,
1816-41. He died near Washington, Sept. 1, 1841.
NOURSE, Joseph Everett, clergyman, was
born in Washington, D.C, April 17, 1819 ; son of
Col. Michael and Mary (Rittenhouse) Nourse.
Col. Michael Nourse came from London, England,
with his brother Joseph (q.v.) in 1769 ; settled in
Virginia, served in the Revolutionary army,
and afterward resided in Washington, D.C.
Joseph attended the classical academy of Salmon
P. Chase in Washington, D.C, and was graduated
at Jefferson college, Pa., in 1837. He taught in
Rittenhouse academy, Washington, D.C, 1837-40,
and was principal of that institution, 1840-49.
He was married Dec. 21, 1841, to Sarah, daughter
of Thomas C. Wright. He was licensed to
preach by the presbytery of Baltimore in May,
1849 ; was professor of ethics and English studies
and acting chaplain at the U.S. Naval academy,
1850-64, and professor of mathematics, 1864-81.
He was stated supply at Fort Adams, 1861-65 ; on
duty at the naval observatory, 1865-79, and on
special duty in the U.S. Naval department,
1879-81. He was also a stated supply at the

Fifteenth Street Presbyterian church, Washing
ton, D.C, 1876-86, and at Clifton, Va., 1886-89.
He represented the U.S. government at the Inter
national geographical congress that met in Paris
in 1875. He is the author of : The Maritime
Canal of Suez ; Brief Memoir of the Enterpi-ise
and Comparison of its Probable Residtswith those
of a Ship-Canal across Darien (1869); Astronom
ical and Meteorological Observations (1871); '
Memoir of the Founding and Progress of the U.S.
Naval Observatory (1873); Medals Awarded to
American Arctic Explorers by Foreign Societies
(1876) ; Narrative of the Second Arctic Explora
tion by Charles F. Hall (1879) ; American Ex
ploration in the Ice Zones (1884) : and The Mari
time Canal of Suez from its Inauguration Nov.
17, 1869, to the Year 1884 (1884). He died in
Washington, D.C, Oct. 8, 1889.
NOVY, Frederick George, bacteriologist and
chemist, was born in Chicago, 111., Dec. 9,1864;.
son of Joseph and Frances Novy. He was grad
uated at the University of Michigan, B.S. (chem
istry) 1886, Sc.D., 1890, M.D., 1891 ; was assistant
in organic chemistry, 1887 ; instructor inhygiene
and physiological chemistry, 1887-91 ; assistant
professor of the same, 1891-93, and in 1893 was.
made junior professor. He was married in 1891,
to Grace, daughter of Dr. V. D. Garwood of Ann
Arbor, Mich. He studied in Koch's laboratory,
Berlin, 1888, in Prague, 1894 and in Pasteur In
stitute, Paris, 1897. He was U.S. commissioner
to investigate the plague of 1901. In January,
1902, with Professor P. C Freer, he announced
the discovery of the germicidal action of the or
ganic peroxides which under the designation of
acetozone or benzozone have come to be widely
known. He is the author of numerous papers
besides the following works : Cocaine and its
Derivatives (1887) ; Laboratory Work in Bacteri
ology (2 ed.) and Laboratory Work in Physiologi- i
cal Chemistry (2ed.),and joint author with
Vaughan of Cellular Toxins (4 ed.), which became
a recognized standard text-book in the universities
of the United States.
NOYES, Arthur Amos, chemist, was born in
Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 13, 1866 ; son of Amos
and Anna (Andrews) Noyes ; grandson of David ]
and Harriet (Cook) Noyes, and of James Henry
and Ruth (Bott) Andrews, and a descendant of
Nicholas Noyes, of Newbury, Mass., who came
to America from England in 1635. He was grad
uated from the Massachusetts Institute of Tech
nology, B.S., 1886, M.S., 1887 ; was assistant and
instructor in organic chemistry at the institute,
1887-88, and 1890-93 ; was graduated from the-
University of Leipzig, Ph.D. in 1890, and was ap
pointed assistant professor of chemistry at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1894.
He edited the Review of American Chemical Re-

[38]

NOYES

NOYES

search, published monthly by the American
Chemical society, - and is the author of : A De
tailed Course of Qualitative Chemical Analysis of
Inorganic Substances (1895) ; The General Prin
ciples of Physical Science (1901); and, with S. P.
Mulliken, Laboratory Experiments on the Class
Reactions and Identification of Organic Sub
stances (1899) ; also of forty original papers de
scribing reseaches in theoretical and organic
chemistry. NOYES, Edward Follensbee, governor of Ohio,
was born in Haverhill, Mass., Oct. 3, 1832; son
of Theodore and Hannah (Stevens) Greely Noyes.
He learned the printer's trade in Dover, N.H.,
prepared for college at Kingston academy, grad
uated at Dartmouth college in 1857, and studied
law under William Wier Stickney and Amos
Tuck, at Exeter, N.H. He was graduated at the
Cincinnati Law school in 1858, practised in
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1858-61, and enlisted in the
39th Ohio volunteer infantry. He was appointed
major of the regiment, July 8, 1861, served in
the Missouri campaign of that year ; at the siege
of New Madrid, Island No. 10, and Corinth, and
was promoted lieutenant-colonel, July 8, 1862,
and colonel, Oct. 1, 1862. He was with his
regiment in the battles of Iuka, Parker's Cross
Roads, Resaca, Dallas, and Bluff Mills, Ga., where
he lost a leg, while leading an assault upon the
enemy's works, July 4, 1864. He took command
of Camp Dennison, Ohio, in the autumn of 1864 ;
was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers,
March 13, 1865, and left the army April 22, 1865.
He was married, Feb. 15, 1863, to Margaretta,
daughter of Benjamin Proctor of Kingston, Ohio.
He was city solicitor of Cincinnati, 1865-67 ;
judge of the probate court for Hamilton county,
1867-70, and was elected governor of Ohio by
the Republican party in 1871,
serving, 1871-73. He was de
feated, for re-election in 1873,
by William Allen, Democrat,
was appointed U.S. minister
to France by President Hayes
in 1877, and made several of
ficial visits to Turkey during
the Russo-Turkish war, and was a special U.S.
commissioner to the Paris exposition. He re
turned in August, 1881, resumed the practice of
law in Cincinnati, and was elected judge of the
superior court of Hamilton county for a term of
five years in 1889. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio,
Sept. 4, 1890.
NOYES, George Rapall, theologian, was born
in Newburyport, Mass., March 6, 1798 ; son of
Nathaniel and Mary (Rapall) Noyes ; and a de
scendant of William Noyes who was instituted
rector of Cholderton, Wiltshire, England, in 1602,
and of his son Nicholas, who with his brother the

[39]

Rev. James Noyes, came to Ipswich, Mass., in the
Mary and John in 1604. He was fitted for college
at Newbury port academy, and was graduated at
Harvard, A.B., 1818, A.M., 1821. During his
college course he taught school three winters and
after leaving college took charge of the academy
in Framingham for one year. He studied at the
Cambridge divinity school, 1819-22, and was
licensed to preach in 1822, but remained in
Cambridge as a teacher until 1825, then as tutor
in the college until 1827, devoting his spare time
to the study of the Hebrew and Greek scriptures
and literature. He was married, May 8, 1828, to
Eliza Wheeler Buttrick, of Framingham, Mass.
He was pastor of the First Congregational church
at Brookfield, 1827-34 ; pastor of the First Uni
tarian society at Petersham, Mass., 1834-40 ; and
Hancock professor of Hebrew and other oriental
languages, and Dexter lecturer on biblical litera
ture at Harvard college, 1840-68. He received
the honorary degree of S.T.D. from Harvard in
1839, was chosen a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1844, and was
generally recognized as an eminent Greek and
Hebrew scholar. His published works include :
An Amended Version of the Book of Job, with
Introduction and Notes (1827); A Neio Transla
tion of the Book of Psalms (1831): A New
Translation of the Hebrew Prophets arranged in
Chronological Order (3 vols., 1833-37); A New
Translation of the Proverbs, Ecclesiastes and the
Canticles (1846); Theological Essays from Various
Authors (1856) ; and Tlie Neiv Testament Translated
from the Greek Text of Tischendorf (1869). He
also published numerous tracts, sermons and
periodical articles. A revised edition in four
volumes of his old testament translations was
published in 1867-68. He died in Cambridge,
Mass. , June 3, 1868.
NOYES, Stephen Buttrick, librarian, was
born in Brookfield, Mass., Aug. 28, 1833 ; son of
the Rev. George Rapall and Eliza Wheeler
(Buttrick) Noyes. He was graduated at Harvard
in 1853, and removed to Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1857
to take charge of the library of the Brooklyn
Athenaeum which under his direction outgrew
its home and became the Mercantile library and
later the Brooklyn library. He assisted Ains
worth R. Spofford, the librarian of Congress,
Washington, D.C, 1866-68, and in 1871-81 pre
pared a complete cross-reference catalogue of
the 60,000 volumes in the Brooklyn library which
was published in 1881 and accepted by librarians
of the United States and England as a model.
He died in Deland, Fla., March 8, 1885.
NOYES, Theodore William, editor, was born
in Washington, D.C, Jan. 26, 1858 ; son of Crosby
Stuart and Elizabeth Selina (Williams) Noyes.
He was graduated from Columbian university,

NOYES

NUNN ALLY

A.M., 1877, and from the Columbian Law school,
LL.B., 1882, LL.M., 1883. He was a reporter on
the Washington Star, 1877-8 1 ; practised law in
South Dakota, 1883-87, and assumed the editor
ship of the Washington Star in 1887. He was
chosen a trustee of the Columbian university in
1889 ; was elected president of the Alumni associa
tion in 1891 ; became president of the board of
trustees of the Washington Public library in
1896, and of the Washington board of trade in
1897. He is the author of : The National Capital
(1893); Newspaper Libels (1894) ; Notes of Travel
(1894); War of the Metals (1899); and Conditions
in the Philippines (1900).
NOYES, William Curtis, jurist, was born in
Schodack, Rensselaer county, N.Y., Aug. 19,
1805 ; son of George and  (Friend) Noyes,
and a descendant of the Rev. James and Sarah
(Brown) Noyes. The Rev. James Noyes, a na
tive of Cholderton, Wiltshire, England, immi
grated to America in 1634, and settled in Newbury,
Mass., in 1635. William Curtis Noyes studied
law in Albany, N.Y., 1819, and with Judge
S. B. Ludlow, in Nassau, N.Y., 1820-21. He re
moved to Whitesboro, Oneida, county, with his
parents, completed his law studies under Henry
R. Storrs, and was admitted to the bar in 1827.
He practised in Rome, N.Y., and afterward in
Utica, was district attorney of Oneida county,
and removed to New York city in 1838. He was
a commissioner with Alexander W. Bradford and
David Dudley Field to codify the laws of the
state, 1857-64 ; was the defeated Republican can
didate for attorney-general of the state in 1857,
and was appointed by the state legislature a
member of the Peace commission in 1861. He
was one of the popular Republican candidates
for the nomination to the U.S. senate in 1861,
and was prominently supported as an available
successor to Chief-Justice Taney in 1864. He
was said to have no equal as an equity lawyer
and as a cross-examiner. He served on the
executive committee of the American Temperance
union; was a member of the charitable committee,
and was also president of the New England
society. Hamilton college gave him the honor
ary degree of LL.D. in 1856, and he bequeathed
to that institution his valuable law library,
containing over 5000 volumes. He died in New
York city, Dec. 25, 1864.
NUCKOLLS, William Thompson, representa
tive, was born near Hancockville, on the Pacolet
river, Union district, S.C, Feb. 23, 1801 ; son of
John and Nancy (Thompson) Nuckolls, and grand
son of John and Agatha (Bullock) Nuckolls of Vir
ginia, who removed to Spartanburg district, S.C,
about 1770 and made the settlement of Whig Hill.
John Nuckolls, Sr., joined the patriots, and about
1779 was killed by the Tories while at a mill, his

[40]

young son John, who was with him, escaping.
The family was of English origin. William
Thompson Nuckolls was graduated at South
Carolina college in 1820, and became a lawyer at
Spartanburg C.H., S.C. He was admitted to
the bar in 1823, and was a friend of John C. Cal
houn, who said of him that he was one of the
best informed men in public life. He was a
representative from the ninth South Carolina
district in the 20th, 21st and 22d congresses, 1827-
33. He married his cousin, Susan Dawkins, and
they had no children. He died on his plantation
near Hancockville, S.C, Sept. 27, 1855.
NUNN, David Alexander, representative, was
born in Haywood county, Tenn., July 26, 1833 ;
son of David and Alice (Koonce) Nunn, both na
tives of North Carolina. David A. Nunn was a
student at the College of West Tennessee, Jack
son ; was graduated from the Lebanon Law
school in 1853, and began practice at Browns
ville, Tenn. He was married in 1853 to Mary E.
Thompson, who died in 1873, and secondly, in
1875, to Tennessee Whitehead of Haywood
county. He was a member of the Whig and Re
publican party, and was a presidential elector on
the Bell and Everett ticket in 1860, and on the
Lincoln and Johnson ticket in 1864. Immediately
after the war he was elected state senator. He
represented Haywood county in the state legisla
ture, 1866-67 ; was the Republican representative
from the Memphis district in the 40th congress,
1868-69 ; was defeated for the 41st congress in
1868, and represented the ninth district of Tenn
essee in the 43d congress, 1873-75. He was ap
pointed by President Grant U.S. minister resi
dent to Equador in 1875. He was secretary of
the state of Tennessee, 1881-85, and collector of
internal revenue for the fifth district of Tenn
essee, 1889-93 and 1897-1901. He resigned in 1901,
after the death of President McKinley, and -re
sumed the practice of law at Brownsville, Tenn.
NUNNALLY, Gustavus Alonzo, educator, was
born in Walton county, Ga., March 24, 1841 ; son
of William Branch and Mary Hale (Talbot) Nun-
nally, and grandson of John Nunnally. His
father and mother were born in Virginia and set
tled in Walton county, Va., in 1819. He was
graduated at the University of Georgia in 1859,
the youngest man to receive a diploma in the .
history of the university ; was married, Nov. 23,
1859, to Mary, daughter of Ralph Briscoe, of Wal
ton county, Ga.; was professor of mathematics in
Hamilton Female college, 1859-61, and principal
of the Johnston institute, 1861-68. He was
quartermaster of the 9th Georgia militia, Col. P.
H. Mell ; entered the Baptist ministry in 1865,
and preached in Walton and the surrounding
counties, 1865-76, also engaging in farming, in
editing the Southern Witness and as superintend-

NURSE

NUTTALL

MEfl<ER UNIVERSITY.

ent of schools for Walton county. He was pastor
at Rome, Ga., 1875-84, superintended the church
building department of the Southern Baptist
church, 1884-85, pastor at Eufaula, Ala., 1885-87,
and at Anniston, Ala., 1887-89. He was presi-
j_ dent of Mercer uni
versity, Macon, Ga.,
as successor to Dr.
Archibald J. Battle,
1889-92, and during
his term of service
raised money for
new buildings, which
doubled the capaci
ty of the univer
sity. He resumed
ministerial duties as
pastor of the Baptist
church at Memphis,
Tenn., in 1892, and
in 1895 at La Grange,
Ga., where he also
assumed the presidency of the Southern Female
college. He received the degree of D.D. from
Mercer in 1883, and was a trustee of the univer
sity for fifteen years.
NURSE, Amos, senator, was born in Bolton,
Mass., Dec. 17, 1794; son of Jonathan and Ruth
(Barrett) Nourse ; grandson of David and Rebecca
(Barrett) Nourse, and a descendant of Francis
and Rebecca (Towne) Nourse, Salem, Mass.,
immigrants. He was graduated at Harvard,
A.B., 1812, A.M., 1815, and M.D., 1817. He
practised in Wiscasset, Me., in that year, and
removed to Hallowell, where he was postmaster,
and to Bath in 1845. He was a lecturer on obstet
rics in Bowdoin college, 1846-54, and professor of
obstetrics there, 1854-66. He was collector of cus
toms at Bath, by appointment of President Polk,
1845-46, and was elected U.S. senator to fill the
unexpired term of Hannibal Hamlin, who re
signed, Feb. 6, 1857, to accept the governorship
¦of Maine, and served to the close of the term,
March 3, 1857. He was elected judge of probate
of Sagadahoc county in 1860. He died in Bath,
Maine, April 17, 1877.
NUTT, Cyrus, educator, was born in Trum
bull county, Ohio, Sept. 4, 1814. He was grad
uated at Allegheny college, MeadviUe, Pa., in
1831 ; was principal of the preparatory depart
ment of Allegheny college, 1831-37 ; 'of Indiana
Asbury (now De Pauw) university, Greencastle,
Ind., 1837-38; professor of Latin and Greek
languages, 1838-42 ; of the Greek and Hebrew
languages, 1842-43; of Greek language and litera
ture, 1846-49, and of mathematics, 1857-60. He
was pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church at
Bloomington Station, Ind., 1843-45, and at Salem,
Ind. , 1845-47 ; president of Fort Wayne Female

college, 1849, and of Whitewater college, Wayne
county, 1850-55. He resigned in 1855, and was
presiding elder of the Richmond district, Ind.,
1855-57. He was acting president of De Pauw
university, 1857-59, and a trustee of the corpora
tion, 1851-57, and president of Indiana university
at Bloomington, 1860-75, being formally inau
gurated, June 7, 1861. 'He was married, April
26,1838, to Amanda Standiford of Greencastle, Ind.
He received the degree D.D. from Allegheny
college and from Ohio Wesleyan university in
1859, and LL.D. from the University of Missouri
and from Hanover college, Indiana, in 1873.
He died in Bloomington, Ind., Aug. 23, 1875.
NUTTALL, Thomas, botanist, was born in
Long Preston, Settle, Yorkshire, England, Jan.
5, 1786. He was apprenticed to the printer's
trade, was a journeyman printer under his uncle
in Liverpool for several years, and then went to
London, where he
was unsuccessful. He
immigrated to Phil
adelphia, Pa., in 1807,
where Prof. Benja
min Smith Barton
encouraged him to
engage in scientific
study and became his
instructor. He made
a trip along the coasts
of Delaware, Mary
land, Virginia and
¦North Carolina, and
on his return visit
ed the region of the
upper Missouri river
with John Bradbury, the Scotch naturalist, on
a collecting tour, 1809-11, when Bradbury was
captured by the Indians, but effected his escape.
Mr. Nuttall remained in Philadelphia during the
winters of the next eight years, studying the
collections made in his summer excursions, east
of the Mississippi, from the Great .Lakes to
Florida. He lectured on botany to classes in
Philadelphia, 1820-22, and was lecturer on
natural history and curator and director of the
botanic garden, Harvard college, 1825-34. He
made a journey over the Rocky Mountains
to the Columbia river in 1834, spent two
months in 1835 in the Sandwich Islands, and
the spring and summer of 1835 on- the Pacific
coast, returning to the Sandwich Islands and
reaching Philadelphia, October, 1835. He returned
to England in December, 1841, and made a visit of
six months in the United States, 1847-48. He
received the honorary degree A.M. from Har
vard in 1826; was a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the
American Philosophical society and Academy of

J%yf<Me.

[41]

NUTTALL

NYE

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and a fellow
of the Linnsean Society of London. His first
biographer, Elias Durand, said that he personally
had made more discoveries in the botany of
North America and described more new genera
and species, with the exception of Prof. Asa
Gray, than any other man. He contributed to
the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
and is the author of : ifie Genera of North
American Plants and a Catalogue of the Species
to 1817 (2 vols., 1818); A Journal of Travels into
the Arkansas Territory during the Year 1819
(1821); Manual of the Ornithology ofthe United
States and Canada. I. Land Birds (1832), II.
Water Birds (1834), and The North American
Sylva, or a Description of the Forest Trees of the
United States, Canada and Nova Scotia, not
described in the Works of Francois Andre
Michaux (3 vols., 1842-49). He died in St. Helens,
Lancashire, England, Sept. 10, 1859.
NUTTALL, Zelia, archaeologist, was born in
San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 6, 1858; daughter of
Dr. Robert Kennedy and Magdalina (Parrott)
Nuttall, and granddaughter of John Parrott of
Baltimore and San Francisco. Her father was
a native of Tittour, Ireland, a scientist, and a
naturalized citizen of the United States. She
was educated in England, Germany and France,
and was married in 1880 to Alphonse Louis Pinart
of Paris, from whom she was separated in 1882 and
divorced in 1885, when she resumed her maiden
name. She traveled extensively and devoted
herself to the study of Mexican antiquities, her
first essay being published in 1886. In the same
year she was appointed honorary special assistant
at the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology
Jtand Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. , and was subse
quently elected fellow of the American Associa
tion for the Advancement of Science, member
of the American Philosophical society and an
honorary member of several other American and
foreign scientific societies. She is the author of
a number of papers on Mexican archaeology, her
publications including : The Fundamental Princi
ples of Old and New World Civilisations (vol. II.
Peabody Museum Papers), and the Codex Nuttall,
the second important ancient Mexican manu
script brought to light and edited by her, and
which was named for her by the Peabody
Museum, in recognition of her scientific labors.
NUTTING, Newton W., representative, was
born in West Monroe, Oswego county, N.Y., Oct.
22, 1840. He practised law in Oswego, 1861-89 ;
was a school commissioner, 1864-67 ; district
attorney, 1869-72 ; county judge, 1878-83, and was
a Republican representative from the twenty-
seventh New York district in the 48th and 50th
congresses, serving, 1883-85 and 1887-89. He died
iu Oswego, N.Y., Oct. 15, 1889.

NYE, Edgar Wilson, humorist, was born at
Shirley, Maine, Aug. 25, 1850. He removed to
St. Croix county, Wis., with his parents in 1852;
attended the public schools and an academy at
River Falls, Wis. ; removed to Wyoming Ter
ritory ; studied law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1876. He was married, March 7, 1877, to
Clara Frances Smith. He abandoned the law to
enter journalism and wrote humorous articles
for The Cheyenne Sun, under the pen name " Bill
Nye." He was a reporter on the Tribune, Den
ver, Col., and established The Daily Boomerang
at Laramie city, Wyo., in 1881, which he edited,
1881-85. He was a member of the territorial
legislature, postmaster of Laramie city, a justice
of the peace, superintendent of public schools and
a commissioner. He removed to Hudson, Wis.,
in 1885, and thence to New York, where, with
James Whitcomb Riley, he engaged in filling
lyceum engagements, and in reading selections
from his works, afterward making lecture tours
throughout the Uuited States and Canada and
visiting Europe. He made his home near Ashe-
ville, N.C, 1893-96. He is the author of: Bill
Nye and the Boomerang (1881) ; Tlie Forty Liars
(1883) ; Baled Hay (1884) ; Bill Nye's Blossom
Rock (1885) ; Thinks and Remarks by Bill Nye
(1886) ; Bill Nye's Chestnuts Old and New (1889) ;
Fun, Wit and Poetry, in conjunction with James
Whitcomb Riley (1891) ; BillNye's History ofthe
United States (1894), and Bill Nye's History of
England (posthumous, 1896). He also contrib
uted a series of articles called his " Autobiog
raphies " to The Century (1892), and produced
a comedy, Tlie Cadi (1891), and with Paul M.
Potter The Stag Party (1895). He died near
Asheville, N.C, Feb. 22, 1896.
NYE, James Warren, senator, was born in De
Ruyter, N.Y., June 10, 1815 ; son of James Nye,
. a pioneer settler of Madison county. He was
educated in Cortland academy, Homer, N.Y.,
studied law in Troy, N.Y., and practised in Madi
son county. He was district attorney, 1839,
judge of Madison county. 1840-48, and was the
defeated antislavery candidate for representa
tive in the 31st congress in 1848. He practised
law in Syracuse, N. Y., 1848-57, and was the first
president of the Metropolitan board of police,
New York city, 1857-60. During the presidential
canvass of 1860 he made a tour of the west with
William H. Seward, speaking for Lincoln and
Hamlin. He was governor of Washoe (Nevada
Territory), 1861-64, and assisted in preparing
the territory for admission as a state in 1864. He
was elected by the first legislature of Nevada, U.S.
senator with William M. Stewart, and drew the
short term, serving, 1865-67, and was re-elected
for a full term, serving, 1867-73. He died at
White Plains, N.Y., Dec. 25, 1876.

[42]

OAKES

OATES

0.

OAKES, Urian, educator, was born in England
about 1631 ; son of Edward and Jane Oakes. His
parents immigrated to America in 1634, and set
tled in Cambridge, Mass., where he fitted for
college and engaged in preparing and publishing
astronomical calculations. He was graduated at
Harvard, A.B., 1649, A.M., 1652, and was a fellow
¦of Harvard, 1650-52, pursuing a course in theology.
He was ordained pastor of the church at Roxbury,
Mass., but after ministering tliere for » short
time, returned to England, where he was a minis
ter at Titchfield, Hampshire, until 1662. In the
latter year he was deprived of his living and for
bidden to preach, by the Bartholomew act, and
was made master of the school at Southwark.
'On the death of the Rev. Jonathan Mitchell, July
'9, 1668, he was called to the church in Cam
bridge, Mass., but the death of his wife and a
personal illness delayed his return to America
;and his ordination until Nov. 8, 1671. He was
made freeman in 1672, and preached the annual
election sermon in 1673. He was a fellow of
Harvard, 1672-73, resigned,
Sept. 15, 1673, and took an
important part in the contro
versy that led to the resigna
tion of President Leonard
Hoai' in 1674. He declined
re-election as a fellow until
*
March 15, 1674, the day on
which President Hoar resigned, when he was ap
pointed to succeed him, ,and entered into office
-as acting president, April 7, 1675. He declined,
however, to accept the full presidency until Feb.
'2, 1679-80, when he was inaugurated, serving
"until his death. He married Ruth, daughter of
William Ames. He published : Astronomical Cal-
•culations (1650); An Artillery Sermon (1672) ; An
Election Sermon (1673); An Elegy on the Death
¦of the Rev. Thomas Shepard of Charlestoivn
(1677), and other sermons. He died in Cam
bridge, Mass., July 25, 1681.
OAKLEY, Thomas Jackson, jurist, was born
in Duchess county, N.Y. , in 1783. He was gradua
ted at Yale in -1801, was admitted to the bar in
1804, and settled in practice in Poughkeepsie,
"N.Y. He was surrogate of Duchess county,
1810-12 ; a Federalist representative in the 13th
congress, 1813-15 ; a member of the state assem
bly in 1816, 1818 and 1820 ; attorney-general of
the state, 1819 ; was elected a Clinton Democratic
representative to the 20th congress in 1826, and
resigned his seat in congress in 1828, having
been appointed judge of the newly-organized
superior court of New York city. When the
court was reorganized in 1846 under the new
constitution, lie was elected the chief-justice

and held the office until his death. He received
the degree LL.D. from Union college in 1853.
He died in New York city, May 11, 1857.
OATES, William Calvin, governor of Alabama,
was born in Pike county, Ala., Dec. 1, 1835 ; son
of William and Sarah (Sellers) Oates ; grandson
of Stephen Oates and of Mathew Sellers, and
a descendant of Welsh ancestors oh the paternal
side, and of Irish and French ancestors on the
maternal side. His father, a native of South
Carolina, removed to Montgomery, Ala., in 1828
and soon after to Pike county, where be became
a planter, and married in 1834. William led a
roving life in Louisiana and Texas, 1851-55, en
gaged in teaching school in Henry county, Ala.,
attended the high school at Lawrenceville, and
studied law inEufaula, Ala., 1855-58. He was
admitted to the bar in the winter of 1858-59, and
practised in Abbeville, 1859-61. He edited a
Democratic newspaper in 1860, and in 1861 entered
the Confederate arm}-, as captain in the 15th
Alabama infantry. He served in twenty-seven
of the forty engagements of this regiment and
commanded the regiment from the battle of
Sharpsburg until he was transferred to the 48th
Alabama infantry, July 1, 1864, having been
promoted colonel in April, 1863. He was
wounded six times and lost his right arm at
Fussell's Mills, near Richmond, Va., Aug 16, 1864,
which prevented his further advancement in the
armj'. He resumed his law practice in Abbeville
in 1865 ; was a delegate to the Democratic
national convention in New York in 1868 ; a rep
resentative in the Alabama legislature, 1870-72,_
serving as chairman of the committee on ways
and means, and was chairman of the judiciary
committee of the state constitutional convention
of 1875. He was married. March 28, 1882, to
Sallie, daughter of Col. Washington Toney of
Eufaula. He was a Democratic representative
from the third Alabama district in the 47th-53d
congresses, 1891-94, resigning in November, 1894,
on being elected governor of the state, which office
he held, 1895-96. He was a
candidate for U.S. senator in
1897, but was defeated by the
Free Silver wing of the party,
was commissioned by Presi
dent McKinley brigadier-gen
eral of U.S. volunteers, May
28, 1898, and served in the
Spanish-American war. He was elected from
the state at large a delegate to the Alabama
constitutional convention in April. 1901, in
which body he had a leading part during its
four months' session. He engaged in the practice
of his profession in Montgomery, Ala.

|43]

OBENCHAIN

O'BRIEN

OBENCHAIN, William Alexander, educator,
was born in Buchanan, Va., April 27, 1841 ; son
of Thomas Jefferson and Elizabeth Ann. (Sweet-
land) Obenchain. His mother was a lineal
descendant of William Sweetland, captain of
the ship James trading between London, England,
and New York, 1678-79, who settled in Salem,
Conn . , before the beginning of the eigh teenth cen
tury, and the family intermarried with the Van
Meterens,an old Knickerbocker family, and with
the Bordens and Becks. On the paternal side he
descended from Reinhold Abendschon from the
Palatinate, Germany, who settled in Berks
county, Pa., in 1749, and from the Goulds of New
England. William was graduated at the
Virginia Military institute with the first honors of
the class of 1861. He served as instructor in light
artillery at Camp Lee, Richmond, Va., April,
1861 ; was appointed 2d lieutenant of artillery in
the Confederate army ; was transferred to the
corps of engineers in September, 1861, contrary
to his wishes ; was ordered to the Department of
the Cape Fear, N.C, under Gens. S. G. French
and W. H. C. Whiting, and to the Army of
Northern Virginia in 1864. He served on the
right flank of the Confederate army at Petersburg,
and subsequently constructed the defence be
tween the Newmarket and Williamsburg roads,
where he was promoted captain of the corps of
engineers by General Lee, for " efficiency and
meritorious conduct." He was professor of
mathematics and of civil and military engineering
in the Hillsboro Military academy, N.C, 1866-68 ;
professor of mathematics and commandant of
cadets in the Western Military acadamy, under
Gen. E. Kirby Smith, at Newcastle, Ky., 1868-70,
and professor of German and French and com
mandant of cadets in the University of Nashville,
Tenn., 1870-73. He engaged in civil engineering
and the real estate business in Texas, 1873-78,
became professor of mathematics in Ogden
college, Bowling Green, Ky., in 1878, and was
elected president of that institution in 1883. He
was married, July 8, 1885, to Eliza Hall, daughter
of Thomas Chalmers and Margaret (Younglove)
Calvert of Bowling Green, Ky., author of " Sally
Ann's Experience " and other short stories under
the pen name " Eliza Calvert Hall." He was
elected a member of the American Institute of
Civics in 1887 ; of the American Academy
of Political and Social Science in 1891 ; of the
British Economic association in 1892 ; hon
orary member of the • American Whig Society
of the College of New Jersey in 1883, and one of
the honorary vice-presidents and secretary ofthe
Department Congress of Higher Education,
World's Columbian exposition, in 1893. He re
ceived the honorary degree A.M. from Centre
college, Ky., in 1885.

[44]

OBER, Frederick Albion, author, was born in
Beverly, Mass., Feb. 13, 1849 ; son of Andrew K.
and Sarah (Hadlock) Ober; grandson of Andrew
and Sarah (Smith) Ober, and of Elijah and Hui-
dah (Herrick) Hadlock, and seventh in direct de
scent from Richard Ober, who emigrated from
England to Massachusetts and settled in Beverly
in 1663. Frederick Albion Ober attended the
public school, and in 1862 engaged in business.
He attended the Massachusetts Agricultural col
lege for one year and thereafter devoted himself
to the study of natural history, exploring the
Lake Okeechobee region of Florida, 1872-74 ;
making an ornithological exploration of the
southern West Indies in 1876-78 and 1880, where
he collected birds for the Smithsonian Institution,
and discovered twenty-two new species. He
visited Mexico in 1881, 1883 and 1885, gather
ing material for several books, and traveled in
Spain and northern Africa in 1888, South America
in 1889, and in the West Indies again in 1891-92,
as commissioner for the Columbian exposition.
He lectured on Mexico and the West Indies for
nearly ten years in various parts of the country.
He is the author of : Camps in the Caribbees (1879);
Young Folks' History of Mexico (1882); The Silver
City (1882) ; Travels in Mexico (1883) • Mexican
Resources, A Guide to and Through Mexico
(1885); Montezuma's Gold Mines (1885); The
Knockabout Club in the Antilles, Everglades, etc.
(6 vols., 1887-92) ; In the Wake of Columbus (1893);
Josephine, Empress of the French (1895) ; Under
the Cuban Flag (1896); My Spanish Sweetheart
(1897); Crusoe's Island (1898); Puerto-Rico and
Its Resources- (1899); A Brief History of Spain
(1899); History of the West Indies (1900); The .
Last of the Arrawaks (1901); Tommy Foster's Ad
ventures (1901), and contributions to magazines.
O'BRIEN, Fitz=James, author, was born in
county Limerick, Ireland, in 1828. His father
was an attorney-at-law. He was educated at the
University of Dublin, and then went to London,
where in the course of two years he spent his in
heritance amounting to about £8,000. While in
college he wrote verse, edited a paper in London,
1851, and in 1852 came to the United States, where
he contributed to the Lantern, edited by John
Brougham, and to the leading literary magazines
and newspapers. He wrote for J. W. Wallack " A
Gentleman from Ireland ; " prepared " The Ty
coon " for Laura Keene's theater, and traveled as
a literary assistant with H. L. Bateman. He.
joined the 7th regiment, N. G. S. N. Y., and
marched with the regiment to Washington, D.C,
returning to New York with tlie rank of captain
after six weeks' service. He then engaged in
recruiting for McClellan's volunteer rifles;
was appointed on the staff of General Lander
with the rank of lieutenant, and served with him

O'BRIEN

OCHS

in Virginia until fatally wounded in a skirmish
with Col. Ashby's Confederate cavalry, Feb. 26,
1862. His poems Loch Lie and Irish Castles were
published anonymously in Ballads of Ireland
(1856) . See The Poems and Stories of Fitz- James
O'Brien with Personal Recollections by his Asso
ciates, edited by William Winter (1881). He
died in Cumberland, Va., April 6, 1862.
O'BRIEN, William Shoney, capitalist, was
born in Abbeyleix, Ireland, about 1825. He im
migrated to New York city in his early youth
and removed to California upon the discovery of
gold in 1849. He engaged in mining, and in 1851
established a liquor saloon in San Francisco, sub
sequently entering the ship chandlery business.
In 1854 he formed a partnership with James C.
Flood in the restaurant and saloon business, which
he continued until 1867, when they engaged ex
clusively in mining. They soon acquired im
mense wealth, becoming two of the four "Bo
nanza princes," and with J. G. Fair and John W.
Mackay controlled the "Bonanza" mines of
Nevada. His fortune was estimated as $20,000,-
000. He .died in San Rafael, Cal., May 2, 1878.
OCHILTREE, Thomas Peck, representative,
was born in Nacogdoches, Texas, Oct. 26, 1842 ;
son of Judge William B. andNovaline (Kennard)
Peck Ochiltree. When a boy he volunteered in
Capt. John G. Walker's company of Texas Rang
ers and marched
to the frontier against
the Apache and Co
manche Indians. He
was admitted to the
bar by special act of
the legislature of
Texas, being non-age ;
was editor of the
Jeffersonian at Jef
ferson , Texas ; a de
legate to the Demo
cratic national con
vention at Charleston
and Baltimore, 1860 ;
witnessed the sur
render of Fort Sumter
in 1861, and entered the Confederate service as a
private in the Marshall guards, 1st Texas infantry,
which became a part of the Texas battalion, com
manded by Lieut.-Col. Louis T. Wigfall. He was
subsequently assigned to the 1st Texas infantry
in Hood's brigade, Army of Northern Virginia.
He was on the staff of Gen. H. H. Sibley in
the Army of New Mexico, and was mentioned
for gallantry in official reports. He was sent to
Richmond with important dispatches and joined
the staff of General Longstreet as assistant
adjutant-general, serving in the battle of Seven
Pines and in the seven days' battles around

[45]

Richmond, On returning to the lower Missis
sippi, he was made chief of General Sibley's
staff, and afterward was assigned to Gen. Richard
Taylor, taking part in the campaign that led to
the capture of Brashear City, La. He was en
gaged under orders of Gen. S. B. Mnxey in the
battle of Poison Springs, Ark., and with General
Raines in the defence of Richmond, Va. , 1864. At
Sailor's Creek, Va., April 6, 1865, he was wounded
and captured. He visited Europe, 1865-66 ; was
editor of the Daily Telegraph, Houston, Texas,
1866 ; visited Europe again, 1867, securing a line
of direct steamers from Galveston, and was made
commissioner of emigration for Texas. He was
U.S. marshal under General Grant for Texas.
He was a representative from the seventh dis
trict of Texas in the 48th congress, 1883-85, and
at the end of his term removed to New York
city, and became one of the counsel for the
Mackay-Bennett cable company.
OCHILTREE, William Beck, jurist, was born
in Fayetteville, Cumberland county, N. C, Oct.
11, 1811 ; son of David and Lucy (Beck) Ochil
tree ; grandson of Malcolm Hugh Ochiltree, and
a descendant of Malcolm Hugh Ochiltree, who
was on the personal staff of Prince Charles Ed
ward, and who came to America after the defeat
of the Stuarts, and settled in North Carolina
about 1746. He was admitted to the bar. He
went to Florida, and thence to Alabama, where he
was married in 1834 to Novaline, daughter of
James Kennard, and widow of Thomas Peck.
He became a distinguished lawyer, and in 1839
removed to Nacogdoches, Texas. He was an
associate judge of the supreme court, attorney-
general and secretary of the treasury of the
Republic of Texas. He was a member of the
constitutional convention of Texas in 1845, and
was appointed one of the first district judges of
the state in 1846. He was the leader for years
of the Whig party in Texas and a representative
in the state legislature, 1855-56 ; chairman of
the judiciary committee and also of public debt,
and made a famous speech on a bill to pay
Samuel Swartout of New York the interest on
$16,000 advanced by him in fitting out expedi
tions for the relief of Texas during her struggle
for independence. He was elected a representa
tive to the Confederate States congress in 1861,
and resigned therefrom to become colonel of the
18th Texas infantry. He died at Marshall, Texas,
in December, 1867.
OCHS, Adolph S., journalist, was born in
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 12, 1858 ; son of Julius
and Bertha (Levy) Ochs, both natives of Ger
many, who came to America in 1844. His father
enlisted for the Mexican war, was a Federal
officer in the civil war, was honorably discharged
as captain in the 52d Ohio volunteers, and removed

OCHS

O'CONNOR

with his family in 1865 to Knoxville, Tenn.
Adolph was given a common school education, and
in 1869 when the Knoxville Daily Chronicle was
established, went to work as newspaper carrier. In
1871-72 he was employed in Providence, R.I.,
where he also attend
ed night school. Re
turning to Knoxville,
he was a clerk in a
drug store in 1872 ;
was engaged in the
office of the Chronicle,
1872-75 ; was in the
job office department
of the Courier-Jour
nal, Louisville, Ky.,
1875-76 ; assistant
foreman of the com
posing room of the
Knoxville Daily Trib-
(j[Q!L0-d^i/l&LJ£kyK^ une, 1876-77, and in
\J May, 1877, became
connected with the Daily Dispatch, Chattanooga,
where he filled successively every position, in
cluding that of editor-in-chief. In 1878 he
published a city directory of Chattanooga and
in July of that year purchased half interest
in the Chattanooga Daily Times, established in
1869, and assumed complete control, buying out
the remaining half interest in 1871. In 1879 he
established the Tradesman, which became the
leading commercial paper of the southwest.
Under his management the Chattanooga Times
won the soubriquet of "The Times that made
Chattanooga." In 1883 he married Iphegenia
Miriam, youngest daughter of the Rev. Dr. Isaac
M. Wise of Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1892 the Times
building at Chattanooga, costing nearly $200,000,
was erected. At the meeting of the National
Editorial association at St. Paul, Minn., in 1891,
he delivered an address on the subject of " Interior
Dailies," which attracted much attention. He
was for some years a member of the Chattanooga
board of education. He organized the Southern
Associated Press, and in 1883 became its seoretary
and treasurer. In 1896 he became publisher and
controlling owner of the New York Times, and
changed his residence to New York city, but
continued the ownership of the business at
Chattanooga. In 1901 he purchased and became
the owner of the Philadelphia Times, which he
placed under the management of his brother,
George Washington Oohs, and in July, 1902, paid
over $2,500,000 to the heirs of George W. Childs
for the Public Ledger. During the Paris exposi
tion (1900) he published daily at the exposition
a European edition of the New York Times, one
of the most important and expensive American
exhibits.

[46]

OCHTMAN, Leonard, artist, was born in
Zonnemaire, Zeeland, Holland, Oct. 21, 1854;
son of John and Hendricka (Fonteine) Ochtman.
His father, a decorative painter, settled in
Albany, N.Y., with his family in 1866. Leonard
was a draughtsman in an engraving office, 1870-
77, opened a studio in' Albany in 1877, and in
1879 removed it to New York city, where, in the
winter of the latter year, he took a course of
study at the Art Students' league. He traveled
in England, France and Holland, making studies
of landscapes during the summer of 1885. He
was married in 1891 to Mina Fonda, one of his
pulpils, and the same year established a summer
school of landscape painting at Mianus, Conn.
i'He exhibited Early Autumn at the National
Academy of Design in 1882, becoming a regular
exhibitor there as well as at the prominent art
exhibitions throughout the country. He was
elected an associate of the National Academy of
Design ; a member of the Society of American
Artists, the American Water-Color society, the
New York Water-Color club, the Salmagundi
club, the Brooklyn Art club and the Society of
Landscape Painters ; and received medals and
other honors for his work.
O'CONNELL, Eugene, R. C bishop, was born
in the Parish of Kings Court, county Meath,
Ireland, June 18, 1815. He attended the diocesan
college at Navan, and was prepared for the
priesthood in St. Patrick's college at Maynooth,
Ireland, where he was ordained in June, 1842.
He was a professor in Navan college and after
ward in the missionary college of All Hallows.
Later he came to the United States, where he
engaged in missionary work in California, sub
sequently serving as president of Santa Inez
college, Santa Barbara county, and then of St.
Thomas's theological seminary. He returned to
Ireland in 1860. On Sept. 26, 1860, he was elected
titular bishop of " Flaviopolis " and vicar
apostolic of Marysville, Cal., which included the
territory of Nevada, and the upper half of Cali
fornia, and he was consecrated in the chapel of
All Hallows college, Dublin, Feb. 3, 1861, by
Archbishop Paul Cullen of Dublin. He arrived
at Marysville, June 8, 1861, and was inducted in
St. Joseph's cathedral by Archbishop Alemany,
June 9, 1861. He was translated to the new see
of Grass Valley, Cal., formed out of his vicariate,
as bishop, Feb. 3, 1868, and resigned, March 17,
1884, receiving the title "Bishop of Joppa," in
partibus infidelium. He died at Los Angeles,
Cal.. Dec. 4. 1891.
O'CONNOR, James, R. C bishop, was born in
Queenstnwn. Ireland. Sept. 10, 1823. He came to
the United States in 1839, with his brother,
Michael O'Connor, and was educated in the semin
ary of St. Charles Borromeo at Philadelphia, Pa.,

O'CONNOR

O'CONNOR

of which his brother was president. He took his
theological course in the Urban college, Rome,
Italy, where he was ordained by Cardinal Fran-
soni, March 25, 1848. He was engaged in mis
sionary labors in the diocese of Pittsburg, Pa.,
1850-51 ; was superior of St. Michael's theologi
cal and preparatory seminary at Pittsburg, Pa.,
1857-63, and was director and professor of phil
osophy, moral theology and ecclesiastical history
in the seminary of St. Charles Borromeo in 1863.
During his directorship he made a tour of Europe
and on his return became rector of St. Dominic's
church at Holmesburg, Pa. He was elected bish
op of " Dibona " and vicar apostolic of Nebraska,
June 30, 1876, and was consecrated, Aug. 20, 1876,
at the seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, by Co
adjutor Bishop Ryan of St. Louis, Mo. He in
troduced the Jesuits and Franciscans into the
vicariate apostolic, established Creighton college
in 1879, and attended the plenary council in
Baltimore, Md., in 1884. The vicariate apostolic
of Nebraska had been established, Jan. 6, 1857,
and was erected into the diocese of Omaha,
Oct. 2, 1885, and through his efforts the diocese
had eighty-seven priests, fourteen chapels and
several religious and educational institutions.
He died in Omaha, Neb., May 27, 1890.
O'CONNOR, Michael, R. C. bishop, was born
at Queenstown, county Cork, Ireland, Sept. 27,
1810. He attended the grammar school of
Queenstown, and was an altar-boy in the cathe
dral. He was prepared for the priesthood in
France, and at the
College of the Propa
ganda, Rome, where
he was ordained, June
1, 1833. He served as
professor of sacred
scripture and as vice-
rector of the Irish
Ecclesiastical college
in Rome, 1833-34,
and was placed at a
small mission at Cove,
county Cork, Ireland,
in 1834. He was
chaplain and confes
sor to the Presenta
tion convent, Done-
raile, 1837-38. On the invitation of Bishop
Kenrick he immigrated to the United States
in 1839, taking with him liis younger brother
James. He was a professor in the ecclesiastical
seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, Philadelphia,
Pa., and afterward its president, with the
care of the missions of Norristown and West
Chester. He built the church of St. Francis
Xavier at Fairmount. and in 1841 became rector
of St. Paul's church, Pittsburg, and vicar-general

of the western section of the see of Philadelphia,.
which during his service was augmented by sev
eral new schools, churches and charitable insti
tutions. In 1843 he went to Rome to gain the
consent of Pope Gregory XVI to join the Society
of Jesus, but instead he was chosen bishop of the
newly created diocese of Pittsburg, established
Aug. 8, 1843, and when he knelt before the pope
was forbidden to rise until he accepted the bish
opric. He was consecrated bishop of Pittsburg,
.Pa., in the church St. Agatha at Rome, Aug. 15,
1843, by Cardinal Filippo Fransoni, Prefect of the
Propaganda, and on his way back to the United
States passed through Ireland, where he obtained
candidates for holy orders and seven sisters of
the order of Our Lady of Mercy. Notwithstand
ing the fact that his diocese had a Roman Catho
lic population of 25,000, thirty-three churches
and fourteen priests, there were but two religious
institutions. In 1844 he established a church for
colored Roman Catholics ; a school for boys and
another for young ladies, and St. Michael's Theo
logical seminary. He also founded and became
editor of the Catholic in 1844. He went to Rome
in 1845, and returned with four Presentation
Brothers, who established the order of St. Bene
dict in the United States and took charge of the
boys' school. He visited Europe in 1852, and
brought back a colony of Passionists, who opened
their first house in the United States in Pittsburg.
He was transferred to the see of Erie, established
out of the diocese of Pittsburg, July 29, 1853, and
was returned to Pittsburg, Feb. 20, 1854. In 1854
lie again went to Rome, where he took an impor
tant part in revising the definition of the dogma
of the Immaculate Conception. He completed
St. Paul's cathedral, one of the largest in the
United States, in 1855, and in May, 1860, he ten
dered his resignation as bishop, which was ac
cepted, May 23, 1860. He entered the Jesuit mon
astery of Gorheim, Germany, and after two years
was permitted by special dispensation to take the
four vows at once, when at his own request all
episcopal faculties were withdrawn. He returned
to the United States ; was professor of theology
in Boston college, Massachusetts ; socius of the
Provincial of the Jesuits, and preached and lec
tured in the principal cities of the country. He
retired to the College of the Society of Jesus at
Woodstock, Md., early in 1872, where he resided
until his death. He published a series of letters
addressed to the governor of Pennsylvania, on the
Common School System- (1853). He died in
Woodstock. Md., Oct. 18, 1872.
O'CONNOR, William Douglas, author, was
born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 2, 1833. He attended
the public schools ; studied painting ; was asso
ciate editor of the Boston Commonwealth, 1852-
54 ; of the Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia,

[47]

O'CONOR

O'CONOR

1854-60 ; corresponding clerk of the light-house
board, Washington, 1861-73, and chief clerk,
1873-74 ; librarian of the U.S. treasury depart
ment, 1874-78 ; assistant general superintendent
of the U.S. life-saving service, 1878-89, and wrote
their annual reports. He was married in 1856 to
Ellen M. Tarr of Boston. He was a radical in
politics, religion and social, ethics. When Walt
Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" was under ban
in Boston, he vindicated him in Tlie Good Gray
Poet (1866). He also supported the claim of the
Shakespeai'e plays being written by Francis Ba
con. He contributed to magazines and news
papers, is the author of poems : To Fanny ; To
Athos ; Tlie Shadow on the Wcdl ; Mabel ; The
Lost Land; Resurgemus, and Earl Lord, and also
the author of : Harrington, an antislavery ro
mance (1860); Hamlet's Note-Book, a reply to
Richard Grant White on the Bacon-Shakespeare
controversy (1886); Mr. Donnelly's Reviewers
(1889), and of popular imaginative short stories
published in the magazines. He died in Wash
ington, D.C, May 9, 1889.
O'CONOR, Charles, lawyer, was born in New
York city, Jan. 22, 1804 ; son of Thomas O'Con
nor (1770-1855), a native of county Roscommon,
Ireland, who came to the United States in 1801,
married a daughter of Hugh O'Conor, who
was not related to him, and became associated
with William Kernan in establishing a settle
ment in Steuben county, N.Y., on which he re
sided, 1805-06 ; and was editor, publisher and
author in New York city, 1812-55. Charles re
ceived a classical education under direction of his
father, and was a student at law, 1820-24, being
admitted to the bar in 1824, although non-age.
He changed the spelling of his name to conform
to ancient usage. He became one of the most
prominent lawyers in the United States, and his
practice included cases involving, for the time in
which he lived, the disposal of vast sums of
money. In 1848 he became a member of the
Directory of the Friends of Ireland, and he pre
sided at several of their meetings. He was the
Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor of
New York in 1848, and at the election received
3,000 more votes than the other candidates on the
ticket, but failed of election. He was counsel for
Mrs. Forrest in her suit for divorce against Edwin
Forrest, the actor, and in token of his service in
securing the divorce the friends of Mrs. Forrest
presented him with a silver vase, as did also his
fellow-members of the bar. He was counsel in
the Parrish will case in 1862, and in the Jumel
suit in 1871. He was U.S. district attorney for
New York under President Pierce, 1853-54, and
was married in 1854 to Mrs. Cornelia (Livingston)
McCracken. He was a State-rights Democrat,
and made a literal interpretation of the constitu

tes]

tion as giving no power to the general govern
ment to coerce a state. He defended Jefferson
Davis as his senior counsel when he was tried for
treason, and when the result of the trial enabled
the court to accept bail, he went on the bail-bond
with Gerrit Smith, Horace Greeley, Horace F.
Clark and Augustus Schell. He was elected
president of the Law institute of New York city
in 1869, and in his will bequeathed to the institute
the two vases presented to him in commemora
tion of his defence of Mrs. Forrest. He was
one of the chief prosecutors of William M. Tweed
in his trial in 1871, and was commissioned by
Governor Hoffman, with W. M. Evarts, James
Emott and Wheeler H. Peckham, a bureau of
municipal correction to recover the money taken.
The court of appeals in 1875 decreed that the
county and not the state of New York should have
brought suit, and Mr. O'Conor at once drafted
the Civil Remedies act, which passed the legisla
ture, but the slow progress made discouraged him
and called forth his book " Peculation Tri
umphant." He was nominated by the straight
Democratic national convention that met at
Louisville, Ky., Sept. 3, 1872, as the candidate for
president of the United States, with John Quincy
Adams of Massachusetts for vice-president ; and
in the general election in November the ticket
received 29,408 popular votes but secured no
elector. In the contest for electors between
Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes in
1877, each claiming a majority, Mr. O'Conor ap
peared before the electoral commission for Mr.
Tilden, and always claimed that his client was
cheated out of the election by fraud in the re
turns of Louisiana and Florida. He removed to
Nantucket, Mass., in 1881, and retired from public
life. He received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from Union college in 1865, and from Columbia in
1872. He is the author of : Peculation Triumph
ant, Being the Record of a Five Years' Campaign
against Official Malverism, A.D. 1871-75 (1875).
He died in Nantucket, Mass., May 12, 1884.
O'CONOR, John Francis Xavier, educator,
was born in New York city, Aug. 1, 1852 ; son of
Daniel and Jane (Lake) O'Conor, and a descendant
of Gen. William Lake. . He was graduated from
the College of St. Francis Xavier in 1872, and
joined the Society of Jesus the same year. He
studied English in London, 1874, and philosophy
in Louvain, Belgium, 1874-79 ; pursued oriental
studies at Johns Hopkins university, 1879, and
theology at Woodstock, 1883-87. He was profes
sor in West Park college, Georgetown university,
1880-82, in Boston university, 1883, was made pro
fessor of philosophy and of rhetoric and literature,
College of St. Francis Xavier, New York, in
1890, and was vice-president of the college, 1887-
88, and of Gonzaga college, Washington, D.C,

ODELL

ODELL

1901-1902. He lectured extensively on Christian
art, Greek art and the Wagner operas. He became
an author of international reputation in learned
circles ; was widely known as preacher, lecturer
and writer of classic English, and as an authority
on libraries and the care of books, and translated
the first Cuneiform inscription published in
America. He is the author of : Lyric and Dramatic
Poetry (1883); Babylonian Inscriptions of Nebu-
chadnezzer (1885) ; Garruccis Christian Art (1885);
Three Holy Lives (1888); Practice of Humility
(1890); LifeofSt. Aloysius (1891); Jesuit Missions
in America (1892) ; Reading and the Mind (1897) ;
Rhetoric and Oratory (1898); Facts about Book
worms (1898) ; Sacred Scenes and Mysteries (1898) ;
Autobiography of St. Ignatius (1900); Christ
the Man of God (1900), and of dramas, music
and poems.
ODELL, Benjamin Barker, governor of New
York, was born in Newburgh, N.Y., Jan. 14,
1854 ; son of Mayor Benjamin Barker and Ophelia
(Bookstaver) Odell ; grandson of Isaac and Mary
Ann (Barker) Odell and of Hiram and Catherine
(Kinebark) Booksta
ver ; great-grandson
of Col. William (1762-
1856) and Johanna
(Willsea) Odell, and
great2grandson of
Jonathan Odell (q.v.).
He attended the
public schools of
Newburgh, Bethany
college in West Vir
ginia, 1873, and Col
umbia college, New
York city, 1873-75,
but was not gradu
ated. He entered
business life in New
burgh in 1875, became vice-president of the
Odell ice company, and president of an electric
lighting enterprise, and was also interested
in the banking business. He was defeated for
supervisor and for state senator when quite
young ; represented the seventeenth New York
district on the Republican state committee,
1884-96, and was chairman of the state executive
committee, 1898-1900. He was elected Republican
representative from the seventeenth New York
district in the 54th and 55th congresses, 1895-99,
and was chairman of the committee on accounts
in the 55th congress. He declined renomination
to the 56th congress, 1898, proposed and sup
ported Theodore Roosevelt for governor of New
York in 1899, and when Roosevelt was nominated
for vice-president in 1900, became the Republican
candidate for governor. He was elected by a
plurality of 111,126, and was re-elected in 1902.

He was married, first, in 1877, to Estelle Crist
of Newburgh, N.Y., who died in 1888; and
secondly, in 1891, to Mrs. Linda (Crist) Trapha
gan, widow of Rensselaer Traphagan and sister
of his former wife.
ODELL, Jacob, soldier, was born in Green-
burg, N.Y., July 25, 1756; son of Abraham and
Rebecca (Dyckman) Odell ; grandson of Johannes
and Johannah (Vermilye) Odell, and a descendant
in the sixth generation of William Odell of Con
cord, Mass., 1639, Fairfield, Conn., 1644. Jacob
Odell served during the war of the Revolution in
Col. Samuel Drake's regiment. On the return
of peace he was commissioned brigadier-general
of New York state militia by Maj. -Gen. Morris,
and commanded the first brigade of horse artillery.
He married Ann, widow of Abraham Brevoort,
and daughter of David and Mary (Van Vleckeren)
Devoor. He lived at Yonkers, N.Y. , was member
of the state assembly, 1812-13, a Monroe presiden
tial elector in 1821, and a Jackson elector in
1829. He died at Yonkers, N.Y., in 1845.
ODELL, Jonathan, patriot, was bom in Tarry-
town, N.Y., Dec. 26, 1730 ; son of Johannes, Jr.,
and Johannah (Vermilye) Odell ; grandson of
John and Johanna (Turner) Odell ; great-grand
son of William, Jr. (1634-1700) and  (Vowles)
Odell, and great-grandson of William Odell,
who came from England to Concord, Mass., 1639,
and to Fairfield, Conn., 1644. Jonathan Odell
owned a large estate in the town of Greenburg,
N.Y., and the stone house in which he lived was
still standing in 1903. He served in Col. Samuel
Drake's regiment, Westchester county militia,
and in Col. Lewis Dubois's N.Y. state levies, and
was for a time held a prisoner in the Old Sugar
House prison, New York city. He married
Margaret, daughter of Jacob and Jannetie
(Kiersen) Dyckman, and had six sons and five
daughters. His son. Col. John Odell (1756-1835),
was an officer in Col. Morris Graham's regiment
in the American Revolution, and commissioned
lieutenant-colonel of militia by Gov. John Jay ;
another son, Abraham Odell (1760-1820), was
lieutenant in Col. Van Bergen's regiment, and a
member of the state assembly, 1801-05, 1807-10,
and another son, William Odell (1762-1856), served
in Van Bergen's regiment and became colonel of
Westchester militia. Jonathan Odell died in
Tarrytown, N.Y., Sept. 23, 1818.
ODELL, Moses Fowler, representative, was
born in Tarrytown, N.Y., Feb. 24,1818; son of
William Dyckman and Susanna (Fowler) Odell,
and grandson of William and Johanna (Willsea)
Odell. He attended the public school, and engaged
in mercantile pursuits until 1845, when he was
appointed an entry clerk in the New York custom
house. He was assistant collector of customs
for New York, 1855-57, and public appraiser,
[49]

ODENHEIMER

O'DONNELL

1857-61. He was a Democratic representative
from New York city in the 37th and 38th congress
es, 1861-65, and was chairman of the committee
on the treasury department. He was appointed
navy agent for the port of New York by Presi
dent Johnson in 1865, and held the office until
his death in Brooklyn, N.Y., June 13, 1866.
ODENHEIMER, William Henry, third bishop
of New Jersey and 66th in succession in the Amer
ican episcopate, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.,
Aug. 11, 1817 ; son of John W. Odenheimer. He
was graduated from the University of Pennsyl
vania, A.B., 1835, A.M., 1838, and from the Gen
eral Theological seminary, New York city, in
1838. He was admitted to the diaconate in 1838,
and was ordained priest in 1841. He was as
sistant rector, St. Peter's, Philadelphia, in 1840,
and rector, 1840-59. He visited Europe and the
Holy Land in 1851, and was elected bishop of New
Jersey in 1859, as successor to Bishop George W.
Doane, deceased, and was consecrated, Oct. 13,
1859, by Bishops Meade, McCoskry, Whittington,
Lee, Chase, Potter and Williams. Upon the
division of the diocese of New Jersey in 1874, he
became bishop of the new diocese of Northern
New Jersey and served until his death. It is es
timated that he confirmed 20,000 persons during
his episcopacy. He was married to Anna Debo
rah Randall, daughter of John B. Shaw, U.S.N.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by the University of Pennsylvania iu 1856.
He was joint editor of : Songs ofthe Spirit : Hymns
of Praise and Prayer to God and the Holy Ghost
(1871); made a special study of canon law, and is
the author of : Origin and Compilation of the
Prayer Book (1841); The Devout Churchman's
Companion (1841); The True Catholic no Ro
manist (1842); Thoughts on Immersion (1843);
The Young Churchman Catechised (1844) ; Bishop
Wliite's Opinions (1846); Essay on Canon Law
(1847) ; The Clergyman's Assistant in Reading the
Liturgy (1847); Tlie Private Prayer Book (1851);
Jerusalem and its Vicinity (1855). He died at
Burlington, N.J., Aug. 14, 1879.
ODIN, John Mary, archbishop, was born in
Ambieiie, France, Feb. 25, 1801. He joined the
Lazarist brotherhood, and in 1822 was sent as
a missionary to the United States and was ap
pointed to Missouri. He attended St. Mary's
seminary, Barrens, near St. Louis, Mo., and was
ordained priest, May 4, 1823, at the seminary by
Bishop Dubourg. He made a missionary journey
through Arkansas and Texas during the year
1823 ; was superior of St. Mary's seminary ; theo
logian to Bishop Rosati during the second council
held at Baltimore in 1833 ; was sent toEurope to
obtain assistance for missions ; attended the gen
eral assembly of the Lazarist order at Paris, as
deputy from the United States, and through his

intercession saved St. Mary's seminary from
suppression. He remained at the seminary till
1836, when he was made pastor of St. Vincent's,
Cape Girardeau, but in 1837 he again returned to.
the seminary, retaining his connection until his.
appointment as vice-
prefect of Texas in
1840. He resided first
at San Antonio and
subsequently at Hous
ton, and obtained
from the legislature
large grants of land
to be used for educa
tional purposes. He
was consecrated
vicar-apostolic of
Texas and titular
bishop of " Claudiop-
olis " at New Orleans,
La., March 6, 1842,
by Bishop Blanc of
New Orleans, assisted by Bishops Portier and
Chanche. He repaired the old church at San
Antonio and established several schools, but <
in 1845 his financial resources failed him and
he went to Europe to obtain help. He was pro
moted bishop of Galveston on the creation of
that see, April 23, 1847 ; established a convent of
Ursuline nuns at that place, and in November,
1854, founded the College of the Immaculate
Conception (St. Mary's university) at Galveston.
In 1857 he obtained a charter creating it St.
Mary's university. He was translated to New
Orleans as archbishop in February, 1861, and
went to Rome in 1869. He died while visiting
his home at Ambierle, France, May 25, 1870.
O'DONNELL, James, representative, was born
in Norwalk, Conn., March 25, 1842; son of John
and Anne O'Donnell. His parents settled in
Jackson, Mich., in 1850. He was an apprentice in
the office of the Citizen, 1854-55, and a journey
man printer in several of the western states,
1856-61. He enlisted for three months' service as
a private in the 1st Michigan infantry and took
part in the first battle of Bull Run. He was re
corder of the city of Jackson, 1863-67, and in 1864
purchased the Weekly Citizen, establishing it as
a daily in 1865. He was a presidential elector on
the Grant and Wilson ticket in 1872, and mayor
of Jackson, 1876-78. He was married, Aug. 15,
1879, to Sarah, daughter of John George of Den
ver, Col. He was a Republican representative
from the third Michigan district in the 49th, 50th,
51st and 52d congresses, 1885-93, serving as
chairman of the committee on education in the
51st congress. At the close of his term, March 3,
1893, resumed the management and editorship of
the Citizen.
[50]

O'DONOVAN

O'FARRELL

O'DONOVAN, William Rudolf, sculptor, was
born in Preston county, Va., March 28, 1844 ; son
of James Hayes and Mary (Bright) O'Donovan ;
grandson of Jeremiah and Jenette (Dunbar)
O'Donovan, who were forced to escape to Amer
ica in consequence of participation in the revolu
tion of 1798, and a descendant of the elder branch
of the O'Donovans. He was self-taught in the
sculptor's art. As a boy he served in tlie Con
federate army, and in 1865 he removed to New
York city, where he opened a studio as a sculptor.
He was elected an associate of the National
Academy of Design in 1878, and a member of the
Society of American Artists in 1880, of the Archi
tectural League in 1887, and of the National
Sculpture society at its formation in 1896. The
subjects of his many portrait busts and bas reliefs
include : The Hon. John A. Kennedy (1876); Wil
liam Page, N.A. , Winslow Homer, N.A., and
Thomas Eakins of Philadelphia (1877): Erminnie
A. Smith and R. Swain Gifford, N.A. (1879);
Edmund C. Stedman, Arthur Quartley, N.A.,
Walt Whitman (1892); Gen. Joseph Wheeler
(1896); President Charles P. Daly, for the Amer
ican Geographical society (1899), and the Hon.
Andrew H. Green (1900). He also executed a
memorial tablet to Bayard Taylor, for Cornell
university ; a statue of Archbishop Hughes, for
St. John's college, Fordham, N.Y.; a statue of
General Wagner, for Charleston, S.C; statues of
Washington, for the government of Venezuela
(1880); for the monument commemorating the
peace of Newburgh, N.Y. (1886-87), and for the
Trenton battle monument, and also for the inter
ior of the latter ; a bust of Gen. William S.
Stryker, late president of the Trenton Battle
Monument association ; equestrian statues of
Lincoln and Grant, for the soldiers' and sailors'
arch, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N.Y.; a monu
ment to the captors of Andre at Tarrytown, N.Y. ;
two figures for the soldiers' monument at Law
rence, Mass.; two bas-reliefs for the monument
commemorating the battle of Oriskany (1883), and
many other works of equal importance. He is
the author of a series of papers on the Portraits
of Washington.
OERTEL, Johannes Adam, clergyman and
artist, was born in Furth, near Nuremberg, Ba
varia, Nov. 3, 1823; eldest son of Thomas Friedrich
and MariaMagdaIena(Mennesdorfer)Oertel. His
father was a skilful worker in metals. He visited
the art department of the Polytechnic institute
at Niiremberg as a boy, but deciding to become a
missionary began preparatory studies under the
Rev. Wilhelm Loehe at Merkendorf, Bav., who
in turn persuaded him to follow art, and recom
mended him as a pupil to the noted engraver, J.
M. Enzing-Muller, in Nuremberg, with whom he
subsequently spent some years in Munich. In

[511

the spring of 1848. they immigrated with some fel
low students to the United States, landing at
New York, and Mr. Oertel was for a short time a
teacher of art in Newark, N.J. He resided in
Madison, N. J., until 1857, then in Brooklyn,
N.Y., removing in 1861 to Westerly, R.I., where
he built a commodious studio, which he occupied
for seven years. In 1851 he was married to
Julia Adelaide, daughter of Asa Torrey of New
ark, N.J. In 1867 he was admitted to the
diaconate of the P. E. church at Christ church,
Westerly, R.I., and in 1870 to the priesthood at
Lenoir, N.C, in the parish church he served for
seven years. Subsequently he was rector of
Grace church, Morganton, N.C, for a year and a
half ; was active both as a clergyman and artist
for one year in Florida, and then at Sewanee
and Nashville, Tenn., and St. Louis, Mo., until
1891 ; for although he had no longer charge of
any parish as rector, his services as a clergyman
were almost constant, art constituting his means
of support. His canonical residence remained in
the diocese of Tennessee. For many years he
was an associate member of the National Academy
of Design, and he received the honorary degree of
D.D. from the University of the South in 1899..
For many years he devoted himself chiefly to
Christian art, and his work is in numerous
churches in New York, Glen Cove, L.I., Lenoir,
N.C, St. Louis, Mo., Jackson, Tenn., Emrhorton
and Belair, Md., and especially in Washington,
D.C. To painting he joined elaborate carving in
wood. The work by which he is widest known is
The Rock of Ages, published in many ways, and
painted at Westerly in 1862. But the principal
labor of his life is a series of four elaborate com
positions, delineating the grand epic of man's
redemption, and embracing the whole scheme
from after the Fall in Genesis to Revelation , of
which the first painting is : The Dispensations of
Promise and the Law ; the second, The Redeemer ;
the third. The Dispensation of the Holy Spirit,
and the fourth, The Final Victory of Good over-
Evil (Rev. xx. from v. 11.), completed in 1901.
This series on large canvasses, the artist donated
to the University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn.,,
where there are also several other of his paint
ings. O'FARRELL, Michael Joseph, R.C bishop,
was born in Limerick, Ireland, Dec. 2, 1832. He-
attended the College of All-Hallows', and the
Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris, and was ordained
in the Limerick cathedral, Aug. 18, 1855. H&
joined the Order of St. Sulpice, and was at the
end of his novitiate appointed professor of
dogmatic theology in the College of St. Sulpice.
He immigrated to Canada, was appointed pro
fessor in the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Montreal ;
removed to the United States, entering the diocesa

O'FERRALL

OGDEN

of New York as a secular priest, and was placed
in charge of St. Patrick's church. He was assis
tant pastor of St. Peter's church, New York city,
1869-72; pastor of St. Mary's, Rondout, N.Y.,
1872-73, and in 1873 he was returned to St.
Peter's as its pastor. He also established a parish
school in connection with the church. He was
elected bishop of the newly erected see of Trenton,
N.J., in 1881, and was consecrated in St. Patrick's
cathedral, Nov. 1, 1881, by Cardinal McCloskey.
He collected and prepared for Father Thomas
Burke, the historical facts on which he based his
argument on the oppression of Ireland. He was
a member of the third plenary council at Balti
more. He bequeathed various sums to charitable,
religious and educational institutions, and the
bulk of his estate to the founding of an industrial
school and orphan asylum at Hopewell, N.J.
He died at Trenton, N.J., April 2, 1894.
O'FERRALL, Charles Triplett, governor of
Virginia, was born at Brucetown, Va., Oct. 21,
1840 ; son of John and Jane Lawrence (Green)
O'Ferrall, and grandson of Dr. John 0. Green. His
father was of Irish descent, a soldier in the war of
1812, justice of the
peace, sheriff, repre
sentative in the state
legislature, and clerk
of the court. Upon
his death in 1856
Charles, who had
already served as as
sistant clerk under his
father, was appointed
clerk pro-tempore Of
the Morgan county
court, and in 1858 was
elected to the position
for the term of six
years, three years
of which term he was
a minor. In May, 1861, he gave up his office,
which exempted him from military service,
and joined the Confederate cavalry, and soon
after was made sergeant. He was elected 1st
lieutenant of Company I, 12th Virginia cavalry
in April, 1862, and captain in August following
serving in Ashby's brigade. He remained with
the army four years, was wounded several times,
was twice left on the field for dead, received
repeated promotions, and when he held the last
Confederate line in the Shenandoah Valley, after
the surrender of Lee, was colonel of the 23rd
Virginia cavalry, in command of his regiment,
and several separate battalions constituting all
the Confederate cavalry in the valley. He had
two engagements with Federal cavalry, and
captured the last Federal prisoner taken on
Virginia soil after Lee's surrender, of which he

[52]

learned some days thereafter. He studied law in
Washington college, Lexington, Va., and was
graduated, LL.B., 1869. He practiced law in
Harrisonburg, and was a representative in the
state legislature for Rockingham county, 1872 ;
county judge, 1873-79 ; Democratic representative
from the seventh district of Virginia in the 48th-
52d congresses, 1883-93, serving as chairman of
the committee on mines and mining in the
49th congress and on the committee on elec
tions in the 53d and 54th congresses. He was
governor of Virginia, 1893-97, and on Jan. 1, 1898,
retired from political life to engage in the practice
of law in Richmond, Va. He was twice married,
first to Annie, daughter of Col. Robert McLean,
of the 37th Mississipi regiment, killed at the
battle of Corinth, 1862 ; and secondly to Jennie
Wickliffe, daughter of Col. William C Knight
of Richmond, Va.
OFFICER, Thomas, educator, was born in
Washington, Pa., Dec. 28, 1822; son of Robert
and Margaret (Scott) Officer, and a descendant
of Thomas Officer. He was graduated at Wash
ington college, Pa., A.B., 1840, A.M., 1843; was
a teacher in the Deaf and Dumb institute,
Columbus, Ohio, 1840-45 ; principal of the Illinois
Deaf and Dumb Institute, Jacksonville, 1845-55 ;
president of the board of directors of the Iowa
Deaf and Dumb institute, Council Bluffs, Iowa ;
ruling elder of the Presbyterian church, Council
Bluffs, 1856-1900, and was engaged in banking,
1857-1900. He was married, Aug. 8. 1848, to
Elizabeth M., daughter of Nathan Pusey of
Washington city, Pa. He died in Council Bluffs,
Iowa, Sep. 12, 1900.
OGDEN, Aaron, patriot, was born in Elizabeth-
town, N.J. , Dec. 3, 1756; son of Robert Ogden
(1716-1787), and great-grandson of Jonathan
Ogden, one of the original founders of Elizabeth-
town. He was graduated from the College of
New Jersey, A.B., 1773, A.M., 1776, and was
assistant instructor in the grammar school. He
was a member of the expedition under Lord
Stirling that captured the British supply -ship,
Blue Mountain Valley, lying in New York harbor
in the winter of 1775-76, and in 1777 was enlisted
as captain in the 1st New Jersey regiment, of
which his brother Matthias was colonel. He
took part in the battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11,
1777 ; the battle of Monmouth, June 27, 1778,
where he was brigade-major of the advance
corps of Gen. Charles Lee, and assistant aide-
de-camp to Lord Stirling ; and the battle of
Springfield, N.J., June 23, 1780, where his horse
was shot. He was included among the officers
who received a vote of thanks from congress.
In 1779 he was entrusted by Washington with
the official account of the trial of Andre, the
decision of the court, and the letter addressed by

OGDEN

OGDEN

Andre to his commander, which he delivered to
the commandant at Paulus Hook. When the
communication with Sir Henry Clinton was
established, the unofficial verbal offer of Wash
ington to Sir Henry Clinton to exchange Major
Andre for Benedict Arnold was suggested and
declined, as Sir Henry's honor would not allow the
surrender of Arnold. Ogden
served in Virginia under
Lafayette, and was present at
the surrender of Lord Corn-
wallis at Yorktown. He
returned to New Jersey upon
the close of the war, and
successfully practised law.
He was married in October, 1787, to Elizabeth,
daughter of John Chetwood. He was appointed
lieutenant-colonel of the llth U.S. infantry, Jan.
8, 1799, and served as deputy quartermaster-gen
eral of the U.S. army from Feb. 26, to June 15,
1800. He was elected to the U.S. senate, Sept. 28,
1801, to fill the unexpired term of James Schureman
resigned, Feb. 6, remaining in office until March
4, 1803. He was a boundary commissioner, 1806 ;
succeeded Joseph Bloomfield as governor of
New Jersey by choice of the legislature, Oct. 29,
1812, serving, 1812-13, and refused the commission
of major-general in the U.S. army in 1812. In
1813 he engaged in steamboating, and attempted
to run a boat between Elizabethtown and New
York. This scheme brought him in conflict with
'Robert Fulton and the Livingstons, who had
exclusive patents to navigate the waters of New
York state by steam for a number of years. As
Ogden held the same privilege in New Jersey
waters, the result was a state controversy in
which Ogden was defeated, losing his entire
fortune in litigation. He removed to Jersey City,
N. J., in 1829, where he filled a position in the
custom house. He was a charter member of the
New Jersey branch of the Society of the
Cincinnati in 1783, was its president, 1824-29,
and president general of the organization, 1829-39.
He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey,
1817-39, and the honorary degree of LL.D. was
conferred on him by that institution in 1816.
He died in Jersey City, N.J., April 19, 1839.
OGDEN, David, royalist, was born in Newark,
N.J., about 1707. He was graduated from Yale,
A.B., 1728, A.M., 1731, studied law in Newark,
N.J., and became one of the most prominent
lawyers in the province. He was made a member
of the Royal council in April, 1751 ; was judge of
the superior court, and served as judge of the
supreme court of New Jersey, 1772-76. Upon
the outbreak of the Revolution, being an avowed
royalist, he was compelled to go to England.
In 1779 he was a member of the board of refugees,
and drew up a plan of government for the colo-

[53]

nies in case they should submit to Great Britain.
On the close of the war he returned to New Jer
sey, but was sent to England in 1783 as agent for
the state royalists, to prosecute their claims for
compensation. He obtained an allowance for his
own estates, and in 1789 returned to the United
States and settled at Whitestone, N.Y. , where he
died in June, 1800.
OGDEN, Henry Warren, representative, was
born in Abingdon, Va., Oct. 21, 1842; son of
Elias and Louisa (Gordon) Ogden ; great-grandson
of Elias and Maria (Anderson) Ogden, and great2-
grandson of Robert Ogden, speaker of the Colo
nial house of representatives of New Jersey, and
a descendant of John Ogden, an early settler of
the island of Manhattan and the colony of New
Jersey. His parents removed to Warrensburg,
Mo., in 1851, where he worked on the farm and
attended the district school in the winter. He
entered the Confederate army in 1861, and served
in the Trans-Mississippi department, first as a
lieutenant in the 16th Missouri infantry, and
afterward on the staff of Col. S. P. Burns, com
manding the 2d brigade, M. M. Parson's Missouri
division, in Price's army in Louisiana. He was
paroled at Shreveport, La., June 8, 1865, and en
gaged in farming at Benton, La. He was a mem
ber of the state constitutional convention in 1879,
represented the parish of Bossier in the state
legislature, 1880-88, being chairman. of the com
mittee on ways and means in 1882, and speaker
of the house, 1884-88. He was a Democratic
representative from the fourth Louisiana district
in the 53rd congress to fill the vacancy caused by
the appointment of Representative N. C. Blanch
ard to the U.S. senate, March 12, 1894, and was re
elected to the 54th and 55th congresses, serving,
1894-99. He was defeated for re-nomination in
1898, and at the close of his term retired from
public life.
OGDEN, Matthias, soldier, was born in Eliza
bethtown, N.J., in 1755 ; son of Robert Ogden
(1716-1787), member of the King's council, and
delegate to the Provincial congress in New York,
Oct. 25, 1765. He enlisted in the patriot army at
the outbreak of the Revolution, and joined Wash
ington at Cambridge. He accompanied Benedict
Arnold in the march to Quebec and was severely
wounded in the assault on that city, Dec. 31,
1775. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel
of the 1st battalion, established, March 7, 1776,
and was subsequently promoted colonel of the
1st New Jersey regiment, retaining the command
till the close of the war. He was taken prisoner
at Elizabethtown, N.J., in November, 1780, and
was the originator of the unsuccessful attempt
to capture Prince William Henry, in March,
1782, which exploit he commanded in person.
He was granted a leave of absence by congress

OGDEN

OGILBY

in 1783, visited Europe, and while in France was
presented with the honor of le droit du tabouret
by Louis XVI. He was brevetted brigadier-
general, Sept. 20, 1783 ; was a representative in
the state legislature in 1785, and a presidential
elector in 1789. He died in Elizabethtown, N.J.,
March 31, 1791.
OGDEN, Thomas Ludlow, lawyer, was born
at Newark. N.J., Dec. 12, 1773 : son of Abraham
and Sarah (Ludlow) Ogden ; grandson of David
(born 1707) and Martha (Hammond) Ogden, and
a descendant of John Ogden of Elizabethtown,
N.J., (1610-1681), one of the founders of that
place. Abraham Ogden (1743-1800) was owner
of Washington's headquarters in Morristown,
N. J., and a friend of Washington. Thomas Lud
low Ogden was graduated from Columbia in 1791 ;
studied law with his father and with Richard
Harrison, and was admitted to the bar in 1796.
He was associated with Alexander Hamilton "in
the practice of law in New York, and was the
counsellor for many corporations, including the
Holland Land company. He was a trustee of the
Indian reservation lands ; of Sailors' Snug Harbor,
NewYork ; law officer of Trinity church corpora
tion ; clerk, vestryman and senior warden of
Trinity church ; one of the original trustees of

CEAJEKAlThEOLOCKAL 5t>WAKY-A.y,-
the General Theological Seminary of New York ;
one of the founders and vice-president of the
Protestant Episcopal Society for Promoting Re
ligion and Learning in the State of New York,
and a trustee of Columbia college, 1817-44. He
died in New York city, Dec. 17, 1844.
OGDEN, Uzal, clergyman, was born in New
ark, N.J., in 1744 ; son of Uzal Ogden (who died
in 1780); grandson of David and Abigail Ogden,
and a descendant of John and Jane (Bond)
Ogden. John Ogden, said to have been a native
of Kent county, England, was settled at Stam
ford, Conn., in 1641 ; removed to Hempstead,
L.I., in 1644; to Southampton, L.I., in 1647, and
afterward became one of the founders of Eliza
bethtown, N.J., and prominent in its affairs until
his death in 1681. Uzal Ogden was prepared for
the ministry in Elizabethtown, N.J., under the
Rev. Dr. Chandler and was ordained both deacon

[54]

and priest in the Established church, in the chapel
of the Episcopal palace at Fulham, Middlesex,"
Sept. 21, 1773, by the Bishop of London. He re
turned to New Jersey, where he labored all his
life. He preached occasionally in Trinity church,
Newark, N. J., 1779-88 ; was an assistant minister
of Trinity parish, New York city, 1784-89, and
was also connected with St. John's church in
Elizabethtown, N.J., and with a chapel at what
is now Belleville, N.J. He was rector of Trinity
church, Newark, N.J., 1788-1805; was elected
bishop of New Jersey, Aug. 16, 1798, but conse
cration was refused him by the General conven
tion in June, 1799, on the grounds that doubts
existed as to his qualifications in accordance with
the canon. A special convention of New Jersey in
October, 1799, asked that he be consecrated with
out delay, but nothing further is recorded until
1804, when h; was requested by the New Jersey .
convention to resign the rectorship of Trinity
church, Newark, which he at first refused to do.
Finally, however, he withdrew from the Protest
ant Episcopal church, but claimed the right to
officiate as rector under his ordination to the
priesthood in the Established church, and in con
sequence was suspended by the standing commit
tee from ministerial duty in New Jersey, with
the consent of Bishop Moore of Now York, on
May 9, 1805. On Oct. 16, 1805, lie joined the
Presbyterian ministry, although he never held a
stated charge. He received the degree of D.D.
from the College of New Jersey in 1798. He was
married to Mary, daughter of Samuel Gouver-
neur of New Jersey, in 1774. He published nu
merous letters, sermons and addresses, and An
tidote to Deism (2 vols., 1795). He died in New
ark, N.J., Nov. 4, 1822.
OGILBY, John David, clergyman, was born
in Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 30, 1810 ; son of Leonard
and Eliza (Darley) Ogilby. His parents immi
grated to the United States in 1816, and he was
graduated at Columbia college, A.B., 1829, A.M.,
1833. He was the first rector of Columbia College
grammar school, 1829-30 ; established and con
ducted a private school with Lorenzo L. Daponte,
1830-32, and was professor of ancient languages
in Rutgers college, New Brunswick, N.J., 1832-40.
In the meantime he studied theology and was or
dained to the Protestant Episcopal ministry in
1838. He served as substitute in various city
churches, 1838-40, and during the absence of his
brother, the Rev. Frederick Ogilby (born 1813-died
1878) , in Europe, had charge of his church, the As
cension, in Philadelphia. He was professor of
ecclesiastical history in the General Theological
seminary, New York city, 1841-49, visiting
Europe for the benefit of his health in 1842, 1846
and 1849. He accepted the rectorship of Grace
church at Newark, N.J. , in 1846, but on the urgent

OGILVIE

OGLESBY

request of the faculty of the seminary, he re
tained his professorship. He purchased a resi
dence in Sing Sing, N.Y., and there founded All
Saints' church, Briar Cliff, which was not finished
until after his death. He received the degree
D.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in
1843. He was married first, April 15, 1834, to
Cornelia D. , daughter of Joseph Warren Scott of
New Brunswick, N.J. ; and secondly, Jan. 17,
1839, to Anna Helena, daughter of Dr. F. R.
Smith of New Brunswick, N.J. lie is the author
of : An Outline of the Argument against the Va
lidity of Baptism (1842) ; Tlie Catholic Church in
England and America (1844), and edited Jacob's
Latin Reader, with notes partly translated from
the German and partly gathered from other
sources. He left an incomplete MS. of a large
work on Ecclesiastical History. He died in Paris,
France, Feb. 2, 1851, and his body was sent back
to America and buried in the churchyard of
Christ church, New Brunswick, N. J.
OGILVIE, Clinton, painter, was born in New
York city, Dec. 28, 1838 ; son of William Halsey
Ogilvie. He was a pupil of James M. Hart (q. v.),
iu New York, and was in Paris, 1866-67. He es
tablished a studio in New York city in 1867, de
voting himself to landscape painting, and made
a second visit to Paris, 1872-73. He occupied
his studio in New York, 1873-79 ; resided at
Nice, Mentone and other art centers of Europe,
1879-83, and was again in New York, 1883-1900.
In 1864 he was made an associate of the National
Academy of Design, where he exhibited regularly.
His subjects were mostly French and Swiss land
scape, his American pictures including : Among
the Adirondacks (1874); The Sunny Summer-
Time (1876); Summer Afternoon in the Adiron
dacks (1877); Tlie Mountain Brook (1878). He
died in New York city, Nov. 2, 1900.
OGLE, Benjamin, governor of Maryland, was
born in Annapolis, Md., Feb. 7, 1746 ; son of Gov.
Samuel and Ann (Tasker) Ogle, and grandson of
Samuel Ogle of Northumberland county, Eng
land, and of Gov. Benjamin Tasker. He was
educated in England ; was a
member of the council prior
to the Revolution, and served
on the committee of observa
tion for Frederick county.
He was the tenth governor of
Maryland, 1798-1801, and on
Feb. 11, 1800, issued a
proclamation making the day of Washington's
death "a day of mourning, humiliation and
prayer," which custom continued to be observed
by the succeeding governors of Maryland. He
resided on the estate " Belair " in Prince George
county, which dessended to him through Gov.
Benjamin Tasker. He was married first to

[55]

Rebecca Stilley, and secondly to Henrietta Mar
garet, daughter of Henry and Mary (Thomas)
Hill. He died at " Belair," Prince George county,
Md., July 6, 1809.
OGLE, Charles, representative, was born in
Somerset, Pa., in 1798; son of Gen. Alexander
Ogle, a native of Maryland, who removed to Som
erset county, Pa., where he was a member of
both houses of the state legislature for many years
from 1806 ; a representative in the 15th congress,
1817-19; general in the state militia, and died, Oct.
14, 1852. Charles Ogle studied law, and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1819. He settled in practice
in Somerset ; was a general in the state militia ;
a Whig representative from Pennsylvania in the
25th and 26th congresses, 1837-41, and elected
to the 27th congress, but did1 not live to take his
seat. He died in Somerset, Pa., May 10, 1841.
OGLE, Samuel, colonial governor of Maryland,
was born in England about 1694 ; son of Samuel
Ogle of Northumberland county, England. He
was captain in a cavalry regiment in the British
army, and was governor of Maryland under
proprietary government from September, 1731,
until the return of Lord Baltimore in 1732. He
went back to England, was promoted in the army,
was again governor of Maryland, 1735-42, and a
third time, 1747-52. His third appointment in
duced him to take his wife with him, and he left
England in the ship Neptune, March 12, 1747, and
resided on a fine estate in Anne Arundel county.
He was married in England to Ann, daughter of
Benjamin Tasker, who was president of the
Maryland council during his last administration
and upon whom the government devolved at his
death, until the arrival of Horatio Sharpe, the
next governor appointed by the crown. He died
in Annapolis, Md., May 3, 1752.
OGLESBY, Richard James, governor of Illi
nois, was born in Oldham county, Ky., Jul}' 25,
1824. His parents died in 1832, and he removed
to Decatur, 111., in 1836 with his uncle Willis
Oglesby, working there as a farm-hand and car
penter. He studied law under Judge Silas W.
Robinson at Springfield, 111., 1844-45, and was
licensed to practise in 1845. He joined the 4th
Illinois volunteers for service in the Mexican war
and was commissioned 1st lieutenant. He saw
service at Vera Cruz and at Cerro Gordo, resum
ing his law practice in Decatur, 111., in 1847. He
was graduated at the Louisville, Ky., law school,
LL.B., 1849; engaged in seeking gold in Califor
nia, 1849-51,. and in 1851, having gained $4,500
in California, he again took up the practice of
law in Decatur. He traveled in Europe, Egypt
and the Holy Land, 1856-57. In 1858 he was the
unsuccessful Republican candidate for represen
tative in the 36th congress, was elected in 1860
to the Illinois senate, resigning his seat, April

OGLETHORPE

OGLETHORPE

25, 1861, to accept the colonelcy of the 8th Illinois
volunteers. He commanded the 1st brigade. 1st
division, under General Grant, at Forts Henry
and Donelson, and with his
brigade was the first to enter
Fort Henry. He was pro
moted brigadier-general of
voluntee/s, March 21, 1862,
for gallantry at the capture
of Fort Donelson . He was in
command of the 2d brigade,
2d division, Army of West Tennessee, at the
battle of Corinth, and was severely wounded, Oct.
3, 1862. He was promoted major-general of vol
unteers in November, 1862, and returned to
active service in April, 1863, when he commanded
the left wing of the 16th Army corps. He resigned
in May, 1864. He was three times elected governor
of Illinois on the Republican ticket, serving,
1865-69, 1873 and 1885-89. He resigned in 1873
to take his seat in the U.S. senate as successor to
Lyman Trumbull, and served in that body until
March 3, 1879, declining re-election, and retiring
to private life, 1889. He died in Elkhart, 111.,
April 24. 1899.
OGLETHORPE, James Edward, founder of
the colony of Georgia, was born at Westbrooke
Place, near London, England, Dec. 21, 1688 ; son
of Sir Theophilus and Eleanor (Wall) Oglethorpe.
He matriculated at Corpus Christi college, Ox
ford, in 1704, but entered military service about
1706, being commissioned ensign in 1710. He was
attached to the suite of the Earl of Peterborough,
ambassador to Sicily, in 1713, and was promoted
lieutenant in the Guards of Queen Anne in 171,4.
He was aide-de-camp to Prince Eugene at the de
feat of tlie grand vizier Ali at Peterwaradin,
Austria, Aug. 5, 1716, and at the siege and cap
ture of Belgrade in August, 1717. He returned
in 1719, and resumed his studies at Oxford. He
succeeded to the Westbrooke estate in 1722, and
was a member of Parliament from Haslemere, in
Surrey, 1722-54. About 1728 he turned the atten
tion of Parliament to the relief of unfortunate
debtors, large numbers of whom were imprisoned
in London and cruelly treated, and was appointed
chairman of a committee to visit the prisons.
He proposed to establish a colony for the perma
nent relief of about 700 persons confined for debt,
believing that on their liberation from prison,
they would need new surroundings and oppor
tunities. The scheme found especial favor with
the king, -because it was proposed to make the
new colony a refuge for the persecuted Protes
tants of Germany and other countries in Europe,
and he granted to Lord Percival, James Ogle
thorpe, Edmund Digby and others on June 9,
1732, a charter of incorporation, giving them title
to the land on the coast of America between the

[56]

Savannah and Altamaha rivers. The colony was
named Georgia in the king's honor, and Parlia
ment granted the proprietors £10,000. A large
sum was also raised by subscription for provision
ing, arming, clothing and transporting such poor
people as should be selected. Oglethorpe, with
the power of a colonial governor, reached Charles
ton, S.C, with the members of 35 families, num
bering 150 in all, Jan. 13, 1733. A settlement
was made at Yamacraw Bluff on the Savannah
river, and shortly afterward a treaty of peace
was concluded with the several tribes of Indians.
Oglethorpe laid out the side of Fort Argyle in
June, 1738, his object being to secure Georgia
from invasion by the Spaniards of Florida. He
returned to England in April, 1734, accompanied
by the chief of the Yamacraws, together with his
wife and his nephew, the war captain of that
tribe, five chiefs of the Creeks, and a chief from
Palachicolas, all of whom were presented to
King George and Queen Caroline at Kensington
Palace, Aug. 1, 1734. Oglethorpe sent the Indians
back, with 150 Scottish Highlanders to protect
the colonists, and they reached Georgia in De
cember, 1734. Oglethorpe came back to Georgia
in December, 1735, bringing with him nearly 300
immigrants, and John and Charles Wesley, who
preached and established missions in the colony
and among the Indians. The colony progressed
rapidly under his management, but early in 1736
was attacked by the Spaniards. Convinced that
war was inevitable, Oglethorpe hastened to Eng
land, raised a regiment of 600 men, secured the
sum of £20,000, and was appointed colonel of a
regiment to be raised in Georgia. He arrived in
September, 1738, and in October, 1739, war was
declared against Spain by England. In the mean
time Oglethorpe was diligently employed in erect
ing defensive works, in training his men, and in
strengthening his Indian alliances. In obedi
ence to orders received in January, 1740, he in
vaded Florida. He made an unsuccessful attack
on St. Augustine in the summer of 1741, and in
May, 1742, learned that the Spaniards planned to
drive the English from Georgia and South Caro
lina. He defeated the Spaniards at Frederica,
St. Simons,. Jekyl Island, St. Andrews, Fort Wil
liam and Fort Moosa, forcing them to retire.
Oglethorpe went back to England in April, 1743,
by order of the king and never returned to Georgia.
He was married, Sept. 15, 1744, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir Nathan Wright of Cranham Hall,
Essex, England. He was commissioned major-
general in 1745 and lieutenant-general in 1747, and
was sent to Scotland to oppose Charles Edward,
the pretender. He complained to the Duke
of Cumberland of cruelties practised upon the
people of Scotland, who were adherents of Prince
Charles, and was honorably acquitted by a court-

.O'GORMAN

O'HAGAN

martial for his failure to pursue the Pretender's
retreating forces at Carlisle. He resigned his char
ter of Georgia to the British government in 1752 ;
withdrew from Parliament in 1754, and was com
missioned general of his majesty's forces in 1760.
He was placed on half pay in February, 1765,
and in 1775, being the senior officer to Sir Wil
liam Howe, was offered the command of the
British army in America, which he declined, be
cause authority to assure justice to the colonies
was denied him. He was one of the first to pay
his respects to John Adams, U.S. minister, and
his family in London in 1783. He published : An
Account of the St. Augustine Campaign (1742).
His New and Accurate Account of the Colonies of
South Carolina and Georgia and his letters to the
trustees of the colony are printed in the " Collec
tions " of the Georgia Historical society. He
died at Cranham Hall, England, July 1, 1785.
O'GORMAN, James Michael, R.C. bishop, was
born at Clauna, near Nenagh, county Tipperary,
Ireland, in October, 1804 ; son of James and
Alicia O'Gorman. He was baptized with the
christian name Miles, and was educated for the
priesthood, entering the Trappist order in 1838.
He received the habit at Mt. Melleray, Ireland,
Nov. 1, 1839 ; professed, March 25, 1841, and was
ordained priest in January, 1843, in the Trappist
cloister at Mount Melleray, Ireland, by Bishop
Foran of Waterford, Ireland. Appointed to
found a monastery of the Trappist order in the
United States, he established New Melleray near
Dubuque, la., and was made its prior. He was
elected titular bishop of " Raphanse " and vicar
apostolic of Nebraska, Jan. 18, 1859 ; the election
was confirmed, April 15, 1859, and he was con
secrated in the cathedral of St. Louis, May
8, 1859, by Archbishop P. R. Kenrick, assisted
by Bishops Miege and Juncker. He had only
three priests when he entered upon the adminis
tration of his diocese, but several were sent to
his assistance, and churches and schools were
built. He established a hospital and an asylum,
and founded academies, all of which were con
trolled by the Sisters of Mercy and the
Benedictine Nuns. He also labored among the
Indians and established several missions. He
died in Omaha, Neb., July 4, 1874.
O'GORMAN, Thomas, R.C. bishop, was born
in Boston, Mass., May 1, 1843 ; son of John and
Margaret(O'Keefe) O'Gorman ; grandson of James
O'Gorman, and a descendant of the Leinster
branch of the O'Gormans, originally of county
Clare, Ireland. He removed to Chicago, II].,
with his parents, and was prepared for college in
that city and in St. Paul, Minn., 1850-53. He
took his theological course in France, 1853-65,
and was ordained at St. Paul, Minn., on Nov. 5,
1865. He was rector of St. John's church.

Rochester, Minn., 1867-78; joined the Paulist
community in New York city, remaining tliere,
1878-82, and was rector of Immaculate Conception,
Faribault, Minn., 1882-85. He was first president
of the College of St. Thomas at Merriam Park,
St. Paul, Minn., and professor of dogmatic
theology in the same, 1886-90, and professor of
modern church history in the Catholic university
at Washington, D.C. , 1890-95. He was appointed
bishop of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Dec. 29,
1895, as successor to Bishop Marty, transferred to
St. Cloud in 1894, and was consecrated at Wash
ington, D.C, April 19, 1896, by Cardinal Satolli,
assisted by Bishop Marty and Bishop Keaue,
rector of the Catholic university. He received
the degree D.D. direct from the hands of Pope
Leo XIII in 1893. He is the author of : A History
of the Roman Catholic Church in the United
States. O'HAGAN, Joseph Bernard, educator, was
born in parish Clogher, county Tyrone, Ireland,
Aug. 15, 1826 ; son of Terence and Susan (O'Kelly)
O'Hagan ; grandson of Edward and Sarah (Quinn)
O'Hagan, and of John and Mary (O'Neil) O'Kelly,
and a descendant of Sir Hugh O'Neil. He im
migrated toDigby, N.S., in 1844, and completed
his classical course at St. Mary's college, Halifax,
N.S. He was admitted to the seminary of the
Eudist Fathers of Halifax, and in December, 1847,
entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus.
He was professor at Gonzaga college, Washing
ton, D.C, 1852-54, and professor of literature at
Georgetown college, 1854-56. He completed his
theological studies in France, and was ordained
at Liege, Belgium, in 1860. In the civil war he
was attached to the Excelsior brigade, New York
volunteers, as chaplain, 1861-63. He pursued a
course of ascetical theology at Frederick, Md.,
1863-64, and was made vice-president of George
town college in 1864, leaving the college to serve
in the army of General Grant, operating against
Richmond and Petersburg. After the surrender
of Lee he returned to his professional duties,
chiefly at St. Mary's, and at the Immaculate
---•HOLY CROSS COLLEGE.-"

[57]

Conception church, Boston, Mass. In July, 1872,
he succeeded to the presidency of Holy Cross
college, Worcester, Mass., and in 1878, by order

O'HARA

O'HARA

¦of his physician, started for California. He made
the voyage until nearingAcapulco, Mexico, when
he died at sea, and his remains were temporarily
interred on reaching Acapulco. The body was
subsequently brought back to Worcester, Mass.,
and buried in the college churchyard. The date
¦of his death is Dec. 15, 1878.
O'HARA, James, soldier and pioneer, was
born in county Mayo, Ireland, in 1752. He was
educated in Ireland, England and France ; was
clerk in a Liverpool counting-house, 1770-71, and
immigrated to America in 1772, landing in
Philadelphia, and becoming an Indian trader at
Kuskusky, an Indian town in what is now
Lawrence county, Pa. He was a general agent
among the Indians until 1776, when he was made
captain of a company recruited for the Patriot
army. In 1781 he was made assistant quarter
master, settled his accounts with the govern
ment at Philadelphia in 1783, and returned to
"Officers' Orchard" above Fort Pitt, with his
newly-wedded wife Mary, daughter of William
Carson, a Scottish gentleman of Philadelphia.
¦Captain O'Hara was given a contract to provision
the western army commanded by General Har
mon, and this brought him into contact with all
the U.S. forts from Oswego, N.Y., to Natchez,
Miss., 1783-90. He was commissioned quarter
master-general of the U.S. army in 1792, and
resigned in 1796, but continued as an army con
tractor until 1802. He built a saw mill in 1796,
and also, in company with Maj. Isaac Craig, the
glass works at Allegheny, the first erected west of
the Alleghanies, at a cost of over $30,000. He also
engaged in shipbuilding and trading in furs and
cotton, extending his operations to Europe. In
1816 he was interested with John Henry Hopkins,
afterward bishop of Vermont, in the manufacture
cf iron at the Old Hermitage furnace, Ligonier,
Pa., which venture proved disastrous to Hopkins.
As early as Nov. 9, 1773, he purchased 400 acres of
land on Coalpit run, Pittsburg, and other exten
sive tracts of land in and about the future city.
He entertained Louis Philippe, General Moreau
and other famous French officers at his home,
welcoming them in their native tongue, which
he spoke fluently. His sons, William Carson,
James and Charles, 'died without issue before the
death of General O'Hara, and Mrs. O'Hara survived
them all, dying, April 8, 1834, aged 73 years.
He died at Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 21, 1819.
O'HARA, Theodore, poet, was born in Danville,
Ky., Feb. 11, 1820; son of Kane O'Hara, the
distinguished teacher, who was exiled from
Ireland and came to Kentucky with his father
and brothers late in the eighteenth century. He
prepared for college under his father and was
graduated at St. Joseph's college, Bardstown, Ky.,
with first honors. He was professor of Greek in

ffke^-Oft

¦&Y>OL>

[58]

St. Joseph's college during his senior year ; stud
ied law ; was admitted to the bar, and settled in
practice, but soon abandoned it for journalism.
He was assistant editor of tlie Kentucky Yeoman
at Frankfort and editor of the Tocsin or Demo
cratic Rally, a cam
paign paper of 1844.
He served in the U.S.
treasury department
at Washington, D.C,
1845-46 and enlisted
in the Mexican War as
a volunteer. He was
commissioned captain
in the U.S. army and
appointed assistant
quartermaster of vol
unteers, June 26, 1846.
He served on the staff
of General Franklin
Pierce, and was bre
vetted major, Aug.
20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the
battles of Contreras and Churubusco. He was hon
orably discharged, Oct. 15, 1848 ; practiced law in
Washington, D.C, for a time, and edited the Times
and Sun in Louisville, Ky., 1854-55. He was
employed by the Tehuantepec railroad company
and met Narcisso Lopez, the Cuban liberator, in
Mexico, from whom he accepted the cojnmission
of colonel. He joined the first Cuban expedition
in 1851, and commanded a regiment at the battle
of Cardenas, where he was severely wounded and
compelled to return to the United States. He
assisted Col. William Walker in the organization
of his expedition to Central America, and while
trying to escape the vigilance of the U.S.
authorities, was arrested and indicted with •
General Henderson at New Orleans, charged with
violating the neutrality laws, but the government
failed in the prosecution. He entered the U.S.
army as captain in the 2d cavalry, March 3, 1855,
an d served on the Texas frontier until he resigned,
Dec. 1 , 1856. He was editor of the Mobile Register,
1856-61, during the absence of John Forsyth as
U.S. Minister to Mexico. He entered the Con
federate army in 1861, and was soon after
commissioned captain and placed in command of
Fort McRea, at the entrance of Mobile Bay, which
he defended until ordered to evacuate. He be
came colonel of the 12th Alabama regiment, and
served at Shiloh on the staff of Gen. Albert
Sidney Johnston, and then on the staff of Gen.
John C Breckinridge. He engaged in the cotton
business in Columbia, Ga., after the war, but
lost everything by fire and retired to a planta
tion in Alabama. His two poems, Tlie Bivouac
of the Dead and A Dirge for the Brave Old
Pioneer, established his fame as a poet. He died

O'HARA

OLDEN

near Guerryton, Ala, June 6, 1867. By direction
of the legislature of Kentucky, liis body was re-
interred in the state military oemetery in
Frankfort, Ky., Sept. 15, 1874, and a monument
erected to his memory.
O'HARA, William, R. C. bishop, was born at
Dungiven, county Derry, Ireland, April 14, 1816.
He came to the United States with his parents in
1820, and settled in Philadelphia, Pa. He at
tended Georgetown college, D.C, and took an ex
tended course of study at the Urban college of
the Propaganda at Rome, Italy. He was or
dained priest at Rome, by Cardinal Fransoni,
Dec. 21, 1842, and on his return to the United
States served as rector of St. Patrick's church in
Philadelphia, 1843-56. He was afterward pro
fessor in the Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo,
and rector of the seminary. He was made vicar-
general of the diocese of Philadelphia in 1860,
and was appointed first bishop of Scranton, Pa.,
in 1868, which diocese was formed from a part of
the diocese of Philadelphia. He was consecrated
in the cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul, Philadel
phia, July 12, 1868, by Bishop Wood, assisted by
Bishop Elder of Natchez and Bishop Lynch of
Charleston. He added 51 priests to the diocese,
and built 24 new churches, 12 convents, 46 stations,
one college and several lesser educational institu
tions. He died in Scranton, Pa., Feb. 3, 1899.
O'KANE, Michael Aloysius, educator, was
born in county Clare, Ireland, July 12, 1849 ; son
of Michael and Bridget (Casey) O'Kane. He
was brought to America by his parents in 1852,
and received his education in the public schools
of Spencer, Mass. He entered Holy Cross col
lege, Worcester, Mass., in 1865, the year of its
incorporation ; joined the Society of Jesus, July,
1867, and went to Woodstock college, Md., where
he pursued theological and philosophical studies,
completing his course in 1876. He was professor
of classics in Georgetown college, D.C, 1876-82 ;
prefect of studies there, 1882-86, vice-president,
1886-87 ; rector and master of novices in the
Novitiate at Frederick, Md., 1887-89, and presi
dent of the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester,
1889-93. He was then transferred to the Mission
ary Band, and became superior of the band, hav
ing his headquarters at St. Francis Xavier, New
York city.
O'KELLY, James, founder of the " Chris
tian" church, was born in 1735. He first ap
pears in history as a member of the Methodist
church in North Carolina and Virginia, where he
was presiding elder, 1782-92. He was a member
of the " Christmas Conference " of the Methodist
church held in Baltimore in 1784, and also of
the conference of presiding elders at Baltimore,
Dec. 1, 1789, where he attempted the defeat of
certain measures favored by Bishop Asbury, and

[59]

in consequence of which a second conference
was called, but as only ten elders appeared, the
point at issue remained unsettled pro tempore.
O'Kelly secured the co-operation of Thomas Coke,
Wesley's ambassador, through correspondence,
and Bishop Asbury finally consented to a general
conference, which assembled, Nov. 1, 1792. To
this conference O'Kelly introduced a resolution
transferring the power of appointment from the
bishop to the conference, to which also any
minister dissatisfied with his assignment might
appeal. This resolution being defeated, he with
drew from the Methodist conference with
twenty or thirty other ministers and above a
thousand members, and organized the Republican
Methodist church, its members to be known as
Christians or Christian Connection. This church
gained a large following in the fields of his labor
as presiding elder in North Carolina and Virginia,
over which region he exerted a great influence,
notwithstanding the fact that he denounced
slavery. The first conference of the dissenters
was held, Dec. 25, 1793, at Manakin, N.C, at
which they adopted the name of Christians and
agreed that they should acknowledge no head
over the church but Christ, and no creed but the
Bible. They held a second conference, Aug. 4,
1794, and the great Cane Ridge revival occurred
in 1801, which largely increased their members.
Elder O'Kelly died, Oct. 16, 1826.
OLCOTT, Simeon, senator, was born in Bol
ton, Conn., Oct. 1, 1735; son of Timothy and
Eunice (White) Olcott ; grandson of Timothy
Olcott of Coventry and Bolton, Conn., and a des
cendant of Thomas Olcott of England, who im
migrated to America in June, 1635, and became
an original proprietor of Hartford, Conn.
Simeon Olcott was graduated at Yale, A.B.,
1761, A.M., 1765 ; studied law under Daniel
Jones of Hinsdale, N.H., and settled in practice
in Charlestown, N.H., in 1764. He was a select
man of Charlestown, 1769-71 ; a member of the
general assembly at Portsmouth, 1772-75 ; a judge
of probate in 1773 ; chief justice of the court
of common pleas, 1784-90 ; judge of the superior
court, 1790-95, and chief justice, 1795-1801. He
was married in October, 1783, to Tryphena,
daughter of Benjamin and Hannah (Olmsted)
Terry of Enfield, Conn. He was elected by the
Federalist legislature of New Hampshire in 1801,
to complete the term of Samuel Livermore,
U.S. senator, resigned, and served from Dec. 7,
1801, till March 3, 1805. He received the honor
ary degree A.M. from Dartmouth college in 1773,
and was a trustee of that institution, 1784-98.
He died in Charlestown, N.H., Feb. 22, 1815.
OLDEN, Charles Smith, governor of New
Jersey, was born in Princeton, N.J., Feb. 19,
1799 ; son of Hart and Temperance (Smith)

OLDHAM

OLDS

Olden ; grandson of Thomas and Sarah (Hart)
Olden, and a descendant of William and Eliza
beth (Giles) Olden ; of John Hart, the Signer,
and of James Giles, who came from England in
1668, and settled in Boundbrook, N.J. William
Olden was a member of the Society of Friends, a
surveyor in Piscataway and removed to Stony-
brook, near Princeton, in 1696. * Hart Olden was
a merchant in Trenton, Stony brook and Prince
ton, N.J. Charles Smith Olden attended school
at Princeton and the Lawrenceville academy ;
was a clerk in his father's store, and that of Mat
thew Newkirk in Philadelphia. He was mar
ried about 1832 to Phoebe Ann, daughter of Wil
liam and Rebecca (Wilson) Smith. In 1826 he
established a business in New Orleans, La., and
in 1832 retired with a competence. He engaged
in agriculture in Princeton, was state senator,
1844-50, Republican governor of New Jersey,
1860-63, and during his administration, organized
and eqviipped the full quota of troops under the
President's calls. He was largely responsible for
the erection of the state house at Trenton, and
of the State Lunatic asylum. He was a judge
of the court of errors and appeals, and member
of the court of pardons, 1868-73 ; riparian com
missioner, 1869-75 ; presidential elector, 1872 ; was
elected president of the electoral college of New
Jersey, Dec. 4, 1872 ; was treasurer of the College
of New Jersey, 1845-69, and trustee, 1863-76 ; and
aided in extricating the college from financial
embarrassment after the burning of Nassau Hall,
March, 1855, when as treasurer he disbursed
over $50,000 and personally advanced $20,000.
He was also instrumental in securing the John
C. Green School of Science, and in directing the
attention of the Green family to the university.
He died in Princeton, N.J., April 7, 1876.
OLDHAM, Williamson Simpson, senator, was
born near Winchester, Franklin county, Tenn.,
June 19, 1813. He was brought up on his father's
small farm and was entirely self-educated. He
taught a country school, 1831-33 ; was deputy
clerk of the county court, 1833-35, during which
time he studied law under Judge Nathan Green,
and was admitted to the bar in 1836. He re
moved to Arkansas in 1837, and settled in Fay
etteville, where he married a daughter of Col.
James McKissick, director of the Branch State
bank at Fayetteville. He was a representative in
the state legislature, 1838 and 1842, and speaker
of the house in 1842. In 1844 he was elected by
the legislature associate justice of the supreme
court. In 1846 he was defeated for representa
tive in the 30th congress by Col. Robert W.
Johnson. He resigned from the bench in 1848,
and removed to Austin, Texas, in 1849. In 1858,
with Judge White, he prepared a digest of the laws
affecting Texas and was prominent in the move-

[60]

ment leading to the secession of the state, Feb. 1,.
1861. He was elected to the provisional congress
at Montgomery, Ala., and appointed by President
Davis to carry out a confidential mission in Ar
kansas, which secured the secession of that state,
May 6, 1861. On his return to Texas, he was
elected C.S. senator, and served throughout the ex
istence of the Confederacy. On the adjournment
pf the Confederate congress, he returned to Texas.
and went thence to Mexico, where he prepared
" Last Days of the Confederacy," and also engaged
in the business of photography. In 1866 he went
to Canada, where he learned that one W. S. Old
ham had been pardoned, and on returning to New
York, found that it did not refer to himself. He-
then proceeded to Washington, where he refused
to take the oath of allegiance necessary to pro
cure a pardon, and asked for an indictment and
trial before a jury, stating that if convicted he
would then apply for a pardon. He returned to-
Texas where he practiced law, but took no part in
public affairs. He died in Austin, May 8, 1868.
OLDS, Edson Baldwin, representative, was.
born in Burlington, Vt., in 1819 ; son of the Rev.
Gamaliel Smith Olds (q.v.). He lived in Athens,
Ga., with his parents, 1825-26, and in Sara
toga Springs, N.Y., 1826-41, where he prepared
himself for the medical profession. In 1841 he
removed with his parents to Circleville, Ohio,.
where he practiced as a physician and surgeon,
and was married to Anna Maria Carolus. He-
was a Democratic representative from the ninth
district of Ohio in the 31st, 32d and 33d con
gresses, 1849-55, and was defeated in 1854 for the
34th congress by Samuel Galloway, candidate of
the Antislavery party. He was a representative
from Pickaway county in the Ohio legislature,.
1842-43 and 1845-46 ; a state senator from Fairfield
and Pickaway, 1846-48, and speaker of the senate,
1846-47, and representative from Fairfield county,
1862-66, having removed to Lancaster. He was.
accused of disloyalty to the government in
1862, and was imprisoned in Fort Lafayette, but
the charge not being sustained he was released
and took his seat in the state legislature. He-
built a church in Lancaster in 1865 with the un
derstanding that it "should be free from the
heresy of regarding slavery and rebellion as
sins." He died in Lancaster, Ohio, Jan. 24, 1869.
OLDS, Gamaliel Smith, educator, was born
in Granville, Mass.,' Feb. 11, 1777. He was grad
uated from Williams college, A.B., 1801, A.M.,
1804 ; was a tutor there, 1801-05, and professor of
mathematics and natural philosophy, 1805-08.
He studied theology under Dr. Stephen West,
Stockbridge, Mass., and was graduated with the
first class at Andover Theological seminary in
1810. He was ordained pastor in Greenfield,
Mass., Nov. 19, 1813, serving, 1813-16, and de-

OLIN

OLIN

clined a professorship of chemistry at Middlebury
oollege in 1816. He was professor of mathe
matics and natural philosophy at the University
of Vermont, 1819-21, and at Amherst college,
1821-25, and professor of natural philosophy at
the University of Georgia, 1825-26. After residing
for some years at Saratoga Springs, N.Y., he re
moved in 1841 to Circleville, Ohio, where his
son, Edson B., was elected a representative in con
gress, serving 1849-55, and where his brother Jo
seph resided and served in the state legislature,
1824-26 and 1841-42, as a state senator, 1827-31,
and as a Henry Clay elector, 1844. Gamaliel S. Olds
is the author of : An Inaugural Oration (1806);
The Substance of Several Sermons on Episcopacy
and Presbyterian Parity (1818); Statement of
Facts Relative to the Appointment to the Office' of
Professor of Chemistry in Middlebury College
(1818) . He died in Circleville, Ohio, June 13, 1848.
OLIN, Abraham Baldwin, jurist, was born in
Shaftsbury, Vt., Sept. 1, 1812 ; son of Gideon and
Lydia (Myers) Pope Olin. He was graduated at
Williams college, 1835, and was admitted to the
bar in 1838. He was married in December, 1838,
to Martha, daughter of the Hon. Keyes Danforth
of Williamstown, Mass. He settled in practice
in Troy, N.Y., and was recorder of that city for
three years. He was a Republican representa
tive in the 35th, 36th and 37th congresses, 1857-
63, and was appointed judge of the supreme
court of the District of Columbia by President
Lincoln in 1863, holding the office until his death.
He received the degree LL.D. from Williams,
1865. He died in Washington, D.C. , July 7, 1879.
OLIN, Gideon, representative, was born in
East Greenwich, R.I., Oct. 22, 1743 : son of John
and Susannah (Pierce) Olin, and grandson of
John (who came from Wales about 1678), and
Susannah (Spencer) Olin, and of Jeremiah Pierce.
He was educated in Rhode Island and settled in
Shaftsbury, Bennington county, Vt., in 1776.
He was a delegate to the Windsor convention of
June 4, 1777 ; was made major of the 2d Vermont
regiment in 1778, and served on the frontier dur
ing the Revolution. He represented Shaftsbury in
the state legislature, and was speaker of the house,
1788-93 ; was assistant judge of the Bennington
county court, 1781-98 and 1800-02, and one of the
councillors of state, 1793-98. He was a delegate
to the constitutional conventions of 1791 and 1793 ;
./ was a representative in the 8th and 9th con
gresses, 1803-07, and was chief -justice of the Ben
nington county court, 1807-11. He was a
founder ofthe University of Vermont, and one of
the firmest friends and supporters of the state gov
ernment before the state conventions of 1791 and
1793. He was married, Dec. 10, 1768, to Patience
Dwinnell, and secondly to Mrs. Lydia (Myers)
.Pope. He died in Shaftsbury, Vt., Jan. 21, 1823.

OLIN, Henry, justice, was born in Shaftsbury,
Vt., May 6, 1768 ; son of Justin and Sarah (Dwin
nell) Olin ; grandson of John and Susanna
(Pierce) Olin, and a descendant of John Olin,
probably of Huguenot descent, who came from
Wales to America about 1678, and to East Green
wich, R.I., about 1700. Henry Olin received a
common school education ; was married in 1788
to Lois Richardson, and became a resident of
Leicester in 1788. He represented his town in
the state legislature, 1799-1825, except while serv
ing on the governor's council, 1820-21 ; was as
sistant judge of the county court, 1801-09, and
chief judge, 1809-24. He was a delegate to the
state constitutional conventions of 1814, 1822 and
1828. In 1824 he was elected a representative in
the 18th congress to fill the unexpired term of
Charles Rich, who died, Oct. 15, 1824, and served,
1824-25. He was lieutenant-governor of Ver
mont, 1828-31. He died in Salisbury, Vt., in
August, 1837.
OLIN, Julia Matilda, author, was born in New
York city, Dec. 14, 1814 ; daughter of Judge
James and Janet (Tillotson) Lynch ; granddaugh-
of Dominick Lynch and of Thomas Tillotson ;
great-granddaughter of Robert R. Livingston
(q.v.) (1718-1775), and a descendant of Col. Henry
Beekman. She was married, Oct. 18, 1843, to the
Rev. Dr. Stephen Olin (q.v.). She was a com
municant. of the Protestant Episcopal church up
to the time of her marriage, when she united
with the Methodist church, and until her death
was actively associated with its Sunday-school
and missionary work. She was elected secretary
of the New York Female Bible society in 1854 ;
was the founder of Hillside chapel, Rhinebeck,
N.Y., 1855, and upon the organization of the New
York branch of the Woman's Foreign Missionary
society in 1869, was chosen its first president.
She edited her husband's sermons, sketches, lec
tures and addresses under the title of Tlie Works
of Stephen Olin (1853), and his Greece and the
Golden Horn (1854). She is the author of:
Words of the Wise (1851) ; A String of Pearls
(1855) ; Four Days in July (1855) ; Hillside
Flowers (1856) ; A Winter at Woodlawn (1856) ;
What Norman Saw in the West (1859) ; Hawk
Hollow Stories (1863) ; The Perfect Sight, or Seven
Hues of Christian Character (1865) ; Questions
on Lessons (1865) ; Questions on the Natural His
tory ofthe Bible (1865) ; Biographical Sketches of
Christian Women (1865) ; a series of books for
Sunday-school instruction (1849, 1851, 1861), and
many contributions to the Methodist Quarterly
Review and other denominational publications.
The Rev. Edward Brenton Otherman, her pastor
at Hillside chapel, published a memorial volume
as a tribute to Mrs. Olin in 1881. She died in
New York city, May 1, 1879.

[61]

OLIN

OLIVER

OLIN, Stephen, clergyman and educator, was
born in Leicester, Vt., March 2, 1797; son of
Judge Henry Olin (q.v.). He was graduated
from Middlebury college with first honors, A.B.,
1820, A.M., 1823. On account of poor health he
taught school in Cokesbury, Abbeville district,
S.C, 1820-23, and while there joined the Metho'-
dist church and became a preacher. He con
nected himself with the South Carolina confer
ence in January, 1824, and was stationed at
•Charleston, S.C. , 1824-26. His strength not being
equal to the task of the itineracy, he accepted
the professorship of ethics and metaphysics at the
University of Georgia, where he served, 1824-26,
1831-33. .He was ordained deacon in the Metho
dist church, Jan. 13, 1826, and elder, Nov. 20, 1828.
He was married, Aug. 10, 1827, to Mary Ann
Bostick of MilledgeviUe, Ga. In July, 1832, he
was elected the first president of the newly es
tablished Randolph-Macon college under the joint
patronage of the conferences
of Virginia, North and South
Carolina and Georgia, and he
, accepted the office by letter
dated Athens, Ga. , Jan. 9,
1833. In December, 1833,
he traveled from Athens to
Virginia in his private carriage, accompanied by
his wife, presented the needs of the college in,
Georgia and South Carolina on his journey, and
secured the endowment of two professorships
and other gifts for the college. He was also pro
fessor of mental and moral science, receiving $1500
per annum, and served until 1836, when infirm
health caused his retirement. He traveled in
Europe, Egypt and the Holy Land with his wife
until 1840, when he returned to the United States.
He was president of Wesleyan university, Middle-

^T>*fc

tsro ro''

•WfTfLEVAN COLLEGE/-
- - FROA\ HIGH 5TR£fcT.

town, 1839-41 and 1842-51; declined the presi
dency of Genessee college, N.Y., in 1850 ; was ac
tive in the debates of the general conference of
1844, and was prominent in the founding of the
Evangelical Alliance, London, England, in 1846.
He was married secondly, in October, 1843, to
Julia Matilda, daughter of Judge James Lynch of

[62]

New York city, and cousin of the wife of Freeborn
Garretson, the Methodist pioneer at whose home
in Rhinebeck, N. Y., Miss Lynch met Dr. Olin,
then a widower. Their oldest son and only surviv
ing child, Stephen Henry Olin, Wesleyan, 1866,
became a prominent lawyer in New York city.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
Stephen Olin by Middlebury college in 1832, and
by Wesleyan university and the University of
Alabama in 1834, and that of LL.D. by Yale in
1845. The estimate of Dr. Olin's character and
attributes given by his friends appears extrava
gant. Theodore L. Cuyler (q.v.), who knew him
less intimately and did not sympathize with his
religious creed, says : " In physical, mental and
spiritual stature combined, no Methodist in tlie
last generation towered above Dr. Stephen Olin.
He was a great writer, a great educator and pre
eminently a great preacher of the glorious gospel.
Like all great men he was very simple and unas
suming in his manners ; with his grand logical
head was coupled a warm, loving heart. Valuable
as were his writings, yet his imposing personality
was greater than any of his published produc
tions." He is the author of : Travels in Egypt,
Arabia, Petrcea and the Holy Land (1843) ; Youth
ful Piety (1853). The Works of Stephen Olin
(1853) ; Greece and the Golden Horn (1854), and
College Life, its Theory and Practice (1867), were
edited by his widow. His name in " Class G.,
Preachers and Theologians," received four votes
for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Amer
icans, New York University, October, 1900. He
died in Middletown, Conn., Aug. 16, 1851.
OLIVER, Andrew, representative, was born
in Springfield, Otsego county, N.Y., Jan. 16, 1815 ;
son of William Morrison and Eleanor (Young)
Oliver, and grandson of the Rev. Andrew Oliver.
His parents removed to Penn Yan, N.Y., in 1818,
where he was prepared for college. He matricu
lated at Hamilton in 1831, left in 1833, and was
graduated at Union college, A.B., 1835, A.M.,
1838. He studied law under his father and prac
tised with him in Penn Yan, 1838-44. He suc
ceeded his father as judge of the court of com
mon pleas of Yates county, serving, 1844-47 ; was
county judge and surrogate under the constitu
tion of 1846, 1847-52, and a Democratic represen
tative from the twenty-sixth New York district
in the 33d and 34th congresses, 1853-57, but on
questions of national policy voted with the Whigs.
He was defeated as the American candidate for
representative in the 35th congress in 1856, and
in 1857 resumed his law practice in Penn Yan.
In 1871 he was elected county judge and surro
gate by the Democrats of Yates county for the
term 1872-77 ; was defeated for county judge by
William S. Briggs in 1877, and for state senator
by George P. Lord in 1881. He was married in

OLIVER

OLIVER

June, 1873, to Mrs. Catharine C. Dusinbery, who
died childless in 1886. He died in Penu Yan,
N.Y.,March6, 1889.
OLIVER, Grace Atkinson, author, was born in
Boston, Mass., Sept. 24, 18-14 ; daughter of James
Lovell and Julia Augusta (Cook) Little. Her
father was a prominent merchant of Boston,
where she was educated. She was married in
1869 to John Harvard Ellis, a lawyer, who died
in 1871, after which she engaged in literary work,
contributing her first articles to Old and New.
She traveled in Europe, and spent a season in
London in 1874 ; and in 1879 was married to Dr.
Joseph Pearson Oliver, a Boston physician. She
was a state trustee of the Danvers lunatic asylum ;
a member of the Salem school board ; president
of the Salem Society for the Higher Education of
Women ; president of the Visiting Nurse associa
tion of Marblehead, Mass. ; founder, vice-presi
dent and president of the Thought and Work club
of Salem ; a member of the New England
Woman's club ; of the North Shore club of Lynn,
of the Essex Institute, Salem, and an associate
member of the New England Woman's Press as
sociation. She is the author of : The Life and
Works of Anna L. Barbauld (1873); Life of
Maria Edgeworth, written with the help of Miss
Edgeworth's family (1882); Memoirs of Ann and
Jane Taylor, with Selections from their Works
(1883); Memoir of Dean Stanley (1885), and con
tributed to the "Browning Concordance," edited
by Dr. J. W. Rolfe. She died at Marblehead,
Mass., May 21, 1899.
OLIVER, Henry Kemble, musician, was born
in Beverly, Mass., Nov. 24, 1800 ; son of Daniel
and Elizabeth (Kemble) Oliver ; grandson of
Nathaniel and Mercy (Wendell) Oliver, and of
Thomas and Hannah (Thomas) Kemble, and a
descendant of Thomas Oliver of Lewes, Sussex,
England, who with his wife and children settled in
Boston, Mass., in 1632. At the age of ten Henry
was boy soprano in Park Street church, Boston.
He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1818. He was
married, Aug. 30, 1825, to Sarah, daughter of
Samuel and Sarah (Chever) Cook of Salem, Mass.
He taught school, 1819-44, served as colonel of state
militia and adjutant-general of the state, 1844-48,
and as commander of the Ancient and Honorable
Artillery Company of Boston in 1846. He was a
member of the board of examiners at West Point
in 1847 ; superintendent of the Atlantic cotton
mills at Lawrence, Mass., 1848-58; mayor of
Lawrence in 1859, and treasurer of the common
wealth of Massachusetts, 1860-66. He removed
to Salem, Mass. ; was the first chief of the Mass
achusetts Bureau of the Statistics of Labor,
1869-73, and mayor of Salem, 1877-80. He was a
professional church organist, 1819-85 ; organized
and managed a Mozart association, 1826-27 ; a

glee club, 1832-52, and conducted a choir of
20,000 voices at the World's Peace Jubilee in
Boston, June 25, 1872, in his choral Federal Street,
set to his own words, Hull, Gentle Peace. He re
ceived the degrees of A.B. and A.M. from Har
vard in 1802, being placed among the graduates
of the class of 1818, and the honorary degree of
Mus.D. from Dartmouth in 1883. His musical
compositions include the hymns : Federal Street ;
Harmony Grove ; Morning ; Walnut Grove ;
Elkton ; Vesper ; Hudson ; Beacon Street ; to
gether with motets, chants and a Te Deum. He
prepared National Lyre in conjunction with
Samuel P. Tuckerman (1849); Collections of
Church Music (2 vols., 1860); Original Hymn-
Tunes (1875) , and is the author of : Lectures on the
Monitorial System, and Address at the. Dedica
tion of the Broad Street School, Salem (1856).
He died in Boston, Mass., Aug. 10, 1885.
OLIVER, John Morrison, soldier, was born in
Penn Yan, N.Y., Sept. 6, 1828; son of William
Morrison (1792-1863) and Eleanor (Young) Oliver,
and grandson of the Rev. Andrew Oliver, a native
of Scotland, who settled in Londonderry. N.H.,
removed to Springfield, Otsego county, N.Y.,
about 1795, where he was pastor of the Associate
Reformed church, and died there in 1833.
William Morrison Oliver was judge of Yates
county, state senator, president of the senate, 1830,
chief judge of the court of errors, clerk of the su
preme court and representative in the 27th con
gress, 1841-43. John Morrison Oliver was educated
at St. Paul's college, College Point, L.I. , N.Y., of
which the Rev. W. A. Muhlenberg was president,
returned to Penn Yan and was married, Oct. 22,
1848, to Joanna, daughter of David Wagener, and
granddaughter of Abraham Wagener. He re
moved to Monroe, Mich. , where he was a druggist,
and served as recorder of the court. On April
17,1861, he enlisted as a private soldier; was
made 1st lieutenant in the 1st Michigan in
fantry volunteers, and was the first to receive
promotion in the regiment, being made captain
of his company. Early in 1862 Governor Blair
appointed him colonel of the 15th Michigan vol
unteers, which regiment was ordered to the front
and engaged in.the battle of Pittsburg Landing,
April 6-7, 1862. He was commended by General
McCook for conspicuous bravery and efficient ser
vice. He commanded the 2d brigade in McKean's
6th division, Army of West Tennessee, at the
battles of Corinth, Iuka and at Grand Junction ;
commanded his regiment in the 2d brigade, 1st
division, 16th army corps in the Vicksburg cam
paign from June 12 to July 4, 1863 ; commanded
the 3d brigade, 4th division, 15th army corps, in
the Atlanta campaign until August 4, 1863,
when his brigade was absorbed by the 1st brigade
and he returned to the command of his regi-

[63]

OLIVER

OLIVER

ment. He commanded the 3d brigade in Hazen's
2d division, Logan's 15th corps, in the march to
the sea, and was prominent in the capture of Fort
McAllister, Dec. 13, 1864, where his brigade
opened and carried the assault. He led his
brigade through the Carolinas and until dis
banded at Washington after the surrender of
Johnston's army in North Carolina. He received
his commission as brigadier-general of volunteers
in January, 1865, while at Savannah, and was
brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 15,
1865. He was assigned to the command of the
2d division, 15th army corps, Army of the Ten
nessee, and was stationed at Louisville, Ky., and
ordered from there to Little Rock, Ark., where
he was mustered out of the service and made
assessor of internal revenue, meanwhile practic
ing law in Little Rock. He was appointed by
President Grant superintendent of postal service
in the southwest, and took up his residence in
Washington, D.C. He resigned in 1871 on ac
count of ill health. He declined the office of
associate justice of the supreme court of the Dis
trict of Columbia in 1869. He died in Washing
ton, D.C, March 30, 1872.
OLIVER, Peter, jurist, was born in Boston,
Mass., March 26, 1713 ; son of Daniel and Elizabeth
(Belcher) Oliver ; grandson of Peter and Sarah
(Newdigate) Oliver, and of Andrew Belcher, and
great-grandson of Thomas and Anne Oliver,
the immigrants, 1632. Peter Oliver was graduated
at Harvard, A.B., 1730, A.M., 1733, and made his
home in Middleborough, where he owned an
estate, and was married, July 5, 1733, to Mary,
daughter of William and Hannah (Appleton)
Clarke. He was an associate judge of the in
ferior court of common pleas of Plymouth
county, 1747-56, and was judge of the superior
court of judicature for the province of Massachu
setts, serving, 1756-71. He was chief justice of that
court, 1771-75, succeeding Benjamin Lynde, Jr.,
and also served as one of the mandamus council
lors. In 1774, by a modification of the charter,
the salaries of the judges were made payable by
the crown, and the salary of chief justice in
creased to £400. This displeased tlie colonists,
who asked the judges to refuse money from the
crown, and all save Oliver complied. He was
impeached by the legislature, suspended from
office, and when he tried to hold court under the
protection of the militia, the' jurors refused to
serve. He defended the action of the crown in
the Censor, and went to England when the British
troops evacuated Boston in 1776, taking with him
a copy of the MS. " History of Massachusetts Bay
Colony" by William Hubbard (q.v.,) and papers
relating to the settlement of Plymouth colony.
He received the degree D.C.L. from Oxford,
England, in 1776. He published : A Speech on the

[64]

Death of Isaac Lathrop (1750); Poem on the
Death of Secretary Willard (1757); Scriptural
Lexicon (1784-'75), and the twenty-ninth poem in
Pietas et Gratulatio (1761), is ascribed to him.
He died in Birmingham, England, Oct. 13, 1791.
OLIVER, Robert W., educationist, was born
in Scotland, Oct. 9, 1815. He was a cavalry
officer in the English army in Canada, and sub
sequently became a minister in the Presbyterian
church, serving as pastor in Scotland and im
migrating to Butler, Pa. , where he had charge of
the Presbyterian church. Upon a change of his
religious views he was admitted to holy orders
in the P.E. church, Nov. 11, 1855, under the
direction of the Rt. Rev. Alonzo Potter, bishop
of Pennsylvania. He was «. missionary in west
ern Pennsylvania, 1857-63, serving at Johnstown,
Altoona and Huntington. He was chaplain in
the Federal army, 1861-63 ; returned to St. Luke's
church, Altoona, in 1863, but the same year re
moved to Lawrence, Kan., where the Rev. Charles
Reynolds, rector of Trinity church, had obtained
a charter for the establishment of a university
in 1861. Not receiving support from the American
Church Missionary society, Mr. Reynolds resigned
and entered the army as chaplain, being
succeeded at Trinity church by Mr. Oliver,
through whom Trinity parish donated to the
state the material gathered for the building, on
condition that the property be used for a state
university. On March 1, 1864, the act of the
state legislature chartering the University of
Kansas was approved, and on March 21, 1865, a
new board of regents was named, Mr. Oliver
being elected chancellor and president. On Sept
6, 1865, he applied to the city council of Lawrence
for a formal transfer to the new corporation of
the ground on Mt. Oread, on which the founda
tion for a college had been built. The transfer
was granted on condition that the school should be
in operation, Jan. 1, 1867. By September, 1866,
Mr. Oliver had raised the money, built the north
college building and secured a plot of land from
Gen. James H. Lane, to complete the square of
ten acres for the north campus. He visited the
east and obtained considerable support for the
university. He resigned the chancellorship of
the university, which had been entirely of a
business nature, was re-elected president of the
board of regents and was made its general finan
cial agent. He also resigned the rectorship of
Trinity church near the close of 1867, removing
to Nebraska City, Neb., where he was rector, of
St. Mary's church, 1867-83, and to Kearney, Neb.,
in 1883, where he was rector of St. Luke's church.
He also filled the chair of divinity for the diocese
of Nebraska, 1883-95. He removed to Phila
delphia, Pa., in December, 1895, died there, June
23, 1899, and was buried at Kearney, Neb.

Ui-ilttSTEAO

OLMSTED

OLMSTEAD, John Wesley, clergyman and
editor, was born in Saratoga county, N.Y., Nov.
13, 1816 ; son of Joshua and Salome (Arnold)
Olmstead ; grandson of Lemuel and Silence
(Weed) Olmsted, and a descendant of Richard
Olmsted, se.Dtler of Hartford, Conn., and of
Thomas Arnold of Providence, R.I. After
receiving an ordinary school training, his parents,
who were Methodists, intended that he should
enter that ministry, but he joined the Baptist
church in Schuylerville, N.Y., in 1836, and at
tended Johnstown academy, 1836-37. He was
pastor of the Baptist church in Little Falls, N.Y.,
1837-41, and of the Baptist church in Chelsea,
Mass., 1841-46 ; and was editor of the Christian
Reflector, Boston, Mass., 1846-48. When that
paper was consolidated with the Watchman in
1848, he retired, owing to ill health. He established
and conducted The Watch Tower in New York
city, 1878-81, and in the latter year returned to
Boston, Mass., where he continued as editor-in-
chief of the Watchman until his death. He was
one of the executive committee of the Missionary
union. He received the honorary degree A.M.
from Yale in 1854, and D.D. from Rochester
university in 1863. He died in Manchester,
Mass., Aug. 31, 1891.
OLMSTED, Charles Sanford, second bishop
•of Colorado and 207th in succession in the
American episcopate, was born in Olmstedville,
N.Y., Feb. 8, 1853; son of Levi and Maria
(Beach) Olmsted ; grandson of Zahnon and
Rebecca (Barlow) Olmsted ; great-grandson of
Lemuel and Silence (Weed) Olmsted, and a
descendant of Richard Olmsted, first of Hartford,
and afterward of Norwalk, Conn. He was
educated at St. Stephen's college, 1869-73 ; was
graduated from the General Theological seminary,
1876 ; was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop
Horatio Potter in 1876, and advanced to the
priesthood by Bishop Doane in 1877. He was
rector of Trinity church, Morley, N.Y. ; of Christ
church, Cooperstown, N.Y. ; archdeacon of Sus
quehanna in the diocese of Albany for ten years,
and rector of St. Asaph's, Bala, Pa., 1896-1902.
He was deputy from the diocese of Pennsylvania
to the General convention of 1901. He received the
degree of D D. from Hobart in 1895, and from.
the General Theological seminary in 1901. He
was elected bishop coadjutor of Colorado, Jan. 8,
1902, and on the death of Bishop Spalding, March
9, 1902, he became the diocesan designate and
was consecrated at St. John's cathedral, Denver,
Col., May 1, 1902, by Bishop Tuttle of Missouri,
assisted by Bishops Johnston, Leonard, Coleman,
Graves, White, Brown, Williams and Taylor.
He is the author of : December Musings and
other Poems ; Tlie Discipline of Perfection ; Ordin
ation Sermon (1902).

OLMSTED, Charles Tyler, bishop coadjutor
of Central New York and 211th in succession in
the American episcopate, was born in Cohoes,
N.Y., April 28, 1842; son of Charles A. and
Ardelia (Wilkinson) Olmsted; grandson of George
W. and Mary (Tyler) Olmsted and of David and
Martha (Sayles) Wilkinson, and a descendant of
Richard Olmsted, who came to Cambridge, Mass.,
in the ship Lyon in 1632, and of Lawrence Wil
kinson, who came to Providence, R.I., about
1636. He was graduated at Trinity college, Conn.,
A.B., 1865, A.M., 1868; was a tutor at St. Ste
phen's college, Annandale, N.Y., 1865-66; pro
fessor of mathematics and natural philosophy,
1866-68 ; was admitted to the diaconate in 1867 ;
advanced to the priesthood in 1868 ; was assistant
minister of Trinity parish, New York city, 1868-
84, serving at Trinity chapel ; rector of Grace
church, Utica, N.Y., 1884-99; and vicar of St.
Agnes's chapel, Trinity parish, New York city,
1899-1902. He was married April 25, 1876, to
Catharine, daughter of Joseph and Rosette (Town-
send) Lawrence of New York city. He was
elected bishop coadjutor of central New York in
1902 and was consecrated in Grace church,Utica,
N.Y., Oct. 2,1902, by Bishops Huntington, Potter
and Walker, entering at once upon his duties as
coadjutor to Frederic Dan Huntington (q.v.).
He was deputy to the general conventions of
1892, 1895 and 1898, and was a member of the
Oneida Historical society. He received the hono
rary degree of D.D. from Hobart in 1893.
OLMSTED, Denison, physicist, was born in
East Hartford, Conn., June 18, 1791 ; son of Na
thaniel and  (Kingsbury) Olmsted ; grand
son of Denison Kingsbury of Andover, Conn.,
and a descendant of James Olmsted of Essex,
England, who settled in Cambridge, Mass., in
September, 1632, removed with the earliest set
tlers to Hartford, Conn., in 1636, and was an origi
nal proprietor of that colony. Denison Olmsted
was brought up in the family of Governor Tred-
well, Farmington, Conn., where he was a clerk
in tlie country store. He prepared for college in
the school of James Morris and under the Rev.
Dr. Noah Porter. He was graduated at Yale
with highest honors, A.B., 1813, A.M., 1816 ; was
a teacher in New London, Conn., 1813-15 ; tutor
at Yale, 1815-17, and professor of chemistry, min
eralogy and geology in the University of North
Carolina, 1817-25. He began the first geological
surve\r of North Carolina under the direction of
the state board of agriculture in 1821, publishing
a report of his work, 1824 and 1825. He also be
gan researches to determine the practicability of
obtaining illuminating gas from cotton in 1825,
without definite results. He was professor of
mathematics and natural philosophy at Yale,
1825-36, and of natural philosophy and astronomy,

[651

OLMSTED

OLMSTED

1836-59. He published an elaborate theory of
hailstones in 1830, which caused considerable dis
sent, but finally received the general endorse
ment of meteorologists. After the remarkable
meteoric shower of November, 1833, he published
a collection of observations that indicated their
cosmical origin. Priority in putting forth these
conceptions was disputed by Chladni, whose
claims do not seem to have been so definitely
established as those of Olmsted. With Professor
Elias Loomis, he was the first of all observers
to find Halley's comet on its return in 1835. He
carried on a series of observations of the aurora
borealis for several years, the results of which
were published in Vol. VIII. of the " Smith
sonian Contributions to Knowledge " (1856).
He invented the Olmsted stove which brought
him considerable profit, and devised a prepara
tion of lead and rosin for lubricating machinery.
He was a member of many scientific societies in
America and Europe, and contributed to their
Transactions, and to the leading periodicals of
the day. He prepared the following text books,
which were almost universally used in the higher
schools: Students' Commonplace Book (1828);
Introduction to Natural Philosophy (2 vols.,
1831) ; Compendium of Natural Philosophy (1832) ;
Introduction to Astronomy (1839); Compendium
of Astronomy (1841); Letters on Astronomy Ad
dressed to a Lady (1841), and Rudiments of Nat
ural Philosophy and Astronomy (1844). He is the
author of : Thoughts on the Clerical Profession,
essays (1817), and Life and Writings of Ebenezer
Porter Mason (1842) and other biographical works.
He died in New Haven, Conn.. May 13, 1859.
OLMSTED, Frederick Law, landscape archi
tect, was born in Hartford, Conn., April 26, 1822 ;
son of John and Charlotte (Hull) Olmsted ;
grandson of Benjamin and Content (Pitkin)
Olmstead, and of
Samuel and Abigail
(Doolittle) Hull, and
a descendant of James
Olmsted, Cambridge,
Mass., 1632, Hartford,
Conn. , 1636. Frederick
Law Olmsted shipped
as a seaman for the
East Indies and China
in 1840 ; studied
agricultural science
and engineering at
Yale, 1845-46, and
engaged in practical
farming, first as a
laborer in central
New York, and then as the manager of a
farm of his own on Staten Island, N.Y. He
made a pedestrian tour through Great Britain

rW^a^SuC^U^L

[66]

and various continental countries in 1850, and a
horseback trip through the southern and south
western parts of the United States, 1852-53, to
study the art of landscape gardening. He made
a second trip to Europe to investigate the park
system in France, Italy and Germany, and in
1856, in connection with Calvert Vaux, prepared
the accepted plans for the laying out of Central
Park in New York city, and superintended its
construction, 1857-61. He was married, June 13,
1859, to Mary Cleveland, daughter of Dr. Henry
and Sarah (Jones) Perkins of Oswego, N.Y. He
directed the working details of the U.S. sanitary
commission and was its secretary, 1861-64 ; was
one of the founders of the Union League club,
New York city, in 1863, and was chairman of the
Yosemite Park commission of California, 1864-66,
where he directed the topographical survey of
the. reservation. He was engaged with Mr. Vaux
in laying out and superintending the construc
tion of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1866,
which contract was followed by similar work,
among which were the Riverside and Morning-
side parks and several parkways in Chicago, 111.;
the park and parkway of Buffalo, N.Y.; Seaside
park at Bridgeport, Conn.; two parks in Roches
ter, N.Y.; one at Trenton, N.J.; another at Wil
mington, Del.; the great terrace and grounds of
the capitol at Washington, D.C, and in 1871, the
parking system of its broad streets. He also laid
out Mount Royal park, Montreal, Canada, and the
park and parkway system at Boston, Mass. F. L.
& J. C. Olmsted, with Henry Sargent Codman,
were the landscape architects of the World's' Col
umbian exposition at Chicago, 111. He was con
sulting architect of the grounds of some of the
larger universities and colleges of the United
States and many notable private parks. He re
ceived the honorary degree of A.M. from Harvard
in 1864, and from Amherst in 1867, and LL.D.
from Harvard and Yale in 1893. He is the author
of : Walks and Talks of an American Farmer
in England (1852) ; A Journey in the Sea-board
Slave States, with Remarks on their Economy
(1856); A Journey through Texas, or a Saddle
Trip on the Southwestern Frontier, with a Statis
tical Appendix (1857); A Journey in the Back
Country (1860), and The Cotton Kingdom (2 vols.,
1861). a condensed edition of these works.
OLMSTED, John Charles, landscape architect,
was born in Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 14, 1852 ;
son of Dr. John Hull and Mary Cleveland Bryant
(Perkins) Olmsted. He returned with his
parents to the United States in 1853, and was
graduated from the Sheffield Scientific school,
Yale university, Ph.B., 1875; then studied land
scape gardening under Frederick Law Olmsted
and O. C. Bullard, and practiced his profession
in partnership with the former. He was mar-

OLMSTED

OLNEY

ried, Jan. 18, 1899, to Sophia Buckland White
of Brookline, Mass. He was elected vice-president
of the American Park and Outdoor Art associa
tion in 1898, and president of the American So-
oiety of Landscape Architects in 1899. He be
came a member of the Boston Society of Civil
Engineers ; an associate member of the Boston
Society of Architects ; a member of the New
England Association of Park Superintendents ;
and a non-resident member of the Century asso
ciation, the Reform club and the National Arts
club of New York city.
OLMSTED, Marlin Edgar, representative,
was born in Ulysses, Potter county, Penn.; son of
Henry and Evalena Theresa (Cushing) Olmsted ;
grandson of Daniel and Lucy (Schofield) Olmsted,
and of Lucas and Chloe (Wood) Cushing ; a de
scendant in the ninth generation from Richard
Olmsted from Suffolk, England, an original pro
prietor of Hartford, Conn., and also from Mat
thew Cushing, who came from Hingham, Eng
land, in 1638, and commenced the settlement of
Hingham, Mass. He was educated in the public
schools and at the Coudersport academy ; was a
corporation clerk, 1870-75 ; was admitted to the
bar in 1878, at Harrisburg, Pa. ; became attorney
for many of the principal railroad and other cor
porations of the state ; president and general
counsel of the Beech Creek and the Buffalo and
Susquehanna railroad companies ; was elected to
represent Dauphin county in the proposed con
stitutional convention in 1891, and was a Republi
can representative from the fourteenth Pennsyl
vania district in 55th, 56th, 57th and 58th con
gresses, 1897-1905.
OLNEY, Edward, mathematician, was born in
Moreau, N. Y., July 24, 1827; son of Benjamin
and Lucy (Emerson) Olney ; grandson of Stephen
and Sarah (Irish) Olney, and a descendant of
Thomas and Marie (Small) Olney. Thomas Olney,
a native of Hertfordshire, England, immigrated
to Salem, Mass., in the ship Planter, in 1635 ;
settled at Manchester, near Salem, in 1636; was
excluded from the colony in 1638, and was one of
the thirteen proprietors of Providence, R.I. Ed
ward Olney removed to Michigan with his pa
rents, and by hard work and self-denial became
a thorough mathematical scholar. He was a
teacher in the Union school, Perrysburg, Ohio,
probably 1845-53 ; was professor of mathematics
in Kalamazoo college, Michigan, 1853-63, and in
the State University of Michigan, 1863-87. He
was president of the Baptist state convention,
1875-79, and treasurer, 1879-87. He received the
degree A.M. from Madison univershVy in 1853 and
that of LL.D. from Kalamazoo college in 1874.
He was married, May 7, 1850, to Sarah E. Hun
tington. He is the author of Olney's Arithmetic.
He died in Ann Arbor, Mich. , Jan. 16, 1887.

OLNEY, George Washington, journalist, was
born in Charleston, S.C, June 5, 1835 ; son of
George Washington and Olive (Bartlett) Olney;
grandson of Stephen Olney of North Providence,
R.I., an officer of the army of the Revolution,
and a descendant of Thomas Olney, one of the
original settlers of Rhode Island with Roger
Williams, and first colonial treasurer. He was
educated in tlie private schools of Charleston and
in the University grammar school, Providence,
R.I., and was graduated from Harvard Law
school in 1855. He was one of the publishers of
the New York Daily Day Book, 1858-61, and
during the civil war was correspondent in the
south for the Richmond Enquirer and the
Charleston Courier, 1861-63. Returning to New
York city, he was dramatic writer for the New
York Herald in 1866 ; editorial writer for the
New York World, 1868-76,' and in 1873 engaged in
insurance journalism as editor of the Spectator.
He was managing editor of the Weekly Under
writer, 1878-99, and became editor-in-chief in
1899. He became editor of the World Almanac
in 1870 ; was elected vice-president of the Under
writer Printing and Publishing Co., New York,
in 1899 ; secretary of the Society of The Cincin
nati in the state of Rhode Island in 1897; a fellow
of the Royal Statistical society of Great Britain
in 1897, and a fellow of the American Statistical
association in 1893. He is the author of several
statistical works.
OLNEY, Richard, cabinet officer, was born in
Oxford, Mass. , Sept. 15, 1835 ; son of Wilson and
Eliza (Butler) Olney ; descendant of Thomas
Olney, who came to Salem, Mass., in 1635, from
Hertfordshire, England, and was one of the
founders of the Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations in 1637-8,
and also of Andrew
Sigourney, a French
Huguenot, who was
one of ,the first settlers
of Oxford, Mass., in
1687. Richard Olney
was graduated at
Brown university in
1856, and at Harvard
Law school in 1858. He
was admitted to the
bar in 1859, practiced
law in Boston with
Benjamin F. Thomas,
1859-78, and after the
death of Judge
Thomas in 1878, continued by himself. He was
married, March 6, 1861, to Agnes Park, daughter
of Judge Thomas. He was a Democratic repre
sentative in the Massachusetts legislature of 1874 ;
served in the cabinet of President Cleveland as

[671

OLSSEN

ONDERDONK

attorney-general from March 6, 1893, to June 8,
1895, and assecretary of state from June 10, 1895,
to March 4, 1897. In March, 1897, he resumed the
practice of law in Boston. He received the hon
orary degree of LL.D. from Harvard in 1893,
from Brown in 1894, and from Yale in 1901.
OLSSEN, William Whittingham, educator,
was born in New York city, May 11, 1827 ; son of
Edward Jones and Abigail Ann (Cronin) Olssen,
and grandson of James Olssen of Copenhagen,
Denmark, and his wife Mary Ann Jones of Bristol,
England. He was prepared for college by the
Rev. Robert W. Harris, D.D., at White Plains,
N.Y., and was graduated at Columbia college,
A.B., 1846, A.M., 1850, and at the General Theolo
gical seminary in 1849. He was admitted to the
diaconate in Holy Trinity church, Brooklyn,
N.Y., by Bishop Whittingham, July 1, 1849 ;
was a missionary at Prattsville, N.Y., 1849-50,
and was ordained priest in Grace church, Brook
lyn, N.Y. , by Bishop De Lancy, June 29, 1851.
He was married, April 24, 1851, to Louisa,
daughter of Richard and Mary Ann (Rollinson)
Whittingham of New York city. He was rector
of the church of St. James the Less at Scarsdale,
N.Y., 1851-71 ; professor of mathematics in St.
Stephen's college, Annaridale, N.Y., 1871-73; of
Greek and Hebrew language and literature, 1873-
90, of English literature and history, 1890-94, and
of mathematics again from 1894. He received
the degree S.T.D. from Columbia in 1876. He is
the author of : Personality , Human and Divine
(1882); Revelation, Universal and Special (1885),
and of contributions to church periodicals.
OLSSON, Olof, educator, was born in Bjor-
torp, Vermland, Sweden, March 31, 1841. He
was graduated at Upsala in 1861, and from the
theological department in 1863. He was ordained
to the Lutheran ministry, Dec. 15, 1863 ; was
assistant pastor at Karlstad, Sweden, 1863-64 ;
pastor of a large mining district in Sweden,
1864—66, and pastor in eastern Vermland, 1867-
69. He immigrated with a large number of his
parishioners to the United States in 1869, and
settled in Smoky Hill Valley, McPherson county,
Kansas, where he organized a colony and church
of which he was pastor, 1869—76. He was a
representative' in the Kansas legislature, 1871-
72 ; professor of theology in the Augustana
Theological seminary at Rock Island, 111., 1876-
88 ; pastor of the Swedish Lutheran church at
Woodhull, 111., 1890-91, and president of Augus
tana college, Rock Island, 1891-1900. He received
the degree D.D. from Augustana college in 1892,
and Ph.D. from the University of Upsala in
1893. He edited Nytt Och Gammalt at Linds-
borg, Kan., 1873, and Luther -Kalender at Rock
Island, 111., 1883, and is the author of the following
books : Greetings from Afar, being Recollections

of Travels in England and Germany (1879); At
the Cross (1886); Tlie Christian Hope (1887), and
To Rome and Home Again (1890.) He died in
Rock Island, 111.. May 12, 1900.'
O'MEARA, Stephen, editor and publisher, was
born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island,
July 26, 1854 ; son of Stephen and Maria (Meade)
O'Meara. In 1864 he came to the United States
with his parents, who settled first in Braintree
and then in Charlestown, Mass. He was grad
uated at the grammar and high schools of
Charlestown. In 1872 he became the Charles
town reporter for the Boston Globe, and was a
member of the regular staff, 1873-74. He was
state house and shorthand reporter on the Boston
Journal, 1874-79 ; city editor, 1879-81, news and
managing editor, 1881-91. On the retirement of
William W. Clapp in 1891, he became editor-in-
chief and general manager ; and publisher of the
paper in 1896. He was married, Aug. 5, 1878, to
Isabella M., daughter of Henry Squire of Charles
town, Mass. He was the first instructor in
phonography in the Boston evening high school,
1880-84; president of the Boston Press club, 1886-
88 ; auditor, treasurer and a member of the ex
ecutive committee of the New England Associated
Press, 1888-95, and secretary and treasurer of
the Boston Daily Newspaper association, 1892-94.
In 1896 he became connected with the Associated
Press, serving at different times as a vice-president
or the New England director. He was elected
a trustee of the Massachusetts state library in
1890, and became a member of the Union,
Exchange, St. Botolph and Algonquin clubs. He
received the honorary degree A.M. from Dart
mouth college in 1888. In 1900 he delivered the
annual Fourth of July oration before the city
authorities of Boston.
ONDERDONK, Benjamin Tredwell, fourth
bishop of New York and 24th in succession in
the American episcopate, was born in New York
city, July 15, 1791 ; son of John and Deborah
(Ustick) Onderdonk ; grandson of Adrian and
Maria (Hegaman) Onderdonk, and a descendant
of Adrian Van der Donck, who emigrated from
Breda, Holland, to New Castle, Del., in 1637, and
removed toFlatbush, Long Island, N.Y., in 1672.
He was graduated at Columbia college, A.B., 1809,
A.M., 1816 ; was admitted to the diaconate by
Bishop Hobart, Aug. 2, 1812, and was ordained
priest at Newark, N.J., by the same bishop, July
25, 1816. He was assistant rector of Trinity
church, New York city, 1813-36 ; professor of ec
clesiastical history, 1821-22. and of ecclesiastical
polity and law, 1821-61, in the General Theological
seminary. He succeeded the Rev. Dr. Lyell as
secretary of the Diocesan convention, serving,
1816-30, and was elected bishop of New York in
October, 1830, to fill the vacancy caused by the

ONDERDONK

ONDERDONK

death of Bishop Hobart, who had expressed a de
sire that Onderdonk might be his successor. He
was consecrated at St. John's chapel, New York
city, Nov. 26, 1830, by Bishops White, Brownell
and Henry U. Onderdonk, and continued in his
duties as assistant rector of Trinity. On Dec. 4,
1844, he was brought to trial before an ecclesiasti
cal court composed of seventeen bishops, charged
with immoral acts said to have been committed be
tween June, 1837, and July, 1844, and on Jan. 3,
1845, was suspended from all exercise of his epis
copal and ministerial functions. Like his brother,
the Bishop of Pennsylvania, he acknowledged
the excessive use of intoxicating liquors, but
asserted his innocence of all criminality from first
to last, immediately after the trial, and even on
his death-bed. He published "A Statement of
Facts and Circumstances Connected with the
Bishop of New York " in which he denied every
accusation, but made no personal effort to evade
punishment. His friends labored zealously in his
behalf, and the diocese of New York earnestly
endeavored to obtain a remission of the sen
tence. Many pamphlets were issued for and
against the bishop, and on Oct. 11, 1847, he ad
dressed a memorial to the General convention.
A second memorial was introduced into the
General convention of 1850, and a third in that
of 1859, when the house of bishops was petitioned
by a majority of the clergymen and laity, to re
instate the deposed bishop. The petition was
not granted, and he died with the stigma at
tached to his name, although it was quite clearly
proven that he was the victim of a band of or
ganized conspirators. He received the degree of
S.T.D in 1826 from Columbia, was a trustee of
Columbia college, 1824-53, and of Hobart college,
1838-53. He made valuable contributions to the
literature of the church, and is the author of the
preface to the republication, by the Protestant
Episcopal press, of Dr. John Bowden's Letters on
the Apostolic Origin of the Episcopacy (1831).
He died in New York city, April 30, 1861.
ONDERDONK, Henry, historian, was born in
North Hempstead, N.Y., June 11, 1804; son of
Joseph and Dorothy (Montfort) Onderdonk, and
grandson of Adrian and Maria (Hegaman) On
derdonk. He was graduated at Columbia col
lege, A.B., 1827, A.M., 1833, and succeeded the
Rev. Dr. Eisenbradt as principal of Union Hall
academy, Jamaica, Long Island, N.Y., serving,
1832-65, when he retired and devoted himself to
literary work. He was an accomplished classical
scholar, and entered the General Theological
¦seminary in the class of 1848 ; but left soon after
matriculating on account of the troubles that
had come upon his two uncles, the bishops of
New York and Pennsylvania. He lectured ex
tensively on temperance and local history, and

made important researches in history and gene
alogy. He was married in 1828 to his cousin,
Maria Hegaman, daughter of George and Sarah
(Rapelye) Onderdonk. He was a member of
several learned societies, and received the degree
A.B. from Harvard in 1878, being enrolled with
the class of 1828. He is the author of : Documents
and Letters Intending to Illustrate the Revolu
tionary Incidents of Queen's County, N.Y. (1846);
Correspondence with James Fenimore Cooper, on
the Capture and Death of Major Woodhull
(1848); Revolutionary Incidents of Suffolk and
Kings County with an Account of the Battle of
Long Island (1849) ; Long Island and New York in
Olden Times, being Newspaper Extracts and His
torical Sketches (1851) ; Tlie Annals of Hempstead
from 1643 to 1832 (1878) , and The Antiquities of
the Parish Church, Hempstead, including Oyster
Bay and the Churches in Suffolk County (1880).
He died at Jamaica, L.I., N.Y., June 22, 1886.
ONDERDONK, Henry Ustick, second bishop of
Pennsylvania, and 21st in succession in the
American episcopate, was born in New York city,
March 16, 1789 ; son of John and Deborah (Ustick)
Onderdonk. He was graduated at Columbia, A.B.
1805, A.M. 1808 ; studied medicine at the Uni
versity of Edinburgh, where lie was graduated
M.D. in 1810. He settled in practice in New
York city in 1810, and was associate editor with
Dr. Valentine Mott, of the New York Medical
Journal in 1815. He studied theology under
Bishop Hobart, and was admitted to the diacon
ate in St. Paul's chapel, New York city, Dec. 8,
1815, and ordained in Trinity church, April 11,
1816. He served as missionary and rector of St.
Johrl's church, Canandaigua, N.Y., 1816-20, and
as rector of St. Ann's church, Brooklyn, N.Y.,
1820-27. He was elected assistant bishop of
Pennsylvania and was consecrated in Christ
church, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 25, 1827, by
Bishops White, Hobart, Kemp, Croes and Bowen,
and on the death of Bishop White, July 17. 1836,
succeeded as second bishop of Pennsylvania.
Owing to his intemperate habits he was com
pelled to resign in 1844, which resignation was
accepted by the house of bishops at the General
convention of 1844, and he was suspended from
all public offices and functions of the ministry
and from those of the episcopacy. He was re
instated by the General convention of 1856, but
never actively entered on his duties. He re
ceived the honorary degree D.D. from Hobart
and Columbia in 1827. He contributed to medical
and religious journals. He is the .author of an
Appeal to the Religious Public of Canandaigua
(1818); Episcopacy tested by Scripture (1830),
afterward enlarged and entitled Episcopacy Ex
amined and Re-Examined (1835); Essays on Re
generation (1835); Family .Devotions from the

O'NEAL

O'NEALL

Liturgy (1835); Sermons and Charges (3 vols.
1851), and hymns, metre psalms, and poems. He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 6, 1858.
O'NEAL, Edward Asbury, governor of Ala
bama, was born in Madison county, Ala., Sept. 20,
1818 ; son of Edward and Rebecca (Wheat) O'Neal.
His parents, both natives of South Carolina, were
of Irish and Huguenot ancestij^. His father died
when he was but four years
¦"> ¦' '- ¦" ¦";;' >-'-< ,rf old. He was graduated at
La Grange college, Ala., and
studied law in the office of
James W. McClung. He was
married, April 12, 1838, to
Olivia, daughter of Dr. Alfred
and Eliza (Jones) Moore of
Alabama. He was admitted to the bar in 1840 ;
settled in practice in Florence, Ala. ; was solicitor
of the state, 1841-45, and an unsuccessful can
didate for representative in the 31st congress in
1848. He enlisted a company for the 9th Alabama
regiment, of which he was commissioned major in
1861 and lieutenant-colonel the same year. He
was promoted colonel and transferred to the 26th
Alabama regiment in March, 1862, and com
manded the regiment in Rains's brigade, D. H.
Hill's division, Longstreet's right wing of the
Confederate army, in the battles of Yorktown,
Williamsburg and Seven Pines, being severely
wounded at the latter. He commanded Rodes's
brigade, D. H. Hill's division, in the Maryland
campaign until relieved to resume command of
his regiment, two days before the battle of Boons-
boro, when he was again severely wounded. He
returned to the army in the winter of 1863 and
succeeded to the command of Rodes's brigade
when that officer took charge of the division in
the battle of Chancellorsville, and was wounded
while leading the brigade. At the battle of
Gettysburg he commanded the brigade during
the entire three clays' fight and on the retreat in
Virginia, and resumed the command of his regi
ment in the battle of Mine Run, May 5, 1864. His
regiment was then sent to Alabama to recruit,
and his next service was in northern Georgia,
where he was assigned to Cantey's brigade,
Walthall's division, Polk's corps, Army of the
Mississippi, and succeeded Gen. James C. Cantey
to the command of the brigade when that officer
took command of the division, being relieved
soon after Gen. John B. Hood assumed command
of the army. He was on detached service till
the close of the war ; was promoted brigadier-
general, but the interruption of mail communi
cation with Richmond prevented his receiving
the commission, and he was mustered out as
colonel, and resumed the practice of his profes
sion in 1865. He was a member of the state con
stitutional convention in 1875, and chairman of

[70]

the committee on education ; a presidential
elector on the Hancock and English ticket in
1880, and governor of Alabama for two terms,
1882-86. He died in Florence, Ala., Nov. 7, 1890.
O'NEALL, John Belton, jurist, was born near
Bobo's Mills, Newberry district, S.C, April 10,
1793; son of Hugh and Anne (Kelly) O'Neall ;
grandson of William and Mary (Frost) O'Neall,
and of Samuel and Hannah (Belton) Kelly, and a.
descendant of William O'Neall, the immigrant,
who landed in Wilmington, Del., in 1730. John
Belton O'Neall was graduated at South Carolina
college in 1812, and studied law in the office of John
Caldwell. He was in military service for a short
time during the war of 1812, and was admitted
to the bar in 1814. He was married, June 25, 1818,
to Helen, daughter of Capt. Sampson and Sarah
(Strother) Pope of Edgefield, S.C He repre
sented the Newberry district in the South Caro
lina legislature in 1810, 1822, 1824 and 1826, and
was elected speaker of the house of representa
tives in 1824 and in 1826. He was an associate
judge of the supreme court of South Carolina,
1828-31 ; judge of the supreme court, 1831-50, and
president of the court of law appeals and of the
court of errors, and chief justice of the supreme
court of the state, 1850-64. He was president of
the Greenville and Columbia railroad, 1847^53.
He was brought up as a Quaker, abandoned the
use of spirituous liquors and tobacco ; joined the
Baptist church in 1832, and was president of the
State Temperance society* 1841-63, of the Sons of
Temperance of North America, 1852-54, and of the
Southern Baptist convention, 1858-63. He was
major-general of the state militia for several
years, and also served as lieutenant-colonel on
the staff of Governor Pickens in 1816. He was a.
trustee of South Carolina college, 1817-21, and
1822-63, and received the degree LL.D. from Col
umbian university, D.C, in 1846, and from Wake
Forest college, N.C. He is the author of : The
Drunkard's Looking Glass (1840) ; Digest of the
Negro Law (1848) ; Annals of Newberry (1858), and
Bench and Bar of South Carolina (2 vols. 1859).
He died near Newberry, S.C, Dec. 27, 1863.
O'NEALL, John Henry, representative, was
born near Newberry, S.C, Oct. 30, 1837 ; son of
Henry Miles and' Betsy (Edmundson) O'Neall ;
grandson of Henry and Mary (Miles) O'Neall,
and of John Edmundson ; great-grandson of Wil
liam and Mary (Frost) O'Neall, and of Samuel
Miles, and great2-grandson of Hugh and Anne
(Cox) O'Neall. Hugh O'Neall came from An
trim, Ireland, to Christiana, Del., in 1730. John
Henry O'Neall was left an orphan in 1844 ; was.
reared in the family of his grandfather, Henry
O'Neall, Newberry, Greene county, Ind.; attended
the district schools, and worked on the farm
until 1859. He was a ward of John Belton

O'NEIL

O'NEILL

0'Neall(q.v.), during his minority. He was grad
uated at the University of Indiana, B.S., in
1862 ; studied law under Judge William Mack
of Terre Haute, Ind., and was graduated at
the law department of the University of Mich
igan in 1864. He was married, July 5, 1866.
He represented Daviess county in the Indiana
legislature in 1866 ; was prosecuting attorney for
the llth judicial district of Indiana in 1873, and
served part of a second term in 1874, when he
resigned. He was a Democratic representative
from the second district of Indiana in the 50th
and 51st congresses, 1887-91, and in 1891 resumed
the practice of law in Washington, Ind.
O'NEIL, Charles, naval officer, was born in
Manchester, England, March 15, 1842 ; son of John
and Mary Ann O'Neil. He came to the United
States in 1847, and was educated in Boston, Mass.
He entered the U.S. navy as a master's mate
on board the frigate Cumberland in July, 1861,
was engaged in the capture of Forts Hatteras
and Clark, in August, 1861, and in the engage
ment with the Confederate ironclad Merrimac,
March 8, 1862. He rescued Lieutenant Morris
from drowning, for which he received favorable
mention and was promoted acting master, May 1,
1862. He was attached to the gun boat Tioga,
from the fall of 1862 to July, 1864, and cruised
in her in Wilkes's Special West India squadron
and in the East Gulf blockading squadron. He
was attached to the steamer Rhode Island of the
North Atlantic blockading squadron, 1864-65, and
participated in both attacks on Fort Fisher, for
which he was favorably mentioned. He was pro
moted acting volunteer lieutenant, May 30, 1865 ;
served on the receiving ship Princeton, and on
the steam gunboat
Shamrock of the Euro
pean squadron, 1866-
67 ; was attached to
the store ship Guard
of the European
squadron, 1866-68 ;
was commissioned
lieutenant in the reg
ular navy, March 11,
1868, and lieutenant-
commander, Dec. 18,
1868. He was mar
ried, April 6, 1869, to
Mary C, daughter of
Richard Frothingham
of Charlestown, Mass.
She died, May 2, 1901. He served on the ironclad
Dictator ot the North Atlantic squadron, 1870-71 ;
the receiving ship Boston in 1872 ; the Lancaster
and Wasp of the South Atlantic squadron, 1873-76,
and the training ship Minnesota, 1876-77. He
commanded the Supply in 1877 ; was attached

to the Swatara on the North Atlantic station,
1877-78, and was on ordnance duty at the Boston
navy yard, 1879-82. He was executive officer of
the Richmond on the Asiatic station, 1882-84 ;
was on special ordnance duty, 1884-86, and pro
moted commander, July 28, 1884. He served on
ordnance duty at the New York navy yard, 1886-
89; commanded the Dolphin on special service,
1889-90, was stationed at the navy yard, Wash
ington, D.C, 1890-92; was general inspector of
the building of the Marblehead, 1892-94; com
manded that vessel in the North Atlantic and
European squadrons, 1894-96, and was superin
tendent of the naval gun factory in Washington,
1896-97. He was appointed chief of the bureau
of ordnance at Washington, D.C, with the rank
of commodore, June 1, 1897; was promoted to
the grade of captain, July 21, 1897 ; was commis
sioned rear-admiral, April 22, 1901, and was re
appointed chief of the bureau of ordnance, June
1, 1902.
O'NEIL, Joseph Henry, representative, was
born in Fall River, Mass., March 23, 1853 ; son of
Patrick Henry and Mary (Harrington) O'Neil. In
1854 his parents removed to Boston, Mass., where
he became apprenticed to the printer's trade and
afterward to the carpenter's trade. He was a
member of the school board, 1874-78 ; represented
Boston in the Massachusetts legislature, 1878-82,
and 1883-84 ; was a president of the Democratic
organization of the house in 1880, using his in
fluence to secure the charter of incorporation for
the Meigs elevated railroad system, which was
granted in 1884 ; was president of the company ,
1888-89, and of the Federal Trust company of
Boston, Mass., from its incorporation in 1899.
He was married, July 1, 1884, to Mary Anastasia,
daughter of John and Maria (Plunkett) Ingoldsby
of Boston, Mass. He was president of the
board of directors of public institutions of the
city of Boston, 1885-86 ; clerk of the city, 1887-
88 ; representative from the fourth district in the
51st, 52d and 53d congresses, 1889-95 ; a founder
of St. James Young Men's Catholic Total Abstin
ence society of Boston in 1870, and an originator
of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union.
O'NEILL, Charles, representative, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., March 21, 1821; son of John
and Mary Blakiston O'Neill ; grandson of John and
Susanah (Johnson) O'Neill ; great-grandson of
John and Susan (Ferguson) O'Neill, and a descend
ant of John, Lord O'Neill, of Shanes Castle, county
Antrim, Ireland. His father was an architect
and died about 1832, and his grandfather was a
Revolutionary soldier in Captain Helm's company
New Jersey Line. Charles was prepared for
college at a Friends school conducted by
John Sanderson ; was graduated at Dickinson
college in 1840 ; studied law under George M.

[71]

O'NEILL

OPPER

Dallas and was admitted to practice in
1843. He was a Whig representative in the
Pennsylvania legislature, 1850-52 and 1860 ;
state senator, 1853-54 ; was defeated for repre
sentative in the 37th congress to complete the
term of Edward Joy Morris (q.v.) in 1861;
was a Republican representative from the sec
ond district of Pennsylvania in the 38tb-41st
congresses, 1863-71 ; was defeated for the 42nd
congress in 1870 and was again a representative
in the 43d-53d congresses, 1873-93, becoming
' ' father of the house " upon the death of Samuel
J. Randall, April 12, 1890. He was a member of the
committee on commerce in the 38th-42nd, 46th,
48th-53d congresses, and of the committee on ap
propriations in the 43d-45th and 47th congresses.
His last official act was to administer the oath to
Speaker Crisp, Aug. 7, 1893. He never married,
and died in the house which he had occupied for
fifty-five years with his elder brother and niece
in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 25, 1893.
O'NEILL, John J., representative, was born
in St. Louis, Mo., June 25, 1846. He was educated
in public schools, was in the civil service, 1861-66,
gaged in manufacturing gold pens in St. Louis,
1867-71, and was a representative in the Missouri
legislature, 1872-78, where he labored in behalf of
the working classes and women, and was chair
man of the committee on emigration. He was ad
mitted to the bar in 1878; was a member of the
municipal assembly of St. Louis, 1879-83, and a
Democratic representative from the llth Missouri
district in the 48th, 49th, 50th, 52d and 53d con
gresses, 1883-89 and 1891-95. His seat in the 53d
congress was contested by Charles F. Joy, but Mr.
O'Neill obtained it, April 3, 1894. He introduced
and secured the passage of a bill providing for
the arbitration of differences between employers
and employees in the 49th congress, which gave
him a national reputation. He was married,
Nov. 30, 1872, to a daughter -of Solomon H. Rob
bins of St. Louis, Mo. He died in St. Louis,
Mo., Feb. 19, 1898.
OPDYCKE, Emerson, soldier, was born in
Hubbard, Ohio, Jan. 7, 1830 ; son of Albert (who
served in the war of 1812) and Elizabeth (Harmon)
Gilson Opdycke ; grandson of Capt. Albert (a
Revolutionary officer) and Martha (Hendrickson)
Opdycke, and a descendant of Louris Jansen and
Christina Opdyck of Holland, who settled in
New Netherlands previous to 1653, and resided at
Gravesend, Long Island, N. Y., 1655. He attended
the district school, and was a saddle and harness
maker in Warren, Ohio. He removed to Cali
fornia, and was a clerk in San Francisco, 1855-57,
returning to Warren, Ohio, in 1857. He was
married, March 3, 1857, to Lucy Wells, daughter
of Benjamin Stevens of Warren, Ohio. He was
mustered in the volunteer army in July, 1861 ; was

commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 41st Ohio
regiment, Aug. 26, 1861 ; was promoted captain
in January, 1862, and was acting major of the
regiment at Shiloh, where he led an important
charge. He recruited the 125th Ohio volunteers
and was commissioned its colonel, Jan. 1, 1863,
serving in the movements against Chattanooga,
1863, at Chickamauga, where he lost one-third of
his regiment, and at Chattanooga, Nov. 25, 1863,
where he led his command, ademi-brigade, in the
storming of Missionary Ridge. He participated
in the Atlanta campaign, where he was the first
to reach the crest of Rocky Face Ridge ; received
a severe wound at Resaca, and in June, 1864, led
three regiments in one of three unsuccessful
assaults on Kenesaw Mountain. He commanded
the 1st brigade, 2d division, 4th army corps, from
August, 1864, and at Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30,
1864, and led his brigade without orders into a
gap caused by the Federal forces falling back,
thereby gaining a victory. In the battle of
Nashville he pursued the enemy to the Tennessee
river, and his brigade was prominent in repelling
Hood's invasion of Tennessee. He was promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers, and brevetted
major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, to
date from Nov. 30, 1864, for gallant and meritor
ious services at the battle of Franklin. He
commanded a division at New Orleans, La., until
January, 1866, when he resigned and entered the
wholesale dry goods business in New York city.
He is the author of : Notes on the Chickamauga
Campaign in Vol. III. " Battles and Leaders of
the Civil War," pp. 668-71 (1884). He died in
New York city, April 25, 1884.
OPPER, Frederick Burr, cartoonist, was born
in Madison, Ohio, Jan. 2, 1857 ; son of Lewis and
Aurelia (Burr) Opper ; grandson of Ernest and
Anna (Hartman) Opper and of Charles and
Polly (Bestor) Burr, and a descendant of
Benjamin Burr, a native of England, who was an
original settler of Hartford, Conn., in 1635. His
father emigrated from Austria-Hungary and en
gaged in mercantile pursuits in Madison, Ohio.
Frederick was educated in the public schools of
Madison, and in 1871 entered the office of the
Madison Gazette to learn the printer's trade. He
removed to New York city in 1872, and became
a clerk in a mercantile house, devoting his
leisure to drawing humorous sketches for which
he obtained a ready market. He attended the
drawing class of the Cooper Union evening school
for one term and in 1876 left his clerical position
to illustrate for Wild Oats and other publications.
He was a member of the art staff of Frank
Leslie's publishing house, 1877-80, and a member
of the staff of Puck, 1880-99, becoming a stock
holder in the corporation. He was married in
1881 to Nellie Barnett. In May, 1899, he accepted

[72]

ORCOTT

ORD

an offer from the New York Journal, to become
a cartoonist on the Journal, Chicago American
and San Francisco Examiner. Three collections
of his Puck drawings were published, entitled
Puck's Opper Book, The Funny World, and Just
for Fun ; and a collection of his Journal cartoons
was published, entitled Willie and His Papa,
He also illustrated Bill Nye's History of the U.S.;
an edition of Mother Goose ; Mr. Dooley's Philo
sophy, and many other books, besides a collection
of his own verses and pictures entitled The
Folks in Funnyville.
ORCOTT, Samuel, author, was born in Albany
county, N.Y., April 12, 1824. He was educated
in Cazenovia academy, taught school and entered
the Methodist ministry. He was pastor of various
Methodist churches, the last being in New York
city ; became a member of the Congregational
church, and was pastor at Walcott, Conn., finally
retiring to devote himself to historical writing.
He is the author of : History of the Town of
Walcott (1874); History of Torrington, Conn.
(1878); History of Derby, Conn. , with Dr. Am
brose Beardsley (1880); History of New Milford
and Bridgewater, Conn. (1882); The Indians of
the Housatonic and Naugatuck Valley (1883) ;
History of the Old Toion Stratford, and the City
of Bridgeport (1884-86); Hawley Record (1890),
and Henry Tomlinson and his Descendants in
America (1891). He died in Bridgeport, Conn.,
Jan. 14, 1893.
ORD, Edward Otho Cresap, soldier, was born
in Cumberland, Md., Oct. 18, 1818; son of Lieut.
James Ord, an officer in the war of 1812. He
was graduated from the U.S. Military academy
and promoted 2d lieutenant, 3d artillery, July 1,
1839. He served in the Florida war against the
Seminole Indians, 1839-42 ; was promoted 1st
lieutenant, July 1, 1841 ; was on garrison duty in
North Carolina and Maryland, 1842-45 ; served in
the war with Mexico, 1847-48 ; was in garrison
in California and Massachusetts, 1849-52, and
was promoted captain, Sept. 7, 1850. He served
on frontier duty in California and Oregon, 1852-
58 ; was in garrison at the artillery school for
practice, Fort Monroe, Va., in 1859, and served in
the expedition to suppress John Brown's raid at
Harper's Ferry, Va. , in 1859. He was commis
sioned brigadier-general, U.S. volunteers, Sept.
14, 1861, and commanded a brigade forming the
extreme right of the army of defence before
Washington, D.C, November,1861-May,1862 ; was
promoted major, 4th artillery, Nov. 21, 1861, and
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallant and
meritorious services iu the battle of Dranesville,
Va., Dec. 20, 1861. He was appointed major-
general, U.S. volunteers, May 2, 1862 ; com
manded a division under General McDowell in
the Shenandoah valley, opposing Jackson, May-

June, 1862 ; was in command of Corinth, Miss.,
June-August, 1862, and of the left wing of the
Army of the Mississippi during General Grant's
operations, August-September, 1862. He was
with General Grant at Burnsville, five miles
from Iuka during the battle of Sept. 19, 1862,
news of which did not reach them until the 20th,
when he hurried forward his wing, composed of
Davies, Ross and McArthur. He was in command
of the district of Jackson, Tenn., September-
October, 1862, but did not join in the battle of
Corinth until Oct. 5, when he came up to the
Federal army in pursuit of the fleeing Confed
erates at Hatchie, and assuming command, drove
back the head of the Confederate column. He
was severely wounded, and the entire army
escaped capture only through its superior knowl
edge of the country. He was brevetted colonel,
Sept. 19, 1862, for gallant and meritorious conduct
at the battle of Iuka, Miss. He was a member of
the military commission investigating General
Buell's campaign in Kentucky and Tennessee,
November, 1862-May, 1863; commanded the 13th
army corps, Army of the Tennessee, in the Vicks
burg campaign, June 18 to Oct. 28, 1863, as suc
cessor to General McClernand, and served on the
staff of General Grant in the siege of Vicksburg,
Miss. , June 18-July 4, 1863. He took part in the
capture of Jackson, Miss., July 16, 1863, was sent
with the 13th r corps and Herron's division to
report to Banks, and served with the Army of
Western Louisiana from August to October, 1863,
when he was placed on sick leave and Gen. C C
Washburn was given command of his corps.
He reported to General Grant in Virginia, and
on March 29, 1864, to General Sigel at Cumber
land, who was ordered to supply 8000 infantry
and 1,500 cavalry picked men to Operate against
Staunton, and with General Crooke directed the
campaign. He was ordered to the Army of the-
James to take command of the 18th army corps,
relieving Gen. William F. Smith, July 9, 1864,
and he succeeded to the command of the 24th
army corps. He took part in the operations
before Richmond, and in the assault and capture
of Fort Harrison, Sept. 29, 1864, where he was
severely wounded. He succeeded Gen. B. F.
Butler in command of the Army of the James
and the department of North Carolina, Jan. 8,
1865. He engaged in the various operations of
the siege of Petersburg, Va., and in the pursuit
of the Confederate army, terminating in the
capitulation of General Lee at the Appomattox
court house, April 9, 1865. He was brevetted
brigadier-general, U.S.A., for gallant and meritor
ious services at the battle of the Hatchie, Miss.,
and major-general, U.S.A., for the same at the
assault of Fort Harrison, Va., March 13, 1865.
He was in command of the Department of the

[73]

ORD

ORDWAY

Ohio, July 5, 1865-Aug. 6, 1866 ; was promoted
lieutenant-colonel, 1st artillery, Dec. 11, 1865,
and brigadier-general, U.S.A., July 26, 1866.
He commanded the Department of the Arkansas,
Aug. 29, 1866 to March 11, 1867; was mustered
out of the volunteer service, Sept. 1, 1866, and
was placed in command of the 4th military
district, including Arkansas and Mississippi,
March 26, 1867. He was retired from the army
in January, 1881, and accepted an appointment of
engineer in the construction of a Mexican rail
road. On his way to New York from Vera Cruz
he was seized with yellow fever, and taken ashore
at Havana, Cuba, where he died, July 22, 1883.
ORD, George, naturalist, was born in Philadel
phia, Pa., in 1781. He made a study of natural
history and early devoted himself to ornithology.
He accompanied Alexander Wilson in his scien
tific explorations, and was a co-executor of his
will in 1813. He completed the eighth volume of
American Ornithology (1814), and is the author
of the concluding volume of that work, for
which he wrote a sketch of Wilson's life. He pre
pared a new edition of the last three volumes in
1825, and published in a separate volume Life of
Alexander Wilson (1828). He assisted in the prep
aration of dictionaries, contributed to scientific
journals, and is the author of memoirs of Thomas
Say (1834), and of Charles A. Lesueur (1849).
He was a member of the Linnsean society of
London ; a vice-president of the American Phil
osophical society and president of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1851-58. He
left more than $16,000 to the Pennsylvania hospi
tal, for the benefit of the insane, and also
bequeathed his scientific library to the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, Philadelphia. He died
in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan 24, 1866.
ORDWAY, Alfred, painter, was born in Rox
bury, Mass., March 9, 1821 ; son of Thomas and
Jerusha ( Currier)
Ordway ; grandson
of Dr. Samuel Ord
way ; and a descend
ant of James and
Ann (Emery) Ord
way. Alfred Ordway
attended the public
schools of Lowell,
Mass., and began the
study of art at an
early age. He open
ed a studio in Bos
ton, Mass., in 1845,
where he was one of
the founders of the
Boston Art club in
1854, its first secretary and treasurer, its president
in 1859, and its corresponding secretary in 1866.

[74]

He was also curator of the annual exhibition
of paintings at the Boston Athenaeum, 1856-63.
He resided in New York city, 1866-67, where he
was officially connected with the National Acad
emy of Design,. and he also spent a short time in
Virginia. He was one of the founders of the
Paint and Clay club, which organization gave
him a banquet in March, 1896, on the occasion of
his seventy-sixth birthday. His specialty was
portraiture, but during the latter part of his life
he devoted himself to landscape painting and
was a frequent exhibitor in Boston. He was
married March 19, 1860, to Annie Hill of Boston,
Mass. He died at Melrose Highlands, Mass., Nov.
17, 1897.
ORDWAY, John Morse, chemist, was born in
Amesbury, Mass., April 23, 1823; son of Samuel
and Sally (Morse) Ordway, and a descendant of
James Ordway, a native of Wales, who emigrated
from England to America in 1648, and settled in
Newbury, Mass., where he married Ann Emery.
John served an apprenticeship with a chemist,
1836-39, was graduated at Dartmouth college
A.B. 1844, A.M. 1847, and then engaged in the
study of medicine. He was manager of chemi
cal works in Lowell, Mass., 1840-47 ; superintend
ent of the Roxbury Color and Chemical company
at Roxbury, Mass., 1847-51, and 1854-58, and
principal of Grand River college, at Edinburg,
Mo., 1851-54. He was chemist at the Hughesdale
Chemical works, Johnston, R.I., 1858-60;
chemist, manager and superintendent of the Man
chester Print works, Manchester, N.H., 1860-66 ;
superintendent of the Bayside Alkali works,
South Boston, Mass., 1866-74, and chemist to the
Hughesdale Chemical works at Johnston, R.I.,
1866-69, spending alternate days at the two
places. He was professor of industrial chemistry
and metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 1869-84; chairman of the faculty
1877-82, and performed most of the duties of
president there, while continuing his regular
work. He was also an instructor of biology in
Boston university, 1876-80. He was professor of
applied chemistry and director of the manual
training department of Tulane university, New
Orleans, La., 1884-97, organized and instructed
the class in biology, 18B6-90, and was an instructor
in engineering, 1891-97. He became professor of
biology in Newcomb college for women, a branch
of Tulane university, on its organization in 1886,
and held it from that year. He was elected a
member of various scientific societies, and was
chairman of the chemical section of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in
1880. His investigations were principally in the
direction of original researches in various
branches of industrial chemistry for private cor
porations. In 1882 he visited Europe and in-

O'REGAN

O'REILLY

vestigated the methods of industrial education.
He was married, Jan. 26, 1854, to Virginia C,
daughter of Milton Moore of Missouri. She died
in 1860. He was married secondly in 1864, to
Mrs. Charlotte H. Mauross, daughter of Chauncy
Royce of Connecticut. After her death in 1874,
he was married thirdly to Evelyn M., daughter of
John B. Walton of Massachusetts. She was his
assistant at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech
nology and subsequently became professor of
chemistry in the H. Sophie Newcomb college,
Tulane university, New Orleans, La. He con
tributed to the American Journal of Science, the
Proceedings of the American Institute of Mechan
ical Engineers, and other scientific and educa
tional periodicals, and is the author of Plantarum
¦Ordinum Indicator (1881).
O'REGAN, Anthony, R.C. bishop, was born
at Lavalleyroe, near Cloufad, diocese of Tuam,
Ireland, in 1809. He attended Maynooth college,
1826-34 ; was ordained sub-deacon, 1832, deacon,
1833, priest in November, 1834. He was professor
in the archiepiscopal college of St. Jarlith's, at
Tuam, 1834-44, and president of the college, 1844-
49. At the invitation of Archbishop P. R. Ken-
rick of St. Louis he came to America in 1849,
and was superior and professor of theology and
sacred scriptures in the Theological Seminary, of
St. Louis, at Carondelet, Mo., 1849-54. In 1854
he was appointed the third bishop of Chicago, 111.
He declined the appointment and returned the
¦documents to Rome, but they were again sent to
him and he was consecrated in the Cathedral of
St. Louis, July 25, 1854, by Archbishop Kenrick
assisted by Bishops Van de Velde, Henni and
Lovas. The diocese of Chicago was established
Nov. 28, 1843,
and in 1854
had but few
churches and
priests and no
religious insti
tutions. His
administrationextended also
over the diocese
of Quincy, until
it was transfer
red to Alton,
Jan. 9, 1857.
He prudently
purchased lands
upon which the
ecclesiastical
structures of
the diocese were afterward built, and intro
duced the Jesuit and Redemptorist fathers
into the diocese ; but his administration was
not successful, owing to a jealousy between

CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY NAME.

[76]

the Irish and French Catholics, who were at the
time about equally divided in the diocese. In
1856 he went to Rome and petitioned the pope
to accept his resignation which was granted,
May 3, 1858. He received the titular see of
" Dora," June 25, 1858, and resided at Michael's
Grove, Brompton, London, England, until his
death. He left his theological library to the
diocese of Chicago on his resignation, and at
his death $10,000 to the Roman Catholic Mis
sionary College of All Hallows, Dublin, to be
used for educating young priests for the dioceses
of Chicago and Alton, and $2,500 towards the
erection of a hospital in Chicago, 111. He died in
London, England, Nov. 13, 1866.
O'REILLY, Bernard, R.C. bishop, was born in
the townland of Cunnareen, parish of Columb-
kill, county Longford, Ireland, in March, 1803.
He left Ireland for America, Jan. 11, 1825; pre
pared for the priesthood in the Seminarie de
Theologie, Montreal, Canada, and at St. Mary's
college, Baltimore, Md., and was ordained priest
in New York city, Oct. 13, 1831. His first mission
was in St. James's church, Brooklyn, where in
1832 he was twice stricken with the cholera while
attending the sick and dying. He was appointed
pastor of St. Patrick's church in Rochester, N.Y.,
in December, 1832, the parish extending from
Auburn to Niagara Falls. In 1847 he was ap
pointed by Bishop Timon vicar-general of the
diocese of Buffalo, where he was president of the
Seminary of Our Lady of Angels, and director of
the Buffalo Hospital of the Sisters of Charity.
He answered several attacks made on the hospital
by the Rev. John C. Lord, D.D., a Presbyterian
clergyman, and ' his
articles : "Catholicity
the Friend of Civil
and Religious Lib
erty ; " " Presby ter-
ianism the Enemy of
Civil and Religious
Liberty," and "The
Catholic Church, the
Church of Christ,"
closed the discussion.
He was appointed the
second bishop of Hart
ford, Conn., to suc
ceed Bishop Tyler,
who died June 18,
1849, was conse
crated in St. Patrick's church, Rochester, N.Y.,
Nov. 10, 1850, by Bishop Timon, assisted by
Bishops McCloskey and Fitzpatrick, and was in
stalled in St. Joseph's cathedral, Nov 17, 1850.
He built new churches and educational and char
itable institutions, introduced the Sisters of Mercy
into the diocese and made rapid progress in spite of

O'REILLY

O'REILLY

violent opposition. In 1855 when St. Francis
Xavier's Convent of Mercy at Providence, R.I.,
was surrounded by a mob who threatened violence
to the inmates, Bishop O'Reilly faced them, and
by his determined attitude caused the mob to
disperse without doing harm. He visited Europe
in December, 1855, to secure a colony of brothers
to take charge of his schools, and paid a last
visit to his parents in Ireland. He embarked for
the United States in the ship Pacific in January,
1856, and was never heard from again.
O'REILLY, Bernard, prothonotary apostolic,
was born in the Parish of Cughall, near Westport,
county Mayo, Ireland, Sept. 29, 1820. He im
migrated to Canada in boyhood, was educated for
the priesthooii in the Seminary of Quebec, and
was ordained priest Sept. 11, 1842, in the parish
church at Nicolet, Can., by Archbishop Joseph
Signay of Quebec. For several years he was en
gaged in mission work in Canada, where he de
voted himself to the Irish families who immigra
ted there during the famine of 1848, and also to
promoting a plan for Irish colonization. He went
to New York city, became professor of rhetoric
in St. John's college, Fordham, 1851, and after
studying in Europe, became an assistant in
St. Francis Xavier's church, New York city.
He was nominated domestic prelate of the papal
throne, Sept. 15, 1887, and prothonotary apostolic
of the archdiocese of New York, Sept. 29, 1892.
He traveled in Europe, and was selected by Pius
IX. to write the official life of Pope Leo XIII.
He is the author of Mirror of True Woman
hood (1876); Life of Pius IX. (1877); True Men
(1878); Key of Heaven (1878); The Two Brides,
a novel (1879) ; Life of Leo XIII. (1887).
O'REILLY, John Boyle, author, was born at
Dowth Castle, near Drogheda, county Meath,
Ireland, June 28, 1844, son of William David and
Eliza (Boyle) O'Reil
ly. He was educat
ed under his father,
a noted mathemati
cian and master of
the Nettle ville In
stitute at Dowth
Castle for thirty-five
years, and in 1855
entered the office of
the Argus in Drog
heda, where he learn
ed the printer's trade.
He also learned short
hand, and removing
to England served as
a reporter. Becoming
imbued with the revolutionary spirit then gaining
ground in Ireland, he joined in 1863 the 4th Hus
sars, known as the " Prince of Wales's Own," and

I^W/fe^

[76]

stationed in Dublin, Ireland, for the purpose of
stirring up rebellion among the large proportion of
Irishmen in that division of the English army.
When his connection with the Fenian Brotherhood
was discovered, he was arrested, tried for treason
June 26, 1866, and sentenced to be shot ; but this
sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and
finally to twenty years' penal servitude in English
prisons. While at Dartmoor, from which he tried to
escape, he helped to raise a crude pile of stones
over the bodies of the French and American
prisoners who had met their fate fifty years
before. He was despatched to Australia with
other political prisoners in November, 1867, and
in 1868, through a young Maori girl, sent a letter
to Father Patrick McCabe at Bunbury, West
Australia, who labored for his escape. The priest
arranged with Capt. Gifford, of the Gazelle of New
Bedford, Mass., who after repeated adventures
and escapes to save his passenger, had him trans
ferred to different vessels, until he was landed in
Philadelphia, Pa., by the Bombay in November,
1869. O'Reilly was admitted to citizenship in
Philadelphia, removed to New York city, and
later to Boston. He lectured extensively on the
wrongs of Ireland. He resumed his journalistic
career in connection with the Boston Pilot in
1870, followed the Fenian raid into Canada for
that periodical, and in 1874 purchased the Pilot
with Archbishop Williams of Boston, and was
the manager and editor-in-chief until his death.
In 1877 he helped effect the rescue of six of his
former fellows deported as felons to Australia,
the effort costing him $25,000. He was elected
recording secretary of the Catholic Union of
Boston, from its beginning, and was a member
of its executive committee ; a founder of the
Papyrus club, and a member of the St. Botolph
club. He was married, Aug. 15, 1872, to Mary
Agnes Smiley, daughter of John and Jane
(Smiley) Murphy of Charlestown, Mass. She
was a writer of ability, and died, Nov. 22, 1897.
He received the degree LL.D. from the University
of Notre Dame in 1881, and from the University
of 'Georgetown, D.C, in 1889. He was poet at
the dedication of the Pilgrim monument at
Plymouth, Mass., Aug. 1, 1889. He contributed
to the American magazines, and to the magazine
of Oxford university, England, and is the author
of: Songs of the Southern Seas (1873); Songs,
Legends and Ballads (1878) ; Statues in the
Block (1881); In Bohemia (1886), and had in
preparation The Country with a Roof, an
allegory dealing with certain faults in the
American social system ; The Evolution of Straight
Weapons, and a work on the material resources
of Ireland. A monument was erected to his
memory in the Fenway, Boston, Mass., and
unveiled by his daughter, Blanid O'Reilly, June

O'REILLY

ORMSBY

20, 1896. Busts of the poet were also placed in
the Catholic university of America at Washing
ton, D.C, and in the Boston public library,
where an alcove of Celtic literature was also
established to commemorate hirn. He died at
his summer residence, Hull, Mass., Aug. 10, 1890.
O'REILLY, Patrick Thomas, R.C. bishop,
was born at Kill, county Caven, Ireland, Dec. 24,
1833, son of Philip and Mary O'Reilly. He came
to the United States in 1847, where a wealthy
uncle in Boston, Mass., paid for his theological
education in St. Charles college, Ellicott City,
Md., 1852-53, and in St. Mary's seminary, Balti
more, Md., 1853-57. He was ordained Aug. 15,
1857, by Bishop Bacon, of Portland. He was
pastor of St. John's church, Worcester, Mass.,
1857-62 ; organized and served St. Joseph's parish
in Boston, Mass., 1862-64, and was pastor of St.
John's church in Worcester, 1864-70. He was
elected bishop of the newly organized diocese of
Springfield. Mass., June 28, 1870, and was con
secrated at St. Michael's church (afterward
cathedral) Springfield, Mass., Sept. 25, 1870, by
Archbishop John McCloskey of New York, assisted
by Bishops Williams and Conroy. The twentieth
anniversary of his episcopate was celebrated in
his cathedral in 1890. He died in Springfield,
Mass., May 28, 1892.
ORMAN, James Bradley, governor of Colorado,
was born in Muscatine, Iowa, Nov. 4, 1849 ; son
of John and Sarah Josephine (Bradley) Orman.
He attended the common school, worked on his
father's farm and in 1869 engaged in business with
his brother, William A. Or-
nian, as a contractor in rail-
*'-'-' "«sJVJ*W roa(^ building, his work
, extending through the whole
western country, and em
bracing the most prominent
railroads and irrigating
canals of that region. He
also accumulated valuable mineral and coal lands
and real estate in Pueblo, Denver and Trinidad.
He made his home in Pueblo, where he was mar
ried, Sept. 27, 1877, to Nellie, daughter of William
P. Martin. He was president of the electric rail
way of that city ; a member of the city council ;
a Democratic representative in the state legisla
ture, 1880-84 ; received twenty-seven votes on
joint ballot for U.S. senate in 1883, there being
only twenty-two Democratio votes ; declined
the Democratic nomination for governor of
Colorado in 1888 and 1890 ; was a delegate to
the Democratic national convention of 1892 ; and
mayor of Pueblo, 1897-98. He was nominated
for governor of Colorado by the Democratic party
and endorsed by the Populists and Silver Repub
licans, being elected by a large majority in the
fall of 1900 for the term expiring Jan. 10, 1903.

ORMSBEE, Ebenezer Jolls, governor of Ver
mont, was born in Shoreham, Vt., June 8, 1834 ;
son of John Mason and Polly (Willson) Ormsbee.
He was educated in the academies at Brandon
and South Woodstock, worked on his father's
farm and taught
school. He studied
law in the office of
Briggs & Nicholson,
Brandon, Vt., 1857-
61 ; was admitted to
the bar in 1861;
enlisted in the Allen
Grays of Brandon, in
April, 1861 ; joined
the 1st Vermont vol
unteers ; was commis
sioned 2d lieutenant,
April 25, 1861, and
served three months. . .
He re-enlisted in the {"UamsU^c^J Qiwwj-*a~,
12th Vermont volun
teers for two years, was promoted captain, Sept..
22, 1862, and served under Gen. George J.
Stannai'd in the 3d brigade, 3d division, 1st
army corps, Army of the Potomac, and distin
guished himself at Gettysburg. He was mustered
out a second time, July 14, 1863, and in 1864 en
gaged in the practice of law at Brandon, Vt., in
partnership with his preceptors. He was assistant
U.S. internal revenue assessor for the district of
Vermont, 1868-72 ; state's attorney for Rutland
county, 1870-74 ; a Republican representative
from Brandon in the state legislature in 1872,
and a state senator in 1878. He was a trustee of
the Vermont Reform school, 1880-84 ; lieutenant-
governor of the state, 1884-86, and governor of
Vermont, 1886-88. In 1891 he was appointed by
President Harrison, chairman of the commission
to treat with the Paiute Indians at Pyramid Lake,
Nev., for the cession of apart of their reservation,
and also U.S. land commissioner at Samoa,
serving at the latter post until 1893, when he
returned to Brandon and resumed his law prac
tice. He was married in 1862 to Jennie L.,
daughter of the Hon. E. N. Briggs of Brandon,
Vt., and secondly in 1867 to Mrs. Frances Daven
port, daughter of William L. Wadhams of West-
port, N.Y.
ORMSBY, Stephen, representative, was born in
Virginia in 1765. He received a liberal education,
was admitted to the bar and settled in practice in
Jefferson circuit, Kentucky. He served in the
early Indian wars, and as a brigade-major under
Gen. Josiah Harmar in the campaign of 1790.
He was clerk of the circuit and county courts for
several years, and became one of the first judges
of the district court for Jefferson county, Dec.
19, 1791, and of the circuit court, Dec. 24, 1802.

[77]

ORMSBY

ORR

He was a presidential elector on the Adams and
Jefferson ticket in 1797, and a representative in
the 12th, 13th and 14th congresses, 1811-15. He
was defeated for the 13th congress in 1812 by
John Simpson, who was killed at the battle of
the River Raisin, Jan. 22, 1813, before taking his
seat, and Ormsby succeeded him. He was active
in promoting the educational welfare of the state,
and died in Louisville, Ky., Sept. 6, 1846.
ORMSBY, Waterman Lilly, engraver, was
born in Hampton, Windham county, Conn., in
1809. He attended the public school of Hampton,
removed to New York city, where he learned the
engraver's art and devoted himself to bank note
engraving. He invented several ruling machines,
transfer presses, and the grammagraph for en
graving on steel. He was the founder of the
Continental Bank Note company, executed large
contracts for the U.S. treasury, and almost
wholly designed the five-dollar note, intended to
prevent counterfeiting. He is credited with
having aided S. F. B. Morse in preparing the
Morse telegraphic alphabet, and in transmitting
messages at the first public exhibition of the
telegraph in New York city. He is the author
of: Ormsby Bank Note Engraving (1852). He
died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 1, 1883.
ORNE, Azor, patriot, was born in Marble
head, Mass., July 22, 1731 ; son of Joshua and
Sarah (Gale) Orne ; grandson of Joshua and
Elizabeth (Norman) Orne, and of Azor Gale,
and a descendant of John Orne, or Horn, who
emigrated from England, probably in the fleet
with Winthrop, settled in Salem, Mass., in 1630,
was made freeman in 1631, and was deacon of
the First church of Salem for fifty years. Azor
Orne was a prosperous merchant at the outbreak
of the Revolution, and early joined the patriot
cause. He was a representative to the General
Court in 1773 ; a delegate to the Essex conven
tion and to the Provincial congress of 1774, and
a member of the committees of safety, military
affairs, organization of forces, and on the collect
ing of arms and ammunition. He was elected
judge of the general court in 1775, and was
appointed one of three major-generals of Massa
chusetts militia b}' the Provincial congress
in January, 1776. He* was a representative in the
Hartford convention of Nov. 11, 1780, and was a
member of the committee that prepared a circular
to set forth the necessity of providing for revenue
by a system of taxation. He also loaned the
government a large amount of money, and was a
member of the convention that framed the state
constitution in 1780, and of the convention that
adopted the Federal constitution in 1788 ; was a
member of the council, 1788-96, and a presidential
elector in 1792. He served in the state senate
where he strongly advocated the public school

[78]

system. He was married first to Mary Coleman,
and secondly to Mary (Lee) Orne, widow of his
brother, Col. Joshua Orne, and sister of Col. Jere
miah Lee. He died in Boston, Mass., June 6, 1796.
ORR, Alexander Dalrymple, representative,
was born at Alexandria, Va. , in 1765. He was a
pioneer settler of Kentucky, and at an early
period settled in Bourbon, afterward Mason
county, on the Ohio river, where he built the first
brick house erected in the county. He repre
sented Bourbon county in the Virginia legislature
in 1790, was elected with Cristopher Greenup to
represent Kentucky on its admission as a state,
in the 2d, 3d and 4th congresses, 1791-97. He
was also elected to the Kentucky senate in 1792.
He died in Paris, Ky., June 21, 1835.
ORR, James Lawrence, governor of South
Carolina, was born in Craytonville, Anderson
county, S.C, May 12, 1822 ; son of Christopher
and Martha (McCann) Orr ; grandson of John and
Jane B. (Chickscale) Orr, and a descendant of
Humphrey Orr, a native of Ireland, who settled
in Plumstead, Bucks county, Pa., in 1730. James
Lawrence Orr served as a clerk in his father's
store ; was graduated at the University of Vir
ginia in 1842, studied law under Judge Whitner,
and was admitted to the bar in 1843. He settled
in practice in Anderson, S.C, was married to
Mary J. Marshall, and became editor of the
Anderson Gazette. He was a Democratic repre
sentative in the state legislature, 1844-46, and a
representative in the 31st, 32d, 33d, 34th and
35th congresses, 1849-59. He served as chairman
of the committee of tlie whole on the state of
the Union, and of the committee on Indian
affairs, and was speaker of the house during the
35th congress. He opposed secession and the
compromise measures of Henry Clay, and in 1851,
as a member of the Southern Rights convention
in Charleston, S.C, succeeded in defeating the
secession ordinance framed by that body, al
though he maintained the right of a state to
secede. He was a delegate to the state secession
convention of 1860, and finally cast his lot with
his native state. He was one of the three com
missioners sent to Washington in December, 1860,
to treat for the surrender of the U.S. forts in
Charleston harbor and of
other property to the state.
On his return he raised a
rifle regiment, and com
manded it in battle until
1862, when he was elected
to the Confederate States
senate, serving until the close
of the Confederate government. He was elected
governor of South Carolina by the Republican
party, under President Johnson's plan of recon
struction in 1865, and served until 1868. He was

ORR

ORTH

a delegate to the Constitutional Union convention
at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1866; judge of the 8th
circuit of South Carolina, 1870-73, and a delegate
to the Republican national convention in 1872.
He was appointed U.S. minister to Russia by
President Grant, as successor to Andrew G. Cur-
tin, who resigned in August, 1872, and lie served
from March, 1873, until his death in St. Peters
burg, Russia, May 5, 1873.
ORR, John, educator, was born in Chester
district, S.C, Aug. 12, 1820 ; eldest son of
William and Isabella (Ervin) Orr; and grandson
of John and Rosanna (Cameron) Orr, John On-
being a graduate of Dublin university, Ireland.
He was graduated at Miami university, Oxford,
Ohio, A.B., 1845 ; A.M., 1848, and was professor
of ancient languages in the Macon Masonic col
lege at Macon, Tenn., which was founded in
Fayette county iu 1849, transferred to Clarks-
ville, Montgomery county, Tenn. soon after,
became known as Stewart college in 1855 and
as the Southwestern Presbyterian university in
1S75. He was president of the college, 1851-53.
Prior to the civil war he removed to Greene
county, Ohio, where he was elected principal of
the schools at Cedarville, and he was clerk of
courts of Greene county, 1864-82. He died at
Xenia. Ohio, Dec. 30, 1883.
ORR, John William, wood engraver,, was born
in Ireland, March 31, 1815. He was brought to
New York in 1816 by his parents, who settled
in Buffalo, where he attended, school, ln 1836
he removed to New York city and studied wood
engraving in the studio of William Redfield, re
ceiving a silver medal from the Mechanics in
stitute for the best wood engraving in 1837. He
engaged as an engraver in Buffalo, N. Y., 1837-42 ;
in Albany, N.Y. , 1842-44, where he made engrav
ings to illustrate the state reports on geology, and
in New York city, 1884-87. He established an
engraving business, which held front rank for
over a quarter of a century, and brought the art
of wood engraving to public notice by extensive
advertising, new inventions and able assistants,
who represented the most skilled English, French
and German engravers. His first work of im
portance was the frontispieces for Harper's Illus
trated Shakespeare. He received a gold medal
in 1842 from the New York State Agricultural
society for the best wood cuts representing do
mestic animals. He edited The American Odd
Fellow, 1862-71. He died in Jersey City, N.J.,
March 4, 1887.
ORT, Samuel Alfred, educator, was born at
Lewistown, Mifflin county, Pa., Nov. 11, 1843 ; son
of Samuel and Christina Ort ; grandson of John
Oit, and a descendant of German and Huguenot
families. His grandparents immigrated to
America from Germany and settled near Lewis-

[79]

town, Pa., in 1780. Samuel Alfred Ort was pre
pared for college in Kishacoquillas seminary,
near Lewistown, 1853-56, and was graduated
at Wittenberg college, Springfield, Ohio, A.B.,
1863 ; A.M., 1869. He studied at the Theological
school of Wittenberg college ; was a tutor in the
preparatory department, 1803-05 ; pastor of the
Lutheran church at Findlay, Ohio, 1865-68, and
teacher of Latin and literature in Hagerstown
Female seminary, 1868-69. He returned to Wit
tenberg college as a tutor in 1869, and was pro
fessor of mathematics, belles lettres, English
literature and logic, 1870-74. He had charge of
the Lutheran mission at Louisville, Ky., 1874-79,
where he erected a church, which was completed
in 1875, and was pastor of St. James church, New
York city, 1879-80. In 1880 he was elected pro
fessor of theology in Wittenberg college ; became
president of the college and Frederick Gilbert
professor of Christian theology and mental phil
osophy in 1882, and professor of" systematic the
ology in the seminary in 1884. He retired from
the presidency in 1900, being succeeded by the
Rev. J. M. Ruthrauff ; was elected dean but re
tained his professorships, and on the death of
President Ruthrauff in 1902 became acting presi
dent of the college. Under his supervision a new
college building was begun and built at a cost of
$67,000, which stands as a monument to his per
severance and labor; also, a young woman's hall,
a gymnasium and Hamma divinity hall. He
was a delegate to the General synod of the Lu
theran church from 1873, secretary of the synod,
1873-79, and president of that body at Omaha,
Neb., in 1887. He received the degree D.D. from
Wittenberg college in 1877. and LL.D. in 1893. He
was married in 1875 to Anna, daughter of W. W.
and Mary A. Senteny of Louisville, Ky. He was
prominent as a lecturer, contributed to reviews
and edited the Lutheran Evangelist at Spring
field, Ohio, 1881-85. He published several lec
tures and pamphlets, and is the author of : The
Pre-eminence of the Spiritual (1884), and Christ,
the Completeness of Man (1886).
ORTH, Godlove Steiner, representative, was
born in Lebanon, Pa., April 22, 1817 ; son of God
love and Sarah (Steiner) Orth ; grandson of Bal-
zer, Jr., and Rosina (Kucher) Orth, and great-
grandson of Balzer Orth, » Moravian, who emi
grated from Germany to Lancaster county, Pa.,.
with Count Zinzendorf, and was settled in Leba
non in 1730. Balzer Orth, Jr., served in the
Revolutionary war, and had charge of the Hes
sian prisoners after the battle of Trenton. God
love Steiner Orth was graduated at Pennsylvania
college ; studied law in the office of James
Cooper, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He
settled in practice in Lafayette. Ind.; was a mem
ber of the Indiana senate, 1813-48, and became

ORTON

ORTON

president of that body. He was a candidate for
elector on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket in 1848,
and was appointed one of the five commissioners
from Indiana to the Peace conference of 1861.
He entered the U.S. army in 1862, as captain of
the 76th Indiana volunteers, which he had re
cruited, and was placed in command of the U.S.
ram Horner on the Ohio river. He was a Repub
lican representative from the ninth district of
Indiana in the 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st con
gresses, 1863-71, and served on important com
mittees, including that on foreign relations. He
was a representative from the state-at-large in
the 43d congress, 1873-75 ; was instrumental in
securing the right of expatriation ; active in be
half of the annexation of Santo Domingo, and in
reorganizing the diplomatic and consular system.
He was recommended by the entire senate and
house as U.S. minister to Berlin, in 1871, but
President Grant decided to make no change. He
declined a commissionership of internal revenue
and accepted the appointment as U.S. minister to
Austria in 1875, having previously declined the
mission to Brazil. He resigned his mission in
1876, upon his nomination as Republican candi
date for governor of Indiana, Feb. 22, 1876, and
made the canvass for that office, but on Aug. 2,
1876, withdrew his name in favor of Benjamin
Harrison, who was nominated and defeated. He
received the votes of fifty-nine Republican legis.
lators for U.S. senator, Jan. 24, 1879, when Daniel
W. Voorhees was elected. He was a Republican
representative from the ninth district in the 46th
and 47th congresses, 1879-82, and was defeated
for the 48th congress in 1882. He was married
first, in 1840, to Sarah Elizabeth Miller of Gettys
burg, Pa., and secondly, Aug. 28, 1850, to Mary
A. Ayers of La Fayette, Ind. He died in La Fay
ette, Ind., Dec. 16, 1882.
ORTON, Edward Francis Baxter, educator,
was born in Deposit, N.Y., March 9, 1829 ; son of
the Rev. Dr. Samuel George and Clara (Gregory)
Orton ; grandson of Miles Orton, a soldier in the
war of 1812, and a descendant, through Samuel
Orton, one of the fifty-one colonists who settled
in Litchfield county, Conn., of Thomas and Mar
garet (Pratt) Orton. Thomas Orton came to
Massachusetts Bay colony before 1641 ; settled in
Windsor, Conn., and removed to Farmington,
Conn. , in 1655. Dr. Samuel G. Orton was gradu
ated at Hamilton college, 1822, and was a Pres
byterian minister in western New York for fifty
years. Edward Orton was fitted for college
by his father, and was graduated at Hamilton
college, A.B., 1848, A.M., 1851. He was assistant
in the academy at Erie, N.Y., 1848-49 ; private
tutor, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1849-50 ; a student at
Lane Theological seminary, 1849-50 ; assistant at
Delaware Literary institute, Franklin, N.Y.,

ZtLwuL (U-fCoru

[80]

1851-54 ; student at Lawrence Scientific school,
Harvard, 1852, and at Andover Theological sem
inary, 1854-55. He was ordained to the Presby
terian ministry, Jan. 2, 1856 ; was professor of
natural science, State Normal school, Albany,
N.Y., 1856-59; princi
pal of the academy at
Chester, N.Y., 1859-
65 ; principal of the
preparatory depart
ment and professor of
natural history, An-
tioch college, Ohio,
1865-69 ; assistant
state geologist, Ohio,
1869-75 ; president of
Antioch college, 1872-
73, and of the Ohio
State Agricultural
college (Ohio State
university) 1873-81 ;
professor of geology
in Ohio State university, 1873-99, and state
geologist of Ohio, 1882-99. Orton Hall, one of
the chief buildings of the university, was named
for him. He was a member of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science,
and its president, 1899, and corresponding and
honorary member of various scientific associa
tions in the United States and Europe. He
helped to organize and was president of the Ohio
State Sanitary association, 1884-85, and of the
Geological Society of America, 1896. The degree
of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Hamilton in
1876, and that of LL.D. by Ohio State university
in 1881. He served on the U.S. geological survey,
and his report appears in the "Eighth Annual
Report " ; on the Kentucky State survey, and
his report on the petroleum and gas fields of
western Kentucky was published in a separate
volume. He was married first, in 1855, to Mary
M. Jennings of Franklin, N.Y., who died in 1873,
leaving two sons and two daughters ; and sec
ondly, in 1875, to Anna Davenport Torrey of
Millbury, Mass., and of the two children by this
marriage the son was given the ancestral name
of Samuel. He is the author of many scientific
reports and addresses, and of : Economic Geology
of Ohio (1883-88) ; Petroleum and Inflammable Gas
(1887). He died in Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 16, 1899.
ORTON, James, naturalist, was born in Seneca
Falls, N.Y., April 21, 1830 ; son of the Rev. Azar
iah Giles and Minerva (Squire) Orton ; grandson
of Azariah and Abigail (Jackson) Orton, and a de
scendant of Thomas and Margaret (Pratt) Orton.
Azariah G. Orton. Williams, 1813 ; Princeton The
ological seminary, 1820 ; D.D., University of New
York, 1847 ; Union college, 1850, was a Presby
terian minister, 1822-60, and died in Lisle, N.Y.,

ORTON

OSBON

Dec. 28, 1864. James Orton was graduated at
Williams in 1855, and at Andover Theological
seminary in 1858. He was married in 1859 to
Ellen E. Foote of Williamstown, Mass. He
traveled in Europe, 1859-60 ; was ordained pastor
of the Presbyterian church, Greene, N.Y., July
11, 1860 ; was pastor at Thomaston, Maine, 1861-
63, and at Brighton , N. Y. , 1863-69. He developed
a strong interest in natural history, and while in
college successfully conducted a students' expedi
tion to Labrador. He was instructor in natural
history at the University of Rochester, N.Y.,
1866-69 ; conducted a scientific expedition to
South America under the auspices of Williams
college in 1867, and was professor of natural hist
ory in Vassar college, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1869-
77. He made a second expedition to South Amer
ica in 1873, crossing the continent from Para to
Lima by Lake Titicaca, and in 1876, owing to
pulmonary trouble, returned to the high plateau
regions of Peru and Bolivia, and in the spring of
1877 undertook the exploration of the Beni river,
a large tributary of the Amazon. He had in
view a preliminary survey for a railroad to con
nect the navigable waters of the Amazons with
the railroad that had been already built from the
Pacific coast to La Paz, Bolivia. He was forced,
however, to turn back, reaching the eastern shore
of Lake Titicaca on Sept. 24, 1877, and died while
crossing to the other side. He brought to the
United States the first fossils ever reported from
the stratified rocks of the Amazon valley, and
became one of the highest authorities on the
central region of South America. He was a
member of numerous scientific societies in the
United States and Europe, and his discoveries
were second only to those of Alexander Von
Humbolt. He contributed articles on the natural
history of South America to scientific journals
and to the transactions of societies, and is the
author of : Miners' Guide and Metallurgists'
Directory (1849); Tlie Proverbalist and the Poet
(1852); Tlie Andes and the Amazon (1870); Un
derground Treasures and How to Find Tliem
(1872); The Liberal Education of Women (1873),
and Comparative Zoology (1875). He died on
Lake Titicaca, Peru, Sept. §5, 1877, and was
buried on an island in the lake.
ORTON, William, publisher and financier, was
born in Cuba, N.Y., June 14, 1826 ; son of Horatio
and Sarah (Carson) Orton ; grandson of John
and Ruth (Norton) Orton ; great-grandson of
Samuel and Ruth (Mason) Orton, and a descen
dant of Thomas and Margaret (Pratt) Orton.
William Orton was graduated at the State Normal
school, Albany, N.Y., in 1847, and engaged in
teaching school until 1850, when he was married
to Agnes J. Gillespie of Buffalo, N.Y., and
entered the employ of George Derby & Co.,

publishers, taking charge of the business in
Geneva, N.Y. On the death of George Derby in
1852, the firm became Derby, Orton & Co. In
1856 the business, as Miller, Orton & Co., was
transferred to New York city and in 1857 went
into liquidation. Mr. Orton subsequently became
managing clerk for J. G. Gregory & Co., publish
ers ; was appointed collector of internal revenue
for the sixth district of New York by President
Lincoln in 1862, and U.S. commissioner of internal
revenue, with headquarters at Washington, D.C,
in 1865. He resigned this office after a few
months, to accept the presidency of the United
States Telegraph company, and after the consoli
dation of that corporation with the Western
Union Telegraph company in 1866, was vice-
president, 1866-67, and president from 1867 up to
the time of his death. He established the Jour
nal of Telegraphy in 1867, and secured for the
Western Union Telegraph company a monopoly
of telegraph lines in the United States, making
the earnings of the company very large. He died
in New York city, April 22, 1878.
OSBON, Bradley Sillick, naval officer, was
born in Rye, N.Y., Aug. 16, 1828 ; eldest son of
the Rev. Abiathar Mann and Elizabeth Esmond
(Sillick) Osbon ; grandson of William and Han
nah (Mann) Osbon and of the Rev. Bradley and
Mary (Pattison) Sillick, and a descendant of
the Osbournes, who came from Normandy to
England in the time of William the Conqueror.
Four Osborne brothers came to America shortly
after the arrival of the Mayflower, and settled in
Massachusetts. His father (1808-1882) was a
Methodist clergyman. The son went to sea on a
merchant vessel in 1838 ; visited a majority of
the ports and islands of the globe and nearly all
the islands in the Pacific ocean ; spent one sum
mer in the Antarctic and two winters in the
Arctic ocean ; served in the Chinese navy as cox
swain, and in the Argentine navy as commander
under Commodore Coe. He also served through
out the Argentine war, returning at its close to
the merchant service. Upon the outbreak ofthe
civil war, he joined the Harriet Lane under
Capt. John Faunce ; served as aide and signal
officer ; was at the fall of Fort Sumter, S.C. ;
was temporarily attached to the flag-ship Wabash,
North Atlantic squadron, under Dupont, and
took part in the battle of Port Royal, S.C. He
was appointed clerk and fleet signal officer to
Farragut ; served on the flag-ship Hartford dur
ing the capture of the forts below New Orleans,
and was personally commended for gallantry.
He was sent north on the gunboat Cayuga as
bearer of dispatches, arriving at Hampton Roads
during the fight between the Monitor and the
Merrimac, and acted as signal officer to President
Lincoln, and as aide and signal officer to Corn-
LSI]

OSBORN

OSBORN

mander John L. Worden on the monitor Montauk
in the engagements before Fort McAllister and
iu the destruction of the privateer Nashville.
He was made admiral in the Mexican navy at
the close of the civil war, and received a letter
of marque giving him one half the prize money
accruing from his captures and conferring upon
him the power to issue " letters of marque " and
to commission ships under the Mexican flag.
He sailed from Philadelphia for Brazos de
Santiago in the steamer General Sheridan with a
full complement of officers and men. The
steamer, fitted out in New York, and carrying
his guns and torpedo outfit, was lost off Hatteras,
thereby obliging him to confine his operations to
the Rio Grande, Texas. He married in Liverpool,
England, Feb. 14, 1868, Eliza Balfour, one of
the Balfours of Burleigh. In the war with Spain,
while acting as a volunteer naval scout, he was the
first to discover Cervera's fleet off the island of
Curacoa, May 14, 1898, and after reporting to the
department of state received a letter of thanks
from that of the nayy for his services. He was
the first commander of the Farragut Naval
Veteran Association of Philadelphia ; a charter
member of the Farragut Naval Association of
New York ; captain, commodore and twice rear-
admiral of the National Association of Naval
Veterans, U.S.A. ; twice commander of Naval
Post 516, G.A.R. ; chairman of the Associated
Commanders and Quartermasters of the City cf
New York ; colonel of the Osbon cadets, composed
of Sunday-School boys, and founder and flag-
officer commanding the U.S. Veteran Navy with
the rank of commodore. In 1902 he had been for
several years interested in mining asphalt and sul
phur in the eastern part of Venezuela. He was de
corated with the Venezuelan order of '" del Busto
del Liberator " in 1889 in recognition of services
rendered in coast surveying in that republic.
The United States hydrographic office published
his survey of the harbor of Cariipano, Venez
uela. OSBORN, Henry Fairfield, educator, was born
in Fairfield, Conn., Aug. 8, 1857 ; son of William
H. and Virginia R. (Sturges) Osborn ; grand
son of Jonathan Sturges of Fairfield, Conn., and
New York, and a descendant of Nathan Gold.
He was graduated at the College of New Jersey,
A.B., 1877, Sc. D., 1881; was assistant professor
of natural science in the College of New Jersey,
1882-83 ; professor of comparative anatomy there,
1883-91, when he resigned and became Da Costa
professor of biology in the newly established
department at Columbia college, New York city.
He was also dean of the faculty of pure science
at Columbia, 1892-95 ; curator of vertebrate pale
ontology in the American Museum of Natural
History in New York, 1891-1902 ; was active in

the organization of the New York Zoological.
society, serving from its foundation as chairman
of its executive committee, and helping to plan.
the zoological park in the Bronx. He was ap
pointed vertebrate paleontologist to the geological
survey of Canada, and paleontologist to the U.S.
survey in 1900. He was vice-president of the-
Academy of Science, 1894-98, president, 1898-1900,.
and elected a member of the National Academy
of Sciences in 1900. He was married, Sept. 29,
1881, to Lucretia, daughter of Gen. Alexander J.
Perry, U.S.A. He is the author of : From the-
Greeks to Darwin (1894), and contributed exten
sively to educational and scientific periodicals.
OSBORN, Henry Stafford, educator and
author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 17,
1823; son of Truman and Eliza (Paget) Osborn.
He was graduated from the University of
Pennsylvania, A.B., 1841, A.M., 1844, and from.
Union Theological seminary, New York city,
1845. He was stated supply of the Presbyterian
church, Coventry, R.I., 1845-46 ; traveled and
studied abroad, and while in London, England,
attended the Father Mathew Temperance con
vention as a delegate. He studied at the University
of Bonn, Germany, and at the Polytechnic insti
tution of London, and was ordained by the
presbytery of Hanover, Va., April 9, 1846. He-
was pastor at Hanover Court House, Va., 1846-49 ;
at Richmond, Va., 1849-53; at Liberty, Va.,
1853-58; stated supply at Salem, Va., while
serving as professor of natural science at.
Roanoke college, 1858-59, and was pastor at Belvi-
dere, N. J., 1859-66. He was professor of mining-
and metallurgy at Lafayette college, Easton, Pa.,
1866-70 ; professor of chemistry at Miami univer
sity, Oxford, Ohio, 1870-73, and pastor at Ox
ford, 1870-71. He was stated supply at Millville,.
Ohio, 1871-74, but resigned on account of failing
health and subsequently devoted himself -to.
literature. He was married to Susan Paulina,.
daughter of G. Hampton Coursen of New York.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on,
him by Lafayette college in 1865. He was a
member of the Pennsylvania and Virginia histori
cal societies and of tlie Victoria Philosophical
society of London. He is the author of : Pales
tine, Past and Present (1855); Fruits and Flowers
of the Holy Land (1856); Pilgrims in the Holy-
Land (1857); Scientific Metallurgy of Iron and
Steel in the United States (1870); The New
Descriptive Geography of Palestine (1877); Manual
of Bible Geography and Ancient Egypt in the
Light of Recent Discoveries (1885); Chart of
Books of the Bible (1886); The Useful Minerals
and Mining Architecture (1887); Biblical History
and Geography (1888), and with the Rev. Lyman
Coleman published a large map of Palestine. He=
died in New York city, Feb. 2, 1894.

OSBORN

OSBORN

OSBORN, Herbert, entomologist, was born in
Lafayette, Wis., March 19, 1856 ; son of Charles
Paineand Harriet Newell (Marsh) Osborn ; grand
son of Alpheus and Harriet (Paine) Osborn, and
of Enos, Jr., and Rebeckah (Hawley) Marsh, and
a descendant of John Marsh, who was born in
England, 1618, landed in Boston, 1635, settled in
Hartford, Conn., 1636, and married Anne, daugh
ter of John Webster, about 1642. He attended
the public schools of Fairfax, Iowa, 1864-72 ; Iowa
college, 1872-73, and was graduated from the
Iowa State college, B.Sc, 1879, M.Sc, 1880. He
was assistant professor of zoology and entomology
in Iowa State college, 1880-85, and professor,
18H5-98. He was married, Jan. 19, 1883, to Alice
Isaclore Sayle3 of Manchester, Iowa. He became
the entomologist of the experiment station in
1890 ; state entomologist of Iowa in July, 1898,
and was elected professor of zoology and entomo
logy and director of Lake Laboratory, Ohio State
univei'sity in 1898. He was special agent of the
division of entomology of the U.S. department of .
agriculture, 1885-94 ; was elected president of the
Iowa Academy of Sciences, 1887 ; president of
the Association of Economic Entomologists, 1898,
and a fellow of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1884, the Biological
society of Washington, 1885, the Entomological
society of Washington, 1885, the Society for the
Promotion of Agricultural Science in 1893, the
American Entomological society of Philadelphia,
1897, and of the Societe Entomologique de France"
in 1888. He edited the Proceedings of the Iowa
Academy of Sciences, 1890-98, and is the author
of :. Pediculi and Mallophaga of Man and Lower
Animals (1891) ; Insects Affecting Domestic Ani
mals (1896) ; Contributions to Hemipterous Fauna
of Iowa, with E. D. Ball (1897) ; Studies of North
American Jassoiclea, with E. D. Ball (1898) ; The
Hessian Fly in the United States (1898) ; Tlie
Genus Scaphoideus (1900) , and articles in scientific
journals and transactions of scientific societies.
OSBORN, Thomas Andrew, governor of Kan
sas, was born in MeadviUe, Pa., Oct. 26. 1836.
He attended the public school and Allegheny
college, and learned the printer's trade. He
studied law under Judge Derrickson of MeadviUe
in 1856, removed to Pontiac,
Mich., in 1857, where he was
admitted to the bar, and in
November of that year re
moved to Lawrence, Kansas
Territory, being employed as
a compositor on the Herald
of Freedom. In 1858 he en
gaged in the practice of law in El wood, Kansas ;
was elected attorney of Doniphan county, and
was a member of the state senate, 1859-62. serving
as president pro tempore of that body in 1862. [83]

He was lieutenant-governor of Kansas in 1863 ;
U.S. marshal by appointment from President.
Lincoln, 1864-67, and Republican governor of
Kansas, 1872-76. He was U.S. minister to Chile,
by appointment from President Hayes, 1877-81,
and conducted important negotiations between.
various South American governments, and in
1881 was transferred to the Brazilian mission,
where he served until 1886. He located in Topeka,
Kan., on his return, and in 1888 was state sena
tor from Shawnee county. He was decorated
with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Rose by
the Emperor of Brazil for special services. He
died at MeadviUe, Pa., Feb. 4, 1898.
OSBORN, Thomas Ogden, soldier, was born in
Jersey, Licking county, Ohio, Aug. 11, 1832; son
of Samuel and Hannah (Meeker) Osborn. He
attended Delaware college ; was graduated from
the University of Ohio, A.B. 1854, A.M. 1857 ;
studied law with Gen. Lew Wallace at Craw-
fordsville, Ind., and began practice in Chicago,.
111., in 1859. He organized the 39th Illinois regi
ment, of which he became lieutenant-colonel and
colonel. He was detailed to guard the Baltimore
and Ohio railroad and engaged Jackson's forces
during the raid into Morgan county, Va., in 1861,
and succeeded in delaying him for several hours,
afterward making a successful retreat across the
Potomac. He engaged in the battle of Winches
ter, Va., March 23, 1862, and commanded a bri
gade made up of the 39th Illinois, 13th Indiana and
62nd and 67th Ohio regiments in the operations
against the forts in Charleston harbor in 1863.
In 1864 he accompanied General Butler up the
James river, his regiment occupying the right of
the 1st brigade, 1st division, 10th army corps.
He was wounded at Drewry's Bluff, May 12, 1864,
and commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, 24th
army corps at the siege of Petersburg, Va., 1864-
65. On April 2, lb65, his brigade was one of three
to capture Fort Gregg. He was promoted briga
dier-general and brevetted major-general of vol
unteers for gallant services throughout the war.
He returned to his law practice in Chicago, where
he was treasurer of Cook county and a manager
of the National Soldiers' Home. He was ap
pointed a member of the international committee
to settle disputed claims between the United
States and Mexico, and was U.S. cpnsul-general
and minister-resident to the Argentine Republic,
1874-85, subsequently engaging in railway enter
prises in Brazil, but continuing his residence in
Chicago. He was elected a member of the Mili
tary Order of the Loyal Legion and of various .
other military associations.
OSBORN, Thomas Ward, senator, was born
in Scotch Plains, N.J., March 9, 1836. He was
graduated from Madison university in 1860,
studied law in Watertown, N.Y., and was ad-

OSBORNE

OSBORNE

mitted to the bar in 1861. At the outbreak ofthe
civil war he organized a company of artillery in
Watertown, N.Y., was commissioned its captain
and was assigned to the llth army corps. He
served through the war as chief of artillery in
various army corps, and of the Army of the Ten
nessee and was three times wounded. He was
commissioned colonel in 1865, .and was appointed
assistant commissioner of the Florida bureau of
refugees, 1865-66. He practised law in Tallahas
see, Fla. ; was appointed register in bankruptcy
in 1867 ; was a member of the state constitutional
convention of 1867-, and drew up the constitution
which was adopted. He was a Republican state
senator and was elected June 30, 1868, by the
Florida legislature, U.S. senator with A. S.
Welch, drawing the long term expiring March 3,
1873. He died in New York city, Dec. 18, 1898.
OSBORNE, Edwin Sylvanus, representative,
was born in Bethany, Wayne county, Pa., Aug.
7, 1839 ; son of Sylvanus and Lucy (Messinger) Os
borne ; grandson of Cooper and Hannah (Oakley)
Osborne. His great-grandfather, Thomas Os
borne, was a soldier in the Continental army
during the Revolutionary war and was mortally
wounded in the battle of Monmouth, and his
first ancestor in America, John Osborne,
emigrated from England and settled in East
Windsor, Conn., in 1645. Edwin S.. Osborne was
graduated from the University of Northern Penn
sylvania, Bethany, Pa., in 1858 and from the
National Law school of Poughkeepsie, N.Y., in
1860. He was admitted to the bar at Wilkes-
Barre, Pa., Feb. 26, 1861, and in April joined the
8th regiment infantry, Pennsylvania volunteers.
He served with General Patterson's division and
was honorably mustered out, July 29, 1861. In
August, 1862, he recruited a company and joined
the 149th. Pennsylvania volunteers, being com
missioned captain, Aug. 30, 1862. In September
he has appointed judge advocate and served as
such for the command of General Wadsworth,
1st corps, Army of the Potomac, until February,
1863, when, at his own request, he rejoined his
regiment and participated in the battle of Get
tysburg. In the first day's battle this regiment
forming part of Stone's " Bucktail" brigade, 3d
division, 1st corps, successfully held an advanced
position for four hours against the repeated as
saults of greatly superior numbers, meanwhile
executing the movement of " changing front to
rear" under heavy fire, and sustaining in the
battle a loss of seventy-five per cent of its effec
tive strength. Captain Osborne was appointed
brigade inspector, Aug. 27, 1863, and assigned
to duty in General Wadsworth's division. He dis
tinguished himself in leading a charge in the
Wilderness, May 6, 1864, and again in the assault
on Petersburg, June 18, 1864. He was commis

sioned major of the 149th Pennsylvania, March 2,
1865, was several times mentioned in orders for
gallantry and skillful handling of troops in battle
and was" three times brevetted for meritorious
conduct. In April, 1865, Major Osborne was re
lieved from duty in the inspection department
and appointed judge advocate at Washington.
In June, 1865, he was sent to Andersonville
and other Confederate prisons to investigate the
charges of cruelty to prisoners on the part of
those late in command. In July, 1865, he pre
ferred charges of murder against Capt. Henry
Wirz of Andersonville prison and drew the spec
ifications of the indictment under which that
officer was found guilty and executed. He was
honorably mustered out, July 21, 1865, and re
turned to the practice of law. He was major-
general of the 3d division, National Guard of
Pennsylvania, 1870-78 ; was prominent in re
organizing tlie militia system of the state ; com
manded the forces that quelled the riots in
Scranton, Pa., in 1871, and Susquehanna Depot,
Pa., in 1874, and prevented a similar outbreak at
Hazleton, Pa. He was commander of the De
partment of Pennsylvania, G.A.R., in 1883, and
was a delegate to the Republican national con
vention at Chicago in 1888. He was representa-
tive-at-large from Pennsylvania in the 49th and
50th congresses, and from the 12th congressional
district in the 51st congress, serving, 1885-91.
During his service in congress he defended the
policy of protection and advocated the subsidizing
of American ships. He was married to Ruth
Ball of Pittston, Pa., Oct. 12, 1865, and their
son, John Ball Osborne, born June 24, 1868, Yale,
A.B., 1889, was U.S. consul at Ghent, Belgium,
1889-94, and joint secretary of the reciprocity
commission of the United States, Oct. 18, 1897.
Their second son, William Headley Osborne, born
in 1870, graduated from the U.S. Military
academy in 1891, served in the campaign against
Santiago in the war with Spain as lieutenant in
the 1st U.S. cavalry, and died of typhoid fever in
the military camp at Montauk Point, N.Y., Aug.
23, 1898. General Osborne died in Washington,
D.C, Jan. 1, 1900.
OSBORNE, John Eugene, governor of Wyom
ing, was born in Westport, Essex county, N.Y.,
June 9, 1860 ; son of John C and Mary E. Os
borne. His grandparents were English. He
worked on a farm summers, attended the district
and high school winters, was apprenticed to a
druggist in Burlington, Vt., in 1876, and was
graduated from the medical department of the
University of Vermont in 1880, after having at
tended the winter course of lectures, 1877-80. In
1881 he removed to Rawlins, Wyo., where he es
tablished a wholesale and retail drug store. He
was appointed assistant surgeon of the Union

[84]

OSBORNE

OSBORNE

Pacific railway company. He engaged exten
sively in live-stock raising in 1884, and became
the largest individual sheep owner in Carbon
county. He was a Democratic representative in
the territorial legislature in 1883 ; chairman of
the territorial peni
tentiary building com
mission, and mayor of
Rawlins, 1888 ; an al
ternate to the Demo
cratic national con
vention in 1892 ; was
governor of Wyo
ming, 1892-94, having
been elected, Nov. 8,
1892, to fill the va
cancy caused by the
resignation of Gov.
F. E. Warren, and de
clined re-nomination
in 1894. He was a
member of the bi
metallic Democratic national committee for the
state of Wyoming in 1895 ; was chairman of the
state delegation at the Democratic national con
vention, Chicago, 1896, and was the Democratic
representative-at-large from Wyoming in the 55th
congress, 1897-99. He was vice-chairman of the
Democratic national congressional committee in
1898 and the unsuccessful Democratic and Free
Silver candidate for U.S. senator before the Wy
oming legislature of 1899.
OSBORNE, Phoebe Ann Sayre, educator, was
born in Madison, N.J., March 14, 1812 ; daughter
of Baxter and Elizabeth (Kitchell) Sayre ; grand
daughter of Deacon Ephraim Sayre (born 1746)
and of Aaron Kitchell (q.v.), and a descendant of
Thomas Sayre, born in Bedfordshire, England,
1597, a Puritan refugee to America about 1635,
and of Robert Kitchell, born in England in 1604,
and prominent in the Guilford settlement in
Connecticut, 1639. Phoebe Osborne was well
educated and in 1828, with her sister, Elizabeth
Kitchell, born in 1814, removed to New York
city, where they devoted their time and liberal
means to charitable work. The sisters founded
and became teachers in the charity mission
known as the " Ragged school," established at
Five Points in 1830, and conducted with marked
success. In 1836 they were prominent in induc
ing the city council to open public schools, Num
ber 1 for boys and Number 2 for girls, the first
public schools in the city, and they were engaged
as the first teachers, Phoebe teaching the boys and
her sister Elizabeth the girls. Phoebe continued
to teach until 1835, when she was married to
Milo Osborne of Lenox, Mass. and devoted herself
to domestic life. In 1873 she removed to Chicago,
111., where she died, Jan. 20, 1897.

OSBORNE, (Samuel) Duffleld, author, was
born in Brooklyn, N.Y., June 20, 1858; son of
Samuel Smith and Rosalie Willoughby (Duffield)
Osborne ; grandson of Samuel and Abbie M.
(Theall) Osborne, and of James Murdoch and
Margaretha A. (Prince) Duffield, and a descen
dant of George Duffield, who emigrated from
Ireland to Pequea, Penn., in 1720, and of Carel de
Beauvais, who emigrated from France and set
tled in New York in 1659. He attended the
Brooklyn Polytechnic institute and was gradu
ated from Columbia college, A.B., 1879, A.M.,
1882, and from the Columbia Law school, LL.B.,
1881. He was admitted to the bar in 1881 and
practised in New York city, 1881-92. He was as
sistant secretary of the Brooklyn department of
city works, 1892-94 ; traveled in Europe, 1895-96,
and on his return settled in New York city and
engaged in literary work. He was elected a
member of the Linnasan society in 1878 ; corres
ponding member of the Nuttall Ornithological
club in 1879, and an associate member of
the American Ornithological union in 1883.
He edited : Livy's Roman History in the
World's Great Books series (1898); Macaulay' s
Lays of Ancient Rome (1901), and became as
sociate editor of the Home Library of Litera
ture and Achievement, in 1901. He is the author
of: The Spell of Ashtaroth (1888) ; The Robe of
Nessus (1890); The Secret of the Crater (1900);
The Lion's Brood (1901), and of many short
stories, essays and poems.
OSBORNE, William McKinley, consul-gen
eral, was born in Girard, Ohio, April 26, 1842 ;
son of Abner and  (Allison) Osborne.
He attended the academy at Poland, Ohio, and
Allegheny college, MeadviUe, Pa. He enlisted
in the 23d Ohio volunteer regiment early in 1861
and was discharged in 1862 owing to injuries re
ceives. He studied law at the University of
Michigan, 1863-64 ; was admitted to the bar in
June, 1864, and practiced at Youngstown, Ohio,
1869-77, serving as mayor of the city, 1875-76 ;
removed to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1877, and was
married in April 24, 1878, to Frances Clara,
adopted daughter of Walter Hastings of Boston,
Mass. He practiced law in Cleveland, Ohio, 1877-
80, and in 1880, after traveling and residing in
Europe, he settled in Roxbury and opened a law
office in Boston, Mass. He became a prominent
Republican politician ; was a common council
man, 1884-85 ; a member of the board of police
commissioners, 1885-93, and secretary of the
Republican national committee of 1896. He was
appointed, March 18, 1897, U.S. consul-general at
London, by President McKinley, his maternal
cousin, and held that office until his death, which
occurred at Wimbledon, London, England, April
29, 1902.

[85]

OSGOOD

OSGOOD

OSGOOD, Frances Sargent, author, was born
in Boston, Mass., June 18, 1811; daughter of
Joseph Locke. She became acquainted with
Mrs. Lydia Maria Childs, editor of the Juvenile
Miscellany, and contributed articles and poems
to that and other periodicals under the pen-name
" Florence," and also edited the Ladies' Compan
ion for a short time. She was, married in 1835 to
Samuel Stillman Osgood (1808-1850), an artist;
accompanied him to England, and while there
published two of her books and contributed to
English magazines. They returned to Boston in
1840, and shortly afterward settled in New York
city, where she wrote under the pen-name
" Fanny Forester." She issued in London : The
Casket of Fate (1838) ; A Wreath of Wild Flowers
from New England (1839), and wrote at the re
quest of James Sheridan Knowles, a play Tlie
.Happy Release, or the Triumph of Love. Iu New
York she issued : Poetry of Floioers and Floivers
of Poetry (1841); Tlie Snowdrop, a book for chil
dren (1841); Poems (1846), and in Philadelphia,
The Floral Offering (1847). An illustrated edition
of Poems appeared in 1849 ; a 16mo edition in
1861 ; a complete edition of her poems in 1850 ;
Labor is Prayer. Rufus W. Griswold wrote a
biographical sketch for a Memorial issued in 1850.
She died in Hingham, Mass., May 12, 1850.
OSGOOD, Howard, educator, was born at
Magnolia plantation, Plaquemine, La., Jan. 4,
1831 ; son of Isaac and Jane Rebecca (Hall) Os
good ; grandson of Timothy and Sarah (Farnham)
Osgood, and a descendant of John Osgood, And
over, Mass., 1642. He was a student at Harvard
college, 1846-49. He was married in 1853 to
Caroline Townsend Lawrence, who died in 1898.
He was ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1856 ;
was pastor at Flushing, N.Y., 1856-58; traveled
and studied in Europe, 1858-59 ; was pastor in
New York city, 1860-65, and professor of Hebrew
in Crozier Theological seminary, Chester, Pa.,
1868-73, and in Rochester Theological seminary,
1875-1900. The degree of A.B. was conferred on
him by Harvard in 1858, of D.D., by Brown in
1868, and of LL.D. by the College of New Jersey,
Princeton, in 1894. He served on the American
committee on Bible revision, prepared the intro
duction for the Schaff-Lange Commentary, and is
the author of numerous articles published in the
Baptist Review, Biblotheca Sacra and Presbyter
ian and Reformed Review.
OSGOOD, James Ripley, publisher, was born
in Fryeburg, Maine, Feb. 22, 1836 ; son of Col.
Edward Louis (1806-1864) and Abby R. (Dana)
Osgood; grandson of Capt. James (1757-1815)
and Abigail (Evans) Osgood, and a descendant
through Samuel, James, Samuel and Capt. John
from John Osgood, the immigrant. He was grad
uated from Bowdoin, A.B., 1854, A.M., 1857 ; was

a clerk for Ticknor & Fields, publishers, at the
Old Corner Book store, Boston, Mass., 1855-64;
member of the firm, 1864-69 ; of the firm Fields,
Osgood & Co., 1869-71 ; James R. Osgood& Co.,
1871-78; Houghton, Osgood & Co., 1878-80;
James R. Osgood & Co., 1880-85; London agent
for Harper & Brothers, 1885-90, and of the house
of Osgood, Mcllvaine & Co., London, 1890-92. He
was elected a member of the Century association,
New York city, in 1866. He never married. His
sister, Katharine Putnam Osgood, born May 25,
1842, was the author of : Driving Home the Cows
and other poems. He died in London, England,
May 18, 1892.
OSGOOD, Samuel, delegate and postmaster-
general, was born in Andover, Mass., Feb. 3,
1748 ; third son of Capt. Peter and Sarah (John
son) Osgood ; grandson of Timothy and Mary
(Russell) Osgood ; great-grandson of Timothy
and Deborah (Poor) Osgood ; great2-gran dson of
John and Mary (Clements) Osgood ; and great3-
grandson of John and Sarah Osgood, who came
from Wherwell, Hampshire, England, to Massa
chusetts, about 1637-38, sojourned at Ipswich,
and settled at Newbury. John Osgood was
admitted a freeman, May 23, 1637, and about 1645
removed to Andover, Mass., where he died, Oct.
24, 1651, leaving sons : John, born 1630, and
Stephen, born 1638. Samuel Osgood was graduated
from Harvard, A.B., 1770, A.M., 1773, and
studied theology, but abandoned it to join his
brother Peter in business. He was a delegate to
the Essex county convention in 1774 ; was a
representative in the colonial legislature and
served on many important committees in the
provincial congress. He organized among his
neighbors a company of minutemen and was
made captain. On hearing of the conflict he
marched to Lexington, and thence to Cambridge,
where he joined the Continental army and was
appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Artemas Ward,
serving, 1775-76. He was offered the command
of a regiment in February, 1776, but resigned
from the army to become a member of the
Provisional congress of Massachusetts which body
made him a member of the board of war. He
was a delegate to the state constitutional conven
tion of 1779 and a member of the committee to
frame the constitution. He was elected the first
senator from Essex county in the Massachusetts
legislature in 1780, and was a delegate to the
Continental congress. 1780-84, where he served on
the board of war, winning the confidence and
esteem of General Washington. He was the first
commissioner of the U.S. treasury, 1785-89, and
first postmaster-general of the United States,
1789-91, the government being conducted in New
York city at that time. He resigned the post
master-generalship on the removal of the national

OSGOOD

OSSOLI

capital to Philadelphia, Pa. ; was elected a
member of the state assembly in 1800, serving for
several years, and was elected speaker. He was a
supervisor of New York county, 1801-03, and U.S.

1785-1788.
C30VERAIMEAJT HOUSE, AltwYoRK.
navalofflcerof the port, 1803-13. He was married
first, Jan. 4, 1775, to Martha Brandon of Cambridge)
Mass.. who died without issue. Sept. 13, 1778 ; and
secondly, May 24, 1786, to Maria (Bowne) Frank
lin, widow of Walter Franklin of New York city,
and daughter of Daniel Bowne of Flushing, Long
Island, N.Y. Their daughter, Martha Brandon,
married the Hon. Edmond C Genet, French
minister to the United States ; Juliana married
first her cousin, Samuel W. Osgood, and secondly
the Rev. Dr. Israel W. Putman ; Susan Kittredge
married, May 17, 1821, Moses Field, and Walter
Franklin Osgood (1791-1836) married Ellen and
had one son, Samuel, who married Kate Bowling
and died in Newbern, N.C. , 1863. Salnuel Osgood,
the delegate, was a charter member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is
the author of : Letters on Episcopacy (1807), and
other theological writings. He died in New
York city, Aug. 12, 1813.
OSGOOD, Samuel, clergyman and author,
was born in Charlestown, Mass., Aug. 30, 1812 ;
:son of Thomas (1767-1818) and Hannah (Stevens)
¦Osgood ; grandson of Samuel (1714-1774) and
Elizabeth (Abbott) Osgood ; great-grandson of
Ezekiel (1679-1741) and Rebecca (Wordwell)
Osgood ; great2-grandson of Christopher (1643-
1723) and Hannah (Belknap) Osgood, of Amherst,
and great3-grandson of Christopher (the immi
grant) and Margaret (Fowler) Osgood of Ipswich,
Mass., who came from Marlborough, Wiltshire,
England, in 1633-34. Samuel Osgood prepared
for college under Willard Parker and was
graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835,
and from the Divinity school, Cambridge, in 1835.
He traveled and preached, 1835-37, and while
residing at Louisville, Ky., in 1836-37, assisted
James Freeman Clarke in editing the Western
Messenger. He was ordained pastor of the
Unitarian church, Nashua, N.H., in 1837, and
served there, 1837-41 ; was pastor of the West-

[87]

minster church, Providence, R.I., 1841-49, and
succeeded the Rev. Orville Dewey in the pastor
ate of the Church of the Messiah, New York city,
1849-69. He resigned in 1869 ; was baptized,
confirmed and ordered deacon, and advanced to
the priesthood in the Protestant Episcopal church
in 1870-71. He preached in New York city, but
never took charge of a parish, devoting himself
to missionary work and to literature. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him
by Harvard in 1855 and that of LL.D. by Hobart
in 1872. He was corresponding member of the
Massachusetts Historical society and of the New
England Historic Genealogical society and mem
ber of the New York Historcial society, serving for
many years as its domestic corresponding secre
tary. He was married, May 24, 1843, to Ellen
Haswell, daughter of George and Mary (Haswell)
Murdock of Boston. He edited in connection
with the Rev. Henry W. Bellows, the Christian
Inquirer (1850-54), and is the author of : Studies
in Christian Biography (1851); God With Men,
or Footprints of Providential Leaders (1853);
The Hearth Stone : Though Is Upon Home Life
in our Cities (1854); Milestones in our Life
Journey (1855); Student Life (1860); American
Leaves (1861), and Thomas Crawford and Art in
America (1875). He translated from the German
of Olshausen : History of the Lord's Passion (1839) ;
De Wette's Pi-actical Ethics (2 vols. 1842), and
published several addresses and sermons. He
died in New York city, April 14, 1880.
OSMUN, Thomas Embley (" Alfred Ayres"),
orthoepist, was born at Montrose, Ohio, Feb. 26,
1834 ; son of George and Mildred Washington
(Ayres) Osmun, and a descendant of Benjah
Osmun, a colonel in the Revolution. His maternal
grandfather, a justice of the peace of Akron,
Ohio, removed from Vermontin 1813 and four ded
ttie Ayres settlement. Thomas Osmun attended
an academy in Cleveland and Oberlin college ;
studied in Paris and Berlin, 1853-59, and after
his return to the United States became a pro
minent contributor to periodicals, teacher of
elocution and dramatic critic. He was an editor
of the Standard Dictionary, and under the pen
name "Alfred Ayres" is the author of: The
Orthoepist (1880) ; The Verbalist (1881) ; The Men
tor (1884); Essentials of Elocution (1886); Acting
and Actors ; Elocution and Elocutionists (1894);
The Essentials of Elocution (1897) ; Some Ill-
Used Words (1901). He died in New York city,
Oct. 26, 1902.
OSSOLI, Sarah Margaret Fuller, author,
was born at Cambridgeport, Mass., May 3, 1810 ;
daughter of Timothy (q.v.) and Margaret (Crane)
Fuller. Her younger sister, Ellen, married the
poet, Ellery Channing of Concord, Mass. Mar
garet was educated at home and at the age of

OSSOLI

OSTERHAUS

i^ tz^a^^y

fifteen was proficient in Latin, Greek, French and
Italian. She removed to Groton, Mass., in 1833
and upon the death of her father in 1835, taught
school in Boston, Mass., and Providence, R.I., in
order to support the
younger children of
the family. She re
moved to Jamaica
Plain, Mass., in 1839 ;
was a frequent visitor
at Brook Farm and
there met the famous
patrons of that cele
brated colony, being
recognized as tlie in
spiration of Haw
thorne's "Zenobia"
in his " Blithedale Ro
mance." She formed
a club of the bright
est and most distin
guished women in Boston and edited the Dila, a
philosophical journal. In December, 1844, she re
moved to New York city and assumed the position
of literary critic and philanthropic and artistic
reporter on the Tribune, and became a member
of the household of Horace Greely. In August,
1846, she sailed for Europe and after an extended
tour in which she met the foremost leaders in
philanthropic, literary and reform movements,
settled in Rome, Italy, in 1847. While tliere she
was married in December, 1847, to Giovanni
Angelo, Marquis Ossoli. During the siege of
Rome, at the request of Mazzini, she was in
charge of the Hospital of the Trinity to the
Pilgrims and contributed much to the care of the
wounded ; but upon the possession of the city by
the French in June, 1849, she took refuge, with
her husband in Rieti, Italy, where her child had
been placed for safety. After a few months the
family returned to Florence and set sail from
Leghorn, on the merchant ship Elizabeth bound
for America. While off Fire Island, N.Y., the
vessel was wrecked during a severe storm and the
three were drowned. The body of the child, the
only one recovered, was taken to Boston and buried
at Mt. Auburn cemetery by the New England
relatives. A memorial to Margaret Fuller, con
sisting of a pavilion on the dunes overlooking
the sea at Point o' Woods, opposite the site of the
wreck, was unveiled on July 19, 1901, the 51st
anniversary of the disaster. The idea of its
erection originated with Mrs. Lillie Devereux
Blake and the necessary money was raised by
subscription. The interior of the pavilion con
tains a bronze tablet giving the name of Margaret
Fuller and those of her husband and child,
together with the facts of the shipwreck, and
bearing an inscription by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe.

[88]

Margaret Fuller is the author of : Summer on the
Lakes (1843); Woman ofthe Nineteenth Century
(1844); Papers on Literature and Art (1846), of
which a new edition was prepared by her brother,
the Rev. Arthur B. Fuller (q.v.) (1855). The
MS. of her proposed History of the Roman
Republic was lost in the shipwreck. Her life
was written jointly by William Henry Channing,
R. W. Emerson and James Freeman Clarke in
1852 ; Julia Ward Howe wrote a memoir in
Eminent Women series (1883) , and Thomas Went
worth Higginson in American Men of Letters
(1884). See also correspondence of Emerson and
Carlyle, and Life of Mazzini. She died at sea off
Fire Island, Long Island, N,Y., July 19, 1850.
OSTERHAUS, Peter Joseph, soldier, was born
in Coblentz, Germany, Jan. 4, 1823. He emigra
ted to the United States and settled in Belleville,
111., in 1849. Upon the outbreak of the civil war
he was commissioned major of a battalion of the
2d Missouri infantry and engaged in the battle of
Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861. He was pro
moted colonel of the 12th Missouri regiment. He
commanded the 1st division of the corps under
General Curtis at Pea Ridge, Ark., March 6-8,
1862, and one of the three divisions in the Army
of the Southwest in May, 1862. He was appointed
brigadier-general of volunteers, June 9, 1862, and
commanded the 9th division, 13th army corps,
Army of the Tennessee, in the attack on Arkansas
Post and in the Vicksburg campaign, May 1-July
4, 1863. On May 2, 1863, he was stationed on the
left branch of the road to Port Gibson and was
repulsed by the Confederate force opposed to
him ; but later in the day he was joined by Gen.
John E. Smith's brigade and made a successful
attack. He commanded the 1st division, 15th
army corps, of the army under Grant at Chatta
nooga, Nov. 23-25, 1863, and temporarily under
General Hooker. At Lookout Creek he crossed
the bridge, ascended the mountain, subsequently
attacked the southern wing of the enemy on
Missionary Ridge, making thousands of prisoners,
and drove back the Confederate forces stationed
at the sum mit. He commanded the 1st division,
15th army corps, in the Atlanta campaign, May
3 to Sept. 8, 1863, and during the absence of
General Logan, the 15th army corps, Army of the
Tennessee, Sept. 1, 1864, to January, 1865. He
was chief of staff to Gen. E. R. S. Canby during
the Mobile campaign and at the surrender of
Gen. E. Kirby Smith's army, after which he com
manded the military district of Mississippi until
Jan. 15,1866. He was appointed U. S. consul to-
France and resided at Lyons, 1866-77. He re
turned to New York city in 1877 and was engaged
in manufacturing and exporting hardware for
several years. He then removed to Mann
heim, Germany, where he continued the business.

O'SULLIVAN

OTEY

O'SULLIVAN, John Louis, diplomatist, was
born on a British man-of-war in the Bay of
Gibraltar, during the outbreak of the plague in
November, 1813 ; son of the U.S. consul to the
Barbary states. He was a student at the Military
school of Soreze, France, and at the Westminster
school, London, where he received a gold medal;
was graduated at Columbia college, A.B. 1831,
A.M. 1834, and was tutor there, 1831-33. In 1841-
42 he was a member of the New York state assem
bly, where he labored to secure a bill abolishing
capital punishment ; was a regent of the Univer
sity of the State of New York, 1846-54 ; and
charge d'affaires and U.S. minister resident to
Portugal, 1854-63. At the unveiling of Bartholdi's
Statue of Liberty in New York harbor, Oct. 28,
1886, he addressed the French visitors. He died
in New York city, March 24, 1895.
OSWALD, Eleazer, soldier, was born in Eng
land about 1755, and immigrated to America in
i770. At the outbreak of the Revolution he
entered the Continental army ; became secretary
to Benedict Arnold, serving under him at Ticon-
deroga, and commanded the patriot force at
Quebec after Arnold was wounded. He was com
missioned lieutenant-colonel, Jan. 1, 1777, and
served with Col. John Lamb's regiment of artil
lery, distinguishing himself at Compo, where he
fought under Arnold, and at the battle of Mon
mouth, where he was honorably mentioned in the
official report. He left the service in July, 1778,
and became connected with the Maryland Jour
nal, Baltimore, where he was unpopular on account
of publishing an article by Gen. Charles Lee re
flecting on the military ability of Washington.
He removed to Philadelphia, where he established
the Independent Gazetteer, or the Chronicle of
Freedom in 1782, began the publication of the
Price Current in 1783, the first commercial jour
nal in the United States, and published the
Independent Gazette, or the New York Journal
Revived, in New York city, 1782-87. In 1792 he
joined the Revolutionary army in France as
colonel of artillery, served at Jemmapes and was
sent by the Republican government on a secret
mission to Ireland. He returned to the United
States in 1795, and died of yellow fever in New
York city, Sept. 30, 1795.
OTERO, Miguel Antonio, delegate, was born
in Valencia, N.M., June 217 1829 ; son of Vicente
and Maria Gertrudes (Chavez) Otero. His
brother, Antonio Jose Otero, was appointed by
Gen. Stephen Kearny one of the three district
judges, on the acquisition of the territory in 1846.
He was educated in St. Louis, Mo., and Fishkill,
N.Y. ; studied law in New York city and in
Missouri under Gov Trusten Polk, and was ad
mitted to the bar in St. Louis in 1852. He was
private secretary to W. C. Lane, governor of New

189]

Mexico, 1852-53 ; was elected to the territorial
legislature from Valencia county in 1852 ; de
clined the appointment of U.S. attorney for the
territory by President Pierce in 1853 ; was a del
egate to the 34th, 35th and 36th congresses, 1855-
61, and delegate to the Democratic national con
vention at Charleston in 1860, where he supported
Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency. He
served as territorial secretary from June to Sep
tember, 1861, under appointment of President
Lincoln, but his nomination was not confirmed
by the senate. In 1864 he went to Leavenworth,
Kansas, where he engaged in merchandising, and
later removed with the progress of the Kansas
Pacific railroad to Hays city. When the Atchi
son, Topeka and Santa Fe road was building be
followed its progressive steps to Granada, La
Junta, El Mora, Otero and Las Vegas. He helped
to organize the New Mexico and Southern Pacific
railroad and was its first vice-president. He also
organized and was the first president of the San
Miguel National bank at Las Vegas in 1880 ; was
president of the Jamez Hot Springs company,
and the unsuccessful candidate for delegate to
the 47th congress in 1880. He was married in St.
Louis, Mo., April 2, 1857, to Mary J. Blackwood,
and had four children ; Page Blackwood, Miguel
Antonio, Gertrude V. and Mary J. He died at
Las Vegas, N.M., May 30, 1882.
OTERO, Miguel Antonio, governor of New
Mexico, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 17, 1859 ;
son of Miguel Antonio and Mary J. (Blackwood)
Otero. He received his classical education at the
Univei'sity of St. Louis, Mo., and the University
of Notre Dame, Ind., and was married, Dec. 19,
1888, to Caroline V., daughter of Lafayette
Emmett, chief-justice of Minnesota, 1858-65.
He was cashier in his father's bank at Las
Vegas, 1880-85 ; city treasurer, 1883-84 ; clerk of
San Miguel county, 1889-90 ; clerk of the U.S.
district court, 1890-93 ; delegate to the Republican
national convention, 1892 ; and on June 7, 1897,
became by appointment of President McKinley
governor of the territory of New Mexico for a
four years' term ; was reappointed by President
McKinley, June 15, 1901, during the vacation of
congress, and by President Roosevelt, Dec. 18,
1901, being confirmed, Jan. 22, 1902, for a second
four year term. He was chairman of the New
Mexico delegation to the Republican national
convention at Philadelphia, 1900,
OTEY, James Hervy, first bishop of Tennessee,
and 30th in succession in the American episco
pate, was born at Liberty, Bedford county, Va.,
Jan. 27, 1800 ; son of Isaac Otey, and a descend
ant of John Otey, a soldier of the American Rev
olution. His father served for thirty years in the
Virginia senate. He received an excellent pre
paratory education and was graduated with

OTEY

OTIS

honors from the University of North Carolina,
A.B., 1820, A.M., 1823. He was tutor in Latin
and Greek at the university, 1820-21, and taught
in a private school, Warrenton, N.C. Hestudied
theology under Bishop Ravenscroft ; was ad
mitted by him to the diaconate and to the priest
hood, and was rector of St. Paul's, Franklin,
Tenn., 1827-35, and of St. Reter's, Columbia. He
was elected the first bishop of Tennessee in 1834,
and was consecrated by Bishops White, Onder
donk and Doane, Jan. 14, 1834. As pioneer
bishop of the church in the southwest, he had
missionary jurisdiction over Arkansas, Louisiana,
Indian Territory, Mississippi and Florida. He
made St. Peter's church, Columbia, the cathedral
church in 1835, and removed to Memphis, Tenn.,
where he erected St. Mary's cathedral. At the
outbreak of the civil war he opposed secession,
and although he was a firm friend and co-worker
with Bishop Polk, refused to attend the conven
tion of southern bishops held in Georgia, and re
mained loyal to the government. He established
Columbia institute, a school for girls at Columbia,
Tenn., while residing there, and was one of tlie
first to propose tlie theological school which be
came the University of the South at Sewanee.
The honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred
upon him by Columbia college in 1833 and that
-of LL.D. by the University of North Carolina in
1859. He is the author of : Tlie Unity of the
¦Church (1852), and of many sermons. He died
in Memphis, Tenn., April 23, 1863.
OTEY, Peter Johnston, representative, was
born in Lynchburg, Va., Dec. 22, 1840 ; son of
John M. and Lucy Wilhelmina (Norvell) Otey ;
grandson of Isaac Otey, for thirty years a state
senator, and a descendant of John Otey of Revo
lutionary fame, and of Capt. Matthews, who
served at Point Pleasant, Va., Oct. 10, 1774. He
was graduated from the Virginia Military insti
tute, Lexington, Va., in July, 1860, and while a
•cadet took part in the defence of the state during
the John Brown raid. He engaged as a civil en
gineer on the Virginia and Kentucky railroad,
and in April, 1861, joined the Confederate army,
serving throughout the war with the Army of
Northern Virginia. He was severely wounded
at the battle of New Market, Va., May 15, 1864,
and as senior field officer commanded a brigade
under General Early in the battle of Cedar Creek,
Oct. 19, 1864. Upon the close of the war he re
turned to Lynchburg and engaged in the railroad,
banking and insurance business. He was a
Democratic representative in the 54th, 55th, 56th
and 57th congresses, 1895-1902. He died at
Lynchburg, Va., May 4, 1902.
OTIS, Eliza Henderson (Boardtnan), author,
was born in Boston, Mass., July 27, 179.6 ; daugh
ter of William H. and Elizabeth (Henderson) [90]

Boardman, and granddaughter of Joseph Hender
son, who read the proclamation announcing "A
Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and
America," from the Old State House balcony,
Boston, April 23, 1783. She was carefully edu
cated, and was married, May 6, 1817, to Harrison
Gray Otis, 2d (1793-1827); Harvard, A.B., 1811,
A.M., 1814. Shortly after his death she went to
Europe, where she resided seven years and where
her two sons were educated. While in Europe
she was presented at several courts and after her
return to Boston was prominent in society. She
was interested in various charitable institutions,
especially the Blind asylum and the Sailors' Snug
Harbor. She aided in the purchase of Mt. Ver
non, the home of Washington, and in the erection
of the Washington equestrian statue, and was
the first to celebrate regularly Washington's
birthday, throwing open her house to the public
on each succeeding February 22. Through her
appeal to the legislature the day was set aside as
^a legal holiday by Massachusetts, which was the
first state to recognize it as such. Upon the out
break of civil war, she took charge of the Evans
House aid committee, for which she was thanked
by the mayor and council. Her portrait, painted
by George P. A. Healy, is owned by the Bostonian
society. She is the author of : Tlie Barclays of
Boston ( 1854) , and articles in the Boston Trans
cript. She died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 21, 1873.
OTIS, Elwell Stephen, soldier, was born in
Frederick, Md., March 25, 1838 ; son of William
and Mary Ann Catharine (Late) Otis ; grandson
of Elwell and Sallie (Evans) Otis, and of Michael
and Maria Late, and descendant of John Otis, born
at Barnstaple, Devon
shire, England, 1581,
who came to this
country in 1635 and
settled in Hingham,
Mass. He was gradu
ated from the Univer
sity of Rochester in
1858, and from the
Harvard Law school
in 1861 ; practiced
law in Rochester, N.
Y., 1860-62, and join
ed the Federal army,
Sept. 13, 1862, as cap
tain in the 140th New
York volunteer in
fantry attached to Warren's brigade, Sykes's di
vision, and afterward to Ayres's brigade, Griffin's
division, 5th army corps. He participated in the
battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Get
tysburg, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, the
Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopo-
tomy and Bethesda Church ; was promoted lieu-

^^^M^^'.:1-

¦')

2^l£

£V

OTIS

OTIS

tenant-colonel, Dec. 23, 1863, and upon the death
of Col. George Ryan at Spottsylvania, succeeded
to the command of the regiment. He commanded
the 1st brigade, 2d division, 5th army corps, dur
ing the early operations against Petersburg, Va.,
in 1864, but later in the year was severely
wounded, and after a sick leave of absence was
honorably discharged, Jan. 24, 1865. The brevets
of colonel and brigadier-general of volunteers
were conferred on him, March 13, 1865, for "gal
lant and meritorious services in the battle of
Spottsylvania and the battle of Chapel House,
Va." He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the
22d U.S. infantry, July 28, 1866, which commis
sion he accepted, Feb. 7, 1867, and was brevetted
colonel, U.S. army, March 2, 1867, " for gallant
and meritorious services in the battle of Spott
sylvania, Virginia." He served on frontier duty,
1867-74 ; was inspector-general of the Department
of Dakota, 1874-75, and took part in the cam
paign against the Sioux Indians, 1876-77. Dur
ing the labor riots of 1877 he commanded his
regiment, together with other troops, in Penn
sylvania; upon the death of Col. George Sykes,
succeeded him as colonel of the 20th U.S. infan
try, Feb. 8, 1880, and organized and conducted
the U.S. Infantry and Cavalry school, Leaven
worth, Kansas, 1881-85. He returned to the
command of the 20th infantry at Fort Assini-
boine, Montana, in 1885. He was detailed as su
perintendent of the recruiting service, Oct. 1,
1890, which position he held until Jau. 21, 1893,
and was commissioned brigadier-general, U.S.A.,
Nov. 28, 1893. He was placed in command of
the Department of the Columbia, including the
states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho and the
territory of Alaska, with headquarters at Van
couver barracks, Dec. 1, 1893, and remained there
till 1896, when lie was engaged in revising the
"Army Regulations" at Washington, D.C. He
was assigned to the command of the Department
of the Colorado, including the state of Colorado
and the territories of Utah, Arizona and New
Mexico, in May, 1897. Upon the outbreak of the
Spanish-American war he was engaged as presi
dent of a court-martial held at Savannah, Ga.,
and was delayed in entering active service" until
May 4, 1898, when he was commissioned major-
general of volunteers and sent to San Francisco
to organize troops destined for the Philippines.
He sailed from San Francisco to Manila, July 23,
1898, with re-inforcements for Gen. Wesley Mer
ritt, then commanding the U.S. army in the
Philippines. In August, 1898, he succeeded Gen
eral Merritt as commanding general of the Philip
pine army and governor-general of the province.
Orders were issued prohibiting any acts of retali
ation on the part of the troops to the annoyances
of the insurgent forces, and on Feb. 1, 1899, a de

rm]

tachment of U.S. troops was arrested and im
prisoned at Malolos for examining, as was alleged,
the Filipino intrenchments. On the same date
the insurgents succeeded in drawing the fire of the
outposts by attempting to break through the lines,
and the ensuing battle lasted twenty-one hours,
resulting in the utter rout of the Filipinos. On
Feb. 4, 1899, he was brevetted major-general,
U.S. army, for "military skill and most distin
guished services in the Philippine Islands." On
Feb. 23, 1899, on the occurrence of another de
monstration the insurgents were defeated. Otis
now followed up these engagements with the bat
tles of Caloocan, Luzon, Iloilo, Island of Panay,
and thereupon pressed Aguinaldo's Luzon army
north, captured his capital of Malolos and drove
the insurgent forces beyond the Rio Grande De
Pampanga. Later, by combined operations of
U.S. forces lasting from September to January,
he took possession of all important points in the
Philippines, scattered and disintegrated the army
of the insurgents, Aguinaldo being among the
fugitives. At the same time he inaugurated muni
cipal governments, the supreme and some of the
minor courts of the islands, and re-established
trade and commerce throughout that archipelago.
By his request he was relieved of the command
of the U.S. forces in the Philippines, May 5, 1900,
and was succeeded by General MacArthur, who
also exercised the authority of military governor.
He returned to San Francisco, May 25, 1900 ; on
June 15, 1900, was publicly entertained at a cele
bration held in his honor at tlie city of Rochester,
N.Y. , and on June 16, 1900, his commission in
the volunteer army was vacated. He was pro
moted major-general, U.S. army, June 16, 1900,
to succeed Gen. Wesley Merritt, retired for age ;
was given command of the Department of the
Lakes with headquarters at Chicago, III., and on
March 25, 1902, was retired, the war department,
which issued a general order, reciting his distin
guished services not only through the civil war,
but in his conduct of the campaign in the Philip
pines. He was twice married, first in 1870 to
Louise, daughter of Henry R. Selden of Roches
ter, N.Y., and secondly in 1879 to Louise Bow
man, widow of Gen. Miles Daniel McAlester,
U.S. army. He received the honorary degree of
LL.D. from the 'University of Rochester in 1900.
He is the author of : The Indian Question (1878),
and contributions to periodicals.
OTIS, Fessenden Nott, surgeon, was born at
Ballston Spa, N.YT., March 6. 1825. He attended
Canandaigua academy and Union college ; was
graduated from the New York medical college in
1852 , was interne at Blackwell's Island hospital,
New York city, 1852-53 ; and surgeon to the U.S.
Mail steamship company, 1853-60. He was mar
ried in 1859 to Frances H. , daughter of Apollos

OTIS

OTIS

Cook. He was surgeon to the New York city
police department in 1861 ; lecturer at the College
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city, 186S-
71, clinical professor there, 1871-90, and professor
emeritus, 1890-1900 ; superintendent surgeon of
the Pacific Mail steamship company, 1869-73,
and president of the medical board of the New
York police department, 1870-72. He acted as
consulting surgeon to several New York hospitals,
1860-90. He made a trip around the world, 1890-
91, and while in Japan gave a course of lectures
at the medical university at Tokio. He was
elected president of the American Association of
andrology and syphilology in 1891 : fellow of
the American Academy of Medicine ; the New
York County Medical society ; the British associa
tion, and a, member of the University club, the
Century association and numerous medical socie
ties. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred
on him by Union college in 1851 ; that of M.D.
by the College of Physicians and Surgeons in
1864, and that of LL.D. by Columbia in 1892.
He is the author of : Lessons in Drawing, Studies
of Animals and Landscapes (2 vols. , 1849-50) ;
Tropical Journeyings (1856); History of the
Panama Railroad and its Connections (1860), and
of numerous important medical and surgical
works. He also contributed to various foreign
and American medical journals, and invented
many surgical instruments. He died in New
Orleans, La., May 24, 1900.
OTIS, George Alexander, author, was born in
Boston, Mass., Nov. 12, 1830 ; son of George
Alexander (Harvard, 1821) and Anna (Hickman)
Otis ; grandson of George Alexander Otis, author
of a translation of Botta's ' ' History of the Ameri
can War for Independence " ; great-grandson of
Dr. Ephraim Otis (Harvard, 1756), and a descend
ant from John Otis, Hingham, Mass. , 1636. He at
tended the Boston Latin school and Fairfax in
stitute near Alexandria, Va., and was graduated
from th College of New Jersey, A.B., 1849, A.M.,
1852 ; and from the University of Pennsylvania,
M.D. in 1851. He was married, Sept. 19, 1850, to
Pauline, daughter of the Rev. Alfred L. Baury
of Newton, Mass. He studied in hospitals in
London and Paris, 1851-52, and on his return to
ths United States settled in Richmond, Va. He
was associate editor of the Virginia Medical and
Surgical Journal, 1852-54, and in 1854 removed
to Springfield, Mass. Upon the outbreak of the
civil war he joined the Federal army as surgeon
of the 27th Massachusetts regiment of volunteers
and served throughout the war, receiving brevets
as captain, major and lieutenant-colonel for
faithful and meritorious services. He was ap
pointed curator of the U.S. Army Medical Mu
seum, July 22, 1864, and given charge of the sur
gical record department. His health failing in

[32]

1877, he was advanced to the rank of major and
surgeon in the U.S. army, March 17, 1880, and
remained in charge at the Army Medical Museum
until his death. He was a member of the Medi
cal Society of Norway ; corresponding member
of the Surgical Society of Paris ; an honorary
member of the Massachusetts Medical society, a,
member of the Philosophical Society of Washing
ton, D.C, and of the Academy of Natural Scien
ces of Philadelphia, Pa. He is the author of
Surgical History of the Rebellion (2 vols. 1881), on.
which he was engaged at the time of his death,,
and numerous reports for the Medical Museum.
He died at Washington, D.C, Feb. 23, 1881.
OTIS, Harrison Gray, senator, was born in
Boston, Mass., Oct. 8, 1765 ; son of Samuel Al-
leyne and Elizabeth (Gray) Otis ; grandson of
Col. James and Mary (Allej'ne) Otis, and of Har
rison Gray, a loyalist and receiver-general of'
Massachusetts before the Revolution, and a de
scendant of John Otis, who emigrated from
Hingham, Norfolk county, England, to Hingham,
Mass., in June, 1635. He was graduated at Har
vard, A.B., 17S3, A.M., 1786; studied law under-
Judge John Lowell in Boston, and became his.
law partner in 1786. He was married, May 31, 1790,
to Sarah, daughter of William Foster. He served.
as captain in the Light infantry, 1787-93, his.
company escorting Washington on his entrance
into Boston in 1789. He was an aide-de-camp to-
Gen. John Brooks during Shays's rebellion.
He delivered the Fourth of July oration in Boston.
in 1788 ; represented Boston in the state legisla
ture in 1796 and 1803-05, and was speaker, 1803-
05. He was a Federalist representative from.
Massachusetts in the 5th and 6th congresses,
succeeding Fisher Ames, and served, 1797-1801 ;
was U.S. district attorney for Massachusetts,
1801-03; and state senator and president of'
the senate, 1805-11. He was a delegate to-
the Federalist convention at Hartford, Conn.,
in 1814 ; judge of the court of common pleas of
Massachusetts, 1814-18. and U.S. senator as suc
cessor to Joseph B. Varnum, 1817-22, resighing-
in 1822, when he was succeeded by James Lloyd,
who completed the term. He was defeated as the
Federal candidate for governor of Massachusetts
by William Eustis in 1823, and was mayor of
Boston, 1829-32. He delivered a eulogy on Alex
ander Hamilton in 1804 and made an argument.
in the U.S. senate in 1820 on the admission of
Missouri, which were extensively copied and
quoted. He was a fellow of the American Acad
emy of Arts and Sciences, and was elected an
honorary member of the New England Historic
Genealogical society, Jan. 6, 1846. He was an
overseer of Harvard, 1810-25, a fellow, 1823-25,
and received the degree LL.D. from there in.
1814. He died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 28, 1848.

OTIS

OTIS

OTIS, Harrison Gray, journalist, was born
near Marietta, Ohio, Feb. 10, 1837 ; son of Stephen
(born Litchfield, Conn., 1784) and Sarah (Dyar)
Otis ; grandson of Barnabas (1756-1850) and
Mehitable (Turner) Otis ; great-grandson of Joseph
Otis, who was born
in Plymouth, Mass.,
and married  Lit
tle, and a descendant
of James Otis (Hing
ham, 1635) from
the Otis stock in
America is descended,
including James Otis,
the Revolutionary pa
triot, and Harrison
Gray Otis,the senator,
for whom he was
named. Barnabas Otis,
his grandfather, serv
ed thirteen months
in a New Hampshire
battalion, and was wounded, discharged and
pensioned ; and Stephen Otis, his father,
removed with the New England Colonization
company to Ohio in 1800, built a block house at
Marietta, and was joined by his father, Barnabas
Otis, and family from East Poultney, Vt. Harri
son Gray Otis was partially educated in the
common schools of Ohio, and learned the printer's
trade. He married Eliza A. Wetherby at Lowell,
Ohio, Sept. 11, 1859. He enlisted as a private in
the 12th Ohio volunteers in 1861 ; was promoted
four times and served in that regiment until
1864, when he was transferred to the 23rd Ohio
Veteran Volunteers, in which he was promoted
captain. He was twice wounded in battle and
was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel for
gallant and meritorious conduct, having partici
pated in fifteen actions during the war.
Subsequently he was appointed 2d lieutenant
in the U.S. army, but declined. He was official
reporter of the Ohio house of representatives,
1866-67 ; was foreman of the U.S. government
printing office, 1869-70, and later an employee of
the U.S. patent office, resigning as chief of
division in 1876. He removed to California in
that year, edited the Santa Barbara Press, 1876-79,
and was special U.S. treasury agent in charge of
the Seal Islands of Alaska, 1879-81. He became
editor of the Los Angeles Times in 1882. At the
beginning of the Spanish-American war he
was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers,
May 27, 1898. He served against the Filipino
insurgents in Luzon, commanding the 1st
brigade, 2d division, 8th army corps, and led his
brigade at the capture of Caloocan, Feb. 10, 1899,
being brevetted major-general for meritorious
conduct there, March 25, 1899. After taking

[03]

part in the campaign against Malolos, the Filipino
capital, he resigned, was honorably discharged,
returned to Calif ornia and resumed his newspaper
work. OTIS, James, orator and patriot, was born in
West Barnstable, Mass., Feb. 5, 1725; son of
James (1702-1778) and Mary (Allyne) Otis ; grand
son of Judge John Otis (1657-1725) and of Joseph
Allyne of Plymouth, Mass., and great2-grandson
of John Otis, who came front Hingham, England,
in 1636 with his family and founded the town of
Hingham, Mass. James Otis was tutored by the
Rev. Jonathan Russell of Barnstable and was
graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1743,
A.M., 1746. He studied law in the office of
Jeremiah Gridley, 1745-48 ; was admitted to the
bar in 1748, and began practice in Plymouth,
Mass. He removed to Boston in 1750, soon attain
ing a high rank in his profession, and was
appointed advocate-general under the crown.
He was married in 1755 to Ruth, daughter of
Nathaniel Cunningham, a Boston merchant. He
was closely identified with the pre-Revolutionary
movements and upon being asked to furnish the
revenue officers with writs of assistance, refused
and resigned his office, acting as counsel for the
merchants in their protests against issuing writs,
and accepting no fee. The case was argued before
Chief-Justice Hutchinson in 1761, Otis's opponent
being Jeremiah Gridley, his legal preceptor. He
spoke for five hours in answer to Mr. Gridley's
defence of the measure, and in his speech, which
has been characterized as one of the greatest of
modern times, embodied all the relations between
the colonies and Great Britain. John Adams
declared that on that day " the child of Independ
ence was born,"
that "the oration
breathed into the
Nation the breath
of life." The court
reserved its decision
until the next term
when it granted the
writs. In May, 1761, \£
Mr. Otis was elected
a representative in
the Massachusetts e
legislature, where ;";¦¦
he served, 1761-70 ; ""
opposed the stamp
act in 1765 ; was
the mover for the
stamp act congress and a delegate to the same in
New York city in October, 1765, and was a mem
ber of the committee that prepared an address to
parliament. He was elected speaker of the house
in 1767, but his election was not confirmed by
Governor Bernard, his political enemy. On

OLD

STATE HOUSE
BOSTON.

OTIS

OTTENDORFER

Sept. 5, 1769, he was badly beaten by one Robinson,
a customs officer, supported by officers of the
British army and navy, for having attacked the
customs department in the columns of the Boston
Gazette. He received a severe sword-cut on the
head, and for the rest of his life was mildly
insane. When he had received from Robinson
a judgment for damages of £€,000, he refused to
take the money awarded because Robinson had
written an apology. In June, 1775, while residing
at Watertown, Mass., on hearing of the assembly
of troops at Breeds Hill, he borrowed a musket
from one of his neighbors, joined the recruits
and participated in the battle of Bunker Hill.
He removed to Andover, Mass., and in 1778
argued a case in Boston, but his mental powers
were, inadequate for the exertion and he returned
to Andover. Shortly after his return, while
standing in his doorway, he was struck by
lightning and instantly killed. He is the author
of: Rudiments of Latin Prosody (1760); Vindica
tion ofthe Conduct of the House of Representatives
(1762); Rights of the Colonies Asserted (1765);
Consideration in behalf of the Colonists (1765),
and Power of Harmony in Prosaic Composition.
The Massachusetts society, Sons of the Revolu
tion, placed a granite boulder holding a bronze
inscription to his memory over his grave in the
Old Granary Burying-Ground in Boston in 1898.
He was named as eligible for a place in the Hall
of Fame for Great Americans in 1900 in Class M,
Rulers and Statesmen, and at the election in
October received four votes. His daughter
Elizabeth, on Oct. 4, 1776, married without his
consent Lieut. Leonard Brown of the British
army, who was wounded at Bunker Hill, and
subsequently settled in Steaford, Lincolnshire,
England. Her father, in his will, bequeathed to
her "five shillings"; to his other daughter,
Mary, and to her mother, Ruth Otis (who died in
1789), he bequeathed the residue of his estate and
made them the executrices of his will. His only
son, James, died when eighteen years of age,
and his daughter Mary married Benjamin Lincoln ,
Jr. (1756-1784), eldest son of Gen. Benjamin
Lincoln. James Otis died at the Osgood House,
Andover, Mass., May 23, 1783.
OTIS, James. See Kaler, James Otis.
OTIS, Samuel Allyne, delegate, was born in
Barnstable, Mass., Nov. 24, 1740; son of James
and Mary (Allyne) Otis, and brother of James Otis
the patriot. He was graduated from Harvard
second in his class, A.B., 1759, A.M., 1762 ; studied
law and engaged in business in Boston, Mass., as
a merchant. He was a representative in the
Massachusetts legislature, 1776-88, and speaker,
1784 ; a member of the Massachusetts constitu
tional convention, 1780, and a member of the
board of war. He was one of the commissioners

that negotiated with the leaders of Shays's rebel
lion in 1787 ; was a delegate to the continental
congress, 1787-88, and upon the meeting of the
first U.S. congress, March 4, 1789, was made
secretary of the senate, which office he held, 1789-
1814. He was married to Elizabeth, daughter of
Harrison Gray, treasurer of Massachusetts. He
died in Washington, D.C, April 22, 1814.
OTJEN, Theobold, representative, was born in
West China, St. Clair county, Mich., Oct. 27,
1851 ; son of John C. and Dorothea (Schriner)
Otjen. He attended the academy at Marine City,
Mich., and a private school in Detroit, Mich.,
under Prof. P. M. Patterson, and was employed
as foreman in a rolling mill at Milwaukee, Wis.,
1870-72. He was graduated from the law de
partment of the University of Michigan in 1875
and practiced law in Detroit until 1883, when he
removed to Milwaukee. He was a member of
the common council of the city, 1887-94 ; a trus
tee of the public library, 1887-91, and of the
public museum, 1891-94 ; was defeated for
city comptroller in April, 1892 ; was the un
successful Republican candidate for represen
tative in the 53d congress in 1892 and for the
vacancy caused by the resignation pf John
Mitchell in 1893, and was a representative from
the fourth Wisconsin district in the 54th, 55th,
56th and 57th congresses, 1895-1903.
OTTENDORFER, Anna (Behr), philanthro
pist, was born in Wurzburg, Bavaria, Feb. 13,
1815. She removed to the home of her brother in
Niagara county, N.Y., in 1837, and in 1838 mar
ried Jacob Uhl, who opened a small printing
office in New York city in 1844. He purchased
the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, a German weekly,
in 1845, which, through the help of his wife,
greatly prospered and became a daily in 1849.
Upon the death of Mr. Uhl in 1852, his wife be
came proprietor of the Staats-Zeitung, managing
it alone until July, 1859, when she married Os
wald Ottendorfer (q.v.), the latter assuming the
position of editor-in-chief, while she remained the
business manager. When the property ofthe paper,
which had become the leading German journal
in the United States, was turned into a stock
company, Mrs. Ottendorfer gave the employees a
ten per cent dividend on their annual salaries,
subsequently raising it to fifteen per cent. She
also bequeathed them $25,000 in her will. She
built and endowed the Isabella Home for Aged
Women at Astoria, L.I., in 1875, at a cost of $150,-
000, in memory of her daughter Isabella ; contrib
uted about $40,000 to a memorial fund in support
of several educational institutions in 1881 ; built
and furnished the woman's pavilion of the Ger
man hospital in New York city at a cost of $75,-
000, and gave $100,000 and a library to the Ger
man dispensary on Second avenue, New York

[94]

OTTENDORFER

OVERSTREET

city. Her fortune was estimated at $3,000,000.
She was awarded a gold medal by the German
Empress in 1883, for her philanthropic work.
She died in New York city, April 1, 1884.
OTTENDORFER, Oswald, journalist, was born
at Zwittau, Moravia, Feb. 26, 1826. His father,
a manufacturer, removed to Galicia, leaving Os
wald in the charge of a married sister at Briinn.
He attended the gymnasium at Briinn until 1846 ;
was graduated in jurisprudence from the Univer
sity of Vienna, and subsequently attended the
University of Prague. In 1848 he returned to
Vienna, joined the revolutionists and became a
leader of the party in Saxony and Baden, and
was subsequently commissioned a lieutenant in
the battalion under Robert Blum. Upon the
defeat of the revolutionists in October, 1848, he
escaped to Switzerland and thence to the United
States. He obtained employment in the counting
room of the Staats-Zeitung, then owned by Jacob
Uhl. Upon the death of Mr. Uhl in 1852 the
management devolved on his widow, and Mr.
Ottendorfer became an important factor in its
publication. He was married in 1859 to Anna,
widow of Jacob Uhl, and became the proprietor
and editor-in-chief of the Staats-Zeitung, which
rapidly increased in circulation. In politics he
was a Democrat, but his paper was strictly non
partisan. He wasan alderman of the city, 1872-74,
and was named as a candidate for mayor in 1874.
He was a presidential elector on the Cleveland
and Stevenson ticket in 1892. He retired from
business in 1890, and part of his time was spent
in travel in Europe. He donated $300,000 to build
and endow an educational institution in Zwittau,
Moravia ; founded a home for aged and indigent
men on Long Island, N.Y., and founded and con
tributed to the Ottendorfer Free library on Sec
ond avenue, New York city. In his will he
bequeathed to the Isabella Hermath Home
for Aged Women, named in memory of a de
ceased daughter of his wife, $100,000, supple
menting a gift of like amount made a few days
before his death ; $20,000 to the New York Free
Circulating library, and the same to the Charity
Organization society, to the Cooper Union and to
the German hospital and dispensary; $25,000 to
the Amerioan Museum of Natural History, and
$10,000 each to the Society for Ethical Culture
and the German Ladies' Society for the Relief of
Destitute Widows and Orphans and Sick Persons.
To each employee of the NewYorker Staats-Zeitung
he bequeathed a share in proportion to his salary
in a total bequest of $50,000. He died in New
York city, Dec. 16. 1900.
OTTO, William Tod, jurist, was born in Phil
adelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816 ; son of Dr. John
Conrad (q. v.) and Eliza (Tod) Otto. He was
graduated from the University -of Pennsylvania,

A.B., 1833, A.M., 1836 ; studied law with Joseph
R. Ingersoll, and practiced in Indiana, 1836-44.
He was judge of the second judicial circuit, 1844-
52 ; was professor of law in the Indiana univer
sity, 1847-53; assistant secretary of the interior,
1863-71 ; was appointed the arbitrator on the part
of the United States under the treaty between the
United States and Spain in 1871, resigned i:i 1875,
and was reporter of the decisions of the U.S.
supreme court, 1875^-84. He was U.S. represent
ative to the universal Postal congress at Lisbon,
Portugal, in 1885. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Indiana university in
1852. He is the author of seventeen volumes of
the Reports of the U.S. Supreme Court (1866-82).
OUTHWAITE, Joseph Hudson, representa
tive, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, Dec. 5, 1841 ;
son of George and Harriet (Hudson) Outhwaite,
and grandson of John Outhwaite. He attended
the public schools of Zanesville, Ohio, 1847-60 ;
taught in the Zanesville high school, 1862-
64 ; was principal of a grammar school in
Columbus, Ohio, 1864-67, and practiced law in
Osceola, Mo., 1867-71, and in Columbus, Ohio,
after 1871. He was prosecuting attorney of
Franklin county, Ohio, 1874-78 ; a trustee of the
Franklin County Children's home, 1879-83 ; a
member of the sinking fund commission of the
city of Columbus, 1883-89, and Democratic rep
resentative from the 13th and 12th districts of
Ohio in the 49th, 50th, 51st, 52d, and 53d con
gresses, 1885-95. He was a civilian member of
the board of ordnance and fortification by ap
pointment of President Cleveland in 1895,
resigning in 1900, and was a trustee of the
Ohio State university in 1897. In 1896 he was
elector-at-large on the "Gold Democracy"
ticket for the state of Ohio. He was presi
dent of the Columbus board of trade, 1900-
1901. OVERSTREET, Jesse, representative, was
born in Franklin, Johnson county, Ind., Dec. 14,
1859 ; son of Gabriel Monroe and Sarah L. (Mor
gan) Overstreet ; grandson of Samuel Overstreet,
who removed from Oldham county, Ky., to John
son county, Ind., in 1834, and of the Rev. Lewis
Morgan. Jesse Overstreet attended the public
schools and was graduated at Franklin college,
Ind., in 1882. He studied law under his father,
was admitted to the bar in 1886, settled in prac
tice in Franklin, and in 1891 associated himself
in practice with his father on the death of the
latter's partner, Anderson B. Hunter. He subse
quently practiced in Indianapolis. He was a Re
publican representative from the seventh Indiana
district in the 54th, 55th, 56th, 57th and 58th
congresses, 1895-1905. He was married, June 7,
1898, to Katharyne, daughter of F. T. Crump
of Columbus, Ind.

[95]

OVERTON

OWEN

OVERTON, Edward, representative, was born
in Towanda, Pa'., Feb. 4, 1836 ; son of Edward and
Eliza (Clymer) Overton ; grandson of Thomas
and Mary (Bleasdale) Overton of Wales, and of
Henry and Mary (Willing) Clymer, and a great-
grandson of George Clymer (q.v.). Edward
Overton, Sr., a native of Clitliers, Lancashire,
England, was educated for the law in London,
was admitted to the" bar of Luzerne county, Pa.,
in 1818, and practiced in Wilkes Barre, Athens
and Towanda, Pa. Edward Overton, Jr., was
graduated at the College of New7 Jersey, A.B.,
1856, A. M., 1859. and was admitted to the bar in
1858. He practiced in Towanda, and entered the
Union army as major of the 50th Pennsylvania
volunteers in September, 1861. He was promoted
lieutenant -colonel in 1863, and commanded the
regiment from that time until mustered out in
October, 1864. He resumed practice in Towanda ;
served as U.S. register in bankruptcy, 1867-76,
and as president of Citizens National Bank of
Towanda, Pa., and was a Republican representa
tive from the fifteenth Pennsylvania district in
the 45th and 46th congresses, 1877-81.
OVERTON, John, jurist, was born in Louisa
county, Va., April 9, 1766 ; a descendant of
William and Mary (Waters) Overton. William
Overton, a native of England, settled in Virginia
previous to 1670. John was self-educated ; taught
school in Virginia, later went to Kentucky
where he was admitted to the bar in 1787, and in
1789 removed to Tennessee, practicing at Nashville
with Andrew Jackson, at that time district attor
ney. He was employed as an expert in straighten
ing out complications in the land titles in the dis
trict, and in modifying the land laws of North
Carolina in conformity with the acts of 1777 and
1783. He was appointed judge of the superior
court by Governor Sevier in 1804, to succeed An
drew Jackson, and was judge of the state supreme
court, 1811-16. He purchased with Andrew Jack
son the Rice grant of land at the mouth of the
Wolf river in 1794, and was influential in establish
ing the city of Memphis. He was active in promo
ting the election of General Andrew Jackson to
the Presidency, and was consulted by the Presi
dent during his two administrations. He owned
the largest estate in Tennessee. He was the
author of Overton's Reports 1791-1817 (1817), which
contain the land laws of the state, and his de
cisions became the statute law of Tennessee. He
died near Nashville, Tenn., April 12. 1833.
OWEN, Alfred, educator, was born in China,
Maine, July 20, 1829 ; son of Sewell and Jane
(Maxfield) Owen. He was graduated at Water-
ville college, A.B., 1853. A.M., 1856 ; was principal
of the academy at Bridgton, Maine, 1854-56, and
was graduated at the Newton Theological institu
tion in 1858. He was married, March 4, 1858, to

[06]

Elizabeth C Stark of Waterville, Maine. He
was ordained at China, Maine, Feb. 9, 1858 ; was
pastor at Lynn, Mass., 1858-67 ; at Detroit, Mich.,
1867-77, and at Chicago, 111., 1877-79. He was
president of Denison university, Granville, Ohio,
1879-86, and during his administration all debts
were paid ; the endowment was increased by
$100,000 ; the publication of the Bulletin of the
Scientific Laboratories of the University begun,
and the admittance of the university to the Ohio
branch of the Inter-State Oratorical association
secured. He was president and professor of
theology at Roger Williams university, Nashville,
Tenn., 1887-95, resigning the presidency in 1895,
but continuing to hold the chair of theology and
metaphysics. He received the honorary degree
D.D. from Kalamazoo college, Michigan, in 1871.
He was a frequent contributor to reviews and to
the denominational press, and an occasional
lecturer at several theological seminaries and
ministers' institutes.
OWEN, David Dale, geologist, was born at
Braxfield House, near New Lanark, Scotland,
June 24, 1807 ; son of Robert and Anne Caroline
(Dale) Owen, and brother of Robert Dale Owen
(q.v.). He was educated under a private tutor,
and trained in the use of carpenters' tools in the
mechanical department connected with his
father's mills. He attended the academy at New
Lanark, the school of Emanuel von Fellenberg at
Hofwyle, Switzer
land, and the Ander-
sonian Institution at
Glasgow, Scotland,
where he studied
science under Dr.
Andrew Ure. He
joined his father's
community at New
Harmony, Ind., in
1828, and with his
brother Richard con
tinued the study of
chemistry and made
geological researches.
He went to Eng
land in 1831 to
attend the lectures of Dr. Turner in the London
university, returned to the United States in 1832
and was graduated at the Ohio Medical college
in 1836. He accompanied Dr. Gerard Troost on
the state survey of Tennessee during the summer
of 1836, and was appointed state geologist of
Indiana in 1837. He was married, March 23,
1837, to Caroline C, daughter of Joseph Neif
who had been associated with Pestalozzi in his
educational movement in Switzerland. He made
a preliminary reconnaissance of the state of
Indiana in 1837-38, and immediately published a

&'. & &"*<.

OWEN

OWEN

report which was re-issued in 1859. James
Whitcomb, governor of Indiana and commissioner
•of the general land office, selected him to
superintend a government survey of the Dubuque
and Mineral Point districts, which comprised
11,000 square miles of the Northwest territory,
the object being to reserve from sale the sections
containing mineral wealth. This was one of the
first surveys under the auspices of the national
government. The results of liis investigations
were published in a Report of a Geological
Exploration of a Part of Ioiva, Wisconsin, and
Illinois made under Instructions from the
Secretary of the Treasury in 1839, with charts
and illustrations (1844.) He was engaged in
assorting the collection of minerals and fossils
left by William McLure in 1840, was appointed
U.S. geologist and directed to make a survey of
the Chippeway district, a preliminary report of
which was published in 1848. In 1849 the task
was broadened and he was directed to undertake
¦a survey of the territory lying mainly within
the states of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota,
for which the sum of $40,000 was reserved. This
task required five years of field work and a final
year of office and laboratory work, the results of
which appeared in a Report of a Geological
Exploration of a Part of Iowa, Wisconsin and
Minnesota, and Incidentally a Portion of Nebraska
Territory, with plates (1852). He was state
geologist of Kentucky, appointed by Governor
Powell, 1854-59, presenting four Reports of
the Geological Survey in Kentucky, with an atlas
(1836-61). He was also appointed state geologist
of Arkansas by Governor Conway, serving, 1857-
59, and publishing the results of his efforts in a
Report of a Geological Reconnaissance of the
Northern Counties of Arkansas (1858) and in the
Report of the Middle and Southern Counties
(I860). He was appointed geologist of Indiana in
1859, but owing to his impaired health, the work
was done by llis toother Richard, who published
Report of a Geological Reconnoissance of Indiana
(1862). His museum and laboratory were con
sidered among the finest in the United States,
and his collection of specimens was purchased by
the Indiana State university for $20,000. He
died in New Harmony, Ind., Nov. 13, 1860.
OWEN, Edwin Iorwerth, educator, was born
in Wales in 1825, and immigrated to the United
States in his early youth. He was graduated
from Georgetown college, Ky., B.A., 1849, and
became a Baptist clergyman in Kentucky. He
was pastor at Weston, Mo., 1.857-59, and professor
of ancient languages at William Jewell college,
1859-61. . At the outbreak of. the civil war the
college was suspended, reopening in 1863 as a
private school under the presidency of Dr. Wil
liam Thompson, who retired after a few months.

Professor Owen became his successor and held
the office until his death. He received the hon
orary degree of LL.D. from William Jewell
college in 1859. He died in Chicago, 111., in 1867.
OWEN, George Washington, representative,
was born in Brunswick county, Va., in 1795, son
of a planter, who removed his famity to Davidson
county, Tenn., in 1808. He was graduated at
the University of Nashville, studied law under
Felix Grundy and was admitted to the bar in
1816. He practised in Claiborne, Monroe county,
Ala., in partnership with John Gayle, represented
Monroe county in the state legislature, 1819-20,
and was speaker of the house in 1820. He was
representative from Alabama in the 18th, 19th
and 20th congresses, 1823-29 ; removed to Mobile ;
was collector of that port, 1829-36, and mayor of
Mobile, 1830-37. He was married to Miss Hollin-
ger of Mobile, Ala. He died at his plantation
near Mobile, Ala., Aug. 18, 1837.
OWEN, John, governor of North Carolina, was
born in Bladen county, N.C, in August, 1787; son
of Col. Thomas and Eleanor (Portersfield) Owen.
Colonel Owen was born in Chester county, Pa.,
in 1735 ; settled in North Carolina with his father
in 1740 ; represented Bladen in the general assem
blies of 1775-76 and 1776-77 ; served as 2d major
of a Bladen regiment in the Revolutionary war,
and commanded a regiment in the brigade of
Gen. Isaac Gregory. He was a descendant of
Robert and Rebecca (Humphrey) Owen of Mer
ionethshire, Wales, who settled in Merion, Penn.,
about 1688. John Owen at
tended the University of
North Carolina in 1804 ; be
came a planter, and was i
elected to the North Carolina 1
legislature, serving in the
house and senate, 1812-28.
He was governor of North
Carolina, 1828-30, and was defeated as a can
didate for the U.S. senate by Willie P. Mangum
in 1830, which contest produced an antagonism
which very nearly resulted in a hostile meeting.
He was a member of the state constitutional
convention in 1835, and president of the Whig
national convention at Harrisburg, Pa., Dec. 4,
1839, at which William H. Harrison was nomi
nated President, and John Tyler Vice-President,
he himself having declined the nomination for
the latter office. He was married to a daughter
of Gen. Thomas Brown of Bladen county, N.C,
an officer of the Revolution. His brother, James
Owen (1784-1865), was a representative in the
18th congress, 1817-19. He died at Pittsboro,
N.C, Oct. 14, 1841.
OWEN, John Jason, educator and author, was
born in Colebrook, Conn., Aug. 13, 1803. His
parents removed to Johnstown, N.Y., where he

[97]

OWEN

OWEN

was prepared for college. He was graduated
from Middlebury college, Vt., A.B., 1828, A.M.,
1831 ; from Andover Theological seminary in
1831, and was ordained by the presbytery of New
York city, Oct. 7, 1831. He was secretary of the
Presbyterian Education society, 1831-35 ; princi
pal of Cornelius institute, New York, 1835-48 ;
professor of Latin and Greek, and vice-principal
of the newly-organized Free academy, 1846-66.
When the name was changed in 1866 to the Col
lege of the City of New York, he was made vice-
president and served 1866-69. The honorary de
gree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the Uni
versity of the City of New York in 1848, and that
of LL.D. bj' Ingham college in 1850, and by Mid
dlebury in 1864. . He was a trustee of Middlebury
college, Vt., 1863-69. He is the author of a trans
lation of : Xenophon's Anabasis (1843); Homer's
Odyssey (1844); Xenophon's Cyropcedia (1846);
The Works of Tliucydides (1847) ; also the Acts of
the. Apostles in Greek, with a Lexicon (1850); A
Greek Reader (1852) , and a Commentary, Critical,
Expository, and Practical, on the Gospels (3 vols.,
1857-73). He died in New York city, April 18, 1869.
OWEN, Joshua Thomas, soldier, was born in
Caermarthen, Wales, March 29, 1821 ; son of
David and Jane (Thomas) Owen, who immigrated
to the United States in 1830 and settled in Balti
more, Md. He was graduated at Jefferson college,
Canonsburg, Pa., in 1845 ; engaged in teaching ;
studied law ; was admitted to tlie bar in 1852,
and in connection with his brother Robert
founded a boys' academy at Chestnut Hill, Phila
delphia. He combined the practice of law with
the duties of teacher, and was a representative in
the Pennsylvania legislature, 1857-59. He was a
private in the 1st city troop of Philadelphia in
1861 ; was elected colonel of the 24th Pennsyl
vania volunteers, enlisted for three months'
service, and in July organized and became
colonel of the 69th Pennsylvania volunteers,
organized for two years' service. He served
in the Army of the Potomac, holding the
right of the 2d brigade, 2d division, 2d corps, and
was present at every battle in McClellan's Penin
sula campaign. He was promoted brigadier-
general of volunteers for gallant and meritorious
conduct at the battle of Glendale, June 30, 1862,
and was again with McClellan in the Maryland
campaign, September, 1862, where he succeeded
Gen. O. O. Howard to the command of the 2d
brigade, when Howard succeeded Sedgwick to the
command of the 2d division. He commanded
the 2d brigade in Howard's division at Fredericks
burg, in Gibbon's division at Chanceliorsville,
and in Grant's campaign against Richmond, in
cluding the battle of Cold Harbor. He was mus
tered out in 1864, and again took up his profes
sion. He was recorder of deeds of Philadelphia,

[98]

1866-71, and in 1871 organized the New York
Daily Register which published the official reports
of the New York courts in 1873, and was a mem
ber of its editorial staff until shortly before his
death. He was married in 1862 to Annie J.
Shendon. He died at Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia,
Pa., Nov. 7, 1887.
OWEN, Richard, geologist, w-as born at Bran-
field House, near New Lanark, Scotland, Jan. 6,
1810 ; son of Robert and Anne Caroline (Dale)
Owen, and brother of Robert Dale Owen (q.v.).
He studied under private tutors and attended the
school of Emanuel Fellenberg at Hofwyl, Swit
zerland, three years, and the lectures of Dr. An
drew Ure at the Andersonian Institution, Scot
land. He came to the United States with his
father in 1824; settled at New Harmony, Ind.,
where his father founded a community and he
engaged in teaching the settlers. He was next in
business in Cincinnati, Ohio, and afterward en
gaged in the management of a stock farm at
New Harmony. He was married to Annie,
daughter of Joseph Neif. On the outbreak of
the Mexican war, in 1846, he was commissioned
captain in the 16th U.S. infantry, and served
during the greater part of the war. With
his brother David he made a geological sur
vey of Minnesota, exploring in person the
north shore of Lake Superior in 1849, and
was professor of natural sciences in the West
ern Military institute of Kentucky, 1849-54. In
1854 the school was removed to Tyree Springs,
Tenn., and in April, 1855, became the literary de
partment of the University of Nashville, with
which department lie was connected, 1855-59. He
also shared the military training of the students
with Bushrod R. Johnson (q.v.). He was assist
ant geologist and geologist on the Indiana suiv
vey, 1859-60 ; was appointed lieutenant-colonel of
the 15th Indiana volunteers in 1861, and served in
western Virginia, commanding a brigade under
Gen. A. J. Smith. He recruited and commanded
the 60th Indiana regiment and was taken pris
oner at Munfordville, Sept. 17, 1862. He after
ward served with Generals Sherman and
Banks in tiie Red River expedition, resigning in
1863. He was professor of natural philosophy
and chemistry in Indiana university, 1863-67 ; of
science and chemistry, 1867-79, and also gave
instruction in geology, mineralogy, French and
German. He made a survey of the mineral re
sources of New Mexico and Arizona ; a geological
survey of parts of North Carolina and of East Ten
nessee, while at Indiana university, and after his
resignation, researches in terrestrial magnetism,
and its effect on the formation of land on our
globe. He received the degree M.D. from Nash
ville Medical college in 1858 and LL.D. from
Wabash college in 1871. He contributed to sci-

OWEN

OWEN

entific and literary periodicals. He died, from
the effects of poison taken accidentally, at New
Harmony, Ind., March 25, 1890.
OWEN, Robert Dale, representative and
author, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, Nov. 7,
1801 ; son of Robert and Anne Caroline (Dale)
Owen, and grandson of Robert and ¦ 
(Williams) Owen, and of David Dale, a mill
owner and lord provost of Glasgow, Scotland,
His father (1771-1858), a' prominent British social
reformer and the author of many socialistic
books, was in America, 1824-27, where he pur
chased 30,000 acres of land in Indiana and Ill
inois, and made an unsuccessful attempt to found
a colony, which he named New Harmony.
Robert Dale Owen was educated by private tutors
and at Emanuel von Fellen berg's school at
Hofwyl, Switzerland, 1818-21. He came to the
United States in 1824, and aided his father in es
tablishing the colony at New Harmony, Ind.,
but in 1827, upon the failure of the enterprise,
went back to England. Returning to America
in the same year he settled in New York, where
he published the Free Inquirer, 1828-32. being as
sisted in the undertaking by Fanny Wright, the
abolitionist. In 1832 he again went to New Har
mony, Ind. He was a representative in the
Indiana legislature, 1835 -38, and was influential in
securing one half of the appropriation from the
surplus U.S. revenue allotted to Indiana for the
support of the public schools of that state. He
was a Democratic representative from Indiana in
the 28th and 29th congresses, 1843-47. While
in congress he introduced a resolution relating
to the Oregon dispute, which subsequently formed
the basis upon which the question was settled in
1846, and a resolution organizing the Smithsonian
Institution. He was a member of the constitu
tional convention of Indiana in 1850, chairman of
the committee on rights and privileges, and of
the committee on revision. He was again a rep
resentative in the state legislature in 1851 ; ap
pointed by President Pierce charge d' affaires at
Naples in 1853, and U.S. minister in 1855, serving
until his return to the United States in 1858.
He championed the abolitionist cause, and during
the civil war was appointed by Secretary Stanton
chairman of a committee to inquire into the con
dition of the freed slaves. The honorary degree of
LL.D. was conferred on him by the Indiana uni
versity in 1872, and he wasa trustee of the univer
sity, 1838-46 and 1849-51. He is the author of-.
Outline of the System of Education at New Lanark
(1824); Moral Physiology (1831); Discussion
with Origen Bachelor, on the Personality of God
and the Authority of the Bible (1832) ; Pocahontas:
a Drama (1837) ; Hints on Public Architecture
"(1849); A Treatise on the Construction of Plank
Roads (1850) ; Footfalls on the Boundary of An-

[99]

Other World (1859) ; The Wrong of Slavery, tlie
Right of Emancipation, and the Future of the
African Race in the United States (1864); Beyond
the Breakers (1870); Debatable Land Between
this World and the Next (1872), and Threading
My Way (1874). He died at Lake George, N.Y.,
June 17, 1877.
OWEN, Thomas McAdory, historian, was
born in Jonesboro, Jefferson count}', Ala., Dec.
15, 1866 ; son of Dr. William Marmaduke and
Nancy (McAdory) Owen ; grandson of Judge
Thomas and Dolly Payne (Williams) Owen, and
great-grandson of Marmaduke (q.v.) and Agnes
(Payne) Williams. Agnes Payne was a first cousin
of Dorothy Payne, wife of President James
Madison. His Owen and Williams ancestors
were seated in Henrico and Hanover counties, re
spectively, in Virginia, as early as the beginning of
the eighteenth century, and his McAdory ances
tor was a Scotch-Irish immigrant from North
Ireland to South Carolina prior to the Revolution
ary war. He was graduated from the University
of Alabama, A.B. and LL.B., 1887, A.M., 1893.
He was admitted to the bar in 1887 and practised
in Bessemer, Carrollton and Birmingham, Ala.,
until March 1, 1901, when lie retired from the
active practice of law and devoted himself to
literary pursuits. He was married, April 12,
1893, to Marie, daughter of the Hon. John H.
Bankhead (q.v.). He was elected secretary of
the Alabama Historical societ}-, Jnne 21, 1898 ;
secretaiy of the Sons of the Revolution in Ala
bama, April 16, 1894, and a member of the
American Historical association in 1894. He was
one of the founders of the Southern History as
sociation of Washington, D.C, April 24, 1896;
was instrumental in the establishment of the
Alabama Department, of Archives and History,
located in the state capitol at Montgomery, Ala.,
Feb. 27, 1901, and was elected its director, March
2, 1901, and in July, 1902, issued the first number
of The Gulf States Historical Magazine, published
bi-monthly. He edited the Transactions of the Ala
bama Historical Society (vols. 1 to 4, 1898-1902,)
and the Report of the Alabama History Commis
sion (1901). He is the author of a City Code of
Bessemer, Alabama (1888); Bibliography of Ala
bama (1897); Bibliography of Mississippi (1900),
Annals of Alabama 1819-1900, being an addenda
to Pickett's History of Alabama (1900); separate
genealogies of the Lester, Strother. Eaton, Stan-
sel, Lacey, Kelly, Fisher and Ross families ; a Hist
ory of the Great Seal of A labama, and a sketch of
Ephraim Kirby, the first Superior Court Judge in
what is now Alabama.
OWEN, William D., representative, was born
in Bloomingtom, Ind., Sept. 6, 1846 ; son of
William D. and Priscilla (Rawlings) Owen ;
grandson of David and Elizabeth (Dunn) Owen,

OWENS

OWSLEY

and a descendant of David and Mary Jennings.
He attended the Indiana State university in 1865,
and studied law, which he relinquished in 1868
to become a minister of the Christian church,
serving as such until 1878. He was married, Sept.
8, 1869, to Mary, daughter of John P. and Ada
Ross of Oxford, Ind. He edited the Western
Journal, Logansport, Ind.,# and was a presi
dential elector on the Garfield and Arthur ticket
in 1880. He was a Republican representative
from the tenth Indiana district in the 49th, 50th
and 51st congresses, 1885-91. He is the author of
Success, and Tlie Genius of Industry.
OWENS, James W., representative, was born
in Springfield, Ind., Oct. 24, 1837. He was
graduated at Miami university, Ohio, B.S., 1862,
A.M. 1865 ; and served in the 20th and 86th Ohio
volunteers respectively, 1862-64, rising to the
rank of captain. He attended the law school of
the Univei'sity of Michigan, 1864-65, was ad
mitted to the bar in 1865 and settled in practice
in Newark, Ohio. He was married, July 23, 1867,
to Martha, daughter of Elias Kumbler of Oxford,
Ohio. He served as prosecuting attorney of
Licking county, Ohio, 1867-71, was a member of
the state senate, 1876-80, and president pro tem
pore of that body, 1878-80. He was a Democratic
representative from the sixteenth and fourteenth
Ohio districts in the 51st and 52d congresses,
1889-93. He was a trustee of Miami univei'sity,
1878-1900. He died at Newark, O., March 30, 1900.
OWENS, John Edward, comedian, was born
in Liverpool, England, May 4, 1824, of Welsh
parentage. He immigrated to the United States
with his parents in 1827 ; settled first in Balti
more, Md., and in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1837,
where his father engaged in the drug business.
He was educated in private schools, and after
ward assisted in his father's store and as a clerk
in a wholesale house in the same business. His
first stage appearance was a small and gratuitous
part in the support of Charlotte Cushman at the
National theatre, Philadelphia, in 1841, of which
William E. Burton was manager. In 1843 he
quarreled with Burton, left the company and
returned to the drug business. He appeared in
Baltimore at the Holliday theatre in 1844, and at
Peale's museum in 1845. In 1846 he accepted the
role of Jack Humphries in " Turning the Tables,"
in a benefit to D. P. Bowers at the Philadelphia
museum, and in 1847 an agreement with Burton
having been effected, was seen as Jakey in " A
Glance at New York " in Philadelphia and Balti
more, receiving $300 per week. He was associa
ted with Mr. Hann in the management of the
Baltimore museum in 1849, and was sole proprie
tor, 1850-53. In New Orleans he made the ac
quaintance of Joseph Jefferson, with whom he
afterward played in " The Poor Gentleman." He

opened at Brougham's Lyceum, New York city,
in 1852, and made a professional tour of Europe,
1852-53. He gave a panoramic entertainment il
lustrative of his ascent of Mount Blanc, in various
cities in the United States, 1853, and in the same
year became manager of the Charles Street
theatre, Baltimore, where he personified Uncle
Tom in Mrs. Stowe's novel dramatized. He then
starred for several seasons and was the principal
comedian at the Varieties theatre in New Or
leans, La., in 1858, and manager, 1859-61. He
opened at Wallack's theatre, New York city, in
August, 1864, in " Solon Shingle," which had a
run of eight months ; appeared in the same play
at the Adelphi theatre, London, in July, 1865,
where he attracted immense audiences, and re
turned to Wallack's in 1866. He was repeatedly
seen in all the leading cities of the United States
in the roles of Dr. Ollapod, Caleb Plummer,
Aminadab Sleek and Dr. Pangloss. He bought
the Academy of Music at Charleston, S.C, in
1872 ; and while in California in 1880 lost a large
proportion of his acquired fortune through spec
ulation. He accepted an engagement at the Madi
son Square theatre in "Esmeralda." 1882-83, and
afterward traveled. He died at his country house
Aigburth Vale, near Towson, Md. , Dec. 7, 1886.
OWSLEY, William, governor of Kentucky,
was born in Virginia in 1782 ; son of William and
Catharine (Bolin) Owsley ; grandson of Thomas
and Mary (Middleton) Owsley, and a descendant
of the Rev. John and Dorothea (Poyntz) Owsley.
He removed to Lincoln in
1783 with his parents ; taught
school and served as deputy
sheriff, his father being sheriff J
of Lincoln county ; studied!
law under John Boyle, and es
tablished a successful practice
in Lancaster, Garrard county.
He served in both branches of the state legislature
several terms, and was a judge of the state supreme
court, 1812-28. He maintained the principle of
anti-repudiation advocated by Henry Clay in 1824,
and remained firm when the majority in the state
legislature tried to abolish the supreme bench,
which act was declared unconstitutional by the
U.S. supreme court. In 1828 he resumed the
practice of law, again represented Garrard county
in the state legislature and served on the bench
of the court of appeals. Retiring from the prac
tise of law in- 1843, he lived on a farm near Dan
ville, Ky., and in 1844 was elected by the Whig
party governor of Kentucky, defeating Col. Wil
liam O. Butler, Democrat, and re-elected in 1846,
serving, 1844-48. Owsley county, Ky.. was named
in his honor. Centre college conferred upon him
the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1843. He died
in Danville, Ky., Dec. 9, 1862.
[100]

PACA

PACKARD

4^r^fc^oJ

PACA, William, signer, was born at Wye Hall,
Harford county, Md., Oct. 31, 1740; son of John
and Elizabeth Paca. John Paca possessed large
estates in Maryland, inherited from his father,
and held office under the Proprietary governors.
William Paca was
graduated at Phila
delphia college, A. B.,
1759, A.M., 1762;
studied law in the
office of Stephen
Bordley, Annapolis,
Md., and was licensed
to practise in the
mayor's court in 1761.
He completed his
legal studies in the
Middle Temple, Lon
don, England, and
was admitted to
the provincial court,
April 11, 1764. He
¦opposed the " Stamp Act," in 1765, and every
subsequent measure of British oppression. He
was a member of the provincial assembly of Mary
land, 1771-74, and a delegate to the Continental
congress from Maryland, 1774-79, where he served
on important committees. He was instructed by
his constituents to agree to all measures that
might be deemed necessary to obtain a redress of
American grievances ; but was restrained from
¦openly advocating independence until June 28,
1776, when, the restrictions having been recalled,
with his colleagues from Maryland lie voted in
favor of the Declaration of Independence, July 4,
1776, and on Aug. 2, 1776, signed the instrument.
He contributed liberally to the patriot cause and
as a member of the committee of safety assisted
in planning a naval armament to defend the ap
proach to Philadelphia, and in organizing the
army. He was a state senator, 1777-79 ; chief-
justice of Maryland, 1778-80 ; chief-justice of the
court of appeals of Maryland in prize and ad
miralty cases, 1780-82, and president or governor
of Maryland, 1782-85. He was influential in es
tablishing Washington college at Chestertown,
Md., in 1785 ; was vice-president of the Maryland
Branch Society of the Cincinnati, 1784-99 ; a
member of the Maryland convention that ratified
the U.S. constitution in 1788, and judge of the
district court of the United States for Maryland,
1789-99. He was married first, in May, 1761. to
Mary, daughter of Samuel and Henrietta Maria
(Lloyd) Chew of Anne Arundel county, Md., and
secondly, in 1777, to Anna Harrison of Philadel
phia. Pa. He died at Wye Hall, Queen Anne
county, Md., in 1799.

[101]

PACHECO, Romualdo, governor of California,
was born in Santa Barbara, Cal., Oct. 31, 1831.
His father was a member of the staff of Echeau-
dia, military governor of Alta California in 1825,
and his mother was Romona Carillo of San Diego.
After attending school in the
Sandwich Islands, 1838-43,
he studied under a private
tutor. Later he went to seal
with his father-in-law, John|
Wilson of Dundee, Scotland,
a sea captain, and after his
return engaged in agriculture.
He was a state senator, 1851 and 1861 ; a repre
sentative in the state legislature, 1853-55 and
1868-70 ; county judge, 1855-59 ; state treasurer,
1863-66 ; lieutenant-governor of the state, 1871-
75, and acting governor in 1875, to succeed New
ton Booth, who was elected U.S. senator. He
received the certificate of election as representa
tive to the 45th congress in 1876, but the seat
was awarded to Peter D. Wigginton, Feb. 7, 1878.
He was a representative in the 47th and 48th
congresses, 1881-85, and in 1890 was appointed by
President Harrison, U.S. minister to Guatemala
and Honduras, retiring in 1893. He died in
Oakland, Cal., Jan. 23, 1899.
PACKARD, Alpheus Spring, educator, was
born in Chelmsford, Mass., Dec. 23, 1798 ; son of
the Rev. Hezekiah (1761-1849) and Mary (Spring)
Packard ; grandson of Jacob and Dorothy (Per
kins) Packard, and of the Rev. Alpheus and
Sarah (Frost) Spring, and a descendant of Samuel
Packard, who emigrated from Windham, Nor
folk county, England, to America in the Dili
gence in 1638, with his wife and child, and set
tled first in Hingham and then in West Bridge-
water, Mass. Alpheus removed to Wiscasset,
Maine, with his parents, in 1802 ; was prepared
for college at Phillips' academy, Exeter, N.H. , and
was graduated at Bowdoin, A. B., 1816, A.M., 1819.
He taught school in Gorham, Wiscasset and
Bucksport, and was the principal of Hallowell
Academy, Maine, 1816-19; was at Bowdoin as tutor,
1819-24 ; professor of ancient languages and clas
sical literature, 1824-65, of rhetoric and oratory,
1842-45, and of natural and revealed religion,
1864-84. He was also librarian of Bowdoin, 1869-
81, and acting president, 1883-84. He was first
married in 1827 to Frances E., daughter of Jesse
Appleton, president of Bowdoin, and secondly in
1S44 to Mrs. C W. McLellan of Portland, Me.
He was ordained to the Congregational ministry,
May 16, 1850, and was a frequent preacher at the
college and the neighboring churches. He was
an early member of the Maine Historical society,
and its librarian and cabinet keeper for forty-five

PACKARD

PACKARD

years. He also contributed to and jointly edited
several volumes of its Collections, and was a
honorary member of the Royal Historical society
of London, of the New York Historical society,
and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences. He received the degree of D.D,
from Bowdoin in 1860. He contributed to the
North American Review, the Bibliotheca Sacra,
and to Annals ofthe American Pulpit. He edited :
History of Bowdoin, with Biographical Sketches
(1882) ; Works of the Rev. Jesse Appleton ivith a
Memoir (2 vols., 1836-37) ; Xenophon's Memora
bilia of Socrates with English notes (1839), and
published several addresses. See " Memorial :
Alpheus S. Packard," by George T. Little (1886).
He died at Squirrel Island, Maine, July 13, 1884.
PACKARD, Alpheus Spring, naturalist, was
born in Brunswick, Me., Feb. 19, 1839 ; son of the
Rev. Alpheus Spring and Frances Elizabeth (Ap
pleton) Packard. He was graduated at Bowdoin,
A. B., 1861, A. M., 1862, M. D., 1864; studied
natural history under Louis Agassiz in the Law
rence Scientific school, Harvard university, 1861-
64, receiving the de
gree S. B., 1864, and
served for a time as
an assistant in Agas
siz Museum. He made
a summer voyage to
Labrador with the
Williams College
Greenland expedition
under Professor Chad-
bourne in 1859, and
inducted members of
his class on a summer
voyage to the Bay of
Fundy in 1860. He
was an assistant on
the Maine geological
and discovered a deposit
determined the age of the
River region, and visited
with William Bradford,
the artist, during the summer of 1864, after
ward publishing various papers on the zoology
and geology of that coast. He was assistant
surgeon in the 1st Maine Veteran Volunteers,
Army of the Potomac, 1864-65. He was married
in October, 1867, to Elizabeth Derby, daughter of
Samuel B. Walcott of Salem, Mass. He was act
ing custodian and librarian of tlie Boston Society
of Natural History, 1865-66 ; one of the organiz
ers of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem,
Mass. , of which he was one of the curators. 1868-
76, and the director of its museum, 1877-78.
He discovered in 1867 the traces (glacial striae)
of glaciers in the White mountains, which radi
ated from Mount Washington ; the morphology

survey, 1861-62,
of fossils which
rocks in the Fish
northern Labrador

[102]

and mode of development of the ovipositor and
sting of insects ; the nature of the spiral thread
of the tracheae of insects ; the structure of the
eyes and brains of blind insects, etc., and the
brick-red or renal glands of the king crab. He
established a summer school of biology in Salem,
and in 1868, with Hyatt, Morse, and Putnam,
founded the American Naturalist, of which he
was editor-in-chief, 1868-88. He made zoological
collections on the Florida reefs and also at Beau
fort, N.C, 1869-70, at Charleston, S.C, in 1871,
in Cuba in 1886, and in Mexico, ascending to the
summit of Mt. Popocatepetl in 1885. In 1889 he
traveled through Morocco, Algeria, and in Egypt.
up to the first cataract of the Nile. He was state
entomologist of Massachusetts in 1871-73, and
lectured on entomology at the Massachusetts.
State college, 1869-77, and at the Maine State
Agricultural college in 1871. He was an instruc
tor under Agassiz in the Anderson School of Nat
ural History, Penikese Island, near New Bedford,
Mass., 1873-74, serving also for a time as dean of
the faculty, and was connected with the U. S.
fish commission, for two seasons dredging off the-
New England coast. He was lecturer on natural
history at Bowdoin, 1871-74, and was connected
with the U. S. geological and geographical survey
of the territories under Ferdinand V. Hayden,
1875-77. He was a member of the U. S. entomo
logical commission, 1877-82, and during the sum
mers of 1877-80 made extensive tours in the
western and Pacific states and territories ascer
taining the extent of the breeding grounds and
distribution of the locust. He was elected pro
fessor of zoology and geology at Brown univer
sity in 1878. He received the degrees of Ph.D.
in 1879 and LL.D. in 1901 from Bowdoin college.
After 1870 he advocated a modern form of La-
marckism, to which he gave the name of Neo-
Lamarckism, and, with Hyatt and Cope, was
one of the founders of that school of evolutional
thought in America. He was elected a member
of the National Academy of Sciences in 1872 ;
was an honorary president of the International
Zoological Congress of Paris in 1889 ; vice-presi
dent, Section of Zoology, of the American Asso
ciation for the Advancement of Science (1898), and
became a member and correspondent of twelve
European and many American scientific socie
ties ; among them the Linnean Society of Lon
don, the British Association for the Advance
ment of Science, the Natural History societies of
Vienna and Moscow, and the Entomological soci
eties of London, Paris, St. Petersburg, Stock
holm and Brussels. His bibliography comprises
more than 400 titles, and includes papers on the
classification, anatomy and embryology of in
sects, on the anatomy of the king crab (Limu-
lus), on fossil Crustacea, on the eyes of trilo-

PACKARD

PACKARD

bites, the brain of Crustacea, on alpine insect
life, on blind or cave animals, and articles on
organic evolution'. His larger scientific memoirs
include : Glacial Phenomena of Maine and Lab
rador (1866), Revision of the Fossorial Hymenop-
tera of North America (1866-67); Development
and Anatomy of Limulus Polyphemus (1871-95);
Monograph of the Geometrid Moths (1876) ; The
Brain of the Locust (1881); Monograph of the
North American Phyllopod Crustacea (1883);
The Cave Fauna of North America (1888) ; Mono
graph of the Bombycine Moths (1895). His text
books include : A Guide to the Study of Insects
(1869), (1868-72): Our Common Insects (1876);
Life-Histories of Animals, including Man, or
Outlines of Comparative Embryology (1876); Half
Hours with Insects (1877); Insects of the West
(1877) ; Zoology for Students and General Read
ers, (1879, Briefer Course, 1883) ; First Lessons
in Geology (18S2); First Lessons in Zoology
(1886); Entomology for Beginners (1888); For
est and Shade-Tree Insects (1888), and Text-book
of Entomology (1898). His general works are :
A Naturalist on the Labrador Coast (1888); and
Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution, His Life and
Work (1901). For titles of papers on insects see
" The Entomological Writings of Dr. Alpheus
Spring Packard," by Samuel Henshaw (1887).
PACKARD, Hezekiah, educator and clergy
man, was born in North Bridgewater, Mass.,
December 6, 1761 ; son of Jacob and Dorothy
(Perkins) Packard. He served in the Revolu
tionary war at Bunker Hill, and afterward at
Castle William (Fort Independence) and at Har
lem Heights. He engaged in farming, but an
injury preventing him from performing such
labor, directed his thoughts to higher education,
and he was graduated from Harvard college,
A.B., 1787, A.M., 1790. He became principal of
the Cambridge grammar school in 1788, was as
sistant librarian at Harvard college in 1789,
and tutor in mathematics there, 1789-93. He
was ordained to the Congregational ministry,
1793, was pastor at Chelmsford, Mass., 1793-1802 ;
at Wiscasset, Maine, 1802-30, and at Middlesex
Village, Mass., 1830-36. He was married in Sep
tember, 1796, to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Al
pheus and Sarah (Frost) Spring of Kittery (now
Eliot) , Maine. He was the founder of the Bible
society of Lincoln county, Maine, and of the
Eastern Evangelical society, an overseer of Bow
doin college, 1802-13, and a member of the board
of trustees, 1813-30. He was a liberal Congrega
tionalist, being classed in Sprague's " Annals "as
a " Trinitarian-Unitarian." He received the hon
orary degree of D.D. from Harvard in 1818. He
is the author of : Federal Republicanism (1799) ;
The Christian's Manual (1801) ; Infant Baptism
(1815). He. died in Salem, Mass., April 22, 1849.

[103]

¦PACKARD, Jasper, representative, was born
in Austintown, Mahoning county, Ohio, Feb. 1,
1832, son of Thomas and Nancy Ann Packard ;
grandson of John and Mary Packard. He removed
to Indiana with his father in 1835, and labored
on the farm until 1850 ; attended Michigan Central
college, and Oberlin college, Ohio ; was graduated
at the Univei'sity of Michigan, A.B., 1855, and
taught school, 1855-56. He was married Oct. 4,
1855, to Harriet S., daughter of George and
Theriua Tibbits of Farmington, Mich., and then
settled in Laporte, Ind., where he edited the
Union and studied law. He was admitted to the
bar in 1861, and in the same year entered the
Union army, rising from the rank of private to
that of 1st lieutenant in the 48th Indiana infantry.
In the Vicksburg campaign, where he received a
facial wound, he was promoted captain. He
was in the march from Memphis to Chattanooga,
and was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 128th
Indiana infantry during the Atlanta campaign.
He was brevetted brigadier-general of the
volunteers, March 13, 1865, for meritorious ser
vices, and was mustered out of the army in 1866.
He was auditor of Laporte county, Ind., 1866-68 ;
was a Republican representative from the
eleventh Indiana district in the 41st, 42d and
43d congresses, 1869-75, and was chairman of the
committee on private land claims. He established
and edited the Laporte Chronicle 1874-78 ; was
U.S. internal revenue agent 1876-84, and pro
prietor and editor of the Laporte Daily Public
Spirit, 1886-88. In 1888 he removed to New
Albany, Ind., and was proprietor and editor of
the New Albany Evening Tribune, and a represen
tative in the Indiana legislature 1896-98. He
received the honorary degree of A.M. from Hills
dale college, Mich., in 1873. On June 1, 1899, he
was appointed commandant of the Soldiers' Home,
Lafayette, Ind., and he died there, Dec. 13, 1899.
PACKARD, Joseph, educator, was born in
Wiscasset, Me., Dec. 23, 1812; son of the Rev.
Hezekiah and Mary (Spring) Packard ; grandson
of Jacob and Dorothy (Perkins) Packard and of
Alpheus and Sarah (Frost) Spring, and a descen
dant of Samuel Packard, who settled first at
Hingham, then in West Bridgewater, Mass., in
1638. Joseph Packard attended the private
school kept by his father, and Phillips academy,
Andover, Mass., and was graduated from Bowdoin
college, A.B., 1831, A.M., 1834. He taught in
the academies at Walpole, N.H., and Brattle-
boro, Vt., 1831-33; attended Andover Theological
seminary, 1833-34 ; and was professor of Latin at
Bristol college, Pa., 1834-36. He was ordained
deacon in 1836 and advanced to the priesthood in
1837 ; was professor of sacred literature at tlie
P. E. Theological seminary, Fairfax county,
Va., 1836-95 ; dean of the seminary, 1880-95, and

PACKARD

PACKER

professor emeritus, 1895-1902. He was married in
January, 1838, to Rosina, daughter of Gen. Walter
Jones of Washington, Pa. The honorary degree
of D.D. was conferred on him by Kenyon college,
Ohio, in 1847. He was a member of the American
Oriental society, and of the American commis
sion for the revision of the Bible, 1872-85 ; prepared
a commentary on Malachi fjpr Lange's commen
tary in 1874, contributed articles to the Bibliotheca
Sacra and other religious periodicals, and publish
ed several sermons and addresses, including
Questions on the Gospels (1855). He died at
Theological Seminary, Va., May 3, 1902.
PACKARD, William Alfred, educator, was
born in Brunswick, Maine, Aug. 26, 1830 ; son of
the Rev. Alpheus Spring and Francis E. (Apple-
ton) Packard. He was graduated at Bowdoin,
A.B., 1851 ; A.M., 1854; was teacher at Phillips
Andover academy, 1852-53, and tutor at Bowdoin,
1853-54 ; was graduated at Andover Theological
seminary in 1857, studied at the University of
Gottingen, Germany, 1857-58, and was instructor
in modern languages at Bowdoin, 1859. He was
married in 1861 to Susan Breese Gallagher of
Bloomfield, N.J., who died in Princeton, N.J.,
Dec. 16, 1886. He was professor of modern
languages at Dartmouth, 1859-63, and of Greek
language and literature, 1863-70, and in 1870 was
elected professor of Latin language and literature
and of tlie science of language at the College of
New Jersey, Princeton. He received the honor
ary degrees A.M. from Dartmouth, 1864, and
Princeton, 1896, Ph.D. from Hamilton, 1868, and
D.D. from Bowdoin, 1894. He revised with
translations for later editions " Curtius's History
of Greece," prepared memorial sketches of the
lives of earlier presidents and professors of the
College of New Jersey, and articles, including the
reviews of books, in the Princeton Review and the
Presbyterian Revieio.
PACKER, Asa, representative, was born in
Groton, Conn., Dec. 29, 1805 ; son of Elisha and
Desire (Packer) Packer, and grandson (matern
ally) of Joseph and Rebecca ( Welles) Packer.
His father and mother were cousins. Elisha
Packer failed in business and the son had few
educational advantages, working as a farmer and
a carpenter. He was married Jan. 23, 1828, to
Sarah M., daughter of Joseph Blakeslee of
Springfield, Pa. In 1833 he removed to Mauch
Chunk, Pa., and engaged with his brother,
Robert W., in transporting coal to Philadelphia,
and in mining, merchandising, boat building
and canal construction. He was a representative
in the Pennsylvania legislature, 1842-43 and
thereafter irregularly for several terms ; and
¦associate judge of Carbon county, which county
he was instrumental in forming, 1843-48. He
owned a controlling interest in the Lehigh Valley

railroad, was its president, 1851-79, and greatly
extended its lines. He also owned the Bethlehem
Iron Company works and was said to be the
wealthiest man in Pennsylvania. He was a
Democratic representative in the 33d and 34th
congresses, 1853-57 ; a delegate to the Democratic
national convention of 1868 and received the vote
of the Pennsylvania delegates for President of
the United States. He was the unsuccessful
Democratic candidate for governor of Penn
sylvania in 1868. In 1865, after consulting with
Bishop W. B. Stevens, he carried out a long
cherished plan to found and endow Lehigh
university at South Bethlehem, Pa., with 115
acres of land and $500,000. At this
time no sum so large had been
proposed by a single individual for
such a purpose. The buildings
were also constructed by him, and
the institution was incorporated
Feb. 9, 1866, formally opening Sept.
1, 1866, with Bishop Stevens as the "•»K**
president of the board of trustees. At his death
he left the university $1,500,000 for a permanent
endowment and $500,000 to the library which
made the institution self-sustaining. He built St.
Luke's hospital, South Bethlehem, and in his will
endowed it with $300,000 with the single provision
that the employees of the Lehigh Valley railroad
should thereafter be cared for without charge.
He also built and endowed several churches of
various denominations, and his da-ughter and
only surviving child, Mrs. Mary Packer Cum
mings, built a memorial church on the campus of
Lehigh university to the memory of her family,
which was dedicated Oct. 13, 1887. He was
prominent in encouraging the commercial in
terests of Pennsylvania, and in 1876 was a
commissioner to the Centennial exposition.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 17, 1879.
PACKER, Horace Billings, representative, was
born in Wellsboro, Pa., Oct. 11, 1851 ; son of Dr.
Nelson and Mary (McDougall) Packer ; grandson
of Capt. James Packer of Norwich, New York,
and a descendant of James Packer of Groton,
Conn. He attended Wellsboro academy and Al
fred university, N.Y., and studied law under
Stephen F. Wilson and J. B. Niles. He was ad
mitted to the bar at Tioga county, Aug. 26, 1873 ;
was district attorney of Tioga county, 1875-79 ;
a Republican representative in the Pennsylvania
legislature for two terms, 1884-88, and senator,
1888-92. He presided over the Republican state
conventions of 1893 and 1894, and was a repre
sentative from the sixteenth Pennsylvania dis
trict in the 55th and 56th congresses, 1897-1901.
In 1901 he resumed the practice of law in Wells^
boro, and engaged in the purchase and sale of
timber and coal lands.

[104]

PACKER

PADDOCK

PACKER, John Black, representative, was
born in Sunbury, Pa., March 21, 1824 ; son of
Samuel Jones and Rachel (Black) Packer ; grand
son of James and Rose (Mendenhall) Packer ; great
grandson of Philip and Ann (Coates) Packer ;
and great2-grandson of Philip Packer, who
emigrated from England about 1700, settled near
Princeton, N.J., and was married to Rebecca
Jones, of Philadelphia. John attended the
academy at Sunbury, and was attached to the
state corps of engineers, 1839-42. He studied
law with Ebenezer Greenough ; was admitted to
the bar in 1844, and practiced in Sunbury. He
was deputy attorney-general of Pennsylvania,
1845-48 ; district attorney of Northumberland
county, 1849-50, and a representative in the state
legislature, 1850-51. He was married May 22,
1851, to Mary M., daughter of William Cameron,
of Lewisburg, Pa. He was a Republican represen
tative from the fourteenth Pennsylvania district
in the 41st-44th congresses, 1869-77, and in 1876
declined the appointment of postmaster-general
of the United States, offered by President Grant.
He died in Sunbury, Pa., July 7, 1891.
PACKER, William Fisher, governor of Penn
sylvania, was born in Howard, Centre county,
Pa., April 2, 1807 ; son of James and Charity
(Bye) Packer ; grandson of James and Rose
(Mendenhall) Packer, and of Hezekiah and Sarah
(Pettit) Bye, and a descendant of Philip and
Ann (Coates) Packer. Philip Packer, an English
Quaker, was among the first immigrants to West
Jersey under the auspices of William Penn. His
ancestors on both sides were Quakers. He at
tended the country school, and in 1820 apprenticed
himself to his kinsman, Samuel J. Packer, editor
of the Public Inquirer, at Sunbury, Pa. He worked
in the office of the Patriot, at Bellefonte, Pa., and
in the office of the Pennsylvania Intelligencer , pub
lished by Simon Cameron and David Krause, public
printers at Harrisburg, where he remained until
1827. He studied law in the office of Joseph B.
Anthony at Williamsport, Pa., in 1827, and in
the fall of that year purchased in connection
with John Brandon the Lycoming Gazette, con
ducted jointly until 1829, when he continued it
alone, 1829-36. He was married Dec. 24, 1829, to
. Mary W., daughter of Peter W. Vanderbilt, of
Williamsport, Pa. He was a delegate to the
Democratic national convention at Baltimore,
Md., in 1835,. and in 1836 united with O. Barrett
and Benjamin Parke in establishing Tlie Keystone,
at Harrisburg, which became the organ of the
Democratic party in that state, and from which
he retired in 1841. He was a member of the
board of canal commissioners, 1839-41 ; auditor-
general of the state, 1842-45 ; a representative in .
the state legislature, 1847-48, and speaker of that
body both terms. He was a state senator, 1849-

L1051

51 ; introducing and carrying through the bill to
incorporate the Susquehanna railroad company,
the beginning of railroad connections with Balti
more, Md. He was made president of the Sus
quehanna railroad company on its organization
in June 1852, and upon its consolidation under
the title of the Northern Central railway
company, continued as a member of the board
of directors. He managed the Lake Shore
railroad from 1854 until its difficulties were set
tled, and was a delegate to the Democratic na
tional convention at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 2,
1856, when he urged the nomination of James
Buchanan. He was governor of Pennsylvania,
1858-61, and strongly opposed the secession
of the southern states. He died in Williamsport,
Pa., Sept. 27, 1870.
PADDOCK, Algernon Sidney, senator, was
born in Glens Falls, N.Y., Nov. 9, 1830 ; son of
Ira A. and Lucinda (Wells) Paddock ; grandson
of Joseph Williamson Paddock, of Connecticut,
and a descendant of John Faunce and Governor-
Bradford. He attended the academy at Glens
Falls, N.Y. , studied law, and was admitted to
the bar in Nebraska territory in 1857. He was
married in 1859, to Emma L., daughter of Daniel
and Lucinda (Perry) Mack, of Connecticut. He
settled in practice in Omaha ; was an unsuccess
ful candidate for the territorial legislature in
1858, and a delegate to the first Republican terri
torial convention in 1859. He was a delegate to
the Republican national convention at Chicago,
May 16, 1860 ; secretary of the territory by ap
pointment from President Lincoln, 1861-67, most
of the time acting as governor. He was delegate
to the Republican national convention of 1864 ;
defeated as an Independent Republican candidate
for representative in the 40th congress in 1866 ;
declined the appointment of governor of Wyo
ming territory in 1868 ; removed to Beatrice,
where he engaged in manufacturing and agricul
tural pursuits, and was elected to the U.S. senate
by both Republican and Democratic votes, serv
ing 1875-81. He was defeated by Charles H.
Van Wyck in 1881 ; was a member of the Utah.
commission, 1882-86, and was re-elected to the
U.S. senate for the term, 1887-93, where he was
chairman of the committee on agriculture and
forestry. Paddock, the county seat of Holt
county, was named in his honor in 1875. He
died in Beatrice, Neb., Oct. 17, 1897.
PADDOCK, Benjamin Henry, fourth bishop of
Massachusetts and 102d in succession in the
American episcopate, was born in Norwich, Conn. ,
Feb. 28, 1828 ; son of the Rev. Seth B. Paddock,
rector of Christ church, Norwich, Conn. He was
graduated at Trinity college, A.B., 1848, A.M.,
1851, taught in the Episcopal academy at Ches
hire Conn., 1848, and was graduated at the Gen-

PADDOCK

PAGE

eral Theological seminary in 1852. He was ad
mitted to the diaconate at Christ church, Strat
ford, Conn., by Bishop Brownell, June 29,
1852, and was ordained priest at Trinity
church, Norwich, Conn., Sept. 27, 1853, by
Bishop Williams. He was assistant at the
Church of the Epiphany, New York city,
1852-53 ; rector of St. Luke's church, Portland,
Me., for three months in 1853 ; of Trinity church,
Norwich, Conn., 1853-60, and of Christ church,
Detroit, Mich., 1860-69. He was elected mission
ary bishop of Oregon and Washington Territory
by the house of bishops in 1868, but declined, and
wasrectorof Grace church, Brooklyn, N.Y. ,1869-
73. He was elected bishop of Massachusetts to
succeed Bishop Eastburn, who died Sept. 12,
1872, and was consecrated in Grace church,
Brooklyn, N,Y., Sept. 17, 1873, by Bishops Smith,
Lee, Williams, Stevens, Littlejohn and Hunting
ton. He was married to Anna Page, daughter of
Col. Sanger, U.S.A. The Bishop Paddock lec
tureship, founded in 1880 by Mr. George A. Jar
vis in the General Theological seminary, was
named for him by the founder, and he was to
have been the eleventh lecturer in 1891, but died
before the date appointed. He received the de
gree D.D. from Trinity college in 1867, was cura
tor there, 1870-91, and a member of the board of
visitors, 1873-91. He contributed to reviews and
periodicals, and is the author of : Ten Years in
the Episcopate (1883); The First Century of the
Protestant Episcopal Church in Massachusetts
(1885); The Pastoral Relation, and canonical
digests. He died in Boston, Mass., March 9, 1891.
PADDOCK, John Adams, first bishop of Olym
pia and 127th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Norwich, Conn., Jan. 19,
1825 ; son of the Rev. Seth Birdsey and Emily
(Flagg) Paddock, and elder brother of the Rt.
Rev. Benjamin Henry
Paddock (q. v.) He
was graduated at
Trinity college in 1845
and at the General
Theological seminary
in 1849 ; was admitted
to the diaconate July
22, 1849 ; advanced to
the priesthood April
30, 1850 ; was rector of
Christ church, Strat
ford, Conn., 1849-55,
and of St. Peter's
J <2 7w^^ church, Brooklyn, N.
-^ Y., 1855-80. He was
married April 23.1856,
to Frances Chester, daughter of Patrick and Alada
(Thurston) Fanning, who died April 29, 1881. He
was a member of the standing committee of the

1106]

diocese of Long Island from its organization,
1868-80, and also served on the foreign commit
tee of the Board of Missions. He was elected first
missionary bishop of Washington in 1880 and
was consecrated at Brooklyn, N.Y., Dec. 15, 1880,
by Bishops Smith, Lee, Potter, Stevens, Tuttle,
Paddock, Scarborough, Penick and Seymour.
He founded several church and charitable institu
tions, among them the Fannie C Paddock memo
rial hospital, Tacoma, and the Annie Wright
Seminary for Girls, Tacoma, at a cost of $60,000,
for which he obtained an endowment of $100,000.
His jurisdiction was divided and his title changed
to bishop of Olympia in' 1892. He received the
degree D.D. from Trinity college in 1870. He is
the author of History of Christ Church, Strat
ford, Conn. (1854) and of sermons, addresses
and reports. He died at Santa Barbara, Cal.,
March 4, 1894, and is buried at Tacoma, Wash.
PADELFORD, Seth, governor of Rhode
Island, was born at Taunton, Mass., Oct. 3, 1807 ;
son of John and Mary (Heath) Padelford, and a
descendant of Jonathan Padelford, the English
immigrant. He attended the common schools of
Taunton ; was employed in
a wholesale grocery store at v ^ %
Providence and later estab- T
fished himself in business. >ft- "** >
He was a member of the city 'Jit , I
council, 1837-41 and 1851-52; V ' J
a member of the city school *%?&i i
committee, 1837-41, 1851-53 ^^^^W
and 1864-73 ; a representative in the state legis
lature, 1852-53 ; lieutenant-governor of Rhode
Island, 1863-65 ; was presidential elector on the
Grant ticket in 1868, and was elected the twenty-
seventh governor of Rhode Island in 1869 to
succeed Ambrose E. Burnside, serving by repeated
re-elections until 1873. He was one of the com
missioners of the sinking fund of Providence
1873-77 ; was vice-president of the New-England
Emigrant Aid society ; a director of the Provi
dence Athenaeum ; a member of the R.I.
Historical society and of many charitable socie
ties. He was twice married, first, Oct. 19, 1834, to
Louisa Rhodes and secondly, Oct. 2, 1845, to Mary
(Barton) Pierce. He died in Providence, R. I.
Aug. 26, 1878.
PAGE, Carroll Smalley, governor of Ver
mont, was born in Westfield, Vt., Jan. 10, 1843 ;
son of Russell Smith and Martha Melvina
(Smalley) Page ; grandson of Francis and Martha
<Hyde) Smalley and of James and Hannah
(Cheney) Page, and a descendant of William
Page of Derry, New Hampshire, and of Capt.
Jedediah Hyde of Norwich, Conn. He attended
the Lamoille county grammar school, Johnson,
Vt., People's academy, Morrisville, Vt., and La
moille Central academy, Hyde Park, Vt., and

PAGE

PAGE

-engaged in business, becoming an extensive
dealer in raw calfskin. He was married in 1865
to Ellen Frances, daughter of Theophilus and
Desdemona Patch of Johnson, Vt. He was a
representative from Hyde Park in the state legis
lature, 1869-72 ; state senator, 1874-76 ; county
treasurer and register of the probate court ten
years ; a member of the Vermont Republican State
committee, 1872-90, and its chairman, 1884-90 ;
-delegate to the Republican national convention
¦of 1880 ; inspector of finance of savings banks,
1884-88, and was elected the forty-third governor
¦of Vermont to succeed William Paul Dillingham,
in 1890, serving till 1892. The honorary degree
•of LL.D. was conferred on him by Norwich uni
versity in 1894.
PAGE, Horace Francis, representative, was
born in Orleans county, N.Y., Oct. 20, 1833. He
attended the common schools of the county and in
1854 removed 'to California where he engaged in
business as a stage proprietor and mail contractor
¦at Placerville. He was unanimously nominated
for state senator by the Republican convention
¦of El Dorado county, but was defeated, lie was
a Republican representative from the second
distriot of California in the 43cl-47th congresses,
1873-83, and was defeated in 1883 by James H.
Rudd of Stockton, Democrat.
PAGE, Hugh Nelson, naval officer, was born
at North End, Gloucester (now Matthews) coun
ty, Va., Sept. 1788; son of John and Elizabeth
(Burwell) Page ; grandson of the Hon. John and
Jane (Byrd) Page ; and of the Hon. Mann and
Judith (Carter) Page, and a descendant of Col.
John and Alice (Luckin) Page. He entered the
U.S. navy as a midshipman, Sept. 1, 1811, and
the same year was ordered to Commodore
Chauncey's squadron on Lake Ontario, but later
joined Commodore Perry on Lake Erie, respond
ing to the call for volunteers. He received a wound
in the hand at the battle of Lake Erie, and had
the honor of bearing to Gen. W. H. Harrison
Commodore Oliver H. Perry's famous dispatch.
Yourg Page was
voted a sword by
congress, and another
by the state of Vir
ginia. He took part
in the operations
against Fort Mackinaw, and in the Mexican
war against Monterey. He was promoted lieu
tenant 1, April 1818 ; commander, Feb. 28, 1838 ;
captain, May 29, 1850 ; was placed on the reserve
list, Sept. 13, 1855, and resigned his commission,
April 19, 1861. He married first, in November,
1838, Imogen, daughter of Guy Wheeler, and
secondly, July 13. 1848. Elizabeth P.. daughter
of Holt Wilson, of Portsmouth, Va. He died in
Norfolk, Va., June 3, 1871.

C6**j, *hC0S5 muds <re)fit^~ &*3 t^Z^O

PAGE, John, governor of Virginia, was born
at " Rosewell," Gloucester county, Va., April 17,
1744; son of Mann and Mary Mason (Selden)
Page ; grandson of Mann (1691-1730) and Judith
(Carter) Page ; great-grandson of Matthew Page
(1659-1703), and great 2 grandson of John (1627-
1692) and Alice (Luckin ) Page. He was graduated
from the College of William and Mary in 1763,
and was married about 1765 to Frances Burwell.
He was a member of the house of burgesses ; of
the colonial council, and the
committee of safety, contri
buting liberally to the prose
cution of the Revolutionary |
war ; a delegate to the state 1
constitutional convention of
July, 1776 ; lieutenant-govern
or of the commonwealth ; a
representative from the seventh district of Vir
ginia in the lst-4th congresses, 1789-97: a Jefferson
elector in 1801, and governor ofVirginia, succeed
ing James Monroe, 1802-05. Being constitutionally
ineligible for re-election in 1805 he was succeeded
by William H. Cabell. He was U.S. commissioner
of loans for Virginia by appointment of President
Jefferson, 1805-08 ; and a visitor to the College of
William and Mary, appointed in 1776. At one
time he was urged to take orders in the church,
his friends desiring that he should become the
first bishop of Virginia. He is the author of :
Addresses to the People (1796 and 1799). He
died in Richmond, Va., Oct. 11, 1808.
PAGE, John, governor of New Hampshire,
was born in Haverhill, N.H., May 27, 1787 ; son
of John and Hannah (Rice) Green Page, and
grandson of the Rev. Samuel Rice of Landaff,
N.H. His father was a native of Lunenburg,
Mass., who removed to Rindge, N.H., with his
parents in 1762, and finally settled in Haverhill,
Mass. John Page was prepared for college but
did not enter, owing to his father's financial
embarrassment which forced him to engage in
farming. He was married in 1812 to Hannah,
daughter of Nathaniel Merrill of North Haver
hill, Mass. He was appointed assistant U.S.
tax assessor for Grafton county in 1813, and
assessor in 1815 ; was a representative in the New
Hampshire legislature, 1818-20 and in 1835, and
register of deeds for Grafton county, 1828-34,
with the exception of one year. He was elected
to the state council in March, 1836, and in the
following June to the U.S. senate as a Democrat
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Isaac Hill, and served until the close of Senator
Hill's term, March 3, 1837. He was re-elected to
the state council in 183S, and was ¦ governor of
the state, 1839-42. He took an active part in
building the Boston, Concord & Montreal rail
road. He died in Concord, N.H., Sept. 8, 1865.

[107]

PAGE

PAGE

PAGE, John Boardman, governor of Vermont,
was born in Rutland, Vt., Feb. 25, 1826 ; son of
Williamand Cynthia(Hickok)Page. Heattended
the public schools and Burr & Burton seminary,
and was employed in the bank at Rutland in
1842, succeeding his father as cashier and
becoming president . of the
National bank of Rutland.
He was interested in several
railroad and transportation
enterprises, as director, trus
tee and vice-president. He
was treasurer of the Howe
Scale Co. ; a representative
in the state legislature, 1852-54 and 1880, and state
treasurer, 1860-66, distributing nearly four mil
lions of dollars for military expenses. He was
elected the thirty-first governor of Vermont
in 1867 to succeed Paul Dillingham, and served
till 1869. He died in Rutland, Vt., Oct. 24, 1885.
PAGE, Mann, delegate, was born at "Rose-
well," Gloucester (now Matthews) county, Va.,
about 1749 ; eldest son of Mann and Ann Corbin
(Tayloe) Page ; grandson of Mann and Judith
(Carter) Page, and of the Hon. Matthew and
Mary (Mann) Page, and a descendant of Col.
John and Alice (Luckin) Page. He was a half
brother of Gov. John Page. He was graduated
at the College of William and Mary ; removed to
Mansfield, Spottsylvania county, and was a
delegate from Virginia to the Continental con
gress in 1777, with Thomas Jefferson, Thomas
Nelson and George Wythe. He was married, in
1776, to Mary, daughter of John Tayloe of
Fredericksburg, Va. He died at Mansfield, Va.,
but the date could not be ascertained.
PAGE, Richard Channing Moore, physician,
was born at Turkey Hill, Albemarle county, Va.,
Jan. 2, 1841 ; son of Dr. Mann and Jane Frances
(Walker) Page; grandson of Maj. Carter and
Mary (Cary) Page, and of Col. Francis and Jane
(Byrd) Walker, and a descendant of Col. John
and Alice (Luckin) Page. He attended the
University of Virginia, 1860-61 ; entered the
Confederate artillery in July 1861, and was
promoted captain in April 1862. He commanded
a battery in the principal battles of the Army of
Northern Virginia and received a severe wound
at Gettysburg. He was promoted major and
assigned to duty as chief of artillery on the staff
of Gen. John C. Breckinridge in October 1864,
where he served until the close of the war. He
was graduated M.D. from the University of
Virginia in 1867, and from the University of the
City of New York in 1868. He was house
physician in Bellevue hospital, New York, house
surgeon in the Woman's hospital, New York,
and professor of general medicine and diseases of
the chest in the New York Polyclinic, 1885-98.

[108]

He was vice-president of the New York Academy
of Medicine and an active member of other
medical and scientific societies. He was married
April 30, 1874, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of
Stephen Fitch of Norwich, Conn., and widow of
the Hon. R. H. Winslow of Westport, Conn.
He contributed to the New York Medical Record
and other periodicals, and is the author of :
Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia (1882) ;
Sketch of Page's Battery, Jackson's Corps, Lee's
Army (1885) ; Chart on the Diseases of the Chest,
Chart of Physical Diagnosis (1885), and Practice
of Medicine. He died in New York, June 19, 1898.
PAGE, Richard Lucian, naval officer, was
born in Fairfield, Clark county, Va. , Dec. 20,
1807 ; son of William Byrd and Anne (Lee)
Page ; grandson of Mann and Mary Mason (Selden)
Page and of Richard Henry and Anne H.
(Carter) Lee, and a descendant of Col. John and
Alice (Luckin) Page of Williamsburg, 1650. He
attended the common schools of Clark county,
and Alexandria, Va., and entered the U.S. navy
in 1824. In 1861 he resigned from the Federal
service and entered the Confederate army. He
was appointed brigadier-general in 1863 ; took
part in the fight at Port Royal and commanded
Fort Morgan in Mobile bay at the time of its fall.
In 1865 he retired to civil life and removed to
Norfolk, Va. He was married Nov. 4, 1841, to
Alexina, , daughter of Richard and Elizabeth
(Calvert) Taylor of Norfolk. He is the author
of : The Defense of Fort Morgan in " Battles and
Leaders of the Civil War," Vol. IV., pp. 408-10.
He died at Blue Ridge, Summit, Pa., Aug. 9, 1901.
PAGE, Thomas Jefferson, naval officer, was
born at Shelley, Gloucester (now Matthews)
county, Va., Jan. 8, 1808 ; son of Mann and Eliza
beth (Nelson) Page; grandson of Gov. John and
Frances (Burwell) Page ; and of Gen. Thomas
and Fannie Tinker (Houston) Nelson of York-
town, Va., and a descendant of Col. John and
Alice (Luckin) Page. He entered the U.S. navy
as midshipman Oct. 1, 1827 ; was promoted lieu
tenant, June 10, 1833, and captain, Sept. 14, 1855.
He was married Nov. 8, 1839, to Benjamina,
daughter of Benjamin Price of Loudoun county,
Va. For several years he was employed on the
coast survey, and later he sailed around the world
in the Dolphin. On his return he suggested a
plan for the survey of the China seas, for which
congress made an appropriation, and in 1852,
when John P. Kennedy became secretary of the
navy and the expedition was enlarged, Com.
Matthew Perry being appointed to the command,
Lieut. Page was offered the second place, which
he declined. He was given command of an
expedition for the exploration of the tributaries
of the Rio de la Plata and adjacent countries, in
1853. While pursuing his mission he returned a

PAGE

PAGE

shot in response to one fired upon his ship, the
Water Witch, from a Paraguayan fort on the
Paraua river in February, 1855, the affair resulting
in the loss of one sailor, killed, for which the U.S.
government secured reparation in January, 1859.
He returned to the United States in May, 1856.
His surveys were completed in 1860, turning his
charts, notes, and journals over to the navy de
partment. He resigned his commission April 18,
1861, on the secession of Virginia. He was offered
an admiral's commission in the Italian navy to
aid in its reorganization in 1861, but declined
and entered the Confederate service. He com
manded the heavy batteries at Gloucester Point
on the York river, and engaged in building gun
boats at West Point, Va., which he burned upon
the surrender and retreat from Yorktown. He
was commisioned commodore in 1862, and sent
to England to take command of an iron clad
then being built in the Mersey river. This vessel,
however, was seized by the English government
under threat of war from the U.S. minister,
whereupon he took command of a small iron-clad
at Copenhagen, Denmark, which he renamed
Stonewall. This also being seized in a Spanish
harbor, thereby cutting off his services to the
Confederate Statesjie went to Argentine Republic
and engaged in exploration. He was afterward
associated with ex-President Uzquiza in sheep
and cattle raising. Subsequently he went to
England to superintend the construction of two
iron-clads and two gun-boats for the Argentine
navy, in which institution his son was a fleet
captain, and engaged in extending the explora
tion of the tributaries of the Plata. In 1880 he
took up his residence in Florence, Italy. He is
the author of : La Plata : the Argentine Confed
eration and Paraguay (1859); describing 3600
miles of river, navigation and exploration on
land extending over 4400 miles. He di-xl in Rome,
Italy, Oct. 26, 1899.
PAGE, Thomas Nelson, author, was born at
Oakland, Hanover county, Va., April 23,1853;
son of Maj. John and Elizabeth Burwell (Nelson)
Page ; grandson of Francis and Susan (Nelson)
Page, and of Thomas and Judith Nelson, and a
descendant of Col. John and Alice (Luckin) Page
of the county of York in Virginia. He was
brought up on the family plantation, attended
Washington and Lee university for three sessions,
taught school in Kentucky for one year and was
graduated at the University of Virginia, LL.B.,
in 1874. He practised law at Richmond, 1875-93,
when he removed to Washington, D.C. He re
ceived the honorary degree of Litt. D. from Wash
ington and Lee university in 1887, of LL.D. from
Tulane university in 1899, and of Litt. D. from
Yale in 1901. He was married in 1886 to Anne
Seddon Bruce, who died in 1888; and secondly, in

1893, to Florence Lathrop, widow of Henry Field
of Chicago, 111. He devoted his leisure to literary
work, and is the author of : In Ole Virginia, Marse
Chan and Other Sto
ries (1887); Two Little
Confederates (1888);
Befo' De War (with
Armistead C. Gordon,
1890); On Newfound
River (1891); Among;
the Camps (1891);
Elsket and Other Sto
ries (1891); The Old
South : Essays, Social
and Historical (1892) ;
Pastime Stories (1894);
The Burial of the
Guns (1895); Tlie Old
Gentleman of the
Black Stock (1896);
Social Life in Old Virginia (1897) ; Two Prisoners
(1898); Red Rock, A Chronicle of Reconstruction
(1898); Santa Clans Partner (1899).
PAGE, Walter Hines, editor, was born in
Cary, Wake county, N.C, Aug. 15, 1855; son of
Allison F. and Katharine (Raboteau) Page ;
grandson of Anderson Page, and a descendant of
the Page family in Virginia. He attended the
Bingham, N.C, military school; was graduated
from Randolph-Macon college, Va., in 1876 : was
a fellow in Greek at Johns Hopkins university
under Dr. Gildersleeve, 1876-78 ; and was a
teacher at the Boys' High school, Louisville, Ky.,
1878-79. He was editor of the St. Joseph, Mis
souri, Daily Gazette, 1880-81 ; later became book
reviewer and editorial writer on the New York
World, and returning to North Carolina founded
the State Chronicle, at Raleigh, which he edited
until 1883, when he was engaged on the staff of the
New York Evening Post. He was manager of
the Forum, 1887-91 ; its editor, 1891-95 ; literary
adviser of Houghton, . Mifflin & Co., 1895-99;
editor of the Atlantic Monthly, 1896-99, and became
editor of The World's Work in November, 1899.
He was a member of the publishing house of
Doubleday, Page & Co., of New York city, and of
the University club, in New York. He is the
author of The Rebuilding of Old Commonwealths,
a book of essays toward the better training of
the masses of the population of the Southern
States (1902).
PAGE, William, painter, was born in Albany,
N.Y., Jan. 23, 1811. His parents removed to
New York city in 1819, and in 1821 he received a
premium from the American Institute for a
drawing in India ink. He entered upon the study
of law in the office of Frederick De Peyster in
1825, but soon left and apprenticed himself to
James Herring, the portrait painter, with whom

[1091

PAINE

PAINE

he remained nearly a year. He next became
the pupil of Samuel F. B. Morse througli whom
he was admitted as a student at the National
Academy of Design, where he received a silver
medal for his drawings from the antique. He
settled in Albany, N.Y., as a portrait painter;
removed to New York city in 1831, was elected a
member of the National Academy of Design, in
1836, and painted the portrait of Gov. William L.
Marcy for the New York City Hall, and that of
John Quincy Adams, for Faneuil Hall, Boston,
Mass. He resided in Boston, 1844-47, where he
painted a large number of portraits ; returned to
New York in the latter year, and in 1849 went to
Europe, spending his time chiefly in Florence and
Rome, where he painted tlie portraits of many
distinguished persons, including Robert and Eliza
beth Barrett Browning, and Hiram Powers. He
also produced his two "Venuses"; "Moses and
Aaron on Mount Horeb " ; the " Flight into
Egypt," and the "Infant Bacchus." He made
a study of the works of Titian, whose method
of painting he professed to have discovered, and
his copies were so admirable that one of them was
seized by the authorities at Florence, under the
belief that it was the original painting. He re
turned to New York in 1860. resided at Eagle-
wood, near Perth Amboy, N.J., for four years,
and then built a house on Staten Island. He was
president of the National Academy of Design,
1871-73, and in 1874 visited Germany to study
the supposed death-mask of Shakespeare, from
which he produced a bust and several portraits.
He delivered several courses of lectures on art ;
was known as an experimenter in colors, and pub
lished a New Geometrical Method of Measuring
the Human Figure (1860). His work includes :
Tlie Holy Family (1837); The Last Interview
(1838) ; portraits of Henry Ward Beecher, Wen
dell Phillips, Charles P. Daly (1848), owned by the
New York Historical society ; James Russell
Lowell, Gov. Reuben E. Fenton (1870); Charlotte
Cushman (1880); General Grant (1880); Thomas
Le Clear (1883); and Charles Sumner, incomplete
(1-885); Head of Christ (1870) ; Cupid (1880) ; and
Ruth and Naomi. He also executed a full-length
painting of Admiral Farragut at the battle of
Mobile Bay, which was presented to the Russian
government in 1871. He died in Tottenville,
Staten Island, N.Y., Oct, 1, 1885.
PAINE, Albert Bigelow, editor, was born in
New Bedford, Mass., July 10, 1861 ; son of Samuel
E. and Mercy C. (Kirby) Paine ,' grandson of
Elija and Cynthia (Brown) Paine, and of Nicho
las and  (Ellis) Kirby, and a descendant
of Stephen Paine, who came to America in 1638.
He attended the public schools of Xenia, 111., and
devoted himself to literary work. He contributed
rhymes and stories to Scribner's, Century and

[110]

other magazines, and became editor of the chil-'
dren's department of the New York Herald in
1898. He accepted the editorship of the League
department of the St. Nicholas Magazine in June,
1899. He is the author of : Rhymes by Two
Friends, with William Allen White (1893); The
Mystery of Eveline Delorme (1894); Gobolinks,
with Ruth McEnery Stuart (1896) ; Tlie Dumpies
(1897); The Hollow Tree (1898); The Arlmnsaw.
Bear (1898): The Deep Woods (1899) ; The Beacon
Prize Medals (1899); The Bread Line (1900); The
Little Lady— Her Book (1901); The Van-Dioellers
(1901); The Great White Wm/ (1901).
PAINE, Charles, governor of Vermont, was
born in Williamstown, Vt., April 15, 1799 ; son of
Judge Elijah and Sarah (Porter) Paine, and
grandson of Seth Paine, and of John Porter. He
was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1820, A.M.,
1823, and engaged in manufacturing with his
father. He was elected by the Whig party gov
ernor of Vermont in 1840, serving, 1841-43. As
such he was influential in securing the construc
tion of the Vermont Central railroad. He was af
terward also connected with the Southern Pacific
railroad, and went to Texas in the interests of that
road. He gave to Northfield academy the land
on which it was built, apparatus and $500 in
money. He built the Congregational church at
Depot village, Vt.; bequeathed to the Roman
Catholic congregation of the village the land for
its church, and was a liberal benefactor of the
Univei'sity of Vermont and other institutions of
learning. He died iii Waco, Texas, July 6, 1853.
PAINE, Charles Jackson, soldier, was born in
Boston, Mass., Aug. 26, 1833; son of Charles
Cushing and Fanny Cabot (Jackson) Paine ;
grandson of Judge Charles Jackson of the Massa
chusetts supreme court, and great-grandson of
Robert Treat Paine, signer. He attended the
Boston Latin school and was graduated from
Harvard, A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856. He studied law
in the office of Rufus Choate in Boston, Mass.;
was admitted to the bar in 1856, and practiced
law until 1861. He was commissioned captain in
the 22d Massachusetts volunteer infantry, Oct. 6,
1861 ; major of the 30th Massachusetts infantry,
Jan. 14, 1862, and colonel of the 2d Louisiana
regiment, Oct. 2, 1862. He .commanded the first
brigade 19th army corps at Port Hudson, after
the death of Col. E. P. Chapin, May 24-July 8,
1863 ; resigned the command, March 4, 1864, and
joined General Butler's Army of the James, com
manding the 1st division, 25th army corps, all
colored troops, at Petersburg ; was promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers, July 4, 1864, and
led his division of colored troops in the attack on
New Market Road, Va., Sept. 29, 1864. He also
took part in the capture of Fort Fisher, Jan. 15,
1865, where he commanded the 3d division 25th

PAINE

PAINE

army corps, and was brevetted major-general of
volunteers, Jan. 15, 1865. He served under Gen
eral Sherman in North Carolina in command of
the 3d division 10th army corps, and after the
surrender of General Johnston was placed in
command of the district of Newbern until No
vember, 1865. He was mustered out of the vol
unteer service, Jan. 15, 1866. After 1860 he
was connected with the management of railroad
corporations, and was for many years a direc
tor of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, the
Mexican Central and the Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fe railroads. He was married March 26,
1867, to Julia, daughter of John and Mary Anna
(Lee) Bryant. He headed the syndicate of
yachtsmen that built the sloop-yacht Puritan in
1885, and successfully defended the cup from the
British sloop Genesta. He later became sole owner
of the Puritan. In 1886 he built the Mayflower
' whioh defeated the Galatea, and in 1887 the Volun
teer which outsailed the Tliistle. These yachts
were designed by Edward Burgess. In February,
1888, the New York Yacht club, of which he was
a member, presented him with a silver cup in
recognition of his triple defence of America's
cup. In 1897 President McKinley appointed him,
together -with Edward O. Wolcott and Adlai E.
Stevenson, a special envoy to Great Britain,
France and Germany, with a view to securing by
international agreement a fixity of relative value
between gold and silver as money.
PAINE, Eleazer A., soldier, was born in Park-
man, Geauga county, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815 ; son of
Hendrick E. and Harriet (Ellsworth) Paine ;
grandson of Eleazer and Anne (Ellsworth) Paine,
and a descendant of Stephen Paine, of Hingham,
Mass. He was graduated from the U.S. Military
academy in 1839, and promoted 2d lieutenant, 1st
infantry, July 1, 1839. He served on General Tay
lor's staff in the Florida war, 1839-40, and resigned
his commission in the U.S. army, Oct. 11, 1840.
He was U.S. deputy marshal for Ohio, 1842-45 ;
lieutenant-colonel in the Ohio militia, 1842-45,
and brigadier-general, 1845-48. He practised
law in Painesville, Ohio, 1843-48, and in Mon
mouth, 111., 1848-61, and was a representative in
the state legislature of Illinois, 1853-54. He was
commissioned colonel of the 9th Illinois volun
teer regiment, July 3, 1861. He commanded a
brigade at Paducah, Ky., Sept. 27-Dec. 24, 1861,
and at Cairo, 111. , January-February, 1862; was
in command of the 4th division of Pope's army
in the operations against New Madrid, Island No.
10, Fort Pillow and Memphis, in March and April
1862, and in the attack and siege of Corinth in
May 1862. He was on leave of absence, July 13,
to Aug. 12, 1862 ; was in command of his divi
sion under Rosecrans, and was by him sent to
strengthen Buell's army ; was subsequently in

command of the district of west Tennessee, Au-
gusi-September, 1862 ; of Gallatin, Tenn., and of
the district of Western Kentucky, July 18-Sept.
11, 1864, and on waiting orders September, 1864, to
April, 1865. He resigned his commission April
5, 1865. After the war he engaged in business.
He died in Jersey City, N.J., Dec. 16, 1882.
PAINE, Elijah, senator, was born in Brook
lyn, Conn., Jan. 21, 1757 ; son of Seth and Mabel
(Tyler) Paine, and grandson of Seth Paine of
Pomfret, Conn. He entered Harvard college in
1774, left to enter the American army, and
was graduated A.B., 1781, A.M., 1783. He was
admitted to the bar in 1784 ; removed to Wind
sor, Vt., where, besides conducting a law busi
ness, he cultivated a farm. He subsequently
opened a settlement at Williamstown, where he es
tablished a broadcloth factory employing 200 men,
erected a saw and grist mill, and built a turnpike
to Montpelier at a cost of $10,000, which he pre
sented to the state. He had at one time a flock
of 1500 merino sheep on liis farm, besides im
proved breeds of horses and cattle. He was a
member and secretary of the convention to re
vise the state constitution in 1786, and was ap
pointed a commissioner to settle and close the
controversy between Vermont and New York in
1789. He was a representative in the Vermont
legislature, 1787-1791 ; was judge of the superior
court of Vermont, 1791-94 ; was elected to the
U.S. senate by the Federalist legislature as suc
cessor to Stephen R. Bradley, taking his seat
Dec. 7, 1795, serving till March 3, 1801, and was
judge of the United States district court of Ver
mont, 1801-42. He was married, June 7, 1790, to
Sarah, daughter of John Porter, a lawyer of Ply
mouth, N.H., and had four sons : Marty n (q.v.);
Elijah (q.v.); Charles (q.v.), and George, a law
yer, who removed to Marsellon, Ohio, and died
aged twenty-nine years. He was a member of
the American Antiquarian society, a fellow of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
president of the Vermont Colonization society ;
a charter trustee of Middlebury college, 1800-09,
a trustee of Dartmouth college, 1806-29, and a lib
eral benefactor of the University of Vermont.
The honorary degree of A.B. was conferred upon
him by Dartmouth in 1786 and that of LL.D. by
Harvard in 1812 and by the University of Ver
mont in 1825. He made the speech of welcome
when Lafayette visited Vermont. He died in
Williamstown, Vt., April 28, 1842.
PAINE, Ephraim, delegate, was born in Can
terbury, Conn., Aug. 19, 1730 ; son of Joshua and
Rebecca (Sparrow) Paine ; grandson of Thomas
and Hannah (Shaw) Paine and of Jonathan Spar
row, and a descendant of Thomas Paine, the im
migrant, who settled in Eastham, Mass. Joshua
Paine removed to Nine Partners, N.Y., and Eph-
[111]

PAINE

PAINE

raim became the manager of a large farm. He
also studied medicine with Dr. John Adams, and
practiced for a time in Amenia. He was a dele
gate to the Provincial congress of 1775, and was
prominent during the Revolutionary struggle.
He was county judge, 1778-81 ; a member of the
council of appointment in 1780 ; a state senator,
1780-84, and a delegate to rthe Continental con
gress, 1784-85, where he proposed that the num
ber of commissioners appointed to negotiate with
the Indians be reinforced by one, and that the
sum of $8,000 be presented to Baron Steuben.
This latter bill failed in its passage, but was
afterward affirmed and the sum increased to
§510,000. He was married, first, to Elizabeth
Harris of Amenia, and, secondly, to Martha
Thompson. He died in Amenia, N.Y. , Aug. 10, 1785.
PAINE, Halbert Eleazer, lawyer, was born
in Chardon, Geauga county, Ohio, Feb. 4, 1826 ;
son of Eleazer and Jane Caroline (Hoyt) Paine ;
grandson of Eleazer and Anna (Elsworth) Paine
and of Noah and Rhoda (Waters) Hoyt, and a
descendant of Stephen Paine, who emigrated
from Norfolk county, England, in the ship Dili
gent in 1638, and settled in Hingham, Mass., and
in 1643, in Seekonk, now Rehoboth, Mass. He
was a miller by trade ; a delegate to the general
court, and with others bought the land from the
Indians on which Attleboro, Mass., is situated.
Halbert Eleazer Paine was graduated at Western
Reserve college, A.B., 1845, A.M., 1848 ; was tutor
there, 1847-49, and was admitted to the bar in
Cleveland, Ohio, in 1849, where he practiced,
1849-57, and at Milwaukee, Wis. , 1857-61. He was
major-general in the Ohio militia, 1856-7. He was
married, Sept. 10, 1850, to Eliza Leeworthy,
daughter of Harvey Brigham of Windham, Ohio.
He entered the Union army as quartermaster of
the 2d Wisconsin infantry ; was appointed col
onel of the 4th Wisconsin infantry in May, 1861 ;
was stationed in Baltimore, Md., and left with
General Butler on the New Orleans expedition in
1862. He captured the town of Grand Gulf and
burnt it, by order of General Butler. He was
placed under arrest at Baton Rouge, La., by Gen.
Thomas Williams for refusing to obey an order
to return fugitive slaves in the camps to their
masters, and remained in arrest, except when
the troops went into action. On the death of
Williams at the battle of Baton Rouge, Aug. 5,
1862, he was released by General Butler and or
dered to command the forces at Baton Rouge,
where he packed the statue of Washington and the
books in the library at the state capitol, shipping
them to New Orleans before evacuating the place
on the 20th. He was transferred to the command
of the 1st brigade, T. W. Sherman's division,
in September, 1862 ; afterward to the 3d brigade,
Grover's division, and finally to the 2d brigade of

[112]

Emory's division, 19th army corps. He was pro
moted brigadier-general of volunteers March 13,
1863, and in May, 1863, succeeded to the command
of the 3d division, 19th corps, and while leading
in the assault on Port Hudson, lost a leg, June
14, 1863. He was appointed a member of General
Augur's military commission at Washington,
D.C, Sept. 1, 1863; commanded the forces sta
tioned between Forts Stevens and Totten during
General Early's attempt to capture Washington
in July, 1864, and commanded the military dis
trict of Illinois, August to October, 1864. He
returned to Milwaukee, was brevetted major-
general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, and resigned
from the army May 15, 1865. He was a Repub
lican representative from the first Wisconsin
district in the 39th, 40th and 41st congresses,
1865-71 ; was a member of the committee on
reconstruction, of that on soldiers' and sailors'
bounties and chairman of the committee on elec
tions, and of that on militia. He framed and
secured the passage of the bill organizing the
U.S. signal service in 1869.- He resumed the
practise of law in Washington, D.C, in 1871 ;
was U.S. commissioner of patents, 1878-90, and
was still continuing his law practise at the
national capital in 1902. He received the degree
of LL.D. from Western Reserve college in 1875.
He is the author of : Paine on Contested Elec
tions (1880).
PAINE, Harriet Eliza, author, was born in
Rehoboth, Mass., May 5, 1845; daughter of the
Rev. John Chester and Eliza (Folger) Paine, and
granddaughter of Hon. Elijah and  (Pomeroy)
Paine of Ashfield, Mass., and of Gideon and
Eunice (Macy) Folger of Nantucket. She was
graduated at Wheaton seminary, Norton, Mass.,
in 1862, where she was a pupil of Lucy Lar-
com in literature and composition, and where
she taught for several years. She was principal
of Robinson seminary, Exeter, N.H., 1875-78,
and taught in private schools in Boston, Mass.
She is the author of : Bird Songs of New Eng
land (1882); Girls and Women (1890); Chats with
Girls on Self-Culture (1891), and The Unmarried
Woman (1892), the last three being written un
der the pen name "Eliza Chester."
PAINE, John AIsop, archaeologist, was born
in Newark, N.J., Jan. 14, 1840 ; son of Dr. John
Alsop (1795-1871) and Amanda (Kellogg) Paine;
grandson of Ezra (1767-1828) and Elizabeth
(Weeks) Paine, and a descendant, in the eighth
generation (through John6, Alsop4, John8, John2)
of Thomas Payne, 2nd (1586-1650), born in Wren-
tham, Suffolk, England, who came to America
about 1637 with six children and settled in Salem,
Mass. John Alsop Paine, 2nd, was graduated
from Hamilton college, A. B., 1859,. A. M., 1862,
and from Andover Theological seminary in 1862,

PAINE

PAINE

being ordained May, 29, 1867. He was employed
by the regents of the University of the State of
New York to enlarge the flora of the state, 1862-
67 ; was professor of natural science at Robert
college, Constantinople, 1867-69 ; traveled in
Egypt and Palestine, and studied in Germany,
1869-70, and was professor of natural history and
German at Lake Forest university, 111., 1870-71.
He was associate editor of the Independent, 1871-
72 ; was archaeologist to the first expedition sent
out by the Palestine exploration society, visiting
the region east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea,
1872-74 ; edited and published the Journal of
Christian Philosophy, 1882-84 ; was chosen a
member of the editorial staff of the Century Dic
tionary in 1887, and curator of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York city, in 1889. He
received the degree of Ph.D. from Hamilton in
1873. He contributed largely to scientific jour
nals, reported many discoveries of the Palestine
Exploration society, and is the author of a Cata
logue of Plants found in Oneida County and
Vicinity (1865) ; ^ Fifth Statement Containing
Identification of Mount Pisgah (1875); Pharaoh,
the Oppressor and his Daughter in the Light of
their Monuments (Cent. Mag., May, 1887); The
Pharaoh of the Exodus and his Son in the
Light of their Monuments (Sept., 1887).
PAINE, John Knowles, musician, was born in
Portland, Maine, Jan. 9, 1839 ; son of Jacob S.
and Rebecca Beebe (Downes) Paine ; grandson
of John K. Paine, and a descendant of the Paines
of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. He received his
early musical edu
cation in Portland,
writing a composition
for a string quartette
at the age of sixteen,
and made his first
public appearance as
an organist in 1857.
He studied the organ
in Germany under
Haupt, Wieprecht and
others, 1858-61, and
made a tour of Ger
many in 1865-66, giv-
n 0 r\) (1/ mS several organ
ACMM. JUVJcUaiL.. recitals. He was lec-
- turer on music at
Harvard, 1863-64 ; assistant professor, 1873-75 ;
and in 1875, having gradually built up the depart
ment of music, was given the title professor of
music, being the first to hold that position in any
American university. In 1867 he directed his
Mass at the Sing-academie in Berlin. He was
elected a fellow of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, and received the honorary
degree of A. M. from Harvard in 1869 and that

of Mus. D. from Yale in 1890. He is the com
poser of a Mass in D (1807); the oratorio St.
Peter, first presented in Portland, Maine, in 1873;
a Symp>hony in C minor given by Theodore Tho
mas in Boston Music Hall, Jan. 6, 1 876 ; the Cen
tennial Hymn (words by Whittier) sung at the
opening of the exposition in Philadelphia,
1876; Overture to As You Like It (1876); Sym
phonic Poem to The Tempest (1877); Spring
Symphony (1880); CEdipus Tyrannus, performed
in Greek in Cambridge, May, 1881 ; a cantata
Phoebus Arise, words by Drummond of Haw-
thornden (1882); Keats's Realm of Fancy, for
chorus, quartet and orchestra (1882) ; Milton's Na
tivity, composed for the Handel and Haydn
festival in Boston (1883); Symphonic Poem, an
Island Fantasy (1887); A Song of Promise, can
tata composed for the Cincinnati festival (1888);
Columbus March and Hymn, composed by invit
ation for the opening ceremonies of the Chicago
World's Fair (1893); Azara, an opera in three
acts, the libretto being written by the composer
(1901); Birds of Aristophanes, presented by the
Harvard Classical club (May, 1901), and many
lesser pieces, including songs, piano and organ
compositions and chamber music.
PAINE, Levi Leonard, church historian, was
born in Holbrook, Mass., Oct. 10, 1832; son of
Levi and Clementina Maria (Leonard) Paine ;
grandson of Silas and Lydia (White) Paine and
of Caleb F. and Nancy (Thompson) Leonard, and
a descendant of Peregrine White. He was gra
duated from Yale, A. B., 1856, B. D., 1861, and
was at once ordained to the Congregational
ministry. He was married, July 29, 1861, to Jen-
nette H., -daughter of George and Julia A.
Holmes of Norwalk, Conn. He was pastor at
Farmington, Conn., 1861-70 ; president of the
Maine Missionary society, 1888-94, and dean of
the faculty of the Bangor Theological seminary,
1870-1902. He is the author of: The Critical
History of the Evolution of Trinitarianism(1990) ,
and Tlie Ethnic Trinities (1901), both of which
attracted wide attention. He died at Bangor,
Maine, May 10, 1902.
PAINE, Robert, M. E. bishop, was born in
Person county, N.C, Nov. 12, 1799 ; son of James
and Mary A. (Williams) Paine of Oxford, N.C;
grandson of Robert Paine, an officer in the Con
federate army, and great-grandson of Dr. James
Paine, a native of London, England. Robert
Paine attended school near Leasburg, N.C, and
later studied at the school of the Rev. Dr. D. C.
Weir and Professor Alexander, near Lynnville,
Tenn. He joined the M. E. church, Oct. 9, 1817,
and was ordained deacon and elder in 1821 ; was
a missionary preacher ; presiding elder of the
Nashville district, and president of LaGrange col
lege, Ala., 1830-46. He was a leader of the mov-

[113]

PAINE

PAINE

ement in the Louisville conference of 1844 for the
division of the church, north and south, and was
elected bishop of the M.E. church, south, at the
first general conference held at Petersburg, Va.,
1846, of which he was presiding officer. He con
tributed ably to the support of the church during
the embarrassments incident to the civil war. He
was a member of the Connecticut Academy of
Arts and Sciences. The honorary degree of A.M.
was conferred on him by the University of Nash
ville, and that of D.D. by Wesleyan university in
1842. He is the author of : Life and Times of
Bishop McKendree (2 vols., 1859). He died in
Aberdeen, Miss., Oct. 18, 1882.
PAINE, Robert Treat, signer, was born in
Boston, Mass., March 11, 173). ; son of the Rev.
Thomas and Eunice (Treat) Paine. His father
was pastor of the church at Weymouth, Mass., a
merchant in Boston after 1730 and the author of
several published sermons and lectures. His
mother was the granddaughter of Gov. Robert
Treat of Connecticut and of the Rev. Samuel
Willard, vice-president of Harvard college. His
grandfather, James Paine, was a member of the
expedition against Canada in 1694 ; his great
grandfather, Thomas Paine, emigrated to Cape
Cod with his father, Thomas, and subsequently
settled in Eastham, Mass., and was a representa
tive in the colonial court. Robert Treat Paine
was graduated from Harvard college, A.B.,
1749, A.M., 1752. After his father's loss of prop
erty in 1750, he taught school one year, made
three voyages to North Carolina as master of a
vessel, calling on one voyage at Cadiz and Fayal,
and next was master of a whaler to the coast
of Greenland. He studied law and theology ; was
chaplain of a northern frontier regiment at Lake
George, 1755 ; preached at Shirley, Mass. ; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1757 and practised in Boston,
1757-61, removing to Taunton, Mass., in 1761. He
was a delegate to the convention of 1768 held at
Boston to consider the condition of the country,
and conducted the prosecution against Captain
Prescott and his soldiers for the Boston Massacre
of 1770. He was married in 1770 to Sally,
daughter of Thomas Cobb and sister of Gen.
David Cobb. In 1773-74 he was chairman of the
Taunton committee to remonstrate against public
wrong, writing the address for the governor's
removal, and was chairman of the committee on
the impeachment of Chief-Justice Peter Oliver.
He was a delegate to the first Continental con
gress, 1774 ; to the second Provincial congress at
Cambridge, 1775, and one of the committee on
the state of the Province ; a delegate to the 2nd
and subsequent Continental congresses, 1775-76,
where he served on many important committees
and as chairman on the committee of supplies,
and voted for the adoption of the Declaration of

[114]

Independence, July 4, 1776, of which instrument.
he was a signer. He was re-elected to the Con
tinental congress for 1777 and 1778, but did not.
again attend. He was a member of the committee
of three that visited Gen. Philip Schuyler's army
on the northern frontier ; was elected a repre
sentative in the Massachusetts legislature in 1777,
being part of the time speaker, and was unanimous
ly elected attorney-general of the state. He was
a member of the committee appointed from Mas
sachusetts to confer with members from the other
colonies on the regulation of the price of labor,
provisions and manufactures in 1778 ; of the
executive countil of Massachusetts, 1779-80, and
a delegate to the convention that adopted the
state constitution. He was attorney-general of
Massachusetts, 1777-90, covering the period of
Shays's rebellion ; judge of the supreme court,
1790-1804, and a member of the executive council
in 1804. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con
ferred on him by Harvard in 1805. He was one
of the founders of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences in 1780. He died in Boston,.
Mass., May 11, 1814.
PAINE, Robert Treat, philanthropist, was
born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 28, 1835, son of
Charles Cushing and Fanny Cabot (Jackson),
Paine ; grandson of Charles and Sarah Sumnei-
(Cushing) Paine and of Judge Charles Jackson,
and great-grandson of Robert Treat Paine, the
signer. He attended
the Boston Latin
school; was graduated
from Harvard in
1855 ; studied law at
Harvard Law school
the following year ;
traveled and studied
in Europe for two
years, and then re
sumed his law studies
under Richard H.
Dana and Francis E.
Parker of Boston. He
was admitted to the
bar in 1859 and
practised in Boston,
1859-70. He was married, April 24, 1862, to Lydia.
Williams, daughter of George Williams and
Anne (Pratt) Lyinau of Boston. In 1870 he
retired from business and devoted himself to-
philanthropical work. He was a member of the
sub-committee which had charge of the building
of Trinity church, Boston, 1872-77, and was
prominent in organizing the Associated Charities
of Boston, being elected its first president in
1879. In 1887 he gave $10,000 to endow a
fellowship at Harvard college for the study of
sociology, and in 1890 he endowed a trust of

PAINE

PAINE

3,000, called the Robert Treat Paine associa
tion, for charitable work. He was a representative
in the general court from Waltham in 1884 and
was unsuccessful Democratic and Independent
candidate for representative in the 49th congress
in 1884. He was elected president of the Wells
Memorial Workingmen's institute, which he
organized in 1879 and which included a co
operative bank and building association. He
also organized the Workingmen's Loan associa
tion and served as president of the congress of
workingmen's clubs. In 1891 he became presi
dent of the Peace association.
PAINE, Thomas, author and diplomatist, was
born in Thetford, Norfolk county, England, Jan.
29, 1737 ; son of Joseph Paine, a Quaker, and by
occupation a staymaker. He attended the Thet
ford grammar school until 1750, when he learned
the trade of staymaking and engaged in that
business until 1755, when he went to sea on a
privateer. He soon returned to Thetford, and in
1757 obtained employment with a London stay-
maker, becoming interested in the philosophical
lectures of Marty n and Ferguson. He removed to
Dover in 1858, and the following year established
himself as a master staymaker in Sandwich,
Kent county. He was married in 1759 to Mary
Lambert, an orphan, who was a servant in a
woolen draper's family, and in 1760 they removed
to Margate, where she died. He abandoned his
trade and prepai'ed himself for a position as
excise officer, returning to Thetford in 1761 as a
supernumerary officer of excise. In 1764 he was
appointed to watch smugglers, was discharg
ed from office in August, 1765, and engaged in
teaching English in an academy in London, 1765-
66, and in a school in Kensington in 1767. He
was re-appointed to the excise service in 1768,
and deputed as officer in Lewes, Sussex county.
In 1771 he was married to Elizabeth Ollive of
Lewes. When the excisemen united in signing
a plea to parliament for an increase of salary,
Paine was entrusted with the prosecution of the
matter, and in 1772 prepared his petition, but
was unable to get a hearing. He was again dis
missed from the excise service in April, 1774,
and in June of the same year became formally
separated from his wife. He removed to London,
and made the acquaintance of Benjamin Frank
lin, in whose electrical experiments he was
interested. In consequence of this acquaintance
lie left England in 1774, with letters from
Franklin to Richard Bache in Philadelphia, where
he obtained employment as a tutor and was
chosen by Robert Aitkin to assist in publishing
the Pennsylvania Magazine or American Museum,
which he edited for eighteen months. In its
columns he urged the extension of independence
to the enslaved negro, was the first to advocate

international arbitration and to propose national
and international copyright. During the Revolu
tion he published political pamphlets, including
" Common Sense" (1775), of which half a million
copies were distributed, and donated the copy
right to the colonies for the cause of independence.
In July, 1776, he published a pamphlet, entitled "A
Dialogue between the Ghost of Gen. Montgomery,
Just Arrived from the Elysian Fields, and an
American Delegate in a Wood Near Philadelphia."
In November, 1776, he joined the Pennsylvania
division of the flying camp, and while in the
army composed the first number of "Crisis,"
writing only by night, and publishing the paper,
Dec. 19, 1776, just before the battle of Trenton.
The opening words, " These are the times that
try men's souls," became a familiar watchword
in tlie camp. He was appointed secretary to the
commission sent by congress to treat with the
Indians at Easton, Pa., Jan. 21, 1777, and was
elected secretary of the committee of foreign
affairs, April 17, 1777. He resigned his position
of secretary on account of a controversy with
Silas Deane, and was reduced to a clerkship in
Owen Biddle's law office. He was appointed
clerk of the Pennsylvania assembly in 1780, and
in February, 1781, accompanied Col. John Laurens
to France, for the purpose of procuring a loan.
Their mission was entirely successful and on
their return to Philadelphia, Paine became a
social lion, but was without means and suffered
for want of food. Upon the earnest solicitation
of General Washington congress ultimately paid
Paine a salary of $800 a year for secret services.
After the conclusion of the treaty of peace, upon
his endeavor to obtain some recognition of his
services, New York state presented him with
277 acres of land at New Rochelle ; Pennsylvania
voted him £500, and congress paid him $3,000.
He had been engaged on designs for an iron
bridge over the Schuylkill, and in April, 1787, he
sailed for France to obtain the approval of his
work by the French engineers. The plans were
sanctioned by the French Academy and sent to
the Royal Society. While in France he drew up
a proposal for friendship between France and
England, and acted as arbitrator. Visiting
London, he at once became a social and diplomatic
feature of that metropolis. In November, 1790, he
began his reply to Edmund Burke's " Reflections
on the Revolution in France," entitled "Rights.
of Man," which he dedicated to George Washing
ton, and which reached a large circulation.
The Democratic views set forth in this publica
tion exposed him to punishment for sedition and
on the conferment of the title of French citizen
by the National Assembly on Aug. 26, 1792, he
returned to France. He was elected president
of the Constitutional society of Calais, and a

[115]

PAINTER

PALFREY

member of the convention of France. While in
the convention he tried to save the life of Louis
XVI. by voting for his detention until the close
of the war, and upon the accession of the
Jacobiu party he was denounced, shut out of the
convention and was arrested, Dec. 27, 1793,
narrowly escaping the guillotine. While daily
expecting arrest, he wrote the third of his
famous books, "The Age of Reason." He was
released in 1794, and in September, 1802, left
France for the United States. Although anticipa
ting a cordial welcome in the States, his "Age of
Reason " had stirred up a strong feeling against
him. He took no active part in politics after his
return and resided in New York at the home of
Madame Bonneville until his death. By his own
request, his body was buried on his farm at New
Rochelle. It was subsequently removed to Eng
land by William Cobbett, the English radical,
and finally found sepulture in France. He died
in New York city, June 8, 1809.
PAINTER, Franklin Verzelius Newton,
author, was born in Hampshire county, Va.,
April 12, 1852 ; son of Israel and Juliana (Wilson)
Painter, and grandson of John Painter and of
Isaac N. Wilson, the former of German and the
latter of Scotch descent. His boyhood was spent
at West Union, now Aurora, W.Va. He was
graduated with first honor from Roanoke college,
Salem, Va., A.B., 1874, A.M.. 1877, and from the
Theological seminary, Salem, in 1878, and was
ordained to the ministry of the Lutheran church
in 1878. He was married, Aug. 9, 1875, to Laura
Trimble Shickel of Salem. He studied in Paris
and Bonn, 1882J and was appointed professor of
modern languages at Roanoke college in 1882.
He was a member of the ' Modern Language
Association of America, and his paper advocat
ing a modern classical course in American
colleges was formally approved by that organiza
tion in 1884. The degree of D.D. was conferred
on him by Pennsylvania college in 1895. He
established the Virginia Teachers'. Reading
association in 1885, and is the author of : A
History of Education (1886) ; Luther on Educa
tion (1889); History of Christian Worship (with
Prof. J. W. Richard, 1891); Introduction to
English Literature (1894); Introduction to Ameri
can Literature (1897); A History of English
Literature (1900); Lyrical Vignettes. (1900);
The Reformation Dawn (1901), and contributions
to periodicals.
PALFREY, John Gorham, historian, was born
in Boston, Mass., May 2, 1796 ; son of John and
Mary (Gorham) Palfrey ; grandson of William
(1741-1780) and Susan (Cazneau) Palfrey, and a
descendant, probably, of Peter Palfrey, Salem,
1626. His gran df ather was a pay master-general in
the Continental army, and was appointed consul- [116]

general to France in 1780 by the unanimous vote
of congress, but was lost on the voyage out.
John Gorham Palfrey fitted for college at Phillips
academy, Exeter, N.H., and was graduated from
Harvard, A.B., 1815, A.M., 1818. He studied
theology at Harvard, and was ordained pastor of
the Brattle Square Unitarian church in Boston in
1818 to succeed Edward Everett. He resigned
his pastorate in 1830 to accept the Dexter chair
of sacred literature at Harvard. In conjunction
with his professorship, he became editor of the
North American Review, with which he was con
nected until 1843 ; was clean of the theological
faculty, and one of the preachers in the university
chapel. He resigned his professorship in 1839 to
give more attention to the North American Re
view, and removed to Boston, returning to Cam
bridge in 1843. He was a representative in the
state legislature, 1842-43 ; secretary of the com
monwealth, 1844-48 ; a representative in the 30th
congress, 1847-49, and postmaster of the city of
Boston, 1861-67. He represented the United
States in the Antislavery congress held at Paris
in 1867, and on his return to his home, Cambridge,
Mass., devoted himself to literary pursuits. He
delivered a series of eight lectures on the Evi
dences of Christianity before the Lowell Institute,
1840-42 ; contributed a series of antislavery
articles to the Boston Whig, and was a member
of the editorial staff of the Boston Commonwealth.
The honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred on
him by Harvard in 1834, and that of LL.D. in
1839, and by St. Andrews, Scotland, 1838. He
was at one time a member of the Massachusetts
Historical society. He is the author of two dis
courses on the "History of Brattle Street Church,"
and "Oration at Barnstaple Centennial, 1831";
papers on slave power; ".Life of Col. William
Palfrey, in Vol. VII., 2d series, Sparks's " Amer
ican Biography;" a "Review of Lord Mahon's
History of England," in North American Re
view ; Academical Lectures on the Jewish
Scriptures and Antiquities (4 vols. , 1833-52) ; Ele
ments of Chaldee, Syriac, Samaritan and Rab
binical Grammar (1835) ; Evidences of Christian
ity (Lowell lectures, 2 vols., 1843); Relation be
tween Judaism and Christianity (1854); History
of New England (5 vols., 1858). He was married
in 1823 to Mary Ann Hammond (1799-1897), and
their children, Francis Winthrop Palfrey (1831-
1889), and John Carver Palfrey, born in 1833, be
came brigadier-generals by brevet in the volunteer
army, 1861-65, each contributing valuable papers
on the history of the civil war ; their daughter,
Sara Hammond Palfrey (q.v.), resided in Cam
bridge in 1902. His name in " Class A," re
ceived one vote for a place in the Hall of Fame
for Great Americans, New York university, Oc
tober, 1900. He died in Cambridge, April 26, 1881.

PALFREY

PALMER

PALFREY, Sara Hammond, author, was born
in Boston, Mass., Dec. 11, 1823 ; daughter of John
Gorham and Mary Ann (Hammond) Palfrey.
She attended private schools in Boston and Cam
bridge, and devoted herself to literary work.
Some of her best known works were written
under the pen-name of " E. Foxton." She is the
author of: Premices, verse (1850); Herman, or
Young Knighthood, novel (1866); Sir Pavon and
St. Pavon, verse (1867); Agnes Wentworth, novel
(1869); The Chapel, verse (1880); The Blossoming
Rod, verse (1887) ; Old Times and New (1900) ; King
Arthur in Avalon and Other Poems-(1900) ; Kathe-
rine Morue, novel, and contributions to the At
lantic Monthly and other magazines.
PALMER, Alice Freeman, educator, was born
in Colesville, N.Y., Feb.. 21, 1855; daughter of
Dr. James Warren and Elizabeth (Higley) Free
man, and granddaughter of John and Elizabeth
(Knox) Freeman, and of Isaac and Elvira (Frost)
Higley. Her father, originally a farmer, studied
at the Medical college, Albany, N.Y., 1864-66,
and in 1866 removed his family to Windsor, N.Y.,
where he practised medicine. Alice Freeman
was graduated at the Uni versity of Michigan , A. B. ,
1876, and while there helped to organize the Stu
dents' Christian association for young men and
women, and was also engaged in teaching. She
taught in the high school at Ottawa, 111.,
1875 ; at Geneva Lake, Wisconsin, 1876-77 ; at
East Saginaw, Mich., 1877-79; was professor of
history in Wellesley college, Massachusetts, 1879-
81 ; acting president of Wellesley, 1881-82, and
president, 1882-87.
During her adminis
tration she raised the
standard of scholar
ship, regulated the
granting of degrees,
established the aca
demic council to legis
late upon intellectual
matters, reorganized
the departments of
instruction and in
troduced the " home
idea." Several new
<¦ -o buildings were also
$&*<-' 7fatu<**u' G&&Mt- completed during her
term of office. She
became prominent as a lecturer and writer on
educational subjects ; served as a Massachusetts
commissioner of education to the World's Colum
bian exposition, 1893, and as dean of the
women's . department of the University of
Chicago, 1892-95. She received the degrees:
Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1882,
L.H.D. from Columbia university in 1887, and
LL.D. from Union college in 1895. She was

a member of the Massachusetts State Board of
Education ; president of the Woman's Educa
tional association of Boston, of the Massachu
setts Home Missionary association, of the Asso
ciation of Collegiate Alumna? and of the corpor
ation of the Institute for Girls in Spain, and a
trustee of Wellesley college. She was married,
Dec. 23, 1887, to George Herbert Palmer (q.v.).
In September, 1902, they started on a European
trip, and Mrs. Palmer died suddenly in Paris.
PALMER, Anna Campbell, author, was born
in Elmira, N.Y., Feb. 3, 1854 ; daughter of James
Barbour and Sally (Carpenter) Campbell. In
1868 she was left an orphan and taught school in
Elmira. She was married, Sept. 28, 1880, to
George Archibald Palmer. She was a member of
the editorial staff of the Elmira Evening Star,
1895-99, a correspondent to Buffalo Express, and
on the staff of the Elmira Advertiser, 1901. She
wrote under the pen-name of " Mrs. George
Archibald ": Verses from a Mother's Corner (1889) ;
The Summerville Prize (1890); Little Brown Seed
(1891); Lady Gay and Her Sister (1891); Lady
Gay (1898); A Dozen Good Times (1898); Tliree
Times Three, in collaboration (1899); Joel Dor-
man Steele, a biography (1900), and in 1901 she
began to use her full married name on all her
books and articles in periodicals.
PALMER, Benjamin Morgan, clergyman,
was born in Charleston) S.C, Jan. 25, 1818 ; son
of the Rev. Edward (1788-1882) and Sarah
(Bunce) . Palmer, and grandson of Job Palmer
(1747-1845), a native of Falmouth, Mass., who
removed to Charleston, S.C. , before the Revolu
tion. He was graduated at the University of
Georgia, A.B., 1838, and at the Theological semi
nary at Columbia, S.C, in 1841 ; was married,
Oct. 7, 1841, to Mary Augusta, daughter of Dr.
Robert and Sarah McConnell of Liberty county,
Ga. He was ordained by the presbytery of Geor
gia in 1841, and was pastor of the First Presbyte-
lian church, Savannah, Ga., 1841-43 ; of the
Presbyterian church, Columbia, S.C, 1843-56, and
became pastor of the First Presbyterian church,
New Orleans, La., in 1856. He was professor of
church history and polity in the Theological sem
inary at Columbia, S.C, 1853-56 ; moderator of
the first southern assembly of the Presbyterian
church at Augusta, Ga., in 1861, and a commis
sioner to ten general assemblies of the church.
He was one of the founders of Tlie Southern Pres
byterian Review in 1847, and one of its editors
and contributors from that year. He was a di
rector of the Theological seminary, Columbia,
S.C, 1842-56; of the Southwestern Presbyterian
university at Clarksville, Tenn., from 1873, and
of Tulane university at New Orleans, La., from
1882. He received the degree of D.D. from Ogle
thorpe university, Ga., in 1852, and LL.D. from

[117]

PALMER

PALMER

Westminster college, Fulton, Mo., in 1870. He
published several addresses and pamphlets, and
is the author of : The Life and Letters of Rev.
James Henley Thornwell, D.D., LL.D. (1875);
Sermons (2 vols., 1875-76); The Family in its
Civil and Churchly Aspects (1876); Formation of
Character (1889); The Broken Home (1890); The
ology of Prayer (1894); Three-fpld Fellowship (1902).
He died in New Orleans, La., May 28, 1902.
PALMER, Bertha Honore", was born in Lou
isville, Ky. ; daughter of Henry H. and Eliza
(Carr) Honore. She was graduated from the
Convent of the Visitation in Georgetown, Ky. ;
was married in 1871 to Potter Palmer (q.v.),
a merchant of Chicago, 111., and became the social
leader of that city. She was associated with
many charitable organizations and clubs, and in
1891 was elected president of the board of lady
managers of the World's Columbian exposition,
and visited Europe in order to interest foreign
governments in the fair. She was appointed by
President McKinley the only woman member of
the National commission for the Paris exposition
of 1900, and was made a chevalier of the Legion
of Honor by the French government in 1891.
PALMER, Erastus Dow, sculptor, was born
in Pompey, N.Y., April 2, 1817 ; son of Erastus
Dow and Laurinda (Ball) Palmer, and grandson
of Uriah C and Diantha (Dow) Palmer and of
Jonathan and Lydia (Eastman) Ball. He re
ceived a limited education and engaged as a car
penter until 1846, when he took up the engraving
of cameo portraits. In 1851 he exhibited a mar
ble bust of the " Infant Ceres " at the Academy
of Design. He settled in Albany, N.Y., and de
voted himself to sculpture. The honorary degree
of A.M. was conferred on him by Union college
in 1873. Among his bas-reliefs are : Night,
Morning, Faith, The Spirit's Flight, Mercy, Sap
pho, Peace in Bondage, and among bis statues
are: Tlie Indian Girl (1856), in the Metropoli
tan Museum, N.Y. ; The White Captive (1858);
The Sleeping Peri ; The Little Peasant, and a mon
ument, The Angel at the Sepulchre (1868). He
also executed many ideal busts, notably : Resig
nation, Spring, June and The Infant Flora ; and
portrait busts of Alexander Hamilton, Commo
dore Perry, Edwin D. Morgan, Washington Irv
ing, Moses Taylor and Dr. James H. Armsby.
A large group of sixteen figures, entitled "The
Landing of the Pilgrims "(1857)designed to occu
py a pediment in the capitol at Washington,
wp.s refused, but his statue of Robert R. Liv
ingston, modeled in 1873, received a gold medal
at Philadelphia, 1876, and was placed in Statu
ary Hall by the state of New York.
PALMER, Francis Asbury, educationist.
was born at Bedford, N.Y., Nov. 26, 1812 ; son of
Lewis and Mary Palmer. He was graduated at

[118]

Bedford academy ; was married, Oct. 31, 1834, to
Susannah Shelden, who died childless. He was
founder and president of the National Broadway
bank (1849-1901) ; president of the Broadway Sa
vings bank ; chamberlain of New York city,
1871-72 ; gave $10,000 to build a home for aged
ministers at Castile, N. Y. ; founded the chair of
Christian ethics at Antioch college, Ohio, with
$50,000; gave $20,000 to Palmer Christian college,
Legrand, Iowa, in 1867 and $30,000 by his will ;
$100,000 toward founding Palmer university,
Municie, Ind., of which Dr. L. B. McQuinney was
made chancellor; founded the Orphan Home, Lake -
Mount, N.Y. ; left by will, among other bequests,
$5000 to Hamilton college ; $30,000 to Elton col
lege, N.C; $30,000 to Union Christian college,
Ind., and $500,000 to the Francis Asbury Palmer
Fund. He died in New YTork city, Nov . 2, 1902.
PALMER, Frank Wayland, representative,
was born in Manchester, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827 ; son
of Zacheus Marshall and Selina (Strong) Palmer.
His parents removed to Jamestown, N.Y. , during
his early boyhood, and in 1841 he was appren
ticed to the Jamestown Journal. He worked one
year as journeyman in New York city, and was
joint and sole proprietor of the Jamestown Jour
nal, 1848-58. He was a member of the state
assembly for two terms, and in 1858 removed to
Dubuqueriowa, where he became editor and one
of the proprietors of the Times. In 1861 he was
elected state printer and served as such eight
years, taking up his residence during the same
year in Des Moines, where he purchased the Iowa
Stale Register, weekly, and soon after issued the
paper daily. In 1868 he sold the paper, but re
tained its editorship. He was a representative
from the fifth district of Iowa in the 41st and 42d
congresses, 1869-73 f removed to Chicago in 1873
and purchased one-third interest in the Inter-
Ocean, and was editor-in-chief, 1873-76. He was
one of the commissioners appointed by President
Grant to report upon the most equitable mode
for adjusting compensation for railway postal
service, and in 1877 was appointed postmaster of
Chicago. He was re-appointed by President
Hayes in March, 1877, and by President Arthur
in 1881, serving, 1877-85. In 1897 he was ap
pointed by President McKinley public printer in
the government printing office and was retained
by President Roosevelt.
PALMER, George Herbert, educator, was
born in Boston, Mass.,' March 19, 1842 ; son of
Julius Auboynean and Lucy (Peabody) Palmer,
and grandson of Thomas Palmer anil of Jacob
Peabody. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B.,
1864, A.M., 1867 ; studied in the University of
Tubingen, 1867-69, and was graduated at Andover
Theological seminary in 1870. He was married
in 1871 to Ellen Margaret Wellman of Brookline,

PALMER

PALMER

Mass., who died in 1879 ; and secondly, in 1887, to
Alice Freeman, president of Wellesley college.
He was tutor in Greek at Harvard, 1870-72 ; in
structor in philosophy, 1872-73 ; curator of the
Gray collection of engravings, 1872-76 ; assistant
professor of philosophy, 1873-83 ; professor of
philosophy, 1883-89, and iu 1889 became Alford
professor of natural religion, moral philosophy
and civil polity. He received the degree of LL.D.
from the University of Michigan in 1894, and
from Union college in 1895, and that of Litt.D.
from Western Reserve university in 1898. He
-translated " The Odyssey" into rhythmic prose
(1884), and "The Antigone of Sophocles " (1899);
and is the author of : The New Education (1887);
Self Cultivation in English (1897) ; The Glory of
tlie Imperfect (1898), and The Field of Ethics (1901).
PALMER, Innis Newton, soldier, was born in
Buffalo, N.Y. , March 30, 1824; son of Innis Brom
ley and Susan (Candee) Palmer ; grandson of
Job and Hannah (Bromley) Palmer of Danby,
Vt., and a descendant of Lieut. William Palmer,
ofthe Fortune, 1621. He was graduated at the
U.S. Military academy, brevet 2d lieutenant in
the Mounted Rifles, July 1, 1846 ; served in the
Mexican war, being wounded at Chapultepec ; was
promoted 2d lieutenant, July 20, 1847 ; brevetted
1st lieutenant, Aug. 20, 1847, for Contreras and
¦Churubusco, and captain, Sept. 13, 1847, for Cha
pultepec. He took part in the assault and capture
of the City of Mexico, Sept. 13-14, 1847 ; was in
.garrison, and on recruiting and frontier duty,
1847-51. He also served as adjutant of the
Mounted Rifles, 1850-51 ; was promoted 1st lieu
tenant, Jan. 27, 1853 ; captain, March 3, 1855,
.and transferred to the 2d cavalry, and major,
April 25, 1861, and transferred to the 5th cavalry,
Aug. 3, 1861. He served in the defence of Wash
ington, D.C, April to July, 1861 ; commanded the
battalion of U. S. cavalry in the Manassas cam
paign of July, 1861, and was brevetted lieutenant-
colonel for gallantry at Bull Run. He was ap
pointed brigadier-general of volunteers, Sept. 23,
1861, and commanded the 3d brigade, 3d division,
4th corps, at Yorktown and Williamsburg. Va. ;
3d brigade, 2d division, 4th corps, at Seven Pines,
and the 3d brigade, 1st division, 4th corps, in the
¦¦Seven Days' battles. He was engaged in organ
izing and forwarding to the field New Jersey and
Delaware volunteers ; in superintending camps
of drafted men at Philadelphia, Pa., 1862, and
in commanding the first division ofthe 18th army
-corps in North Carolina, January to July, 1863 ;
the department of North Carolina, February to
March, 1863; the district of Pamlico, the 18th army
corps and the defences of Newbern, N.C, March,
1863, to April, 1864, and the districts of North Car
olina, and Beaufort, N.C. successively, April, 1864,
to June, 1865. Ac Beaufort he joined in General

Sherman's movements and in the action at Kins-
ton, N.C. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel
and transferred to the 2d cavalry, Sept. 23, 1863 ;
brevetted colonel and brigadier-general in the
regular army, and major-general of volunteers,
March 18, 1865. He was mustered out of the vol
unteer service, Jan. 15, 1866 ; commanded the 2d
cavalry at Fort Ellsworth, Kan., 1866 ; a regiment
at Fort Laramie, Dak., 1867-68, and was a member
of the board on a system of Cavalry tactics from
July, 1868, to April, 1869. He was promoted
colonel, June 9, 1868, and commanded a regiment
at Omaha Barracks, Neb., and at Fort Sanders,
Wyo., interspersed with special board service,
1869-76. He was on sick leave of absence, 1876-
79, and was retired fron active service upon his
own application, March 26, 1879. He died at
Chevy Chase, Md., Sept. 10, 1900.
PALMER, James Croxall, naval surgeon, was
born in Baltimore, Md., June 29, 1811 ; son of
Edward and Katherine (Croxall) Palmer. He
was graduated from Dickinson college, A.B., 1829,
and from the University of Maryland, M.D., 1833.
He was commissioned assistant-surgeon in the
U.S. navy, 1834 ; ordered to the Relief store-ship
of Wilkes's exploring expedition, July 17, 1838 ;
subsequently transferred to.the Peacock, and when
that vessel was wrecked at the mouth of the
Columbia river, Oregon, July 19, 1841, was placed
in command of the shore party assembled at Asto
ria. He was promoted, surgeon, Oct. 27, 1842, and
was in charge of the U.S. navy-yard at Washing
ton when the wounded from the Princeton were
brought to the yard for surgical assistance. He
served in Mexican waters, 1845-47, and in 1857
was ordered to the steam-frigate Niagara, when
that vessel laid the first Atlantic cable. He or
iginated the idea of making the splice in mid-
ocean. He had medical charge of the U.S. Naval
academy, while that institution was located at
Newport, during the early part of the civil war.
He was fleet-surgeon under Admiral Farragut at
the battle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864, leaving
the Hartford on the admiral's steam-barge, and
by Farragut's orders notifying the iron-clads
to attack the Tennessee. He aided the surgeons
of the iron-clads and did not return to the Hart
ford until the battle had ended, when he was
ordered to the Tennessee to attend to Admiral
Franklin Buchanan of the Confederate navy,
whose shattered leg he saved from amputation.
Surgeon Palmer was instrumental in procuring an
agreement by which Confederate surgeons were
not detained as prisoners of war. He was in
charge ofthe U.S. Naval hospital, Brooklyn, N.Y.,
1867-71 ; on March 3, 1871, he was commissioned
medical director ; on June 10, 1872, surgeon-gen
eral of the U.S. navy, and was retired, June 29,
1873. He died in Washington, D.C, April 24, 1883.

[119]

PALMER

PALMER

PALMER, James Shedden, nav.il officer, was
born in New Jersey in 1810. He was warranted
midshipman in the U.S. navy, Jan. 1, 1825, was
promoted passed midshipman, June 4, 1831, and
lieutenant, Dec. 17, 1836. In the Mexican war
he commanded the Flirt on blockading duty ;
was promoted commander, Sept. 14, 1855 ; com
manded the Iroquois of the Mediterranean squad
ron in 1861, and was transferred to Dupont's
Atlantic blockading fleet. His failure to capture
the Confederate privateer Sumter in West Indian
waters in 1861 called for an investigation, through
which he was exonerated and restored to his
command. He was promoted captain, July 16,
1862, and commanded the Iroquois, which led
the advance in the passage of the Vicksburg bat
teries, forcing the surrender of Baton Rouge and
Natchez, and taking part in the fight with the
ram Arkansas. In the passage of Vicksburg,
when the admiral's flagship stopped her engines
to enable the vessels following to close up, Cap
tain Palmer, fearing that the Hartford was dis
abled, stopped the Iroquois, which led the line,
in order to draw the fire from the forts, and thus
relieve the admiral's ship. This action at first
called for the censure of the admiral, but when
he comprehended the motive, he accepted the
courtesy and Captain Palmer became his close
friend. He was promoted commodore, Feb. 7,
1863, and in March, 1863, served as Farragut's
fleet captain in the passage of the Port Hudson
batteries. He was naval commander at New
Orleans, La., in 1864, and afterward commanded
the West Gulf squadron in the capture and de
struction of blockade runners. He conducted
the movement that resulted in the fall of Mobile
and led the first division in the final attack on
the city. He was promoted rear-admiral, July
25, 1866, for services during the war, and was
placed in command of the West India squadron.
In the "Life and Letters of Farragut" he is
warmly praised as an officer. He died of yellow
fever at St. Thomas, W.I., Dec. 7, 1867.
PALMER, John McAuley, senator, was born
at Eagle Creek, Scott county, Ky., Sept. 13, 1817 ;
son of Louis D. and Ann (Tutt) Palmer, both
natives of Virginia, and great-grandson of Charles
McAuley, who emigrated from Ireland. His great
grandfather, Thomas Palmer, came to Virginia
from England, and his grandfather, Isaac Palmer,
was a soldier in the American Revolution, 1776-
84. His father was a soldier in Col. John Allen's
regiment in the war of 1812. He escaped the
massacre at Raisin River and was married in
1813. The family removed to Christian county,
Ky., during John's boyhood, and in 1831 to within
ten miles of Alton, 111. He received his first in
struction from Isaiah Boone ; learned the trade
of plasterer ; attended Alton college in 1834, but

Hmu/mva^Ci^t't,

[120]

leaving for lack of means to pay his tuition, was
employed as a cooper, peddler and school teacher ;
studied law, 1835-38 ; was admitted to the bar in
1839, and practised in Carlinville, 111., 1839-61.
He was the defeated Democratic candidate for
county clerk in 1839,
and in 1840 he sup
ported Martin Van
Buren for president.
He was judge of pro
bate for Macoupin
county, 111., 1843-47;
a member of the state
constitutional con
vention of 1847; judge
of probate, 1848; coun
ty judge, 1849-51, and
a member of the Illi
nois senate, 1852-54.
As a Democrat he did
not agree with his
party on the slavery
question, resigned from the senate in 1854, and was
elected by the anti-Nebraska faction in 1855. He
was president of the Republican state convention
of 1856, resigned his seat in the senate a second
time in 1856, and was a delegate to the Republi
can national convention at Philadelphia, June
17, 1856, where he supported the nomination of
Judge McLean for the presidency, although he
preferred Fremont and worked privately for his
nomination. He was defeated as Republican
candidate for representative in the 36th congress
in 1858 ; was an elector at large from Illinois on
the Lincoln and Hamlin ticket in 1861 ; a delegate
to the Peace congress at Washington, D.C, in Feb
ruary, 1861, and was elected colonel of the 14th Illi
nois infantry in April, 1861. He accompanied
Gen. John C Fremont in his expedition to Spring
field, Mo.; was promoted brigadier-general of
volunteers, Dec. 20, 1861 ; assigned to the com
mand of the 3d division under Gen. John Pope,
and took part in the capture of New Madrid,
March 14, and Island No. 10, April 8, 1862. He-
commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, Army
of the Mississippi, during the siege of Corinth,
April 30-May 30, and was ordered home May 29,
on account of sickness. He organized the 122d
Illinois volunteers in August, 1862, and in the
following September was assigned to the com
mand of the 4th (afterward the 1st) division,
Crittenden's left wing, Rosecrans' Army of the
Cumberland, at the battle of Stone River, Nov.
29, 1862, where he was promoted major-general
of volunteers, and in the battle of Chickamauga
commanded the 2d division, 1st army corps,
Sept. 19-20, 1863. He commanded the 14th army
corps in the Chattanooga campaign and in the
Atlanta campaign until August, 1864, when he

PALMER

PALMER

was assigned to the military division of Ken
tucky, where he was military governor and had
charge of the Freedman's bureau, and was mus
tered out of the service, Sept. 1, 1866. He was
the Republican governor of Illinois, 1869-73, de
clined renomination in 1872, and returned to the
Democratic party. He was active in the can
vass of 1876, speaking in all parts of the coun
try for Tilden and Hendricks. Ho was the de
feated Democratic candidate for U.S. senator in
1877, when John A. Logan was elected, and in
1883, when Governor Cullom was elected. He was
defeated for governor of Illinois in 1888 by Jo
seph W. Fifer, and was elected to the U.S. senate
by the Democratic legislature in 1891, serving
1891-97. In 1896 he refused to indorse the plat
form adopted by the Democratic national con
vention at Chicago, and when the national con
vention of the Gold Democrats met at Indianapo
lis, Sept. 2, 1896, General Palmer accepted the
nomination for President, with Simon B. Buck
ner of Kentucky for Vice-President. In the elec
tion of November, the Palmer and Buckner
electors received 133,148 popular votes, but none
in the electoral college. In the presidential can
vass of 1900, General Palmer supported the Re
publican nominees and announced his intention
to vote for McKinkley and Roosevelt electors.
He was married in December, 1842, to Malinda,
daughter of Julius Neely. Mrs. Palmer died in
1886. They had ten children, and at Senator
Palmer's death, two sons and four daughters sur
vived. His eldest son, John Mayo Palmer, was
his lawpartner, and his youngest son, L. J. Pal
mer, was a lawyer at Rock Springs, Wyo. In
1888- he married as his second wife Mrs. Hannah
M. Kimball, daughter of J. L. Lamb of Spring
field, 111. In 1899 congress voted him a pension
of $100 per month. His personal recollections,
The Story of an Earnest Life, were published in
1901. He died in Springfield, 111., Sept. 25, 1900.
PALMER, John Williamson, author, was
born in Baltimore, Md. , April 4, 1825 ; son of Ed
ward and Katherine (Croxall) Palmer ; grandson
of John and Mary (Preston) Palmer, and of
James and Eleanor (Gittings) Croxall, all of the
Maryland colony, and a descendant of Edward
Palmer (1572-1625), of Warwickshire, England,
Oxford scholar and antiquary, who purchased
and gave his name to " Palmer's Island," in the
mouth of the Susquehannah river (1622), and
was " Projector there of the first College and
School of Arts in North America " (1624). John
W. Palmer was graduated from the University
of Maryland, M.D. , in 1847, and went to San
Francisco, Cal., in 1849, where he was city
physician, 1849-50. He was surgeon of a war-
steamer of the East India company, and served
in the second Burmese war, 1851-52, having vis

ited Hawaii, China, Malacca, Burmah, Aracan
and Hindostan. He returned to the United
States in 1853 ; wrote for the leading magazines,
and was married in 1855 to Henrietta Lee of Bal
timore, Md., who was later known as a writer for
several periodicals and as the author of The
Stratford Gallery (1859), and Home-Life in the
Bible (1881). Dr. Palmer was the Confederate
war-correspondent of the New York Tribune,
1862-64. In 1870 he returned to New York city,
where he resumed literary work, and was an edi
tor on the original staffs of the Century and
Standard dictionaries. He translated Michelet's
"L'Amour" and " La Femme " (1859), and Le-
gouve's " Histoire Morale des Femmes" (1860),
and is the author of : The Queen's Heart, comedy
(1858) ; Tlie New and the Old (1859) ; Up and Down
the Irrawaddi (1860) ; Epidemic Cholera (1866);
The Poetry of Compliment and Courtship (1867);
The Beauties and Curiosities of Engraving (1879) ;
A Portfolio of Autograph Etchings (1882); After
His Kind, novel (1886) ; For Charlie's Sake, and
Other Lyrics and Ballads (1901).
PALMER, Nathaniel Brown, discoverer, was
born in Stonington, Conn., Aug. 8, 1799 ; son of
Nathaniel (1768-1812) and Mercy (Brown) Pal
mer ; grandson of Nathaniel (1740-1818) and
Grace (Noyes) Palmer, and of Peleg and Mercy
(Denison) Brown, and a descendant in the
seventh generation from Walter and Rebecca
(Short) Palmer, who came from England to
Stonington, Conn., in 1653, and in the sixth gen
eration from the Rev. Chad Brown (q.v.). He was
also a direct descendant through Mercy Denison,
of John Howland of the Mayflower, and through
Dorothy Noyes, of Governor Peleg Sanford. His
father was a lawyer and afterward a shipbuilder.
The son went to sea in 1813 ; was second mate of
the brig Herselia, Capt. J. P. Sheffield, in 1818,
and returned from the south seas to Stonington
with 10,000 seal skins. He was made captain of
the sloop Hero in 1819, and in company with the
Herselia made a second voyage to the south seas
where he discovered Palmer's land in latitude 67'
longitude 70'. He next commanded the James
Monroe in an expedition under Capt. W. A. Fan
ning to the South Shetland Islands, and the Cadet
in several voyages to Cartagena on the Spanish
main, where he was employed by the Colombian
government in transporting a portion of General
Bolivar's army from Cartagena to the river Cha-
gres and prisoners to Santiago de Cuba. In 1826
he took the brig Tampico to Cartagena. He was
married Dec. 7, 1826, to Eliza Thompson, daugh
ter of Paul Babcock, she died in 1872, having
had no children. He took the brig Francis to
the south seas in 1827, and the Anawan on a voy
age of discovery in 1829, east of Cape Horn. On
his next voyage he touched at Juan Fernan-

[121]

PALMER

PALMER

des island for water and was captured by Chilian
convicts. His identity as a Mason saved his life,
but the convicts forced him to carry them out of
captivity. In December, 1833, he assumed com
mand of the packet ship Huntsville between New
York and New Orleans ; in 1835 the Hibernia to
Rio Janeiro ; in 1837 the ship Garrick of the Collins
line to Liverpool ; in 1838 the Siddons to the same
port, and in 1841 the Paul Jones to China. He
modeled the clipper ship Hoqua for Brown &
Bell, of New York, and made a voyage in her to
Canton. He next modeled the Sam Russell, Ori
ental, David Brown and JV. B. Palmer for A. A.
Low, and commanded the Oriental and Sam
Russell in the China tea trade, making the cele-
hrated passage from Hong Kong to London in
ninety-seven days. In 1848 he took the steamer
United States to Germany, and in 1849 retired
from active sea-service. He was the seventh
charter member of the New York Yacht club,
and held his membership over thirty years. He
modeled and owned seventeen yachts. He was
a member of the Currituck Gun club ; a director
of the Fall River line of steamers, and was in
strumental in building the Bristol and the Provi
dence. He bought the Great Republic for Low
Brothers, and was in charge of that vessel for
three years in London, until she was chartered by
the French government. He corrected the U.S.
coast survey of Stonington harbor. His brother,
Alexander Smith Palmer, a famous sailor and
commander and several years his junior, was pre
sented a silver cup for saving the passengers and
crew of the English ship Dorothy, July 4, 1833,
and a gold medal from Queen Victoria for rescu
ing the survivors of the Eugenia in 1840. Capt.
Alexander's son, Nathaniel Brown Palmer 2d,
left San Francisco, Cal., for China on a sailing
vessel, with his uncle, Capt. Nathaniel, in 1876,
for the benefit of the health of the younger man.
They left Hong Kong on the return voyage on
board the City of Peking, May 15, 1877, and the
nephew died when one day out, and Capt. Na
thaniel Brown Palmer died in San Francisco,
Cal., June 21, 1877. Both were buried in Ston
ington, Conn.
PALMER, Potter, capitalist, was born in
Potts Hollow, Albany county, N.Y., in 1826. His
parents were Quakers. He was brought up on liis
father's farm ; attended the district school, and
was a clerk in Lockport, N.Y., 1844-47. He en
gaged in business in Oneida, N.Y., 1847-49, and
in Lockport, N.Y., 1849-52, and in 1852 removed
to Chicago, 111., when the city had a population
of 38,000. He established a diy goods store,
which subsequently became Field, Palmer &
Lieter, and from which he retired in 1867, invest
ing his large fortune in real estate and its im
provement, and becoming one of the largest real

[122]

estate owners in the city. The fire of 1871 swept
away his improvements which were valued at
several million dollars. He was active in re
building the burned district, erected a new hotel on
the ruins of the Palmer house, and soon recovered
his.entire loss and largely augmented his fortune.
He was married in 1871, to Bertha, daughter of
Henry H. Honore,.of Chicago, 111. He declined the
position of secretary of the interior in President
Grant's cabinet in 1870. He was an early mana
ger of the Young Men's Christian association of
Chicago, and was interested in the World's Col
umbian exposition of 1893, to which enterprise
he gave the sum of $200,000 to erect the Woman's
building, his wife being president of the board of
lady managers. He died in Chicago, May 3, 1902.
PALMER, Ray, poet and author, was born at
Little Compton, R.I., Nov. 12,1808 : son of Thomas '
and Susanna (Palmer) Palmer. He prepared for
college at Phillips Andover academy, was gradu
ated from Yale A.B., 1830, A.M., 1833; taught
in a New York city school, 1830-31, and at the
Young Ladies' institute, New Haven, Conn.,
1831-34. He was married Oct. 3, 1833, to Ann
Maria, daughter of Marmaduke and Maria (Ogden)
Ward, of Newark, N.J. Mrs. Palmer died March
8, 1886. Mr. Palmer was ordained to the Congre
gational ministry July 22, 1835, at Bath, Maine,
and was pastor there, 1835-50, and at Albany,
N.Y., 1850-66. He was secretary of the American
Congregational union, 1866-78, and after 1870 re
sided in Newark, N.J.. where he was acting asso
ciate pastor of the Bellevue Avenue church, 1881-
84. He was a visitor to Andover Theological
seminary, 1865-78 ; a corporate member of the
A.B.C of F.M., 1854-87, and a director of the
American Home Missionary society, 1862-83.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Union college in 1852. His first hymn,
My Faith Looks up to Thee, written in 1831, be
came widely known and was translated into over
twenty languages. He is also the author of :
Memoir of Charles Pond (1829); Memoir of C. L.
Watson (1839); Doctrinal Text-Book (1839);
Spiritual Improvement (1839); Hints on the
Formation of Religious Opinions (1860); Hymns
and Sacred Pieces (1865); Hymns of My Holy
Hours (1866) ; Remember Me (1865); Home (1868),
Earnest Words on True Success in Life (1873);
Complete Poetical Works (1876) and Voices of
Hope and Gladness (1880). His name received
one vote for a place in the Hall of Fame, New
York university, October, 1900. He died in
Newark, N.J., March 29, 1887.
PALMER, Thomas Witherell, senator, was
born in Detroit. Mich., Jan. 25, 1830; son of
Thomas and Mary Amy (Witherell) Palmer;
grandson of Thomas and Hannah (Barber) Pal
mer, and of Judge James and Amy (Hawkins)

PALMER

PALTSITS

tvyfe/iL&uiu^

Witherell, and a descendant of Walter Palmer,
who emigrated from England with John Endicott
in 1629, and became an original founder of Charles
town, Mass. He after
ward removed to Paw-
catuok (afterward
Stonington), Conn.,
where he died in
1661. Thomas Palmer
was a native of Wind
ham county, Conn.,
and one of the pioneer
American merchants
of Detroit. Thomas
Witherell Palmer ma
triculated at the Uni
versity of Michigan
in the class of 1849,
but was not grad
uated owing to the
weakness of his eyes. He traveled in Europe,
made a pedestrian tour in Spain, and a tour of
South America and the southern part of the
United States, 1848-50. He was engaged as the
agent of a transportation company and as a mer
chant in Appleton, Wis., 1850-52, and in the real
estate business in Detroit, Mich., 1853-55. In
1855 he was married to Lizzie Pitts, daughter of
Charles and Francis (Pitts) Merrill. Mr. Merrill
was a lumber merchant and mill owner in Sagi
naw, Mich., and Mr. Palmer became a partner in
the business. On the death of her father in 1872,
Mrs. Palmer inherited his interest and became a
partner with her husband. He was a member of
the Michigan board of estimates from Detroit in
1873 ; president of the waterways convention at
Sault Sainte Marie, in August, 1887 ; a Republican
state senator in 1878 ; was defeated for nomina
tion for governor of Michigan in 1880 ; elected to
the U.S. senate in 1883, and at the expiration of
his term, March 3, 1889, was nominated and con
firmed as U.S. minister to Spain, which office he
resigned in 1890. He was president of the World's
Columbian commission, 1890-93 ; became a direc
tor in the American Exchange National bank,
and was also interested in several other important
enterprises. He was president of the Detroit
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
He received the honorary degree of A.B. from
the University of Michigan in 1876, as of the class
of 1849. He conducted a large stock farm near
Detroit, and imported valuable horses and cattle.
PALMER, Walter Launt, artist, was born in
Albany, N.Y., Aug. 1, 1854; son of Erastus Dow
Palmer (q. v.). He was a pupil of Frederic E.
Church, Hudson, N.Y., 1870-72, and studied with
Carolus Duran in Paris in 1873 and 1876. After
returning to the United States in 1877 he painted
in New York until 1882, when he removed to

Albany. He was elected a member of the
Society of American Artists in 1881; an associate
of the National Academy of Design in 1887, and
Academician in 1897 ; a member of the American
Water-Color society, the Society of American
Landscape Painters and the Pastel club. He re
ceived the second Hallgarten prize. National
Academy of Design, 1887 ; medal, World's Fair,
Chicago, 1893 ; gold medal, Philadelphia, 1894 ;
Evans prize, New York, 1895; first prize, Boston,
1895 ; second prize, Nashville Centennial, 1897 ;
honorable mention, Paris, 1900 ;' and gold medal,
Pan-American exposition, 1901. Among his
works are: Dining Room at Appledale (1879);
An Editor's Study (1880) ; Waving Grain (1881) ;
Venice (1882); The Oat Field (1884); The Inlet
(1885); An Early Snow (1887); January (1887);
The Vale of Tawasentha (1895); and The Senator's
Birthplace (1900).
PALMER, William Adams, governor of Ver
mont and senator, was born in Hebron, Conn. , Sept.
12, 1781; son of Joshua and Susanna Palmer, and
a descendant of Walter Palmer, the immigrant,
1629. He attended the public schools with seven
brothers and sisters, and being debarred from
manual work on account of an accident to his
hand, studied law in Hebron under Judge Peters,
and in Chelsea, Vermont,
under Daniel Buck. He was
admitted to the bar about
1802, practising at St. Johns-
bury until September, 1813,
when he was married to
Sarah, daughter of Capt.
Peter and Sarah Blanchard,
of Danville, to which place he removed. He was
clerk of Caledonia county, judge of probate for
eight years, and judge of the supreme court in
1816. He served as a representative from
Danville in the state legislature for six terms ;
was elected by the Democratic legislature to
the senate in 1818 to fill out the unexpired
term of James Fisk, resigned, and was
re-elected to a full senatorial term, serving from
Nov. 16, 1818, to March 3, 1825. He was a repre
sentative from Danville in the state legislature,
1826-27 ; a delegate to the state constitutional
convention of 1828 and 1835, and governor of
Vermont, 1831-35, being elected by the Anti-mas
onic party four successive terms in closely con
tested elections. His last public service was as
a member of the state senate in 1837. He con
ducted his farm at Danville until his death. He
received the honorary degree A.M. from the
University of Vermont in 1817. He died in
Danville, Vt., Dec. 3,1860.
PALTSITS, Victor Hugo, librarian, was born
in New York city, July 12, 1867 ; son of William-
Thomas and Sidonia Ida (Loose) Paltsits, and

[123]

PANCOAST

PANCOAST

grandson of Thomas Matthias and Theresa (Low)
Paltsits, and of John Samuel and Adeline Rosa-
munde (Schultze) Loose. He attended the com
mon schools of New York, 1872-81 ; took a
scientific course at the Cooper Institute, N.Y.,
1882-86, and studied Latin, German, Greek,
Spanish and French in high schools and under
private tuition. He became connected with the
Lenox library, Jan. 1, 1888 ; was made assistant
in the reading room in March, 1890, and sub or
assistant librarian in the spring of 1893. He
edited : The Journal of Capt. William Pote, Jr. ,
1745-47 (1896); Papers relating to the Siege of
Charleston, S. C.,in 1780 (1898); Captivity of
Capt. John Gyles, 1689-97 (1902). He was biblio
graphical adviser on the editorial staff of Jesuit
Relations and Allied Documents (73 vols) ; com
piled a bibliography of the Lettres Edifiantes,
Cleveland, Ohio (1900) and contributed to cyclo
paedias, magazines and reviews. He delivered
the historical address on Capt. Nathan Hale at
East Haddam, Conn., June 6, 1900.
PANCOAST, Henry Spackman, author and
teacher, was born in Germantown, Pa., Aug. 24,
1858 ; son of Charles Stacy and Mary Anne
(Shelmerdine) Pancoast, and grandson of Stacy
and Eliza (Hatton) Pancoast and of Edward
and Martha Mitchell (Roberts) Shelmerdine.
He attended Germantown academy and studied
under a private tutor, and was admitted to the
bar in 1882. He was married, June 2, 1897, to
Dorothea Napier, daughter of Herman Marcus of
New York. He was a founder of the Indian
Rights association, and is the author of : Impres
sions of the Sioux Tribes in 1882, with some first
principles in the Indian Question (1882); The In
dian before the Law (1884); Representative Eng
lish Literature (1892); Introduction to English
Literature ( 1895) ; Introduction to American Lit
erature (1898) ; and edited a volume of Standard
English Poems (1900).
PANCOAST, Joseph, surgeon, was born in
Burlington, N.J., Nov. 23, 1805 ; son of John and
Anne (Abbott) Pancoast. His first maternal an
cestor in America emigrated from England to
Pennsylvania with William Penn. He was grad
uated at the medical department of the Univer
sity of Pennsylvania in 1828, and settled in prac
tice in Philadelphia, Pa., where he married, in
1829, Rebecca, daughter of Timothy Abbott of that
city. He taught classes in practical anatomy and
surgery, was one of the physicians to the Blockley
hospital in 1834, head physician of the Children's
hospital for several years, and one of its visiting
surgeons, 1838-45. He was professor of surgery
in Jefferson Medical college, 1838-47, succeeding
Dr. George McClellan, and was transferred to the
chair of anatomy, serving 1847-74, when he
resigned and was succeeded by his son, Dr. Wil

liam H. Pancoast. He was surgeon to the Penn
sylvania hospital, 1854-64. He performed many
novel and skilful operations which are recorded
in medical works. He was a member of the Amer
ican Philosophical society ; the College of Phar
macy ; The Philadelphia County Medical society ;
the Medical Society of Pennsylvania, and other-
scientific institutions. He contributed to the
American Journal of the Medical Science, The-
American Medical Intelligencer and the Medical
Examiner ; translated J. Frederick Lobstein's
Treatise on the Structure, Functions, and Dis
eases of the Human Sympathetic Nerve from the
Latin (1831); edited Manec on the Great Sympa
thetic Nerve (1841); Manec on the Cerebro-Spinal
Axis of Man (1841); and Quain's Anatomical
Plates (1852); and is the author of: Treatise on
Operative Surgery, with Descriptions of all the New-
Operations (1844, revised edition, 1852) ; A System
of Anatomy for the Use of Students, based on the-
work of Casper Wistar (1844), and several essays-
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 7, 1882.
PANCOAST, William Henry, surgeon, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 16, 1835; son of
Dr. Joseph and Rebecca (Abbott) Pancoast.
He was graduated at Haverford college, A.B.,
1853; at Jefferson Medical college, M.D., 1856;.
studied in the hospitals of London, Paris, Vienna.
and Berlin, 1856-59, and while in Paris was a.
pupil and assistant of the discoverer of the opera
tion of lithotrity. He began practice in Phila
delphia in 1859 and soon became prominent as a.
hospital and private surgeon. In 1861 he entered
the army as surgeon-in-chief and second officer-
in charge ofthe military hospital in Philadelphia.
He was demonstrator of anatomy at Jefferson
Medical college, 1862-74 ; adjunct professor of ana
tomy during his father's absence in Europe, 1867—
68, and 1873-74, and professor of anatomy , 1874-
97. He was also first president of and professor in
the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia,
1886-96. He was married first, Nov. 13, 1873, to-
Mary Anna Gertrude Lewis ; and secondly, to>
Matilda Robb. He secured the bodies of the Sia
mese twins in 1874, and conducted the autopsy
under the auspices of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons of Philadelphia, proving that the-
band could not have been safely cut except in
childhood. He was a member of the American
Philosophical society ; the Academy of Natural
Sciences ; fellow of the College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Philadelphia ; president of the Phila
delphia County Medical society; vice-president of
the Pennsylvania State Medical society; a member-
of the American Medical association, of the In
ternational Medical congress, 1876 ; corresponding
member of the Societe Clinique de Paris ; first
president of the Red Cross Society in Pennsyl
vania, and of a section of the Pan-Americani

[124]

PAPE

PARDEE

Medical congress. He received from Haverford
the honorary degree of A.M., 1876. He died in
Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 5, 1897.
PAPE, Eric, artist, was born in San Francisco,
Cal., Oct. 17, 1870 ; son of Friederich Ludwig
Moritz and Maria (Meier) Pape, born in Zeven,
Province of Hanover, Germany. His father
came to California and Idaho in the early fifties,
engaged in mining and prospecting, and was
married in San Francisco, 1868, to Maria Meier,
also a native of Zeven, Hanover, Germany. Eric
Pape was educated at the San Francisco School
of Design, under Boulanger, Lefebvre and others
in Paris, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts under
Gerome. He traveled in Egypt, 1891-92, and
subsequently through remote sections of Mexico,
giving much time and study to the antiquities
of those two countries. He opened a studio in
New York city in 1893, where he illustrated
"The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," "The
Building of the Mahomedan Empire," Life of
Mahomet" and -'The Incas of Peru" and exe
cuted portraits of "Famous Men and Women"
¦ for the Century magazine, 1893-95. He was
married, Aug. 16, 1894, in Dublin, N.H. , to Alice,
daughter of Lewis Baxter, and Adeline Frances
(Osgood) Monroe. He removed to Boston in
1897, teaching during that year at the Cowles
Art school, and founded the Erie Pape school of
Art in 1898, of which he became the director.
He illustrated "The Fair God" by Gen. Lew
Wallace, 1898-99, and "The Scarlet Letter" by
Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1901. He exhibited twenty-
one pictures and one gold bas-relief at the Salon
Champ de Mars, 1890-1900; and several pictures
at other exhibitions, including : Exposition du
Cavie, Egypte, 1892 ; World's Columbian exposi
tion, Chicago, 1893 ; Munich Kunst Anstellung,
1897 ; Paris exposition, 1900, and Pan-American
exposition, Buffalo, 1901. His most important
paintings are : The Spinner of Zeven (1889); The
Great Sphinx by Moonlight (1891); The Two
Great Eras (1892); The Angel with the Book of
Life (1897); .Approaching Storm, The Great
Dune and Early Morning (1900), and Foam
Surges (1902) . He. received medals at five exhi
bitions. PARDEE, Ariovistus, philanthropist, was
born in Chatham, N.Y., Nov. 19, 1810 ; son of
Ariovistus and Eliza (Piatt) Pardee ; grandson of
Dr. Calvin Pardee, who served in the Continental
army as a. surgeon, and of Capt. Israel Piatt,
who served in the New York line, and married
Abigal Scudder ; and a descendant of George
Pardee, of Huguenot descent, who settled in New
Haven, Conn., in 1644, and of Martha Miles his
wife. Ariovistus Pardee, Jr., was brought up on
a farm, attended the district school, and was a
employed as rodman and assistant engineer on the

$. ftUd^t^

Delaware and Raritan canal in New Jersey, 1830-
33. He was chief engineer in the survey of the
Beaver Meadow rail
road, Pennsylvania,
1833-37, and builder
and superintendent of
the Hazelton railroad,
1837-40. He founded
the city of Hazelton,
Pa., in 1830; settled
there in 1840, bought
anthracite coal prop
erties in the Jeddo
district, and in a few
years became the
largest shipper of
anthracite coal in
the state. He also
engaged with Asa
Packer in the development of coal mines,
manufactures and railroads in the Lehigh
Valley. He built a gravity railroad to Penn
Haven in 1848, as an outlet to the product of
the mines, which was abandoned in 1860 for
the improved facilities of the Lehigh Valley
railroad. He became interested in iron manu
factures, and acquired control of the blast furnaces
in Stanhope, N.J., and subsequently of others in
New York, Virginia and Tennessee. He purchased
a tract of forest land in Canada, as large as the
state of Rhode Island, and another tract in North
Carolina. He was president of the Secaucus and
the Musconetcong Iron Works in New Jersey ;
the Allentown Rolling Mills, and the Union Iron
Works of Buffalo, N.Y., and a director of the
Lehigh Valley, and other railroads. He fitted out
at his own expense a company of U.S. volunteers
commanded by his eldest son Ario Pardee, who
attained the brevet rank of brigadier-general,
Jan. 12, 1865. Through the influence of William
C. Cattell, president of Lafayette college, he
contributed in 1864 the sum of $20,000, which
prevented the college from closing its doors for
want of funds. He endowed the professorship
of rhathematics in 1864, and the Pardee scientific
department in 1866. This was followed by
further donations amounting in 1869 to $200,000.
He afterward gave $250,000 for Pardee Hall, the
corner stone of which he laid in 1873, and for the
scientific equipment of which he gave $50,000 in
all. The building was destroyed by fire in 1879,
when it was rebuilt. He was president of the
board of trustees of Lafayette college, 1882-92 ;
president of the state board controlling the
second geological survey of Pennsylvania, and a
presidential elector in 1876. His benefactions
extended to various charitable organizations of
which he was an officer. He was married, first, to
Elizabeth, daughter of John and Ellen Jacobs of
[125] ¥>

PARDEE

PARK

Luzerne county, and secondly, in 1849, to Anna
Maria, daughter of William Robinson of Blooms-
bury, Pa. He died while on a visit to Rock Ledge,
Indian River, Fla., March 26, 1892.
PARDEE, Don Albert, jurist, was born in
Wadsworth, Ohio, March 29, 1837 ; son of Aaron
and Eveline (Eyles)Pardee ; grandson of Ebenezer
and Anna (Minon) Pardee and of William and
Polly (Duthick) Eyles, and a descendant of
¦George Pardee, settled in New Haven, Conn.,
between 1637 and 1642. He was appointed to the
U.S. naval academy in 1854, but left in 1857 to
study law with his father, and was admitted to
the bar in 1859. He entered the volunteer army
in 1861 as major of the 42d Ohio regiment, was
promoted lieutenant-colonel, and took part in
the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Port,
Port Gibson, Raymond, Champion's Hill, and in
two assaults on Vicksburg, serving during the
siege as inspector-general of the 13th corps. He
was mustered out in December, 1864, and on
March 13, 1835, was brevetted colonel and briga
dier-general. He practised law in New Orleans,
1865-67 ; was registrar in bankruptcy for the
third congressional district of Louisiana, 1867-68 ;
judge of the 2d judicial district ; 1868-81 ; member
of the state constitutional convention of 1879 ;
Republican candidate for attorney-general of
Louisiana, 1880, and in 1881 was appointed circuit
judge for the fifth judicial circuit embracing
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana
and Texas. In June, 1898, he removed from New
Orleans to Atlanta, Ga.
PARET, William, sixth bishop of Maryland,
and 137th in succession in the American episco
pate, was born in New York city, Sept. 23, 1826 ;
son of John and Hester (Levi) Paret ; and grand
son of Stephen Paret, a native of Tricolet, France,
who immigrated to
America and settled
in New York about
1765. William Paret
was prepared for col
lege in the grammar
school of Columbia
college, and gradua
ted at Hobart in 1849
and the same year
was married to Maria
G., daughter of Isaac
and Agnes Peck of
Flushing, L.I., N.Y.
He was prepared for
holy orders under
Bishop William H.
Delancey ; was admitted to the diaconate by
Bishop Chase in 1852 and was ordained priest in
1853. He was rector of St. John's church, Clyde,
N. Y., 1852-54; Zion church, Pierrepont Manor,

[126]

N.Y., 1854-64; St. Paul's church, Saginaw, Mich.,
1864-66; Trinity church, Elmira, N.Y., 1866-68;
Christ church,. Williamsport, Pa., 1868-76, and
Church of the Epiphany, Washington, D.C, 1876-
84. He was elected bishop of Maryland in 1884 to
succeed Bishop William Pinkney who died July
7, 1883, and he was consecrated in the Church of
the Epiphany, Washington, D.C, Jan. 8, 1885, by
Bishops Lee, Lay, Stevens, Neely, Howe, Lyman
and Whitehead. By his counsel and influence
the new diocese of Washington was created out
of the diocese of Maryland in 1895, but he con
tinued from choice to administer in his old dio
cese. He received from Hobart college the de
gree of D.D. in 1867, and LL.D. in 1886. He was
married secondly, in 1900, to Mrs. Sarah Hayden
Haskell, daughter of Levi G. and Mary E. (Belden)
Hayden. He is the author of St. Peter and the
Primacy of the Roman See ; Our Freedom and
Our Catholic Heritage, and The Method and Work
of Lent.
PARK, Edwards Amasa, theologian, was
born in Providence, R.I., Deo. 29, 1808 : son of the
Rev. Dr. Calvin (1774-1847) and Abigail (Ware)
Park ; grandson of Nathan and Ruth (Bannister)
Park, and a descendant on his maternal side of
the Rev. Samuel Ware of Wrentham, Mass. He
was graduated from Brown university in 1826,
and from the Andover Theological seminary in
1831. He was ordained to the Congregational
ministry in 1831, and was pastor of the First
church, Braintree, Mass., 1831-33 : and professor
of mental and moral philosophy and Hebrew
literature at Amherst college, 1835-36. He was
married in 1836 at Hunter, N.Y., to Ann Maria,
daughter of William and Rebecca (Tappan) Ed
wards, and great-granddaughter of the Rev. Jon
athan Edwards. He was professor of sacred rhe
toric at Andover Theological seminary, 1836-47;
professor of Christian theology, 1847-81, and pro
fessor emeritus, 1881-1900. He was one of the
foremost upholders of the Andover creed, and
became involved in a controversy with several
fellow professors, in which he held that their
teachings were inconsistent with the creed. The
case was brought before an ecclesiastical court,
by which Dr. Park was not sustained. The hon
orary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by
Harvard in 1844, and by Brown in 1846, and that
of LL.D. by Brown in 1886. He was a member
of the Massachusetts Historical society, the New
England Historic Genealogical society, and the
Victoria Institute of England ; a fellow of Brown
university, 1863-1900 ; a trustee of Smith-college ;
president of the board of trustees of Abbot acad
emy for thirty-six years, and a charter member
of the A.B.OF.M. He founded and edited the
Bibliotheca Sacra (4 vols., 1844-84), and was a
member of the staff of the Sabbath Hymn Book.

PARK

PARK

He contributed articles to the American Quarterly
Register, The Spirit of the Pilgrims, and the
Congregational Quarterly, also to Smith's "Dic
tionary of the Bible ; " Cyclopedia of Biblical
Literature," and the " Schaff-Herzog Encyclope
dia.". He is the author of : memoirs of The Rev.
Charles B. Storrs (1833), William Bradford
Homer (1842), Prof. B. B. Edwards (1852), Pro
fessor Moses Stuart (1852) , The Rev. Samuel Hop
kins (1854), The Rev. J. M. Manning (1855) , The
Rev. Nathanael Emmons (1861), The Rev. Joseph
S. Clark (1861), Dr. Samuel H. Taylor (1871),
Richard S. Storrs (1874), The Rev. Samuel C.
Jackson (1878), Leonard Woods (1880), and
William G. Schauffler (1887), and he also- pub
lished Duties of a Theologian (1839); Selections
from German Literature (1839) ; Unity and Diver
sity of Belief (1851); Theological Education (1865);
Essay on the History of Laura D. Bridgman
(1878); Associate Creed of Andover Theological
Seminary (1883); Discourses on Some Theological
Doctrines as Related to the Religious Character
(1835), and many essays, addresses and sermons.
He died at Andover, Mass., June 5, 1900.
PARK, Milton, journalist, was born in
Augusta, Ga., Jan. 1, 1846 ; son of the Rev. Dr.
John Thompson Sankey and Tabitha Ann Park ;
grandson of Joseph Littlejon and Sarah Owen
(Musgrove) Park, and a descendant of John Park,
of Donegal, Ireland. He attended the Orion,
Ala., Institute and was graduated from Mercer
university, Penfield, Ga. He served in the Con
federate army from March 13, 1862, until Dec.
1861, participating in all the battles of the Army
of Tennessee. On Feb. 5, 1875, he married Alice
Valeria, daughter of Mack Wimberly of Green
ville, Ala. He was president of South Ala
bama Female college, Greenville, Ala., 1883-85,
and of Kyle (Texas) seminary, 1890-91, and in
1891 became editor of Southern Mercury, Dallas,
Texas. He was chairman of the Populist national
executive committee, 1896-1900 ; and presidential
elector at large on the Populist ticket in 1900.
PARK, Roswell, educator, was born in Leba
non, Conn., Oct. 1, 1807 ; son of Avery and Betsey
(Meech) Park ; grandson of Roswell and Eunice
(Starkweather) Park, and of Daniel and Zerviah
(Witter) Meech, and a descendant of Robert
Parke, who emigrated from Preston, England, to
America in 1630, settled in Roxbury, Mass., re
moved to Wethersfield, Conn., in 1639; from
there to New London, in 1649, and was repre
sentative to tlie general court, 1641-42 and 1652.
His parents removed to Burlington, Otsego
county, N.Y., where he prepared for college. He
matriculated at Hamilton college, N.Y., but left
in 1827 before graduating to enter the U.S. mil
itary academy, where he was graduated first in
the class of 1831, and promoted 2d lieutenant in

the U.S. corps of topographical engineers, July 1,
1831. The same season he passed the final ex
amination at Union college and was graduated
with the class of 1831. He was assistant engin
eer at Fort Adams, 1831-33, at Fort Warren,
1833-36, at the Delaware Breakwater, 1836, and
resigned from the army, Sept. 30, 1836. He was
professor of chemistry and natural philosophy in
the University of Pennsylvania, 1836-42. He
prepared for holy orders under Bishop G. W.
Doane in Burlington, N. J., 1842-43 ; was admitted
to the diaconate, Sept. 10, 1843 ; ordained priest
May 28, 1844 ; was rector of Christ church, Pom
fret, Conn., 1843-52, and conducted the school
known as Christ Church Hall, 1845-52. He de
clined the presidency of Norwich university, Vt. ,
in 1850 ; spent six months in Europe, 1852 ;
founded and was the first president of Racine
college, Racine, Wis., 1852-59, and its chancel
lor, 1859-63. He was instrumental in having
St. John's school, Delafield, Wis., unite with
Racine college, and in introducing the elec
tive course of study, and discontinuing the two-
year scientific course. He was rector of St.
Luke's church at Racine, Wis. , 1859-63, and rector
and proprietor of Immanuel Hall, a literary and
scientific school near Chicago, 111., 1863-69. He
received the degree A.M. from Union college in
1838, and from Hamilton college in 1837, and that
of D.D. from Norwich university in 1850. He
was an original member of the American Associ
ation for the Advancement of Science, and held
various offices of trust. He was married first,
Dec. 28, 1836, to Mary Brewster, daughter of Ben
jamin F. and Mary C. (Coolidge) Baldwin, of
Woburn, Mass., and secondly, April 25, 1860, to
Eunice Elizabeth, daughter of Gardner and Eliza
beth Niles. He is the author of : Juvenile and
Miscellaneous Poems (1836) ; Sketch of the History
of West Point (1840); Pantology (18il) ; Handbook
for Travelers in Europe (1853); Jerusalem and
other Poems (1857) and text-books for his pupils'
use. He died in Chicago, 111., July 16, 1869.
PARK, Trenor William, financier, was born
in Woodford, Vt., Dec. 8, 1823 ; son of Luther
and Cynthia (Pratt) Park, and a descendant of
Richard Park, who came from Hadleigh, Suffolk,
England, to Cambridge, Mass., about 1635. He
removed to Bennington, Vt., with his parents
about 1826, and was admitted to the bar in 1844,
and conducted a law office. He was married,
Dec. 15, 1846, to Laura, daughter of Gov. Willard
Hall, of Bennington. In 1852 he removed with
his father-in-law to California and became a
member of the law firm of Halleck, Peachy &
Billings of San Francisco. He also engaged in
real estate operations in that city, and acquired
a large fortune. He assisted James King in
establishing the San Francisco Bulletin in 1855,

[127]

PARKE

PARKE

and after the assassination of Mr. King became
attorney of the vigilance committee, which deliv
ered the city from the power of lawless ruffians.
In 1857 he was defeated by D. C. Broderick for
the U.S. senate. He was associated with John
C. Fremont in the Mariposa estate and in gold
mines. His wife having died, he married, sec
ondly, Ella, daughter of O. C. Nichols of San
Francisco. He returned to Bennington, Vt., in
1863, established the First National bank, and
was a representative in the state legislature.
He assisted in the reorganization of the Ver
mont Central railroad ; purchased the Western
Vermont railroad, and began the construction of
the Lebanon Springs railroad, hoping to make
Bennington a great railroad centre, but receiv
ing no support, he abandoned the plan, after
losing a large fortune in the venture. He was
associated with General Baxter in Nevada in the
ownership of the Emma mine in 1872, was a di
rector of the Pacific Mail Steamship company for
several years, and owned a controlling interest in
the Panama railroad, of which he was president,
1874-82. He was a trustee of the University of
Vermont, 1865-67, to which he gave the Park Art
Gallery ; contributed liberally to the New York
Tribune " Fresh Air Fund " ; established the
Bennington Free Library, and was a member of
the committee on the design of the Bennington
battle monument. He died at sea on his way to
Panama, Central America, Dec. 13, 1882.
PARKE, Benjamin, jurist, was born in New
Jersey, Sept. 2, 1777. He removed to Lexington,
Ky., in 1797, studied law with James Brown, sec
retary to Governor Shelby, and was admitted to
the bar. He married Eliza Barton of Lexington,
and in 1801 removed to Vincennes, Ind. Ter.
He was attorney-general of the territory, 1804-
08, succeeding John Rice Jones ; a representative
in the first territorial legislature in 1805 ; and
on Nov. 9, 1806, with William Henry Harrison
and others, he became a trustee of the proposed
University of Vincennes within the borough of
Vincennes. He was the first territorial delegate
to the 9th and 10th congresses, 1805-08, resign
ing to accept the appointment as territorial
judge of Indiana by President Jefferson, serving
1808-17. He was a member of the state constitu
tional convention at Corydon, June 10, 1816, and
was a member of the committee appointed by
that body July 19 to designate the township to be
set apart by the President of the United States
for the use of a seminary of learning ; Perry,
Monroe county, being selected and named for the
President and Commodore Perry. He was judge
of the U.S. district court for Indiana, March 6,
1817-35. In 1811 he raised a company of dra
goons and went to the relief of the frontier set
tlers. He served on Governor Harrison's staff in

his treaty with Tecumseh and in the battle of
Tippecanoe, was promoted major, and com
manded the cavalry after the death of Major
Daviess. He lost his fortune in a bank venture
at Vincennes, and subsequently removed to Sa
lem, Ind. He founded the law library of the
supreme court of Indiana, was instrumental in
establishing the public library at Vincennes, and
was a promoter and trustee of Vincennes univer
sity, 1806-35. He also organized and was first
president of the Indiana Historical society. He
died in Salem, Ind., July 12, 1835.
PARKE, John Grubb, soldier, was born in
Chester county, Pa., Sept. 22, 1827 ; son of Francis
and Sarah (Gardner) Parke, and a descendant of
John Parke, one of the early settlers of Chester
county. He entered at the University of Pennsyl
vania with the class
of 1847, but left at
the close of his sopho
more year and was
graduated from the
U.S. Military aca
demy second in the
class of 1849, being
assigned to the topo
graphical engineers.
He engaged in various
surveys, including
that of the boundary
line between Iowa
and Minnesota, 1849-
50, and was secretary
of the board for
the improvement of lake harbors and western
rivers, 1852-53. He was promoted 2d lieutenant
April 18, 1854, engaging in the second survey of
Southern California, 1854-56, and 1st lieutenant
July 1, 1856, and was chief astronomer and sur
veyor in settling the northwest boundary, 1857-
61, under the treaty of 1846. He was commis
sioned captain of the 13th U.S. infantry in 1861,
but declined to serve, was promoted captain of
topographical engineers Sept. 9, 1861, and briga
dier-general of volunteers Nov. 23, 1861. He ac
companied General Burnside on the expedition
to North Carolina, 1861-62, being assigned to the
command of the 3d brigade, with which he en
gaged in gaining possession of Roanoke Island,
Sept-. 7, 1862, Newbern, March 14, 1862, and Fort
Macon, April 25, 1862. He was brevetted lieuten
ant-colonel, U.S.A., April 26, 1862, for services
in the capture of Fort Macon, and major-general,
U.S. volunteers, July 18, 1862. He was engaged in
the movement to Newport News, Fredericksburg
and Washington, D.C, in 1862, and was chief of
staff of the 9th army corps, Army of the Poto
mac, commanded by General Burnside, during
the Maryland campaign, at South Mountain and
[128]

PARKE

PARKER

Antietam, and in the pursuit of the enemy to
Warrenton, Va., September-November, 1862.
When Burnside assumed command of the
Army of the Potomac, Nov. 10, 1862, he became
his chief-of -staff, and in the Rappahannock cam
paign engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg,
Deo. 13, 1862. He was promoted captain of the
corps of engineers, U.S.A., March 3, 1863. When
Burnside took command of the Department of the
Ohio in 1863, General Parke was transferred with
the 9th army corps to Kentucky in March, 1863,
and to Grant's army before Vicksburg, June 14-
17, 1863. He commanded the corps during the
siege, and at the surrender of that city, July 4,
1863, was brevetted colonel, U.S.A., July 12, 1863,
for "gallant and meritorious services" in the
capture of Jackson, Miss., and commanded the
left wing of General Sherman's army in the re-
occupation of that city, July 16, 1863. He com
manded the corps in the Department of the Ohio
¦during the East Tennessee campaign, being en
gaged in the action of Blue Spring, Oct. 10, 1863 ;
the defence of Knoxville, Nov. 17-Dec. 4, 1863 ;
and in the operations against General Longstreet,
January-February, 1864. When General Burn
side resumed command of the 9th corps he ac
companied him. in the march to Virginia,
March 17-May 3, 1864, and acted as chief-of-staff
to General Burnside in the Wilderness and Spott
sylvania campaigns. On May 24, 1864, the corps
was regularly assigned to the Army of the
Potomac. He was promoted major in the corps
of engineers, June 17, 1864, was on sick leave
July-August, 1864, and commanded the 9th army
corps, Army of the Potomac, during the Rich
mond campaign, Aug. 13, 1864-April 2, 1865 ; was
engaged in the siege of Petersburg, the combat
at Peeble's Farm, Sept. 3 ; at Hatcher's Run, Oct.
27, 1864 ; the assault on Fort Stedman, March 25,
1865, and the final surrender of Lee at Appomat
tox. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U.S.A.,
March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious serv
ices in the defence of Knoxville and major-gen
eral, U.S.A., for the repulse of Fort Stedman,
Va. He commanded the district of Alexandria,
May-July, 1865, and the southern district of New
York, 1865-66. He was mustered out of the vol
unteer service Jan. 15, 1866, and resumed charge
of the northwestern boundary survey, Sept. 28,
18,66. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the
corps of engineers, March 4, 1879 : colonel. March
17, 1884 ; was superintendent of the U.S. Military
academy, 1887-89, and was retired at his own re
quest, after forty years' service, July 2, 1889. He
was married to Ellen, daughter of George Blight
of Philadelphia. He compiled Laws of the Uni
ted States Relating to Public Works for the Im
provement of Rivers and Harbors (1877, new ed.
1887) ; Laws Relating to the . Construction of

[129]

Bridges Over Navigable Waters (1882, new ed.
1887): Opinions of Attorneys-General Relative
to Acquisition of Lands, Bridges, Contracts, etc.
(1882), and is the author of various reports in
Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route
from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.
He died in Washington, D.C, Dec. 15, 1900.
PARKER, Abraham X., representative, was
born in Granville, Vt., Nov. 14, 1831 ; son of
Isaac and Amanda (Patrick) Parker ; grandson
of Abraham (1763-1829) and Sarah (Whitney)
Parker ; great-grandson of Joseph (4th) Parker,
a minute man and soldier at Bunker Hill, and a
descendant of Joseph Parker, who came from
Newbury, England, to Newbury, Mass., in 1038,
at the age of twenty-four, removing later with
his brother Nathan to Andover, Mass., where his
descendant, Joseph (4th) was born, 1735. Abra
ham Parker's maternal grandfather was Joseph
Patrick, of Scotch-Irish extraction, who was
town clerk of Granville, Vt. , for more than forty
years. Isaac Parker served in the Vermont leg
islature, moved to Potsdam, N.Y., in 1840, and
tliere became a farmer, town superintendent of
schools and supervisor. Abraham X. Parker at
tended St. Lawrence academy, Potsdam, and
the Albany Law school, and was admitted to the
bar in Albany, 1854, returning to Potsdam to
practice. He was married in 1857, to Mary J.,
daughter of Alpheus Wright, of Potsdam. He
was a member of the assembly, 1863-64, refusing
re-nomination in 1865. He was elector-at-large on
the Republican presidential ticket in 1876, and a
representative from the nineteenth and twenty-
second districts in the 47th, 48th, 49th and 50th
congresses, 1881-89. He served on the judiciary
and other important committees, and in the 50th
congress was a member of the special committee
appointed to investigate the coal and railroad
employee strikes and other labor difficulties
affecting the commerce of four states which were
visited and inspected by the committee. After
this public service he returned to Potsdam and
resumed his Jaw practice until his appointment
by President Harrison as assistant U.S. attorney-
general. Sept. 8, 1890. With the change of ad
ministration, March 4, 1893, he resigned, but was
retained in office upon the request of Attorney-
General Olney, to complete important work, un
til the adjournment of the supreme court in May.
He took active interest in the educational institu
tions of Potsdam, and became president of the
Thomas S. Clarkson Memorial School of Tech
nology. PARKER, Alton Brooks, jurist, was born in
Cortland. NY., May 14, 1852 ; son of John Brooks
and Harriet F. (Straton) Parker ; grandson of
John and Elizabeth (Brooks) Parker, and great-
grandson of John and Olive (Temple) Parker, of

PARKER

PARKER

Massachusetts. He was educated in the academy
at Cortland, and at the Cortland Normal school ;
studied law in the office of Schoonmaker & Har-
denburgh, at Kingston, N.Y., and taught school
in Ulster county. He was graduated at the
Albany Law school in 1872. He was married
Oct. 16, 1873, to Mary L., daughter of M. I. and
Phebe (Decker) Schoonmaker, of Rochester, Ul
ster county, N.Y. He practiced law in Kingston,
N.Y., in partnership with W. S. Kenyon, 1872-78,
and afterward alone until November, 1885. He
was surrogate of Ulster county, 1877-85, a dele
gate to the Democratic national convention in
1884, and declined the office of first assistant
postmaster-general, in 1885. He was chairman
of the Democratic state executive committee in
1885 ; was appointed a justice of the supreme
court of New York in 1885, and the year follow
ing was elected to that office without opposition,
serving, 1886-98. He was a member of the court
of appeals, 2d division, 1889-92, and on the disso
lution of the court in 1892, became a member of
the general term of the supreme court of New
York, serving 1893-96, and of the appellate divi
sion of the supreme court, 1896-97, and on Jan. 1,
1898, became chief judge of the court of appeals
of New York.
PARKER, Amasa Junius, jurist, was born in
Ellsworth, Conn., June 2, 1807; son of the Rev.
Daniel and Anna (Fenn) Parker; grandson of
Amasa Parker, of Wallingford, Conn., and a de
scendant of William Parker, of Hartford, Conn.
His parents removed
to Hudson, N.Y. , in
1816, and he received
a good education
under the tutelage of
his father. He was
principal of the Hud
son academy, 1823-
27 ; was graduated
from Union college,
Schenectady, N.Y.,
on examination, in
1825 ; was admitted
to the bar in October,
1828, and. became a
partner of his uncle,
Amasa Parker, at
Delhi, N.Y. He was married Aug. 27, 1834,
to Harriet Langdon, daughter of Edmund and
Catharine Whipple (Langdon) Roberts, of
Portsmouth, N.H. He was a member of the
state assembly, 1833-34 ; was district attorney of
Delaware county, N.Y., 1834-37 ; was a Demo
cratic representative in the 25th congress, 1837-
39, and was vice-chancellor and circuit judge of
the third circuit, 1844-47. He presided at the
anti-rent trials of 1845, and disposed of 240 cases

[130]

in three weeks. He was judge of the supreme
court, 1847-55, during one year of which he was
on the bench of the court of appeals. In 1856 he
was the Democratic nominee for governor of
New York, John A. King, Republican, being
elected. Erastus Brooks, Native American, was
also his opponent. In 1858 he was again defeated
for governor, Edward D. Morgan, Republican, be
ing elected. He was appointed U.S. district at
torney for the southern district of New York, by
President Buchanan, in 1854, but declined the
position and also that of U.S. minister to Russia.
He was a delegate to the state constitutional con
vention of 1867 and 1868. He was a member of the
board of regents of the University of the State
of New York, 1835-44, the youngest regent ever
elected in the state ; was president of the board
of trustees of Albany Female college for many
years ; trustee of Cornell university, 1871-90, and
a trustee of the Albany Medical college, and
president of the board of trustees, 1875-90. In
1851, in conjunction with Amos Dean and Ira
Harris, he founded the Albany Law school in
which he filled an important professorship. He
was a corresponding member of tlie Buffalo His
torical society for twenty-one years. The honor
ary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by
(Geneva) Hobart college, in 1846. He edited:
Reports of Criminal Cases (6 vols., 1855-69), and
assisted in editing the Revised Statutes of 1859
(3 vols.), and was a commissioner of revision of
the New York statutes. He died in Albany, N.Y.,
May 13, 1890.
PARKER, Amasa Junius, lawyer, was born in
Delhi, N.Y., May 6, 1843; son of Judge Amasa
Junius and Harriet Langdon (Roberts) Parker.
He attended the Albany academy, and was gradu
ated at Union college, A.B., 1863, A.M., 1866,
and at the Albany Law school, 1884 ; and was a
law partner with his father, 1865-90. He was
major and aide-de-camp, 3d division, N.G.S.
N.Y., 1866 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1875 ; colonel, 10th
regiment, 1877, and brigadier-general command
ing the 3d brigade, 1886-91. He was president of
the National Guard association, 1878-80 ; member
of the state assembly, 1882, and state senator,
1886-87, 1892-93 and 1894-95. He compiled the
new military code adopted by the state legisla
ture in 1883. He served as president of the
Albany Young Men's association; president' of
the board of trustees of the Albany Law school ;
trustee of the Albany Medical college ; trustee of
Union college, 1878-82 ; president of the board of
trustees of the Young Men's association of Albany;
trustee of the Union Trust company of New York
city, and president of the board of managers of
the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane,
Poughkeepsie, N.Y., for sixteen years. After
1890 he continued the practice of law alone.

PARKER

PARKER

(hfpea-u^f-fasrf&r.

PARKER, Cortlandt, lawyer, was born at
Perth Amboy, N.J., June 27, 1818 ; son of James
and Penelope (Butler) Parker ; grandson of James
Parker, who was one of the Proprietors of the
colony of New Jersey. He bore off the honors of
his class at Rutgers college ; delivered the vale
dictory, and was gra
duated A. B., 1836,
A.M., 1839. He stu
died law under Theo
dore Frelinghuysen
and Amzi Armstrong,
and established him
self in practice at
Newark, N. J., in 1839.
His practice contin
ued to increase for
some eight years and
in September, 1847,
he was married to
Elizabeth Wolcott,
daughter of Richard
W. Stites of Morris-
town, formerly of Savannah, Ga. He was pros
ecutor of pleas for Essex county, 1857-67. He de
clined a seat on the supreme bench of New Jersey
in 1867, the judgeship of the court of Alabama
claims offered by President Grant in 1874 ; the
mission to Russia offered by President Hayes in
1877, and that to Austria offered by President
Arthur in 1882. He was named by Governor
Newell with others to the legislature, for the
office of chancellor during the vacancy in that
court in 1888, and was twice a prominent candi
date before the legislature for U.S. senator. He
also declined the nomination by the Republican
convention, after it was made, for representative
in congress. During the civil war and the re
construction period he was a leader for the
Union and for the civil rights of the freedmen.
He was one of the re visors of the statutes of New
Jersey in 1875 ; was sent to Louisiana in 1876 by
President Grant to witness the count of electoral
votes ; was commissioner to establish the bound
ary line between New Jersey and Delaware, and
was largely instrumental in the forming and pas
sage of the general railroad Jaw which removed
an abundant source of corruption. He acted for
the defense in no less than thirteen homicide
cases, several of them very celebrated, and was
concerned either for the paintiff or the defend
ant in almost all civil suits of great importance
occurring in the state during his active practice.
His power over a jury was phenomenal. He tried
cases in every county in the state, as well as in
New York and Philadelphia, and in the supreme
court of the United States. He was the counsel
of the Erie Railway company, and president of
the American Bar association, of the State Bar

[131]

association and of the Essex County Bar associa
tion. The College of New Jersey and Rutgers
college conferred upon him the honorary degree
of LL.D. in 1866. He was influential in the coun
cils of the Protestant Episcopal church, as a del
egate to the Diocesan convention yearly for about
forty years, and as a representative of his diocese
in five general conventions.
PARKER, Ely Samuel, soldier, was born in
the Indian reservation, Tonawanda, N.Y., in 1828 ;
grandson of Red- Jacket, chief of the Wolf tribe,
Seneca Indians, Six Nations. He was a full-
blooded Indian, and chief in turn of his tribe, his
Indian name being " On-E-Don-E-Wag-Wa."
He was educated in the public schools ; took a
course at the Rensselaer Polytechnic institute at
Troy, N.Y., and studied law, but as Indians had
no claim to citizenship at that time, he could not
be admitted to the bar. He subsequently entered
the employ of the U.S. government as an engin
eer and in that capacity superintended the erec
tion of the U.S. custom house and marine hospi
tal at Galena, 111., 1858-61. He there became the
intimate friend of Ulysses S. Grant. When Gen.
C. F. Smith assumed command at Paducah Parker
was appointed on the engineer corps, and when
Grant was before Vicksburg Parker was commis
sioned captain and assistant adjutant-general on
his staff, May 25, 1863, and served as lieutenant-
colonel and military secretary to Grant from
Aug, 30, 1864, to July 25, 1866, succeeding Gen.
W. R. Rowley. He wrote from Grant's dictation
the terms of capitulation at the surrender of Lee,
and was mustered out of the volunteer service
July 1, 1866. He was appointed 2d lieutenant in
the 2d cavalry March 22, 1866, served as colonel
and aide-de-camp to Generstl Grant from July 25,
1866, to March 4, 1869, was promoted 1st lieuten
ant of the 2d cavalry, June 1, 1867, and resigned
April 24, 1869. He was brevetted colonel of vol
unteers, Feb. 24, 1865, for faithful and meritori
ous services ; brigadier-general of volunteers
April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services
during the cam paign terminating in the surren
der of the army under General Lee, and 1st lieu
tenant, captain, major, lieutenant colonel, colonel
and brigadier general in the U.S. army March 2,
1867, for faithful and meritorious services during
the civil war. He served as U.S. commissioner
of Indian affairs, 1869-71 ; then resumed the pro
fession of civil engineering, and was appointed
on the police department of New York city,
where he superintended repairs in department
buildings and the purchase of supplies, 1876-95.
He died at Fairfield, Conn., Aug. 31, 1895.
PARKER, Foxhall Alexander, naval officer,
was born in New York city, Aug. 5, 1821 ; son of
Foxhall Alexander and Sara (Bogardus) Parker ;
grandson of William Harwar and Mary (Sturmaii),

PARKER

PARKER

Parker, and of Gen. Robert Bogordus ; great-
grandson of Judge Richard and Elizabeth (Beale)
Parker, great2-grandson of Alexander and 
(Harwar) Parker, and a descendant of Thomas
andElinor Parker, who settled in Rappahannock
county, Va., in the 17th century. He was ap
pointed midshipman in the U.S. navy in 1839,
attached to the Lavant of tlje West India squad
ron in 1840, served in Florida against the Indians,
and was graduated at the naval school, Philadel
phia, Pa., and promoted passed midshipman June
29, 1843. He served on the Michigan on the lakes,
1844-45, on the coast survey in 1848, and on the
St. Lawrence, Mediterranean squadron, 1849-50.
He was promoted lieutenant Sept/28, 1850 ; served
on the Susquehanna in the East India squadron,
1851-53, on the coast survey, 1854-55, and in the
Pacific squadron, 1859-61. His brother William
Harwar Parker (q.v.) resigned from the U.S. navy
in 1861 and joined the Confederate navy. Foxhall
Alexander Parker was executive officer at the navy
yard, Washington, D.C, 1861-62, and served with
the navy on the Potomac at Alexandria, Va.,
where he manned Fort Ellsworth July 23, after
the battle of Bull Run, with 250 seamen and ma
rines to protect Washington. He was promoted
commander July 16, 1862, and was given com
mand of the U.S. gunboat Mahaska. He com
manded the Wabash off Charleston, S.C, and the
naval battery on
Morris Island,
at the bombard
ment of Fort
Sumter, Aug. 17-
23, 1863, and en
gaged the batter
ies on the Poto
mac and Rappa-
' iiannock rivers
and the Confed-
He commanded
1863. He was

U S.S. WABAiH.

erate forts off Wilmington, N.C
the Potomac flotilla after September
promoted captain July 25, 1866, and was employed
in the bureau of navigation at Washington, D.C.
He commanded the Franklin on the European
squadron, 1870-71 ; was chief of staff to the North
Atlantic fleet in 1872, and drew up a code of sig
nals for steam tactics September, 1872. He was
promoted commodore Nov. 25, 1872 ; served as
chief signal officer of the U.S. navy, 1873-76 ;
and in December, 1874, was detached to act as
chief of staff of the united fleets under Admiral
Case, assembled for instruction in tactics in the
Florida waters. He commanded the navy yard
at Boston, Mass., 1876-78, and in 1878 was made
superintendent of the U.S. naval institute, Annap
olis, Md., of which he was one of the organizers,
Oct. 9, 1873. He prepared by order of the navy
department, systems of Fleet Tactics under Steam

(1863), Squadron Tactics under Steam (1863), The
Naval Howitzer Afloat (1865), and The Naval
Howitzer Ashore ( 1866) , all text books at the naval
academy. He is the author of : The Fleets of the
World, The Galley Period (1876), and The Battle
of Mobile Bay, and the Capture of Forts Powell,
Gaines and Morgan, under the Command of
David G. Farragut and Gordon Granger (1878).
He died in Annapolis, Md., June 10, 1879.
PARKER, Francis Wayland, educator, was
born at Piscataquog, N.H., Oct. 9, 1837 ; son of
Robert and Mille (Rand) Parker ; grandson of
William and Nabby (Parker) Parker, and of
Deacon Jonathan and Sarah (Abbott) Rand ; and
a descendant of Thomas Parker, the immigrant,
1635. He was brought up on a farm, and in 1850
entered the academy at Mt. Vernon, where he
paid his tuition by working on a farm during the
summers. He taught school in New Hampshire,
1854-58 and then in Carrollton, 111., until 1861,
when he entered the 4th New Hampshire volun
teers as a private, subsequently attaining the
rank of lieutenant-colonel. At Deep Bottom,
-Va., July 26, 1864, he was severely wounded and
taken prisoner and was not released till April
1865. He was brevetted colonel, Aug. 16, 1864,
and mustered out in August, 1865. He was prin
cipal of the grammar school in Manchester, N.H.,
1865-68 ; of the district schools in Dayton, Ohio,
1868-71, and studied psychology, philosophy,
history and pedagogy at King William's univer
sity, Berlin, 1871-73. He was superintendent of
the schools at Quincy, Mass., 1873-80, where he
applied his methods begun in Dayton, Ohio,
founded on the theories of Comenius, Pestalozzi,
and Frobel, and his influence soon extended all
over the country. He was supervisor of schools
in Boston, Mass., 1880-83 ; principal of the Cook
county, 111., normal school, 1883-95, and of the
Chicago, 111., normal school, 1895-99, and in the
latter year became president of the Chicago In
stitute, founded by Mrs. Emmons McCormick
Blaine in 1899 and affiliated with the University
of Chicago, 1901. He was married Dec. 1, 1864, to
Phene H., daughter of Gilbert Perry Hall of
Bennington, N.H., who died in 1871 ; and second
ly, Nov. 23, 1882, to Mrs. Frank Stuart, daughter
of Calvin and Dorothy Stuart of Boston, Mass.
The twenty-fifth anniversary of the inauguration
by him of the " Quincy movement " was cele
brated at Quincy, Mass. , April, 1900. He was one
of the founders and the first president of the
Illinois Society for Child Study, the first organi
zation of its kind in the United States : and
editor of : The Elementary School Teacher and
Course of Study, a publication begun at the Cook
County normal school and continued at the
Chicago Institute and the University of Chicago.
Dartmouth conferred upon him the honorary

[132]

PARKER

PARKER

degree of A.M. in 1886, and Lawrence university
gave him that of LL.D. He is the author of ;
Talks on Teaching (1883); The Practical Teacher
(1884) ; Course in Arithmetic (1884) ; How to Teach
Geography (1885); Outlines in Geography (1885);
How to Study Geography (1889); Talks on Peda
gogics (1894); llncle Robert's Geography (1898).-
He died at Pass Christian, Miss., March 2, 1902.
PARKER, Helen Eliza Fitch, author, was
born in Auburn, N.Y., Dec. 20, 1827; daughter
¦of Abijah (1799-1883) and Lanah (Nelson) Fitch ;
granddaughter of Stephen Fitch of Otsego, N.Y;,
and of Colonel Neilson, from county Armagh,
Ireland, a member of the family whose history is
in "Sunrise and Sunset," infra. She attended
the female seminary at Auburn and engaged in
literary work. She was married April 20, 1852, to
the Rev. Dr. H. Webster Parker (q.v.). She is the
author of: Sunrise and Sunset (1854); Morning
.Stars of the New World (1854); Ramblers after
Land Shells (1863) ; Missions and Martyrs of Mad
agascar (1864) ; Frank's Search for Sea Shells
{1866) ; Constance of Ayliner (1869) : BlindFlorette
¦(1871); Arthur's Aquarium (1872). She died in
Amherst, Mass., Dec. 4, 1874.
PARKER, Henry, president of Georgia, was
born at Savannah, Ga., in 1690. He was bailiff of
¦Savannah in 1734, and in 1741, upon the division
of the colony into Frederica and Savannah coun
ties, was chosen assistant president of Savannah
¦county. In 1750 he succeeded President Wil
liam Stephens, resigned, as colonial president
or governor, holding the office till the appoint
ment of John Reynolds in 1754. Governor Parker
•organized the colonial militia and called the first
meeting of the colonial assembly, Jan. 15, 1751.
He settled a colony at Isle of Hope about eight
miles south of Savannah, to which place he retir-
¦ed in 1754, and he died there subsequent to 1777.
PARKER, Henry Webster, author, was born
inDanby, N.Y., Sept. 7, 1822; son of the Rev.
¦Samuel (1779-1866) (q.v.) and Jerusha (Lord)
Parker. He attended the schools of Ithaca, N.Y.,
and was graduated from Amherst college A.B.,
1843, A.M., 1847, and from the Auburn Theolo
gical seminary in 1846. He was ordained by
the presbytery of Cayuga in 1847 and was pastor
¦at Aurora, N.Y., 1847-50; at Dansville, N.Y.,
1850-52 ; at Bedford and Central Congregational
¦churches (founding the latter), Brooklyn, N.Y.,
1852-56, and at North Congregational church, New
Bedford, Mass., 1856-63. After a course of study
in the Lawrence Scientific school, Harvard uni
versity, 1863-64, he was Dodge professor of
-chemistry and natural science at Iowa col
lege, 1864-70 ; professor of mental and moral
science in the Massachusetts Agricultural college,
Amherst, Mass., 1870-79, and Stone professor of
natural, history at Iowa college, 1879-89. He

removed to New York city in 1889, devoted him
self to cyclopedia work, was on the editorial
staff of the Standard Dictionary, vol. II, and
became editor of Popular Science News in 1896.
He was married, first, to Helen E. Fitch (q.v. ), of
Auburn, N.Y., April 20, 1852, and secondly to
Susan M. Winkley of Ainesbury, Mass., Nov. 6,
1876. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred
on him by Iowa college in 1886. He is the author
of: Poems (184S); The Story of a Soul (1851);
a volume of verse (1862); The Spirit of Beauty
1888); and The Agnostic Gospel (1896).
PARKER, Horatio William, musician and
composer, was born in Auburndale, Mass., Sept.
15, 1863 ; son of Charles Edward and Isabella
Grahame (Jennings) Parker ; grandson of Elijah
and Sally (Hall) Parker, and of John and Susan
Cornelia (Keyes) Jennings, and a descendant of
Thomas Parker, who sailed from London in the
Susan & Ellen March 11, 1635. He was gradu
ated from the Royal Conservatory of Music,
Munich, in 1885, and was married in 1886 to Anna,
daughter of Franz and Rosa (Hubrich) Ploessl,
• of Munich. He was professor of music at the
Cathedral School of St. Paul, Garden City, Long
Island, N.Y., 1845-87 ; organist of Holy Trinity,
N.Y., 1887-93; and organist of Trinity, Boston,
1893-1901. In 1894 he was appointed Battell pro
fessor of the theory of music at Yale, receiving
the honorary degree of A.M. from Yale in 1894,
and that of Mus. Doc. from Cambridge (England)
University in 1902. He composed the oratorio
Hora Novissima which was performed at the Fes
tival of the Three Choirs, Worcester, England,
September, 1899 ; and at the Chester, England,
Festival in July, 1900 ; the oratorio St. Christopher;
the cantatas King Trojan and Tlie Kobolds ;
and A Wanderer's Psalm, which last was given
under his direction at the Hereford festival, Eng
land, in 1900. He conducted St. Christopher at
the Three Choirs Festival, in Worcester, Sep
tember 1902, and in Bristol, Oct. 9, 1902.
PARKER, Hosea Washington, representative,
was born in Lempster, N.H., May 30, 1833; son of
Benjamin Parker, a farmer, and Olive (Nichols)
Parker ; and a descendant of Capt. Joseph
Parker. He prepared for college at the Green
Mountain Liberal institute at South Woodstock,
Vt., attended Tufts college, 1855-56 ; studied law
at Newport, N.H., 1856-59, and began practice in
Claremont, N.H., m 1860. He was married in
1861 to Caroline Lovisa, daughter of Mark and
Lovisa (Curtis) Southgate of Bridgewater, Vt.
He represented Sullivan county in the state
legislature, 1859-60 ; was a member of the Demo
cratic state committee for many years ; a delegate
to the Democratic national conventions of 1868,
1880 and 1884 ; a representative from the third
district of New Hampshire in the 42d and 43d

[133]

PARKER

PARKER

congresses, 1871-75. and held several local offices.
He was nominated by acclamation for U.S.
senator by the Democratic caucus of the state
legislature on Jan. 14, 1897. He received the
honorary degree of A.M. from Tufts college in
1883. PARKER, Isaac, jurist, was born in Boston,
Mass., June 17, 1763 ; son of Daniel and Margaret
(Jarvis) Parker. His father, a Bostoninerchant,
was a native of Charleston, S. C. Isaac Parker
prepared for college at the Boston Latin school,
was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1786, A.M.,
1789 ; taught for a time at the Latin school, and
completed his law studies under Judge Tudor of
Boston, practising at Castine, Maine. He was
married to Rebecca Hall of Boston. He was a
Federal representative iu the 5th congress, 1797-
99 ; and was appointed U.S. marshal for the
district of Maine by President John Adams in
1799, being removed on the accession of President
Jefferson in 1801. He was chief justice of the
supreme court of Massachusetts, 1814-30 ; Royall
professor of law at Harvard, 1816-27, and an
overseer, 1810-30. He was a trustee of Bowdoin
college, 1799-1810, and president of the Massa
chusetts constitutional convention of 1820. The
honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by
Harvard in 1814. He is the author of: Oration
on Washington (1800), and Sketchofthe Character
of Chief Justice Parsons (1813). He died in
Boston, Mass.,' May 26, 1830.
PARKER, Isaac Charles, jurist, was born in
Belmont county, Ohio, Oct., 15, 1838; son of Joseph
and Jane (Shannon) Parker. His father was a
native of Maryland, whose English ancestors
were among the early settlers in Massachusetts
Bay Colony, and his mother was a niece of Wilson
Shannon (q.v. ) . He worked on his father's farm,
attending the country school in winter, until
1855, when for four years he divided his time
between teaching and studying law at Barnes-
ville academy, Ohio. He was admitted to the
bar in 1859, settled in practice in St. Joseph,
Mo., was mayor and alderman, 1859-62, and city
attorney, 1862-64. In 1861 he raised a company
for the 1st Nebraska infantry, served with the
Missouri troops as corporal, and was also provost
marshal. He was a presidential elector on the
Lincoln and Johnson ticket in 1864 ; circuit
attorney of the 9th district of Missouri, 1864-66 ;
circuit, judge 1868-70, and Republican represen
tative from Missouri in the 42d and 43d congresses,
1871-75. He was appointed by President Grant
chief justice of Utah, and confirmed by the
senate, but at the President's request declined in
order to become judge of the U.S. court for
Western Arkansas in 1875, and held the office
until his death. His name became a terror to
outlaws and fugitives who ran over the Indian

Territory and adjoining states, for he enforced
the law to the letter, and imposed the death
penalty upon more criminals than any other
jurist in the United States. He also made a.
record of attendance on court without missing a
day for twenty-one years, and in that time
sentenced 160 murderers to be hanged. He was.
probably the only subordinate judge that ever-
overruled a decision of the U.S. supreme court,
which he accomplished in November, 1894, with
out receiving judicial reproof from the higher
court. He died at Fort Smith, Ark. , Nov. 17, 1896.
PARKER, James, representative, was born in
Bethlehem, Hunterdon county, N.J., March 3,
1776 ; son of James and Gertrude (Skinner)
Parker ; grandson of Col. John (1693-1732) and.
Janet (Johnstone) Parker, and of the Rev. Wil
liam Skinner, and great-grandson of Elisha and
Hannah (Rolph) Parker. Elisha Parker removed
from Staten Island, N.Y., to Woodbridge, N. J,,
previous to 1675, and was high sheriff of the
county of Middlesex, and a member of the
Provincial Assembly. James Parker, Sr., served
in the French and Indian war, was one of the
proprietors of the colony and a member of the
council of Gov. William Franklin. James
Parker, Jr., was graduated at Columbia college
in 1793, entered a counting house in New York
city, where he remained until his father's death
in 1797, when he returned to the family estate at
Perth Amboy, N.J. He engaged in mercantile
pursuits there for a few years, was a representa
tive in the New Jersey legislature, 1806-10, 1812-
13, 1815-16, 1818 and 1827 ; a presidential elector
on the Jackson ticket in 1824, and collector of
customs at Perth Amboy, 1829-33. He presented
to the trustees of Queen's (afterward Rutgers) col
lege the site for the college buildings. He was one

QuEt/vj'S COLLEGE
of the commissioners appointed in 1807, 1827 and
1833 to obtain a settlement of the boundary
question between New York and New Jersey,
which was accomplished in 1833, and was pro
minent among the originators of the Delaware
and Raritan canal. He was married first, January
5, 1803, to Penelope, daughter of Anthony Butler
1134]

PARKER

PARKER

of Philadelphia, and seoondly, Sept. 20, 1827,
to Catherine Morris, daughter of Samuel Ogden,
of Newark, N.J. He was a Democratic represen
tative in the 23d and 24th congresses, 1833-37,
and a member of the state constitutional conven
tion of 1844. While in the state legislature he
drew up and secured the passage of several laws,
including that prohibiting local slavery in 1819,
arid that establishing the school fund. He
was a vice-president of the New Jersey Historical
society and its president, 1864-68. He died at
Perth Amboy, N.J., April 1, 1868.
PARKER, James Cutler Dunn, musician, was
born in Boston, Mass., June 2, 1828 ; son of Sam
uel Hale and Sarah (Parker) Parker, and grand
son of the Rt. Rev. Samuel and Annie (Cutler)
Parker. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B.,
1848., A.M., 1856 ;read
law in the office of
Samuel Dunn Parker,
attorney of Suffolk
county, 1848-51, aban
doning it for mu
sic and studying in
Leipsic, 1851-54. He
made a six months'
tour of Europe in
1854, and on his re
turn to Boston be
came professor of pi
anoforte in the Bos
ton Univei'sity Col
lege of Music, accept
ing a similar position
in the New England Conservatory of Music in
1871. He was organist of the Handel and Haydn
'society, 1857-59, and of Trinity church, Boston,
1864-91. He was made the examiner of the New
England Conservatory of Music in 1891. He re
ceived the degree of A.M. from Harvard in 1856
and Mus. Doc. from Alfred university in 1887. He
was married, Sept. 6, 1859, to Maria, daughter of
John and Rebecca (Punchard) Derby of Boston.
He translated Ernst F. E. Richter's Manual of
Harmony, and is the author of Manual of Har
mony (1855). His compositions include: Re
demption Hymn (1877); Blind King (1883); St.
John (1890); Life of Man, oratorio (1895), and
solos, choruses, orchestra pieces and several
church services.
PARKER, Jane Marsh, writer, was born in
Milan, N.Y., June 16, 1836 ; daughter of the Rev.
Joseph and Sarah (Adams) Marsli ; granddaugli-
ter of Lemuel Marsh of Vergennes, Vt., and of
Jonathan Adams of Sennett, Cayuga county,
N.Y., and a descendant of Captain James Marsh
of Kent, England, a royalist who was slain at
Marsden Moor, 1644. Joseph Marsh was a Camp-
bellite minister, who became a disciple of Will

iam Miller, and was a leader in the Second Ad
vent movement, 1843-50. His daughter was
educated in Rochester, N.Y., and in 1856 married
George T. Parker, a lawyer of Rochester. She
became a regular writer for many leading New
York daily and weekly newspapers, both relig
ious and secular. She is the author of : Toil
ing and Hoping, novel (1856); The Boy Mission
ary (1859); The Morgan Boys (1859); Losing the
Way (1860); Under His Banner (1862); Roches
ter, a Story Historical (1884); The Midnight Cry,
a novel founded on the Millerite movement
(1886); Life of S. F. B. Morse (1887); Papers Re
lating to the Genesee Country (1888), and histor
ical articles for leading magazines.
PARKER, Joel, jurist, was born in Jaffrey,
N.H., Jan. 25, 1795 ; son of Abel and Edith (Jew-
ett) Parker ; grandson of Samuel and Mary Rob
bins (Proctor) Parker, and sixth in descent from
Samuel Parker, who emigrated from England pri
or to 1643, first settled in Woburn, Mass., in 1644,
and was one of the first settlers at Chelmsford.
Abel Parker was a native of Westford, and served
in the Revolutionary war as 2d lieutenant of the
Middlesex and Worcester brigade under Gens.
Gates and Heath. Joel Parker attended Groton
academy, and was graduated from Dartmouth
college, A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814. He studied law
with his brother Edmund of Amherst, N.H., was
admitted to the bar in Cheshire county in 1817 ;
practised at Keene, 1817-21, and at Columbus,
Ohio, after 1821. He was a representative in the
state legislature, 1824-26 ; associate justice of the
superior court of New Hampshire, 1833-38, and
chief justice, 1838-48. While associate justice he
originated the bill abolishing the court of com
mon pleas and providing that trial terms should
be held by a single judge, empowered to try all
causes except murder and treason, and giving
the court full chancery powers. He was chair
man of the committee appointed to revise the
laws of the state in 1840 ; professor of medical
jurisprudence at Dartmouth college, 1847-57. and
professor of law, 1869-75. He removed to Cam
bridge, Mass., in 1847, and practised law in Bos
ton with his brother-in-law, Horatio G. Parker.
He was married, Jan. 20, 1848, to Mary Morse,
daughter of Elijah Parker of Keene, N.H. He
was Royall professor at Dane Law School, Har
vard university, 1847-75. He was a representa
tive from Cambridge in the constitutional con
vention of 1853 and a member of the commission
for the revision of Massachusetts statutes in 1855.
In his will he made provisions for founding the
professorship of law at Dartmouth college, of
which he was a trustee , 1843-60. He was president
of the New Hampshire Medical society and of the
Northern Society of Arts and Sciences. The hon
orary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by

[135]

PARKER

PARKER

Dartmouth in 1837 and by Harvard in 1848. He is
the author of : Progress (1840J ; Daniel Webster as
a Jurist (1853) ; A Charge to the Grand Jury on the
Uncertainty of Law (1854); Tlie Non-Extension of
Slavery ( 1856); Personal Liberty Laws and Slavery
in the Territories (1861); Tlie Right of Secession
(1861); Constitutional Law (1862); Habeas Corpus
and Martial Law (1862) ,- Tiie War Powers of Con
gress and the President (1863); Revolution and
Construction (1866); The Three Powers of Gov
ernment (1869), and Conflict of Decisions (1875).
He died in Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 17, 1875.
PARKER, Joel, clergyman and educator, was
born in Bethel, Vt., Aug. 27, 1799. He was grad
uated at Hamilton college in 1824, and attended
Auburn Theological seminary, 1824-26. He was
married, May 9, 1826, to Harriet Phelps of Lenox,
N.Y. He was pastor of the Third Presbyterian
church in Rochester, N.Y., 1826-30, being or
dained in February, 1827. He organized and was
pastor of the Dey Street Presbyterian church,
New York city, 1830-33 ; was pastor of the First
Presbyterian church, New Orleans, La., 1833-38,
and of the Broadway Tabernacle, New York
city, 1838-40. He was the second president of
Union Theological seminary, New York city, and
its first professor of sacred rhetoric, 1840-42 ; pas
tor of the Clinton Street Presbyterian church,
Philadelphia, Pa., 1842-52 ; of the Bleecker Street
church, New York city, 1852-62, and of the Park
church, Newark, N. J., 1862-68. He retired from
the ministry in 1868 on account of age. He re
ceived the degree of D.D. from the College of New
Jersey in 1839. He was a frequent contributor
to the religious press, served at one time as asso
ciate editor of the Presbyterian Quarterly Review
and edited Sermons of the Rev. John W. Adams,
With a Memoir (1851). He is the author of :
Lectures on Unitarianism (1829); Morals for a
Young Student (1832); Invitation to True Happi
ness (1843) ; Reasonings of a Pastor (1849) ; Notes
on Twelve Psalms (1849); Sermons (1852), and
Pastor's Initiatory Catechism (1855). He died in
New York city, May 2, 1873.
PARKER, Joel, governor of New Jersey, was
born near Freehold, N.J., Nov. 24, 1816; son of
Charles and Sarah (Coward) Parker ; grandson of
Thomas and Sarah (Stout) Parker, and of Capt.
Joseph Coward of the Continental army, and a
descendant of Joseph Parker, who was settled in
Monmouth, N.J., about 1668. Charles Parker
was sheriff of Monmouth county ; a member
of the New Jersey assembly ; state treasurer
for thirteen years, and also state librarian.
His parents removed to Trenton in 1821. Joel
Parker was prepared for college at Trenton acad
emy and the Lawrenceville high school, and was
graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B.,
1839, A.M., 1842. He studied law under Henry

[136]

W. Green at Trenton, was admitted to the bar in
1842, and practised in Freehold, N.J. , 1842-80. He
was married in 1843 to Maria M., daughter of
Samuel R. Gummere of Trenton, N. J. He can
vassed the state for Van Buren and Johnson
in 1840 and for Polk and Dallas in 1844 ; was a
Democratic member of the state assembly in
1847 ; prosecuting attorney of Monmouth county,
1852-57 ; a presidential elector on the Douglas and
Johnson ticket in 1860, and was commissioned
brigadier-general of the state militia in 1857 and
major-general in 1861. He supported the war
measures of the administration of President Lin
coln on constitutional grounds ; was Democratic
governor of New Jersey, 1863-
66, and was active in the
organization of volunteers.
On the invasion of Pennsyl-|
vania by Lee's army in 1863 \
Governor Parker supplied
Governor Curtin with several
organized regiments of New Jersey volunteers.
He kept the quota of New Jersey for the army
up to its full number, and so successfully man
aged the finances of the state during the civil
war that not a bond of New Jersey was sold be
low par, and in 1865 there was a surplus of $200,-
000 in the treasury. At the Democratic national
conventions of 1868, 1876 and 1884 he received
the unanimous vote of the New Jersey delega
tion for President. He was the candidate of the
National Labor Reform convention of 1872 for
Vice-President on the ticket with David Davis
for President, but he declined to accept. He was
again governor of New Jersey, 1872-74 ; was at
torney-general of the state January to April,
1875 ; a presidential elector on the Tilden and
Hendricks ticket in 1876 ; a justice of the supreme
court for the second district of the state, 1880-88,
and declined a fourth nomination for governor in
1883. He was influential in the erection of the
monument commemorating the battle of Mon
mouth, which was unveiled Nov. 13, 1884. He
received the degree LL.D. from Rutgers college
in 1872, and was an honorary member of the
New Jersey state branch, Society of the Cincin
nati. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 2, 1888.
PARKER, John, delegate, was born in Charles
ton, S.C, Jan. 24, 1749 ; son of John Parker. He
was educated in England ; graduated in law at
the Middle Temple, London, in 1775 ; practiced
law in Charleston, S.C, and cultivated a rice
plantation near that city. He was elected a
delegate to the Continental congress, serving
1786-88. He was married Dec. 24, 1776, to Susan
nah, daughter of Henry and Mary (Williams)
Middleton, of South Carolina, and sister of
Arthur Middleton, the signer. He died on his
plantation, near Charleston, S.C, April 20, 1822.

PARKER

PARKER

PARKER, John Adams, landscape painter,
was born in New York city, Nov. 27, 1827. He
was educated in the University of the City of New
York, and in 1850 engaged in mercantile pursuits,
which he abandoned in 1857 to study art. He
first exhibited at the National Academy of
Design in 1858, from which time he was a regular
contributor. He was elected an associate of the
National Academy in 1864. He settled in Brook
lyn, N.Y., in 1856, and was a founder of the
Brooklyn Art association and of the Brooklyn
Art club. His best paintings are those of moun
tain scenery in the White Mountains, Catskills
and Adirondacks, his summer studio being in
Keene Valley, in the Adirondacks. His works
include: Twilight in the Adirondacks (1876);
Winter (1879); Winter Twilight (1880); Land
scape in the Adirondacks — Twilight (1882) ; Win
ter Evening (1884); The Gothics — Adirondacks
(1885), and Close of a November Day, Ausable
Pond, Adirondacks (1886). He died in Brooklyn,
fr.Y., in March, 1900.
PARKER, John Mason, jurist, was born in
Granville, N.Y., June 14, 1805 ; son of John Clark
Parker and Susan (Mason) Parker ; grandson of
Peter and Esther (Clark) Parker ; and a descend
ant of Edward Parker, who settled in New
Haven in 1644. He was prepared for college at
Granville academy ; graduated at Middlebury
college, Vt., in 1828, and studied law under John
P. Cushman, at Troy, N.Y. He was admitted to
the bar in 1833, settled in practice in Owego,
N.Y., and was a Whig representative from the
twenty-seventh New York district in the 34th and
35th congresses, 1855-59. He was a justice of
the supreme court of New. York, 1859-73, and a
justice of the general term of the third depart
ment, 1867-73. He also sat as a member of the
court of appeals for a part of the time. He was
married first, in September, 1835, to Catherine
Ann, daughter of Charles Pumpelly, of Owego,
N.Y., and secondly, March 1, 1854, to his deceased
wife's sister, Stella A. Pumpelly. He received
the degree LL.D. from Middlebury college, in
1865. He died in Owego, N.Y., Dec. 6, 1873.
PARKER, Josiah, representative, was born in
Macclesfield, Va. , May 11, 1751 ; son of Nicholas
and Ann (Copeland) Parker; grandson of Nathaniel
and Ann Parker, and a descendant of Thomas
Parker, who settled on Smith's Neck, Isle of
Wight county, Va., in 1650. Josiah Parker was
married May 6, 1773, to Mary Pierce, widow of
Col. Joseph Bridger. He was a member of the
county committee of safety in 1775, and of the
Virginia convention that met in March, July and
December, 1775. He was commissioned major in
the 5th Virginia regiment, Feb. 13, 1776 ; was
promoted lieutenant-colonel, July 28, 1777, and
colonel, April 1, 1778. His regiment served under

[137]

Gen. Charles Lee in Virginia, until the latter
part of 1776, when it was transferred to Washing
ton's army. He rendered distinguished service
at the battles of Trenton, Princeton and the
Brandy wine, and resigned from the army July 12,
1778. He commanded the militia on the south
side of the James river in Virginia, 1778-82 ; was
a member of the Virginia house of delegates
1780-81 ; naval officer at Portsmouth, Va., 1786,
and a candidate for election to the Virginia con
vention of 1788, but was defeated because he was
opposed to the adoption of the Constitution. He
was a representative in the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th
and 6th congresses from the Norfolk district, Va. ,.
1789-1801, and was chairman of the committee on
naval affairs. He was a member of the Virginia
Society of the Cincinnati. He died in Maccles
field, Isle of Wight county, Va., March 18, 1810.
PARKER, Leonard Fletcher, educator, was
born in Arcade, N.Y., Aug. 3, 1825 ; son of Elias
and Dorothy (Fletcher) Parker ; grandson of Leo
nard and Mary (Foster) Parker, and of Gershom
and Sarah (Robinson) Fletcher, and a descendant.
of Abraham Parker, of Chelmsford, Mass., about
1640, and of Robert Fletcher, of Concord, Mass.,
1630. He was graduated from Oberlin college,
Ohio, in 1851, and finished two years in the theo
logical department of Oberlin college in 1853. He
was married Aug. 21, 1853, to Sarah Candace,
daughter of Timothy and Harriet (Wilder)
Pearse, of Oberlin, Ohio, formerly of Sudbury,
Vt. He taught in public schools, 1841-53 ; was
superintendent of schools at Brownsville, Pa.,
1853-56, and at Grinnell, Iow-a, 1856-60. He was
Carter professor of ancient languages at Iowa
college, 1860-70 ; and in 1864, with all the students
of the college of military age, enlisted in the 46th
Iowa infantry, Col. D. B. Henderson (q.v.), and
was 1st lieutenant of his company, declining the
captaincy in favor of a veteran invalid soldier.
He was a Republican member of the Iowa house
of representatives, 1868-70 ; professor of Greek
or of history at the State University of Iowa,
1870-87 ; Parker professor of history at Iowa col
lege, 1888-98, and was elected professor emeritus,
in 1898, when he retired from active teaching.
He was a member of the American History asso
ciation, and received the degree of A.M., in 1860,
and the honorary degree D.D. in 1895, from Ober
lin. He is the author of : History of Education
in Iowa, in No. 17 of state monographs (published
by the U.S., 1893), and of pamphlets and maga
zine articles on literary, political and historical
subjects, including Address at the Semi-Centen
nial of Iowa college ; The College on the Campus
and Beyond It ; Puritan Faith, not French Athe
ism, the Foundation of American Liberties, and
The Abuse of Grant's Des Moines Speech (1875),
in which he exposed the falsification of the

PARKER

PARKER

report of the speech which made the President
seem to oppose all education by the state except
in common schools.
PARKER, Linus, M. E. bishop, was born near
Vienna, Oneida county, N.Y., April 23, 1829 ; son
of John and Alvira (Wadham) Parker, both of
Connecticut, and grandson of Eri and Joana
(Stoddard) Parker. His fisst ancestor in Amer
ica, William Parker, emigrated from Bristol,
England, and located in Saybrook, Conrt., in its
early settlement. Linus Parker removed to New
Orleans, La., in early youth, engaged as a clerk,
and also attended college at Lewisburg, La., be
coming proficient in Latin and Greek. He served
in the Mexican war in Captain Girault's company
from Louisiana ; entered the Louisiana confer
ence of the Methodist Episcopal church, south,
Dec. 26, 1849, and was stationed at Lake Provi
dence in 1850 ; at Shreveport in . J 85 1-52,
was ordained deacon, December, 1852, and elder
December, 1853, and was stationed in New Or
leans, Jan. 5, 1853. He served as pastor in
principal stations until 1870, when he was elected
editor of The Christian Advocate, holding this
position until May, 1882, also acting as presiding
elder at various times. He was a delegate to
the General conference of the Methodist Episco
pal church, South, in 1866, and sat in its quad
rennial sessions, 1866-82. He was elected bishop
of the M. E. church, South, May, 1882, and filled
this office until his death. He was married June
7, 1853, to Sallie Fitzgerald, daughter of the Rev.
Alexander and  (Burruss) Sale. She
died Sept. 13, 1853, and he was married secondly,
Jan. 20, 1858, to Ellen K, daughter of the Rev.
John Crenshaw and Emily L. (Nutting) Burruss.
She died Sept. 3, 1900. Bishop Parker died in
New Orleans, La., March 5, 1885.
PARKER, Nahum, senator, was born in Shrews
bury, Mass,, March 14, 1760 ; son of Amos and
Anna (Stone) Parker; grandson of Andrew and
Sarah (Whitney) Parker ; great-grandson of
John Parker and a descendant of Thomas Parker,
who emigrated from England in the Susan and
Ellen in 1635 and settled first in Lynn, and then
in Reading, Massachusetts Bay colony. Nahum
Parker w-as a soldier in the Continental army
under General Gates and took part in the battles
that resulted in the capture of Burgoyne's forces
at Saratoga in 1777. He settled in Fitzwilliam,
N.H., in 1786, was a member of the board of
selectmen, 1790-94, and clerk and treasurer of
the town, 1792-1815. He was a representative in
the state legislature, 1794-1804 and 1806-07 ; a
member of the governor's council, 1804-05. and
was U.S. senator from New Hampshire, 1807-10,
resigning in 1810 when he was succeeded by
Charles Cutts (q.v.). He was justice of the court
of common pleas for Cheshire county, which

included Sullivan county, 1807-13 ; an associate
justice of the Western circuit, 1813-16 ; judge of
the court of sessions of Cheshire county in 1821'
and of the court of common pleas for Hillsborough
county in 1822. He was also a member of the
New Hampshire senate and its president in 1828.
He was married, Aug. 11, 1783, to Mary Deeth of
Gerry, Mass., and their son, Amos Andrew
Parker (born Oct. 8, 1791, University of Ver
mont, 1813, lawyer, editor of New Hampshire
Statesman, author of Recollections of Lafayette
(1879)) celebrated the hundredth anniversary of
his birth, and died in Fitzwilliam, N.H., May 12,
1893. Nahum Parker died in Fitzwilliam, N.H.,
Nov. 12, 1839.
PARKER, Peter, missionary and diplomat,
was born in Framingham, Mass., June 18, 1804;
son of Nathan and Catharine (Murdock) Parker,
grandson of Peter and Ruth (Eaton) Parker,
great-grandson of John and Experience (Cloyes)
Parker, and a descendant of Hananiah Parker of
Reading, Mass. He was a student at Amherst
college, 1827-30, was graduated at Yale, A.B.,
1831, M.D., 1834; and attended Yale Divinity
school, 1832-34. He was appointed by the A.B.
C. F. M., a missionary to China; was ordained
May 16, 1834, and embarked for Canton in June,
1834. In October, 1835, he opened an ophthalmic
hospital in Canton, which soon became a general'
hospital, and not only attended over 2,000 sick,
but preached to his patients in their own language
and trained several in medicine and surgery.
He came back to the United States at the out
break of the opium war between China and Eng
land in 1840, and was married, March 29, 1841,-
to Harriet Colby, daughter of John Ordway
Webster, of Augusta, Maine. He returned to
China in 1842, accompanied by his wife, who
was the first foreign woman to reside in Canton".
Dr. Parker continued the Jiospital 1842-55. He
was appointed secretary and interpreter to the
U.S. legation to China in 1844 ; and in 1845
resigned his connection with the American
board to serve as charge d'affaires in the absence
of the U.S. minister. In 1853 he made a brief
visit to the United States, where he was appointed
U.S. commissioner to China with plenipotentiary
powers for the revision of the treaty of 1844, and
served as such, 1855-57. In this capacity he was
again in China, 1855-57, and then settled in
Washington, D.C. He was founder and for
several years president of the Medical Missionary
Society of China, became a regent of the Smith
sonian Institution in 1868, a corporate member
of the A.B.C of F.M. in 1871, and in that
year a delegate of the Evangelical Alliance to
petition the Emperor of Russia to permit freedom
of worship in the Baltic provinces. He was
president of the Washington branch of the

[138]

PARKER

PARKER

Evangelical Alliance in 1887. Yale conferred
upon him the degree of A.M. in 1858. He is the
author of : Journal of an Expedition from
Singapore to Japan (1838); A Statement respect
ing Hospitals in Cllina (1841); Eulogy on Henry
Wilson (1880). He died in Washington, D.C,
Jan. 10, 1888.
PARKER, Richard Elliott, senator, was born
at Rook Spring, Westmoreland county, Va.,
Dec. 27, 1783 ; son of Capt. William Harwar and
Mary (Sturman) Parker, and grandson of Judge
Richard and Elizabeth (Beale) Parker. He studied
law at Lawfield, Va. , under his grandfather, Judge
Richard Parker, was admitted to the bar and set
tled in practice in his native county, which he re
presented in the Virginia legislature for several
years. He was colonel of the militia in West
moreland couuty at the outbreak of the war of
1812, and served as colonel of the 35th Virginia
regiment, with which he defended the Northern
Neck from British attacks, 1813-14. He was
wounded in the action at White House, Sept. 16,
1814, returning after the war to the practice of
law, and was elected a judge of the general court,
July 26, 1817. He was elected to the U.S. senate
to'fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Benjamin Watkins Leigh, serving from Dec. 15,
1836, to Feb. 13, 1837, when he resigned to accept
¦a seat on the bench of the Court of Appeals of
Virginia, to fill the vacancy caused by the death
-of Dabney Carr, Jan. 8, 1837. He declined the
position of attorney-general in the cabinet of
President Van Buren, in 1840, as successor to Felix
¦Grundy. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Dr.
William Foushee, of Richmond, Va. He died at
the "Retreat," Snickersville, Va., Sept. 9, 1840.
PARKER, Richard Wayne, representative,
was born in Newark, N. J., Aug. 6, 1848 ; son of
Cortlandt (q.v.)., and Elizabeth Wolcott (Stites)
Parker, and grandson of Richard Wayne Stites,
of Morristowh, N.J. He was graduated at the
College of New Jersey, A.B., 1867, A.M., 1870,
and at Columbia Law school LL.B., 1869. He
was admitted to the bar in 1870, and practiced
with his father in Newark. He was married,
Jan. 2, 1834, to Eleanor, daughter of Gen. Wil
liam W. (q.v.) and Eleanor (Kinzie) Gordon, of
Savannah, Georgia. He was a representative in
the New Jersey legislature 1885-86 ; was the
Republican candidate for congress from the
sixth New Jersey district in 1892, and was elected
a representative in the 54th, 55th, 56th, 57th and
58th congresses, 1895-1905.
PARKER, Samuel, second bishop of Massachu
setts and 10th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Portsmouth, N.H., Aug. 17,
1744 ; son of Judge William and Elizabeth
(Grafton) Parker ; grandson of William and
Zerviah (Stanley) Parker, of England, who fled

OLD TRINITY CHURCH —BOSTON

to America and settled in Portsmouth, N.H., in
1703. Zerviah Stanley, a daughter of the Earl of
Derby, married without her father's consent and
abandoned her claims to nobility. Samuel Parker
was graduated at Harvard, A.B. 1764 ; A.M., 1767.
He was married in
November, 1766, to
Annie, daughter of
John Cutler of Bos
ton, Mass. He pre
pared for holy or
ders while teaching
school, and was
elected assistant of
Trinity church in
Boston, Mass., in
October 1773. He
was ordered deacon
in the chapel of
Fulham palace,
London, Eng., Feb. 24, 1774, and ordained priest
three days later by Dr. Terrich, Lord Bishop of
London. He assumed the duties of assistant in
November, 1774, and during the Revolution was
the only Anglican clergyman to remain at liis
post and support the cause of the colonists. He
was elected rector of Trinity church, June 27,
1779, and after the war went about trying to re
organize and establish the scattered churches and
to reinstate the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel. He was elected bishop of the Eastern.
diocese to succeed Bishop Bass, deceased, in 1803,
and was consecrated at Trinity church, New York
city, Sept. 14, 1804, by Bishop White, assisted by
Bishops Claggett, Jarvis, and Moore. He never
discharged the duties of the office, being pros
trated with gout on his return from New York
from which he did not recover. He received the
degree D.D. from the University of Pennsylvania
in 1789. He published an Annual Election Ser
mon before the Legislature of Masschusetts (1793) ;
a Sermon for the Benefit of the, Boston Female
Asylum (1803), and several occasional discourses.
He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 6, 1804.
PARKER, Samuel, missionary explorer, was
born in Ashfleld, Mass., April 23, 1779; son of
Elisha and Thankful (Marchant) Parker, and a
descendant of Robert Parker, the immigrant, who
settled in Barnstable, Mass. Elisha Parker, a
native of Yarmouth, Mass., was a member of the
coast guard at the beginning of the Revolution,
and afterward a soldier in the engagements from
Bennington to Saratoga, 1775-77. Samuel Parker
was graduated at Williams college, A.B. , 1806,
A.M., 1809; was principal of the academy at
Brattleboro, Vt., and was graduated at Andover
Theological seminary in 1810, going as a mission
ary to Steuben and Allegany counties. N.Y. He
was ordained, Dec. 24, 1812, and was pastor of

[139]

PARKER

PARKER

the Congregational church at Danby, N.Y., 1812-
27. He was agent for the Auburn Theological
seminary; was pastor at Fabius, N.Y., 1827-32 ;
at Middlefield, Mass., 1832-33 ; conducted a young
women's school at Ithaca, N.Y., 1833-35, and was
sent to Oregon by the
First Presbyterian
church, Ithaca, un
der the auspices of
the A.B.CF.M., 1835,
to explore and locate
missions, returning
by the way of the
Sandwich -.Islands in
1837. He lectured in
the eastern states on
the character of Ore
gon Territory, enlist
ed Dr. Marcus Whit
man and other mis
sionaries to work
there, and did much
to set forth the value of that territory, then
in strenuous dispute. He was the first missionary
of the A.B.CF.M. beyond the Rocky Mountains,
and the discoverer of an easy grade for a rail
road through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific
ocean. He was married first to a Miss Sears of
Ashfield, Mass., and .secondly, in 1815, to Jerusha
Lord (1790-1857) of Salisbury, Conn., a niece of
Noah Webster. He is the author of Exploring
Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains (1838), which
was republished several times, and of which a
London edition was issued. He died in Ithaca,
N.Y., March 24, 1866, and in 1901 a tablet to his
memory was placed in the First Presbyterian
Church of Ithaca.
PARKER, Samuel Parker, clergyman and
educator, was born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 10,
1805 ; son of John Rowe and Mary (Hamilton)
Parker ;' grandson of the Rt. Rev. Samuel and An
nie (Cutler) Parker. He prepared for college at the
Boston Latin school and was graduated at Harvard
in 1824. He was usher and sub-master of the Bos
ton Latin school, 1824-30, and prepared for holy
orders under Bishop Griswold of the Eastern
diocese. He was ordered deacon in 1834 and
priested in 1835 by Bishop Griswold. He was
married, April 20, 1836, to Eliza Pomeroy, grand
daughter of Judge Theodore" Sedgwick and niece
of Catherine M. Sedgwick, the authoress. He
went as a missionary to Stockbridge, where he
erected St. Paul's church and built up a flourish
ing palish. He was assistant to Dr. Muhlenberg
in the Church of the Holy Communion, New
York city ; rector of St. Mary's church, Staten
Island, where he erected a stone church ; return
ed to St. Paul's, Stockbridge, and succeeded Dr.
Huntington at Grace church, Amherst, where he

also built a fine church. He next labored in
New York city ; was rector of St. Paul's, Stock-
bidge, and of Trinity, Lenox, and conducted a
preparatory school at Stockbridge. He was rec
tor at Christ church, Exeter ; Epiphany, Win
chester ; and Trinity, Melrose, and officiated in
vacant churches in western Massachusetts, includ
ing Christ church, Sheffield, making his home in
Stockbridge and devoting much of his time to
the public library, of which he largely selected the
books purchased and procured funds for its en
largement. He received the honorary degree of
D.D. from Union college in 1861. He died in
Stockbridge, Mass., Nov. 16, 1880.
PARKER, Theodore, clergyman, was born in
Lexington, Mass., Aug. 24, 1810 ; son of John and
Hannah (Stearns) Parker ; grandson of Capt. John
Parker, an officer at the battle of Lexington, and
a descendant of Thomas Parker, the immigrant,
Lynn, 1635. Theodore worked on his father's
farm and in his shop ; was a student at the public
school ; attended a day school in Lexington one
term in 1826, where he took up algebra, Latin
and Greek ; from 1827 was self-instructed, mak
ing rapid progress, and in 1830 was examined and
admitted to Harvard,
where he passed his
successive examina
tions in each class,
but under the rules of
the college was not
allowed to receive a
degree. He taught
in a private school in
Boston in 1831, iu a
private school in
Watertown, Mass. ,
1832-42, and prose
cuted his post-grad
uate studies, includ
ing theology, in 1834.
The honorary degree
of A.M. was conferred upon him by Harvard in
1840. He was ordained pastor of the Unitarian
society at West Roxbury, Mass., June 21, 1837,
remaining minister of that society until February;
1845, when he was excommunicated by the Uni
tarian association on account of alleged heret
ical teachings, and resigned his pastorate. He
formed and was installed as pastor of a new
society, Jan. 4, 1846, and preached in Boston at the
Melodeon, 1846-52, and at Music Hall, 1852-59.
The new society, aided by the reform movement
in Massachusetts which had reached its height,
grew rapidly. Mr. Parker was a leader in effect
ing the escape of runaway slaves in Boston and
defended and helped the revolutionary movement
of John Brown in the 'West. He accepted the
editorship of the Massachusetts Quarterly and
[140]

fUuO- PodtisP-

PARKER

PARKER

conducted it, 1847-50. During the winter of 1857,
while on a lecturing tour in central New York, he
contracted a severe cold which settled on his
lungs, and in January, 1859, he made a voyage to
Santa Cruz for the benefit of his health. In May,
1859, he went to Southampton and thence to
Switzerland and Rome, where he suffered a relapse
during the wet season, and was taken to Florence,
where he died and was buried in the cemetery
outside the walls, the Rev. Mr. Cunningham, an
old friend, conducting the funeral service. Busts
were made by William W. Story and Robert
Hart, and in January, 1902, a bronze statue by
Robert Kraus was erected on the lawn of tlie
First Parish (Unitarian) church at West Rox
bury by the society. He is the author of : A
Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion
(1849); Occasional Sermons and Speeches (2 vols.,
1852); Ten Sermons on Religion (1853); Sermons
on Theism, Atheism and the Popular Theology
(1853); Additional Speeches and Addresses (2 vols.,
1855); Trial of Theodore Parker for the "Misde
meanor of a Speech in Faneuil Hall against
Kidnapping" (1855); Two Christmas Celebrations
and Experience as a Minister (1859) ; a volume of
Prayers (1862), and Historic Americans (1870).
His complete works were edited by Frances P.
Cobbe (14 vols., 1863-71), and also Lessons from
the World of Matter and the World of Man, selec
tions from his unpublished sermons by Rufus
Leighton (1865). His biography was written by
John Weiss (1861), and O. B. Frothingham (1874).
In October, 1900, his name received twenty-one
votes for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great
Americans, New York university, being fifth in
" Class G, Preachers and Theologians," number
ing twenty-six names, of which but three,
Beecher, Channing and Edwards, received a
place. He died in Florence, Italy, May 10, 1860.
PARKER, Willard, surgeon, was born at Hills
borough, N.H., Sept. 2, 1800; son of Jonathan
and Hannah (Clark) Parker ; grandson of Capt.
Peter Clark, and a descendant of Abraham Parker,
who emigrated from England to Massachusetts
Bay colony in 1640, and settled first in Woburn
and afterward in Chelmsford, Mass. His parents,
who were farmers, removed to Chelmsford in
1805, and he worked on the farm and attended
the public school winters until 1829. He taught
in the district schools, 1819-22, and was graduated
at Harvard, A.B., 1826, A.M., 1829. He taught
school in Charlestown, Mass.; attended the lec
tures of Dr. John C. Warren, 1826-27; was
assistant in the U.S. Marine hospital at Chelsea,
Mass, 1827-29 ; studied surgery under Dr. Warren
during the winter of 1828-29, and was graduated
at Harvard, M.D., in 1830, and at Berkshire
Medical college (Mass.) M.D., 1831. He delivered
a course of lectures on anatomy in the Vermont

Medical school at Woodstock, 1829-30 ; was pro
fessor of anatomy and surgery, Colby university,
1830-33, and in the Berkshire Medical college,
1830-33 ; of anatomy and physiology in Geneva
college, 1834-36 ; professor of surgery in the
Cincinnati university, 1836-37 ; visited Europe in
1837 ; settled in New York city in 1839, where he
was connected with the College of Physicians
and Surgeons as professor of surgery, 1839-69,
professor of clinical surgery, 1870-80, and profes
sor emeritus, 1880-84. He was twice married ;
first, in 1839, to Caroline Allen of Massachusetts,
and secondly, to Henriette Bissell. He instituted
college clinics in 1840, became a visiting surgeon
to Bellevue hospital in 1847, and to the New York
hospital in 1856, in the meantime establishing
a large practice. He became president of the
New York state inebriate asylum in 1865, suc
ceeding Dr. Valentine Mott, and was a consulting
surgeon to the Roosevelt, St. Luke's and Mt. Sinai
hospitals. He was active in the organization of
the New York Pathological society in 1843 ; of
the hospital for the relief of widows and orphans
of medical men in 1846, and of the New York
Academy of Medicine in 1847, becoming its pres
ident in 1856. He was also influential in estab
lishing the New York city board of health, 1864-
66, and served as a member of the board. He was
a member of several scientific societies of the
United States and Europe. He received the
degree LL.D. from the College of New Jersey in
1870. The Willard Parker hospital for contagious
diseases was erected and named in his honor.
His discoveries in practical surgery include the
operation of cystotomy, for the relief of chronic
cystitis, an operation for the cure of abscess of
the appendix vermiformis and one for the la
ceration of the perineum during parturition.
He was also the first in the country to call atten
tion to the phenomena of the concussion of the
nerves, as distinguished from that of the nerve-
centres, and to report cases of malignant pustule.
His monographs include : Cystotomy (1850) ;
Spontaneous Fractures (1852) ; Concussion of '
Nerves (1856) ; On the High Operation for Stone
in the Female (1855) ; Ligature of the Subclavian
Artery (1864), and a lecture on Cancer (1873).
He died in New York city. April 25, 1884.
PARKER, William Harwar, naval officer, was
born in New York city, Oct. 8, 1826 ; son of Fox
hall Alexander and Sara (Bogardus) Parker. He
was graduated at the U.S. Naval academy in
1748, and was promoted lieutenant in 1855. His
brother, Foxhall Alexander Parker (q.v.), was a
commander in the U.S. navy during the civil
war. William Harwar Parker was dismissed from
the U.S. naval service, April 20, 1861, having
joined the secession movement in Virginia and
accepted a commission as lieutenant commander
[141]

PARKHURST

PARKINSON

In the Confederate States navy. He commanded
the gunboat Beaufort in the fleet of Commodore
Lynch, C.S.N. , in protecting the sounds of North
Carolina, opposed the landing of the expedition
of General Burnside at Roanoke Island, and sup
ported Fort Huger against the Federal assault.
The Confederate fleet retreated to Elizabeth City,
followed by the Federal flaet under Commander
Rowan, and there made a stand. The North Caro
lina militia having evacuated the fort, Com
mander Lynch ordered Lieutenant-Commander
Parker to reman it with men from the fleet, and on
the destruction of the Confederate fleet Lynch
and Parker escaped to Norfolk through the canal
with the Beaufort. Parker joined in the attack
on the Federal fleet at Hampton Roads, March 8,
1862, where he ordered Lieutenant Pendergast,
commanding the U.S. frigate Congress, after
the surrender of his sword and the colors, to
return to the Congress and aid in rescuing the
crew. The fire from the Merrimac prevented
Pendergast's return to the Beaufort and he escap
ed to the shore. In 1863 Parker was promoted
captain and established a naval academy on
board the Patrick Henry, moored in the James
River, from which were graduated junior officers
who rendered efficient service to the Confederacy
during the last year of the war. Captain Parker
is the author of : Instructions for Naval Light Ar
tillery (1862) ; and Recollections of a Naval Officer
(18S3). He died in Washington, D.C, Dec. 30, 1896.
PARKHURST, Charles Henry, clergyman and
reformer, was born in Framingham, Mass., April
17, 1842 ; son of Charles F. W. and Mary (Goodale)
Parkhurst, and grandson of John Parkhurst (Har
vard, 1811). He pre
pared for college at
Lancaster academy
and was graduated at
Amherst, A.B.. 1866,
A.M., 1809. He was
principal of the Am
herst high school,
1867-69; studied theo
logy in the Univer
sity of Halle, 1869-
70 ; was married,
Nov. 23, 1870, to Nel
lie, daughter of
Luther and Philena
(Hawks) Bodman of
Williamsburg, Mass.;
taught Greek and Latin in Williston seminary,
Easthampton, Mass., 1870-71 ; completed his theo-
logical studies at Leipzig, 1872-73 ; was pastor of
the Congregational church at Lenox, Mass., 1874-
80, and was called to the Madison Square Presby
terian church, New York city, in 1880. He became
interested in social reform, preaching the same

<2dL,.&. %LJd^

1142]

from the pulpit, was a director in the Society for-
the Prevention of Crime, 1890, and its president
in 1891, succeeding Dr. Howard Crosby. He
claimed that those entrusted with the enforce
ment of the laws were derelict of duty and often
corrupt, and in 1892 delivered a sermon for which
he was summoned before the grand jury, which
pronounced the sermon without foundation. He
then personally investigated the truth of the
matter, preached a second sermon, and was again
summoned before the grand- jury, which, on his
testimony followed by investigations, charged the
police authorities with incompetency Or crimin
ality. Believing that municipal politics could be
reformed he continued to work to that end, but
his positions did not always conform with those
of other reformers, notably with those of Mayor
Low, 1901-02. Dr. Parkhurst charged the reform
mayor of New York city with " having sworn to
enforce all the laws to the best of his ability, and
reserving to himself the privilege of making an
exception of the Excise Law." He received from
Amherst the honorary degree of D.D. in 1880 and
that of LL.D. in 1892, and was trustee of that
institution, 1892-1902. He is the author of:
Forms of the Latin Verb, Illustrated by the San
skrit (1870; ; The Blind Mian's Creed and Other
Sermons (1833) ; The Pattern in the Mount
and Other Sermons (1885) ; Three Gates on a
Side (1887);' TTTia* Would the World be With
out Religion ? (1888) ; The Swiss Guide (1889);
Our Fight with Tammany (1895) ; Tlie Sunny
Side of Christianity (1901) ; and many sermons
and magazine articles.
PARKHURST, Howard Elmore, composer and
ornithologist, was born at Ashland, Mass., Sept.
13, 1848 ; son of Charles Ferdinand and Mary
(Goodale) Parkhurst ; grandson of Ephraim Wel
lington Parkhurst, and a descendant of George
Parkhurst, the first of the family to settle in
America. He prepared for college at Clinton,
Mass., and was graduated from Amherst college
in 1873. He studied music under Speidel, Rhein-
berger, Haupt and Keller man and became known
as an organist and composer, devoting his leisure
to the study of ornithology and other- sciences.
He was married, Nov. 17, 1885, to Marie S., daugh
ter of George J. and Sophie (Holden) Huss of
New York city. His more important composi
tions include : Nobiscum Deus, an oratorio ; Fall
of Jerusalem, cantata ; a symphony, and church
music. His published books include : The Birds'
Calendar (1891) ; Songbirds and Waterfowl (1897^;
How to Name the Birds (1898).
PARKINSON, Daniel Baldwin, educator, was
born near Highland, Madison county, 111.. Sept.
6, 1845 ; son pf Alfred Jackson and Mary Emeline
(Baldwin) Parkinson; grandson of Zera and
Mary (Westmore) Baldwin, and of Scotch and

PARKMAN

PARKS

English ancestry. His father served as state the history of the French and English rivalry in

senator, 1878-82. He was graduated from Mc-
Kendree college, B.S., 1868; was superintendent
of schools in Carmi, 111., 1869-70 ; teacher of
mathematics and natural science in Jennings
seminary, 1870-73, and post graduate student in
Northwestern university, 1873-74. He was pro
fessor of chemistry and physics in Southern Illi
nois State Normal university, 1874-97, secretary
of the faculty, 1874-92, and in 1897 was elected
president of the university. He was twice mar
ried ; first, Dec. 28, 1876, to Julia Fuller Mason,
who died Aug. 6, 1879 ; and secondly, July 30, 1884,
to Mary Alice Raymond. He was an active
member of several educational and religious or
ganizations. He received from McKendree col
lege the degree of A.M. in. 1874 and that of Ph.
D. in 1897.
PARKMAN, Francis, clergyman, was born in
Boston, Mass., June 4, 1788 ; son of Samuel and
Sarah (Rogers) Parkman ; grandson of the Rev.
Ebenezer Parkman, and a descendant of Thomas
Parkman of Sidmouth, Devonshire, England, and
of Elias Parkman, who settled in Dorchester,
Mass., 1633. Ebenezer Parkman was first minister
at Westborougli, Mass., 1724-82, and the author of
" Reformers and Intercessors " (1752); " Conven
tion Sermon " (1761), and a short sketcli of West-
borough. Samuel Parkman was a wealthy Bos
ton merchant and a liberal benefactor of Harvard
college. Francis Parkman was graduated from
Harvard, A.B.,1807, A.M., 1810, and studied theol
ogy under the Rev. William E. Channing in
Boston, and at Edinburgh university. He was
ordained to the Unitarian ministry in December,
1813, and was pastor of the New North church,
Boston, Mass., 1813-49. He was married to Car
oline, daughter of Nathaniel Hall of Medford.
He founded the professorship of pulpit eloquence
and pastoral care at Harvard in 1829 ; was vice-
president of the Society for Relief of Aged and
Indigent Unitarian Clergymen, 1849-52, and was
president of the convention of Unitarian ministers
held at Baltimore in 1852. His brother, Dr.
George Parkman, Harvard professor, was mur
dered, by Prof. John G. Webster. The honorary
degree of A.B. was conferred on Francis Parkman
by Yale in 1807 and that of D.D. by Harvard in
1834. He is the author of The Offering of
Sympathy (1829), and of contributions to the
North American Review and the Christian Ex
aminer. He died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 12. 1852.
PARKMAN, Francis, historian, was born in
Boston, Mass., Sept. 16, 1823: son of the Rev.
Francis (q.v.) and Caroline (Hall) Parkman. He
attended the school of John Angier, Medford, the
Chauncy Hall school in Boston, and was graduat
ed from Harvard. A.B.. 1844, LL.B., 1846. During
his freshman year he formed a plan of writing

[143]

America and their relation with the Indian tribes,
and made many journeys in the forests of Maine
and Canada, visiting the places made famous by
the French and Indian war. In 1846 he went to
the Rocky mountains and resided with the west
ern Sioux and other Indian tribes. The exposure
and fatigue experienced in this research caused
congestion of the brain and threatened blindness,-
which followed him through life. He visited
France in 1858, 1868, 1872, 1880-81, in connection
with his historical research. He was professor
of horticulture at Harvard, 1871-72 ; an overseer,.
1868-71, and a fellow, 1875-88. He was married ini .
1850 to Catherine, daughter of Dr. Jacob Bigelow
of Boston, who died in 1858, leaving two daugh
ters. He was vice-president of the Massachusetts
Historical society, to which society he bequeathed
his valuable MSS.; a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; honorary mem
ber of the Society of Antiquity, London ; a mem
ber of the Royal Historical Society of Great
Britain ; of the Literary and Historical Society
of Quebec, and a corresponding member of the
Royal Society of Canada. The honorary degree
of LL.D. was conferred on him by MoGill in 1879,
by Williams in 1885 and by Harvard in 1889. He
is tho author of : The Oregon Trail ; Sketches of
Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life (1849); Tlie
Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War of
Conquest in Canada (1851); Vassall Morton, a
novel (1856); Book of Roses (1866); and a series
of books entitled France and England in North
America, comprising : Pioneers of France in
the New World (1865); The Jesuits in North
America in the Seventeenth Century (1867); La
Salle and the Discovery of the. Great West (1869);
The Old Rogime in Canada (1874); Count Fronte-
nac and New France under Louis XIV. ( 1877) ;
Montcalm and Wolf (1884). and A Half Century
of Conflict (1892) . His life was written by Charles
Haight Farnham (1901). He died at Jamaica
Plain, Boston, Mass.. Nov. 8, 1893.
PARKS, Leighton, clergyman, was born in
New York city, Feb. 10, 1852 ; son of the Rev.
Dr. Martin Phillips and Georgiana Clough
(Mabry) Parks, and grandson of Richard Parks
of North Carolina and of Louis and (Clough)
Mabry of Richmond, Va. He was graduated at
the General Theological seminary, New York city,
with the Seymour prize for extemporaneous
preaching. 1876, receiving his bachelor degree in
1879 : was admitted to the diaconate in 1876 ;
advanced to the priesthood in 1877, and in 1878
became rector of Emmanuel church, Boston,
Mass. In 1902 the membership of the church
and its missions had increased sixfold. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him
by St. John's college, Md., in 1892 and by Harvard

PARLANGE

PARRISH.

university in 1900. He is the author of : His Star
in the East; Winning ofthe Soul (1893), and
numerous other sermons and addresses. ,
PARLANGE, Charles, jurist, was born in New
Orleans, La., July 23, 1851. He studied under
private tutors, and attended Centenary college,
Jackson, La. He was appointed an honorary
U.S. commissioner for Louisana to the Paris ex
position of 1878 ; was a delegate to the constitu
tional convention of 1879; a member of the state
senate, 1880-85, and U.S. attorney for the eastern
district of Louisiana, 1884-89. He was lieutenant
governor of the state, 1892-93 ; associate justice of
the supreme court of Louisiana, 1893-94, and was
appointed judge of the U.S. district court for the
eastern district of Louisiana, Jan. 15, 1894.
PARMENTER, William, representative, was
born in Boston, Mass., March 30, 1789; son of
Ezra and Mary (Ellison) Parmenter; grandson of
Samuel Parmenter of Sudbury, Mass., and a
descendant of John Parmenter, the immigrant,
who came from England about 1638; was original
proprietor of Sudbury, and afterward removed to
Roxbury, Mass. William Parmenter was grad
uated at the Boston Latin school, where he re
ceived a Franklin medal; served as a clerk in the
mercantile house of Pratt & Andrews, Boston,
and was chief clerk to AmosBinney, navy agent,
during the war of 1812 and for several years
thereafter. He resided at East Cambridge, Mass. ,
1824-66, and was manager of a glass manufactory,
1824-36. He was a member of the state senate in
1836, and was a Democratic and Anti-Mason
representative from the fourth Massachusetts
district in the 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th congresses,
1837-45, being chairman of thecommitee on naval
affairs during part of his term. He was president
of the Middlesex bank, 1832-36; naval officer of
the port of Boston, Mass., by appointment from
President Polk, 1845-49, and from that year until
his death lived in retirement, occasionally super
intending some of the county institutions. He
was married in 1815 to Mary, daughter of Thomas
Parker of Boston, Mass. Their son , William El
lison (Harvard, 1836), was associate justice of the
municipal court of Boston, 1871-83, and chief
justice, 1883-1902; and William Ellison's son,
James Parker (Harvard, 1881), was appointed as
sociate justice of the same court in 1902. Ezra,
another son of William, was mayor of Cambridge,
1867. William Parmenter died in East Cam
bridge, Mass., Feb. 25, 1866.
PARRIS, Albion Keith, governor of Maine,
was born in Hebron, Maine, Jan. 19, 1798; son of
Samuel and Sarah (Pratt) Parris; grandson of
Benjamin and Millicent (Keith) Parris, and a
descendant of Thomas Parris, the immigrant, who
came from London, England, to Long Island,
N.Y., in 1683, removed to Boston, Mass., and then

[144]

to Pembroke, Mass. Samuel Parris served as an
officer both on land and sea during the Revolu
tion, and was afterward judge of the court, of
common pleas for Oxford county, a representa
tive in the general assembly
and a presidential elector on
the Clinton ticket in 1812.
Albion Keith Parris was grad- 1
uated at Dartmouth college,!
A.B., 1806, A.M., 1809, studied
law under Chief-Justice Whit
man in New Gloucester and
Portland, and was admitted to the bar in 1809.
He was married in 1810 to Sarah, daughter of the
Rev. Levi Whitman of Welhieet, Mass. He set
tled in practice in Paris, was prosecuting attorney
for Oxford county in 1811, represented Paris in
the general court in 1813, and was a state senator
in 1814. He was a Democratic representative
from Massachusetts in the 14th and 15th con
gresses, 1815-18 ; judge of the district court of
the United States for Maine, 1818-20: a delegate
to the state constitutional convention in 1819;
judge of probate for Cumberland county, Me.,
1820-21 ; governor of Maine, 1822-26 ; U.S. sena
tor from Maine, 1827-28, resigning in June, 1828,
and associate justice of the supreme court of
Maine, 1828-36. He was appointed second comp
troller of the U.S. treasury by President Van
Buren in 1836 and held the office until 1850, when
he resumed practice in Portland.- He was elected
mayor of Portland in 1852, declined a second
nomination in 1853 and was the defeated candi
date for governor in 1854, Anson P. Morrill being
elected the first Republican governor of Maine.
He died in Portland, Maine, Feb. 11, 1857.
PARRISH, Celestia Susannah, educator, was
born in Pittsylvania county, Va., Sept. 12,. 1853;
daughter of Perkins and Jane (Walker) Parrish;
granddaughter of Abram and Susannah (Giles)'
Parrish and of Joseph and Susannah (Muse)
Walker, and a descendant of William Walker,
who settled iri Virginia about 1678. She was
graduated from Roanoke Female college, 1879 ;
from the Virginia State Normal school, 1885 ;
from Cornell university, Ph.B., 1896, and pur
sued a post-graduate course at the University of
Chicago in the summer terms of 1897-99. She
was a teacher in the public schools of Pittsylva
nia county, Va., 1871-75; in the'city schools of
Danville, Pa., and in Roanoke Female college,
1875-84 ; teacher of mathematics in the State
Normal school of Virginia, 1884-93, witlua year's
leave of absence to study in the University dfr .
Michigan ; professor of mathematics and peda
gogy in Randolph-Macon Woman's college, 1893-
99 ; professor of philosophy in the same college,
1899-1902, and on Feb. 4, 1902, became principal
of the department of psychology in the State

PARRISH

PARRISH

Normal school, Athens, Ga. She was instructor
in the summer Normals of Virginia, 1885-89 ; in
the Virginia Summer School of Methods, 1889-
1901 ; and in the Summer School of the South,
June-July, 1902. She organized the Virginia
branch of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae,
the first branch organized in the Southern states,
and was its president, 1899-1902, and was made one
of the vice-presidents of the General Association
of Collegiate Alumnae in October 1901. She
published two original investigations in psychol
ogy in the American Journal of Psychology, and
contributed to educational periodicals.
PARRISH, Edward, educator, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., May 31, 1822 ; son of Dr. Joseph
Parrish (1779-1840), an eminent physician of
Philadelphia, and Susanna (Cox) Parrish. He
attended a Frieuds school and entered the drug
store of his brother Dillwyn. He was graduated
from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in
1842, conducted a drug store adjoining the
University of Pennsylvania, 1843-50, and in 1849
established a school of practical pharmacy. He
took a course of instruction in analytical chem
istry under Professor Booth and a course in
materia medica at the University of Pennsylva
nia. He was professor of materia medica at the
College of Pharmacy, 1864-67, and professor of
practical pharmacy, 1867-72. He was one of the
founders of Swarthmore col-
' lege, its secretary, 1864-68, and
president, 1868-72. He was a
member of the American
' Pharmaceutical society, 1852-
72, and its president, 1868-72 ;
a member of the Great Britain
and Berlin societies, and was
a delegate to the International pharmaceutical
congress which met in London in 1858. In 1872
he was sent by the U.S. government as one of the
peace commissioners to settle the Indian difficul
ties in the west, where he was stricken with
malarial fever from which he died. He is the
author of : An Introduction to Practical Pharma-
micy (1858); The Phantom Bouquet, a Popular
Treatise on the Art of Skeletonizing Leaves and
Seed Vessels, and Adapting them to Embellish the
Home of Taste(1863), and An Essay on Education
(1866), besides many contributions to the Journal
of Pharmacy. He died at Fort Sill, Indian Ter
ritory, Sept. 9, 1872.
PARRISH, Joseph, physician, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 2, 1779 ; son of Isaac and
Sarah (Mitchell) Parrish ; grandson of John and
Elizabeth (Roberts) Parrish, and of Abraham and
Sarah (Robins) Mitchell, and fifth in descent from
Capt. Edward Parrish (1600-1679) of Yorkshire,
England, who immigrated to Maryland about
1640, and was surveyor-general of the province

[145]

under Lord Baltimore, whose colonists he is said
to have brought to Maryland in the ship he com
manded. He was converted to the Quaker faith
by George Fox in 1672. Joseph Parrish received a
classical education ; began the study of medicine
with Dr. Caspar Wistar in 1800, and was gradu
ated from tlie University of Pennsylvania, M.D.,
in 1805. He was prominently connected with the
principal hospitals and dispensaries in Philadel
phia as physician, surgeon or manager throughout
his active life. During the winter of 1807-08 he
delivered a course of popular lectures on chemis
try, which were subsequently twice repeated. In
1808 he was married to Susanna, daughter of
John and Ann (Dillwyn) Cox. During the epi
demic of typhus fever of 1812-13 he rejected
the practice of his predecessors and totally
abandoned bleeding in his treatment. He was
president of the board of managers of- the
Wills hospital for the relief of the indigent blind
and lame, 1832-40 ; a member of the Medical
society and College of Physicians of Philadelphia ;
long a member and ultimately president of the
Pennsylvania Abolition society, and a prominent
member of the Society of Friends. He is the
author of many serial books and pamphlets on
medical subjects and of contributions to the
North American Medical and Surgical Journal.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 18, 1840.
PARRISH, Joseph, physician, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 11, 1818 ; son of Dr.
Joseph (q.v.) and Susanna (Cox) Parrish. He
attended a Friends school, and was graduated
from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1844.
He px-aotised in Burlington, N.J. ; founded the
New Jersey Medical Reporter, which he removed
to Philadelphia, Pa. ; was physician to Burling
ton college and St. Mary's hall, and professor of
obstetrics in the Philadelphia Medical college,
1856-67. Failing health caused his resignation in
1857, and he traveled in England, France, Ger
many, Switzerland and Italy. While at Rome
his attention was called to the mismanagement
of the insane hospital, and by intercession with
the pope he caused the abuses to be abated. He
was superintendent of the state training school
for idiots and feeble-minded children at Media,
Pa., 1857-63. He entered the service of the U.S.
Sanitary commission in 1863, and visited the camps
and army hospitals with orders for hospital sup
plies. He established the Pennsylvania Inebriate
asylum in 1865, and conducted the institution,
1865-72. In 1866 he started a reform movement
which resulted in the establishment of the Ameri
can Association for the Study and Cure of In
ebriety, of which he was chosen president in 1872.
In the same year, in company with Dr. Dodge of
New York, he was summoned by a commission
appointed by the British Parliament for the study

PARRISH

PARROTT

of inebriety, to give the result of his experience- PARRISH, Stephen, artist, was born in Phil-

in regard to its cure. His testimony, showing
that in cases under his care for ten years one-
third were permanently cured, one-third were
subject to occasional relapse, and one third re
ceived no benefit, was followed by the founding
of several hospitals in Great Britain for the treat
ment of the victims of intemperance. He was
among the first, if not the first, to advocate the
free use of fresh air in affections of the lungs,
with interesting employment for the mind,
thus ante-dating by more than half a century
the general practice of physicians at the present
day. He was in temporary charge of the Mary
land Inebriate asylum, 1872-84, and opened a
private Inebriate asylum at Burlington, N.J.,
in 1876. He was a member of the Neurological
Society of Philadelphia ; the Jurisprudence
Society of Philadelphia ; the Obstetric Society
of Philadelphia ; the American Climatological
society ; a life member of the Franklin In
stitute, Philadelphia; corresponding member of
the Medico-Legal Society of New York ; permanent
member of the American Medical association ;
an honorary member and fellow of the New
Jersey Medical society ; a member of the British
Medical association and vice-president of the
colonial and international congress on inebriety
of London. He was married in February 1840,
to Lydia, daughter of Caleb Gaskill of Burling
ton, N.J. He is the author of: Inebriety from
a Medical Standp>oint (1883). He died in Burling
ton, N.J., Jan. 15, 1891.
PARRISH, Haxfield, artist, was born in Phil
adelphia, Pa., July 25, 1870; son of Stephen
and Elizabeth (Bancroft) Parrish. He matricu
lated at Haverford college in 18S8, but left in
1891 to enter the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine
Arts, where he remained until 1895, when he be
came a pupil of Howard Pyle at the Drexel Insti
tute. He won almost immediate recognition as
an artist, doing much work in text illustrations,
posters and cover designs for Harper's, Scribner's,
and the Century publications. He was married,
June 1, 1895, to Lydia, daughter of Henry W.
and Anne Austin of Woodstown, New Jersey.
He was elected a member of the Society of Amer
ican Artists in 1898, and received honorary men
tion upon recommendation of the judges at the
Universal exposition, Paris, France, in 1900.
Among his noteworthy work 'in book illustration
may be mentioned Mother Goose in Prose (1898);
Kenneth Graham's Golden Age (1898), and Dream
Days (1902); and twenty-five illustrations for
Ray Stannard Baker's The Great Southwest. His
more important pictures exhibited at the Phila
delphia Academy of Fine Arts ; the Society of
American Artists and elsewhere, include : Bul
letin Board (1895), and The Sandman (1895).

adelphia, Pa., July 9, 1846; son of Dillwyn and
Susanna (Maxfield) Parrish ; grandson of Dr.
Joseph and Susanna (Cox) Parrish, and a de
scendant of Capt. Edward Parrish (1600-1672) , the
immigrant. He followed mercantile pursuits.
until 1876, when he began the study of art. In
1878-79 he exhibited paintings at the Pennsylva
nia academy, Philadelphia, and at the National
Academy of Design, New York city, took up-
etching, and produced his first plate in 1879. He
also exhibited in London, Vienna, Paris and in
Germany, and was elected a member of the New
York Etching club and of the Royal Society of
Painter-Etchers of London. His paintings in
clude : November (1880); In Winter Quarters
(1884); Low Tide (1885); On the Ranee, Brittany
(1886) ; The Road to Perry's Peak. Among his
etchings are: Northern Moorland (1882); Low
Tide, Bay of Fundy (1882) ; Coast of New Bruns
wick (1884); Winter Evening, Windsor, N. S.
(1884); Bethlehem (1884); London Bridge (1886);
On the Thames (1886), and A Gloucester Wharf
(1887.) PARROTT, Enoch Greenleaf, naval officer,
was born in Portsmouth, N. H., Dec. 10, 1814.
He entered the U.S. navy as midshipman in
1831 ; served on the Boxer and the Natchez of the
Brazil squadron, 1832-35, and was promoted
passed midshipman, June 15, 1837. He was at
tached to the Consort on surveying duty in 1840,
was promoted lieutenant, Sept. 8, 1841, and served
under Com. Matthew C. Perry on the west coast
of Africa in 1843. He served on the Saratoga on
the coast of Africa in 1843 ; on the Congress of
the Pacific squadron, 1846-48, and witto Fre
mont's expedition from Monterey to Los Angeles,
and at the capture of Guaymas and Mazatlan,
during the Mexican war. He was on the St.
Louis of the Mediterranean squadron, 1852-53 ;
the St. Mary's of the Pacific squadron, 1854-55 ;
at the Naval observatory, Washington, D.C,
1857-58, and was promoted commander, April 24,
1861. He was a member of the expedition that
destroyed the Norfolk navy yard in April, 1801,
and commanded the brig Perry, that captured
the Confedeiate privateer Savannah, for which
be received the thanks of the department. He
commanded the Augusta, 1861-63, taking part in
the battle of Port Royal, and engaged with the
Confederate rams in Charleston harbor. Jan. 13,
1803, while under the file of their batteries. He
commanded the iron-clad Canonicus of the North
Atlantic blockading squadron, 1864-65, and took
part in the engagement with Howlett's battery
and the iron-clads on James river, June 21, 1864,
and in subsequent engagements with Howlett's.
battery. He commanded the iron-clad Monad-
nock in the attacks under Admiral Porter on Fort

[146]

PARROTT

PARSONS

Fisher in December, 186-1, and January, 1865 ;
was present at the surrender of Charleston, S.C,
and commanded the receiving ship Boston, 1805-
68. He was promoted captain, July 25, 1866 ;
commanded the navy yard at Portsmouth, N.H.,
in 1869 ; was promoted commodore, April 22, 1870 ;
commanded the navy yard at Mare Island, Cal.,
1871-72; the Asiatic station, 1872-73, and was
promoted rear-admiral, Nov. 8, 1873. He was
placed on the retired list, April 4, 1874, and died
in New York city, May 10, 1879.
PARROTT, John Francis, senator, was born
in Greenland, N.H., in 1768. He attended the
district school. He was a representative in the
New Hampshire legislature in 1811 ; was de
feated as a war candidate for representative in the
13th congress in 1812 ; was a representative in the
15th congress, 1817-19 ; U.S. senator, 1819-25, and
was appointed postmaster at Portsmouth, N.H.,
by President Adams in 1826. He was the father
of Robert P. Parrott (q.v.). Senator Parrott
died in Greenland, N.H., July 9, 1836.
PARROTT, Robert Parker, inventor, was
born in Lee, N.H., Oct. 5, 1804; son of John
Francis Parrott (q.v.). He was graduated from
the U. S. Military academy in 1824 and was pro
moted brevet 2d lieutenant and 2d lieutenant, 1st
.artillery, July 1, 1824. He' served as assistant
professor of natural and experimental philosophy
at the U. S. Military academy, 1824-26'; assistant
professor of mathematics, 1826-28, and as princi
pal assistant professor of natural and experi
mental philosophy, 1828-29. He was promoted
1st lieutenant, 3d artillery, Aug. 27, 1831 ; was in
garrison and on ordnance duty, 1831-35, and dur
ing the Creek Indian war in 1836 served on staff
duty. He was promoted captain of ordnance,
Jan. 13, 1836, resigning Oct. 31, 1836, to accept
the position of superintendent of the West Point
iron and cannon foundry at Cold Spring, N.Y.
He invented a rifled cannon and projectile which
bear his name. The Parrott gun was made of
cast-iron, strengthened by successive hoops of
wrought-iron, which were shrunk over the cast
ing. This gun was adopted by the U. S. govern
ment and was first used at the battle of Bull
Run. He was judge of the court of common
pleas of Putnam county, 1844-47. He severed
his connection with the cannon foundry in 1867
and became associated with various manufac
turing enterprises. He died in Cold Spring,
N.Y., Dec. 24, 1877.
PARSONS, Albert Ross, musician, was born
in Sandusky, Ohio, Nov. 16, 1847 ; son of Brev.
Lieut. -Col. John Jehiel Preston and Sarah Vol-
inda (Averill) Parsons ; grandson of Aaron and
Emily (Stow) Parsons, and of Samuel and Chris-
tabel (Kibbe) Averill, and a descendant of Joseph
and Mary (Bliss) Parsons. Joseph Parsons, a

native of England, immigrated to Massachusetts
in 1635 ; became cornet, or 3d in command, in the
Hampshire company of cavalry, in 1678 ; was
partner of Pynchon in the fur trade ; a founder
of Springfield, in 1636, and of Northampton,
Mass., in 1615, and was for fifty years the richest
man in the Connecticut valley. Albert Ross Par
sons began the study of the pianoforte in 1853,
and in 1856 appeared in concert. in Buffalo, N.Y.
He removed to Indianapolis, Ind., with his par
ents in 1858 ; was a church organist there until
1863, and studied harmony and counterpoint
under Frederick Louis Ritter in New York city,
1863-67. He was graduated at the Leipzig Con
servatory of Music in 1870, and at the Berlin
academy in 1872, and in the latter year settled in
New York city where he engaged in teaching,
and became prominent iu musical affairs, being
organist of Holy Trinity and the Fifth Avenue
Presbyterian churches, 1874-95. He was mar
ried, April 23, 1874, to Alice Eva, daughter of
Cornelius Henry and Deborah Schuyler (Bradt)
Van Ness of New York city. He was a member
of the New York Historical society, the New
York Genealogical and Biographical society, the
Society of the Sons of the Revolution, the Mili
tary Society of the War of 1812 in New York,
and an honorary member of the Society of the
Cincinnati in the State of Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations ; president of the Music
Teachers' 'National association in 1889, and a
charter member, incorporator, examiner and
fellow of the American College of Musicians, of
which he was elected president at the World's
Fair in Chicago, 1893, and annually re-elected.
He was also vice-president and director of the
pianoforte department of the Metropolitan Col
lege of Music, New York city ; pianoforte ex
aminer at Evelyn college, Princeton, N.J., and
president of the American Society for the Promo
tion of Musical Art, M.'T.N. A., in 1890. He trans
lated Wagner's philosophic study entitled Beetho
ven (1870); edited Benham's Review (1872), and
is the author of: Parsifal the Finding of Christ
througli Art, or Richard Wagner as a Tlieologian
(1888) ; New Light from the Great Pyramid (1896) ,
which was cordially commended by Prof. Dr.
George Ebers ; a Garrard-Spencer Chart (1899);
Cornet Joseph Parsons, a sketch, with Parsons
Genealogies (1901). His musical compositions in
clude : The Night Has a Thousand Eyes (1878);
Break, Break (1880); Crossing the Bar (1901);
Humoresque-Tarantelle and The Lion and Lizard
(1900),.and a new national anthem My Country
'tis of Thee (1902).
PARSONS, Andrew, governor of Michigan,
was born at Hoosack, N.Y., July 22, 1817 ; son of "
John Parsons of Newburyport, Mass., and grand
son of Andrew Parsons, a Revolutionary soldier.

[147]

PARSONS

PARSONS

He removed with his parents to Oswego county,
N.Y., where he was educated and engaged in
teaching school in 1833. He removed to Michigan
in 1835, taught school at Ann
Arbor, and in 1836 settled in
Corunna, Shiawassee county.
| He was county clerk, 1836-38 ;
J register pf deeds, 1840-46 ; a
state senator from the sixth
district, 1847-48, and was
elected prosecuting attorney
of the county in 1848. He was elected lieutenant-
governor of the state on the Democratio ticket
with Robert McClelland for governor in 1852, and
on the appointment of McClelland as secretary of
the interior in President Pierce's cabinet, he be
came the second governor of Michigan, March 8,
1853, and served until Jan. 3, 1855. He represented
his county in the state legislature in 1855. He
was elected regent of the University of Michigan
from the seventh circuit for six years, and served,
1852-54. He died in Corunna, Mich., June 6, 1855.
PARSONS, Charles, artist, was born in Row
land's Castle, Hampshire, England, May 8, 1821.
He came to the United States with his parents in
childhood ; was educated in the public schools of
New York city ; studied art in the National
Academy of Design, and engaged in drawing on
stone for lithographing. He was the director of
Harper & Brothers' art department, New York
city, 1861-89, and during his leisure hours and
after 1889 devoted himself to landscape and
marine painting in oil and water color. He be
came an associate of the National Academy of
Design in 1850 or 1851, and a member of the New
York Water-Color society. He exhibited at the
National Academy, and his works include : An
Old Orchard, Long Island (1884); Amagansett,
Long Island (1889). and many others.
PARSONS, Charles Carroll, soldier, was bora
in Elyria, Ohio, in 1838. After his father's death
in 1839, he was adopted by his maternal uncle,
and appointed to the U.S. Military academy by
his cousin, Judge Philemon Bliss (q.v.). He was
graduated in the class of 1861, and promoted 1st
lieutenant, 4th artillery, June 24, 1861 ; was on duty
in Washington, D.C, and West Virginia, 1861,
and commanded a company in the Army of the
Ohio, in the Tennessee and Mississippi campaign,
at the battle of Shiloh and at the. siege of Cor
inth, 1862. He commanded the artillery that
covered the retreat of the army from the battle
of Richmond to Louisville in September, 1 862 ;
was brevetted captain for gallant and meritorious
services at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862, and marched
to the relief of Nashville in October, 1862. He
commanded in the Tennessee campaign from
October, 1862, to January, 1863, including Stone
river, where he was brevetted major for gallant

and meritorious services, Dec. 31, 1862. He was
principal assistant professor of geography, history
and ethics at the U.S. Military academy, 1863-64;
was stationed at Fort Columbus, N.Y., November,
1864, to January, 1865, and at Camp Barry, D.C,
January to May, 1865. He was brevetted lieu
tenant-colonel, March 13, 1865, for gallant and
meritorious services during the war, served on
the staff of General Hazen, commanding the 15th
army corps, May to November, 1865, and was
stationed at Fort McHenry, Md., November, 1865,
to March, 1866. He was promoted captain, 4th
artillery, July 28, 1866 ; commanded a battery at
Fort Leavenworth, Kan., until March, 1867; was'
chief of artillery and ordnance on Gen. Winfield
S. Hancock's Indian expedition, March to May,
1867, and was stationed at Forts Riley, Harker
and Leavenworth, 1867-68. He was principal as
sistant professor of geography, history and ethics
at the U.S. Military academy, 1868-70, and was
honorably discharged from the service at his own
request, Dec. 31, 1870; He was ordained to the
Protestant Episcopal ministry in 1871, and was
rector of churches in Memphis, Tenn., Cold
Spring, N.Y., Hoboken, N.J., 1871-78. He was
also associate" editor of the Banner of the Church
at Memphis, 1871-72. He died of yellow fever at
Memphis, Tenn., Sept. 7, 1878.
PARSONS, Frances Theodora, author, was
born in New York city, Dec. 5, 1861; daughter
of N. Denton and Harriet (Shelton) Smith, and
granddaughter of Benjamin and Sarah (Street)
Smith and of Theodore and Harriet (Emmons)
Shelton. The Smiths were early settlers of Long
Island, N.Y., and the Emmonses were of Con
necticut stock. Frances was educated at Miss
Comstock's school in New York city, where she
spent eight years. She was married first, May 20,
1884, to Commander William Starr Dana, U.S.N.
' (q.v.), and secondly, Feb. 19, 1896, to James
Russell Parsons, jr. (q.v.). During her private
study of flowers, she discovered the lack of
untechnical works on nature study, and her first
book, written to supply the deficiency, became
immediately popular. She wrote under the name
Mrs. William Starr Dana until 1896, after which
she used the name Frances Theodora Parsons.
She is the author of : How to Know the Wild
Flowers (1893); According to Season, describing
flowers found in New Jersey, Connecticut, the
Berkshire Hills and the Adirondacks (1895) ;
Plants and Their Children ; for young children
(1896): How to Know the Ferns (1899).
PARSONS, Frank, economist, was born at
Mt. Holly, N. J., Nov. 14,1854; son of Edward
and Alice B. (Rhees) Parsons ; grandson of
Richard and Elizabeth (Huchens) Parsons and of
John Loxley and Rebecca (McElwee) Rhees, and
a descendant of the Rev. Morgan John and Anna
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PARSONS

PARSONS

(Loxley) Rhees and of Col. Benjamin Loxley, a
Revolutionary patriot. He was graduated from
Cornell, B.C.E., 1873 ; engaged in railway en
gineering, 1873 ; worked in a rolling mill, 1874 ;
taught a district school, and afterward French,
mathematics and drawing in the high school,
Southbridge, Mass., 1874-81. He was admitted to
the Massachusetts bar, . 1881 ; was in New
Mexico in the railroad business, 1881-84 ; was
employed as chief clerk by a leading Boston law
firm, and engaged as a legal text writer for
Little, Brown & Co. , 1885-97. In 1890 he obtained
a lectureship in Boston University Law school,
and was a member of the faculty of the Boston
Y.M.C.A., lecturing on English literature. He
lectured on economics and sociology, and was
professor of history and political science in the
Kansas Agricultural college, 1897-99, and in 1899 as
sumed the same chair in Ruskin college, Trenton,
Mo. In 1900 he was called to testify on railways
before the U.S. senate committee on interstate
commerce, and the next year the U.S. Industrial
commission sent for him to testify on railways,
telegraphs, telephones and municipal monopolies.
In 1901-02 he spent about eight months traveling
in Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Italy,
Austria, Germany, Belgium and through the
United States, studying railways, cooperative
industry, municipal monopolies, government and
labor conditions in preparation for works on trans
portation, cooperation and municipal govern
ment. In 19C2 he lectured in the leading cities
of the west under the auspices of the Chicago
University association. He was elected to
membership in the American Academy of Poli
tical and Social Science, the American Social
Science association and other organizations ;
became president of the National Public Owner
ship league and of the National Referendum
league ; director of the Co- Workers' fraternity,
and vice-chairman of the National Non-Partisan
Federation for Majority Rule. He is the author
of : The World's Best Books (1892) ; Our Country's
Need (1894); The Drift of Our Time (1898);
Rational Money {1899) ; Tlie New Political Economy
(1899); The Power of the Ideal (1899); The City
for the People (1900 and 1902) ; Direct Legislation
(1900); The Bondage of Cities (1900); Great
Movements of the Nineteenth Century (1901);
Public Ownership (1902), and many contributions
to periodicals.
PARSONS, James Russell, jr., educationist,
was born in Hoosick Falls, N.Y., Feb. 20, 1861 ;
son of James Russell and Ellen Edgerton
(Hinsdill) Parsons ;. grandson of Seth and Carolina
Althea (Edgerton) Parsons, and a descendant of
Dr. Jonas Fay (q.v.). He was prepared for
college at Bede Hall, Cooperstown, N.Y. ; was
graduated as valedictorian at Trinity college,

Conn., A.B., 1881 ; A.M., 1884; was secretary to
Bishop Williams of Connecticut, 1882-85; school
commissioner in Rensselaer county, N.Y., 1885-
87 ; U.S. consul at Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany,
1888-90 ; inspector of academies, University of
the State of New York, 1891 ; of teachers' train
ing classes, New York department of public
instruction, 1892 ; director of examinations, Uni
versity of the State of New York, 1892-97 ;
director of high school and college departments
from 1898, and secretary of the university from
1900. He was married,- Feb., 18, 1896, to Frances
Theodora (Smith) Dana (q.v.). Trinity gave
him the degree LL.D. in 1902. He is the author
of : Prussian Schools through American Eyes
(1891); Academic Syllabus ; or, Outlines of Work
for New York Secondary Schools (1891); French
Schools through American Eyes (1892); Revised
Academic Syllabus (1895) ; Professional Educa
tion in the United States (1900).
PARSONS, Lewis Eliphalet, governor of
Alabama, was born in Broome county, N.Y., April
28, 1817. He was a great-grandson of Jonathan
Edwards (1703-1758). He studied law under
Frederick Tallinadge of New York, and G. W.
Woodward of Pennsylvania, settled in practice
in Talladega, Ala., in 1840, and in 1841 associated
himself with Alexander White. He was a presi
dential elector on the Fillmore
and Donelson ticket in 1856,
and representative in the Ala
bama legislature in 1859. He I
was a delegate to the Demo- 1
cratic national convention at
Charleston, S.C, and Balti
more, Md., in 1860, and a rep
resentative in the state legislature in 1863, where
he opposed the militia system of the state, as the
Confederate government had full power of con
scription. He was appointed provisional governor
of Alabama by President Johnson, June 21, 1865,
and devoted himself to the work of reconstruc
tion until Dec. 20, 1865, when he was elected- to
the U.S. senate ; but not being allowed to take
liis seat, he resumed the practice of law. He
served several terms as a re'presentative in the
state legislature, and was speaker of the house in
1872. He died in Talladega, Ala., June 8, 1895.
PARSONS, Mosby Monroe, soldier, was born
in Charlottesville, Va. , May 21 , 1822. He removed
to Cooper county, Mo., with his parents, in 1835,
and subsequently settled in Jefferson City. He
completed his education in St. Charles college,
and was admitted to the Missouri bar in 1846.
He practised in Jefferson City, and at the out
break of the Mexican war raised a company ;
joined the regiment of General Doniphan, and
served under General Kearny in New Mexico,
receiving honorable mention for his conduct at

[149]

PARSONS

PARSONS

Sacramento. He was attorney-general of Missouri,
1853-57, represented Cole county in the state
legislature in 1857, and was a state senator in
1853. He joined the Confederate army at the out
break of the civil war, and was appointed by Gov
ernor Claiborne F. Jackson brigadier-general in
the Missouri state guards, commanding a brigade
in Sterling Price's state guards in the action at
Carthage, July 5, 1861, battle of Wilson's Creek,
Aug. 10, 1861, the siege of Lexington, Sept. 18-
20, 1861, and the action at Springfield, Oct. 25,
1861. After the engagement at Helena, July 4,
1863, he was promoted major-general, and com
manded a division in the detachment engaged in
the Red River campaign, and the Missouri division
in General Price's army in Arkansas after April 20,
1864. He took part in Price's raid in 1864 ; sur
rendered with the trans-Mississippi army May
26, 1865, and went to Mexico intending with
other Confederate officers to found a colony
there, but while camping at China near the
San Juan river, and on the neutral ground
between the French and Liberal forces, they
were attacked by Mexicans and killed, and their
bodies thrown into the river, Aug. 14, 1865.
PARSONS, Samuel, landscape architect, was
born in New Bedford, Mass., Feb. 7, 1844 ; son of
Samuel Bowne and Susan (Howland) Parsons. He
was a student in Haverford college.Pa. ,1857-60,but
did not graduate, and attended Sheffield Scientific
school, Yale, 1860-62, receiving the Ph.B. degree
in 1862. He was married, Oct. 25, 1865, to Martha
E., daughter of William and Thamsin (Butter-
worth) Francis. He engaged in the nursery
business with his father iu Flushing, L.I., N.Y.;
became a member of the firm of Vaux & Co.,
landscape architects, and as superintendent of
parks managed the construction and plant
ing of the parks of New York city, 1882-97, and
in 1897 became a member of the landscape
architect firm of Parsons & Pentecost, after
ward Samuel Parsons & Co. , New York city. He
founded the Society of American Landscape
Architects, of which he became president, and
designed an extensive system of parks for the
city of Washington, D.C, under an act of con
gress, June 6, 1900, entitled : " Plans for Treatment
of that portion of the District of Columbia, south
of Pennsylvania avenue, and north of B Street,
S.W., and for a connection between Potomac
and Zoological Parks." He also designed and
planted parks and gentlemen's country places in
twenty-two states of the union. He contributed
articles on landscape art to the leading magazines
and newspapers, the article on "Parks" to
Johnson's Cyclopedia, and is the author of :
Landscape Gardening (1891); Homes in City
and Country in "Woman's Book" (1894), and
How to Plant the Home Grounds (1899).

PARSONS, Samuel Holden, soldier, was
born in Lyme, Conn., May 14, 1737 ; son of the
Rev. Jonathan and Phoebe (Griswold) Parsons ;
grandson of Ebenezer and Margaret (Marshfleld)
Parsons ; great-grandson of Dea. Benjamin and
Sarah (Vose-) Parsons, the immigrants, 1630, who
settled in Springfield, Mass., 1636, and great2-
grandson of Sir Thomas Parsons of Great Tor-
rington, near Essex, England. The Rev. Jona
than Parsons was minister at Lyme, 1731-45 ;
resigned his charge in 1745, removed to Newbury-
port, Mass. , and became the first pastor of the First
Presbyterian church, serving, 1746-76. He was in
strumental through a sermon preached in 1775 in
recruiting the first company of volunteers for the
army of the American Revolution. Whitefield,
who induced him to adopt the Presbyterian faith,
died at his home in 1770, four years before Par
sons' demise, and the two divines, with their
friend, the Rev. Joseph Prince, were given sepul
ture in a crypt under the pulpit of the Presbyte
rian church, Newburyport. Samuel Holden Par
sons was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1756, A.M.,
1759 ; studied law- with his uncle, Gov. Matthew
Griswold (q.v. ) ; was a practicing lawyer in Lyme ;
deputy to the general assembly of Connecticut,
1762-74 ; king's attorney ; member of the commit
tee of correspondence, and in 1773 wrote to Samuel
Adams suggesting the calling of a Continental
congress. He served in the Colonial militia, was
elected major of the 3d regiment in 1770, lieuten
ant-colonel in 1774, and colonel of the 6th regi
ment in 1775. He marched with this regiment to
Roxbury, Mass., and on the evacuation of Boston
was ordered to New York. On the way he met
Benedict Arnold at Hartford, April 27, 1775, who
informed hint of the extent of the armament
at Ticonderoga, and with Col. Samuel Wyllys
and Silas Deane he formed a plan for taking the
fort and its large number of brass cannon, so
much needed by the Continental army at Cam
bridge, Mass. These men with three others
pledged their personal security for the money
borrowed to fit out the expedition. Col. Parsons
informed Ethan Allen of the project, and Allen
met the Connecticut troop at Bennington, took
command and captured the fort, May 10. 1775.
Parsons took part in the battle of Long Island,
and for his services was promoted to tfte rank of
brigadier-general, Aug. 9, 1776. He also served
at Harlem Heights, White Plains, and in the re
treat through New Jersey. He projected the
expedition from Connecticut to Sag Harbor,
aided Col. Israel Putnam in the construction of
the forts in and about West Point, and com
manded the operations during Colonel Putnam's
absence in Connecticut from February 14 to June,
1778. General McDougall assumed chief com
mand by order of General Washington, March

[150]

PARSONS

PARSONS

16, 1773, General Parsons suoc3eding to the com
mand of the troops April 22, 1778, when McDou-
gall .was ordered to Valley Forge. Parsons com
manded the troops in the Highlands of the
Hudson until June 23, when, McDougall retreat
ing, he proceeded to Connecticut, where he en
gaged the British forces at Norwalk and forced
them to abandon their project to override the
state. In 1780 he returned to the Hudson, and
was the ranking brigadier-general of the board
of general offisers that tried Majji- Andre at Tap-
pan, N.Y.,' Sept. 29,1780. On Oct. 23, 1780, he
was commissioned .major-general and succeeded
Gen. Israel Putnam in the command of the Con
necticut line. He made a successful attack on the
British forces near New York, which won for him
the thanks of congress, Feb. 5, 1781. He resigned
from the army, July 18, 1782, and resumed the
practice of law at Middletown, Conn.* In 1785
he was appointed a commissioner to treat with
the Miami Indians, and in 1788 was a member of
the Connecticut convention to act upon the rati
fication of the Federal constitution, the conven
tion voting to ratify that instrument on his
motion. He was appointed by President Wash
ington the first chief justice of the supreme
court of the Northwest Territory in 1788. He

MARIETTA-I7as
settled with other New England soldiers near
Marietta, Ohio, and in 1789 was sent by the state
of Connecticut to treat with the Indian tribes on
* In Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of Amer
ica," Vol. VI., p. 460, General Parsons is branded " as acting
as a spy for" the British general,1' an error that has also
found its way into cyclopedias, and is based on Sir Henry
Clinton's " Record of Private Intelligence," printed in the
Magazine of American History, Vols. X. & XI., where Clin
ton seems to implicate Parsons as a party to a plot con
cocted by William Herron, a professional spy, who appar
ently tried to make Clinton think Parsons purchasable.
See " A Vindication of General Parsons," by George B.
Loring (1888); "An Examination of the Charge of Treason
against Gen. Samuel Holden Parsons " (an address by
Joseph Gurley Woodward, Connecticut Historical society,
•May 5, 1890), and " Centennial Oration at Marietta, 1888,"
by George F. Hoar.

Lake Erie for a transfer of the aboriginal title to
the western reserve lands ceded to the state. On
his return journey to Marietta the boat convey
ing his party was swamped in the rapids of the
Big Beaver river and he was drowned. He re
ceived the honorary degree of A.M. from Yale in
1781, and he is the author of : Antiquities of ihe
Western States, published in the second volume
of Transactions of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, and of History of the Tully Family
of Saybrook. The date of his death is Nov. 7, 1789.
PARSONS, Theophilus, jurist, was born in
By field, Mass., Feb. 24, 1750; son of the Rev.
Moses and Susan (Davis) Parsons ; grandson of
Ebenezer and Lydia (Haskell) Parsons, and of
Abraham and Ann (Robinson) Davis, and a great-
grandson of Jeffrey and Sarah (Vinson) Parsons.
Jeffrey Parsons immigrated to the West Indies
from England about 1645 and settled at Glouces
ter, Mass. , in 1654. Theophilus Parsons was pre
pared for college at Dummer academy, and grad
uated at Harvard, A.B., 1769, A.M., 1772. He
studied law with Theophilus Bradbury at Fal
mouth, was admitted to the bar in 1774, and
practised there until the British destroyed Fal
mouth in 1775. He then pursued the study of
law under Judge Edmund Trowbridge of Cam
bridge, Mass., 1775-77, and opened a law office in
Newburyport, Mass., in 1775. In 1778 he was a
delegate to the convention at Ipswich, Mass.,
that opposed the adoption of the state constitu
tion, and was the author of the pamphlet known
as the "Essex Result," which contributed so
largely to the rejection of that instrument. He
was a delegate in 1779 to the convention that
framed the state constitution finally adopted ; in
1788 to the convention to ratify the Federal con
stitution, and was the author of the proposition
offered by. John Hancock, ratifying the instru
ment and recommending certain amendments
known as the "Conciliatory Resolutions." He
was married, Jan. 13, 1780, to Elizabeth, daugh
ter of Judge Benjamin Greenleaf of Newbury,
Mass. He devoted himself to his law practice in
Newburyport, 178S-1800, and served as a repre
sentative in the state legislature several times.
He removed to Boston, Mass., in 1800 ; was ap
pointed attorney-general in the cabinet of Presi
dent Adams as successor to Charles Lee in 1801,
but declined to serve, and was chief-justice of
the supreme court of Massachusetts, 1806-13, suc
ceeding Francis Dana. He received the degree
of LL.D. from Harvard in 1804, Dartmouth in
1807, and Brown in 1809 ; was a fellow of Har
vard, 1806-12, and of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. A collection of his opinions
were published under the title of "Commenta
ries on the Laws of the United States" (1836.)
He died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 30, 1813.

[151]

PARSONS

PARTON

PARSONS, Theophilus, author, was born in
Newburyport, Mass., May 17, 1797 ; son of Judge
Theophilus (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Greenleaf) Par
sons. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1815,
A.M., 1818, studied law under William Prescott
and was admitted to the bar in 1819. He traveled
in Europe, and on his return settled in practice
in Taunton, Mass., and then jn Boston, and sub
sequently devoted himself to literary" pursuits,
founding and editing the -United States Free
Press. He was Dane professor of law at Har
vard, 1848-70 ; a fellow of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the Massa
chusetts Historical society, and president of the
Magazine club. He received the degree LL.D.
from Harvard in 1849. He was an early convert
to Swedenborgianism, and is the author of the
following works on Swedenborgianism : Essays
(1845); Deus Homo (1867); The Infinite and the
Finite (1872), and Outlines of the Religion and
Philosophy of Swedenborg (1875). His legal
writings include : The Law of Conscience (2
vols., 1853, 5th ed., 3 vols., 1864); Elements of
Mercantile Law (1856) ; Laws of Business for Bus
iness Men (1857); Maritime Law (2 vols., 1859);
Notes and Bills of Exchange (2 vols., 1862) ; Sha
ping and Admiralty (2 vols. , 1869) ; and The Po
litical, Personal and Property Rights of a Citizen
of the United States (1875). He also published
Memoir of Judge Parsons, his father (1859). He
died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 26, 1882.
PARSONS, William Barclay, civil engineer,
was born in New York city, April 15, 1859 ; son of
William Barclay and Eliza (Livingston) Parsons ;
grandson of William Burrington and Ann (Bar
clay) Parsons and of Schuyler and Eliza (Glass)
Livingston, and a descendant of Henry Barclay,
D.D., and of Cadwallader Colden. He was grad
uated from Columbia college, N.Y., A.B., 1879 ;
C.E. 1882, and was married, May 20,1884, to Anna
DeWitt, daughter of Sylvanus and Caroline (Gal
lup) Reed of New York city. After service on
the Erie railway he engaged in business in New
York as a civil engineer and was appointed chief
engineer of the Rapid Transit commission of New
York and chief of engineers of the National
Guard of the State of New York with the rank
of brigadier-general. He was elected trustee of
Columbia university in 1898, a member of the
American Society of Civil Engineers in 1881 and *
of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Great
Britain. He is the author of : Track (1885) ; Turn
outs (1885); An American Engineer in China
(1900). PARTON, Arthur, artist, was born in Hudson,
N.Y. , March 26, 1842 ; son of George and Elizabeth
(Woodbridge) Parton, and brother of Ernest Par-
ton (q.v.). He studied art with William T. Rich
ards in Philadelphia, Pa. , 1859-61, and at the Penn-

[152]

sylvania Academy of Fine Arts ; removed to New
York city in 1865 and established a studio, and
studied in Paris, 1870-71. He was chosen a mem
ber of the American Water-color society and of
the Artists' Fund society ; was elected an associate
of the Academy of Design in 1871, and academi
cian in 1884. In 1886 he was awarded a gold-
medal by the American Art association, and in
1888 the Temple medal of the Pennsylvania Ac
ademy of Fine Arts. Among his most famous
pictures are: November (1867); On the Road
toMt. Marcy (1873); A Mountain Brook {1874) ;
Sycamores of Old Shokam (1876); The Delaware
River near Milford (1879) ; Nightfall- (1880); . The
Morning Ride (1884); Winter on the Hudson
(1885); The Evening after the Rain (1886), and
Evening on the Harlem River (1887). He received
honorable mention at the Paris exposition (1889).
PARTON, Ernest, artist, was born in Hudson,
N.Y., March 17, 1845. He was educated at Hud
son academy and by private tutors and devoted
himself to art at an early age. He studied art
under his brother Arthur and in 1865 opened a
studio in New York city and engaged in oil
painting. In 1873 he visited Scotland and Wales,
and later established himself in London. He
visited New York in 1884-86. He was elected a
member of the Royal Institute and of the Artists'
Fund, New York, and exhibited his paintings in
the Royal Academy, the Academy of Design, N.Y.
city, the Grosvenor academy, and the Boston Art
institute. Among his paintings are : Morning
Mist (1873); Papa's Luncheon (1875); Placid
Stream (1876); Sunny September (1877); The Silent
Pool (1878) ; Au Bord de VEau (1878) ; The Wan
ing ofthe Year (1879); Silver and Gold (1882); Fall
ing Leaves and Fading Trees (1883) ; Where Mem
ory Dwells (1884) ; Streatley-on-Thames (1885) ;
Last of October (1886). In 1902 he was residing
in London, England.
PARTON, James, biographer, was born in Can
terbury, England, Feb. 9, 1822. He immigrated
to the United States with his parents in 1827, at
tended the public schools of New York city, and
a private school at White Plains, N.Y., continu
ing his education in Europe. He taught school
in Philadelphia and New York city, engaged in
literary work, became an editorial contributor to
the Home Journal New York city, and devoted
himself principally to biographical writing. He
was married in January, 1856, to Sara Payson
(Willis) Eldredge (Fanny Fern) (q.v.), who died
Oct. 10, 1872, and he married secondly in 1874,
Ellen W., daughter of Charles H. and Sara Pay-
son (Willis) Eldredge. Under the laws of Massa
chusetts, this marriage was shown to be illegal,
and they lived apart until, on his petition, thff
legislature amended the law. He removed from
New York city to Newburyport, Mass., in 1875; lee-

PARTON

PARTRIDGE

tured successfully on literary and political topics,
and contributed to the New York Ledger and
various periodicals. It is estimated that the sale
of his books brought
him $8000 annually
in royalties for many
years. He is the au
thor of : The Life of
Horace Greeley (1855);
Humorous Poetry of
the English Language
from Chaucer to Saxe
(1856); The Life and
Times of Aaron Burr
(1857); Life of Andrew
Jackson (3 vols.,
1859) ; General Butler
in New Orleans (1864) ;
Life and Times of Ben
jamin Franklin (1864);
Famous Americans of
Recent Times (1867); The People's Book of Bio
graphy (1868); Smoking and Drinking, an essay
(1868) ; The Danish Islands : Are We Bound to
Pay for Them ? (1869) ; Topics ofthe Time (1871) ;
Triumphs of Enterprise, Ingenuity and Public
Spirit (1871); Tlie Words of Washington (1872);
Fanny Fern, A Memorial Volume (1873); Life of
Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United
States (1874); Taxation of Church Property
(1874) ; Le Parnasse Francais, a Book of French
Poetry from A.D. 1550 to the Present Time (1877) ;
Caricature and other Comic Art in All Times and
Many Lands (1877) ; Life of Voltaire (1881 ) ; Noted
Women of Europe and America (1883); Captains
of Industry; or, Men of Business who did Something
besides Making Money (1884); Some Noted Princes,
Authors and Statesmen of Our Time (1885), and
Captains of Industry, second series (1891). lie
died in Newburyport, Mass., Oct. 17, 1891.
PARTON, Sara Pay son (Willis), author, was
born in Portland, Maine, July 9, 1811; daughter
of Nathaniel and Hannah (Parker) Willis ; grand
daughter of Nathaniel and Lucy (Douglas) Willis,
and of Solomon Parker, and a descendant of
George and Jane (Palfrey) Willis. George Willis
emigrated from England to America, and settled
in Cambridge, Mass. , 1626. She was educated in
the public schools of Boston, and in Catherine
Beecher's Young Ladies' seminary at Hartford,
Conn. She was married, May 4, 1837, to Charles
H. Eldredge of Boston, Mass., who died, Oct. 6,
1846, leaving her with two children and without
property. She sewed for a livelihood and tried to
secure a position as a public school teacher, but
was not successful. In 1851 she began to write
for the Olive Branch and the True Flag, Boston
periodicals, and her articles were copied into
newspapers in all parts of the country. She

received only fifty cents for her first contribu
tion. Derby and Miller, New York publishers,
brought out a collection of her stories in one
volume in 1853, as Fern Leaves from Fanny's
Portfolio, of which 80,000 copies were sold. She
removed to New York city in 1854, continuing to
use the pen-name of Fanny Fern, and began to
write for the New York Ledger, and for sixteen
years furnished that periodical with an article
every week, and for one story from her pen
Robert Bonner paid her $100 a column. She was
married secondly to a Mr. Farrington, a merchant
of Boston, but the union was brief, and in Jan
uary, 1856, she became the wife of James Parton,
the biographer. She is the author of : Fern
Leaves from Fanny's Portfolio (1853, 2d ser.,
1854); Little Ferns for Fanny's Little Friends
(1854); Ruth Hall, novel (1854); Fresh Leaves (1855);
Rose Clark, novel (1857) ; A New Story-Book for
Children (1864); Folly as it Flies (1868) ; The Play-
DayBook (1869); Ginger Snaps (1870), and Caper
Sauce ; A Volume of Chit Chat (1872). Most of
her books were republished in England. See
"Life and Beauties of Fanny Fern" (London,
1855). She died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Oct. 10, 1872.
PARTRIDGE, Alden, educator, was born in
Norwich, Vt., Jan. 12, 1785 ; son of Samuel and
Elizabeth (Wright) Partridge, and grandson of
Samuel and Ruth (Woodwood) Partridge. His
father, a soldier in the Revolution, was present
at the capture of
Burgoyne at Sarato
ga. He entered Dart
mouth in August,
1802, but left before
graduating to accept
the appointment as
cadet at the U.S.
Military academy and
was transferred to
the artillery corps in
July, 1806 ; promoted
first lieutenant of en
gineers, Oct. 30, 1806 ;
captain in the engi
neer corps, July 23,
1810, and in Novem
ber, 1806, was appointed assistant professor of
mathematics, serving as full professor with
the pay and emoluments of major, 1812-13,
and as professor of engineering, 1813-16. He
was acting superintendent of the academy,
1808-15, in the absence of Colonel Williams, and
superintendent, 1815-17. On Jan. 17, 1817, he
was relieved of the superintendency and on April
15, 1817, resigned his commission in the U.S.
army. He then instructed a volunteer corps and
gavedectures on fortifications and military science

[153]

in New York city, and in 1819 engaged in thesur-

\

PARTRIDGE

PARTRIDGE

vey of the north-eastern boundary. In the latter
part of 1819 lie founded in Norwich, Vt., the
American Literary Scientific and Military acad
emy of which he was superintendent, and pro
fessor of mathematics, philosophy and military
science. The first class of one hundred students
entered Sept. 4, 1820, and on Aug. 22, 1825, the
institution was removed t% Middletown, Conn.,
and had an attendance of two hundred and ninety-
seven students. Failing to obtain a charter from
Connecticut he removed the military school back
to Norwich, Vt., in 1829, where he had conducted
a flourishing seminary, 1825-29, as a preparatory
school for his military academy. In November,
1834, he obtained a charter from the legislature
-of Vermont for the Norwich university with full
power to confer degrees and to possess all other
powers and immunities belonging to the colleges
and universities of the United States. He was
elected its first president, which office he resigned
in 1843, owing to differences with the other
trustees as to the management of the university,
and Truman B. Ransom was elected president.
He was married in April. i837, to Ann Elizabeth,
daughter of John Swasey of Claremont, N.H.,
who with their son, Capt. Henry V. Partridge,
US. V., survived him. Capt. Alden Partridge
was surveyor general of Vermont, 1822 ; a repre
sentative from Norwich to the state legislature,
1833, 1834, 1837 and 1839; the unsuccessful Demo
cratic candidate for representative in the 22d, 24th
25th and 26th congresses, and the unsuccessful
Independent candidate for representative in the
31st congress in 1818. He established a military
school at Portsmouth, Va., 1839, known as the Vir
ginia Literary, Scientific and Military institute,
and others at Bristol, Pa., 1842, at Pembroke,
N.H., 1847, and at Harrisburg. Penn., 1850 ; was
camp instructor of Pennsylvania volunteer militia
at Reading in 1842, and in 1853 opened at Brandy-
wine Springs, Del., what he hoped to make a
National school of education in the arts of 'peace
and war. The buildings burned in the autumn
of 1853 and he planned to remove to Bristol,
Penn. He returned to his family at Norwich,
Vt., where he 'was stricken with what proved a
fatal illness. He is the author of : An Excur
sion (1822) ; Lectures on Education (1825) ;
Lectures on National Defence (1827) ;. Journal
of a Tour of Cadets (1827). He died in Nor
wich, Vt., Jan. 17, 1854.
PARTRIDGE, Frederick WilHam, soldier and
diplomatist, was born in Norwich, Vt., Aug. 19,
1824 ; son of Capt. Cyrus (1786-1842) and Mary
(Loveland) (1786-1866) Partridge ; grandson of
Capt. Isaac Partridge of the Revolution and of^
Joseph and Mercy (Bigelow) Loveland ; gre
grandson of Capt. Samuel Partridge ofthe Colon
ial wars, and of David and Mercy (Lewis1 Bige

low, and a descendant of Thomas Bigelow, the
immigrant, and of Elisha and Lucy (Sparks)
Level, who immigrated to Glastonbury, Conn.
Frederick William Partridge attended the dis
trict school ; the Norwich Literary, Scientific
and Military academy, and Dartmouth college
one year; studied law at Albany, N.Y., and in
the office of Franklin Pierce of Concord, N.H.,
and had charge of the Harrisburg Military col
lege, Pa., established by his cousin, Capt. Alden
Partridge (q. v.), 1845-47. In January, 1847, he
enlisted in the U.S. army and went to Mexico
as special commissioner of President Polk to visit
the seat of war and report his impressions of the
conduct and progress of the campaign to the
secretary of war. Having no credentials, as his
mission was secret, he was captured by the Amer
ican army as a spy, ordered to be imprisoned at
San Juan de Uliia, commanded by his cousin,
Lieut. Henry S. Burton, 1st 'artillery, and after
his release returned to Washington without ac
complishing his mission. He resigned from the
arm}' in 1847 and was located on a farm in Ken
dall county, 111., 1847-55, during part of which
time he was captain of a company of militia.
He was married in 1852 to Mary, daughter of
William Pauline of East Aurora, N.Y. He con
tinued his law studies under Isaac N. Arnold in
Chicago, 1855-57. In 1857 he removed to Sand
wich, 111., and in 1861 became senior captain in
the 13th Illinois volunteer regiment. He was
made major of the regiment in June, 1861, lieu
tenant-colonel in December, 1862, and colonel,
June 18, 1864, for gallantry at Lookout Mountain,
and was brevetted brigadier-general for acts at
Missionary Ridge. He was wounded at Chick
asaw Bayou, Miss., at Chattanooga, and at Ring
gold Gap. He was mustered out with his regi
ment, July 18, 1864, practised law in Sandwich
and had an office in Chicago. He was postmaster
of Sandwich ; clerk of the circuit court, and
U.S. consul-general at Bangkok, Siam, 1869-76,
when he saved the life of the son of the king and
did much to promote the safety of Christian mis
sionaries in the kingdom. He returned to the
United States in 1876 by way of Singapore and
the Suez Canal, visiting the chief cities of Europe.
He served as U.S. examiner of pensions at Rush
ville, Ind., and Tiffin, Ohio, 1882-89. He died at
Sycamore, 111., Jan. 22, 1899.
PARTRIDGE, George, delegate, was born in
Duxbury, Mass., Feb. 8, 1740 ; son of George and
Hannah (Foster) Partridge : grandson of John'
and Hannah (Seabury) Partridge and of Dea-
Foster of Plymouth, Mass., and a great-
grandson of George and Sarah (Tracy) Par
tridge. George Partridge came to America from
Kent county, England, about 1636^ and receiv
ed a grant of land at Powder Point, Dux-

[154]

PARTRIDGE

PARVIN

bury, Mass., where he settled. George Partridge
was prepared for college under the Rev. Charles
Turner, was graduated at Harvard A. B., 1762, A.
M., 1765, and engaged in teaching school in Kings
ton, Mass. He fitted for the ministry, but
abandoned it, and returned to teaching school in
1770 ; was a delegate to the Provincial congress,
1774-75 ; a representative in the general court,
1775-79, and sheriff of Plymouth county as suc
cessor to Gen. Joseph Warren, 1777-1812. He
was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1 779-
82, and 1783-85 ; a representative in the Mas
sachusetts legislature in 1788, and a represent
ative in the first and second sessions of the 1st
congress, 1789-90, resigning his seat, August 14,
1790. He endowed Partridge seminary at Duxbury ,
Mass., and left a large part of his estate to reli
gious and charitable purposes. He was a fellow
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He died in Duxbury, Mass., July 7, 1828.
PARTRIDGE, Sidney Catlin, first missionary
bishop of Kyoto, Japan, and the 195th in succes
sion in the American episcopate, was born in New
York city, Sept. 1, 1857 ; son of George Sidney,
Jr., and Helen Derby (Catlin) Partridge ; grandson
of George Sidney and Mary (Tew) Partridge,
and a descendant of George Partridge of Ply
mouth, 1621. He was graduated at Yale in 1880,
and at Berkeley Divinity school in 1884. He was
admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Williams,
June 4, 1884, and went as missionary to Shanghai,
China, where Bishop Boone assigned him to St.
John's college as teacher and to St. Mary's hall as
chaplain. He was advanced to the priesthood by
Bishop Boone in 1885, and in 1887 became rector
of Boone school, Wu-chang, and missionary in
charge of neighborhood work. At a special meet
ing of the House of Bishops in 1899, he was
elected bishop of the newly created see of Kyoto,
Japan, and was consecrated at the cathedral in
Tokyo, Feb. 2, 1900, by Bishops McKim, Graves
and Schereschewsky of the American missions,
assisted by Bishops Foss, Evington, Tyson and
Awdry of the Anglican church. He received the
honorary degree of D.D. from Berkeley Divinity
school in 1900.
PARTRIDGE, William Ordway, sculptor, was
born in Paris, France, April 11, 1861 ; brother of
Sidney C. Partridge. He returned to the United
States with his parents in 1868, and was a student
at Cheshire Military academy, Adelphi academy,
Brooklyn, N.Y. , and Columbia college successive
ly. In 1882 he was sent to Europe, where he studied
sculpture in Naples, Florence, Rome and Paris
until 1885, when he returned to the United States.
He appeared at Wallack's theatre, New York, as
"Steerforth" in David Copperfield, devoting his
leisure to modeling in clay and to the study of
Greek art with Thomas Davidson, and subse- [155]

STATUE. OF
ALEXAMPER HAMILTON

quently gave his entire attention to sculpture.
He was married in 1887 to Mrs. Augusta Merriam
of Milton, Mass. They went to Rome, where Mr.
Partridge entered the studio of Pio Welonski.
Upon his return to the
United States in 1889 he
became professor of fine
arts in Columbian univer
sity, Washington, D.C,
and a lecturer before the
National Social Science
association, the Concord
School of Philosophy and
the Brooklyn institute.
He had studios in Paris
and in Anvers, Belgium,
1893-94, and in 1894 set-
tied in Milton, Mass. He
held membership in the
Sons of the American
Revolution, in the Au
thors, Cosmos and Press
clubs and exhibited fre
quently at the Paris Salon
and at the Royal acade
mies of London and Ber
lin. He is the author of :
Art for America; The Song Life of a Sculptor ;
The Technique of Sculpture The Angel of Clay
(1900) and Nathan Hale (1992.) His sculpture
includes : heroic statues of Shakespeare in Lin
coln Park, Chicago, 111. (1879), and of Alexander
Hamilton, Brooklyn, N.Y. (1880) ; Kauffmann
memorial, Washington, D.C. ; bust of Edward
Everett Hale, Union League club, Chicago, 111. ;
bust of Whittier in Boston Public library (1896);
colossal equestrian statue of Grant for Union
League club, Brooklyn, N.Y. ; marble Madonna ;
an heroic figure of Christ ; heroic statue of John
Reese (1897) ; heroic equestrian statue of Fight
ing Joe Hooker (1897) ; and a second ideal head
of Christ (1901).
PARVIN, Theodore Sutton, educationist, was
born in Cedarville, N.J., Jan. 15, 1817; son of
Josiah and Lydia (Harris) Parvin. Josiah Parvin
served as an aide to General Odgen in the war of
1812, and his father was a Revolutionary soldier.
Theodore Parvin removed to Cincinnati, Ohio,
with his parents in 1829, was graduated at Wood
ward college in 1836, and at the Cincinnati Law
school in 1837. He began practice in Burlington,
Iowa, in 1838, and was private secretary to Gov.
Robert Lucas and territorial librarian, purchas
ing the first books that formed the nucleus of the
Iowa state library with an appropriation of $5,000
made by congress. He was district attorney
for the middle district of Iowa, 1839-41. He
removed to Muscatine in 1840 ; was secretary of
the legislative council, 1840-41 ; probate judge

PASCHAL

PASCO

1841-17, and clerk of the U.S. district court, 1846-
56. He was county judge, 1848-50 ; register of
the state land office, 1857-59 ; librarian and cur
ator of the Iowa State university, 1858-70 ;
professor of natural history, 1860-70, and pro
fessor of political economy there, 1867-70. In
1844 he founded the Iowa Masonic library, and
was its first librarian, the building being erected
in 1384. He was secretary of the Iowa State
Historical society, 1864-66 ; organizer of the
Iowa State Teachers' association in 1854, and
its president in 1867 ; president of the school
board of Muscatine in 1855, and later of the
school board of Iowa City. He was also a founder
of the state library society in 1890, and its pre
sident, 1892-94, and a member of the Pioneer
Law Makers' association. He was married, May
17, 1843, to Agnes, daughter of George and
Nancy (Barton)McCully of Muscatine, Iowa. He
received the honorary degree of A.M. from Miami
university in 1861, and that of LL.D. from the
Iowa State university in 1894. He edited the
Historical Annals of Iowa, the Annals of loiva
Masonry, the Western Freemason (1859-60) : the
Evergreen (1871-72), and the Transactions of the
Knights Templar (1871-86). He is the author of :
The Neivspaper Press of Iowa, 1836-46 ; History of
Iowa (1877); History of Templary in the United
States (1877); History of the Early Schools of
Iowa, 1830-59 (1889).
PASCHAL, George Washington, jurist, was
born in Skull Shoals, Greene county, Ga., Nov.
23, 1812, probably of Hebrew origin. He was
admitted to the bar in 1832, and practised in
Wilkes county, Ga., 1832-36. He was a lieutenant
in the volunteer service, engaged in the removal
of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian
Territory, and served as aide-de-camp to General
John E. Wool, 1834-35. He married Sarah,
daughter of John Ridge, the Cherokee chief. She
was a full-blooded Indian, descended from a long
line of chiefs, was well educated, a famous beauty
and a fine conversationalist. She was an aunt of
Elias C. Boudinot (q.v.). They removed to Van
Buren, Ark., in 1836-37, where he engaged in the
practice of law and was joined by his brother, who
had assumed the name of Brewer. They had an
extensive practice as Paschal & Brewer. He was
justice of the supreme court of Arkansas, 1842-44 ;
was defeated for representative in congress, and
in 1848 removed with his brother to Texas. It
was largely through his influence that Sam Hous
ton was elected governor of Texas in 1859. In
1861 he opposed the doctrine of secession and
published his opinions in the Southern Intelli
gencer, a paper which he had founded at Austin
in 1856. He removed to Washington, D.C, in
1869 where he was prominent in founding the
law department of Georgetown university and

[1561

was professor of jurisprudence at that institution
for many years. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Georgetown university
in 1875. He is the author of : Annotated Digestof
the Laws of Texas (1866, new ed. 1873) ; Anno
tated Constitution of the United States (1868, new
ed., 1876); Decisions of the Supreme Court of
Texas (5 vols., 1869-71) ; Digest of Decisions of the
Supreme Court of Texas (1871-73) ; a sketch of
the last years of Sam Houston in Harper's Mag
azine in 1866, and many contributions to maga
zines. He died in Washington, D.C, Feb. 16, 1878.
PASCO, Samuel, senator, was born in London,
England, June 28, 1834 ; son of John and Amelia
(Nash) Pasco, and grandson of Samuel Pasco of
Launceston and of Edward Nash of London.
His father brought him to Prince Edward Island
in 1842, and thence in 1844 to Charlestown, Mass.
He was graduated at the Charlestown high school
in 1854 ; at Harvard college, A.B., 1858, and was.
principal of the Waukeenah academy, Jefferson
county, Fla., 1859-61. He enlisted in the Con
federate service, Aug. 10, 1861, as a private in the
3d Florida volunteers, which regiment in 1862
formed a part of Bragg's army in the Kentucky
campaign, and was later in Breckinridge's divi
sion in Tennessee, Mississippi and Georgia. At
the battle of Missionary Ridge he was left on the
field severely wounded and remained a prisoner
until a few weeks before the war closed when he
returned to Florida. He was again principal of
the Waukeenah academy, 1865-66 ; clerk of the-
circuit court, Monticello, 1866-68, and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1868, forming a partnership
with Col. William S. Dilworth, his preceptor,
who died in 1869, leaving a large practice. He
was married, Oct. 28, 1869, to Jessie, daughter of
William and Elizabeth (Scott) Denham. He was
elected a mem- ,

ber of the Dem
ocratio state
committee in
1872, was its
chairman, 1876-
88, and a Demo
cratic presiden
tial elector in
1880. He rep
resented his state on the Democratic national
committee, 1880-1900, and in the Democratic state
convention of 1884 received for a time a plurality
of votes as the nominee for governor, but with
drew his name to prevent a deadlock, and upon
his motion Edward A. Perry, his leading com
petitor, obtained the nomination. He was un
animously chosen president of the state constitu
tional convention in 1885, and was a representa
tive in the state legislature, 1886-87, being speaker
of the house. He was elected U. S. senator in April,,

U.S. SENATE CHAMBER.

PASKO

PATERSON

1887, and took his seat, Deo. 5, 1887, his term ex
piring March 3, 1893, when he was appointed by
Governor Henry L. Mitchell to fill the office ad
interim. When the legislature met in April,
he was renominated by acclamation and un
animously re-elected for the term expiring March
3, 1899. Being again appointed to fill the office
ad interim by Governor William D. Bloxham, he
served until the eleotion of James Piper Taliaferro
by the legislature, April 19, 1899. In the 53rd
congress he was chairman of the committee ou
claims. On June 10, 1899, he was appointed a
member of the Isthmian Canal commission.
PASKO, Wesley Washington, typographist,
was born in Waterloo, N.Y., Jan. 4, 1840 ; son of
Jeremiah and Martha (Van Osclol) Probasco and
a descendant of colonial families of New York.
He did not adopt the surname of Pasko until
after 1872. He was graduated at the public school
of Waterloo, was employed in a cotton and
woolen factory until 1855, when he entered a
printing office in Utica, N.Y., and in 1859 went
to the office of the New York Tribune, removing
to Charleston, S.C, in 1860. He was arrested as
an abolitionist by the vigilance committee, and
on failure to prove the charge he was ordered to
leave the city. He was married, Oct. 21, 1860, to
Elizabeth Theresa Jarret. He published a paper
in Trumansburg, N.Y., 1860-61, and returned to
the Tribune in 1861. He enlisted in the 16th
N.Y. Heavy Artillery, and served in the army
under Gen. B. F. Butler. He returned to New
York at the close of the war and served on the
editorial staff of newspapers both in Albany and
Troy. He was an editor in the department of
public instruction, assisted in codifying the N.Y.
school laws in 1867, and on his return to New
York city in 1868, edited the Albion and subse
quently a newspaper in Lancaster, N.H., again
returning to New York to engage in the printing
business. He was literary advisor for a Cin
cinnati publishing house, 1879-83, and in 1883
established the New York Typothetse, being
made its secretary and librarian in 1885. He
invented the Pasko Press in 1886, capable of
producing 60,000 impressions of small financial
and stock exchange bulletins in one hour. He is
the editor of : Men who Advertise (1868) ; Old New
York (1870) ; author of : Biographical History of
Indiana (1881) ; History of Butler County, Ohio,
(1883) ; A Dictionary of Printing and Book Mak
ing and History of Printing in New York from
its Beginning to the Present Time. He died in
New York city, Dec. 15, 1897.
PATERSON, John, patriot, was born in Farm
ington, Conn., in 1774; son of Maj. John and
Ruth (Bird) Paterson. His paternal grandfather,
a native of Dumfriesshire, Scotland, emigrated to
America during the latter part of the seventeenth

century. His father, Maj. John Paterson, an
officer in the British army, served in the
French and Indian wars, was with Wolfe at
Quebec and died at Havana, Cuba, Sept. 5, 1762.
Gen. John Paterson was graduated from Yale in
1762, taught school, and studied and practised
law. He was justice of the peace of Farmington
and was married, June 2, 1700, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Joseph and Hannah (Warren) Lee.
In 1774 he removed to Lenox, Berkshire county,
Mass., and the same year was elected clerk of the
propriety of Lenox, selectman and assessor. He
was a member of the Berkshire convention held
at Stockbridge, Mass., in 1774 and was a repre
sentative in the 1st and 2d provincial congresses
at Salem and Cambridge respectively. He or
ganized the Stockbridge Indians for military ser
vice and raised a regiment known as the 15th
foot in the Continental service, of which he be
came colonel. It inarched to Boston the third
day after the battle of Lexington and threw up
the first redoubt along the lines around Boston,
which placed the city in a state of siege by
blockading the highways. During the battle of
Bunker Hill he held Fort No. 3, Prospect Hill,
Charlestown Heights, and engaged in the de
fence of Lechmere's Point, Nov. 9, 1775, for
which he was complimented by Washington.
He joined Arnold in Canada and took part in the
battle of the Cedars near Montreal in June, 1776,
where seventy-nine of his men were taken
prisoners. He was engaged in the battles of
Trenton and Princeton, N.J. ; promoted brigadier-
general, Feb. 21, 1777 ; sent to Ticonderoga, being
present at the evacuation, July 5, 1777 ; fought at
the battle of Hubbardton, July 7-11, and was with
General Gates at Saratoga in October, 1777. He
was with Washington at Valley Forge, 1777-78,
and participated in the battle at Monmouth, June
28, 1778. He was a member of the board that
tried Major Andre ; was in command at West
Point, 1780-81, and was commissioned major-
general, Sept. 30, 1783, being with the exception
of Lafayette the youngest of that rank in the
Continental army. In December, 1783, he retired
from the army and resumed his law practice in
Lenox. Upon the outbreak of Shays's rebellion
in 1785, he was appointed major-general of the
state militia and commanded the Berkshire
militia. For his services in this rebellion he was
tendered the thanks of the legislature. He was
one of the organizers of the Society of the Cin
cinnati, his name standing second on the list
after General Washington. He removed to Tioga
county, N.Y., in 1791 ; was a member of the state
assembly, 1792, 1793, 1798 and 1801 ; was chief
justice of Tioga and Broome counties, 1798-1808,
and was a representative from New York in the
8th congress, 1803-05. He received his master's

[157J

PATERSON

PATRICK

degree from Yale in 1779. His house was burned
soon after his death, destroying all his papers,
memoranda and portraits. A tablet to his
memory was erected in Trinity church, Lenox,
Mass., in 1887, and a granite monument was
erected in the town by his great-grandson,
Thomas Egleston (q.v.) in 1892, and Dr. Egleston
also wrote his memoir in 1899. Gen. John Pat
erson died suddenly at Whitney's Point, Lisle,
N.Y.. July 19, 1808.
PATERSON, William, associate justice, was
born in the north of Ireland in 1745 ; eldest son
¦of Richard Paterson, who with his wife and son
¦came to Philadelphia in 1747 ; settled first in
Trenton, in Princeton in 1750, and in 1779 in Rar-
itan, where he died in 1781. William Paterson
prepared for college at the grammar school and
was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B. ,
1763, A.M., 1766. He read law with Richard
Stockton, afterward the signer, and was admitted
to the bar in 1769. He was a deputy to the New
Jersey Provincial congress that met May 11, 1775,
and was secretary of that body. He was an officer
of the Somerset battalion of minute men in 1776,
and in June of that year was appointed, with
John Witherspoon, William Livingston and John
Mehelm, the committee to arrest and depose the
royal gov-
' ernor. He
, was the
first attor-
, ney-gener-
-al of New
L Jersey, 17-
76 ; a mem
ber of the
legislative
council, 17-
76 ; a delegate to the Continental congress, 1780-
81, and to the constitutional convention of 1787.
He was elected U.S. senator on the organiza
tion of the first state legislature in 1789, and
drew the long term. He served in the senate
as one of the tellers to count the electoral
vote, was chairman of the committee on election
certificates and a member of the judiciary com
mittee. He resigned his seat in the senate in
1790, having been elected by the legislature gov
ernor of New Jersey, as successor to Governor
Livingston, the first governor of the state. His
term of service expired, Jan. 1 , 1793, and he was
appointed by President Washington associate
justice of the United States supreme court, tak
ing his place on the bench in 1793 and serving
up to the time of his death. He presided over.
several of the Whiskey Insurrection trials, and
over the trial of Ogden and Smith for aiding
Miranda in his South American expedition. He
was married in 1779 to Cornelia Bell of Perth Am-

1785-1788.
<30VE.R^4A\E/^T HOUSE., /-klwYork.

[158]

boy, N.J., who. died, Nov. 15, 1785, leaving two
children, William Bell and Cornelia, and he mar
ried secondly in 1785, Euphemia, daughter of Col.
Anthony White of New Brunswick, N.J. She
died Jan. 29, 1822, childless. He declined the
appointment of secretary of state in President
Washington's cabinet, as successor to Thomas
Jefferson, and also, that of attorney -general. He
received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the
University of the State of New York in 1792,
from Dartmouth and the College of New Jersey
in 1805, and from Harvard in 1806. He was a
fellow of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, and the author of Laws of New Jersey
(1798-99). On his way to the springs in Saratoga
county, N.Y., for the benefit of his health, he
died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Stephen
Van Rensselaer, in Albany, N.Y., Sept. 9, 1806.
PATRICK, George Thomas White, educator,
was born in North Boscawen, N.H., Aug. 19,
1857 : son of John and Harriet (White) Patrick ;
grandson of William and Mary (Gerrish) Patrick,
and of Thomas and Mary (May) White, and a
descendant of Matthew Patrick, of Scotch-Irish
stock, who settled in Western (Warren), Mass.,
about 1731, and of William White, who came
from Norfolk county, England, to Massachusetts
in 1610. He was graduated from the State Uni
versity of Iowa, A.B., 1878, and from Yale uni
versity, B.D., 1885, took a post-graduate course in
philosophy and psychology at Johns Hopkins,
1885-87, and received from there the degree of
Ph.D. in 1888, having been twice appointed to a
fellowship in philosophy in that institution. In
1887 he became professor of philosophy in the
State University of Iowa ; in 1902 was the editor
of the university's Studies in Psychology, and be
came the head of its department of philosophy
and psychology. He was married, Nov. 28, 1889,
to Maud, daughter of William and Jeannette
(Buck) Lyall. He was a student at Leipzig uni
versity, 1894. He is the author of : The Frag
ments of the Work of Heraclitus of Ephesus (1889),
and many contributions to scientific periodicals,
notably the Popular Science Monthly.
PATRICK, Marsena Rudolph, soldier, was
born in Houndsfield, N.Y., March 15, 1811. He
was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in
1835, and was promoted brevet 2d lieutenant, 2d
infantry, U.S.A., July 1, 1835. He was promoted
2d lieutenant, Oct. 31, 1836 ; took part in the
Florida war, 1837-42 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant,
March 1, 1839 ; engaged in the war with Mexico,
1846-48 ; served as chief of commissariat of Gen
eral Wool's column in northern Mexico, 1846-47,
and was promoted captain in the 22d infantry,
Aug. 22, 1847. He was stationed at Vera Cruz,
Mexico, 1847-48, and was brevetted major, May
30, 1848, for meritorious conduct while serving in

PATRICK

PATTEN

the enemy's country. He was assistant in the
-commissary-general's -office, Washington, D.C,
1848-49, and resigned from the army, June 30,
1850. He engaged in farming at Sacket Harbor,
N.Y., 1850-59 ; was president of the Sacket Har
bor and Ellisburg railroad, 1853-54; general
superintendent of the New York State Agricul
tural society, 1856-61, and president of the New
York State Agricultural college, Ovid, N.Y.,
1859-61. He was brigadier-general of staff and
inspector-general of New York state volunteers,
1861 ; a member of the staff of General McClel
lan, 1862 ; was promoted brigadier-general of U.
S. volunteers, March 17, 1862, and commanded a
brigade in the defence of Washington, D.C,
March-May, 1862. He was military commandant
of Fredericksburg ; took part in McDowell's pur
suit of Jackson, May 7- Aug. 9, 1862 ; in the
Northern Virginia campaign in command of
. the 3d brigade, 1st division, 3d army corps,
Aug.-Sept, 1862, and was present at the second
battle of Bull Run and in the 1st army corps in
the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.
He was provost-marshal-general of the Army of
the Potomac, 1863-65, and of the armies opera
ting against Richmond, 1864-65. He was bre
vetted major-general, U.S. volunteers, March 13,
1865, for " faithful and meritorious services dur
ing' the rebellion," and was provost-marsh al-gen-
eral of the department of Virginia, commanding
the district of Henrico, Va., May 25-June 9, 1865.
He resigned, June 12, 1865, and resided at Geneva,
N.Y. He was president of the New York State
Agricultural society, 1867-68 ; commissioner for
New York state, 1868-69 and 1879-80 ; removed
to Dayton, Ohio, and was governor of the cen
tral branch of the National Home for disabled
volunteer soldiers in Ohio, 1880-88. He died in
Dayton, Ohio, July 27, 1888.
PATRICK, Mary Mills, educator, was born in
Canterbury, N.H., March 10, 1850; daughter of
John and Harriet (White) Patrick ; granddaugh
ter of William and Mary (Gerrish) Patrick, and
John and Mary (May) White, and great-grand
daughter of John Patrick, her first ancestor in
America, who came from the north of Ireland
and settled in Warren, Mass. She attended
Franklin and Boscawen academies, New Hamp
shire ; Lyons college, Iowa ; studied privately at
Heidelberg and in the universities of Zurich,
1893-94, Leipzig, 1894, Berlin, 1895, and Berne,
1896-97. She received the honorary degree of
A.M. from the University of Iowa, 1890, and the
degree of Ph.D. from the University of Berne,
1897. She made special language study in
ancient and modern Armenian, ancient and mod
ern Greek, French, German and Turkish, and
studied in several libraries in Europe, making
research on the subject, of. Pyrrhonism. She was

elected president of the American College for
Women, in Constantinople, Turkey, 1890, and
member of the psychological congresses, Munich,
1890, Paris, 1900, and Philosophical congress,
Paris, 1900. She is the author of : Armenian Trans
lation of Text Book on Physiology (1876); Sextus
Empiricus and Greek Scepticism (1899), and popu
lar articles, including : Education of Women in
Turkey {Forum, June, 1896); Women's Struggle
for Liberty in Germany {Popular Science Monthly ,
January, 1900); Ethics of the Koran (International
Journal of Ethics, April, 1901.)
PATTEE, Fred Lewis, educator, was born in
Bristol, N.H., March 22, 1863 ; son of Lewis and
Mary P. (Ingalls) Pattee ; grandson of Moses
Pattee, and a descendant of Peter Pattee, who
settled in Haverhill, Mass., about 1640. He was
graduated at Dartmouth, A.B., 1888, A.M., 1891.
He was principal of Coe's North wood academy,
New Hampshire, 1890-94, and in 1894 became
professor of English language and literature at
the Pennsylvania State college. He was married,
March 9, 1889, to Anna L., daughter of Charles L.
and Louisa P. (Simons) Plumer of Bristol, N.H.
He is the author of : The Wine of May and other
Lyrics (1893); Pasquaney, a Study (1894); A His
tory of American Literature (1896); Reading
Courses in American Literature (1897) ; Tlie Foun
dations of English Literature (1900); Mary Gar
vin : The Story of a New Hampshire Summer
(1902); The Poems of Philip Freneau (2 vols.,
1902) . He also edited Macbeth and contributed
frequently to periodicals.
PATTEE, William Sullivan, jurist, was born in
Jackson, Maine, Sept. 19, 1846 ; son of Daniel and
Mary Ann (Bixby) Pattee ; grandson of Daniel
and Ann (Putnam) Pattee and of Willard and Ab-
bie (Ferguson) Bixby of Monroe, Maine. He was
graduated from Bowdoin, A.B., 1871 ; A.M. 1874 ;
was married Nov. 30, 1871, to Julia E., daughter of
Jacob and Hannah Tuttle of Plymouth, Maine ;
taught school and studied law, 1871-78 ; was pro
fessor of natural science at Lake Forest university,
111. , 1872-73 ; was admitted to the bar June 28, 1878,
at Faribault, Minn. , and practiced in Northfield,
Minn., for ten years. He was a Republican
representative in the Minnesota legislature in
1885, and became dean of the college and pro
fessor of the law of contracts and equity
jurisprudence at the University of Minnesota, in
1888. Iowa college conferred upon him the
honorary degree of LL.D. in 1891. He is the
author of : Pattee's Illustrative Cases in Con
tracts, in Realty, in Equity, in Personalty, and
author of the Elements of Contracts, and the
Elements of Equity.
PATTEN, John, delegate, was born in Kent
county, Del., in 1746. He was commissioned
first lieutenant in the Delaware regiment, Jan.

[1591

PATTEN

PATTERSON

15, 1776, and major in the Delaware line or
" Blue Hen's Chickens," Dec. 14, 1779. He fought
in almost every battle from Long Island to
Camden, where he was taken prisoner, Aug. 16,
1780, and was on parole until the close of the
war. He was a delegate to the Continental
congress from Delaware, 1785-86, and was a
representative in the 3d cpngress, 1793-94, when
his seat was successfully contested by Henry
Latimer, who served the remainder of the term.
He was re-elected to the 4th congress, serving
1795-97, and died at Dover, Del., June 17, 1801. '
PATTEN, Simon Nelson, political economist,
was born at Sandwich, 111., May 1, 1852; son of
William and Elizabeth (Pratt) Patten ; grandson ot
James and Mary (Robertson) Patten and of Simon
and Deborah (Nelson) Pratt, and a descendant of
William Pratt of Saybrook, Conn. (1632), and
of William Patten, New York, 1794. He was
prepared for college at Jennings seminary,
Aurora, 111. ; attended Northwestern university,
Evanston, 111., 1874-76; and was graduated at
the University of Halle, Germany, A.M. and
Ph.D., 1878. He was principal of public schools
in Illinois and Iowa, 1882-88, and in 1883 became
professor of political economy in the Wharton
School of Finance and Economy, University of
Pennsylvania. He contributed to the Annals of
the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, the Political Science Quarterly, the
Journal of Economics, Conrad's Jahrbucher, and
other periodicals, and is the author of : The
Stability of Prices (1888); The Consumption of
Wealth (1889); The Economic Basis of Protection
(1890): Principles of Rational Taxation (1890);
The Educational Value of Political Economy
(1891) ; The Theory of Dynamic Economics (1892) ;
The Theory of Prosperity (1892); Theory of Social
Forces (1896); The Development of English
Thought (1899).
PATTERSON, Daniel Todd, naval officer, was
bom on Long Island, N.Y., March 6, 1786. In
August, 1800, he was appointed midshipman in
the U.S.
navy, being
attached to
the Phila
delphia, .un
der Cap
tain Bain-
bridge, and
jS—Z. when in Oc-
-tober, 1803,
that vessel
surrendered to a fleet of Tripolitan gunboats he
was taken prisoner, and confined till 1805. He
was promoted lieutenant in 1807 ; master com
mandant in 1813, and commanded the naval
forces at New Orleans, La., in 1814, i-eceiving

THE FRIGATE.
CONSTITUTION.

the thanks of congress for his able co-operation
with the land force under General Jackson. He
commanded the expedition against the pirate
Lafitte, on the island of Barataria ; destroyed the
forts and other defences, and carried to New
Orleans, as prizes, the pirate ships and a rich
booty. He was promoted captain in 1815 ; com
manded the frigate Constitution in the Mediter
ranean, 1826-28 ; was navy commissioner, 1828-32 ;
was in command of the Mediterranean squadron,
1832-36, and was commandant of the U.S. navy
yard, Washington, 1836-39. He died in Washing
ton, D.C, Aug.15, 1839.
PATTERSON, David Trotter, senator, was
born in Greene county, Term., Feb. '28, 1819.
He attended Greenville college, Tenn. ; -engaged
in business as a paper maker and as a miller ;
was admitted to the bar in 1841, and was judge
of the circuit court of Tennessee, 1854-63. He
was married in 1857, to Martha, daughter of
Andrew and Eliza (McCardle) Johnson. Mrs.
Patterson was mistress of the White House
1886-69, and died in Greenville, Tenn., July 10,
1901. Judge Patterson was elected U.S. senator
from Tennessee under the reconstruction measure
of July 24, 1866, and drew the short term expiring
March 3, 1869. He afterward practised law in
Tennessee, and died in Greenville, in 1891.
PATTERSON, Francis Engle, soldier, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 24, 1827 ; son of
Gen. Robert and Sarah Ann (Engle) Patterson.
He was graduated from the University of Penn
sylvania, A.B., 1841, A.M., 1844, and engaged in
business as a merchant. He served in McCul-
lough's " Texas Rangers "in the Mexican war;
was appointed 2nd lieutenant of 1st U.S. artillery
in 1847 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1848,
and captain of 9th U.S. infantry in 1855. He
resigned his commission in May, 1857, and
returned to his mercantile business until 1862,
when he was given command of the 115th
regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers. He was
promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, April
11, 1862, and commanded the 3rd brigade,
Hooker's division, Heintzelman's corps at Wil
liamsburg and Seven Pines. He was killed by
the accidental discharge of his own revolver, and
died at Fairfax Court House, Va., Nov. 22, 1862.
PATTERSON, George, clergyman, was born
in Boston, Mass., July 13, 1828 ; son of George
Papathakes, a Greek merchant of Boston, who
wrote his name Patterson. He was admitted to
the diaconate by Bishop Ives of North Carolina
April 9, 1852, and advanced to the priesthood,
April 27, 1856, by Bishop Atkinson, of North
Carolina. He served as assistant to the Rev.
G. A. Watson in Grace church parish, Plymouth,
N.C, and in neighboring parishes and missions,
including the plantation on Lake Scuppernong
[160]

PATTERSON

PATTERSON

•of the late Josiah Collins, 1853-61 ; was chaplain
in the OS. army 1861-05 ; again assistant to the
Rev. G. A. Watson in St. James parish, Wil
mington, N.C.,1865-70 ; rector of St. John's, Wil
mington, 1870; finance agent of the University
of the South, 1881-82 ; missionary in Texas, 1881-
86, and rector of Grace Church parish, Memphis,
Tenn., 1886-1901. He served as clean of the con
vocation of Memphis, was a member of the
standing committee of the diocese, deputy to the
general convention, and an examining chaplain
for Bishop Gailor at the time of his death. He
received the honorary degree of D.D. from the
University of North Carolina in 1847, and from
the University of the South in 1895. He con
tributed to The Diocese of Tennessee and other
periodicals. He died in Memphis, Dec. 10, 1901.
PATTERSON, George Herbert, educator, was
born in Buffalo, N.Y., Dec. 26, 1836; son of the
Rev. Albert Clarke and Juliet Content (Rath
bone) Patterson ; grandson of Enoch and Mary
(Adams) Patterson, of Boston, Mass., and of
Samuel and Mary (Turner) Rathbone, of Buffalo,
N.Y.', and a descendant of James Patterson, of
Lyme Regis, England, who came to America in
the Jane and Sarah, in 1652. Albert Clarke
Patterson (1809-1874) , Harvard A.B., 1830 ; A.M.,
1833 ; graduate of Harvard Divinity school, 1833 ;
honorary A.M., Hobart, 1857, was rector and
missionary in western New York, New Jersey
¦and Massachusetts, 1857-74. George Herbert
Patterson was graduated at Hobart, valedictorian,
A.B., 1858, A.M., 1861, and from Harvard, LL.B.,
1863. He taught school ; was admitted to the
bar in 1864 ; returned to academic work, 1866 ;
headmaster, St. Martin's school, Southborough,
Mass., 1866-69 ; was admitted to the diaconate in
1870, ordained to the priesthood in 1877 ; was
president of the DeVeaux college, N.Y., 1869-81,
and rector of St. Mary's church, South Ports
mouth, R.I., 1887-1901. He was- principal of
Berkeley school, Providence, R.I., 1883-88, and
was made a- corresponding member of the New
England Historic Genealogical society in 1883.
PATTERSON, James Kennedy, educator,
was born in Glasgow, Scotland, March 26, 1833 ;
son of Andrew and Janet (Kennedy) Patterson,
and grandson of James and' Ann (Langwill) Pat
terson and of William and Helen (McFarland)
Kennedy. He attended school in Alexandria,
Scotland; immigrated with his parents to the
United States in 1842, and settled in Bartholo
mew county, Ind. He was graduated at Han
over college, Ind., A.B., 1856, A.M., 1859, and
was principal of the Presbyterian academy at
¦Greenville, Ky., 1856-59. He was married, Dec.
¦ 27, 1859, to Lucelia, daughter of Capt. Charles F.
Wing of Greenville, Ky. He was professor of
Latin and Greek in Stewart college, Clarksville,

Tenn., 1860-61; principal of the Transylvania
high school, Lexington, Ky., 1861-65; became
professor of history and metaphysics in Ken
tucky university at Lexington, Ky., in 1865, and
in 1809 was also elected president of the Agricul
tural and Mechanical college of the same univer
sity. When the legislature detached the Agri
cultural and Mechanical college from Kentucky
university in 1878 he continued to be president
of the former, which was given the name of
State college. He was a delegate from Kentucky
to the International Geographical congress at
Paris, France, in 1875, and to the British associa
tion at Bristol, 1875, and at Leeds, 1890. In 1889
he was elected a fellow of the Royal Historical
society of Great Britain and a fellow ofthe Society
of Antiquaries of Scotland. He was successful
in his endeavor to maintain the constitutional
act of levying a tax for the support of the State
college, 1881-82, and bequeathed by will his
library and all his estate to the State college to
found and endow a library in memory of his
son, William Andrew Patterson, who was born
in 1868 and died in 1895. He received the degree
of Ph.D. from Hanover college in 1875 and that
of LL.D. from Lafayette college in 1896. He
wrote editorials for the Courier-Journal of Lou
isville, Ky., 1871-74, and contributed to the
Scottish- American.
PATTERSON, James Willis, senator, was born
in Henniker, N.H., July 2, 1823 ; son of William
and Frances M. (Shepard) Patterson ; grandson of
Joseph and Susannah (Duncan) Patterson, and a
descendant of Alexander Patterson, who came
from the north of Ireland in 1721 and settled in
Londonderry, N.H. He was graduated from
Dartmouth, A.B., 1848, A.M., 1851; taught in
Woodstock academy, Conn. ; read the elements
of law, and on the advice of Beecher began to
study theology at New Haven. He was a tutor
at Dartmouth, 1852-54 ; professor of mathematics,
1854-59 ; professor of astronomy and meteorol
ogy, 1859-65, and Willard professor of oratory,
1893. He was school commissioner for Grafton
county, N.H., and secretary of the state board of
education, 1858-61 ; was a representative in the
New Hampshire legislature, 1862 ; in the 38th
and 39th congresses, 1863-67, and was U. S. sen
ator, 1867-73. With Garfield and Boutwell he se
cured the passage through the house of the bill es
tablishing the department (afterward the bureau)
of education. He was also the author of the bill
authorizing consular clerkships and the bill for
the establishment of colored schools in the Dis
trict of Columbia, and was chairman of the com
mittees on retrenchment and reform and the Dis
trict of Columbia. He was accused of complic
ity in the Credit Mobilier, and a resolution to
expel him from the senate was considered Feb.

[161]

PATTERSON

PATTERSON

27, 1873, but the resolution was not adopted, and
after his term expired an investigation showed
him to be blameless. He was regent of the
Smithsonian Institution, 1863-66; a delegate to
the Philadelphia Loyalists' convention, 1866 ; was
again a representative in the state legislature in
1877-78, and state superintendent of public in
struction, 1880-93. He delivered the oration at
the unveiling of the soldiers' monument at Mari
etta, Ohio, in 1830. The honorary degree of
LL.D. was conferred on him by Iowa college in
1868. He died in Hanover, N.H., May 4, 1893.
PATTERSON, John 'James, senator, was born
in Waterloo, Pa., Aug. 8, 1830; son of William
Hart and Mary Ann Moore (Wilson) Patterson ;
grandson of John and Isabella (Lyon) Patterson,
and of George and Isabella (White) Wilson ; and
a descendant of John Patterson, who came from
the north of Ireland in 1701 and settled at Trappe,
Pa. , and of Samuel Wilson who settled in Chester
county, Pa., about 1680. He was graduated from
Jefferson college, Pa., in 1848. He was a Whig in
politics and an editor by profession ; edited the
Juniata Sentinel at Mifnintown, Pa., during the
presidential campaign- of 1852 ; the Harrisburg
Telegraph, 1853-63, and became a banker and rail
road president. He was a Republican representa
tive in the Pennsylvania legislature, 1859-61, and
served in the Federal army on the staff of Gen.
E. C. Williams. In 1869 he removed to South
Carolina. He was a Republican U.S. senator from
South Carolina, 1873-79, and was not a candidate
for re-election. He subsequently removed to
Mifflintown, Pa., where he engaged in rail
roading. He was married first, Jan. 30, 1855,
to Leucretia Eliza Moore, who died Jan. 8, 1884 ;
secondly, Nov. 21, 1887. to Mildred May Franks
of Wisconsin, who died Nov. 19, 1889, and thirdly,
Feb. 15, 1893, to Flora Marcella Warford of Phil
adelphia, Pa.
PATTERSON, Josiah, representative, was
born in Morgan county, Ala., April 14, 1837 ;
son of Malcolm and Mary (Deloach) Patterson,
and grandson of Alexander Patterson, a soldier in
the Revolutionary war, and of John Deloach. He
attended the academy at Somerville, Ala., taught
school, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He
was married in 1859 to Josephine, daughter of
Judge Green P. and Ann Eliza (Turner) Rice of
Alabama. He practised in Morgan county, 1859-
61, and in 1861 entered the Confederate army as
1st lieutenant in the 1st Alabama cavalry. He
commanded a company at the battle of Shiloh ;
was promoted captain in May and colonel of the
5th Alabama regiment in December, 1862 ; ope
rated in middle Tennessee and northern Alabama
in 1863 ; commanded the district of North Ala
bama in 1864 and the post at Corinth in Decem
ber, 1864. He addressed the people of northern

Alabama after the retreat of the army from Ten
nessee, and induced thousands to rejoin the Con
federate army. He was captured at the battle of
Selma, but escaping, reorganized his regiment
and served until forced to surrender, April 19,
1865. He resumed the pjjactice of law in Morgan
county in 1865, removed to Florence, Ala., in
1867, and to Memphis, Tenn., in 1872. He was a
representative in the state legislature in 1882 ; a
presidential elector from the state at large on the
Democratic ticket in 1888, and was defeated as
candidate for governor in 1890. He was a Demo
cratic representative from the tenth Tennessee
district in the 52d, -53d and 54th congresses,
1891-97. PATTERSON, Malcolm Rice, representative,
was born in Somerville, Ala. , J une 7, 1861 ; son
of Josiah (q.v.) and Josephine (Rice) Patterson.
He was graduated from the Christian Brothers
college, Memphis, Tenn., A.M., and took a special
library course at Vanderbilt university, Nash
ville. He was admitted to the bar in 1883 ; prac
ticed in Memphis, and was elected district attor
ney for Shelby county in 1894, for a term of eight
years. He resigned, Sept. 10, 1900, on being
nominated for congress, and was a Democratic
representative from the tenth Tennessee district
in the 57th and 58th congresses, 1901-05.
PATTERSON, Robert, educator, was born in
county Down, Ireland, May 30, 1743. He immi
grated to the United States in 1768 and settled in
Pennsylvania, where he was employed as a
teacher. He was principal of the academy at
Wilmington, Del., in 1774, and upon the out
break of the Revolutionary war volunteered in
the patriot army. He served as military instruc
tor, adjutant, assistant surgeon, and brigade
major. He was married to Anne Hunter Ewing
of Philadelphia ; was professor of mathematics
in the University of Pennsylvania, 1782-1813, and
served as vice-provost of the university, 1810-13.
He was a member of the select council of Phila
delphia and was elected its president in 1799. He
was appointed in 1805 by President Jefferson di
rector of the U. S. Mint, and served in that
capacity until his death. He was elected a mem
ber of the American Philosophical society in
1783 and was its president, 1819-24. The honor
ary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by the
University of Pennsylvania in 1787 and that of
LL.D. in 1819. He is the author of : The New
tonian System (1808) ; A Treatise on Arithmetic
(1819), besides many articles in the Transactions
of the American Philosophical Society; and ed
ited James Ferguson's Lectures on Mechanics (2
vols.. 1806); Ferguson's Astronomy (1809), and
John Webster's Natural Philosophy, with a me
moir of the author (1809). He died in Philadelr
phia, Pa.. July 22, 1824.
ri62]

PATTERSON

PATTERSON

PATTERSON, Robert, soldier, was born in
Cappagh, county Tyrone, Ireland, Jan. 12, 1792.
His father immigrated to the United States in
1789 to escape punishment for complicity in the
Irish rebellion, and settled in Delaware county,
Pa. Robert attended the public schools and was
employed in a Philadelphia counting house.
Upon the outbreak of the war of 1812 he was
commissioned 1st lieutenant of infantry and
toward the end of the war served on Gen. Joseph
Bloomfield's staff. He returned to Philadelphia,
was married to Sarah Ann Engle, and engaged in
mercantile pursuits and in establishing cotton
mills. He was a member of the convention that
met at Harrisburg March 4, 1824, and was com
missioner of internal improvements in Pennsyl
vania, 1827. In 1836 he was the Democratic
elector for the first congressional district of
Pennsylvania, and in 1837 was president of the
electoral college that declared Martin Van Buren
the President elect. He was commissioned major-
general of volunteers in 1847, and served through
out the war with Mexico. He commanded a di
vision at the battle of Cerro Gordo, April 17-18,
1847 ; led the advance brigades in the pursuit, and
entered and captured Jalapa. He was honorably
mentioned in Gen. Winfield Scott's reports. He
was major-general of the Pennsylvania militia,
and on April 15, 1861, volunteered for three
months' service, was mustered in as major-gen
eral of volunteers, and was given command of
the military department composed of the states
of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and the
District of Columbia. He crossed into Virginia
June 15, 1861, at Williamsport, and was instructed
to watch the troops under Gen. Joseph E. John
ston at Winchester, Va. When McDowell was
preparing to engage the enemy at Bull Run, July
21, 1861, Patterson, not receiving promised orders
from Gen. Winfield Scott, failed to detain John
ston by giving him battle, and Johnston marched
to the assistance, of Beauregard, Patterson tak
ing no part in the battle of Bull Run. He was
honorably mustered out of service on the expira
tion of his commission, July 27, 1861, and resumed
the charge of his important cotton manufactures.
He was a member of the original board of trus
tees nominated in the charter of Lafayette col
lege ; was senior member of the board, 1826-35 ;
again a trustee, 1874-81, and president of the
board of trustees, 1876-81. He is the author of :
Narrative of the Campaign in the Shenandoah
(1865.) He died in Philadelphia, Pa. , Aug. 7, 1881.
PATTERSON, Robert Maskell, educator, was
born in Philadelphia, Ra., March 23, 1787 ; son of
Robert and Ame Hunter (Ewing) Patterson. He
was graduated from the University of Pennsyl
vania A.B., 18D4; A.M., 1807; M.D., 1808. He
studied the physical sciences in London and

Paris, and was appointed acting U.S. consul-
general at Paris in 1809. He was professor of
natural philosophy and mathematics at the
University of Pennsylvania, 1813-28 ; succeeded
his father as vice provost of the university
1814-28 ; was professor of natural philosophy at
the University of Virginia, 1829-35, and a trustee
of the university, 1836-54. He was director of
the U.S. mint, 1835-51. He was a founder of
Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, and one of
its vice-presidents ; a founder of the Musical
Fund society of Philadelphia, and its president,
1838-53 ; a member of the American Philosophical
society, Philadelphia, 1809-54 ; delivered the dis
course at its centennial celebration in 1843, and
was its president, 1849-54 ; and a member of
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1839-54.
He was married to Helen Hamilton, daughter of
Thomas Leiper, of Philadelphia, and their son
Robert (1819-1854) became a successful banker,
and the pioneer trust safe deposit and insurance
organizer in Philadelphia. He is the author of :
Early History of the American Philosophical So
ciety : a Discourse at its 100th Anniversary (1843).
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 5, 1854.
PATTERSON, Robert Mayne, clergyman,
editor and author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.,
July 17, 1832 ; son of John and Margaret (Mayne)
Patterson, who were of Scotch extraction, and
born near Belfast, Ireland, coming to America
early in the nineteenth century. He completed
the public and high school course, being gradu
ated with the first honor in 1849, and was an
official reporter of the U.S. senate, 1850-55. He
was graduated from Princeton Theological sem
inary in 1859, and was ordained by the pres
bytery of Philadelphia, Aug. 25, 1859. He was
married in 1861 to Margaret Baxter Maclay,
daughter of the Rev. James and Sarah Nourse,
of Washington, Pa., and his wife died in 1863.
He was married secondly, in 1867, to Rebecca
Thomas, daughter of Joseph and Amy Malen, of
Chester Valley, Pa. He was pastor at Great
Valley, Pa., 1859-67 ; of the South church, Phila
delphia, 1867-81 ; and in 1881 returned to the
Great Valley church, uniting with his pastoral
duties the editorship of the Presbyterian Journal
which he conducted, 1881-94. He was a member
of the committee to revise and publish the
" Digest of the Acts of the Assembly " (1871) ; a
member of the council that met in London in
1875 to form an international Presbyterian alli
ance ; a delegate to the pan-Presbyterian coun
cils in Philadelphia, 1880, Belfast, Ireland, 1884,
Edinburgh, 1888 ; moderator of the synod of
Pennsylvania 1890, and member of fourteen
General Assemblies. The honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred on him by the College of
New Jersey in 1875, and that of LL.D. by La-
[163]

PATTERSON

PATTERSON

fayette college in 1881. He is the author of :
What is Our Duty 9 (1863) ; Character of Abraham
Lincoln (1864) ; Revival Councils (1871) ; Counsel
to Young Converts (1871) ; Total Abstinence (1872);
Presbyterianism in Philadelphia (1873) ; Which
is the Apostolic Church 9 (1874) ; Paradise : the
Place and State of Saved Souls Between Death
and the Resurrection (1874) ; History of -the Synod
of Philadelphia (1876) ; Visions of Heaven for the
Life on Earth (1877) ; Elijah, the Favored Man
(1830) : Proceedings of the Pan-Presbyterian
Council of 1S80 (1881) ; American Presbyterianism
in its Development and Growth (1896) ; The Angels
and their Ministrations (1900) ; Short Method with
Skeptics (1900) ; and editor of The Presbyterian,
1868-80. PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, educator, was
born near Maryville, Blount county, Tenn., Jan.
21, 1814 ; son of Alexander and Sarah E. (Steven
son) Patterson, both natives of South Carolina
and- a descendant of Scotch Presbyterians, who
immigrated to America to escape persecution.
He removed to Illinois with his parents in 1824,
was graduated at Illinois college in 1837, and
attended Lane Theological seminary at Cincin
nati, Ohio, 1837-39 and 1840-41. He was ordained
by the presbytery of Ottawa, Sept. 14, 1842, was
pastor of the second Presbyterian church, Chi
cago, 111., 1842-73, and declined the chair of
didactic theology in Lane Theological seminary
in 1854. He was moderator of the new school
Presbyterian church in 1859, and a member of
the conference union of the two schools. He
was professor of Christian evidences and ethics
in McCormick Theological seminary, Chicago,
111., 1873-81 ; president of Lake Forest university,
111., 1876-78, and a lecturer on apologetics and
Christian evidences in Lane Theological semi
nary, 1881-84. He received the degree D.D. from
Hamilton college in 1856, and that of LL.D. from
Lake Forest university in 1884. He retired to
Evanston, 111., where he died Feb. 28, 1894.
PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, editor, was
born in Chicago, 111., Nov. 30, 1850 : son of the
Rev. Dr. Robert Wilson (q. v.) and Julia (Quigley)
Paterson. He attended the public schools of Chi
cago, the Chicago University preparatory school
and Lake Forest academy, and was graduated
from Williams college in 1871. He began the
study of law which he abandoned for journalism,
being employed during the great fire of 1871 as a
reporter on the Chicago Times. He was on the
staff of the Interior, 1872-73, and in 1 873 began his
connection with the Chicago Tribune, serving as
night editor, Washington correspondent, editorial
writer, managing editor, and in 1899 succeeding
Joseph Medill (q. v.) as editor-in-chief. He was
married, Jan. 17, 1878, to Elinor, daughter of
Joseph and Katherine (Patrick) Medill.

[1611

PATTERSON, Thomas, representative, was
born in Lancaster county, Pa., Oct. 1, 1764 ; son
of William and Rosanna (Scott) Patterson, and
grandson of James and Mary (Montgomery) Pat
terson. James Patterson immigrated from the
north of Ireland, and settled in Lancaster county,
Pa., in 1728. Thomas resided at West Middle-
town and was a Republican representative in
the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th congresses, 1817-25.
He died in West Middletown, Pa., Nov. 17, 1841.
PATTERSON, Thomas Harmon, naval officer,
was born in New Orleans, La. , May 10, 1820 ; was
warranted acting midshipman in the U.S. navy
April 5, 1836 ; was made midshipman in March
1837, and served on the Falmouth, of the Pacific
squadron, 1837-40. He attended the naval school
at Philadelphia in 1842 ; was promoted passed
midshipman, July 1, 1842 ; master, Oct. 31, 1848,
and lieutenant, June 23, 1849. He served on the
eastern coast of Africa, 1849-54, in 1861 was given
command of the Chocura, Hampton Roads, Va.,
and was senior officer of the naval forces on the
York and Pamunky rivers, co-operating with the
Army of the Potomac. He was promoted com
mander, July 16, 1862, and commanded the steamer
James Adger of the South Atlantic squadron
November-June, 1862, taking part in the block
ade of Wilmington and Charleston and in an
attack on a flying battery near Fort Fisher, Aug.
23, 1863. He captured the Confederate blockade
runners Cornubia and Robert E. Lee in Novem
ber, 1863. He was commissioned captain, July
25, 1866 ; was stationed at Washington navy yard,
1867-70; was promoted commodore, Nov. 2, 1871,
and rear-admiral, March 28, 1877. He was presi
dent of the naval board of examiners in 1876-77,
was in command of the Asiatic squadron, 1880-
82, and was retired May 10, 1882. He died in
Washington, D.C, April 9, 1889.
PATTERSON, Thomas MacDonald, senator,
was born in county Carlow, Ireland, Nov. 4, 1840 :
son of James and Margaret (Montjoy) Patterson.
He immigrated to the United States with his par
ents in childhood and after a short residence in
New York removed to Indiana, where heattended
Asbury (now De Pauw) university and Wabash
college. He was married in 1863 to Kate Graf
ton of Watertown, Mass. He was admitted to
the bar in 1868. He settled in practice at Den
ver, Col. ; was city attorney of Denver in 1874 ;
a delegate to the, 44th congress from Colorado
Territory, 1875-77, and was elected a represen
tative to the 45th congress. The certificate
of election was given his opponent, James L.
Belford, who was unseated, and Mr. Patterson
took his seat Dec. 13, 1877, and served until March
1879. He was a delegate to the Democratic nat
ional conventions of 1876, 1880, 1888 and 1892 ; a
member of the Democratic national committee,

PATTI

PATTISON

1874-80, and the Democratic nominee for governor
of Colorado in 1888. He purchased and edited
the Rocky Mountain News at Denver, Col., 1890,
and continued to practise law. As a member of
the Democratic committee on resolutions in 1892
he brought in a minority report, being the only
member to favor the free coinage of silver, which
was adopted in 1896. He repudiated Cleveland's
nomination in 1892 and led the movement which
.gave the electoral vote of Colorado to James B.
Weaver. He was a presidential elector on the
Bryan and Sewall ticket in 1896 and the Bryan
and Stevenson ticket in 1900, and was elected to
the U. S. senate as a Democrat in 1901, for the
term ending March 3, 1907. His wife died July
16, 1902, in Denver, Col.
PATTI, Adelina, prima donna, was born in
Madrid, Spain, Feb. 19, 1843 ; daughter of Sal-
vatore and Catherine (Cheisa) Barilli Patti, both
•singers of repute. She came to the United States
with her parents in early childhood, and studied
music under her step-brother, Ettore Barilli, and
her brother-in-law, Maurice Strakosch. She
made her debut at a concert in New York city in
1850, then "toured Great Britain with Strakosch
and Ole Bull, singing the songs of Jenny Lind,
re-appeared in New York city, and in 1854 accom
panied Gottschalk, the pianist, to the West Indies.
She retired from the concert stage, 1855-58, and
continued her musical education, besides studying
the French, German, Italian and English lan
guages. She made her first appearance in Italian
opera at the Academy of Music, New York city,
Nov. 24, 1859, in " Lucia ; " in London, May 14,
1861, in " La Sonnambula " and in Paris, Nov. 16,
1862. She subsequently visited Holland, Belgium
Austria, Prussia and Russia. In St. Petersburg
-she received the Order of Merit and the title of
" first singer of the Court " from the Emperor in
1870, and sang "Aida" in the Apollo theatre,
Rome, 1874. She made a concert tour of the
United States, 1881-82, and appeared in opera
there in the seasons of 1882-83, 1884-85 and 1886-
87. She made a tour of South America, Mexico,
and the United States, 1887-88. Her voice, a so
prano of exceptional range, was especially adapted
to pathos and coquetry. She married, July 29,
1868, the Marquis de Caux, from whom she was di
vorced in 1885; secondly, in 1886, Ernesto Nicolini,
an Italian tenor, who died in 1898 ; and thirdly,
-Jan. 25, 1899, Baron Rolf Cederstrom of Sweden,
and made her home at Craig y Nos Castle,
Wales. PATTISON, Robert Emory, governor of Penn
sylvania, was born in Quantico, Somerset county,
Md., Deo. 8, 1850 ; son of the Rev. Robert Henry
and Catherine Priscilla (Woolford) Pattison ;
grandson of Judge Samuel and Ann (Skinner)
JPattison and of Dr. Thomas and Margaret (Le

Ti/r/i&my.

Compte) Woolford, of Cambridge, Dorchester
county, Md., and a descendant of James Pattison
of James Island, Md., who arrived in America
1640, and of Roger Woolford who came to Vir
ginia prior to 1602, and in that year settled in
Somerset county, Md., where he was justice of
the county for five
years between 1676-
94. Robert Emory
Pattison was gradu
ated at the Philadel
phia High school,
A.B., 1870 ; studied
law with Lewis Cas-
sidy, 1870-73, and was '
admitted to the bar
in 1873. He was city
comptroller, 1877-82,
and at once began a
reform movement
which resulted in his
election as governor .
of Pennsylvania in
1882 by a plurality of 40,202 over his Republican
opponent, Gen. James A. Beaver.' At the end
of his term in 1886, he resumed his law practice
in Philadelphia. In April, 1887, he was elected
president of the Chestnut Street National bank
and was a member and president of the US.
Pacific railroad commission, 1887-90. He was
re-elected governor of Pennsylvania in 1891 on
the reform platform, his term expiring in 1895,
and was again the Democratic nominee for gov
ernor in 1902.
PATTISON, Robert Everett, educator, was
born in Benson, Vt., Aug. 19, 1800 ; son of the Rev.
William and Sarah (Everett) Pattison ; grandson
of Capt. Robert and Elizabeth (Cochrane) Patti
son and of the Rev. Dr. Jeremiah and Elizabeth
(Warren) Everett. Capt. Robert Pattison and his
wife were both Scotch, but living in the north of
Ireland, whence they immigrated to America, and
settled in Vermont. Their son, the Rev. William
Pattison, was the first male child born in Halifax,
COLBY UA/'VERSITY

[165]

Vt. Robert Everett Pattison graduated from
Amherst A.B., 1826, A.M., 1829; was tutor at
Columbian college, Washington, D. C, 1826-27;
professor of mathematics and natural philosophy

PATTISON

PATTON

at Waterville college, Maine (which institution
became Colby university, Jan. 23, 1867), 1827-29 ;
pastor at Salem, Mass., and Providence, R.I.,
1829-36 ; president and professor of intellectual
and moral philosophy, Waterville college, 1836-
39 ; pastor at St. Louis, Mo., 1840-41, and at Provi
dence, R.I. , 1841-42; secretary of the Baptist Mis
sionary Union, 1842-45; president of the Western
Baptist Theological institute, Covington, Ky.,
1815-48 ; professor of Christian Theology at the
Newton Theological institution, 1848-54 ; again
president of Waterville college, 1854-57 ; proprie
tor of Oread institute, Worcester, Mass., 1859-64;
professor of systematic theology and history of
doctrines at Shurtleff college, 1865-69, and pro
fessor of theology at the Union Baptist Theolog
ical seminary, Chicago, 111., 1870-74. Brown uni
versity conferred on him the honorary degrees
A.M., 1832, and D.D., 1838. He is the author of
" Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians"
(1859) . He died at the home of his eldest son, Ever
ett Wilson Pattison, St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 21, 1874.
PATTISON, Thomas, naval officer, was born
in Troy, N.Y., Feb. 8, 1822. He was appointed
a midshipman in the U.S. navy, March 2, 1839,
and served on the St. Louis of the Pacific
squadron, 1839-42. He attended the naval school
at Philadelphia, Pa. , in 1845, was promoted passed
midshipman July 2, 1845, and served on the
steamers Scorpion and Princeton, the frigates
Raritan and Columbia, the ordnance ship
Electra and the gunboat Referee, of the home
squadron, during the Mexican war. He served
with the coast survey, 1850-51 ; was promoted
lieutenant, Sept. 12, 1854, and served on the
Portsmouth of the Pacific squadron, 1852-55.
He was the first American naval officer to enter
Tokyo, Japan. He was stationed at the Boston
navy yard in 1857, and was an officer on the
Mississippi of the East India squadron, 1857-60.
He was commissioned lieutenant-commander in
1861, and served as executive officer of the sloop
Perry. During a night engagement off Charles
ton, S.C, June 4, 1861, he assisted in the capture
of the Savannah, the first Confederate privateer
taken in the war. He commanded the Philadel
phia of the Potomac flotilla in October,
1861, and engaged the Confederate batteries
on the Potomac river and Aquia creek. He
was transferred to the Sumter of the South
Atlantic squadron, in 1862, and to the Sarah
Dolson of the Mississippi squadron, in 1863. He
was in charge of the naval station at Mem
phis, Tenn., 1863-65; was promoted commander,
March 3, 1865, and was in charge of the Muscota,
of the Atlantic squadron, 1865-67. He was on
duty at the Norfolk navy yard, 1867-69 ; was
promoted .captain in June, 1870, and commanded
the Richmond in the West Indies, 1871-72 ; the

Saranac and the receiving ship Independence,
1872-78. He was promoted commodore, Dec. 11,
1877, and commanded the naval station at Port
Royal, S.C, 1878-80. He was transferred to the
navy yard at Washington, D.C, in 1880, and
served until July, 1883, when he was detached.
He was commissioned rear-admiral, in November,
1883, and was retired Feb. 8, 1884. He died at
New Brighton, N.Y., Dec. 19, 1891.
PATTON, Francis Landey, educator, was
born in Warwick parish, Bermuda, Jan. 22,
1843. He attended Warwick academy, the
University of Toronto, Knox college, Toronto,
and was graduated from the Princeton Theolo
gical seminary in
1865. He was mar
ried, Oct. 10, 1865,
to Rosa Antoinette,
daughter of the Rev.
John M. Stevenson,
of New York city.
He was ordained by
the presbytery of
New York, June 1,
1865 ,- was pastor of
the Eighty-fourth
Street church, New
York city, 1865-67;
the Presbyterian
church, Nyack, N.Y.,
1867-70 ; the South
church, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1871; Cyrus H. Mc
Cormick professor at Northwest (now McCor
mick) seminary, Chicago, 1872-81 ; pastor of
Jefferson Park church, Chicago, 111., 1874-81,
and moderator of the general assembly, 1878.
He was Stuart professor of the relations of
philosophy and science to the Christian religion
(endowed for him by Robei't L. Stuart) at
Princeton Theological seminary, 1880-88. He
was made professor of ethics at the College of
New Jersey in 1886, and in 1888 succeeded James
McCosh to the presidency of the College of New
Jersey which in 1896 became Princeton university.
During his presidency he doubled the number of
students, of buildings, of members of the faculty,
and the endowment of the university. He
resigned the presidency of Princeton university
in June, 1902, and on Oct. 14, 1902, was elected
president of Princeton Theological seminary.
The honorary degree of D.D. was confei'red upon
him by Hanover college in 1872. and by Yale in
1888, and that of LL.D. by Wooster university
in 1878, by Harvard in 1889, by the University of
Toronto in 1894, by Yale in 1901, and by Johns
Hopkins in 1902. He edited the Chicago Interior
(1873-76), and is the author of : Inspiration ofthe
Scriptures (1859) ; Summary of Christian Doc
trine (1874), and numerous articles and reviews-

[166]

PATTON

PATTON

£a.ur6. JtaMAi tflaJfcCtn

PATTON, Jacob Harris, teacher and author,
was born in Fayette oounty, Pa., May 20, 1812;
son of Thomas and Anna (Harris) Patton ; grand
son of Joseph and Sarah (Weir) Patton and of
Jacob and Rebecca (Mofford) Harris. He was
graduated at Jeffer
son college, Pa., A.B.,
1839, A.M., 1842; was
a tutor in the Uni
versity of Nashville,
Tenn., 1840-43, and
at Union Theological
seminary, New York
city, 1843-46, and was
graduated there in
1846. He was princi
pal of a private clas
sical school in New
York city, 1846-82,
and was licensed to
preach by the pres
bytery of New York
in 1846, but chose the profession of teaching.
He was married in 1854 to Caroline, daughter
of Oliver Chear ; she died in 1880. He received
the degree of Ph.D. from Washington and Jef
ferson college in 1884. He devoted the latter
part of his life to literary work, and is the
author of : A Concise History of the American
People (2 vols. 1860-1901); Yorktown Memorial
1781-1881 (1881); Political Parties of the United
States, their History and Influence (1884-1902);
A Popular History of the Presbyterian Church in
the United States (1901) ; The Natural Resources
ofthe United States (1888-1894); Which Religion
Satisfies the Wants of the Soul 9 (1902), and con
tributions to periodicals.
PATTON, John, senator, was born at Curwens-
ville, Pa., Oct. 30, 1850; son of the Hon. John
and Catherine (Ennis) Patton ; grandson of Lieut.
John (U.S. navy) and Susan (Antes) Patton ;
and great-grandson of Col. John Patton of the
16th colonial regiment of Pennsylvania in the
war of the Revolution. His father was a represen
tative from Pennsylvania in the 37th and 50th
congresses, 1861-63, and 1887-89. John Patton,
Jr., was prepared for college at Phillips Andover
academy ; and graduated from Yale, A.B.,
1875, and from Columbia, LL.B., 1877; and in
1878 engaged in the practice of law at Grand
Rapids, Mich. In 1884 he was a member of the
Republican state central committee, and gained
prominence as an orator in national and state
campaigns. He was president of the Michigan
state Republican league, 1890 and 1891. He was
married, Oct. 1, 1885, to Frances S.. daughter of
the Hon. Wilder D., and Fanny L. Foster. On
the death of Senator Francis B. Stockbridge, he
was appointed his successor by Governor John

T. Rich, May 5, 1894, and served until the meet
ing of the legislature in January, 1895, when
Julius C. Burrows was elected to fill out the
unexpired term.
PATTON, John Mercer, representative, was
born in Virgina in 1796. He graduated from
the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1818 ;
studied law, was admitted to the bar, and
practiced in Fredericksburg, Va. He was married
to P. French Williams, daughter of Isaac H.
and Lucy (Slaughter) Williams, and grand
daughter of John Williams, and of Capt. Philip
Slaughter. He was elected a representative in
the 21st congress in 1830 to fill the vacancy
caused by the resignation of John Taliaferro,
and was also a representative in the 22d, 23d,
24th and 25th congresses, 1831-39. He removed
to Richmond, Va., and resumed his law practice,
and was judge of the court of appeals at the time
of his death, in Richmond, Va., Oct. 29, 1858.
PATTON, Robert Miller, governor of Ala
bama, was born in Monroe county, Va., July 10,
1809 ; son of William and Martha (Hays) Patton.
William Patton, a native of Ireland, immigrated
to Virginia in early manhood, and in 1813 re
moved with his wife and chil
dren to Huntsville, Ala., be
coming one of the founders
of one of the first cotton mills
in the state. Robert was ed
ucated in the public schools
and at an early age entered
commercial life, removing in
1829 to Florence, Ala., where he became a mer
chant. He was elected a representative in the
state legislature in 1834, and in the special legisla
ture, 1837, called for the relief of those affected by
the financial panic of that year, and served almost
continuously in the legislature until 1861, being
president of the senate in that year. He was a
delegate to the Democratic national convention
at Charleston, S.C, in 1860, and to the state con
vention that passed the ordinance of secession,
where he opposed the movement, but afterward
devoted himself wholly to the southern cause.
He spent his own fortune in aiding it, and as a
commissioner of the Confederate government,
raised several million dollars to keep the armies
in the field. He was a member of the Alabama
constitutional convention of 1865, and was elected
governor of the state, serving from December,
1865, to July, 1868, when he was displaced through
the reconstruction measures of congress. He
obtained the capital for building the railroad to
connect Chattanooga, Mobile, Ala., and New
Orleans, La., and was president of the road from
Chattanooga to Meridian. He was a trustee of
the Missouri State university ; the State Normal
college of Alabama, and the Synodical Female
[167]

PATTON

PAUL

college at Florence, Ala. He was married Jan.
23, 1832, to Jane, daughter of Gen. John and Mary
(Brahan) Locke, of Huntsville, Ala. Three sons
served in the Confederate army, two of whom
were killed. Governor Patton died at Sweet
water, near Florence, Ala., Feb. 29, 1885.
PATTON, William, author, was born in Phil
adelphia, Pa. , Aug. 23, 1798 ; son of Col. Robert
and Cornelia (Bridges) Patton and a descendant of
Robert Patton of Scotch Irish descent, who came
to America in 1762 and served as an officer in the
Revolution. William Patton was graduated from
Middlebury college, Vt., in 1818, and was a student
at Princeton Theological seminary, 1819-20. He
was married in 1819 to Mary, daughter of Zachariah
and Mary (Fisk) Weston of Lincoln. He was stated
supply and pastor of the Central Presbyterian
church, New York city, 1821-34 ; secretary of the
American Educational society, 1834-37 ; and was
pastor in New York city, 1887-52. He removed to
New Haven, Conn., in 1854. He was one of the
organizers ofthe World's Evangelical Alliance in

UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK-
1846 ; and was a founder of the University of the
City of New York in 1831, and of Union The
ological seminary, New York, in 1836. He was a
member of the executive committee of the Amer
ican Home Missionary society, 1830-70 ; vice
president of that society, and of the American
Missionary association, and a corporate member
of the A.B.CF.M. He was married secondly to
Mrs. Mary Bird of Philadelphia, and thirdly to
Mrs. Emily T. Hayes of New Haven. The hon
orary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by
the University of the City of New York in 1836.
He edited President Jonathan Edwards's work on
Revivals, and Charles G. Finney's Lectures on
Revivals (1839); prepared the American editions
of the Cottage Bible, and theVillage Testament
(1833), and was assistant editor of the Christian
Psalmist (1836). He is the author of : The Laws
of Fermentation and the Wines of the Ancients
(1871); The Judgment of Jerusalem, Predicted in
Scripture, Fulfilled in History (1879); Jesus of
Nazareth (1878) ; Bible Principles and Characters
(1879). He died in New Haven, Conn. , Sept. 9, 1879.

PATTON, William Weston, educator, was born
in New York city, Oct. 19, 1821 ; son of William
and Mary (Weston) Patton. He was graduated
from the University of the City of New York,
A.B., 1839, A.M., 1842, and from the Union Theo
logical seminary, 1842, and was ordained in 1843.
He was pastor of the Phillips Congregational
church, Boston, Mass., 1843-46 ; at Hartford,
Conn., 1846-57, and at Chicago, 111., 1857-67;'
editor of Advance, Chicago, 111., 1867-72; west
ern secretary of the American Missionary asso
ciation, 1873-74 ; lecturer at Oberlin and Chicago
theological seminaries, 1874-77, and president of
Howard university, Washington, D.C, 1877-89.
He was married Jan. 11, 1843, to Sarah Jane,
daughter of Horatio and Maria (Pettit) Mott of
New York, who died in 1850 ; and secondly, in
1851, to Mary Boardman, daughter of Norman
Smith. She died in 1880. He was a corporate
member of the A.B.CF.M., 1869-89 ; a member
of the Society of the Cincinnati ; vice-president
of the Sanitary Commission of the Northwest,
and an honorary member of the Society of
Sciences, Literature and Art, London, England.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Indiana Asbury university in 1862,
and by the University of the City of New York
in 1882. He is the author of : The Duties of
Christians to Suppress Duelling (1844) ; Tlie Amer
ican Board and Slave Holding (1846) ; Pro-Slav
ery Interpretation of the Bible Productive of
Infidelity (1846) ; Tlie Young Man's Friend (1847) ;
Conscience and Law (1850); Piety and Military
Services (1861); Spiritual Victory (1874) ; Prayer
and Its Remarkable Answers (1875); Count Tolstoi
and the Sermon on the Mount (1887). He died at
Westfield, N.J., Dec. 31, 1889.
PAUL, Gabriel Rene, soldier, was born in St.
Louis, Mo., March 22, 1813 ; son of Col. Rene and
Eulalie (Chouteau) Paul, and grandson of Eus-
tache and Marie Anne Scholastique (Masse) Paul,
and of Auguste and Marie Therese (Cerre) Chou
teau. Eustache Paul, a native of France, settled
at Cape Francais, Santo Domingo, and Col. Rene
Paul was colonel of engineers under Napoleon,
serving on the French flag ship at Trafalgar. He
immigrated to Philadelphia, Pa., engaged in mer
cantile pursuits in St. Louis, Mo., 1808-13, and was
afterward a surveyor of government lands. Gabriel
was graduated at the U.S. Military academy and
brevetted 2d lieutenant in the 7th infantry, July
1, 1834 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant, Dec. 4,
1834, and 1st lieutenant, Oct. 26, 1836. He served
in the Florida war, 1839-42 ; was promoted
captain, April 19, 1846, and served in the war
with Mexico, being engaged in the defence
of Fort Brown, the battle of Monterey, the siege
of Vera Cruz, battles of Cerro Gordo (where he
was wounded), Contreras, Churubusco, Molino

[168]

PAUL

PAUL

del Rey, and the storming of Chapultepec, where
he was brevetted major for gallant and merit
orious conduct. He served on the Rio Grande
expedition, where he captured Caravajal and his
gangof desperadoes in April, 1832, was in garrison,
and in Texas and Missouri, 1852-58. He particip
ated in the Utah expeditions of 1858-60, captur
ing a band of hostile Indians on Spanish Fork,
was promoted major and transferred to the 8th
infantry, April 22, 1861 ; was acting inspector-
general of the department of New Mexico, July to
December, 1861 ; was appointed colonel, 4th New-
Mexico volunteers, Dec. 9, 1861 ; and commanded
Fort Union and the Southern military district of
New Mexico respectively ,1862, participating in the
skirmish at Peralta,New Mexico, Aprill5,1862. He
was promoted lieutenant-colonel, April 25, 1862 ;
served as brigadier-general of volunteers, Sept. 5,
1862, to March 22, 1863, and in the Rappahannock
campaign with the Army of the Potomac, being
engaged in the battles of Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville. He was appointed brigadier-
general of volunteers, April 18, 1863 ; was severely
wounded at Gettysburg by a rifle ball, which
deprived him of the sight of both eyes, and was
promoted colonel and transferred to the 14th
infantry, Sept. 14, 1863. He was retired from
active service Feb. 16, 1865, was deputy
governor of the Soldiers' Home, near Washing
ton, D.C, February to June, 1865, and conducted
the Military asylum at Harrodsburg, Ky. , from
June, 1865, to December, 1866. He was brevetted
brigadier-general U.S.A., Feb. 23, 1865, for gallant
and meritorious services at Gettysburg and was
mustered out of the volunteer service, Sept. 1,
1866. In recognition of his services in Mexico
the citizens of St. Louis, Mo., presented him with
a sword in November, 1863 ; the 29th New Jersey
volunteers gave him a jeweled sword for his
services in the battle of Gettysburg ; and on Dec.
. 10, 1886, a monument was erected over his grave
in the cemetery at Arlington, Va., by his com
rades of the Grand Army. He was married March
24, 1835, to Mary Anne, daughter of Col. William
Whistler, U.S.A., and secondly to Louise, daugh
ter of John and Elizabeth (Neland) Doxon, and
widow of Alfred H. Rogers of Cincinnati, Ohio.
He died in Washington, D.C, May 5, 1886.
PAUL, Henry Martyn, astronomer and civil
engineer, was born in Dedham, Mass., June 25,
1851 ; son' of Ebenezer and Susan (Dresser) Paul;
grandson of Samuel and Martha (Crane) Paul,
.and of David and Hannah (Farnsworth) Dresser,
and a descendant of Richard and Margery (Tur
ner) Paul. Richard Paul emigrated from Eng
land to Boston, Mass., in 1635 ; was a soldier in
the fort in Boston, in 1636, and one of the original
proprietors of Cohannet (now Taunton), Mass.,
in 1637. Henry Martyn Paul was graduated at

Dartmouth A.B., 1873, A.M., 1878, and at the
Thayer School of Civil Engineering in 1875. He
was principal assistant to Professor Quimby in
the triangulation of New Hampshire, 1872-75 ;
assistant astronomer in the naval observatory at
Washington, D.C, 1875-80 ; observed the transit

[169]

UAJITEP STATES AIAVAL. OBSERVATORY, WA S H I AK TO/V , t>. £
of Mercury at Dartmouth college in May, 1878,
and the total solar eclipse at West LasAnimas,
Col., in tlie following July. He was married Aug.
27, 1878, to Augusta Anna, daughter of the Rev.
Dr. Edgar Harkness and Mary Jane (Rice) Gray,
of Washington, D.C. He was professor of astron
omy in the Imperial university, Tokyo, Japan,
1880-83 ; assistant astronomer at the U.S. Naval
observatory, Washington, 1883-97, and in 1897
was made professor of mathematics in the navy.
He became a fellow in the American Association
for the Advancement of Science ; one of the
council of the Philosophical Society of Washing
ton ; a member of the Washington Academy of"
Sciences, and of the Cosmos club, and president
of the Choral Society of Washington, 1896-98.
He made researches in the phenomena of variable
stars, and is the author of astronomical papers,
published as appendices to the volumes of the
Washington Observations. After 1899 he was in
the bureau of yards and docks, navy department.
PAUL, John. See Webb, Charles Henry.
PAUL, John, jurist, was born in Rockingham
county, Va., June 30, 1839; son of Peter and
Maria (Whitmore) Paul ; grandson of Nicholas
Paul, who came to America early in the eight
eenth century, and a descendant of a Huguenot
family who removed from France to Holland.
He attended Roanoke college, Salem, Va., and
upon the breaking out of the civil war enlisted
in the Confederate army as a lieutenant in the
1st Virginia cavalry. He was graduated from
the law department of the University of Virginia.
in 1867 ; was attorney for the commonwealth of
Virginia, 1870-77 ; a member of the state senate,
1877-81 ; a Democratic representative in the 47th
congress, 1881-83 ; and judge of the U.S. court
for the western district of Virginia, 1883-1901.
He married, Nov. 19, 1874, Katharine Seymour,
daughter of Charles Green, of Warren county,
Va. He died at Harrisonburg, Va., Nov. 1, 1901..

PAULDING

PAULDING

PAULDING, Hiram, naval officer, was born
near Peekskill, Westchester county, N.Y., Dec.
11, 1797 ; son of John Paulding. He attended
the public schools until 1811, when he was com
missioned a midshipman in the U.S. navy and
began the study of mathematics and navigation.
He was ordered to join Capt. Isaac Chauncey on
Lake Ontario, in 1813, and was transferred to the
President, the flagship of Commander Macdon-
ough, in August, 1814. The American squadron
being short of officers, he was commissioned
acting lieutenant, and for his gallantry while in
charge of the second heavy gun division on board
the Ticonderoga, Lieut. Stephen Cassin, during
the battle of Lake Champlain, was highly com
plimented, and received a vote of thanks from
congress. After the close of the war he joined
the squadron of Commodore Decatur and served
with distinction during the Algerian difficulty. He
was promoted lieutenant, April 27, 1816; served on
the Independence and the brig Prometheus, 1816-
17, and cruised on the Macedonian, of the Pacific
squadron, 1817-20. On his return to the United
States he procured a leave of absence, and attended
the American Literary, Scientific and Military
academy, Norwich, Vt., where he was graduated
in 1823. He joined Commodore Porter's squadron
as first lieutenant on the Sea Gull, in 1823, was
ordered to the frigate United States in 1824, and
cruised in the Pacific ocean on board the Dolphin,
1824-28. He was on the frigate Constitution,
1828-30, and commanded the schooner Shark,
1834-37. In 1837 he was promoted commodore,
and was assigned to the command of the sloop of
war Levant, Feb. 9, 1837, cruising in the West
Indies, 1837-41. He was executive officer of the
U.S. navy yard at Brooklyn, N.Y., 1841-44; was
promoted captain in 1844, and cruised on the
Vincennes in the East Indies, 1844-47. He was in
command of the East Indian station, 1847-48 ;
was transferred to the frigate St. Lawrence, and
cruised in the Baltic, North and Mediterranean
seas, 1848-51. He took charge of the U.S. navy
yard at Wash
ington, D.C, in
1852, and com
manded the
home squadron,
1854-57. While
in South Ameri-
i can waters in
- command of the
™ frigate Wabash,
May 1, 1857, he
came into port at the mouth of the San Juan
river, Nicaragua, where William Walker (q.v.),
having captured the town with 200 men a short
time before, had established his camp. Commo
dore Paulding demanded the surrender of Walker,

u s.s. WABASH.

[170]

and backed up his demand by landing 350 armed
men, and by bringing the guns of the Wabash to
bear on the camp. Walker surrendered and was
paroled, but on reaching Washington, D.C, was
not acknowledged by the U.S. government as a
prisoner. His action was pronounced by President
Buchanan in a message to congress, a grave error,
which, if unrebuked, might give serious trouble
to the government. Paulding was also warned not
to exceed his instructions or legal authority in the
future. Paulding's action began the subject of
congressional investigation, and the committee
of foreign affairs in the house reported against
the legality of Walker's arrest, which called out an
extended debate in both houses of congress and be
came a sectional issue. Paulding was presented
with a sword and a large tract of land as a re
ward for his services, by the President of Nicar
agua, but was not allowed by the U.S. govern
ment to receive the land. He was appointed in
September, 1861, by President Lincoln, to serve
on the board to examine plans of iron-clad vessels.
He was ordered to take command of the U.S.
navy yard at Norfolk, Va., and set out on the
Pawnee with 600 men. Upon his arrival he
found that he could not hold the yard against the
Confederates, and after transferring the arms
and munitions from the Pennsylvania and other
vessels stationed there, he scuttled the ships and
taking the Cumberland in tow, he set fire to the
yard and went to Hampton Roads. He was
relieved by law, Dec. 21, 1861, being over sixty-
two years old, and in July, 1862, was one of the
ten retired officers to receive the newly created
grade of rear-admiral. He was governor of the
naval asylum at Philadelphia, Pa., 1866-69, and
port admiral of Boston, Mass., 1869-74. He is
the author of : The Cruise ofthe Dolphin (1831).
He died at Huntington, N.Y., Oct. 20, 1878.
PAULDING, James Kirke, cabinet officer and
author, was born in Great Nine Partners, N.Y.,
Aug. 22, 1778; son of William and Catharine
(Ogden) Paulding, and a descendant of Joseph
Paulding, who settled in New Amsterdam before
1640. William Paulding was a wealthy ship
owner and storekeeper at Tarrytown-on-the-
Hudson, and at the outbreak of the Revolutionary
war gave his entire fortune to the patriot
cause and was himself appointed state commissary
to the Continental forces. After the war he
returned to Tarrytown, where he lived in actual
want. James received but little schooling, and
in 1797 obtained employment iu an office in New
York city. He entered the best society of the
city and became intimate with such men as
Gouverneur Kemble, Henry Brevoort, Jr., and
Washington Irving. He joined the Calliopean
society, one of the foremost literary institutions
in New York. He began his literary career by

PAULDING

PAULDING

¦contributions to the Morning Chronicle. He was
associated with Washington Irving in the publi
cation of the humorous fortnightly periodical
known as Salmagundi, or the Whim-whams and
Opinions of Launcelot Longstaff, Esq. , and Others,
Jan. 24, 1807. The paper was discontinued Jan.
25, 1808, after twenty numbers had been issued.
Ho was appointed secretary of the newly-created
board of naval commissioners at Washington,
D.C, in April, 1815, and served until 1823, when
he returned to New York city to accept the ap
pointment of navy agent of the port of New York.
He was married in 1818 to Gertrude, sister of
¦Gouverneur Kemble. He was appointed secretary

THE. OLD NAVY PEP'T. BUI LPP«< .WASH IAICTO/1 D.C
¦of the navy in Martin Van Buren's cabinet, in
1838, and ended his public career March 4, 1841,
retiring to his country home at Hyde Park-on-
the-Hudson, where he devoted himself to litera
ture and the care of his estate. He began a
¦second edition of Salmagundi in 1819, which also
failed. He is the author of : The Diverting His
tory of John Bull and Brother Jonathan (1812);
The Lay of the Scotch Fiddle : a Tale of Havre de
¦Grace (1813) ; The United States and England, a
defence against articles in the Quarterly Review
(1814); Letters from the South by a Northern
Man (1817); The Backwoodsman (1818) ; A Sketch
of Old England by a New England Man (1822);
Koningsmarke, or the Long Finne (a satirical
novel in which the lines "Peter Piper picked a
neck of pickled peppers " occur (1823) ; John Bull
in America, or the New Munchausen (1824); The
Merry Tales of the Three Wise Men of Gotham
(1826); New Mirror for Travellers (1828); Tales of
¦the Good Woman (1829) ; Chronicles of the City of
Gotham (1830); Tlie Dutchman's Fireside, a novel
{1831); The Lion ofthe West (a drama produced
1831); Westward Ho ! (18^); Life of Washington
(1835) ; Slavery in the United States, in which he
defended the institution on social, economical
and physiological grounds(1836) ; The Book of St.
Nicholas (1837); A Gift from Fairy Land (1838);
Tlie Old Continental (1846); American Comedies
{1847), and The Puritan and His Daughter (1849).
See life and works by William Irving Paulding
(1867). He died in Hyde Park, N.Y., April 6, 1860.

[171]

PAULDING, John, patriot, was born in New
York, probably in Westchester county, in 1758. He
was brought up on a farm, and while a scout in the
American army under General Arnold, operating
in the highlands of the Hudson river, was taken
prisoner by the British. He was confined in the
old sugar house on Duane street, New York city,
whence he escaped. In order to prevent re-cap
ture he exchanged his farmer's garb for a British
uniform, and upon reaching the Harlem river
swam the stream and crossed the Hudson river
in a canoe from Spuyten Duyvil to the west
bank. He then journeyed on foot to Stony
Point, and there was rowed by friends across the
river to Verplank's Point. On his way home he
met Isaac Van Wort and David Williams near
the present village of Tarrytown, and the three
joined in a game of cards. While thus engaged
a horseman in civilian's clothes paused at a
stream by the wayside to enable his horse to
drink. Paulding, whose experience in the army
and' in prison made him the most alert of the
party, approached the stranger and asked him to
which party he belonged. The horseman, notic
ing Paulding's uniform and supposing that he was
speaking with a friend, replied "To your party."
" How do you know which party I belong to ? "
asked Paulding. " I can tell by your dress," said
the horseman. "I suppose, then, that you be
long to the lower party." "Yes,'' replied the
horseman, " I am a British officer out on particu
lar business and do not wish to be detained."
Paulding ordered him to dismount, and the pris
oner, who afterward proved to be Maj. John
Andre, produced Arnold's pass for John Ander
son, saying, "By detaining me you will hinder
the general's business." This proceeding, taken
in connection with his first assurance that he
was a British officer, aroused Paulding's suspi
cions, and he searched his prisoner, but found
nothing to identify him. This led Andre to de
clare that he carried no letters, which Paulding
disbelieving, they thereupon pulled off his boots
and found three parcels under each stocking, all
of which subsequently proved to be in Arnold's
handwriting. Williams then proposed to bar
gain for his release, and asked if he would give
his horse and equipments, his watch and 100
guineas if they would let him go. Andre not
only agreed to this, but proposed any larger sum
of money his captors might name. Paulding
then interfered, exclaiming: "No, by God, if
you would give us 10,000 guineas you should not
stir a step ; " and the three men took Andre to
the post at North Castle, delivered him to the
lieutenant-colonel in command; and went away
claiming no reward, and not even leaving their
names. Washington, however, sought them out
and presented each with a silver medal, bearing

PAXSON

PAXTON

on one side the word "Fidelity," and on the
other " Vincit armor patriae." He also ordered
an annuity of §200 to each, and the government
further rewarded each of the three men (neither
of whom was in active army service at the time)
with a farm of 200 acres, Paulding's farm being
two miles from Peekskill, N.Y. He was twice
married, his children by boWi marriages number
ing twenty-one. Samuel D. Paulding was the
last survivor of the children, and died in New
York city, June 8, 1898. A monument to the
three captors of Andre was erected on upper
Broadway, Tarrytown, at the point where the
famous meeting occurred. John Paulding, the
patriot, died in Peekskill, N.Y., April 30, 1818.
PAXSON, Edward M., jurist, was born in
Buckingham, Bucks county, Pa., Sept. 3, 1824;
son of Thomas and Ann (Johnson) Paxson ;
grandson of Jacob and Mary (Shaw) Paxson, and
a descendant of James Paxson, who emigrated
from the parish of Marsh Gibbon, Bucks county,
England, and settled in Middletown, Bucks
county, Pa., in 1682, and maternally of William
Johnson, a native of Ireland, who settled in New
Jersey before the Revolution and subsequently
was professor in a South Carolina college. He
attended the Friends schools, learned the trade
of printer, and in 1843 became editor ofthe Newton
Journal, which he established. He founded and
was editor of the Philadelphia Daily News, 1847,
and after conducting it one year sold it and stud
ied law. He was admitted to the bar of Bucks
county, Pa., April 24, 1850, and practised in Phil
adelphia. He was judge of the court of common
pleas of Philadelphia, 1869-74 ; judge of the su
preme court of the state, 1874-95, and chief jus
tice of the supreme court, 1889-93. He resigned
his seat on the bench Feb. 20, 1893, to accept the
appointment as one of the receivers of the Phila
delphia and Reading railroad company by order
of Judge George M. Dallas. He completed
his task as receiver April 20, 1897, when he re
signed. He gave to the committee of the Bucks
County Friends Quarterly Meeting on March 3,
1901, deeds for a large and handsome building
erected by him in Newton as a memorial to his
parents as a home for aged and infirm members
of the Society of Friends of his native county. In
1902 he erected an infirmary for the "Home for
Aged and Infirm Colored Persons" in Phila
delphia, the building being opened early in Jan
uary, 1903. He was married, April 30, 1846, to
Mary C, daughter of Nathaniel Newin of Dela
ware county, and after her death, June 7, 1885,
secondly, December 1, 1886, to Mary Martha S.,
widow of Samuel A. Bridges of Allentown, Pa.,
representative in the 45th congress. He is the
author of : Brown's Collection Laws and Me
moirs of the Johnson Family.

Lira]

PAXTON, Elisha Franklin, soldier, was born
in Rockbridge county, Va., March 4, 1828 ; son of
Elisha and Margaret (McNutt) Paxton ; grand
son of William and Ellen (Hay) Paxton, and a
descendant of the Paxton family who immigrated
to America from the north of Ireland with the
Houstons and others in 1730 and settled in Penn
sylvania. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1847-;
attended the Virginia Military institute at Lex
ington, Va., but was not graduated, and was
president of a bank in Lynchburg, Va. He en
tered the Confederate army as colonel of a Vir
ginia regiment ; was promoted brigadier-general,
and commanded the 1st brigade, Jackson's divis
ion, at Fredericksburg, and his brigade in Trim
ble's division, commanded by Gen. R. E. Colston
at the battle of Chancellorsville, where he fell,
May 3, 1863. He was married to Lizzie White.
He died on the battlefield near Chancellor's
House, May 3, 1863.
PAXTON, William Miller, educator, was born
at Maria Furnace, Adams county, Pa., June 7,
1824 ; son of James Dunlop and Jane Maria (Mil
ler) Paxton ; grandson of William Paxton and of
William Miller, and great-grandson of John
Paxton of the Revolutionary army and pastor of
Lower Marsh Creek, Adams county, Pa. Another
great-grandfather, James Dunlop, was an officer
in the Revolutionary army, and subsequently
member of the Pennsylvania legislature for
twenty-seven years. After attending school at
Millerstown, now Fairfield, and at Gettysburg,
William M. Paxton was graduated from Penn
sylvania college, Gettysburg, Pa., in 1843; stud
ied law for two years, but decided to enter the
ministry, and was graduated from the Princeton
Theological seminary in 1848. He was ordained
by the presbytery of Carlisle, Oct. 4, 1848,
was pastor at Greencastle, Pa., 1848-50, and be
came pastor of the First church, Pittsburg, Pa.,
in 1851. He was married, first, in July, 1852, to
Hester V. B., daughter of Colonel Wickes of
Chestertown, Md., and, secondly, Nov. 8, 1855, to
Caroline Sophia Denny of Pittsburg, Pa. ; was
professor of sacred rhetoric at the Western Theo
logical seminary, Allegheny, Pa., 1860-67, and
pastor of the First Presbyterian church, New
York city, 1866-83. He was instructor in sacred
rhetoric at Union Theological seminary, New
York, 1872-75 ; became a member of the board of
foreign missions in 1866, and served as its presi
dent, 1881-83 ; was a member of the Presbyterian
Board of Home Missions, 1866-80, and president,
1876-78. He was chosen prof essor of ecclesiastical,
homiletical and pastoral theology at the Prince
ton Theological seminary in 1883, and became
president of the faculty in 1900. The honorary
degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Jefferson
college in 1860 and that of LL.D. by the same in-

PAYNE

PAYNE

stitution in 1883. He was moderator of the gen
eral assembly of the Presbyterian church of the
United States which met in Madison, Wis., in
1880 ; a director of Western Tlieological seminary,
1851-65 ; was elected trustee of the College of
New Jersey in 1867 ; trustee of Jefferson col
lege, 1853-65 ; served as trustee of Leake and
Watts Orphan asylum, New York, 1866-83, and as
a trustee of the Sailors' Snug Harbor, New York,
1866-83. He is the author of : Memorial of the
Rev. Francis Herron, D.D.
PAYNE, Charles Henry, clergyman and edu
cator, was born in Taunton, Mass., Oct. 24, 1830-
He was graduated at Wesleyan university, Con
necticut, in 1856 ; was a private tutor in Newark, _
N.J., 1856 ; studied at the Biblical institute, Con
cord, N.H., and joined the Providence confer
ence of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1857.
He was married March 24, 1857, to Mary Eleanor
Gardiner, of Wickford, R.I. ; was pastor in
Sandwich, East Bridgewater, and Fall River,
Mass., in Providence, R.I., Brooklyn, N.Y., Phila
delphia, Pa., and in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1857-76.
He erected St. John's church, Brooklyn, N.Y., at
a cost of $200,000, and the Arch Street church,
Philadelphia, at a cost of $260,000. He was presi
dent of Ohio Wesleyan university, Delaware,
Ohio, 1876-88, succeeding Dr. Frederick Merrick,
and was corresponding secretary of the board of
education of the Methodist Episcopal church,
1888-99. He was a member of the committee to
revise the hymn-book of his denomination in 1876,
a delegate to the General conferences of 1880,
1884, 1888, 1892 and 1896, and to the Ecumenical
conference in London in 1881. He traveled ex
tensively in Europe, Egypt, Greece, Syria and
the Holy Land. He received the degrees D.D.
from Dickinson college in 1870, and LL.D. from
Ohio State university in 1875, and is the author of :
The Social Glass and Christian Obligation (1868) ;
Daniel the Uncompromising Young Man (1872);
Methodism, its History and Results (1881) ;
Women and their Work in Methodism (1881) ;
Temperance (1881); Education (1881); and Guides
in Character Building (1883). He died at Clifton
Springs, N.Y., May 5, 1899.
PAYNE, Daniel Alexander, A.M.E. bishop,
was born in Charleston, S.C, Feb. 24, 1811 ; son
of Loudon (a soldier in the war of 1812) and
Martha . Payne, and of mixed African, English
and Indian blood. He attended the Lutheran
Theological seminary at Gettysburg, Pa., 1835-38,
and was ordained to the Lutheran ministry in
1838. He filled the pulpit of a Presbyterian
church in Troy, N.Y. ; conducted a high school
for colored boys and girls in Philadelphia, Pa.-,
1838-43 ; became an itinerant minister of the
African Methodist Episcopal church in May, 1842,
and was stationed at Washington, D.C, and in

Baltimore, Md., 1843-52. Ho was appointed his
toriographer of his denomination in 1848, and
was elected bishop by the general conference in
New York in 1852. He founded and was presi
dent of Wilberforce university at Xenia, Ohio,
1865-76 ; traveled in Europe, 1867-68, and attended
the Methodist Ecumenical conference in London
in 1881, where he was presiding officer one day.
He was chancellor of Wilberforce university and
dean of the Theological seminary. He received
the degree LL.D. from Lincoln university in 1879.
He is the author of : History of the African
Methodist Episcopal Church (3 vols., 1865) ; Re
collection of Men and Things and Domestic Educa
tion (1886). He died at Xenia, Ohio, Nov. 29, 1893.
PAYNE, Elisha, jurist, was born in Canter-
buiw, Conn., in February, 1731 ; son of the Rev.
Elisha and Mary (Johnson) Payne ; grandson of
Elisha and Rebecca (Doane) Payne, of Eastham,
Mass., who removed to Canterbury, Conn., about
1700 ; and a descendant of Thomas (1586-1650) and
Elizabeth (Tuthill) Payne, who came with six
children from Wrentown, Suffolk, England, be
fore August, 1637, to Salem, Mass. The Rev.
Elisha Payne, Sr., said to have been tlie most
talented lawyer in Connecticut, abandoned the
practice of law in 1742 to become a preacher,
and was twice arrested and thrown into prison
for preaching the Gospel and advocating reli
gious freedom in New England. In 1752 he
became minister at Bridgehampton, near South-
old, L.I., N. Y., where many of his relatives had
settled in 1651-52. Elisha Payne, Jr., was edu
cated and prepared for the law under the super
vision of his father, and practised in Canterbury
and Plainfield, Conn. He represented Plainfield
in the state legislature, and was one of tlie five
original settlers of Cardigan (now Orange), N.H.
He served as an officer in the French and Indian
war, gaining the rank of colonel ; was deputy
surveyor-general of the King's woods to preserve
the pine trees, and was commissioned lieutenant-
colonel of militia in August, 1775. He was chosen
an assistant justice of the court of common pleas
and register of probate for Grafton county in
1776; represented Cardigan, N.H., in the Ver
mont legislature during the "East Union'' in
1778 ; removed to Lebanon in 1780 ; was a leading
member of the Charleston convention of 1781
which determined the boundary between Ver
mont and New Hampshire, and was elected by
the legislature lieutenant-governor of Vermont,
chief justice of the supreme court and major-
general of militia in the same year. When this
last "Union " was dissolved he became a citizen
of New Hampshire, serving in the state house of
representatives, 1784-85, 1790, 1793, 1796, 1797 and
1800, and in the senate, 1786-87. He was married
in 1753 to Anna Waldo, of Connecticut, and

[173]

PAYNE

PAYNE

secondly to Elizabeth Spaulding, of Plainfield,
Conn. Their son Elisha, Jr. (1763-1808), Dart
mouth, 1784, practised law in Lebanon, and
married Lydia Collins, of Mansfield, N.H. ' Elisha
Payne, the elder, received the honorary degree
A.M. from Dartmouth in 1779. He died in Leba
non, N.H. , July 20. 1807.
PAYNE, Henry B., senator, was born in Ham
ilton, Madison county, N.Y., Nov. 30, 1810 ; son
of Judge Elisha and Esther (Douglass) Payne.
He was graduated at Hamilton, college, A.B. 1832,
and practised law in Cleveland, Ohio, 1834-46.
He was a presidential elector on the Cass and
Butler ticket in 1848 ; a Democratic state senator,
1849-51 ; was defeated for the U.S. senate by
Benjamin F. Wade, after an exciting canvass in
1851, and for governor of Ohio by Salmon P.
Chase in 1857, by 1,503 votes. He was a delegate
to the Democratic national conventions of 1856,
1860 and 1872, and chairman of the Ohio delega
tion at the last named. He was a Democratic
representative from the twentieth Ohio district
in the 44th congress, 1875-77, being chairman of
the committee on banking and currency, and re
ported a bill for the gradual resumption of specie
payment. He was also chairman of the con
ference committee on the silver bill ; of the com
mittee on ' the electoral bill ; of the conference
committee on the counting of the electoral votes
for president and vice-president, and a member
of the electoral commission. He was a candidate
for the Democratic presidential nomination in
1880 and 1884, and succeeded George H. Pendle-
tonasU.S. senator, serving, 1885-91. Subsequently
he was connected with railroad corporations, was
a heavy investor in Lake Superior mining stocks,
and at his death his ^state was estimated at over
§5,000,000. He was married to a daughter of
Nathan Perry, a pioneer merchant of Ohio ; his
son, Nathan Perry Payne, was mayor of Cleve
land, and another son, Oliver H. Payne, was
colonel of the 124th Ohio volunteers during the
civil war, and afterwards treasurer of the Stan
dard Oil company. Senator Payne died in Cleve
land, Ohio, Sept. 9, 1890.
PAYNE, Henry Clay, postmaster-general, was
born in Ashfield, Mass., Nov. 23, 1843; son of
Orion P. (1820-1886) and Eliza (Ames) (1826-
1886) Payne, who settled in Stockton, N.Y., after
1843 ; grandson of Samuel and Laura (Elmer)
Payne ; great-grandsort of Joseph and Anna
(Billings) Paine, who removed from Ashfield,
Mass., to Allegany county, N.Y. ; great-grand
son of Joseph Ruggles (1735-1822), and Mehitable
(Gittings) Paine, who removed from Braintree
to Ashfield in 1767 ; great3-grandson of Samuel
Paine, born 1689; greaf-grandson of Stephen
Paine, born 1652; and great5-grandson of Stephen
Paine, who came to Massachusetts with his

[174]

father, Moses Paine, and lived in Braintree after
1628. Joseph Ruggles Paine was a soldier in the
American Revolution. Henry Clay Payne at
tended Franklin academy, Shelburne Falls, Mass. ;
was clerk in the post office there, and removed
in 1863 to Milwaukee, Wis., where he was casliier
in a dry goods store, 1863-67. He was mar
ried, Oct. 15, 1867, to Lydia W., daughter of
Richard Van Dyke, Jr., of New York city, whose
ancestor, Franz Claessen Van Dyck settled on Man
hattan Island about the middle of the 17th cen
tury. They had no children. He was chairman
of the Young Men's Republican club ; secretary
and chairman of the Republican county com
mission ; secretary and chairman of the Republi
can state central committee ; a member of the
Republican national committee from 1880, and
a delegate to the Republican national conven
tions of 1888 and 1892. He was postmaster of
Milwaukee, 1876-86 ; was elected president of the
Milwaukee electric railway and light company
in 1889 ; was president of the American Street
railway association, 1893-94, and receiver of North
ern Pacific railway, 1893-95. He was appointed
U. S. postmaster-general by President Roosevelt,
Jan. 15, 1902, to succeed Charles Emory Smith,
resigned. PAYNE, John, missionary bishop at Cape
Palmas, Africa, and 52d in succession in the
American episcopate, was born in Westmoreland
county, Va., Jan. 9, 1815 ; a descendant of John
Payne, who emigrated from England to the Vir
ginia colony with his brother William in 1620,
armed with chartered rights to appropriate land
obtained through their brother, Sir Robert Payne,
a member of the London Charter company. He
was graduated at William and Mary college,
Virginia, A.B., 1833, and at the Virginia Theolo
gical seminary in 1836. He was ordered deacon in
Christ church, Alexandria, by Bishop Richard
Channing Moore, July 17, 1836, and immediately
sailed for the missionary field in Africa, where he
remained until his return to the United States in
1841. He was ordained priest in St. George's
church, Fredericksburg, Va., by Bishop Moore,
July 18, 1841 ; served as a missionary in Africa,
1841-51, and was consecrated bishop of Cape Pal
mas and parts adjacent, in Christ Church, Alexan-
dria, Va., July 11, 1851, by Bishops Meade, East-
burn, Lee and Johns. He returned to the United
States]completely broken in health, and his resig
nation was accepted by the House of Bishops in
October, 1871. He received the degree D.D. from
William and Mary college in 1851. He died at
Ca valla, Westmoreland county, Va., Oct. 23, 1874.
PAYNE, John Howard, dramatist, was born
in New York city, June 9, 1791 ; son of William
and Sarah (Isaacs) Payne, and a descendant of
Thomas Paine, who emigrated from England to

PAYNE

PAYNE

America in 1622, and settled in Yarmouth, Mass., Charles Kemble. He returned to the United

in 1639. He was educated in Boston, Mass., and
became an assistant instructor of elocution with
his father. He succeeded his brother, William
Osborn Payne, as a clerk in a counting house in
New York city in
1804, and there clan
destinely edited the
Thespian Mirror,
1805-06. He attend
ed Union college at
Schenectady, N. Y.,
1806-08, where he ed
ited and published a
college paper called
the Pastime. After
his mother's death in
1807, he gained the
consent of his father,
who had lost all his
property, to his ap
pearance upon tlie
stage, this having been his ambition from child
hood. He made his debut as Young Norval at the
Park theatre, New York, Feb. 24, 1809, and subse
quently appeared in Boston, Providence, Balti
more and Philadelphia, as Zaphna in " Mahomet,"
Octavian in "The Mountaineers," Salem in " Bar-
barossa." Tancred in " Sigismonda," and Romeo
in " Romeo and Juliet." He traveled through
the south and north and was everywhere greeted
as the juvenile wonder. He appeared in New
York, March 1, 1811, playing Edgar to George
F. Cooke's Lear; in Boston, Mass., in March
1812, as Hamlet to Mrs. Duff's Ophelia, and then
in Philadelphia and Baltimore. He played as
Young Norval at the Drury Lane theatre, Lon
don, England, June 4, 1813, and afterward traveled
through the principal cities of England and Ire
land, retiring from the stage in 1817. He resided
in France and England for nearly twenty years
and was engaged chiefly as a playwright, selling
his first play, " The Maid and the Magpie," a
translation from the French, to the managers of
Covent Garden for £100. He wrote, translated
and adapted more than sixty plays, among them,
"Brutus, or the Fall of Tarquin," "Mahomet,"
"Married and Single," "Two Sons-in-Law,"
" Spanish Husband," " Paoli," Judge and the
Attorney," " White Maid," " Post Chaise," " Mrs.
Smith and Boarding Sehool," " Clari, or the Maid
of Milan," (in which occurs his song of "Home,
Sweet Home," and through which everyone con
cerned except Payne realized a fortune), and
" Charles II." " Brutus, or the Fall of Tarquin,"
produced at the Drury Lane theatre with Ed
mund Kean in the title role in 1818, was a success
and became a favorite role of Cooper, Forrest,
and the elder Booth, as did " Charles II." with

States in 1832 and received several benefits from
members of the theatrical profession in various
cities. He lived among the Cherokee Indians for
a time and became an adviser of the chief Ross
in his difficulties with the United States ; was
arrested with the chief by the Georgia state
guards, and was influential in securing the treaty
that resulted in the removal of the tribe to the
west. He became interested in several projects
in the United States, but none of them prospered,
and in 1841 he was appointed U. S. consul to^
Tunis, Africa, from which post he was recalled
in 1845. He resided in Italy, Paris and London,
1845-7, returned to New York city in 1847, and
lived at Washington, D. C. , until April, 1851, when
he was reappointed to Tunis and served until his
death. Mr. Payne never married. On June 5, 1883,
his body was removed from the cemetery of
St. George, Tunis, where a monument had been
erected to his memory, and reinterred in Oak
Hill cemetery, Washington, D.C, while a thou
sand voices sang his " Home, Sweet Home." His
portrait hangs on the walls of the Corcoran
gallery at Washington, a colossal bust was erect
ed in Prospect park, Brooklyn, N.Y., and a monu
ment marks his grave. In the selection of names
for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Ameri
cans, New York university, October, 1900, his.
name in ' ' Class A, Authors and Editors " received
four votes. See: "Life and Writings of John
Howard Payne "by Gabriel Harrison (1875, 2d ed.r
1885) , and " John Howard Payne : a Biographical
Sketch", by Charles H. Brainard (1885). He
died in Tunis, Africa, April 9, 1852.
PAYNE, Sereno Elisha, representative, was
born in Hamilton, N. Y., June 26, 1843; son of
William Wallace (1814-1863) and Betsy (Sears)
Payne ; grandson of Elisha, founder of the village
of Hamilton and a native of Connecticut, and
Esther (Douglass) Payne, and of David, a pioneer
of Cayuga county, and Thankful (Irish) Sears, and
a lineal descendant of Stephen Hopkins, May
flower, 1620. Sereno Elisha Payne attended the
Auburn academy, and was graduated from Roch
ester university in 1864. He studied law at
Auburn ; was admitted to the bar in 1866, and
practised in Auburn in partnership with John T.
M. Davie, 1869-70, and alone, 1870-82. He was
married, April 23, 1873, to Gertrude, daughter of
Oscar Fitzhugh and Arietta (Terry) Knapp of
Auburn, N. Y. He was city clerk, 1867-68 ; super
visor, 1871-72 ; district attorney, 1873-79, and presi
dent of the board of education, 1879-82. He was-
a Republican representative from the 26th dis
trict in the 48th congress, 1883-85, and from the
27th district in the 49th congress, 1885-87. He
was defeated for nomination for the 50th congress
by Newton W. Nutting (q.v.), whom he succeeded

[1751

PAYNE

PAYNE

in 1889 as representative in the 51st congress,
and served continuously in the 51st-58th con
gresses, 1889-1905. He was a member of the
committee on ways and means in the 51st-58th
congresses, was appointed chairman of the com
mittee on ways and means in the 56th, succeeding
Nelson Dingley, deceased, and in the 57th and
58th congresses. He was appointed a member of
the joint high commission to negotiate a treaty
with Canada in 1898.
PAYNE, Will, editor and author, was born in
Whiteside county, 111., Jan. 9, 1865 ; son of Will
iam Augustus and Caroline (Ferris) Payne ;
grandson of William and Eliza (Wells) Payne
of Lebanon, N.H., and a descendant of Thomas
Paine, Eastham, Mass., about 1630. He was
brought up on a farm, attended a country school
and early in life removed to Nebraska, where he
was employed in a bank. In 1890 he engaged in
journalism in Chicago, where he was successively
reporter, city editor and financial editor of the
Daily News, holding the position of city editor
during the World's Columbian exposition, 1893.
Iu 1896 he left tho News to become financial
editor of the Chronicle, and in March, 1897, ac
cepted a similar position on the Economist. He
published novels, including : Jerry, the Dreamer,
(1896) ; The Money Captain (1898) ; The Story
of Eva (1901), and numerous short stories contri
buted to the magazines.
PAYNE, William Harold, educator, was born
in Farmington, N.Y., May 12, 1836 ; son of Gideon
Riley and Mary Brown (Smith) Payne ; grandson
of Gideon and Phoebe (Hill) Payne and of Wil
liam and Lydia (Brown) Smith, and a descend
ant of Stephen Payne, born in Great Ellingham,
Norfolk county, England, who came to America
in 1638 in the ship Diligent, and settled first at
Hingham, Mass., also maternally from the Brown,
Peck and Smith families, who were among the
first settlers of Providence, R.I. He was brought
up on his father's farm, attended the district
school, Macedon academy three terms, and New
York Conference seminary one term. He taught
school, 1854-58, in New York state ; was principal
of the Union school, Three Rivers, Mich., 1858-64 ;
superintendent of schools, Niles, Mich., 1864-66 ;
principal of Ypsilanti seminary, 1866-69 ; super
intendent of schools, Adrian, Mich., 1869-79;
professor of the science and art of teaching,
University of Michigan, 1879-88 ; chancellor of
the University of Nashville and president of
Peabody Normal college, Nashville, Tenn., 1888-
1901, and in 1901 returned to the University of
Michigan as professor of the science and the art
of teaching. He received the honorary degree
of A.M. in 1872 and LL.D. in 1888 from the
University of Michigan, and the degrees of Ph.D.
from the University of Nashville in 1888, and

[176]

Litt.D. from Western University of Pennsylvania
in 1897. He edited and published The Michigan
Teacher, 1864-69, and is the author of : School
Supervision (1875); Science of Education (1879);
Outlines of Educational Doctrine (1882); The
Education of Teachers (1901), and translator of :
Compayre's History of Pedagogy (1886); Lectures
on Teaching (1888) ; Elements of Psychology
(1890) ; Applied Psychology (1893), and Rous
seau's Emile (1892).
PAYNE, William Henry, soldier, was born at
Clifton, Fauquier county, Va., Jan. 27, 1830;
eldest son of Arthur Alexander Mason and Mary
Conway Mason (Fitzhugh) Payne ; grandson of
Capt. William and Marion (Morson) Payne, and
of the Hon. Nicholas and Sarah Washington
(Ashton) Fitzburgh, and a descendant in the
seventh generation from John Payne, who with
his brother William came to Virginia in 1620.
His mother was a great-granddaughter of Augus
tine Washington. He was educated, at the Uni
versity of Missouri, the University of Virginia,
and the Virginia Military Institute, and was mar
ried, Sept. 29, 1852, to Mary Elizabeth Winston,
daughter of Col. William Winter Payne (q.v.) ;
practised law, and served as commonwealth's at
torney for Fauquier county until 1869, save dur
ing the suspension of civil duties, 1861-65. He
entered the Confederate service as captain of the
Black Horse cavalry, and in September, 1861, was
promoted major of the 4th Virginia cavalry, and
took part in the Peninsula campaign. He was
wounded, left on the field and reported dead in
the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 1861, was
taken prisoner, and after his release promoted
lieutenant-colonel and placed in temporary com
mand of the 2d North Carolina cavalry, with
which regiment he held Warrenton, Va., against
a Federal attack, thus preventing the capture of
3,000 wounded Confederates in hospital there.
He was wounded and taken prisoner at Hanover,
Pa., June 30, 1863, and on his exchange was pro
moted brigadier-general and commanded the 5th,
6th, 8th and 36th battalion, Virginia cavalry,
which made up Payne's brigade. Fitz Lee's divi
sion, Early's army, operating in the valley against
Sheridan in the fall of 1864, and south of the James
river in the spring of 1865 in Fitzhugh Lee's
cavalry corps. He was conspicuous in the battle
of Five Forks, April 1, 1865, where he was
wounded, Col. R. B. Boston succeeding to the
command of the brigade. He was captured, April
13, 1865, brought to Washington April 16, was
mistaken for the Payne implicated in the assas
sination of President Lincoln and by the firmness
of the officer having him in charge was rescued
from a mob intent on killing him. He practised
law at Washington, D.C, and in 1902 was the
counsel for the Southern railway.

PAYNE

PEABODY

PAYNE, William Morton, educator and critic,
was born in Newburyport, Mass. , Feb. 14, 1858 ;
son of Henry Morton and Emma Merrill (Tilton)
Payne ; grandson of Joel and Eunice (Lane)
Payne, and of William and Elizabeth (Merrill)
Tilton, and a descendant of William Payne, who
came from England to Massachusetts Bay in 1635,
during the Puritan emigration, and settled at
Watertown. He removed to Chicago, 111., in
1868. and attended the public schools, but was
mainly self-educated. He was assistant librarian
of the Chicago public library, 1874-76, and taught
in the high schools of Chicago, 1876-1901. He
was chairman of the committee on the philo
logical congress, Chicago, in 1893 ; president of
the Chicago French club, 1887-90, and secretary
and treasurer of the Chicago Twentieth Century
club, 1889-1901. He was lecturer on English
literature at the University of Wisconsin in
1900. He was literary editor of the Chicago
Morning News, 1884-88, and of the Chicago Even
ing Journal, 1888-92, and became associate editor
of the Dial in 1892. He was prominent as a
literary critic, chiefly of the modern English,
French, German, Italian and Scandinavian lan
guages, and is the author of : Tlie Neio Education
(1884): Little Leaders (1895); a translation of
Bjornson's Sigurd Slembe (1888), and of Jaeger's
Henrik Ibsen (1890 ; newed., with additions, 1901);
and Editorial Echoes (1902). He edited ' ' English in
American Universities" (1895), and contributed
many articles to the leading magazines.
PAYNE, William Winter, representative, was
born in Fauquier county, Va., Jan. 2, 1805 ; son of
Daniel and Elizabeth (Winter) Payne ; grandson
of William, of Clifton (bom Feb. 4, 1753), and
Susanna (Stone) Payne. Richard Payne, his first
native American ancestor, was born at Round
Tower, Northumberland county, Virginia, May
12, 1633 ; son of John Payne, who emigrated
from England with his brother William in 1620',
armed with chartered rights to appropriate lands
in Virginia obtained through their brother Sir
Robert Payne, a member of the London Charter
company. William Winter Payne received an
academical education and removed to Tuscum-
bia, Ala., in 1825. He represented Franklin
county in the state legislature in 1831 ; removed
the Gainesville, Sumter county, Ala., in 1833. and
engaged in planting. He was a representative in
the state legislature, 1834-38, and in 1840, and a
Democratic representative from Alabama in the
27th, 28th and 29th congresses, 1841-47. He was
defeated for re-election in 1846, returned to Vir
ginia, settling at Warrenton, and engaged in
agricultural pursuits until his death. He was
chairman of the Democratic state convention
that met at Richmond, Va. , in 1859. He was mar
ried in 1826 to Minerva, daughter of John J. Win

ston of Franklin county, Ala., and their son served
as colonel in the Confederate army. W. Winter
Payne died at Warrenton, Va., Sept. 2, 1874.
PAYNTER, Samuel, governor of Delaware,
was born in Sussex county, Del., in 1768. He
engaged in the mercantile business in Lewes ;
was appointed associate judge of Delaware in
1818, and served as governor ofthe state, 1824-27.
He was a representative in the state legislature,
1844-45, and died at Lewes, Del., Oct. 2, 1845.
PAYNTER, Thomas H., representative, was
born in Lewis county, Ky., Dec. 9, 1851. He
attended the district school and Joseph Rand's
academy, and matriculated at Centre college in
the class of 1870, but did not remain to graduate.
He was admitted to the bar in 1872, and practised
in Greenup. He was married, May 25, 1876, to
Elizabeth K. Pollock. He was attorney for the
county, 1876-82, and a representative from the
ninth district of Kentucky in the 51st, 52d and
53d congresses, 1889-95. In 1894 he was elected
justice of the court of appeals of Kentucky,
resigning from congress, Jan. 5, 1895, to take his
seat on the bench, and the vacancy caused by
his resignation was not filled.
PAYSON, William Farquhar, author, was
born in New York city, Feb. 18, 1876; son of
Francis and Mary F. (Dabney) Payson ; grandson
of John Larkin and Frances (Lithgow) Payson,
and of Charles Henry and Ellen M. (Jones)
Dabney, and a descendant of Edward Payson
(1614-1675) , who came over with other Puritans
from Nazing, Essex, England, and settled at
Roxbury, Mass., where he was admitted " free
man "-in 1640. He received his preparatory edu
cation in England and in New York city ; was a
student at Columbia university, 1892-93, and in
1893 engaged in journalism. He was on the
editorial staff of the New York Times, 1893-95,
and managing editor of Vogue, 1895-97, after
which time he made his home in Bristol, R.I.,
and gave his attention to literary work. He was
married, Oct. 27, 1897, to Mary Farquhar, daughter
of Charles G. King of Providence, R.I. He is
the author of : The Copymaker (1897) ; The Title-
Mongers (1898) ; John Vytal (1901) , and nu
merous short stories in English and American
magazines. PEABODY, Andrew Preston, educator, was
born in Beverly, Mass., March 19, 1811; son of
Andrew Peabody (b. Feb. 29, 1772, d. Dec.
19, 1813 or 14) , who was married, May 30 (Dec. 4),
1808, to Mary Rantoul of Salem. She died Nov.
15, 1836. He attended the public school of Bev
erly, of which his father was for several years
principal ; was graduated from Harvard, A.B.,
1826, A.M., 1829 ; taught school in Middleton,
Mass., 1826-27 ; was private tutor, 1827-28, and
principal of the academy at Portsmouth, N.H.,

[177]

PEABODY

PEABODY

1828-29. He was graduated from Harvard Divin
ity school in 1832, was tutor of mathematics at
Harvard, 1832-33, and in 1833 was appointed as
sistant to the Rev. Nathan Parker, pastor of the
South Parish Unitarian church at Portsmouth,
N.H. Upon Dr. Parker's death the same year lie
succeeded to the pastorate, which he held until
1860. He became Dr. Frederic Dan Huntington's
successor as preacher to the University and Plum
mer professor of Christian morals at Harvard in
1860, being professor emeritus, 1881-93. He was
acting president of Harvard,
1862, and 1868-69, and an over
seer, 1883-93. The honorary
|M^fSHJ)l,(MiHfjil degree of D.D. was conferred
lifctal^BISffli011 '"'" ^J" Harvard in 1852 and
\Wvv &,« /**«that of ll.D. by the Uni
versity of Rochester in 1865.
He was a member of the
Massachusetts Historical society and vice-presi
dent of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences. He was editor of The North American
Review, 1852-61, and Ely lecturer at Union Theo
logical seminary, 1874. He compiled a Sunday-
school hymn book (1840); edited, with memoirs,
the writings of James Kennard, Jr. (1847); Rev.
Jason Whitman (1849); John W.Foster (1852);'
Charles A. Cheever, M.D. (1854), and William
Plummer and William Plummer, Jr. (1857). He
is the author of : Lectures on Christian Doctrine
(1844); Sermons of Consolation (1847); Conversa
tion, its Faults and its Graces (1856) ; Christian
ity, the Religion of Nature (1864) ; Sermons for
Children (1866); Manual of Moral Philosophy;
Christianity and Science (1874) ; Christian Belief
and Life (1875) ; Harvard Reminiscences (1888);
Harvard Graduates Whom I Have Known (1890),
besides many sermons and addresses and frequent
contributions to leading periodicals. He died in
Boston, Mass., March 10, 1893.
PEABODY, Charles Augustus, jurist, was
born in Sandwich, N.H. , July 10, 1814; son of
Samuel and Abigail (Wood) Peabody ; grandson
of Capt. Richard Peabody (born April 13, 1731),
and of Jonathan Wood, and a descendant of
Lieut. Francis Peabody (1641-1697) of St. Albans,
Hertfordshire, England, who came to New Eng
land in the ship Planter in 1635, and settled at
Topsfield, Essex county, Mass., in 1667. He re
ceived a private education ; studied law at Balti
more and at the Harvard Law school ; was ad
mitted to the bar, and began practice in New York
in 1839. He became interested in politics ; was a
member of the convention that organized the Re
publican part}' in New York state in 1855 ; was a
justice of the supreme court, 1855-57 ; was ap
pointed commissioner of quarantine in 1858 ; was
judge of the U.S. provisional court of Louisiana,
1862-65, and chief justice of the supreme court,

[178]

1863-65. He declined the appointment of U.S. at
torney for the eastern district of Louisiana in 1865.
and returned to his profession in New York city.
He was vice-president of the association for the
reform and codification of the laws of the na
tions, and was chosen a delegate of the U. S.
government to the international congresses of
commercial law in 1885. He was married in
1846, to Julia Caroline Livingstone ; secondly,.
in 1881, to Mary E. Hamilton, and thirdly, in
1889, to Athenia L. Bowen. He died in New
York city, July 3, 1901.
PEABODY, Elizabeth Palmer, kindergartener,
was born in Billerica, Mass., May 16, 1804 ; daugh
ter of Dr. Nathaniel Peabody. She studied Greek
under Emerson ; was assistant to Bronson Alcott
and Dr. Channing, and continued to teach in
Boston, 1822-49, resid
ing at Jamaica Plain,
Mass. She was one
of the first to intro
duce the kindergar
ten system of instruc
tion in the United
States, and in 1858
published an arti
cle on kindergarten
training in the Chris
tian Examiner. In
1862 she published
a "Kindergarten
Guide," which ere- " ' :¦!" '¦
ated a widespread in
terest in the work,
leading to the establishment of several schools,.
which proved unsuccessful. She went.jtQ, .Ger
many to visit the kindergartens which Froe-
bel and his colleagues had organized, and on her
return to Boston in 1868 publicly repudiated her
former methods of teaching and re-wrote her
" Kindergarten Guide." Training classes were-
established and the reform took a firm hold.
She was known as the " Mother of Kindergartens.
in America.'' She is the author of: JEsthetic-
Papers (1849); Crimes of the House of Austria
(1852); The Polish American System of Chronol
ogy (1852) ; Kindergarten in Italy (1872) ; a re
vised edition of Mary Mann's " Guide to the Kin
dergarten and Intermediate Class ; and a Moral
Culture of Infancy " (1877) ; Reminiscences of Dr.
Channing (1880); Letters to Kindergarteners (1886);:
Last Evening with Allston (1887). She died at
Jamaica Plain, Mass., Jan. 3, 1894.
PEABODY, Francis Greenwood, educator,
was born in Boston, Mass., December 4, 1847 ; son
of the Rev. Ephraim and Mary Jane (Derby)
Peabody ; grandson of Ephraim and Rhoda (Ab
bot) Peabody of Wilton, N.H., and of John and
Sarah Ellen (Foster) Derby of Salem, Mass., and

PEABODY

PEABODY

descendant of Lieut. Francis Peabody, the im- year, and in 1852 he donated §10,000 to be used

amigrant. He was graduated from Harvard, A.B. ,
1869, A.M:, 1872, and from the Harvard Divinity
school, B.D. , 1872. He was pastor of the First
Parish church, Cambridge, Mass., 1874-80, re
signing on account of ill-health in 1880. In 1881
he was appointed Parkman professor of theology
at Harvard, which chair he held until 1886, when
he became Plummer professor of Christian mor
als. He was an overseer of Harvard, 1877-82.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Yale in 1887. He is the author of : Morn
ings in the College Chapel (1897);, Founder's Day
at Hampton (1898); Afternoons in the College
Chapel (1898) ; Jesus Christ and the Social Ques
tion (1900.) v
PEABODY, George, philanthropist, was born
in Danvers, Mass., Feb. 18, 1795 ; a descendant of
Lieut. Francis Peabody, the immigrant (1614-
1697). He served as apprentice to a country
grocer in Danvers, 1806-10 ; resided in Thetford,
Vt., 1810-11, and en
gaged in the dry-
goods business in
Newburyport, Mass.,
with his elder brother,
David, in 1811, re
moving after the de
struction of the store
by fire to George
town, D.C. , to become
financial assistant to
his uncle, John Pea
body. Upon the out
break of the war
of 1812, he joined a
company of volun
teer infantry and
was stationed at Fort Warburton to command
the river approach to Washington. In 1814 he
formed a partnership in the wholesale dry goods
business with Elisha Riggs, and in 1815 the house
removed to Baltimore. He traveled on horseback
through western New York, Pennsylvania, Mary
land and Virginia, and in 1821 had so increased
the business that branch offices were opened at
Philadelphia and in New York city. In 1829 Mr.
Riggs retired from business, and in 1837 Peabody
established the firm of George Peabody & Co.,
merchant and money broker, Wamford Court,
London, Eng. The business grew to be among
the foremost in London and negotiated large
government loans, including the sale of $8,000,000
Maryland state bonds in 1835. The $200,000 com
mission thereon Peabody remitted to the state,
for which he received a special vote of thanks
from the legislature. In 1851 he advanced $15,-
000 to enable the products of American industry
to be properly displayed at the exhibition of that

[179]

for equipping the Advance, which had been pre
sented by Henry Grinnell of New York city for a
second arctic expedition to search for Sir John
Franklin. The searchers named part of the
newly-discovered territory " Peabody Land." In
June, 1852, he donated the means for the estab
lishment of the Peabody Institute in his native
town ; in 1866 established the Peabody library at
Thetford, Vt., and also founded the Peabody In
stitute at Baltimore, Md., in 1866. In 1859 he
began a plan for promoting the comfort and hap
piness of the poor of London, advancing §750,000
for the foundation of a tenement-house fund.
The work of erection was at once begun, and in
1864 a block was opened to its tenants, the fund
being increased by Mr. Peabody in 1873 to $2,500,-
000. He also gave $3,000,000 for the education of
the poor children of the south, part of which fund.
was in Mississippi state bonds, which have re
mained inactive, but the interest from the earn
ing part of the gift is used to assist normal
schools for teachers in the southern states. In
1886 he declined the choice of a baronetcy or
the grand cross of the Order of the Bath. On
July 23, 1869, the Prince of Wales unveiled in a.
public square in London a bronze statue of Mr.
Peabody, the donation of the people of the city.
Among his other notable gifts were the follow.
ing: $150,000 to Harvard university ; $150,000 to-
Yale ; $140,000 to the Peabody Academy of Sci
ence, Salem, Mass. : §25,000 to Kenyon college,
Ohio ; $25,000 to Phillips academy, Andover,
Mass. ; $20,000 for the Massachusetts Historical
society, and $100,000 for the building of a church
in memory of his mother at Georgetown, Mass.
He visited America for the last time in 1869, and
on his return to England was in such poor health
that he decided to remove to France. He died,
however, in London. The funeral services were
held at Westminster Abbey and his remains were-
brought to the United States in H. M. S. Monarch,
convoyed by an American and a French vessel.
When the body reached Portland, Maine, it was
received by an American naval squadron and
transferred to Peabody, Mass., where, after appro
priate services were held, it was placed in the
family vault at Harmony Grove cemetery, Salem,
Mass. His name was given a place in the Hall
of Fame for Great Americans, New York uni
versity, October, 1900, in " Class F, Philanthro
pists" receiving 72 votes, the highest in the class.
The date of his death is Nov. 4, 1869.
PEABODY, Josephine Preston, poet, was
born in New York ; daughter of Charles Kilham
and Susan Josephine (Morrill) Peabody ; grand
daughter of Francis and Hannah Kilham (Pres
ton) Peabody and of Charles Augustine and
Susan Simonds (Jackson) Morrill, and a descend-

PEABODY

PEAK

ant of Lieut. Francis Peabody, the immigrant,
who settled in Essex county. She attended the
Girls' Latin school, Boston, and took special
courses at Radcliffe college, 1894-96, giving
particular attention to literature. She became
well known through her poems, many of which
appeared in the Atlantic Monthly and other
magazines. In November, 1901, she was made a
member of the faculty of Wellesley college,
having charge of two courses in English poetry.
Among her books are : Old Greek Folk Stories
(1897); The Wayfarers: a Book of Verse (1898);
Fortune and Men's Eyes; News Poems with a
Play (1900); Marlowe: a Play (1901).
PEABODY, Nathaniel, delegate, was born in
Top.sfield, Essex county, Mass., March 1,1741;
son of Dr. Jacob Peabody. He attended school
at Leominster, Mass. ; studied medicine with his
father, and was licensed to practise in 1761. He
established himself in Plaistow, N.H., and was
commissioned a lieutenant-colonel in the Royal
army in 1774. He resigned his commission on
account of political opinions and joined the
patriot army. He engaged in the capture of
Fort William, and Mary at Newcastle, Del. , and
served on many of the early Revolutionary com
mittees and conventions. He was a member of
the committee of safety, Jan. 10, 1776, and
became its chairman ; was appointed adjutant-
general of the state militia, July 19, 1777, and
served in Rhode Island in 1779. He was a dele
gate to the convention held at New Haven to
regulate the price of labor, produce and manu
factures in 1779, to the Continental congress,
1779-80, and to the convention to frame the State
constitution, 1782-83, serving as chairman of the
committee. In 1786 he was again elected a
delegate to the Continental congress, but did not
take his seat. He was a representative in the
state legislature for eight years, and served as
speaker of the house in 1793. He was major-
general of militia, 1793-98. The latter part of
his life was spent in a debtor's prison, under the
harsh law then enforced. He died in Exeter,
TOFT June 27, 1823.
PEABODY7~SeIi«i-H«fe«Ptr^cTucator, was born
in Rockingham, Vt., Aug. 20, 1829; son of the
Rev. Charles Hobart and Grace Stone (Ide)
Peabody ; grandson of Dr. John and Kezia
(Hobart.) Peabody, and a descendant of Lieut.
Francis Peabody, the immigrant. He attended the
Boston Latin school, 1842-43 ; afterward obtained
employment as a carpenter ; taught school during
the winter months, beginning in 1846, and was
graduated from the University of Vermont, A.B.
1852, A.M., 1855. He was married, August 9,
1852, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of David
Knapp Pangborn, of Burlington, Vt., where he
was principal of the high school, 1852-54. He

[180]

was professor of mathematics and civil engineer
ing at the Polytechnic college, Philadelphia, Pa.,
1854-59 ; principal of the high school at Fond du
Lac, Wis., 1859-62; superintendent of public
schools at Racine, Wis., 1862—65, and teacher of
physical science in the high school at Chicago,
111., 1865-71. During 1865-71 he conducted the
first evening schools for working men in Chicago.
He was professor of physics and civil engineering
at the Massachusetts Agricultural college, 1871-74 ;
returned to the Chicago high and evening schools
in 1874 ; was professor of mechanical engineering
at the Illinois Industrial university, 1878-80, and
was president of that institution, 1880-91. During
his presidency the university was greatly enlarged
and the name was changed to the University of ,
Illinois. In 1891 he resigned to become chief of
the liberal arts department at the World's
Columbian exposition. He was editor and statis
tician, U.S. commission to the Paris exposition,
1899-1900. He was secretary of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, 1874-88 ; president, 1892-
95 ; president of the national council of education,
1889-91 ; superintendent of the Division of Liberal
Arts at the Buffalo exposition in 1901, and super
intendent of education and of awards at the
Charleston exposition in 1902. ^he honorary
degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by the
University of Vermont in 1877, and that of LL.D.
by the University of Iowa in 1881. He was one
of the editors of the International Cyclopaedia,
and is the author of : Natural History (3 vols.
1869); Astronomy (1871); New Practical Arithme- '
tic (1872); American Patriotism (1880); Charts
for Teaching Reading (1899) ; Juvenile Arithmetic
(1900). PEACOCK, Dred, educator, was born in Stan-
tonburg, N.C, April 12, 1864 ; son of Dr. Calvin
Cass well and Ava (Heath) Peacock; grandson
of Zadock and Sallie Peacock and of William and
Elizabeth Heath. He was graduated from
Trinity college, N.C, A.B., 1887, A.M., 1888 ; and
was married, June 9, 1887, to Ella, daughter of pro
fessor Obed William and Roxana- (Moriah) Carr of
rrTnttysyN.C. He was principal at the Lexington,
N.C, Female seminary, 1887-88 ; professor of
natural sciences in the Greensboro Female college,
1888-94, and president of the college, 1894-1902.
The honorary degree of Litt.D. was conferred
upon him by Trinity college, Durham, N.C, in
1897. PEAK, John Lee, diplomatist, was born in
Scott county, Ky., in April, 1839 ; son of Jordan
J. and Eliza A. (Bradley) Peak ; grandson of
Presley and Judith Peak, and of John W. and
Sallie Bradley, and a descendant of John Peak,
who came from England early in the eighteenth
century, and settled at Fairfax Court House,
Virginia. He was graduated from the George-

PEALE

PEALE

town college, Kentucky, in 1858, and from the
law school at Louisville in 1860, and settled in
practice at Georgetown. He was married in
December, 1862, to Mattie H., daughter of James
H. and Mary C. Davies of Georgetown, Ky. He
removed to Jackson county, Mo. , in 1868 ; was
prosecuting attorney of the county, 1877-1881,
and U.S. minister to Switzerland by appointment
of President Cleveland, 1895-97. At the close
of the service abroad he engaged in the practice
of law in Kansas City, Mo.
PEALE, Charles Willson, artist, was born in
Chestertown, Md., April 16, 1741 ; son of Charles
Peale. He attended school in Annapolis, Md.,
1750-54 ; was apprenticed to a saddler, and estab
lished himself in that business. His first attempt
at painting was a likeness of himself, and his suc
cess led him to study under Hesselius, a German
painter. He afterward studied under John Sin
gleton Copley in Boston, 1768-69, and in 1770-74
in London under Benjamin West, who painted
his portrait. On his return he painted portraits
in Annapolis, 1774-75, and in Philadelphia, 1775-
1827. Upon the outbreak of the Revolution he
was appointed a lieutenant in a company of mili
tia, and was later commissioned a captain. He
led his company at the battles of Trenton and
Princeton, and was one. of the men selected to
remove the public stores from Philadelphia when
that city was in danger of capture, by the British.
He was a representative in the state legislature
in 1779, and advocated a plan for the gradual
abolition of slavery. In 1802 he opened Peale's
museum, where he exhibited natural curiosities
which he had collected in his travels, and por
traits which he owned or borrowed. He also
gave lectures at the museum on natural history,
and practised dentistry. He was one of the
founders of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine
Arts, to which he contributed largely. His ver
satility is shown in the titles of his books, which
include : Building Wooden Bridges ; Discourse
Introductory to a Course of Lectures on Natural
History ; Epistles on the Means of Preserving
Health, and Domestic Happiness. His fame as a
portrait painter was national, Washington giving
him sittings for fourteen portraits, one of which
was painted for the College of New Jersey in
1780. Among his other portraits are those of
Hancock, Morris, Steuben, Franklin, Greene,
Gates, Jefferson, Hamilton, Monroe, Jackson,
Calhoun and Clay. He also painted " Christ
Healing the Sick," in 1829, and a full length
portrait, of himself in 1824, when eighty-three
years of age. He left a collection of 269 portraits
and historical scenes. His sons. Rembrandt
(q.v.) and Raphaelle (1774-1825), were painters of
portraits and of still life, and another son, Titian
Ramsey (1800-1885), painted animal life, was a

learned ornithologist and accompanied Wilkes
on his explorations, 1839-42. Charles W. Peale
died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 22, 1827.
PEALE, James, artist, was born in Annapolis,
Md, , in 1749 ; son of Charles Peale. He served in
the Continental army as an officer during the
Revolution, and later engaged in portrait paint
ing. He painted many miniatures, portraits in
oil and figure compositions. His most noted
works are, a. full length portrait of Washington,
which was hung in the New York Historical
society and which has been engraved, and an
other portrait of Washington in 1795, which
was hung in Independence Hall, Philadelphia.
He also painted : Rencontre between Col. Allen
McLane and Two British Horsemen (1811); View
of the Battle of Princeton, and a View of Belfield
Farm, near Germantown (1818). His son James
(1779-1876) was a banker, but devoted his leisure
to painting, producing several marine views. His
daughter, Anna Clay Poole (1791-1878), was a
still life and miniature painter, and married, first,
the Rev. Dr. William StaughtOn, and secondly,
Gen. William Duncan ; anotlier daughter, Sarah
M. (1800-85), painted portraits of Bainbridge,
Lafayette, Caleb Cushing and Henry A. Wise,
and still life subjects. James Peale died in Phil
adelphia, Pa., May 24, 1831.
PEALE, Rembrandt, artist, was born in Bucks
county, Pa., Feb. 22, 1778 ; son of Charles Willson
Peale (q.v.). He early developed artistic talent ;
removed to Charleston, S.C, in 1796, and in 1801
studied painting in London under Benjamin
West. He returned in 1803 on account of ill
health, and immediately gained popularity in
Philadelphia as a portrait painter. He visited
Paris in 1807 and 1809 to study art in the Louvre,
painting several portraits of distinguished French
men for his father's museum, and in 1810 again
established himself in Philadelphia. He painted
in New York, Boston and Baltimore, 1810-29 ;
visited France and Italy, 1829-30, England in
1832, and in 1833 opened a studio in London and
exhibited in the Royal academy. He was presi
dent of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences ; one of the founders of the Pennsyl
vania Academy of Fine Arts in 1805 ; an original
member of the National Academy of Design, New
York city, and upon his removal to Philadelphia
was elected an honorary member in 1827. He was a
skilful lithographer, being one of the first to draw
on stone, and was awarded a silver medal by the
Franklin Institute for a lithographic portrait of
Washington in 1827. His most noted portrait
was that of Washington, begun in 1795, completed
in 1823, exhibited in Rome, Florence and London
and finally purchased by the U.S. senate. Among
his other portraits are : Baron Cuvier, Bernardin
de Saint Pierre, Jean Antoine Houdon, Thomas
L.181]

PEARCE-

PEARCE

Jefferson, Mrs. James Madison, Thomas Sully,
Oliver H. Perry, Ranmohun Roy, G. W. Bethune,
William Bainbridge, Joseph Priestly, General
Armstrong and Stephen Decatur. His figure
compositions include : Napoleon on Horseback ;
Babes in the Wood ; Errina ; Song of the Shirt ;
Jupiter and Io ; Wine and Cake ; Lyseppa on the
Rock ; Roman Daughter ; Aj,i Italian Peasant ;
Ascent of Elijah, and Court of Death. He lectured
on "Washington and His Portraits " in several
of the larger cities of the Union, and edited the
Portfolio of an Artist (1839). He is the author of :
An Account of the Skeleton of the Mammoth (1802) ;
Historical Disquisition on the Mammoth (1803);
Notes on Italy (1831); Graphics (1841); Reminis
cences of Art and Artists (1845), and translations
contributed to the Crayon and other publications.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 3, 1860.
PEARCE, Charles Edward, representative, was
born in Whitesboro, N.Y., May 29, 1842; son of
William Greene and Rebecca Ann (Paine) Pearce ;
grandson of Nathaniel and Anna (D' Auby ) Pearce,
and of Philip and Phoebe (Stevens) Paine, and a
descendant of John Pearce of North Kingstown,
R.I., and of Nicholas Still well of Manhattan Is
land, N.Y. He attended Fairfield seminary ; was
graduated from'Union college, N.Y., in 1863, and
enlisted in the Federal army immediately upon
his graduation, as captain of a company of heavy
artillery. He was promoted major in June, 1864,
and served in the armies of the James and the
Potomac. After the fall of Fort Fisher, he was
appointed on the staff of Maj. -Gen. A. H. Terry,
and was detailed as provost marshal-general of
the eastern district of North Carolina during the
occupation of Wilmington, Del. He resigned
from the army in 1865 ; removed to St. Louis,
Mo. , in 1866 ; was admitted to the bar in 1867, and
established himself in the practice of law and in
manufacturing. He was chosen commander of the
national guard of the state of Missouri in 1875 ;
organized the first regiment in 1877, and served
as its colonel, 1877-78. He was a delegate to the
Republican national convention of 1888 ; chair
man of the Sioux Indian commission in 1891, and
in 1894 was sent to India and Japan to inves
tigate their industries. He was a Republican
representative in the 55th and 56th congresses,
1897-1901. He died in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 30, 1902.
PEARCE, Charles Sprague, artist, was born
in Boston, Mass., Oct. 13, 1851 ; son of Shadrach
Houghton and Mary Anna (Sprague) Pearce. He
traveled in Egypt and Algiers, 1873-74, and stud
ied painting under Leon Bonnatin Paris, 1873-75.
He exhibited frequently in the Paris Salon and
also in New York, Boston and Philadelphia. He
was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor,
France, 1894; chevalier of the order of Leopold,
Belgium, 1895 ; chevalier of the order of the Red

[182]

Eagle, Prussia, 1897 ; chevalier of the Order of
Danebrog, D.enmark, 1898 ; a member of the
Society of American Artists in 1886 ; first vice-
president of the Paris Society of American
Painters ; member of the National Society of
Mural Painters of New York ; the National Insti
tute of Art and Letters, and the Salmagundi club,
and received prize medals in Boston, Philadelphia,
San Francisco, Atlanta, Paris, Ghent, Munich,
Berlin and Vienna. He was a member of the
jury of awards at the Paris exposition of 1889 ; at
the Antwerp exposition of 1894, and chairman of
the Paris advisory committee and jury of recep
tion for the World's Columbian exposition of
1893. He was married to Louise C, daughter of
Louis Bonjeau of Paris. Among his more im
portant works are : Death of the First Born in
Egypt (1877); Le Sacrifice d' Abraham (1881); De
capitation of John the Baptist (1881); Prelude
(1883); Water Carrier (1883); Bebe et sa Sceur
(1883); Prayer (1884) ; A Toiler of the Sea (1884);
Peines de Cozur (1884) ; Une bergere (1886) ; St.
Genevieve (1887), and mural decorations for the
congressional library, Washington.
PEARCE, Dutee Jerauld, representative, was
born on Providence Island, R.I., April 3, 1789.
He was graduated from Brown university, A.B.,
1808, A.M., 1811, studied law and established
himself in practice at Newport, R.I. He was
active in state politics ; served as a representa
tive in the state legislature for several years ;
was attorney-general of Rhode Island, 1819-25 ;
Monroe and Tompkins presidential elector in
1821, and U.S. district attorney for Rhode Island,
1824-25. He was a Democratic, National Republi:
can, People's and Administration representative
in the 19th-24th congresses, 1825-37, having been
first elected at a special election Nov. 25, 1825,
not receiving a majority at the election of Au
gust, 1825, and was re-elected successively until
August, 1837, when he was defeated as the Ad
ministration candidate by Robert B. Cranston,
Whig, by 960 votes, as declared by the canvassing
board, Sept. 2, 1837. He died in Newport, R.I. ,
May 9, 1849.
PEARCE, James Alfred, senator, was born at
Alexandria, Va., Dec. 8, 1804 ; son of Gideon and
Julia (Dick) Pearce, and grandson of Dr. Elisha
Cullen Dick, the medical attendant of General
Washington. His first ancestor in America,
James Pearce, emigrated from Kent, England,
in 1680 and settled in Cecil county, Md. James
Alfred Pearce attended a private academy at
Alexandria, Va., and was graduated from the
College of New Jersey in 1822. He studied law in
Baltimore, Md.; was admitted to the bar in 1824,
and established himself in practioe in Cambridge,
Md. He engaged in sugar planting in Louisiana,
1823-31, and resumed his law practice in Chester-

PEARRE

PEARSON

town, Kent county, Md., in 1831. He was a
representative in the Maryland legislature in
1831, and a Democratic representative in the
24th, 25th and 27th congresses, 1835-1839 and
1841-43. In 1843 he
was elected to the
U.S. senate and was
re-elected in 1849,
1855 and 1861. He
was married in 1831
to Martha J., daugh
ter of the Rev. Wil
liam Laird of Cam
bridge, Md., and sec
ondly, to Matilda Cox
Ringold of George
town, D.C. He de
clined a seat on the
1 /£//, /3i^ , bench of the U.S.
/ 7 J district court of
Maryland and the
nomination as secretary of the interior, both of
which offices were tendered him by President
Fillmore. He was a regent of the Smithsonian In
stitution, D.C, and professor of law, visitor and
governor of Washington college, Maryland. The
honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon
him by the College of New Jersey in 1859 and by
St. John's college, Md., in 1856. He died in Ches-
tertown, Md., Dec. 20, 1862.
PEARRE, George Alexander, representative,
was born in Cumberland, Md., July 16, 1860 ; son
of the Hon. George A. and Mary (Worthington)
Pearre. He was graduated at the West Virginia
university, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1883; studied law
with his father, 1880-81 ; attended the Maryland
University Law school, Baltimore, 1881-82 ; was
admitted to the Baltimore bar, 1882, and after
traveling for his health, 1882-87, began the prac
tice of law in Cumberland. He became a member
of the state militia in 1887 ; was adjutant of the
2d battalion of infantry in 1889 ; was commis-
;sioned lieutenant-colonel, and resigned his com
mission in 1892. He was a state senator, 1890-92 ;
prosecuting attorney, 1895-99, and a Republican
representative in the 56th, 57th and 58th con
gresses, 1899-1905.
PEARSON, Alfred L., soldier, was born in
Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 28, 1838; son of Joseph and
Mary Pearson, and grandson of Joseph and
TIannah Pearson. He attended Jefferson college,
Canonsburg, and Allegheny college, MeadviUe,
Pa., and in 1861 was admitted to the bar. He
enlisted in the Union army in 1861, and in August,
1862, was commissioned captain in the 155th Penn
sylvania volunteers. He served throughout the
war ; was promoted successively major, lieuten
ant-colonel and colonel ; was brevetted brigadier-
.general, Sept. 30, 1864, for gallant services at

[183]

Peeble's Farm, and major-general, March 29,
I860, for a gallant charge at Quaker Road, for
which he was also complimented by General
Meade. He received the congressional medal of
honor for gallant conduct during the war and
returned to the practice of his profession in 1865.
He was district attorney in 1870, 1872 and 1873,
and served as major-general of the national
guard of Pennsylvania for seven years. He com
manded the state troops during the Pittsburg
riots of 1877 and in the Luzerne county, where
he ordered the troops to fire on the rioters, for
which he was arrested on the charge of murder,
but was not indicted. He was twice elected com
mander of the Union Veteran Legion, in 1869 and
1888 ; became a member of the board of managers
of the National Home for Disabled Soldiers in
1891 ; was a member of the select council, and
of the Pittsburg board of health. He edited the
Sunday Critic, 1886-87, and wrote three plays.
He died in Pittsburg, Pa., Jan. 6, 1903.
PEARSON, Eliphalet, educator, was born at
Byfield, Mass., June 11, 1725; son of David and
Sarah (Danforth) Pearson, and a descendant of
John Pearson, who emigrated from Yorkshire,
England, in 1643, and settled at Rowley, Mass.,
where he built the first clothing mill in New
England. Eliphalet attended Dummer academy,
Byfield, Mass., and was graduated from Harvard
college, A.B., 1773, A. M., 1776. He taught
school at Andover, Mass. ; engaged with Samuel
Phillips in the manufacture of gunpowder for the
American army in 1775, and upon the opening of
the Phillips school in April, 1778, became its first
preceptor, which office he held until 1786. He
was Hancock professor of Hebrew at Harvard
college, 1786-1806. Upon the death of Lieutenant-
Governor Phillips in 1802, Pearson succeeded him
as president of the board of trustees of Phillips
academy and continued in office until 1820. He
was acting president of Harvard college, 1804-06 ;
was connected with Col. John Phillips in the
establishment of the Andover Theological semin
ary, and succeeded in combining the Hopkinson
and Andover seminaries in 1808. He was or
dained to the ministry, Sept. 22, 1808, and served
as associate professor of sacred literature at tlie
Andover Theological seminary, 1808-09. He was
secretary of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences ; a member of the Society for Promoting
the Gospel among the Indians and Others in
North America; a founder of the American Edu
cation society ; president of the Society for Pro
moting Christian Knowledge ; a member of the
Massachusetts Historical society, and fellow of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He was married,, first, to Priscilla, daughter of
President Edward Holyoke of Harvard college,
and secondly, in 1785, to Sarah, daughter of

PEARSON

PEARSONS

Henry Bromfield of Harvard, Mass. The hono
rary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him -by
Yale and by the College of New'Jersey in 1802.
He edited Bishop Wilson's " Sacra Privata ; " and
is the author of a Hebrew grammar, and lectures.
He died at Greenland, N.H., Sept. 12, 1826.
PEARSON, George Frederick, naval officer,
was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 6, 1796. He
was appointed to the U.S. navy as a midshipman,
March 11, 1815 ; wras promoted lieutenant, Jan.
13, 1825 ; commanded the schooner Shark at
Norfolk, Va., in 1839, and was stationed at the
U. S. navy yard, Portsmouth, N.H., 1839-41. He
was promoted commander, Sept. 8, 1841, com
manded the Falmouth at Norfolk, Va., 1852-53,
and was promoted captain, Sept. 14, 1855. He
commanded the steamer Powhatan in the East
Indies, 1858-60, was placed on the retired list,
Dec. 21, 1861, but served as commandant of the
U.S. navy yard at Portsmouth, N.H., 1861-67.
He was promoted commodore on the retired list,
July 16, 1862, and rear-admiral, July 25, 1866.
He died in Portsmouth, N.H., June 30, 1867.
PEARSON, Jonathan, educator, was born in
Chichester, N.H., Feb. 23, 1813; son of Caleb
Pearson, a fifer in the Revolutionary army, and
a descendant of John Pearson, a carpenter, who
emigrated from England in 1643, and settled at
Rowley, Mass. He was graduated at Union col
lege, N.Y., A.B., 1835, A.M., 1838; wasa tutor
there, 1836-39 ; adjunct professor of chemistry
and natural history, 1839-50 ; full professor,
1850-57 ; professor of natural history, 1857-73,
and of agriculture and botany, being also lib
rarian, 1873-87. He was treasurer of the col
lege, 1854-83. He devoted his leisure to historical
and genealogical research, translated the records
of Albany and Schenectady from Mohawk Dutch
into English, and is the author of : Early Records
of the County of Albany (1869) ; Genealogy of the
First Settlers of Albany (1872) : Genealogies of ihe
First Settlers of Schenectady (1873); History of the
Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of Schenectady
(1880) ; History of the Schenectady Patent (1883).
He died in Schenectady, N.Y., June 20, 1887.
PEARSON, Joseph, representative, was born
in Rowan county, N.C, about 1776 ; son of Rich
mond Pearson, who removed from Dinwiddie
county, Va., to Rowan county, N.C, where
Joseph was educated for the law. He practised
in Salisbury, N.C ; was a member of the house
of commons of North Carolina, 1804-05, and a
Federalist representative in the llth, 12th, and
13th congresses, 1809-15. He fought a duel while
a member of the llth congress with Representa
tive John George Jackson (q.v.) of Virginia, and
was severely wounded on the second fire. He
was married three times: first, to a Miss Linn,
secondly, to Ellen, daughter of R. Y. Brent of

Washington, D.C, and thirdly,, to Elizabeth
Worthington of Georgetown, N.C. He died at
Salisbury, N.C, Oct. 27, 1834.
PEARSON, Richmond, representative, was
born at Richmond Hill, N.C, Jan. 26, 1852 ; son
of Judge Richmond Mumford (q.v.) and Margaret
(Williams) Pearson. He was graduated at the Col
lege of New Jersey, A. B., 1872, A.M., 1875, and was
admitted to the bar of North Carolina in 1874.
He served as U.S. consul at Belgium, 1874-77 ;
was a representative in the North Carolina
legislature in 1885 and in 1887, and an originator
of the coalition which in 1894 overwhelmed
the Democratic party in his state. He was
married in 1882 to Gabrielle daughter of James
Thomas of Richmond, Va. He was a Pro
tectionist and Republican representative from
the ninth congressional district in the 54th, 55th
and 56th congresses, 1895-1901, where he served
as a member of the committee on foreign affairs
and of the sub-committee, which drafted the
house declaration of war against Spain, 1898.
On Dec, 10, 1901, he was appointed U.S. consul at
Geneva, Italy.
PEARSON, Richmond Mumford, jurist, was
born in Rowan county, N.C, June 28, 1805 ; son
of Richmond (a student at the University of
North Carolina, 1799) and Eliza. (Mumford)
Pearson, and grandson of Richmond Pearson, a
native of Dinwiddie county, Va., who settled in
Rowan county in early life, served in the Revolu
tionary war, and was afterward a merchant and
planter. Richmond Mumford Pearson was pre
pared for college at Statesville, N.C, by John
Mushat, and was graduated at the University of
North Carolina, A.B., 1823, A.M., 1826. After
studving law under Judge Archibald Henderson
he was admitted to the bar in 1826. He was
married in 1832 to Margaret, daughter of Col.
John Williams (q.v.) of Knoxville, Tenn. He
was a representative in the general assembly,
1829-32 ; an unsuccessful candidate for represen
tative in the 24th congress in 1834 ; judge of the
superior court of North Carolina, 1826-48 ; of the
supreme court, 1848-58, and chief- justice, as
successor to Chief-Justice Frederick Nash, 1858-
78. For several years he conducted a large law
school at Richmond Hill, N.C. He died at
Winston, N.C, Jan. 6, 1878.
PEARSONS, Daniel Kimball, philanthropist,
was born in Bradford, Vt. , April 14, 1820 ; son of
John and Hannah (Putnam) Pearsons ; grand
son of John Putnam, and a descendant of Gen.
Israel Putnam. He was a pupil at the public
school, 1826-36 ; a teacher, 1836-41 ; was graduated
from the medical college at Woodstock, Vt.,.
M.D., in 1842, and practised in Chicopee, Mass.,
1849-53. He was married in August, 1847, to-
Marietta, daughter of Giles S. Chapin of Chico-

[184]

PEARY

PEARY

pee, Mass. He engaged in farming in Ogle
county, III., 1857-60, and in the real estate busi
ness in Chicago, 111., 1860-87. He was alderman
of the city of Chicago, 1873-76, and during the
financial crisis when certificates of indebtedness
were issued for the payment of city debts, he
was largely instrumental in the restoration of
the credit of the city. He retired from active
business in 1887, but retained the directorship in
the Chicago City Railway Co., and in other
corporations. He gave sums of money aggregat
ing $3,500,000 to various educational and other
institutions, including McCormick Theological
seminary ; Chicago Theological seminary ; Lake
Forest college ; Beloit college ; Yukon college,
S.D. ; Mount Holyoke college ; Drury college ;
Colorado college, and Knox college.
PEARY, Robert Edwin, explorer, was born in
Cresson, Pa., May 6, 1856; son of Charles and
Mary (Willey) Peary. His ancestors were Maine
lumbermen. His father died in 1858, and he
removed with his mother to Portland, Maine,
where he prepared
for college. He was
graduated from Bow
doin in 1877, second
in a class of fifty-one ;
was a land surveyor
in Fryeburg, Maine,
1877-79, and was em
ployed in the U.S.
coast and geodetic
survey, Washington,
D.C, 1879-81. In
1881 he passed the
navy department ex-
mination for the ad
mission of civil en
gineers, and in the
same year planned and built a new pier at Key
West, Fla. , at nearly $30,000 less than the previous
estimate, though the contractors had given it
up as impossible at the estimated cost. He was
in Nicaragua as sub-chief of the Inter-Oceanic
canal survey, 1884-85, and after his return
conceived the idea of making an arctic exploring
expedition. In May, 1886, having obtained a six
months' leave of absence from the navy depart.
ment, he started for Greenland, penetrating
farther into the interior than any white man
had ever gone before. After his return he was
engineer-in-chief of the surveys of the Nicaragua
canal, 1886-88, and in 1888 was sent to superin
tend the building of the new dry dock at the
League Island navy yard, Philadelphia. In the
same year he was married to Josephine Diebitsch.
Meanwhile he was devoting all his leisure to
plans for future explorations, and in June, 1891,
having obtained eighteen months' leave of absence

-SU^*^

[185]

from the navy he started to discover the northern
limits of Greenland and perhaps to reach the
pole. He was accompanied by Mrs. Peary and a
small party. In the spring of 1892 he started
north with a single companion. In forty days
they covered 600 miles, and on July 4 reached the
rocky northern shore of Greenland which no
man had ever seen before. Peary named the
hill on which the American flag was set up,
" Navy Cliff " ; the bay he called " Independence
Bay " in honor of the day, and the land visible
across the bay "Melville and Heilprin " lands.
Returning, he reached McCormick Bay in August
and thence the party sailed to New York. He was
received with enthusiasm, was awarded several
medals from learned societies, and the name Peary-
land was suggested by Pettermann's Mitteilungen
and adopted for North Greenland. He at once
planned another expedition, and securing a three
years' leave of absence, started on a lecturing tour
to secure funds. He spoke 168 times in 96 days, and
thus earned §13,000, meanwhile dictating matter
for his book. He also obtained contributions from
scientific societies, $2000 from a New York news
paper for letters, and a considerable sum from a
book written by Mrs. Peary. After the Falcon had
been chartered and the equipment provided, the
funds were exhausted, and the deficiency was
supplied by exhibiting the ship at various large
cities. The expedition sailed in June, 1893, Mrs.
Peary accompanying her husband. A daughter,
Marie, was born in Greeland in this year, and
Mrs. Peary returned on the first relief ship,
together with all the party, save Lieutenant Peary
and two men. In April, 1895, they started to cross
the ice-cap and after fearful hardships reached a
latitude of 81° 47', ten miles farther north than
Peary had gone before, when they were forced to
turn back for lack of provisions. In 1896 and
1897 he made two voyages, discovering and
bringing back the Cape York meteorites, the
largest in the world, one of which weighed forty
tons. In 1898 he lectured before the London
Geographical society, and was the recipient of
numerous honors. A four years' leave of
absence from the navy was secured in 1897 ; the
Peary Arctic club was formed, and in 1899 he
started well equipped on his fifth expedition,
which he stated would be his last. He arrived
at Brigus, Newfoundland, Sept. 10, 1899, and
spent the winter among the Eskimos at Etah,
Greenland. During the first winter out, while
on the march to Fort Conger, both his feet were
frost-bitten, necessitating the amputation of
seven toes. In 1900 he rounded the northern
limit of the Greenland archipelago, the most
northerly known land in the world ; attained the
highest latitude reached in the western hemis
phere, 80°' 50 N., and determined the origin of

PEASE

PEASE

the so-called paleocrystic ice (floe-berg). He
made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the pole
in the spring of 1901 ; encamped at Cape Sabine
in the winter of 1901-02, living among the
Eskimos, whose customs he had thoroughly
mastered, and having established ample caches
of provisions along the route, was preparing to
start for the pole in March, 1902, by way of
Smith Sound and Kennedy and Robeson channels
to Gape Hecla, planning to make his " dash "
from that point, about 500 miles south of the
pole. After continuing his travels 150 miles he
found insuperable natural obstacles preventing
further progress and the attempt was abandoned
when he was within 350 miles of the north pole.
He found Greeley's outfit and reached 84° 17 '
north latitude, the highest yet attained by any
American. In the fall of 1902 he met the Wind
ward at Cape Sabine and arrived in Portland,
Me., Sept. 23,1902. Lieutenant Peary attributed
his failure to reach the pole to the fact that his
ship wras unequal to the requirements, and to his
lack of sufficient money and time. In May,
1902, the Geographical Society of Philadelphia
awarded the Kane gold medal to Lieutenant
Peary. PEASE, Calvin, educator, was born in Canaan,
Conn., Aug. 12, 1813. He removed with his
parents to Charlotte, Vt., in 1826, attended Hines-
burgh academy, and was graduated from the
University of Vermont, A.B., 1838, A.M., 1841.
He was principal of the academy at Montpelier,
Vt., 1838-42; professor of Latin and Greek at
the University of Vermont, 1842-55, and librarian
of the university, 1847-53. He was licensed to
preach in 1851, and in December, 1853, was
elected president of the University of Vermont,
to succeed the Rev. Worthington Smith. He
presided during the monetary crisis of 1857-58,
and resigned on account of failing health in
1861. He was pastor of the First Presbyterian
church, Rochester, N.Y., 1861-63. He was a
member of the Vermont board of education ;
president of the Vermont Teachers' association,
and a member of the American Philosophical
society. The honorary degree of D.D. was con
ferred on him by Middlebury college in 1856. He
is the author of : A Discourse on the Import and
Value of the Popular Lecturing of the Da?/(1840) ;
Address Before the Medical Department of the
University (1856); Baccalaureate Sermons (1856-
60), and many contributions to the " Bibliotheca
Sacra." He died in Burlington, Vt., Sept. 17, 1863.
PEASE, Elisha Marshall, governor of Texas,
was born at Enfield, Conn., Jan. 3, 1812 ; son of
Lorain Thompson and Sarah (Marshall) Pease,
and grandson of John Pease, a soldier in the Con
tinental army during the Revolutionary war.
His first ancestors in America, Robert and Mar-

[186]

garet Pease, emigrated from Great Baddow,
England, and settled in Boston in 1634. Elisha
attended the district schools of Enfield and an
academy at Westfield, Mass., and in 1826 obtained
employment as a clerk in a country store. He
removed to Mina, Col., in 1834 ; studied law with
Col. D. C. Barrett ; entered the Texan insurgent
army in 1835, and engaged in the battle of Gon
zales. He was secretary of the provisional coun
cil of Texas, 1835-36 ; chief clerk of the navy and
treasury departments, and for a short time act
ed as secretary of the treasury. He was a mem
ber of the committee that framed the state con
stitution, and in November, 1836, was appointed
clerk of the judiciary committee of the state leg
islature. He was admitted to the bar in April,
1837, and practised in Brazoria, Texas. He was
district attorney of Brazoria, and upon the an
nexation of Texas in 1845, a representative in the
state legislature for two terms, and state senator
in 1849. He was married in 1850 to L. C Niles
of Windsor, Conn. He was governor of Texas,
1853-57, and during the civil
war lived in retirement, be
ing opposed to secession.
In 1866 he was a delegate to
the convention of southern
loyalists and chosen vice-
president of the same. He
was candidate for governor
on the Union ticket being defeated by J. W.
Throckmorton in 1866, but served as provisional
governor by appointment of General Sheridan,
1867-69. He retired from law practice in 1877
and was appointed collector of the port of Gal
veston, Texas, in 1879. He died at Lampasas
Springs, Tex., Aug. 26, 1883.
PEASE, Henry Roberts, senator, was born in
Connecticut, Feb. 19, 1835. He received a normal
school training and engaged in teaching in 1848-
59. He was admitted to the bar in 1859, and
practised until 1861, when he entered the Union
army as a private. He attained the rank of cap
tain and served principally on staff duty, and in
1865 was appointed superintendent of education
in Louisiana while the state was under military
rule. He was appointed superintendent of edu
cation by the Freedmen's bureau in Mississippi in
1867; was active in the reconstruction of that
state ; was elected state superintendent of educa
tion in 1869, and was elected to the U. S. senate
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Adelbert Ames, and served from Feb. 12, 1874, to
March 3, 1875. He was appointed postmaster of
Vicksburg, Miss., in 1875, but was soon removed
for political reasons. He established and edited
The Mississippi Educational Journal, the pioneer
of popular education in the south, and subse
quently removed to Dakota.

PEASLEE

PECK

PEASLEE, Charles Hazen, representative,
was born at Gilmanton, N.H., Feb. 6, 1804; son
of William and Hannah (Folsom) Peaslee ; grand
son of Robert and Ann (Hazen) Peaslee, and a
descendant of Joseph and Mary (Johnson) Peas
lee, who emigrated from Wales to New Eng
land about 1635, settled in Newbury, Mass., pre
vious to 1642, and in Haverhill, Mass., about 1646.
He was graduated at Dartmouth college, A.B.,
1824, A.M., 1827, studied law under Stephen
Moody, and was admitted to the bar. He settled
in practice in Concord, N.H., in 1828 ; was a rep
resentative in the state legislature, 1833-37, adju
tant and inspector-general of New Hampshire,
1839-47, and Democratic representative from
New Hampshire in the 30th, 31st and 32d con
gresses, 1847-53. He was appointed collector of
the port of Boston, Mass., by President Pierce,
April 1, 1853, and served until March 4, 1857,
when he retired to Portsmouth, N.H. He was a
trustee of the New Hampshire Asylum for the
Insane and a director of the Concord railroad.
He was married, Dec. 9, 1846, to Mrs. Mary A. L.
Dana, daughter of Robert Harris of Portsmouth,
N.H. He died in St. Paul, Minn., Sept. 20, 1866.
PEASLEE, John Bradley, educationist and
author, was born at Plaistow, N.H., Sept. 3, 1842 ;
son of Reuben and Harriet (Willetts) Peaslee ;
grandson of Joab and Elizabeth (Eaton) Peas
lee, and of John and Lavina (Smith) Willetts,
and a descendant of Joseph Peaslee, the " corne-
outer, " who emigrated from England ; settled
in Newbury, Essex county, Mass., in 1635 ; with
Thomas Whittier, an ancestor of the poet, laid
out and surveyed Haverhill, Mass, in 1642, and
removed to East Parish, Haverhill, in 1645. John
B. Peaslee was educated at Atkinson and Gil
manton academies ; was graduated from Dart
mouth, A.B. , 1863, A.M., 1866, and from Cin
cinnati college, LL.B., in 1866. He was principal
of the North grammar school, Columbus, Ohio,
1863-64 ; first assitant of district and principal of
district and intermediate schools, Cincinnati,
1864-74, and superintendent of Cincinnati public
schools, 1874-86. In 1879 he w-as awarded a di
ploma of life membership in the University of
Turin for the exhibit of the Cincinnati schools at
the Paris exposition of 1878. He inaugurated the
celebration of "author day" and " arbor day,"
and in 1882 the school children planted and dedi
cated to American authors a grove of six acres,
now known as " Authors' Grove." On Oct. 18,
1889, the American Forestry congress planted an
oak tree near Agricultural hall, Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia, dedicating it to Dr. Peaslee in
"recognition of his distinguished services in pro
moting the cause of popular forestry; and espe
cially in introducing the celebration of Arbor
Day by the public schools of Cincinnati and

ri87j

thereafter of the country." He was a trustee of
Miami university, 1871-79 ; clerk of the Hamilton
county courts, 1888-95 ; president of the Ohio
State Teachers' association, 1886 ; president of the
Ohio Forestry bureau, 1889-95 ; candidate for
lieutenant-governor of Ohio, 1895 ; a life member
of the National Council of Education and of the
National Educational association ; director of the
University of Cincinnati ; president of the Ohio
state board of examiners for teachers, and a
director of the Ohio Humane society. His pub
lished works include : Reports of the Cincinnati
Public Schools (1874-86); Graded Selections for
Memorizing (1882) ; Trees and Tree-planting,
with Exercises and Directions for the Celebration
of Arbor Day (1884) ; Moral and Literary Train
ing in Public Schools, an address (1881); German
Instruction in Public Schools, an address (1889);
Thoughts and Experiences In and Out of School
(1900), and many articles in educational journals.
PEATTIE, Elia Wilkinson, journalist and
author, was born in Kalamazoo, Mich., Jan. 15,
1862 ; daughter of Frederick and Amanda (Cahill)
Wilkinson. She removed with her parents to
Chicago, where she received a good education.
She was married in 1883 to Robert Burns Peattie,
a Chicago journalist, and was engaged in news
paper work with him, 1883-95, being a reporter
on Chicago dailies, 1883-88, and an editorial
writer for the Omaha World Herald, 1888-96.
She returned to Chicago in 1896, and engaged in
literature. She is the author of : With Scrip and
Staff (1891) ; A Mountain Woman (1896) ; Pip
pins and Cheese (1897); Love of Caliban (1897) ;
The Shape of Fear (1898) ; 'Ickery Ann (1899) ;
The Beleaguered Forest (1901) ; How Jaqu.es came
into the Forest of Arden (1901), and many con
tributions to periodicals.
PECK, Asahel, governor of Vermont, was born
in Royalston, Mass., in September, 1803; son of
Squire and Elizabeth (Goddard) Peek ; grandson
of John and Mary (Drown) Peck, and a descen
dant of Joseph and Rebecca (Clark) Peck. Joseph
Peck, a native of Suffolk
county, England, emigrated
from Hingham, Norfolk
county, to New England in
the ship Diligent in 1638,
settled in Hingham, Mass.,
and at Seekonk or Rehoboth,
Mass., in 1645. Asahel Peck
was taken to Montpelier, Vt., by his parents in
1803, attended the public schools irregularly, 1808-
24, and the University of Vermont, 1824-26, but
was not graduated. He studied French in the
family of the president of a French college in
Canada, and law under his brother, Nathan Peck,
at Hinesburgh, and subsequently in the office of
Bailey & Marsh, Burlington, Vt. He was ad-

PECK

PECK

mitted to the bar in 1832, settled in practice in
Montpelier and was at one time associated with
Archibald Hyde and later with D. A. Smalley.
He was originally a Democrat in politics, but in
1848 became a Free Soiler, and a member of the
convention at Buffalo that nominated Van Buren
and Adams, and was subsequently active in or
ganizing the Republican parfy. He was judge of
the circuit court of Vermont, 1851-57, judge of
the supreme court of the state, 1860-74, and gov
ernor of Vermont, 1874-76. He retired to his
farm in Jericho Vt., in 1876, where he died, May
18, 1879.
PECK, Elijah Wolsey, jurist, was born in
Blenheim, Schoharie county, N. Y., Aug. 7,
1799 ; son of David and Christiana (Minturn)
Peck. He was educated for the profession of law
and was admitted to the bar in 1824. He prac
tised law in Ely ton, Ala., 1824-38 ; removed to
Tuskaloosa, Ala., in 1838, and was chancellor of
Alabama, 1839-40. He opposed secession in 1861 ;
was chairman of the military reconstruction con
vention of 1867 ; was elected a judge of the su
preme court of Alabama, and chief-justice in
1869, resigning in 1874, before the end of his term
of office. He was married in 1828 to Lucy,
daughter of Samuel and Lucy (Lamb) Randall
of Talladega, Ala. He died at Tuskaloosa, Ala. ,
Feb. 13, 1888.
PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, commissioner, was
born in Chicago, 111., July 15, 1848 ; son of Philip
F. W. and Mary Kent (Wythe) Peck. He was
admitted to the bar in 1869. He engaged in
philanthropic work in Chicago, was one of the
founders of the Illinois Humane society ; presi
dent and a member of the board of governors of
the Chicago Athenseum, and president of the
Chicago Auditorium association. He conceived
and carried into completion the Chicago audi
torium and hotel. He was vice-president of the
Chicago board of education for four years, being
twice appointed by the mayor to that position. He
was chairman of the finance committee, a vice-
president of the World's Columbian exposition
and a member of the commission of five to visit
Europe in the interest of the exposition. He
was a trustee of the University of Chicago,
1894-97. In 1898 he was appointed by President
McKinley U. S. commissioner-general to the
Paris exposition of 1900, where he secured much
additional space for American exhibits and con
cluded the plans for the execution of the bronze
equestrian statue of Lafayette, executed by
Paul Wayland Bartlett, paid for by popular sub
scriptions largely from school children in the
United States and placed in the court of the
Louvre at Paris. He was appointed a grand offi
cer of the Legion of Honor by the president of
France in 1900.

PECK, George, clergyman and editor, was born
in Middlefield, Otsego county, N. Y., Aug. 8,
1797 ; son of Luther and Annis (Coller) Peck ;
grandson of Jesse and Ruth (Hoyt) Peck, and a
descendant of Henry Peck, who emigrated from
England to America in the ship Hector in 1637
and settled in New Haven, Conn., in 1638.
George Peck attended the district school, and
when nineteen years old became active as a,
Methodist preacher. He was pastor and presid
ing elder in the Oneida conference, 1816-35 ; was
principal of the Oneida conference seminary at
Cazenovia, N. Y., 1835-39 ; editor of the Method
ist Quarterly Review, 1840-48, and of the Christian-
Advocate, 1848-52. He returned to the Wyom
ing, Pa., conference in 1852, and was pastor of the
church at Scranton and presiding elder of the,
Wyoming district, 1852-73. He was a member
of thirteen general conferences, 1824-72, and a
delegate to the first evangelical alliance in Lon
don in 1846. He received the honorary degree
A.M. from Wesleyan university in 1835, and D.D.
from Augusta college, Kentucky, in 1840. He
was married, June 10, 1819, to Mary, daughter of
Philip Myers of Kingston, Pa. Their sons,
George Myers and Luther Wesley (q.v.), were
clergymen. He is the author of : Universalism,
Examined (1826) ; History of the Apostles and
Evangelists (1836) ; Scripture Doctrine of Chris
tian Perfection (1841) ; Rule of Faith (1844) ;
Reply to Dr. Bascom's Defence of American Slav
ery (1845) ; Manly Character (1852) ; Wyoming,
Its History, Romantic Adventures, etc. (1858) ;
Early Methodism, within the Bounds of the Old
Genesee Conference (1860); Our Country, Its
Trials and Its Triwmphs (1865) ; Life and Times
ofthe Rev. George Peck, D. D. (1874). He died
in Scranton, Pa., May 20, 1876.
PECK, George Wesley, educator, was born in
Kingston, Pa., Feb. 7, 1849; son of the Rev.
George Wesley and Abigail (Bennett) Peck, and,
grand-nephew of the Rev. George (q. v.) and
Mary (Myers) Peck. He was educated in the
public schools ; was licensed to preach in 1872,
and was graduated at Syracuse university, Ph.
D., 1878. He- was president of Hedding college,
Abingdon, 111., 1878-82"; traveled in Europe and
the Orient, 1882-83, and was in New York state
as pastor in Buffalo, 1882-85, Medina, 1885-86,
Danville, 1886-91, Rochester, 1891-96, and Buf
falo, from 1896. He was a delegate to the Metho
dist Ecumenical conference in London in 1881.
He was married, June 11, 1890, to Ina Merle Car
ter of Adams, N. Y. He received the degrees of
A.B. and A.M. from Illinois Wesleyan university
in 1879 and that of LL. D. from Hedding college
in 1882. He is the author of : The Realization
and Benefit of Ideals (1879) ; Walk in the Light
(1882), and Life of Jesse T. Peck (1887).

[1881

PECK

PECK

PECK, George Wilbur, governor of Wiscon
sin, was born in Jefferson county, N.Y. , Sept. 28,
1840 ; son of David B. and Alzina Peck. He at
tended the public schools, and in 1855 went to
Wisconsin, entering the printing office of the
Whitewater Register. He assisted in establish
ing- the Jefferson County Republican ; was em
ployed by the State Journal, Madison ; enlisted
in the Federal army as a private ; served, 1861-66,
being one year in Texas after the war, and at
tained the rank of 2d lieutenant. He was mar
ried in 1860 to Francena Rowley of Delavan, Wis.'
He established the Ripon Representative in 1866
and soon afterward removed to New York, where
he was one of the editors of Pomeroy's Democrat.
He subsequently edited the La Crosse edition of
the Democrat, called the La Crosse Democrat,
aud in 1878 published Peck's Sun in Milwaukee,
Wis., which gained a wide reputation for its hu
morous character. . He was chief of police of La
Crosse, 1874-75, and chief clerk of the state assem
bly in 1874. He was mayor of Milwaukee, 1890-
91, and governor of the state of Wisconsin, 1891-
95. He is the author of : Peck's Bad Boy and
his Pa, and The Groceryman and Peck's Bad
Boy : a Continuation of Peck's Bad Boy.
PECK, Harry Thurston, editor and author,
was born in Stamford, Conn., Nov. 24, 1856; son
of Harry and Elizabeth (Thurston) Peck ; grand
son of Turney and Rebecca (Burr) Peck) , and of
John Gates and Harriet (Lee) Thurston, and a
descendant from Daniel Thurston of Gloucester
shire, England, and later of Newbury, Mass., who
died in 1693. He attended a private school in
Greenwich, Conn., and was graduated from Co
lumbia college, A.B., 1881, _ A.M., 1882, L.H.D.,
1884. He was a university' fellow of Columbia,
1881-83 ; tutor in Latin, 1882-85, and studied at
the University of Berlin in 1888. He was mar
ried, April 26, 1882, to Nellie MacKay, daughter
of Charles and Mary E. (MacKay) Dawbarn. He
was instructor in Latin and Semitic languages at
Columbia, 1886-88 ; acting professor of Latin,
1886-88, and became professor of Latin in 1888. The
degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Cumber
land university in 1883. He was secretary of the
University Council of Columbia in 1892, and of the
Faculty of Arts from 1894. He was editor of the
Bookman from 1895 ; literary editor of the New
York Commercial Advertiser, 1897-1901 ; member
of the general editorial staff of the same journal
from 1902; editor of "Harper's Dictionary of
Classical Literature and Antiquities" (1896);
" The International Cyclopaedia" (15 vols., 1890-
1902) ; "The New International Encyclopaedia "
from 1902; the "Student's Series of Latin
Classics" (1892-1902) ; "American Atlas ofthe
World " (1892) ; " Library of the World's Litera
ture " (1896), and "Masterpieces of Literature"

[189]

(1899). He translated " Trimalchio's Dinner"
(1898), and is the author of : The Personal Equa
tion (1897) ; The Semitic Theory of Creation
(1886) ; Latin Pronunciation (1890) ; The Adven
tures of Mabel (1896) ; What is Good English ?
(1899) ; Greystone and Porpyhry (1900.)
PECK, Jesse Truesdell, M. E. bishop, was
born in Middlefield, N.Y., April 4, 1811; son of
Luther and Annis (Coller) Peck, and brother of
the Rev. George Peck (q.v.). He was educated
at the Oneida Conference seminary, Cazenovia,
N.Y., and was licensed as a local preacher in
1829. He was married, Oct. 13, 1831, to Persis,
daughter of Capt. David Wing of West Dennis,
Mass. ; was admitted to the Oneida conference,
July 12, 1832, and was pastor of the churches at
Dryden, Newark Valley, Skaneateles and Pots
dam, N.Y., 1832-37. He was principal of the
Gouverneur Wesleyan seminary, 1837-41 ; of the
Troy Conference academy, Poultney, Vt., 1841-
48 ; president of Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa.,
1848-52 ; pastor of
the Foundry church,
Washington, D.C,
1852-54 ; secretary
and editor of the
Tract Society of the
Methodist Episcopal
church, 1854-56, and
pastor of the Green
Street church, New
York city, 1856-58.
He was transferred
to California in 1858,
and was pastor and
presiding elder in
San, Francisco, Sac
ramento and Santa
Clara, 1858-66, also president of the board of
trustees of the University of the Pacific and of
the State Bible society. He was pastor at Peeks-
kill, Albany and Syracuse, N.Y., respectively,
1866-72 ; a founder of Syracuse university, presi
dent of its board of trustees and chairman of the
building committee. He was elected bishop of
the Methodist Episcopal church in 1872, and made
a tour of Europe in 1881, holding conferences and
studying educational systems. He was a mem
ber of several general conferences and a delegate
to the Methodist Ecumenical conference in Lon
don in 1881. He received the degree of A.M.
from Wesleyan university in 1838, D.D. from
University college in 1846, and LL.D. from Will
amette university in 1875. He is the author of :
Tlie Central Idea of Christianity {1855); Tlie True
Woman (1857); What Must I Do to be Saved
(1858), and History of a Great Republic, con
sidered from a Christian Standpoint (1868). He
died in Syracuse, N, Y., May 17, 1883,

/ X t3^

PECK

PECK

PECK, John Hudson, educator, was born in
Hudson, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1838 ; son of Judge Darius
and Harriet Matilda (Hudson) Peck ; grandson
John and Sarah (Ferris)- Peck and of Horace and
¦Sarah (Robinson) Hudson, and a descendant of
William Peck, who emigrated to America in
1638 and was one of the original founders of the
colony of New Haven. He "attended the Hudson
Classical institute and was graduated from
Hamilton college in 1859. He was admitted to
the bar at Albany, N. Y., in 1861, and practised in
partnership with his preceptor, Jeremiah Romeyn,
in Troy, N. Y., until 1867, and with Cornelius L.
Tracy, another preceptor, until 1888. He was
married, Aug. 7, 1883, to Mercy Plum, daughter of
Nathaniel Mann of Milton, N. Y. He was made
a trustee of Troy Female seminary in 1883, and
of the diocese of Albany, and was president of
the Rensselaer Polytechnic institute, 1888-1900.
The honorary degree of LL. D. was conferred on
him by Hamilton college ih 1889.
PECK, John James, soldier, was born in Man-
lius, N.Y., Jan. 4, 1821. He was graduated from
the U.S. Military academy in 1843 and assigned
to the artillery. He was promoted 2d lieutenant,
April 16, 1846, and was engaged in the battles of
Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Vera
Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and the assault and capture
of the city of Mexico, 1846-47. He was promoted
first lieutenant, March 3, 1847 ; was brevetted
captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious
conduct in the battles of Contreras and Cheru-
busco ; major, Sept. 8, 1847, for gallant and mer
itorious conduct at the battle of Molino Del Rey,
and was presented with a sword on his return to
New York in 1848. He was engaged in scouting
and frontier duty, 1849-53. He resigned his com
mission in the army, March 31, 1853 ; was treas
urer of a projected railroad from New York to
Syracuse via Newburg, N.Y., 1853-60 ; cashier of
Burnet bank, Syracuse, N.Y., 1853-61, and pres
ident of the board of education, 1859-61. He en
tered the U. S. volunteer army as brigadier-gen
eral, Aug. 9, 1861, and served in the defences of
Washington, 1861-62. He commanded the 2d
and 1st brigades, 1st division, 4th army corps,
during the Virginia Peninsular campaign, March-
July, 1862, being engaged in the siege of York-
town and in the battles of Williamsburg and Fair
Oaks. In the operations of the seven days' bat
tles before Richmond on the change of base to the
James river, June 26-July 2, 1862, he commanded
the 2d division, 4th corps. He was promoted ma
jor-general U.S. volunteers, July 4, 1862, and his
division of about 9,000 men, augmented, March
31, 1863, to 15,000, and April 30 to nearly 25,000,
embracing all the Federal troops in Virginia
south of the James river. He was engaged in the
operations about Suffolk, Va., and its defences,

September, 1862, to May, 1864. Suffolk was in
vested by Longstreet, April 11, 1863; and this led
to the transfer of the Army of the James to
Peck's support. He was in command in North Car
olina, 1863-64, and of the department of the east,
with headquarters at New York, 1864-65. He was
mustered out Aug. 24, 1865, and returned to Syra
cuse, where he organized and became president
of the New York State Life Insurance company
in 1866. He died in Syracuse, N.Y., April 28, 1878.
PECK, John Mason, pioneer clergyman, was
born at South Farms, Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31,
1789. He removed to Windham, N.Y., in 1811,
and became a Baptist preacher at New Durham,
N.Y. He was ordained, June 9, 1813, and preach
ed in Catskill and Amenia, N.Y., 1813-15. He
studied mission work under Dr. Stoughton at
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1815, and was subsequently
appointed a missionary to St. Louis, Mo., preach
ing through Missouri and Illinois, 1817-26. He
made a home in Rock Spring, 111., in 1822, where
he established in 1826 the Rock Spring seminary
for training teachers and preachers, which be
came Shurtleff college in 1835, and was located
at Upper Alton, 111. He travelled 6,000 miles and
collected $20,000 to endow this institution. He
established and published the Western Pioneer
and Baptist, the first official organ of the Baptist
church in the west, 1828 ; helped to organize the
American Baptist Home Missionary society in
1831 ; established and edited the Illinois Sunday
School Banner, and was one of the originators
and chief factors in establishing the theolo
gical institution at Covington, Ky. He was
corresponding secretary and financial agent of
the American Baptist Publication society, 1843-
45, and held pastorates in Missouri, Illinois and
Kentucky, 1845-58. He received the honorary
degrees A. M. from Brown in 1835, and D.D. from
Harvard in 1852. He contributed to the his
torical societies of the northwestern states and
territories, and is the author of : A Guide for
Emigrants (1831); Gazetteer of Illinois (1834);
New Guide for Emigrants to the West (1836);
Father Clark, or the Pioneer Preacher (1855); Life
of Daniel Boone in Sparks's " American Biogra
phy," and edited the second edition of " Annals of
the West: Forty Years of Pioneer Life"; "Me
moir of John Mason Peck, edited from his Jour
nals and Correspondence " (1864) by the Rev.
Rufus Babcock. He died in Rock Spring, 111.,
March 15, 1858.
PECK, Lucius B., representative, was born in
Waterbury,Vt., in October, 1802 ; son of Gen. John
and Anna (Benedict) Peck ; grandson of John
and Mary (Drown) Peck, and a descendant in the
seventh generation of Joseph Peck, who came
from Hingham, Norfolk county, England, to
Hingham, Mass., in 1638. He was admitted to

[190]

PECK

PECKHAM

the U.S. Military academy as a cadet, July 1,
1822, but left after one year's study on account of
ill health and studied law with Judge Samuel
Prentiss at Montpelier and with Dennison Smith
at Barre, with whom he formed a partnership im
mediately after his admission to the bar in Sept
ember, 1825. He was married, May 10, 1832, to
Martha, daughter of Ira Day of Barre, Vt. He rep
resented Barre in the state legislature in 1831 ;
removed to Montpelier and practised law there,
1832-63, the later years of his life in partnership
with B. F. Fifield. He was a Democratic repre
sentative from the second district of Vermont in
the 30th and 3lst congresses, 1847-51, and U.S.
district attorney for Vermont, 1853-57. He was
the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for gov
ernor of Vermont in two elections, and president
of the Vermont and Canada railroad, 1859-66.
He died suddenly in Lowell, Mass., Dec. 28, 1866.
PECK, Luther Wesley, clergyman.wasbornin
Kingston, Pa., June 14,1825; son of the Rev. George
(q.v.) and Mary (Myers) Peck. He attended the
Wesleyan university, 1841-42, was graduated
from the University of the City of New York,
A.B., 1845, A.M. 1849 ; studied theology, and
joined the New York conference on trial in 1845.
He was stationed at Brooklyn, Durham, Rhine
beck, Newburg, Poughkeepsie, Kingston, Mid
dleton and smaller places, 1845-66, and in the
Wyoming conference where he was presiding
elder of the Honesdale district, 1875-79. He was
married, Jan. 18, 1848, to Sarah Maria, daughter
of Dr. Ransom H. Gibbons of Dormansville, N.Y.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon
him by the University of the City of New York
in 1878. His pastorate covered a period of forty-
five years and he retired in 1891. He was an ex
tensive contributor to the National Magazine,
Quarterly Review, and Ladies' Repository ; edited
"A View from Campbell's Ledge in Wyoming," by
his father, and is the author of : Tlie Golden Age
(1858) ; The Burial of Lincoln, a poem in Jesse T.
Peck's " History of the Great Republic," and The
Flight of the Humming Birds, a poem (1895).
He died at Scranton, Pa., March 31, 1900.
PECK, Samuel Mihturn, poet, was born in
Tuscaloosa, Ala., Nov. 4, 1854 ; son of Elijah
Wolsey and Lucy (Randall) Peck, and grandson
of David and Christiana (Minturn) Peck, and
of Samuel and Lucy (Lamb) Randall. He at
tended the public schools; was graduated from
the University of Alabama in 1876 ; studied medi
cine, and was graduated from Bellevue Hospital
Medical college, N.Y., M.D., in 1879. He never
practised his profession, but devoted himself to
literary work, contributing his first work, a lyric
entitled Tlie Orange Tree, to the New York Even
ing Post in 1878. He published long and short
stories in the leading periodicals and also com-

[191]

posed numerous lyrics, including: AKnotofBlue;
Tlie Dimple in her Cheek ; Cupid at Court ; My
Little Girl, and The Grape Vine Swing, all of
which have been set to music. Among his pub
lished volumes are : Cap and Bells (1886) ; Rings
and Love Knots (1893), and Rhymes and Roses
(1895), all poems.
PECKHAM, Mary Chase Peck, author, was
born at Nantucket, Mass., July 15, 1839 ; daughter
of Charles Miller and Adriana (Fisher) Peck ;
granddaughter of Philip and Abigail (Chase)
Peck and of Rufus and Mary (Pease) Fisher, and
great-granddaughter of Capt. Jonathan Peck, a
Revolutionary officer. She attended the Provi
dence high school and taught schools in that city,
1857-65. She was married, June 13, 1865, to
Stephen F. Peckham (q.v.) and accompanied him
to Southern California. On their return to Pro
vidence in 1866, she engaged in literary work,
and in 1873, removing to Minneapolis, Minn.,
devoted herself to philanthropy. She was a mem
ber of the Rhode Island Woman Suffrage asso
ciation and of the Association for the Advance
ment of Women. She is the author of : Father
Gabriel's Fairy (1873), and Windfalls Gathered
Only for Friends (1894). She died at Ann Arbor,
Mich., March 20, 1892.
PECKHAM, Rufus Wheeler, jurist, was born
in Rensselaerville, N.Y., Dec. 20, 1809; son of
Peleg and Desire (Watson) Peckham ; and grand
son of Benjamin, Jr., and Mary (Hazard) Peck-
ham. His parents removed to Cooperstown,
N.Y., where he was prepared for college. He was
graduated from Union in 1827 : studied law ;
was admitted to the bar, and in 1830 established
himself in practice in Albany, N.Y. He was
appointed district attorney of Albany county,
1838 ; was a Democratic representative in the 33d
congress, 1853-55, and in June, 1855, resumed his
law practice in partnership with Judge Lyman
Tremain. He was a justice of the New York su
preme court, 1859-70, and a judge of the court of
appeals, 1870-73. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Union college in 1870. He
married in 1832, Isabella, daughter of the Rev.
William B. and Hannah Lacey of Albany, N.Y.
She died April 4, 1848, and in February, 1862, he
married Mary E. Foote of Brooklyn, N.Y. His
health failing, he sailed for France with his wife,
and both perished in the wreck of the Ville du
Havre, Nov. 22, 1873.
PECKHAM, Rufus Wheeler, associate justice
of the United States supreme court, was born in
Albany, N.Y., Nov. 8, 1838 ; son of Judge Rufus
Wheeler and Isabella (Lacey) Peckham. He
attended school in Albany, N.Y., and in Phila
delphia, Pa., and studied law with his father, be
ing admitted to the bar in December, 1859. He
was married, Nov. 14, 1866, to Harriette, daughter

PECKHAM

PECKHAM

of Dan H. and Harriette Maria (Welles) Arnold of
New York city. He was district attorney of
Albany county, N.Y.,1868; corporation counsel
of the city of Albany in 1880-81, and a justice of
the supreme court of

the state of New
York, 1883-86, resign
ing in 1886 to accept
' the office of judge of
the court of appeals.
He was appointed,
Dec. 3, 1895, by Presi
dent Cleveland to
fill the vacancy on
the bench of the
U.S. supreme court,
caused by the death
of Justice Howell E.
Jackson, his appoint-
"ment being duly con
firmed by the senate.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Union college in 1894 ; by Yale university
in 1896, and by Columbia university in 1901.
PECKHAM, Samuel Wardwell, librarian, was
born in Providence, R.I., July 5, 1814 ; son of
Thomas and Sarah (Wardwell) Peckham. His
father, collector of the port of Providence for
many years, was a descendant of the Peck-
hams, who were Quakers, and among the first
settlers of Aquidneck. He was graduated from
Brown university, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835 ; taught
school ; studied law with Chief-Justice Richard
W. Greene, and was admitted to the bar in 1836.
He was librarian of the Providence Athenseum,
1836-38 ; secretary, 1836-45 and 1856-57, and one
of its constant directors, and was a member of
the school committee, 1845-49 and 1855-57. He
was married in 1846 to Margaret, daughter of
Jacob and Mary Wanton (Lyman) Dunnell. She
died of small-pox in 1849. Mr. Peckham was
justice and clerk of the court of magistrates,
.1846-53 ; a representative in the state assembly
in 1854 ; justice of the police court, 1857-69 ; clerk
of the municipal court during tiie summer of
1857, and master in chanceiy for over thirty
years. He declined his election as president of
the Athenaeum in 1888, but consented to serve
in 1889 and was annually re-elected. Upon his
death he bequeathed $4,000 to the Rhode Island
hospital to establish a free bed in memory of his
wife. He was a member of the First Congrega
tional (Unitarian) society, 1845-95, and its presi
dent for several years. He is the author of : Re
ports of the Providence Atlienceum (1844, 1850,
.1883 and 1886) ; Verses in Various Moods and on
. Various Occasions, and valuable contributions to
library literature. He died in Providence, R.I.,
June 29, 1895.

PECKHAM, Stephen Farnum, chemist, was
born at Fruit Hill, North Providence, R.I.,
March 26, 1839 ; son of Charles and Hannah
Lapham (Farnum) Peckham ; grandson of
Thomas Peckham of Providence, R.I., and a
descendant of John Peckham of Newport, R.I.,
1638, of John Howland of the Mayflower and of
Richard Scott, the first Quaker in Rhode Island.
He attended the district schools and the Friends
boarding school at Providence, and studied
chemistry at Brown university. In 1861 he en
gaged in erecting an establishment for the manu
facture of illuminating oil from petroleum. He
enlisted in the Federal army, Aug. 15, 1862, as
hospital steward of the 7th R.I. regiment, and in
1864 had charge of the chemical department of
the U. S. army laboratory at Philadelphia, being
honorably discharged, May 26, 1865. He was
chemist of the California Petroleum company,
Santa Barbara county, Cal., 1865-66 ; a member
of the California Geological survey, 1866-67, and
prepared a report On the " Oil Interests of
Southern California ; " was an instructor in chem
istry at Brown university, 1867-68 ; professor of
chemistry at Washington college, Pa., 1868-69;
professor of chemistry at the Maine State College
of Agriculture, 1869-71 ; at Buchtel college, Ohio,
1871-72, and at the University of Minnesota,
1872-80. He returned to Providence in 1881. He
was chemist of the Minnesota Geological survey ;
special agent of the U. S. census office, 1880-85 ;
state assayer of Maine, Rhode Island and Minne
sota, and chemist of the Union Oil company of
California, 1893-94. He investigated the problem
of street paving with asphaltum and read a paper
on the subject before the congress of chemists at
the Columbian exposition. He made wide re
searches into the subject of bitumens and became
a recognized expert, being for a number of years
chemist to the commissioners of accounts of the
city of New York. He was married, June 13,
1865, to Mary Chace, daughter of Charles Miller
and Adriana (Fisher) Peck of Providence, R.I.
She died in Ann Arbor, Mich., Mar. 20, 1892. He
was elected a member of the New York Academy
of Sciences in 1876 ; a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in
1870 ; a member of the Society of Chemical In
dustry in 1898 ; thefAmerican Philosophical society
in 1897, and the American Chemical society m 1898.
The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on
him by Brown university in 1870. He is the
author of : Elementary Text Book on Chemistry
(1873) ; a monograph on Petroleum and its Pro
ducts forthe " Tenth Census of the United States'"
(1885) ; an article on Petroleum for the last
original edition ofthe " Encylopsedia Britannica "
(1885), and many contributions to current
scientific literature.

[193]

PEEL

PEET

PEEL, Samuel W., representative, was born
near Batesville, Independence county, Ark.,
Sept. 13, 1831 ; son of John W. and Elizabeth
Peel ; grandson of Richard Peel, who with liis
brothers, John, Thomas and James, sons of
Thomas Peel, an immigrant from Ireland to Vir
ginia and thence to Kentucky with Daniel Boone,
¦settled in Batesville in 1815. Samuel W. received
a common school education and was clerk of the
Carroll county court, 1858-61 ; was major of the
3d Arkansas militia in the state service in 1861 ;
colonel of the 4th Arkansas volunteers, Confed
erate service, 1862-65, and saw service at Wilson's
Creek, Prairie Grove, and in later engagements.
He read law with his brother-in-law, Judge J. M.
Pitman, and came to the bar in 1866. He was
married, Jan. 30, 1853, to Mary E. , sister of Senator
J. H. Berry (q.v.), and practised law in Benton
ville, Ark., in partnership with his brother-in-
law, who removed to Bentonville in 1869. He
was prosecuting attorney for the fourth judicial
circuit, 1873-76, and Democratic representative
from the fifth district of Arkansas in the 48th-
52d congresses, 1883-93, serving as chairman of the
committee on Indian affairs in the 50th and 52d
¦congresses. PEELLE, Stanton Judkins, jurist, was born
in Wayne county, Ind.; Feb. 11, 1843; son of
John Cox and Ruth ( Smith) Peelle ; grandson of
William and Sally (Cox) Peelle, and of Eleazer
and Ruth (Davis) Smith. He attended the public
schools in Wayne and Randolph counties, Ind.,
and a seminary in Winchester, Ind., until the
outbreak of the civil war, when he joined the 8th
Indiana volunteers as corporal. He served at Pea
Uidge, and for meritorious conduct in that battle
was promoted 2d lieutenant, 57th Indiana volun
teers, Dec. 10, 1862, and took part in the battle at
Stone's River, Tenn. , serving on the left wing in
General Crittenden's corps, and was slightly
wounded. He was admitted to the bar, 1866 ;
practised at Winchester, Ind., 1866-69, and re
moved to Indianapolis in 1869. He was twice
married ; first, July 16, 1867, to Lou R. Perkins,
daughter of Jonathan Perkins of South Bend,
Ind., and secondly, Oct. 16, 1878, to Arabella,
daughter of Judge Milton C. Canfield of Pains-
ville, Ohio. He was » representative in the In
diana legislature, 1877-79 ; a representative from
the seventh district in the 47th and 48th con
gresses, 1881-85; alternate delegate from the
state at large to the Republican national conven
tion of 1888, and was chosen a delegate to that of
1892, but did not serve, having been appointed,
March 28, 1892, a judge of the U. S. court of
claims and took the oath of office, April 7, 1892.
He also was elected a professor in the law de
partment of the Columbian university at Wash
ington, D.C, a trustee of Howard university and
a member of the board of managers of the Young
Men's Christian association of Washington, D.C.

[193]

PEERS, Benjamin Orr, educator, was born in
Loudoun county, Va., April 20, 1800 ; son of Maj.
Valentine Peers, a native of Ireland and soldier
in the Revolutionary army, who married Elea
nor, daughter of John Alexander and Susannah
(Grayson) Orr, and a descendant of the Rev.
Alexander and Agnes (Dalrymple) Orr from
Scotland. His parents removed to Kentucky in
1803. He was graduated at the Transylvania
university in 1821, and entered Princeton Theolo
gical seminary, but left at the close of his first
year. He afterward took orders in the Protes
tant Episcopal church, and settled in Lexington,
Ky. , where he established the Eclectic institute of
which he was principal, 1824-27.- He was presi
dent of . Transylvania university, 1833-35; de
voted himself to furthering education in Ken
tucky, and established the public school system
of the state. He edited the Sunday school publi
cations of the Episcopal church and the Journal
of Christian Education, New York city. He is
the author of National Education Suited to the
United States (1838). He died in Louisville, Ky.,
Aug. 20, 1842.
PEET, Harvey Prindle, educator, was born in
Bethlehem, Conn., Nov. 19, 1794; son of Richard
and Joanna (Prindle) Peet. He attended the
district schools, and in 1810 engaged in teaching,
thereby earning the money to prepare for college
at Phillips academy,
Andover, Mass. He
was graduated at
Yale, A.B., 1822,
A.M., 1825; was a
¦ teacher in the Amer- '
ican Asylum for the
Deaf and Dumb
at Hartford, Conn.,
1822-31 ; principal of ,.
the New York Insti
tution for the Deaf
and Dumb in New
York city, 1831-67;
president of the board
of directors fourteen
years, and emeritus
principal of that institution, 1867-73. Under
his direction the New York institution grew to
be the largest and the most successful in the
world. He was married, Nov. 27, 1823, to Mar
garet Maria, daughter of the Rev. Isaac Lewis,
D.D. ; secondly, in 1835, to Sarah Ann, daughter
of Dr. Matson Smith, and thirdly, Jan. 15, 1868,
to Mrs. Louisa P. Hotchkiss. He received the
degree LL.D. from the regents of the University
of the State of New York in 1849, and that of
Ph.D. from Gallaudet college in 1871. Of his
sons, Isaac Lewis (q.v.) succeeded him as princi
pal of the institute; Edward (1826-1862,) was
an instructor in the institute, 1848-62, and Dud
ley (1830-1862), was a practising physician and also

J&ft&Mt

PEET

PEFFER

assisted his father as an instructor in the in
stitute. He prepared a series of elementary
books for deaf mutes, entitled Course of Instruc
tion for the Deaf and Dumb (1844-46); contributed
articles on his specialty to the American Journal
of Insanity, and to the American Annals for the
Deaf and Dumb, and is the author of : Scripture
Lessons for the Deaf and Dumb (1846) ; Statistics
of the Deaf and Dumb (1852) ; Report on Educa
tion of the Deaf and Dumb in Higher Branches
(1852) ; Letters to Pupils on Leaving the New
York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb (1854) ;
Legal Rights, etc., ofthe Deaf and Dumb (1856),
and History of the United States of America
(1869). He died in New York city, Jan. 1, 1873.
PEET, Isaac Lewis, educator, was born in
Hartford, Conn., Dec. 4, 1824 ; son of Harvey
Prindle (q.v.) and Margaret Maria (Lewis) Peet.
He was graduated at Yale, A. B., 1845, A.M., 1849,
and at Union Theological seminary, 1849, but was
never ordained. He became instructor at the New
York Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, conducted
by his father, 1845 ; vice-principal in 1854 ; prin
cipal in 1867, when his father retired, and was
retired as principal emeritus in 1892. He was
married, June 27, 1854, to Mary, daughter of
Alvah Toles of Forestville, N.Y. He received
the honorary degree of LL.D. from Columbia in
1872. Dr. Peet was president of the Medico-
Legal society of New York, 1886, and author of :
A Monograph on Decimal Fractions; Language
Lessons for the Deaf and Dumb, and Manual of
Vegetable Physiology, and revised and enlarged
Dr. Dudley Peet's " Manual of Inorganic Chemis
try." He died in New York city, Dec. 27, 1898.
PEET, Stephen Denison, archaeologist, was
born in Euclid, Ohio, Dec. 2, 1830 ; son of Stephen
and Martha (Denison) Peet ; grandson of Elijah
and Betsey (Leavenworth) Peet and of Amos and
Hannah (Williams) Denison, and a descendant
from Capt. George Denison of the King Philip
war, and from John (1597-1678) and Sarah (Os
borne) Peet. He was graduated from Beloit col
lege, A.B., 1851, A.M., 1854, Ph.D. 1896; studied
theology at the Yale Divinity school, 1851-53, and
was graduated from Andover Theological semin
ary in 1854. He was ordained to the Congrega
tional ministry in February, 1855, and was pastor
at Genessee, Wis., 1855-57; New London, Wis.,
1857-59 ; Fox Lake, Wis., 1860-63 ; Racine, Wis.,
1864-65; Elkhorn, Wis., 1865-66; New Oregon,
Iowa, 1866-68 ; Chatham, Ohio, 1869-72 ; Ashta
bula, Ohio, 1873-76; Clinton, Wis., 1879-88, and
Mendon, III., 1888-92. He removed to Chicago
1897. He was elected a member of the American
Oriental society ; the American Antiquarian
society ; the Victoria Institute of Great Britaiu ;
the American Historical society ; the American
Numismatic society cf New York, and a fellow of

[194]

the American Association for the Advancement
of Science. He founded and edited the American
Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, 1879-1902 ;
published the Oriental and Biblical Journal in
1881, and is the author of : The Ashtabula Disaster
(1879) ; History of Ashtabula County, Ohio (1879);
History of Early Missions in Wisconsin (1886) ;
Religious Belief of the Aborigines of North
America (1886) ; Myths and Symbols (1887) ;
Emblematic Mounds and Animal Effigies (1890) ;
The Mound Builders ; Their Works . and Relics
(1892) ; History of the Explorations in the Mis
sissippi Valley (1896) ; Cliff Dwellers and Pue
blos (1899) ; Ancient Monuments and Ruined
Cities (1902).
PEFFER, William Alfred, senator, was born
in Cumberland county, Pa., Sept. 10, 1831 ; son
of John and Elizabeth (Souder) Peffer, and a
descendant of Philip Peffer, who emigrated from
Holland about the middle ofthe 18th century and
settled in central Pennsylvania. He attended
the public schools of
Cumberland county ;
taught in a country
school, 1846-49 ; went
to the California gold
mines, 1850-52, and
was married, Dec. 28,
1852, to Sarah Jane,
daughter of William
Barber of Paper town ,
Pa. He settled in St.
Joseph county, Ind.,
in 1853, as a farmer,
removed to Morgan
county, Missouri, in
1859, and engaged in
farming and teach
ing. He delivered a speech there on the de
fence of the Union, July 4, 1860, and, obliged
to move North on account of his Union sen
timents, settled in Warren county, 111., in March,
1862. He enlisted as a private in the 83d Illi
nois volunteer infantry in August, 1862 ; was
promoted 2d lieutenant the following March,
serving in various responsible positions by detail
— regimental quartermaster, adjutant, post-
adjutant, judge advocate of a military commis
sion, and concluding his service as depot quarter
master in the engineering department at Nash
ville, Tenn. He was honorably discharged % June
26, 1865. He began his law practice in Clarks-
ville, Tenn., in August, 1865, and attempted the
organization of a conversative Union party, em
bodying the right of free schools, free speech and
free press. He removed to Kansas in 1870;
settled on a claim in Wilson county ; established
a law practice, and began the publication of the
Fredonia Journal. He was elected state senator

^r^-^l^A- ;

PEGRAM

PEGRAM

in 1874, and was chairman of the joint legislative
committee on the Centennial exposition in 1876.
He engaged in the practice of law in the adjoin
ing county of Montgomery, 1875-78, and estab
lished the Coffeyville Journal in 1875. He was a
presidential elector on the Garfield and Arthur
ticket in 1880, and in 1881 became editor of the
Kansas Farmer at Topeka. He was elected U.S.
senator by the People's party and served, 1891-97 ;
was chairman of the committee to examine the
several branches of the civil service, and a mem
ber of the committees on claims, pensions, agricul
ture, census, railroads, and improvement of the
Mississippi River. He was defeated as Prohibi
tion candidate for governor of Kansas in 1898,
and took an active part in the campaign of 1900,
favoring the re-election of McKinley. He wrote
many articles on political science for the Forum
and the North American Review, and is the
author of : Myriorama (1869) ; The Carpet Bag
ger in Tennessee (1869) ; Geraldine, or What
May Happen (1882)' ; Peffer's Tariff Manual
(1888) ; The Way Out (1890) ; The Farmers' Side
(1891) ; Americanism in the Philippines (1900) ;
Rise and Fall of Populism in the United States
(1900), and in 1901 began the preparation of a
subject index to the debates of congress from
1789 to date.
PEGRAM, John, soldier, was born in Dinwid
die county, Va., Nov. 16, 1773; son of Capt.
Edward and Mary (Lyle) Pegram. His grand
father, Edward Pegram, came from England in
the fall of 1699 with a party of engineers under
Col. Daniel Baker, whose daughter, Mary Scott
Baker, he married. Their second son, Capt.
Edward Pegram (born about 1744, died, March 30,
1816) , was appointed " special commander " to de
fend his parish and county against the Indians, and
thus became known as " King Pegram." He was
also a captain in the American Revolution and a
juror in the trial of Aaron Burr. John Pegram
was a magistrate for more than twenty years, a
member of the house of delegates for many years
and of the state senate for eight years ; a rep
resentative in the 15th congress, 1818-19, com
pleting the term of Peterson Goodwin, deceased ;
major-general of state militia in the war of 1812,
and U.S. marshal of the eastern district of Vir
ginia in Monroe's administration. He married,
first, Miss Coleman of Dinwiddie ; and secondly,
Martha Ward Gregory, and was the father of
fourteen children. He died in Dinwiddie
county, Va., April 8, 1831.
PEGRAM, John, soldier, was born in Peters
burg, Va., Jan. 24, 1832; son of James West
(1803-1844) and Virginia (Johnson) Pegram, and
grandson of John (q.v.) and Martha. Ward
(.Gregory) Pegram and of William R. and Mary
(Evans) Johnson. John Pegram was graduated

[195]

from the U.S. Military academy in 1854 and was
assigned to the dragoons. He served in Cal
ifornia, 1854-57 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant of
2d dragoons, March 3, 1855, and served in Kansas
and Dakota, 1855-57. He was promoted first lieu
tenant, Feb. 28, 1857 ; was assistant instruct
or of cavalry at the U. S. Military academy,
Jan. 12 to Sept. 11, 1857 ; served as adjutant of
2d dragoons in the Utah expedition, 1857-58 ;
was on leave of absence in Europe, 1858-60,
and served on the Navajo expedition of 1860.
He was stationed in New Mexico, 1860-61, and
resigned his commission May 10, 1861. He was
appointed lieutenant-colonel in the provisional
army of Virginia ; commanded a detachment of
about 1300 men and four cannon at Rich Moun
tain, Va., in July, 1861, and sent a force of 350
men and one cannon, with orders to guard the
road at the mountain summit. The force was
attacked by General Rosecrans and after a
gallant defence defeated, and Colonel Pegram
was forced to abandon his position, July 12,
1861. He retreated to Beverly and on account
of scarcity of food, and on learning of Gen
eral Garrett's retreat, surrendered his force of
30 officers and 525 men to General McClellan,
July 13, 1861. He was commissioned brigadier-
general in the Confederate army, Nov. 7, 1862 ;
was assigned to the command of a brigade
made up of the 1st Georgia and 1st Louisiana
cavalry regiments in Wheeler's cavalry corps,
in the Army of Tennessee, and engaged in the
battle of Stone's River, Tenn., where he was
posted on the Lebanon Pike in the advance of
Breckenridge's right. He was promoted major-
general and took part in the battle of Chicka
mauga in command of the 2d division of Forrest's
cavalry corps, and his divison was held in re--
serve by General Breckinridge. He commanded
a brigade in Early's division, Ewell's corps, in the
Wilderness and at Cold Harbor, and when Early
assumed command of the Confederate army in
the Shenandoah Valley he succeeded to the
command of Early's division and took a conspi
cuous part in the battles of Winchester, Fisher's
Hill and Cedar Creek. He commanded his divi
sion in Gordon's corps at Petersburg and Rich
mond, December, 1864, to February, 1865. He
was married in January, 1865, to Hetty Cary of
Baltimore, Md. He was fatally wounded at
Hatcher's Run near Petersburg, and died on the
battlefield, Feb. 6, 1865.
PEGRAM, Robert Baker, naval officer, was
born in Dinwiddie county, Va., Dec. 10, 1811 ; son
of Gen. John (q.v.) and Martha Ward (Gregory)
Pegram. He was appointed midshipman in
the U.S. navy, Feb. 2, 1829, and served in the
Mediterranean squadron. He was promoted
lieutenant, Sept. 8, 1841, and during the war with

PEGRAM

PEIRCE

Mexico, served under Capt. David G. Farragut
on the Saratoga. In 1852 he took part in the
Japan expedition. He was engaged in the ex
pedition organized by the combined forces of the
British ship Rattler and the U.S. vessel Powhatan
against a piratical fleet of thirty-one junks, of
which he captured sixteen, and also one hun
dred cannon with a loss to the pirates of 600 men.
For this service he was personally thanked by
Admiral Sir James Stirling, flag officer of the
British East India squadron, and by the govern
ment of Hong Kong and Great Britain, and
presented with a sword from the state of Vir
ginia. He was on duty in the Norfolk Navy
yard, 1856-60 ; served in the Paraguay expedition
nine months of 1858, and as a commissioner to
define the limits of the Newfoundland fisheries in
1859. He resigned his commission in the U.S.
navy, April 17, 1861, and was appointed captain
in the Confederate navy. He was given com
mand of the Norfolk Navy yard after its evacua
tion by the Federal troops, April 21, 1861 ; forti
fied Pig Point on the Nansemond river, Va., and
with its batteries disabled the U.S. steamer
Harriet Lane, which was surveying and buoying
the river. He commanded the steamer Nashville,
October, 1861, to February, 1862. It was the in
tention of Mason and Slidell, the Confederate
¦commissioners, to take passage on the Nashville,
and for this purpose Pegram was to run the
blockade from Charleston ; but they feared to
take the chances, and while he ran the blockade
successfully in October, 1861, they were captured
on board the British mail steamer Trent. Pe
gram after capturing the Harvey Birch in the
English channel, landed his prisoners at South
ampton and was held in port by the U.S. steamer
Tuscarora until February, when he effected his
¦escape and made harbor at Beaufort, N.C He
was detailed to superintend the armament of the
iron-clad steamer Richmond, which he took to
Drewry's Bluff, when he was transferred to the
new iron-clad Virginia, the best vessel in the
Confederate fleet. In 1864 funds were raised by
Virginia to purchase and equip in England, a
naval force to be called the Virginia volunteer
navy, to be commanded by Captain Pegram. He
went to England for the purpose, and had one
vessel in readiness when Lee surrendered. He was
married first to Lucy Binns Cargill of Sussex
county, who was the mother of his seven chil
dren ; and secondly, to Sarah Leigh of Norfolk.
His eldest son, John Cargill Pegram, was killed
in battle before Petersburg, June 16, 1864, while
a member of the staff of Gen. Matt. W. Ransom
of North Carolina who commanded the 4th bri
gade in Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson's division, Gen.
R. H. Anderson's corps. Captain Pegram died
in Norfolk, Va., Oct. 24, 1894.

PEGRAM, William Johnson, soldier, was
born in Richmond, Va., June, 29, 1841; son of
James West (1703-1744) and Virginia (Johnson)
Pegram. He was a student of law at the Uni
versity of Virginia in 1861 ; left to enlist in the
Confederate artillery, and was rapidly advanced
through the respective grades from private to
colonel. He handled his battery, Purcell's artil
lery, A. P. Hill's division, with effectiveness at
Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9, 1862, at Chancellors-
ville, May 1-5, 1863,. and in all the battles around
Richmond and Petersburg, and was promoted
to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. At Gettys
burg, July 1-3, 1863, he commanded a battal
ion in Col. R. Lindsay Walker's reserve artillery
and won the rank of colonel. He took part in
the battles of the Wilderness and Cold Harbor
and in the defence of Petersburg. He was
promoted brigadier-general in 1865. His brother,
Maj. James West Pegram, served on the staffs
of Generals Armstead andE well, surrendered with
General Lee at Appomattox, was a prisoner at
Johnsons Island for several months and died in
1881. Gen. W. J. Pegram was killed while
directing his battalion in Mahone's division in the
defence of Petersburg, April 2, 1865.
PEIRCE, Benjamin, editor and librarian, was
born in Salem, Mass., Sept. 30, 1778 ; son of Jerah-
mael (or Jerathmiel) and Sarah (Ropes) Peirce ;
grandson of Jerahmael, of Charlestown, and
Rebecca (Hurd) Peirce ; great-grandson of Benja
min, of Charlestown, and Hannah (Bowers) Peirce;
great2-grandson of Robert, of Woburn, and Mary
(Knight) Peirce ; and great3-grandson of John
Pers, weaver, and Elizabeth Pers, who emigrated
with four children in 1637, from Norwich, Eng
land, to Watertown, Mass. Benjamin Peirce
was graduated from Harvard with the highest
honors of his class, A.B., 1801, A.M., 1804, and
entered business with his father in Salem, as a
member of the firm of Peirce & Waite, having
trade with China. He was a representative from
Salem in the general court for several years and
state senator, 1811. He was married, Dec. 11, 1803,
to Lydia Ropes, daughter of Ichabod and Lydia
(Ropes) Nichols of Salem. He was librarian of
Harvard college, 1826-31, and prepared A Cata
logue of tlie Library of Harvard University (4 vols.
1830-31), and A History of Harvard University
from Its Foundation in the Year 1636 to the Period
of the American Revolution (1833). He died in
Cambridge, Mass., July 26, 1831.
PEIRCE, Benjamin, mathematician and as
tronomer, was born in Salem, Mass., April 4,
1809 ; son of Benjamin (q.v.) and Lydia Ropes
(Nichols) Peirce. He was graduated from Har
vard university, A.B., 1829, A.M., 1833; taught
at Round Hill school, Northampton, Mass., 1829-
31 ; was tutor in mathematics at Harvard uni-

[196]

PEIRCE

PEIRCE

versity, 1831-33 ; university professor of mathe
matics and natural philosophy, 1883-42, and Per
kins professor of astronomy and mathematics,
1842-80. He was married, July 23, 1833, to Sarah
Hunt, daughter of Elijah Hunt and Harriette
{Blake) Mills of Northampton, Mass. While
still a schoolboy he
evinced decided orig
inal powers in the
field of mathematics,
and attracted the no
tice of his townsman,
Nathaniel Bowditch
(q.v.), to whom he
owed much during
the period of his
youth and early man
hood, for instruc
tion, counsel, friendly
encouragement and
sj . backing. While still
Ofoyci*w^ UUAy^c^c^ an undergraduate at
Harvard college, he
assisted Dr. Bowditch in reading the proof-
sheets of the latter's translation of Laplace's
" Mecanique Celeste," with its learned commen
tary, added by the translator. He was rather a
worker and an investigator than a teacher, a large
•share of his study and labor being given to astro
nomy and later to cosmical physics and geodesy.
For several years, about 1840, lie took part in the
•actual night work of the old college observatory.
He paid much attention to the theory of comets,
and his lecture on the great comet of 1843 stimu
lated public interest in astronomy, and led to the
foundation of the present Harvard observatory.
"His discussion in 1846 and 1847 ofthe discovery of
Neptune and its relation to the labors of Lever-
rier made him known to the scientific world. He
was consulting astronomer to the American Ephe-
meris and Nautical Almanac from its founda
tion in 1849 to 1867. He was with Joseph Henry
-and Alexander Dallas Bache, a member of the
•scientific council that organized the Dudley ob-

He was in charge of the American expedition to
Sicily to make observations on the eclipse of the
sun in 1870, and organized two expeditions to ob
serve the transit of Venus in 1874. Under his
superintendency the name of the " Coast Survey "
was altered to " Coast and Geodetic Survey," and
its great function in unifying and helping for
ward the scientific enterprise of the country was
raised to even a higher point than it had attained
under Bache. He was a contributor to the pro
ceedings of the American Association for the Ad
vancement of Science ; to the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, and to the National Acad
emy of Sciences. The earlier volumes of Gould's
Astronomical Journal contain several important
papers from his hand. Among the subjects
which he illuminated for his contemporaries, and
on which, in some instances, portions of his work
are in print, are : Espy's Theory of Storms ; the
orbit of Neptune, and the perturbations of Ura
nus ; the general theory of perturbations : the
theory of Comets and Comets' Tails ; the Con
stitution of Saturn's Rings; the Meteoric Con
stitution of the Solar System and the Universe ;
the Nebular Theory ; the Cooling of the Earth
and the Sun ; the occultations ofthe Pleiades ; an
ingenious and remarkable Criterion for the rejec
tion of Doubtful Observations ; Personal Equa
tion ; the motion of a Sling, a study in stable and
unstable equilibrium ; the theory of the Billiard
Ball ; the motions of two Pendulums attached to
the same horizontal cord ; the forms of stable
equilibrium of a fluid enclosed in an extensible
sack, and floating in another fluid, — an investiga
tion in Morphology ; the so-called School-Girl
Puzzle, an interesting and difficult problem in
cyclic permutation, which he generalized, and
of which, in its generalized form, he put forth an
able solution. His most elaborate writing was
the treatise entitled Analytic Mechanics, of
which the first two hundred pages appeared in
1855, and the complete volume (496 pp.) in 1857.
In this work, he sought " to consolidate 
the latest researches  of the great geometers
servatory, under the direction of Dr. B. A. Gould,  and their most exalted forms of thought

at Albany, N.Y., in 1855. He had charge of the
longitude determinations of the U.S. coast sur
vey, 1852-67, and on the death of Alexander D.
Bache, succeeded him as superintendent of the
^survey in 1867, holding that office until 1874, at
the same time retaining his professorship. He
carried out Bache's plans for a great geodetic
system extending from the Atlantic to the Gulf,
thus laying the foundation for a general map of
the United States, and he also superintended the
work of measuring the arc of the parallel of 39
degrees to join the Atlantic and Pacific system of
triangulation and for determining geographical
positions in states where surveys were being made.

[197]

into a consistent and uniform treatise." At the
time of its publication it was the most important
mathematical treatise that had been produced
in America. While he was still engaged upon
his treatise, he became interested in Hamilton's
great calculus of Quaternions, and his study of
this subject led him to enter upon an enquiry
into the possible systems of multiple algebra and
the conditions by which they are determined.
The enquiry resulted in his memoir on Linear
Associative Algebra communicated to the Na
tional Academy of Sciences in 1870, issued in that
year for private circulation, and first printed in
1881, under the editorship of his son, Charles S.

PEIRCE

PEIRCE

Peirce (q.v.). Professor Peirce's mind reverted
later to questions of cosmical physics, con
nected with his earlier astronomical work, and
revived by the writings of Sir William Thomson
(Lord Kelvin). He presented to the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences a series of notes on
these questions during the years 1877-79 ; and a
semi-popular account of his, speculations on the
matter is contained in his Ideality in the Physi
cal Sciences, (Lowell Institute lectures 1879).
He was a fellow of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences ; a member of the American
Philosophical society ; a founder of the National
Academy of Sciences ; an associate of the Royal
Astronomical Society of London, and a foreign
honorary fellow of the Royal societies of London,
Edinburgh, and Gottingen. The honorary degree
of LL. D. was conferred on him by the University
of North Carolina in 1847, and by Harvard in
1867. He was an honorary fellow of the Univer
sity of St. Vladimir, at Kief, Russia. In associa
tion with Professor Joseph Lovering, he issued in
1842 five numbers of the Cambridge Miscellany of
Mathematics and Physics ; and is the author of :
An Elementary Treatise on Plane and Spherical
Trigonometry (1835-36), afterward extended to
include Navigation, Surveying and Spherical As
tronomy; An Elementary Treatise on Sound
(1836); An Elementary Treatise on Plane and
Solid Geometry( 1837), printed forthe blind (1840) ;
An Elementary Treatise on Algebra (1837); An
Elementary Treatise on Curves, Functions, and
Forces (2 vols. 1841-46): Tables of the Moon (1853),
for the American Ephemeris ; A System of Analy
tic Mechanics (1855-57); Linear Associative Alge
bra (lithographed in 1870, printed in 1881, in the
American Journal of Mathematics, and in a sepa
rate volume); Ideality in the Physical Sciences
(1881). His name in '" Class H, Scientists," re
ceived fourteen votes for a place in the Hall of
Fame for Great Americans. New York univer
sity, October, 1900. He died in Cambridge, Mass.,
Oct. 6, 1880.
PEIRCE, Benjamin Osgood, physicist, was
born in Beverly, Mass., Feb. 11, 1854 ; son of
Benjamin Osgood and Mehetable Osgood (Sec-
comb) Peirce ; grandson of Benjamin and Re
becca (Orne) Peirce, and of Ebenezer and Mary
(Marston) Seccomb of Salem ; great-grandson of
Benjamin of Charlestown and Salem, killed at
the battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, and of
Mary (Waite) Peirce ; great2-grandson of Jerah-
mael Peirce of Charlestown, and a descendant of
John Pers, Watertown, Mass., 1637. He was
graduated from Harvard in 1876, and was an as
sistant in the physical laboratory, 1876-77. He
studied in Berlin and Leipzig, Germany, 1878-79,
receiving the degrees A.M. and Ph.D. from the
University of Leipzig in 1879, and was a teacher

in the Boston Latin school, 1880-81. He was in
structor in mathematics at Harvard, 1881-84, as
sistant professor of mathematics and physics,
1884-88, and was elected Hollis professor of math
ematics and natural philosophy in 1888. He was
married, July 27, 1882, to Isabella Turnbull
Landreth of Edinburgh, Scotland. He was
elected a fellow of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. He is the author of : Theory
of the Newtonian Potential Function (1886);
Table of Integrals (1899), and many scientific
papers on physics and mathematics.
PEIRCE, Bradford Kinney, author, was born
in Royalston, Windsor county, Vt., Feb. 3, 1819 ;
son of the Rev. Thomas and Huppy Peirce. He
was graduated from Wesleyan university, Conn.,
in 1841 ; joined the New England Conference of
the Methodist Episcopal church in 1843 ; was
stationed at Waltham, Mass., 1843-44, and at
Newburyport, Mass., 1844-45, where he was editor
ofthe Sunday School Messenger ; at Charlestown,
Mass., 1846-47, and located in Boston, Mass., as
agent of the American Sunday School union,
1847-56. He was married, Aug. 5, 1841, to Har
riet W. Thompson of Middletown, Conn. He
was a state senator, 1855-56 ; was appointed
trustee of the Massachusetts Industrial School for
Girls in 1856, and was superintendent and chap
lain of the institution, 1856-62. He was a trustee
of Wesleyan university, 1871-82, and secretary
of the board of trustees, 1871-74. He joined the
New England conference at Watertown, Mass.,
in 1862 ; was chaplain of the House of Refuge,
Randall's Island, N.Y., 1863-72; editor of Zion's
Herald, 1872-88, and superintendent of Newton
free library, 1888-89. The honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred upon him by Wesleyan uni
versity in 1868. He is the author of : Temptation
(1840) ; The Eminent Dead (1846) ; Bible Scholars'
Manual (1847); Notes of the Acts (1848); Bible
Questions (3 vols., 1848) ; Life in the Woods : Ad
ventures of Audubon (1863); Hymns and Ritual
for the House of Refuge (1864); Trials of an In
ventor : Life and Discoveries of Charles Goodyear
(1866) ; Stories from Life which the Chaplain
Told (1866); Sequel of Stories from Life (1867);
A Half Century with Juvenile Offenders (1869);
Chaplain with the Children (1870); The Young
Shetlander and His Home (1870); Hymns of the
Higher Life (1871), and a new annotated edition
of the Proceedings of tlie Massachusetts State Con
vention of 1788 (1856). He died at Newton, Mass.,
April 19, 1889.
PEIRCE, Charles Sanders, scientist, was born
in Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 10, 1839 ; son of Ben
jamin and Sarah Hunt (Mills) Peirce, and grand
son of Benjamin Peirce, historian of Harvard colJ
lege, and of Elijah Hunt Mills, U.S. senator from
Massachusetts. He was graduated from Harvard,

[198]

PEIRCE

PEIRCE

A.B., 1859, A.M., 1862, and from the Lawrence
Scientific school, S.B., 1863. Entering the ser
vice of the U.S. coast survey, and in 1872 made
assistant in that capacity, he undertook impor
tant investigations on the density and ellipticity
of. the earth, on metrology, measurements of
light waves, etc. His researches into logic, his
tory of science, sensation of color and stellar pho
tometry, are well known. He was twice married,
first in 1862, to Melusina Fay (q.v.), secondly
to Juliette Froissy of Nancy, France. The
Amerioan Academy of Arts and Sciences, the
National Academy of Sciences, in 1877, and
other scientific bodies admitted him to member
ship ; Harvard college and Johns Hopkins univer
sity appointed him to lectureships on logic, and
in 1869 and 1892 he delivered courses of lectures
before the Lowell Institute in Boston. He is
the author of : Photometric Researches (1878) ; fre
quent contributions to the Nation and other jour
nals, and many memoirs and articles on logic,
psychology, metaphysics, mathematics, gravita
tion, astronomy, optics, chemistry, engineering,
library cataloguing and early English pronuncia
tion ; edited, with additions, " Studies in Logic by
Members of the Johns Hopkins University " (1883),
and " Linear Associative. Algebra " by Benjamin
Peirce (1882); contributed most of the philoso
phical and many other definitions in the " Cen
tury Dictionary," and wrote many articles in the
".Dictionary of Pyschology and Philosophy."
PEIRCE, Ebenezer Weaver, soldier, was born
in Freetown, Mass., April 5, 1822 ; son of Ebene
zer and Joanna (Weaver) Peirce ; grandson of
Capt. Job and Elizabeth (Rounsville) Peirce, and
of Col. Benjamin and Amy (Brownell) Weaver,
and a descendant of Abraham and Rebecca
Peirce, who came to America as early as 1623,
and settled in Plymouth colony. Ebenezer W.
Peirce attended the Freetown academy, and later
removed to Lakeville, Mass. He was married,
Deo. 13, 1849, to Irene Isabel, daughter of Capt.
Sylvanus Payne, of Freetown, and until the be
ginning of the civil war held several important
local offices. He was commissioned major of the
Old Colony regiment in 1844 ; brigadier-general of
state militia in 1855, and accompanied Gen. B. F.
Butler to Fort Monroe, where he was placed in
command of k brigade made up of five New York
three months' militia regiments, detachments
from, the 4th Massachusetts and 1st Vermont
militia and four guns of the regular U.S. artillery,
commanded by Lieutenant Greble. With this
force of 3500 men he conducted the attack on the
Confederate force under Col. J. B. . Magruder at
Big and Little Bethel, June 10, 1861. His com
mand under explicit orders from General Butler
was to concentrate near Little Bethel, where ad
ditional troops from Newport News were to join

him, and together they were to attack the enemy.
The advancing columns, each mistaking the other
for the enemy, opened fire, which warned the
Confederates, and after a short skirmish, General
Peirce was obliged to retreat. He was given
command of the 29th Massachusetts volunteers,
Dec. 31, 1861 ; assigned to the 2d brigade, 1st
division, 2d army corps, -and lost an arm in the
battle of White Oak Swamp, Va., June 30, 1862.
He returned to his regiment in the 2d brigade,
1st division, 9th corps, Army of the Ohio, and was
present at the defence of Knoxville, Tenn., Nov
ember-December, 1863. He resigned his commis
sion in November, 1864. He was appointed collec
tor of internal revenue for the first district of Mass
achusetts, by President Johnson, in August, 1866,
but the appointment was not confirmed by the
senate. He is the author of : The Peirce Family
of the Old Colony (1870); Contributions, Bio
graphical, Genealogical and Historical (1874);
Indian History, Biography and Genealogy (1878) ;
Civil, Military and Professional Lists of Plymouth
and Rhode Island Colonies (1881). General Peirce
was one of the few general officers of the volun
teer service to survive the century and in 1903 he
was residing at Freetown, Mass.
PEIRCE, James Mills, mathematician, was
born in Cambridge, Mass., May 1, 1834; son of
Benjamin (q.v.) and Sarah Hunt (Mills) Peirce.
He was graduated from Harvard, A. B., 1853, A.M.,
1856 ; was a tutor there, 1854-58 and 1860-61 ; as
sistant professor of mathematics, 1861-69 ; uni
versity professor of mathematics, 1869-85 ; Per
kins professor of astronomy and mathematics
from 1885 ; secretary of the academic council,
1872-90 ; dean of the graduate school, 1890-95, and
dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, 1895-98.
His courses of instruction at first covered analytic
geometry, elementary and modern ; the differen
tial and integral calculus ; the theory of func
tions and mechanics ; besides elementary and
subsidiary branches. Later he confined his teach
ing chiefly to quaternions ; the general theory of
algebraic plane curves and of triangular and
tetrahedral co-ordinates ; linear associative alge
bra ; the elements of the algebra of logic. His
administrative duties were as secretary and dean.
He was elected a member of the American As
sociation for the Advancement of Science and
of the American Mathematical society and a
fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sci
ences, and is the author of : A Text-Book of An
alytic Geometry (1857) ; Three and Four Place
Tables of Logarithmic and Trigometric Functions
(1871) ; The Elements of Logarithms (1873), and
Mathematical Tables chiefly to Four Figures (1st
series, 1879) ; and editor of his father's last work
" Idealty in the Physical Sciences," which was
published in 1881.

[199]

PEIRCE

PELOUBET

PEIRCE, Melusina Fay, author and organizer,
was born in Burlington, Vt., Feb. 24, 1836;
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Charles and Emily
(Hopkins) Fay ; granddaughter of Judge Samuel
Phillips Prescott and Harriet (Howard) Fay and
of the Rt.-Rev. John Henry and Melusina (Muller)
Hopkins, and lineally descended from John Fay,
colonist, 1656, from Mistress Anne Hutchinson
(q.v.), and from the Rev. Peter Bulkeley (q.v.).
She attended the Young Ladies' School of Prof.
Louis Agassiz at Cambridge, Mass., and. was
married to Charles Sanders Peirce (q.v.) in
1862. Originating the theory that cooperative
housekeeping by housekeepers, and cooperative
farming by farmers are the only possible cure
for modern poverty, she organized the Cambridge
Cooperative Housekeeping Association, 1870; also
the Boston Woman's Education association, 1871,
and the Cambridge Woman's union, 1877. . She
contributed essays and reviews to the Atlantic
Monthly, 1868-77, and was music critic on the
Boston Post, 1877-78, and on the Chicago Evening
Journal, 1882-84. She proposed and started the
New York Women's World Fair committee,
1876 ; the New York women's movement for
cheap summer-night concerts, 1895 ; the New
York movement to save the Poe cottage, 1896, and
Fraunces Tavern, 1897. She proposed and organiz
ed the street cleaning committee of the Ladies'
Health Protective Association of New York, 1887-
88 ; the Women's Philharmonic Society of New
York, 1898-99, and the Women's Auxiliary to the
American Scenic and Historic Preservation
society. New York, 1900-01. She is the author of :
Cooperative Housekeeping : Hqw not to do it, and
How to do it (1884); Cooperative Housekeeping
(1889), and edited Amy Fay's "Music-Study in
Germany" (1881 ; 19th ed., 1900).
PEIRCE, William Foster, educator, was
born at Chicopee Falls, Mass., Feb. 3, 1868; son
of Levi Merriam and Mary Hobbs (Foster)
Peirce ; grandson of Levi and Polly (Merriam)
Peirce of West Boylston, Mass., and of William
and Calista (Ward) Foster of Norway, Maine,
and a descendant of John Peirce, Watertown,
Mass., 1637. He was graduated at Amherst
college, A.B., 1888, A.M., 1892, and was a
graduate student at Cornell university in philo
sophy and economics, 1889-90. He was a teacher
in a boys' boarding school at Mount Hermon,
Mass., 1890-92, and substitute professor of psycho
logy and pedagogy in Ohio university at Athens
in the spring of 1892. He was elected Spencer
and Wolfe professor of moral and mental philo
sophy at Kenyon college, Gambier, Ohio, in Sep
tember, 1892, acting also as professor of history,
1892-96. In 1896 he was elected president of
Kenyon college to succeed D. Theodore Sterling.
In the same year Hobart college conferred upon

[200]

him the honorary degree of L.H.D.. In 1894 he
was ordained to the diaconate in the Episcopal
church, and was advanced to the priesthood in
1901. He was secretary and treasurer of the
Ohio Society for Psychological and Pedagogical
Inquiry and a member of the Knox County and
Ohio State Teachers' associations, and of the Ohio
College association. He was married, June 18,
1891, to Louise Stephens, daughter of Ansel Fagan
of Haokettstown, N.J., a graduate of Vassar col
lege, 1888.
PELLICIER, Anthony Domenec Ambrose,
R. C. bishop, was born in St. Augustine, Fla.,
Dec. 7, 1824. He attended St. Joseph's college,
Ala., and was ordained priest, Oct. 15, 1850. by
Bishop Portier of Mobile. He was pastor^of St.
Peter's church, Montgomery, Ala., and founded
churches in Camden and Selma, Ala. He was
transferred to the cathedral at Mobile in 1865,
and was appointed a member of the bishop's-
council and vicar-general in 1867. He served
as chaplain in the Confederate army during the
qivil war. He was consecrated bishop of the
diocese of San Antonio, Texas, Dec. 8, 1874, at the
cathedral at Mobile by Archbishop Perche of New
Orleans, assisted by Bishops Fitzgerald of Little
Rock, and Gibbons of Richmond. During his
administration he visited every parish in his
diocese, on horseback, built several churches and
schools, and the exposure undermined his health.
He died at San Antonio, Texas, April 14, 1880.
PELOUBET, Francis Nathan, clergyman and
author, was born in New York city, Dec. 2, 1831 ;
son of Chabrier and Harriet (Hanks) Peloubet ;
grandson of Alexander Joseph and Elizabeth (Al-
cott) de Chabrier de Peloubet and of Joseph and
Anna(Frary)Hanks. His grandfather, Alexander
Joseph de Chabrier de Peloubet, was born at the
Chateau de Peloubet, an estate near Luzon, Lot-
et-Garonne, France, and arrived in New York
in October, 1803. The family received their
patent of nobility in 1603. Francis N. Peloubet
was graduated from Williams in 1853, and from
the Bangor (Maine). Theological seminary in 1857,
and was ordained to the Congregational minis
try. He was married, April 28, 1859, to Mary
Abby, daughter of Sidney and Sophronia (Chase)
Thaxter of Bangor, Maine. He was pastor of the
Lanesville (Gloucester) Congregational church,
1857-60 ; pastor at Oakham, 1861-66 ; Attleboro,
1867-71 ; Natick, 1872-83, all of Massachusetts.
In 1884 he gave up the active ministry for author
ship, and after 1889 made his home at Auburndale,
Mass. He became widely known as the author
of lesson books, etc., for Sunday-schools, his
Select Notes. on the International Sunday-School
Lessons (28 vols., 1875-1902), reaching a sale of
more than a million copies. The University of
Tennessee conferred upon him the honorary

PEMBERTON

PENDER

degree of D.D. in 1884. Besides the Select Notes
already mentioned, he is the author of : Sunday-
School Quarterlies for the Scholars (3d and 4th
grades, 1880-1902) ; Suggestive Illustrations on
Matthew, on John, and on Acts (3 vols., 1898-
99); Tlie Loom of Life (1900); The Teachers' Com
mentary on the New Testament, Matthew (1901),
and Acts (1902). He also edited : " Smith's Bible
Dictionary" (rev. ed., 1884); "Select Songs for
the Sunday-School" (Nos. 1 and 2,1884,1893),
and revised and unified "Helps for the Oxford
Teacher's Bibles" (1902).
PEMBERTON, John Clifford, soldier, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 10, 1814; son of
John and Rebecca (Clifford) Pemberton ; grand
son of Joseph and Mary (Galloway) Pemberton, and
great2-grandson of Israel Pemberton, merchant
(1665-1754) . He matriculated at the University
of Pennsylvania in the class of 1834, but left in
his junior year. He was graduated from tho
U.S. Military academy in 1837 and promoted ia
the army 2d lieutenant, 4th artillery, July 1,
1837. He served in the Florida war against the
Seminole Indians, 1837-39, and on the northern
frontier during the Canada border disturbances,
1840-41. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, March
19, 1842 ; was in garrison, 1842-45 ; in military
occupation of Texas, 1845-46, and took part in
nearly all the battles in the war with Mexico.
He received the brevet of captain, Sept. 23, 1846,
for gallant and meritorious conduct in the several
conflicts at Monterey, and major, Sept. 8, 1847,
for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle
of Molino del Rey. He was married in 1848 to
Martha, daughter of William Henry Thompson
of Norfolk, Va. He served as aide-de-camp to
Geueral Worth, 1846-49 ; in Florida against the
Seminoles, 1849-50 and 1856-57 ; was promoted
captain, 4th artillery, Sept. 16, 1850, and was
detailed on frontier duty, 1857-61. He resigned
his commission in the U.S. army, April 29, 1861,
and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of Virginia
state militia intrusted with organization of the
artillery and cavalry. He was commissioned
colonel, May 8, 1861, and major-general, Feb. 13,
1862. He was appointed to the command of the
department of South Carolina and Georgia with
headquarters at Charleston, and was relieved by
Gen. G. T. Beauregard, Sept. 15, 1862. On Oct.
13, 1862, he was promoted lieutenant-general
C.S.A., and on the 14th superseded Gen. Earl
Van Dorn in command of the Department of
Mississippi and East Louisiana, owing to the
disastrous defeat of Van Dorn at Corinth. He
established his headquarters at Jackson, Miss.,
where commanded the Confederate forces com
posed of 25,000 men. On March 24, 1862, when
the commands of Pemberton and Bragg were
placed under Gen. Joseph E. Juhnston, with

headquarters at Chattanooga, Pemberton com
manded the army in defence of Chickasaw
Bluffs, Dec. 27, 1862-Jan. 3, 1863. He opposed
General Grant's army at Baker's Creek, May 16,
1863, and after four hours of hard fighting fell
back across the Big Black River to Vicksburg,
May 19, 1863. The siege of Vicksburg lasted till
July 4, 1863, when owing to a scarcity of ammuni
tion and provisions, and having lost all hope of
being re-enforced by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston,
Pemberton surrendered his entire army of
29,491 officers, soldiers and non-combatants. He
was paroled, returned to Richmond, and resigned
his commission in the Confederate States army,
but was re-appointed inspector of ordnance with
the rank of colonel. After the war he retired to
Warrentown, Va., and in 1876 moved to Perth
Amboy, N. J., and subsequently to Philadelphia,
Pa. He is the author of : The Terms of Surrender
in " Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," Vol.
III. He died at Penllyn, Pa., July 13, 1881.
Pender William, Dorsey, soldier, was born
in Edgecombe county, N. C, Feb. 6, 1834; son of
James and Sarah (Routh) Pender. He wts grad
uated from the U. S. Military academy, and pro
moted brevet 2d lieutenant, 1st artillery, July 1,
1854. He served in Florida against the Indians,
1854-55 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant, 2J artillery,
Aug. 16, 1854, and was on frontier duty, 1856-59,
in New Mexico, Washington, Oregon and Cali
fornia. He was married, March 3, 1859, to Mary
Frances, daughter of the Hon. Augustine H.
Shepperd of North Carolina. He was adjutant
of the 1st dragoons, Nov. 8, 1860, to Jan. 31, 1861,
and resigned his commission in the U. S. army,
March 21, 1861. He was commissioned captain
of artillery in the provisional army of the Con
federate States and had charge of recruiting in
Baltimore, Md., up to May, 1861, when he re
turned to North Carolina and served as drill mas
ter at Raleigh and Garrysburg. He was chosen
colonel of the 3d N. C. volunteers, May 16, 1861 ;
was transferred to the 6th N. C. regiment, Aug
15, 1861, and served in Whiting's- brigade, Smith's
divison, left wing of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's
army in the Peninsular campaign. In the battle
of Fair Oaks, Va. , May 31- June 1 , 1862, by a sudden
flank movement he extricated his regiment from
a perilous position, thereby saving the entire
division, and for this service he was promoted on
the field by President Davis to the rank of brig
adier-general. He commanded the 6th brigade,
composed of the 2d Arkansas battalions, 16th,
22d, 34th, and 38th North Carolina regiments and
the 22d Virginia battalion, forming part of A. P.
Hill's division, in the Army of Northern Virginia.
in the seven days' battles before Richmond, June
25-July 1, 1862 ; in Magruder's command, Hill's
division, at second Bull Run, Aug. 16-Sept. 2„
[301]

PENDLETON

PENDLETON

1862, and in the Maryland campaign in Jackson's
command. At Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13,
1862, he was praised for the steadiness of his
brigade. He opened the battle at Chancellors-
ville, May 3, 1863, and, although wounded, com
manded the division until relieved by Gen. R. E.
Colston. He was promoted major-general, May
27, 1863, and his division, composed of the brig
ades of Generals Scales, Lane, Thomas and
McGowan in A. P. Hill's 3d army corps, was
conspicuous at Gettysburg when he drove the
Federals from the woods on Seminary Ridge,
July 2, 1863, and was wounded by a fragment of
shell. It was found necessary to amputate his
leg and he did not survive the operation. He
died at Staunton, Va., July 18, 1863.
PENDLETON, Edmund, jurist, was born in
Caroline county, Va., Sept. 9, 1721 ; son of Henry
Pendleton, and grandson of Philip and Isabella
(Hurt) Pendleton. Philip Pendleton emigrated
from Norwich, England, in 1674, settled in Vir
ginia and was buried in King and Queen county.
Edmund Pendleton received no school training,
but early in life became assistant to the clerk of
Caroline county, under whom he had an oppor
tunity to read law. He was licensed to practise
law in 1744, became justice of the peace in 1751,
and was a member of the Virginia house of bur
gesses, 1752-74. He declared the stamp act un
constitutional, and that it did not bind the in
habitants of Virginia ; was a member of the
committee of correspondence in 1773, a member
of the colonial convention of 1774, called by
reason of the Boston port-bill, and of which he
was elected president. He was chosen by that
body a delegate to the 1st continental congress,
serving from Sept. 5, 1774, to Oct. 26, 1774, and
accompanied George Washington, Peyton Ran
dolph, Richard Henry Lee, Benjamin Harrison
and Patrick Henry to Philadelphia in September,
1774. As president of the Virginia convention of
1774, he was the governor of the embryo colony
until the state constitution was framed and
adopted in May, 1776, when he again served as
president and was also appointed president of the
committee of safety. He drew up the instruc
tions of the Virginia convention to the delegates
in congress, proposing a declaration of independ
ence, in which document he expressed the sen
timents of Virginia in the words used almost
verbatim in the declaration itself as written by
Jefferson. He belonged to the planter class, and
his position as head of the committee of safety
gave him the control of the militia and of the
foreign correspondence of Virginia. When the
state government was organized under the con
stitution he was elected speaker of the house of
burgesses, and with George Wythe and Thomas
Jefferson revised the colonial laws. He was re-

[203]

elected speaker in 1777, and upon the organiza
tion of the court of chancery was made its presi
dent by a unanimous vote, and was transferred
to the head of the court of appeals on its forma
tion in 1779, holding the office up to the time of
his death. He was president of the state conven
tion that ratified the Federal constitution and
was its most eloquent advocate before the conven
tion. In 1789 President Washington appointed
him judge of the U.S. district court of Virginia,
but he declined the office. He wrote a protest
against waging war against France in 1789, claim
ing that government to be a " sister republic."
He died in Richmond, Va., Oct. 23, 1803.
PENDLETON, George Hunt, senator, was born
in Cincinnati, Ohio, July 25, 1825 ; son of Na
thaniel Greene (q.v.) and  (Hunt) Pen
dleton. He attended the University of Heidel
berg, and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati,
Ohio. He was married in 1846 to Alice, daugh
ter of Francis Scott and Mary Tayloe (Lloyd)
Key. He was state senator, 1854-56, and a Demo
cratic representative in the 35th-38th congresses,
1856-65. He was one of the leading candidates
for the Democratic nomination for President in
1860, and was nominated for Vice-President on
the ticket with George B. McClellan for Presi
dent in 1864. He was a member of the Philadel
phia Loyalist convention in 1866, and was de
feated in the election for governor of the state of
Ohio by Rutherford B. Hayes in 1869. He was
chosen president of the Kentucky railroad com
pany in 1869, and in 1879 was elected to the U.S.
senate, serving until March 4, 1885. He was
chairman of the committee on civil service re
form, and was instrumental in securing the pas
sage of the civil service law, June 26, 1882. He
was appointed U.S. minister to Germany by Pres
ident Cleveland in 1885, serving 1885-89. He
died in Brussels, Belgium, Nov. 24, 1889.
PENDLETON, John Overton, representative,
was born in Wellsburgh, Brooke county, Vir
ginia, July 4, 1851 ; son of Maj. Joseph H, (C.S.A.)
and Margaret (Ewing) Pendleton ; grandson of Dr.
Joseph Winston and Elizabeth (Goodwin) Pend
leton and of Albert G. and Jane (Campbell)
Ewing, and a descendant of Philip Pendleton,
New Kent, Va., 1674 ; of Maj. James Goodwin,
York, Va., 1648 ; of William Ewin, Rockingham,
Va., 1761, and of Alexander Campbell, Bethany,
Va., 1810. He removed with his parents to
Wheeling and attended Aspen Hill academy,
Louisa county, Va., 1865-69, and Bethany college,
West Va. , 1869-70. He established a law practice
in Wheeling in April, 1874, and became active in
politics. He was the Democratic nominee for
state senator in 1886, but was defeated ; was given
a certificate of election as representative from the
first congressional district of West Virginia in

PENDLETON

PENDLETON

the 51st congress in 1888 and took his seat which
was successfully contested by George W. Atkin
son, who succeeded him on Feb. 27, 1890. He was
re-elected to the 52d and 53d congresses, serving,
1891-95. PENDLETON, John Strother, representative,
was born in Culpeper county, Va., March 1, 1802 ;
son of William and Ann (Strother) Pendleton ;
grandson of James and Mary (Bowie) Pendleton ;
great-grandson of Henry and Mary (Taylor)
Pendleton, and a descendant of Philip Pendleton
of Norwich, England, who immigrated to
America in 1674 and married Isabella Hurt. He
was a leading lawyer of Culpeper county ; mem
ber of the Virginia legislature for several years
prior to 1840 ; charge d'affaires to the republic of
Chili, 1841-44 ; representative from the Culpeper
district in the 30th and 31st congresses, 1845-49,
and U. S. minister resident to the Argentine Con
federation, 1852-54. In conjunction with Gen.
R. C Schenck of Ohio, who was at the time U. S.
Minister to Brazil, he negotiated a treaty with
Paraguay and Uruguay. He died in Culpeper
county, Va., Nov. 19, 1868.
PENDLETON, Louis (Beauregard), author
and journalist, was born at Tebeauville (now"
Waycross), Ga., April 21, 1861 ; son of Philip
Coleman and Catharine (Tebeau) Pendleton ;
grandson of Coleman Pendleton, a Virginian, who
settled in Georgia, and married Martha, daughter
of Benjamin Gilbert, a captain in the Revolution,
and .great-grandson of Capt. Philip Pendleton
also an officer of the Revolution. His father was
editor (1840-45) of Tlie Magnolia, the first maga
zine ever published south of Richmond, Va.
Louis attended the Valdosta, Ga., high school.
Later he was a Student for two years at the
College of the New Jerusalem Church, Phila
delphia, also taking a course in modern languages
at the Berlitz school. In 1899 he became a mem
ber of the editorial staff of the Macon, Ga., Tele
graph. He is the author of : Bewitched (1888) ;
In the Wire-Grass (1889) ; King Tom and the
Runaways (1890) ; The Wedding Garment (1894) ;
The Sons of Ham (1895) ; In the Okefinokee (1895) ;
Corona of the Nantahalas (1895) ; Carita (1898) ;
A Forest Drama (1902) ; Little Tiger Tail (1902),
and short stories contributed to periodicals.
PENDLETON, Nathaniel, jurist, was born in
Culpeper county, Va., in 1756. He joined the Rev
olutionary army, 1775 ; was promoted brevet-
major, serving as aide-de-camp to Gen. Nathanael
Greene, and received the thanks of congress for
his gallantry at Eutaw Springs, S.C, Sept. 8, 1781.
On the close of the war he studied law in Georgia
and was subsequently appointed U. S. district
judge. He was proposed to President Washing
ton as a candidate for the office of secretary of
state, but was objected to by Alexander Hamil-

[203]

ton, who afterward became his friend and for
whom Pendleton acted as second in his duel with
Aaron Burr. He was a delegate to the Federal
constitutional convention in 1787, but was not
present when the constitution of the United
States was signed. He was a member of the
Virginia Society of the Cincinnati. In 1796 he
settled in practice in New York city, where he
married his second wife, Susan, daughter of Dr.
John Bard (q.v.). He became judge of Duchess
county, residing on a farm at Hyde Park, N.Y.,
where he died, Oct. 20, 1821.
PENDLETON, Nathaniel Greene, representa
tive, was born in Savannah, Ga., in August, 1793 ;
son of Nathaniel Pendleton, jurist (q.v.) He was
graduated at Columbia college in 1813, and was
married to a Miss Hunt. He was aide-de-camp
on the staff of Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines,
U.S.A., 1813-15; removed to Cincinnati, Ohio,
in 1818, where he practised law, was a member of
the state senate, 1825-27, and a representative
from the first district in the 27th congress, 1841-
43. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 16, 1861.
PENDLETON, William Kimbrough, educator,
was born in Louisa county, Va., Sept. 3, 1817;
son of Edmund and Unity Yancey (Kimbrough)
Pendleton, and great-grandson of John Pendleton,
who was a brother of Judge Edmund Pendleton
(q.v.). He was graduated in an elective course of
classical, scientific and philosophical studies, and
from the law department of the University of
Virginia, and was admitted to the bar in 1840.
In the same year he was married to Lavinia
Macgregor ; secondly, in 1847, to Clarinda, both
daughters of Alexander and Margaret (Brown)
Campbell, and thirdly, in 1855, to Catharine Hunt
ington, daughter of Judge Leicester King of
Warren, Ohio. In 1840 he removed to Bethany,
Va., to take part in the founding of Bethany
college, in which institution he was professor and
vice-president until 1866, when he succeeded Mr.
Campbell as president. From 1846 till its discon
tinuance in 1870, he was co-editor of the Millennial
Harbinger, and from then until his death was
on the staff of The Christian Standard. He was
senatorial representative in the West Virginia
state constitutional convention of 1877, and a
member of the committee on finance and educa
tion. He received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1873.
He was state superintendent of public schools in
1873, during this term practically framing the
school law, which stood Without material change
for twenty years, and subsequently served in the
same office four years. He died at Bethany, W.
Va., Sept. 1, 1899.
PENDLETON.William Nelson, clergyman and
soldier, was born in Richmond, Va., Dec. 26,
1809 ; son of Edmund, Jr. , of Caroline County ,Va.,

PENDLETON

PENICK

wW'M

WmW
WSmW

and Lucy (Nelson) Pendleton, and a descendant
of Philip and Isabella (Hurt) Pendleton, who
came from Norwich, England, to Virginia in 1674,
and of Thomas Nelson ("Scotch Tom") who
came from Penrith, England, to Virginia in 1705.
He was graduated from the U.S. Military acad
emy and promoted brevet 2d lieutenant and 2d
lieutenant, 2d artillery, July 1, 1830. He was
assistant professor of mathematics at the acad
emy. 1831-32 ; was transferred to the 4th artillery,
Oct. 27, 1832 ; was in garrison at Fort Hamilton,
N.Y., 1832-33, and resigned his commission in the
army, Oct. 31, 1833, to accept the chair of mathe
matics in Bristol col
lege, Penn. He was
professor at Dela
ware college, New
ark, Del., 1837-38;
was admitted to the
diaconate of the P.E.
church in 1837, and
to the priesthood in
1838. In 1838 he es
tablished the Episco
pal high school at
Alexandria. Va., and
was its principal,
1838-44. He was in
Baltimore, Md., 1844-
47 ; rector of All
Saint's church, Frederick, Md., 1847-53 ; rector of
Latimer parish, Lexington, 1853-61, and upon the
outbreak of the civil war joined the Confederate
army as captain of the Rockbridge artillery. He
was promoted to the rank of colonel and ap
pointed chief of artillery to Gen. Joseph E.
Johnston commanding the Army of the Shenan
doah, and served as such from July 21, 1861, to the
close of the war. He was commissioned brigadier-
general in March, 1862, and commanded the re
serve artillery in the Maryland campaign and at
Sharpsburg, Sept. 15, 1862. At Gettysburg, July
1-3, 1863, he was commander-in-chief of all the
artillery, consisting of the horse-artillery and of
15 battalions of four batteries each, and directed
the Confederate artillery in the duel with the
Federal, preceding the charge of Pickett's divi
sion. At the surrender at Appomattox he was
appointed with Generals Longstreet and Gordon
to negotiate the terms of surrender. In 1865 he
returned to his parish at Lexington, Va., where
he remained as rector until his death. He was a
founder of Grace Memorial church, erected to the
memory of Gen. Robert E. Lee, for which he
raised the money by delivering lectures on the
war throughout the South. His statements in re
gard to the failure of Longstreet to commence
the attack on the morning of the second day of
the battle, were accepted by President Davis, but

[204]

denied by General Longstreet, and led to an un
settled historical controversy. (See ' ' Lee's Right
Wing at Gettysburg" by James Longstreet in
" Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," Vol.
Ill, pp. 339-56). The honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred upon him by Kenyon college.
Ohio, in 1857. He is the author of : Science, a
Witness for the Bible (1860). He died in Lexing
ton, Va., Jan. 15, 1883.
PENFIELD, Edward, artist, was born in New
York city, June 2, 1866 ; son of Josiah and Ellen
(Moore) Penfield, and grandson of Henry L. Pen-
field of Rye, N.Y. He studied at the Art Stud
ents' league, New York city, and in Europe,
chiefly in England and Holland. In 1890 he be
came art director of Harpers' Magazine, Bazar,
and Weekly, which position he resigned in Feb
ruary, 1901, to give his entire time to art. He
became especially well known through his poster
designs and magazine illustrations in color, and
was the pioneer in America in the use of flat
colors in posters. All the posters for Harpers'
Magazine, 1893-99, were designed by him.
PENFIELD, Frederic Courtland, diplomat and
author, was born in East Haddam, Conn., April
23, 1855 ; son of Daniel and Sophia (Young) Pen-
field, and grandson of Zebulon Penfield of Pen-
field Hill, Portland, Conn. He was graduated at.
Russell's Military school, New Haven, Conn., in
1876 and studied later in Germany. He was a.
member of the editorial staff of the Hartford,
Conn., Courant, 1880-85, and was by appointment
of President Cleveland, U.S. vice-consul-general
at London, 1885-89, and U.S. diplomatic agent
and consul-general to Egypt, 1893-97. He was
made a fellow of the Royal Geographical society,
London, 1886 ; an officer of the French academy,
1898 ; was decorated with the order of the Palms.
Academique by the French government, and with
the grand cross of the Order of Medjidieh by the-
Sultan of Turkey ; was given the Grand Com
mander degree of the Order of Osmanieh by the
Khedive of Egypt, 1897, and received many other
foreign honors. He is the author of : Present-
Day Egypt (1899), and numerous articles in the.
leading American and English magaziues and
reviews. PENICK, Charles Clifton, third missionary
bishop of Cape Palmas, and 117th in succession
in the American episcopate, was born in Char
lotte county, Va., Dec. 9, 1843; son of Edwin
Anderson and Mary (Hamner) Penick, and
grandson of Charles Penick and of Clifton
Hamner, He attended Hampden Sidney college
and the military institute at Danyille, Va., and
was graduated from the Theological seminary at
Alexandria, Va., in 1869. He served throughout
the civil war as quartermaster-sergeant in the 38th
Virginia regiment, Pickett's division, C.S.A. Het

PENINGTON

PENN

was ordained deacon at Alexandria, June 26,
1869, and priest at the same plaoe by Bishop
Johns, June 24, 1870. He was rector of Emman
uel church, Goodson, Va ; St. George's church,
Mt. Savage, Md., 1870-73; Church of the Mes
siah, Baltimore, 1873-
77 ; was chosen mis
sionary bishop of
Cape Palmas and
parts adjacent, West
Africa, and was con
secrated in St. Paul's
church, Alexandria,
Feb. 13, 1877, by
Bishops Atkinson,
Whittle, Pinkney,
and Dudley. He was
married in 1881 to
Mary Hoge of Wheel-
ing, W. Va. He
J&444^r{7~> served in Africa until
1883, when he re
signed, and was rector of St. Andrew's church,
Louisville, Ky., 1883-93 ; general agent for com
mission of the P.E. church for colored people, 1893-
96 ; rector of St. Mark's church, Richmond, Va.,
1896-99, and rector of Christ church, Fairmont,
W. Va., from 1899. The honorary degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by Kenyon college,
Gambier, Ohio, in 1877. He is the author of :
More Tlian a Prophet (1880) ; Advice to the
Church in Africa ; Hopes, Perils and Struggles of
the Negroes in America ; What Can the Church do
for tlie Negro in the United States 9 Tlie Won
ders of Christmas ; Origin of the Church Build
ing ; Eternal Life ; The Science of Missions ;
Birth, Life, Reign and Glory of Christ in the
Soul ; Our Dead — Our Memories — Our Lessons —
Our Duties ; The Commonwealth and the Pris
oner. PENINGTON, Edward, jurist, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa. , Dec. 4, 1726 ; son of Isaac
Penington, sheriff; grandson of Edward Pening-
ton (1667-1711), who immigrated in 1698 to
Pennsylvania with William Penn (q. v.), his half
brother by marriage, was surveyor-general of
the province, and the author of: "The Discov
erer Discovered " (1695), " Rabshakeh Rebuked "
(1695), and " Observations upon George Keith's
Earnest Expostulation " (1696). Edward Pening
ton, 2d, was educated in Friends schools, became
a merchant in Philadelphia and judge of the
court of common pleas. In 1762 he was made by
the assembly of Pennsylvania, a trustee of the
state house (Independence Hall) " for the use of
the freemen of the Province and their Represen
tatives." He was attorney for Ann Penn and in
1767 offered Pennsbury Manor for sale; was
elected a member of the American Philosophical

society in 1768, and treasurer of the Society for
the Cultivation of Silk in 1770. He formed the
committee of correspondence in May, 1774, and
was a member of the Provincial convention of
July, 1774. When, however, the British threat
ened Philadelphia in 1777, his loyalty to the
colonists was suspected, and he was sent to Vir
ginia. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 4, 1796.
PENINGTON, John, author, was born at Mul
berry Hill, Monmouth county, N. J., Aug. 1,
1799 ; grandson of Edward Penington (q. v.) He
attended the College of New Jersey and studied
law with John Sergeant of Philadelphia, but did
not graduate or practice. He became connected
with the Bank of the United States and upon the
failure of this institution, established a book
store in Philadelphia. He was a member of the
Historical society of Pennsylvania and of the
American Philosophical society in 1839. The
honorary degree of A. M. was conferred on him
by the University of Pennsylvania in 1845. He is
the author of : An Examination of Beauchamp
Plantagenet's Description of the Province of New
Albion (1840); Scraps Osteologic and Archaeologi
cal (1841), and edited a "Description of New
York," by Daniel Danton, published in 1670, which
was reprinted by the Historical Society of Penn
sylvania (1845). He died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
March 18, 1867.
PENN, John, governor of Pennsylvania, was
born in London, England, July 14, 1729; son of
Richard (1706-1771) and Hannah (Lardner) Penn,
and grandson of William the founder, and Han
nah (Callowhill) Penn. He immigrated to Amer
ica early in life ; was a member of the council
of the colony of Pennsylvania, 1753-54, and after
serving as commissioner to the congress at Al
bany in 1754, visited England, 1755-63, returning
in 1763 as lieutenant-governor of the colony of
Pennsylvania. The Mason and Dixon line was
run during his administration in 1767-68, and in
the latter year the treaty with the Indians at
Fort Stanwix, N. Y., was accomplished. Upon
his father's death in 1771, he returned to England,
where he remained until 1773, when he was ap
pointed governor of Pennsylvania. He opposed
the action of the British parliament in its method
of taxation of the colonists, but fearing a royal
government for the province might supplant the
proprietors took no active part in the contention
with the crown. In July, 1775, he was superseded
by the committee of safety who doubted his
loyalty to the colonies, and in 1776 by the su
preme executive council. He was arrested, Aug.
12, 1777, and imprisoned, but was released, May
15, 1778, his rights as proprietor being set aside
by the state legislature, June 28, 1779. His branch
of the Penn family received £32,500 in compen
sation, and the Penn heirs later received from

PENN

PENN

England £4000. He died in Bucks county, Pa.
ana his remains were subsequently transferred
rrom under Christ church, Philadelphia, to the
home of the Penns in England. The date of his
death is Feb. 9, 1795.
PENN, John, signer, was born in Caroline
county, Va., May 17, 1741 ; son of Moses and Cath
arine (Taylor) Penn. His early education was
limited, owing to tlie neglect of his 'father, and
when his father died in 1759 he began the study
of law with his cousin Edmund Pendleton, and in
1762 was admitted to the bar. He was married
in 1763 to Susan Lyme. In 1774 he removed to
Granville county, N.C, and established himself
in practice. He was a delegate to the Continen
tal congress in 1775, succeeding Richard Caswell,
who resigned to assume the governorship of North
Carolina, and signed the Declaration of Indepen
dence in August, 1776. He was again a delegate
to the Continental congress, 1777-80, and by re
quest of the North Carolina legislature, took
charge of the affairs of the state during its occu
pation by the British army. He was appointed
receiver of taxes for North Carolina by Robert
Morris in 1784, but resigned after one month's
service, owing to the indifference of the people
to support the cause of the colonies by their pro
portion of the tax levied. He died in Granville
county, N. C, in September, 1788.
PENN, William, founder of Pennsylvania,
was born on Tower Hill, London, England, Oct.
16, 1644; son of William (1621-1670) and Mar
garet (Jasper) Penn. His father was a lieuten
ant, captain, rear-admiral, vice-admiral and ad
miral in the English
navy ; served in the
first Dutch wars as
general, 1653-55 ; was
captain commander
of the royal fleet in
the fight against the
Dutch fleet in 1664,
and was knighted
in 1697. William at
tended school at Chig-
well and a private
school in London.
He matriculated as a
gentleman commoner
at Christ church, Ox
ford university, and
while there was foremost in opposing the in
troduction of a more elaborate ceremonial ser
vice into the church, became a follower of
George Fox, and when a rule compelling all
the students to wear college gowns was en
forced, led a rebellious band, who tore the
vestments from the backs of their wearers. For
this act he was expelled from the college. His

arm.

non-conformist views greatly displeased his
father, who brought him to London and intro
duced him into the gayest society, hoping to
change his notions. He joined the Society of
Friends in 1667, which so enraged his father that
he disowned him. He began to preach and write
in behalf of the Friends, and in 1668 published a
pamphlet entitled The Sandy Foundation Shaken,
for which he was arrested and committed to the
Tower. His imprisonment lasted nine months,
during which time he wrote No Cross, No Crown.
Upon his release he left London and resumed
control of his estates in Cork, where he preached '
at the Friends meetings and wrote religious
pamphlets. In 1670 he returned to London, was
again arrested, in company with William Mead,
and was tried but not convicted. Upon the death of
his father in 1692, he inherited a large estate, and
in 1694 was married to Gulielma Maria (Proude)
Springet. His wife died in 1694 and the same
year, upon the withdrawal of the declaration of
indulgence and the imprisonment of George Fox,
Penn went to court in behalf of Fox, whose re
lease he obtained from the Duke of York. About
this time he engaged in a controversy with
Richard Baxter. In 1677 he made a missionary *
voyage to Holland and Germany in company
with Fox, Barclay and other prominent Quakers.
He entered politics in the endeavor to make
them contribute to the advancement of religion ;
spoke for Algernon Sidney, who was a candidate
for parliament, and in 1680 entered upon the
great project which he had formed in his student
days, the planting of a colony in America. With
the downfall of the Dutch rule in New York, the
Duke of York had become owner of New Jersey.
This he divided into West and East Jersey, sell
ing the latter to Lord Berkeley and the former to
Sir George Carteret, who in turn disposed of it to
Edward By Hinge, a Quaker. West Jersey later
became the property of Penn, as receiver of the
creditors of Byllinge. In 1679 East Jersey was
for sale and Penn, with eleven others, bought it
at auction. Twelve more Quarkei's were added
to this number and they appointed Robert Bar
clay governor of New Jersey. Penn found in
1680 that the king was in his father's debt to the
amount of 16,000 pounds, for unpaid salary and
loans, and he agreed to change the debt for
land in America. The territory thus obtained
was " bounded on the east by the Delaware River
from twelve miles northward of New Castle to
the 40th degree of northern latitude, and on the
south by a circle drawn twelve miles distance
from New Castle unto the beginning of the 40th
degree of northern latitude, and then by a straight
line westward to the limits of longitude above
mentioned." The charter was signed, March 4,
1681, and on Aug. 21, 1683, the Duke of York
[206]

PENN

PENNELL

released the tract of land called Pennsylvania,
to William Penn. He acquired the land as
" King's tenant," having the right to make laws,
and to appoint judges and other officers. The
laws enjoined that all persons who confessed one
almighty God to be creator and ruler of the
world and who lived peaceably and justly in
society were not to be molested for their religious
practice or ministry. All children at the age
of twelve were to be taught some useful trade ;
all proceedings in the courts of law were to be
made as short as possible ; capital crimes to con
sist of two, murder and treason ; all prisons to
be made into workhouses ; no oaths to be re
quired, and drinking healths, trading in rum,
cursing, lying, fighting, gaining and the pleasures
of the theatre, were prohibited. Colonists
soon sought the land across the sea, a hundred
acres being promised for forty shillings ; but in
cleaning the ground, one acre of trees was to be
left for every five acres cleared. The Indian
difficulties were to be settled by a jury of six
planters and six Indians. Penn sailed for the
colony in 1682 on the ship Welcome with one
hundred passengers, mostly Quakers. Twenty-
five died of smallpox on the voyage and the re
mainder landed at Newcastle, Del., Nov. 28, and
entered Pennsylvania, Nov. 29, 1682. He estab
lished his capital city at a place called by the
Indians Coaquannoo and which he called Phila
delphia. He now made his famous treaty with '
the Indians, recognizing them as the owners of
the land. Several meetings between the Quakers
and Indians to transfer land took place beneath
the spreading elm at Shackamaxton, June 23,
1683. The generosity shown by Penn to the
Indians contributed to peace, and emigrants
arrived in large numbers. The indefinite bound
ary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland
caused serious complications, as Lord Baltimore
claimed considerable of the territory held by
Penn, including Philadelphia. Hearing that
Baltimore was on his way to England to lay the
question before the privy council, Penn im
mediately followed him in August, 1684. Upon
the death of Charles II. , in 1685, and the accession
of James, the Duke of York, Penn, although op
posed to the Roman Catholic religion, kept the
position of favorite and agent of the court. He
obtained the" freedom of all Quakers, and sup
ported the king in the abolishment of the " tests,"
which prevented Roman Catholics from holding
office, claiming that the declaration of indulgence
was the sovereign remedy of the English consti
tution. Thus during James's reign Penn became
influential in affairs of state. In 1688, when James
was dethroned and William of Orange suc
ceeded, Penn was arrested and upon examination
said that he had done nothing but what he could

[207]

answer for 'before God and all the princes in the
world and that he loved his country and the Pro
testant religion above his life. He was thereupon
released. In 1690 he was accused of receiving a
letter from James asking for help ; but he replied
that " he could not hinder the king from writing
to him," and was again discharged. Later in the
year he was arrested with others, imprisoned for
several months awaiting trial, and hearing after
his release that another warrant was out against
his liberty, hid himself for three years. He was
publicly proclaimed a traitor and deprived of the
government of his colony. His pardon was se
cured in 1693. He was married secondly, in 1695,
to Hannah, daughter of Thomas and Hannah
(Hollister) Callowhill of Bristol, England. In
1699 Penn made his second visit, bringing his
family with him to Philadelphia which was at
this time a city of nearly seven thousand popula
tion. During his exile the colony had divided
into two parties, the proprietary and the popular.
The acting governor was a soldier and his warlike
notions confused the Quakers. Although slaves
were brought into the colony, they were well
treated, Penn liberating them in 1701. When a
movement to put an end to all proprietary govern
ments was instigated, Penn returned to England,
Oct. 28, 1701. Upon his withdrawal, disputes again
arose in the colony on the question of bearing
arms, and an unending strife began between the
governor's deputy and the people. Affairs became
so disheartening that in 1712 he thought seri-
iously of selling the governorship. His affairs in
Ireland claimed his attention, since by an un
molested system of fradulent bookkeeping Penn
found himself in debt to the estate of Philip
Ford, his late manager, for more than ten thous
and pounds and Ford's widow sued Penn for three
thousand pounds' rent, which was due from the
property held by Penn as tenant. He was ar
rested while at a religious meeting ; was impris-
soned for debt in the Fleet jail, but released by
the subscription of his friends, and a com
promise was made with the Fords. The colony
also was improving under the administration of a
new governor and the province soon yielded
Penn a substantial income. He suffered a
paralytic stroke in 1712 which impaired his
memory. He died at Ruscombe, Berkshire,
England, July 30, 1718.
PENNELL, Joseph, artist and author, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 4, 1860. He at
tended the Philadelphia public schools, the
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and the
Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. He was
married to Elizabeth Robins. For his art work
he was awarded honorable mention and medals
at various exhibitions in Paris. Philadelphia
and Chicago, and a gold medal at the World's

PENNEY

PENNINGTON

Fair, Paris, 1900. He made his home in London
where he became a leading member of the So
ciety of Illustrators. His published works in
clude : A Canterbury Pilgrimage (1885) ; An
Italian Pilgrimage (1886) ; Two Pilgrims' Progress
(1887) ; Our Sentimental Journey through France
and Italy (1888) ; Pen Drawing and Pen Draughts
men (1889) ; Our Journey to the Hebrides (1889) ;
Charing Cross to St. Paul's, with notes by Justin
McCarthy (1890) ; The Stream of Pleasure (1891) ;
The Jew at Home (1892) ; Play in Provence
(1892) ; To Gypsyland (1893) ; Modern Illustra-
tion(1895) ; The Illustration of Books (1896) ; The
Alhambra (1896) ; The Work of Charles Keene
(1897); Lithography and Lithographers (with his
wife, 1899).
PENNEY, Joseph, educator, was born in Ar-
dahy, county Down, Ireland, Aug. 12, 1793. He
was a student at Trinity college, Dublin ; was
graduated at the University of Glasgow, Scotland,
in 1813 ; attended the Theological seminary at
Ballinabusch, Ireland, 1815-19, and was licensed
to preach by the presbytery of Down, March 2,
1819. He immigrated to the United States in
May, 1819 ; was engaged as an instructor at Eras
mus Hall, Flatbush, Long Island, N.Y., 1819-21 ;
was ordained by the presbytery of Newburgh in
1822, and was pastor of the First Presbyterian
church at Rochester, N.Y., 1822-32. He visited
Europe during his pastorate and organized the
first temperance society on the continent. He
was pastor of the First Presbyterian church at
Northampton, Mass. , 1833-35 ; president and cura
tor of Hamilton college, Clinton, N.Y., 1835-39,
pastor in New York city, 1839-43, and at Nyack,
N.Y., 1843-47. He was active in promoting the
causes of temperance and education. He resided
at Grand Rapids, Mich., 1847-56, and in 1856
returned to Rochester, N.Y. He was married,
May 2, 1822, to Margaret, daughter of William
Sterling, a merchant of New York city. He re
ceived the degree D.D. from Union college in
1831. He died in Rochester, N.Y., March 22, 1860.
PENNINGTON, Alexander Cummings Mc=
Whorter, representative, was born in Newark,
N.J., July 2, 1810 ; son of Samuel (1765-1835) and
Sarah (Hayes) Pennington ; grandson of Samuel
and Mary (Sandford) Pennington, and of Major
Samuel and Sarah (Bruen) Hayes, and a descend
ant of Ephraim Pennington, New Haven, Conn.,
1643, and an original settler of Newark, N.J., and
of Obediah Bruen of Newark, N.J., and New
London, Conn., 1639. Alexander Pennington
was appointed a cadet, U.S. Military academy,
1826 ; resigned in 1828 ; was educated for the
law, and practised in Newark. He was married,
Feb. 1, 1836, to Ann Johnston, daughter of Robert
and Ann Johnston (Pennington) Kennedy. He
was a member of the New Jersey legislature for

f &U4<vLs4d\_/

two years ; a representative from the Essex dis
trict- in the 33d and 34th congresses, 1853-57,
and brigadier-general of New Jersey militia for
several years. He removed to New York city in
1857, where he continued his practice. He died
in New York city, Jan. 25, 1867.
PENNINGTON, Alexander Cummings Mc=
Whorter, soldier, was born in Newark, N.J.,
Jan. 8, 1838 ; son of Alexander Cummings Mc-
Whorter, representative, and Ann Johnston (Ken
nedy) Pennington. He was graduated from the
U.S. Military acad
emy in 1860, and was
promoted in the army
brevet 2d lieutenant
of artillery, July 1,
1860. He served in
garrison at Fort Mon
roe, Va., 1860-61, and
was promoted 2d lieu
tenant, 2d artillery,
Feb. 1, 1861. He
served during the .
civil war in garrison
at Washington, D.C,
in 1861 ; in the de
fence of Fort Pick
ens, Fla., 1861-62;
was promoted 1st lieutenant May, 14, 1861 ; was
engaged in the Virginia Peninsular campaign,
March to August, 1862, in Horse Battery A,
2d artillery, and in the Maryland Rappahan
nock and Pennsylvania campaigns, September,
1862, to July, 1863, commanding Horse Battery
M, 2d artillery. He was brevetted captain, June
9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at
the battle of Beverly Ford, Va., and brevetted
major, July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious
services in the Gettysburg campaign. He was
engaged in the Rapidan and Richmond cam
paigns, 1863-64; was promoted captain, i March
30, 1864 ; served in General Sheridan's Shenan
doah campaign, August to October, 1864 ; was
promoted colonel of the 3d New Jersey cavalry
volunteers, Oct. 1, 1864, and commanded the 1st
brigade, 3d cavalry division, October, 1864, to
May, 1865. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel,
Oct. 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious conduct
in the battle of Cedar Creek, Va., and partici
pated in Sheridan's raid, Feb. 12 to March 26,
1865. He commanded the 1st brigade, 3d cavalry
division, in the Richmond campaign, March to
April, 1865, was brevetted colonel, U.S.A., March
13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services dur
ing the war and brigadier-general, U.S.V., July
15, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services, and
was mustered out of the volunteer service, Aug.
1,1865. He commanded a battery at San Francisco,
Cal., 1865-67; was on various posts, 1867-85; waspro-

[208]

PENNINGTON

PENNOCK

' moted major in the 4th artillery Nov. 8, 1882 ;
was a director of instruction in the U. S. artillery
school at Fort Monroe, 1885-92, and artillery in
spector of the Department of the East, 1892-90.
He was promoted lieutenant-colonel of 4th artil
lery, Nov. 28, 1892 ;. colonel of 2d artillery Oct.
29, 1896, and was stationed at Fort Adams, R.I.,
1896-98. Upon the outbreak of the war with
Spain he was commissioned brigadier-general of
U.S. volunteers, commanding at Camp Black,
L.I., May to July, 1898, and was in command of
the Department of the Gulf, July 4, 1898, to March
22, 1899. He was promoted brigadier-general,
U.S.A., Oct. 16, 1899, and was retired at his own
request, Oct. 17, 1899. He was married, Feb. 5,
1863, to Clara Miller, daughter of the Rev. John
French, chaplain and professor of ethics, U.S.
Military academy, West Point, N.Y. He was
elected a member of the Military Order of Foreign
Wars, the Military Order of American Wars,
and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of
the United States. The degree of M. A. w-as
conferred upon him by the College of New Jersey
in. 1864,
PENNINGTON, William, governor of New Jer
sey, was born in Newark, N.J., May 4, 179,6 ; son
of Gov. William Sandford and Phoebe (Wheeler)
Pennington. He was graduated from the Col
lege of New Jersey, A.B. 1813, A.M., 1816. He
was clerk of the U.S. district court, 1815-26;
studied law with Theodore Frelinghuysen ; was
admitted to the bar in 1820, and practised in
Newark. He married Caroline, daughter of Dr.
William Burnet. He was a representative in the
state assembly ; was elected governor of the state
in 1837, to succeed Philemon Dickerson, and serv
ed by successive re-elections until 1843. He also
served ex officio as chancellor and judge of the
prerogative court. During his gubernatorial
administration the " broad seal war "' occurred,
caused by the congressional election of 1838. Six
representatives were to be elected from New
Jersey on a general ticket ; the validity of the
election of five of these was questioned, and Gov
ernor Pennington was obliged to commission
those who should properly represent the state.
He therefore commissioned the five Whig can
didates who, according to the statistics, had the
majority of votes. When it was found that the
five votes from New Jersey must decide the
speakership of the house, an excited debate took
place, John Quincy Adams presiding as temporary
chairman. The result was the election of Robert
M. S. Hunter as speaker and the five Democratic
members from New Jersey were admitted to
seats. Considerable feeling was aroused by the
fact that seats were refused to the candidates
commissioned under the " broad seal " of a sover-
reign state of the United States. Governor

[209]

Pennington was a Republican representative in
the 35th congress, 1859-61, and was chosen speak
er after a contest extending over two months.
He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey,
1848-62. His death was caused by a dose of mor
phine administered through the blunder of a
druggist. He died in Newark, N. J., Feb. 16, 1862.
PENNINGTON, William Sandford, governor
of New Jersey, was born in Newark, N.J. , in 1757 ;
son of Samuel and Mary (Sandford) Pennington ;
grandson of Judah Pennington, and a descendant
of Ephraim Pennington, New Haven, 1643. He at
tended the district schools and was apprenticed
to his maternal uncle, a Royalist, who cancelled
his indentures when William joined the patriot
army. He served in the 2d
regiment, New Jersey artil
lery, under General Knox,
and in 1780 was commis
sioned a lieutenant. He
was wounded at the siege of
Yorktown, and attained the
rank of captain in the U.S.
army. He engaged in various employments after
his resignation ; was a representative in the state
assembly in 1797, and in 1801 a member of the
council. He studied law with Elias Boudinot,
was admitted to the bar in 1802 and practised in
Newark. He married Phoebe, daughter of Capt.
James Wheeler, a Revolutionary soldier. He was
elected an associate justice of the supreme court
of New Jersey, Feb. 28, 1804 ; was chosen gov
ernor of the state and chancellor ex officio to suc
ceed Aaron Ogden in 1813, and served until he
succeeded Robert Morris, deceased, as judge of
the U.S. district court of New Jersey, serving as
such, 1815-26. He is the author of Supreme Court
Reports (1803-16). He died in Newark, N.J.,
Sept. 17, 1826.
PENNOCK, Alexander Mosely, naval officer,
was born in Norfolk, Va., Nov. 1, 1813. He was
appointed a midshipman in the U.S. navy in
April, 1828 ; served in the Pacific and Brazilian
squadrons, 1828-34 ; was promoted passed mid
shipman in 1834, and was attached to the Medi
terranean and East Indian squadrons, 1834-39. He
was commissioned lieutenant in March, 1839, and
commander in December, 1855. He was a mem
ber of the Paraguay expedition, 1859-60, in com
mand of the steamer Southern Star. He was
promoted captain, Jan. 2, 1863, was fleet captain
of the Mississippi squadron, 1862-64 ; was on duty
at the Brooklyn navy yard, 1866-67 ; and was given
command of the flag-ship Franklin of the Euro
pean squadron in 1868 ; was promoted commodore,
May 6, 1868, and in 1869 commanded the entire
European squadron. He was promoted rear-
admiral in 1872 and retired in 1875. He died at
Portsmouth, N.H.,Sept. 20, 1876.

PENNOYER

PENNYPACKER

PENNOYER, Sylvester, governor of Oregon,
was born in Groton, N.Y., July 6, 1831 ; son of
Justus Powers and Elizabeth (Howland) Pen-
noyer, and a descendant of Robert Penn oyer,
who came to Massachusetts in 1670 and left real
estate yielding £40 annually, to Harvard college.
He was graduated at Homer academy, at Harvard
law school in 1854, and in 1855 moved to Oregon,
where he was married to Mary A. Allen of Port
land. He engaged in teaching school, 1855-60,
and subsequently in lumbering. He was editor
of the Oregon Herald, 1868-71 ; was elected gov
ernor of Oregon in 1886 and 1890, serving 1887-95,
and was mayor of Portland, 1896. He died in
Portland, Oregon, May 30, 1902.
PENNYBACKER, Isaac Samuels, senator, was
born in Shenandoah county, Va., Sept. 3, 1805;
son of Benjamin and Sarah (Samuels) Penny-
backer ; grandson of Capt. Dirck, a Revolutionary
war officer, and Hannah (De Haven) Penny-
backer, and a descendant of Hendrick and Eve
(Umstat) Pannebecker, the founders of the family
in America. Isaac S. Pennybacker matriculated
at Washington college, Va., but did not graduate ;
studied in the Winchester law school ; was ad
mitted to the bar, and settled in practice in Har
risonburg, Va. He was married in May, 1832, to
Sarah A. , daughter of Col. Zebulon Dyer. He was
a Democratic representative from the fourteenth
Virginia district in the 25th congress, 1837-39,
and was judge of the U.S. district court of West
ern Virginia, 1839-45. He declined the office of U.S.
attorney-general, that of justice of the supreme
court of Virginia, and the nomination of the
Democratic party for governor of the state. He
was elected to the U.S. senate in 1845, succeeding
W. C. Rives, his term to expire March 3, 1851.
He was appointed a regent of the Smithsonian
Institution by President Polk. He died in Wash
ington, D.C, Jan. 12, 1847.
PENNYPACKER, Galusha, soldier, was born
at Valley Forge, Pa. , June 1, 1844 ; son of Joseph,
junior, and Tamson Amelia (Workizer) Penny-
packer, and grandson of Joseph and Elizabeth
(Funk) Pennypacker, and of John and Sarah
(Rooks) Workizer. His father was a volunteer
aide on the staff of General Worth during the
Mexican war, and his great-grandfather, Mat
thias Pennypacker, was a bishop of the Menno
nite church and grandson of Hendrick Panne
becker, the immigrant, a native of Holland, a
surveyor for the Penns, and a large landholder in
Pennsylvania. Galusha Pennypacker attended
the Phoenixville Classical institute and left school
in April, 1861, to enter the army as a non-com
missioned staff officer in the 9th Pennsylvania
three months' volunteers. At the close of his
enlistment he entered the volunteer army for
the war, Aug. 22, 1861, as captain in the 97th

[210]

Pennsylvania volunteers ; was promoted major,
Oct. 7, 1861, and served in the 10th army corps,
department of the south, 1862-65, commanding
his regiment in the 1st brigade, in Gen. A. H.
Terry's seige operations on Morris Island, S. C,
August-September, 1863. He commanded a most
successful expedition
against Woodstock
Mills, Fla., in Feb
ruary, 1864, and in
April, 1864, was
placed in command
of the post at Fer-
nandina, having been
promoted lieutenants-
colonel, April 3, 1864.
He was transferred
to the Army of the
James under Gen. B.
F. Butler, and was
promoted colonel,
June 23, 1864. He
was in action at
Swift's Creek, May 9 ; Drewry's Bluff, May 16,
and Chester Station, May 18, 1864. He com
manded his regiment in the charge upon Pickett's
division at Green Plains, May 20 ; lost 176 of
295 men ; was carried off the field after receiving
three wounds, and was in the hospital at Fort
Monroe for three months. He was assigned to
the command of the 2d brigade, 2d division, 10th
corps in September, 1864, and took part in the
engagements at Deep Bottom, Strawberry Plain
and Malvern Hill ; in the trenches before Peters
burg, and in the capture of New Market Heights.
He was wounded and his horse shot under him in
an unsuccessful attempt to capture Fort Gilmer ;
was in command of the 2d brigade, 2d division,
24th corps before Petersburg in December, 1864,
and took part in Gen. B. F. Butler's unsuccessful
effort to capture Fort Fisher, N.C, Dec. 25, 1864,
and in the capture of the fort by General Terry,
Jan. 15, 1865. He was the first brigade com
mander to gain the third traverse of the fort,
where he -planted the flag of his old regiment, the
97th Pennsylvania, and desperately wounded,
fell inside of the fort, followed and rescued by
his men. He was in the hospital at Fort Monroe
for ten months. General Terry claimed that but
for his bravery the assault would probably have
failed, and designated him the real "hero of Fort
Fisher." He was brevetted brigadier-general of
volunteers, Jan. 15, 1865 ; was promoted to that
rank Feb. 18, 1865, and brevetted major-general
of volunteers, March 13, 1865. The medal of
honor was conferred on him by congress for dis
tinguished bravery in the battle, and he was ap
pointed colonel of the 34th U.S. infantry, July 28,
1866 ; soon transferred to the 16th U.S. infantry ;

PENNYPACKER

PENROSE

brevetted brigadier-general and major-general
U.S.A., March 2, 1867, and placed on the retired
list of the regular army on account of disability
from wounds received in action, July 3, 1885.
Prior to his retirement he saw considerable ser
vice in the regular army, in command at various
posts in the south and west. He was wounded
seven times within eight months ; was the young
est officer to' hold the full rank of general in the
volunteer army, and the youngest officer in the
regular army to hold the rank of colonel and
brevet major-general.
PENNYPACKER, Samuel Whitaker, jurist,
was born in Phcenixville, Pa. , April 9, 1843 ; son
of Dr. Isaac and Anna Maria (Whitaker) Penny-
packer ; grandson of Bishop Matthias and Sarah
(Anderson) Pennypacker, and of Joseph and
Grace Whitaker, and a descendant of Hendrick
and Eve (Umstat) Pannebecker. Hendrick Panne-
becker emigrated from Homborn, on the upper
Rhine, to Pennsylvania, about 1699, and settled
on Skippack Creek, where he became a large
landholder and surveyor of public lands for the
Penns. Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker was edu
cated in the West Philadelphia institute ; served
as a private in the 26th emergency regiment in
1863, and was graduated at the University of
Pennsylvania, LL.B., in' 1866. He was married,
Oct. 20, 1870, to Virginia Earl, daughter of Nathan
B. Broomall, of Phcenixville, Pa. He was made
president of the Law Academy of Philadelphia
in 1868 ; served on the board of public education
of Philadelphia and was controller of public
schools for the 29th ward, 1886-89, and was ad
mitted to practice in the U.S. supreme court in
1887. He was judge of the court of common
pleas of Philadelphia, by appointment under
Governor Beaver to fill a vacancy, 1889-90, and
by election, 1890-1900, and served as president
judge of the court. In 1902 he was elected gov
ernor of Pennsylvania by the Republican party.
He was elected a member of numerous scientific,
historical and patriotic societies ; was a trustee
of the University of Pennsylvania from 1886 ;
state commissioner of the Valley Forge reserva
tion ; founder and manager of the Pennsylvania
society, Sons of the Revolution ; a vice-provost
of the Philadelphia Law academy, and a member
of the supervisory committee on the restoration
of Independence Hall. He received the honor
ary degree of LL.B. from Franklin and Marshall
college. . In his library he collected about 7000
printed books on early Pennsylvania, of which
260 were from the press of Benjamin Franklin,
and his collection r-elating to the German coloni
zation of Pennsylvania was the largest ever
made. He compiled, together with E. G. Piatt
and Samuel S. Hollingsworth, a Digest of the Eng
lish Common Law Reports (1879); Pennypacker' s

[211]

Supreme Court Cases (4 vols.); Pennsylvania
Colonial Cases, and aided in the preparation of
Weekly Notes of Cases (40 vols.) . He is the author
of the Annals of Phcenixville and Its Vicinity
(1878); The Pennypacker Reunion (1878); Histor
ical and Biographical Sketches, many of which
have been translated in Dutch and German (1883),
and The Settlement of Germantown.
PENROSE, Boies, senator, was born in Phila
delphia, Pa., Nov. 1, 1860; son of Dr. Richard
Alexander and Sarah Hannah (Boies) Penrose ;
grandson of the Hon. Charles Bingham and Val
eria Fullerton (Biddle) Penrose, and great-grand
son of Clement Biddle Penrose, one of the com
missioners appointed by Jefferson for the Louisi
ana territory. He was graduated at Harvard in
1881, and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in
1883. He was a representative in the Pennsyl
vania legislature in 1885 ; a member of the state
senate, 1887-97, and president pro tempore of the
senate in 1889 and 1891. He was a Republican
U.S. senator from Pennsylvania, 1897-1909, serv
ing as chairman of the committee on immigra
tion, and as a member of many important com
mittees. He contributed several chapters on
municipal law to the American and English En
cyclopaedia of Law, and with Edward P. Allinson
wrote: Philadelphia; a History of Municipal De
velopment (1887).
PENROSE, Stephen Beasley Linnard, edu
cator, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 20,
1864; son of the Hon. Clement Biddle and Mary
(Linnard) Penrose ; grandson of the Hon. Charles
Bingham and Valeria Fullerton (Biddle) Penrose,
and of Stephen Beasley and Emily (L. ) Linnard.
He was graduated from Williams college in 1885,
and from Yale, B.D., 1890. He taught school at
Pottstown, Pa., 1885-86; was instructor of Greek
and elocution at Williams college, 1886-87, and in
1890 was sent as home missionary by the Congre
gational Home Missionary society to Dayton,
Washington. He was pastor of the Congrega
tional church at Dayton, 1890-94, and in 1894 was
elected president of and Cushing Eells professor
of mental and moral science at Whitman college,
Walla Walla, Wash. He was married in 1896, to
Mary Doming, daughter of Judge Nathaniel Ship-
man, of Hartford, Conn. He was made a corpo
rate member of A.B.CF.M. and honorary member
of several religious and educational societies.
PENROSE, William Henry, soldier, was born
at Madison Barracks, Sacket Harbor, N.Y.,
March 10, 1832 ; son of Capt. James Wilkinson,
1808-1849 (U.S.A.) and Mary Ann (Hoffman)
Penrose ; grandson of Clement Biddle (1771-1820)
and Ann Howard (Bingham) Penrose ; great
grandson of James (1737-1778) and Sarah (Biddle)
Penrose ; great2-grandson of Thomas (1709-1757)
and Sarah (Coats) Penrose and great3-grandson

PENTECOST

PEPPER

of Bartholomew (the emigrant from Cornwall,
England, about 1700, ship-builder in Philadelphia)
and Hester (Leech) Penrose. He attended Dick
inson college, Pa., in 1849, and engaged in busi
ness as a civil and mechanical engineer in
Michigan. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant
in the 3d U.S. infantry, April 13, 1861, and was
promoted 1st lieutenant, May 14, 1861. He was
appointed colonel of the 15th New Jersey volun
teers, April 18, 1863, and commanded the 1st
brigade, 1st division, 6th corps from the afternoon
of the first day's fight at Chancellorsville (2d
Fredericksburg) until three days before the fight
at Gettysburg, when Gen. A. T. A. Torbert, absent
by reason of wounds received at Crampton's Gap
Sept. 14, 1862, returned. He commanded the reg
iment at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 ; in Grant's
campaign against Richmond early in 1864, and
again commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, 6th
army corps at Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864; and
through the Wilderness campaign, having been
placed in command without regard to rank, being
the junior of four colonels while engaged on the
battlefield in front of Spottsylvania Court House ;
continuing in command through the Shenandoah
valley under Sheridan, and being wounded at
Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864. He was brevetted
captain, May 3, 1863, for Marye's Heights, Va.,
and major, July 2, 1863, for Gettysburg ; promoted
captain, Sept. 11, 1863 ; brevetted lieutenant-
colonel, May 5, 1864, for the Wilderness, Va.,
colonel, Oct. 19, 1864, for Cedar Creek, Va., brig
adier-general of volunteers, Oct. 19, 1864, for
Middletown, Va. , and brigadier-general U.S.A.,
April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services
in the field during the war. He was promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers, June 27, 1865, and
was honorably mustered out of the volunteer ser
vice Jan. 15, 1866. He was promoted major of
the 12th infantry, May 31, 1883 ; lieutenant-colonel
¦of the 16th infantry, Aug. 21, 1888, and colonel of
the 20th infantry, Nov. 28, 1893. He was trans
ferred to the 16th infantry, Sept. 15, 1894, and was
retired, March 10, 1896, by operation of law. He
invented a set of infantry equipments recom
mended for use in the army by a board of officers.
In 1903 he was residing at Salt Lake City, Utah,
where he conducted a mining bureau of informa
tion. PENTECOST, George Frederick, clergyman
and author, was born in Albion, 111., Sept. 23,
1842 ; son of Hugh Lockett and Emma (Flower)
Pentecost ; grandson of Scarboro and Phebe
(Lockett) Pentecost and of Georg and Eliza
Julia (Andrews) Flower, and a descendant of Eng
lish (Flower), Huguenot (Pentecost), and Jewish
(Andrews) ancestors. He was educated in the
public schools ; learned the printer's trade, and
served as clerk of the U.S. district court for

Kansas Territory in 1858 and as private secretary
to Gov. Samuel Medary in 1858-59. He matri
culated at Georgetown college in Kentucky in
1861, but left the following year to enter the
Union army in the 8th Kentucky cavalry, in
which he attained the rank of captain. He re
signed to accept the chaplaincy of the regiment,
which position he held, 1862-63. On Oct. 6, 1863,
he was married to Ada, daughter of Dr. Augustus
Webber of Hopkinsville, Ky. Having been
licensed to preach in the Baptist church in 1862,
he was settled pastor at Greencastle, Ind., 1864;
Evansville, Ind., 1866-67 ; Covington, Ky., 1867-
68; Brooklyn, N.Y., 1868-71 and 1880-87, and
Boston, Mass., 1871-80. He engaged in evangeli
cal work in Scotland, 1887-88, and as a special
missioner to the English speaking Brahmins in
India, 1889-91. He was minister to Marylebone
Presbyterian church in London, Eng., 1891-97,
and pastor of the First Presbyterian church,
Yonkers, N.Y., from 1897 until 1902, when he
resigned, to resume work of evangelistic and
missionary character. He received the honorary
degree of A.M. from Hamilton, 1870, and that of
D.D. from Lafayette, 1884. On Sept. 13, 1902,
he was sent to the Philippine Islands, China and
Japan as special representative of the Presbyterian
Board of Foreign Missions and of the American
Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions.
He edited Words and Weapons for Christian
Workers, a monthly, 1885-90 ; and is the author
of : In the Volume of the Book (1876) The Angel
in the Marble (1876) ; A South Window (1876) ;
Out of Egypt (1884) ; Bible Studies (10 vols.,
1880-89) ; Birth and Boyhood of Christ (1896) ;
Forgiveness of Sins (1897) ; Systematic Beneficence
(1897) ; Precious Truths (1898) ; and several tracts
and pamphlets.
PEPPER, Charles Hovey, artist, was born in
Waterville, Maine, Aug. 27, 1864 ; .son of George
Dana Boardman (q.v.) and Annie (Grassie)
Pepper. He was graduated at Coburn Classical
institute, Waterville, 1884, and at Colby uni
versity under the presidency of his father, A.B.
1889, A.M. 1892. He was married in July, 1889, to
Frances Coburn of Sko whegan, Maine. He studied
at the Art Students' league, New York city, 1890-
93, and under Aman-Jean and Jean Paul Laurens,
Paris, France, 1893-95. He exhibited . in the
Paris Salon, 1894, 1895, 1897 and 1898, and also in
Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, New York, Philadelphia,
Chicago, and at Bing's Gallery, Paris (private ex
hibition), 1897. He was elected a member of the
New York and Boston Water Color clubs and after
July, 1898,-resided and had his studio in Concord
Mass. PEPPER, George Dana Boardman, educator,
was born in Ware, Mass., Feb. 5, 1833; son of
John and Eunice (Hutchinson) Pepper; and
[212]

PEPPER

PEPPER

grandson of Stephen and Sarah (Simonds) Pepper.
He was graduated at Williston seminary, East-
hampton, Mass., in 1853, at Amherst college, A.B.,
1857, and at Newton Theological institution in
I860. He was ordained to the ministry Sept. 6,
1860, and was married Nov. 29, to Annie,
daughter of George and Elizabeth (Field) Grassie
of Bolton, Mass. He was pastor of the Baptist
church, Waterville, Me., 1860-65; professor of
ecolesiastical history in Newton Theological in
stitution, 1865-67 ; of Christian theology at Crozer
Theological seminary, Upland, Pa., 1867-82;
president and professor of intellectual and moral
philosophy at Colby university, Waterville,
COLBY UNIVERSITY

Maine, 1882-89, and pastor at Saco, Maine, 1 890-92.
During his term of office at Colby, the Shannon
observatory and the physical laboratory were
erected and two professorships were added. He
traveled and preached, 1889-92 ; was made pro
fessor of Biblical literature at Colby university
in 1892 and served as acting president in 1895.
He resigned his professorship in 1900 but con
tinued to reside in Waterville. He received the
degree of D.D. from Colby in 1867 and from
Amherst in 1882, that of LL.D. from the Uni
versity of Lewisburg in 1882, and from Colby in
1890. He wrote the monthly expositions of the
•" International Sunday-School Lessons '" for the
Baptist Teacher (about 1870-71) ; published
¦occasional sermons, addresses, reviews, and
•essays ; and is the author of : Outlines of Syste
matic Theology (1873) ; Lecture IV in "Madison
Avenue Lectures" (1867) ; and the chapter on
Baptist Doctrine during the Century in the Cen
tennial volume of Baptists (1876).
PEPPER, George Seckel, philanthropist, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 11, 1808; son of
George and Mary (Seckel) Pepper. He was
•graduated from the College of New Jersey in
1827, and was admitted to the bar in 1830, but
did not practice. He was left a large estate by
his father, and devoted himself to its manage
ment, and to philanthrophic work. He was
interested in the principal financial concerns of
Philadelphia, was president of the American
Academy of Music, and of the Pennsylvania
Academy of Fine Arts. His estate amounted to
¦several millions of dollars of which he bequeathed

[213]

$150,000 for the erection of a public library in
Philadelphia; $60,000 for the endowmen. of a
professorship in the University of Pennsylvania,
$50,000 each to the Pennsylvania Academy of
Fine Arts, the hospital of the University of
Pennsylvania, the hospital of the Protestant
Episcopal church, the Pennsylvania hospital,
and the hospital of Jefferson Medical college, as
well as generous bequests to the numerous
hospitals, charitable and religious institutions,
scientific organizations, libraries, schools and
colleges, the total bequests aggregating $1,034,000.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 2, 1890.
PEPPER, George Wharton, lawyer and educa
tor, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., March 16,
1867 ; son of George and Hitty Markoe (Wharton)
Pepper ; grandson of William and Sarah (Piatt)
Pepper and of George Mifflin and Maria (Markoe)
Wharton. He was graduated from the Univer
sity of Pennsylvania. A.B. (valedictorian), 1887;
LL.B. (law orator), 1889, and was admitted to the
bar. While an undergraduate, he edited the
Pennsylvanian and the University Magazine, was
active in college athletics and took the principal
role in the " Acharnians," a Greek play performed
in the original by the students of the University.
He was a fellow of the law department, 1889-92.
He was married, Nov. 25, 1890, to Charlotte
Root, daughter of Prof. George Park Fisher
(q. v. ) . In 1893 he accepted the Algernon Sydney
Biddle professorship of law in the University of
Pennsylvania. He was active in the cause
of the reform of methods of equal education,
and his paper upon that subject read before the
Pennsylvania Bar association in 1895 was the
starting point for the important changes which
followed in that commonwealth. He became a
member of the American Philosophical society,
and the Pennsylvania society, Sons of the Revolu
tion. He edited The American Law Register and
Review, 1892-95 ; and is the author of : The
Borderland of Federal and State Decisions (1899) ;
Pleading at Common Law and under the Codes
(1891) ; Digest of the Laivs of Pennsylvania (1893-
97, jointly with Wm. Draper Lewis), and of the
Digest of Decisions and Encyclopdceia of Penn
sylvania Law 1754-1898 (jointly with William
Draper Lewis). Of this work the thirteenth
volume appeared in 1902.
PEPPER, William, educator, was born in
Philadelphia. Pa., Aug. 21, 1843 ; son of Dr.
William and Sarah (Piatt) Pepper. He was -
graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,
A.B., 1862, M.D., 1864, A.M., 1865; established
himself in practice in Philadelphia, and attained
high rank as a physician, both in private practice
and as official physician to hospitals. He was
lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania on
morbid anatomy, 1868-70, on clinical medicine,

PEPPER

PERCHE

1870-74, and on physical diagnosis, 1871-73. He
was married in 1873, to Frances Sergeant, daugh
ter of Christopher Grant Perry. He was pro
fessor of clinical medicine, 1874-84 ; professor of
t'\e theory and practice of medicine, 1884-98 ;
provost of the Uni
versity of Pennsyl
vania, 1881-94, and
as such was largely
instrumental in the'
growth of the Ameri
can Society for the
Extension of Univer
sity Teaching. He
was foremost in es
tablishing the uni
versity hospital, of
which he was man
ager, 1874-98; gave
$50,000 for the found
ing of the laboratory
of clinical medicine,
and endowed it with $50,000, Dec. 4, 1894. On
resigning the office of provost, April 23, 1894, he
gave $50,000 for the extension of hospital build
ings. He was one of the founders of the
Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial
Art, and a member of its board of managers for
several years. He was a director of the Centen
nial exposition, 1875—76, and for his services
received from the King of Sweden the decoration
of Knight Commander of the Order of St. Olaf ,
in 1877. He was elected a member of the Assay
commission of the U.S. mint in 1882 ; was presi
dent of the Pan- American Medical Congress of
Washington iu 1893, and of the Foulke and Long
Institute for Orphan Girls, 1886—98 ; became a
member of the Pathological Society of Philadel
phia in 1865, and its president, 1873—76 ; was
elected a member of the American Philological
society in 1870 ; of the Academy of Natural
Science of Philadelphia in 1867-76, and of its
biological section, 1868-74 ; a member of the
Obstetric Society of Philadelphia, 1870-82 ; of the
American Neurology association, 1874-98 ; cor
responding member of the New York Society
of Neurology and Electrology, 1874-98, and was a
regular or honorary member, and an officer of
the leading medical societies of the United States.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Lafayette college in 1881. He founded the
Philadelphia Medical Times and was its editor,
1870-71, and with John F. Meigs, M.D., edited
System of Medicine by American Authors (5 vols.
1885-86) . He is the author of : Strephining in
Cerebral Disease (1871); Social Treatment of
Pulmonary Cavities (1874); Sanitary Relations
of Hospitals (1875); Higher Medical Education
(1877) ; Report of the Medical Department of the

Centennial Exposition (1877); Catarrhal Irrita
tion (1881); Epilepsy (1883); Phthisis in Pennsyl
vania (1886); and a text book of the Theory and
Practice of Medicine (1893), and many contribu
tions to medical and literary journals. He died
in Pleasanton, Cal., July 28, 1898.
PEPPERRELL, William, soldier, was born in
Kittery, Maine, June 27, 1696 ; son of Col. Wil
liam and Margery (Bray) Pepperrell. His father
came to America from Tavistock, Cornwall,
Eng., and engaged in the fishing trade, first on
the Isles of Shoals, and subsequently at Kittery,
where he was married. William, their only son,
studied land surveying and navigation under a
tutor ; and became a successful ship-builder and
marine merchant in partnership with his father,
as William Pepperrell & Son. He was made
justice of the peace and captain of a company of
cavalry in 1717, and received promotions to the
ranks of major, lieutenant-colonel, and brevet
colonel, having charge of the entire militia of
Maine. He was a representative in the general
court of Massachusetts in 1726 ; a member of the
Governor's council, 1727-59, and secretary of the
board for thirteen years. He was married,
March 16, 1723, to a niece of the Rev. Samuel
Moody, of New York city. He was chief justice,
of the court of common pleas, 1730—59. In 1744
he was commander-in-chief of New England
volunteers, and marched against Louisburg, the
strongest fortress in America. He was supported
by a small squadron under Commodore Warren,
and after a siege of forty-nine days compelled its
surrender, June 17, 1745. For this service he
received the thanks of the colonists, and was
created a baronet of Great Britain, being the first
American to receive that honor. He retired
from business, having amassed a large fortune,
and entertained lavishly at his house at Kittery.
In 1755 he raised and equipped troops for the
French and Indian war, and was commissioned
major-general. He was acting governor of
Massachusetts, 1756—58, and was commissioned
lieutenant-general in 1759. He is the author of :
Conference with the Penobscot Tribe (1753). He
died in Kittery, Maine, July 6, 1759.
PERCHE, Napoleon Joseph, archbishop, was
born in Angers, France, Jan. 30, 1805. He became
a professor of philosophy, 1823 ; entered the Semi
nary of Beaupreau in 1825, where he was prepared
for the piiesthood and ordained priest, Sept. 19,
1829. He accompanied Bishop Flaget to the United
States in 1837, and engaged in missionary work
in Kentucky. He formed a congregation at Port
land, Ky., built the church of Our Lady, and in
1841 went to Louisiana to collect money to free
it from debt. Through his eloquent preaching
while in New Orleans he received an invitation
from Archbishop Blanc to settle in that city,

[214]

PERCIVAL

PERKINS

and was appointed almoner to the Ursuline con
vent. During the schism in New Orleans, which
was occasioned by Archbishop Blanc's refusal to
appoint certain priests, he established and edited
Le Propagateur Catholique in support of the
archbishop, and finally restored peace. The pub
lication then became the chief organ of the
Frenoh people in the south. He was elected coad
jutor to Archbishop Odin in 1870, and was con
secrated at New Orleans, La., May 1, 1870,
by Bishop Rosecrans of Columbus, assisted by
Bishop Feehan of Nashville and Bishop Foley of
Chicago, receiving the title Bishop of " Abdera."
He succeeded as Archbishop of New Orleans,
May 25, 1870, and after many litigations over
church property and cemeteries, was invested
with the ownership by the wardens of the cathe
dral. He received the Pallium from the hands
of Pius IX. in 1871 ; established a community of
Carmelite nuns in his diocese, founded Thibo-
deaux college, St. Mary's Commercial college,
four academies for girls, thirteen parochial
schools, and an asylum for aged colored women.
He also built twenty new churches and chapels,
and organized a Roman Catholic society. He died
in New Orleans, La., Dec. 27, 1883.
PERCIVAL, James Gates, geologist, was born
in Berlin, Conn., Sept. 15, 1795. He was gradu
ated from Yale in 1815, and his tragedy "Zamor"
was presented at the commencement exercises.
He taught school in Philadelphia, Pa. , and was
graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,
M.D., in 1820. He established himself in practice
in Charleston, S.C; was appointed assistant sur
geon in the U.S. army and professor of chemistry,
mineralogy and geology in the U.S. Military
academy in 1824, resigning his professorship in
a few months to become examining surgeon in
the recruiting service in Boston, Mass. He re
moved to New Haven, Conn., in 1827, engaged in
literary work and continued the study of geology.
He explored the ranges of trap rock in Connec
ticut in 1834, and with Prof. Charles M. Shepard
made a geological and mineralogical survey of
the state in 1835. He was state geologist of Con
necticut, 1835-42, and state geologist of Wiscon
sin, 1853-56. He edited Knox's Elegant Extracts
(1826) ; assisted in compiling Noah Webster's
Dictionary, and is the author of : Prometheus ;
Clio (1834) ; Report of the Geological Survey of
Connecticut (1842) ; Dream of a Day (1843) ; Re
port of tlie Geological Survey of Wisconsin (1855),
and many minor poems including : The Coral
Grove ; The Graves of the Patriots, and Setting
Sail. He contributed largely to journals and mag
azines. He was never married. He died in
Hazel Green, Wis., May 2. 1856.
PERHAM, Sidney, governor of Maine, was
born in Woodstock, Maine, March 27, 1817 ; son of

[215]

Joel and Saphronia (Bisbee) Perham ; grandson
of Lemuel and Betsey (Gurney) Perham, and of
Rowse and Hannah (Carroll) Bisbee, and a de
scendant of John Perham, who settled in Chelms
ford, Mass., in 1664. He at
tended the public schools and
Gould's academy, Bethel,
Maine, in 1838 ; engaged in
teaching school during the
winter months, and in 1840
in farming and sheep raising
on his family homestead.
He was married Jan. 1, 1843, to Almena Jane,
daughter of Lazeras Hathaway of Paris, Maine.
He was a Republican representative in the state
legislature, and speaker in 1855 ; was presidential
elector on the Fremont and Dayton ticket in 1856,
and on the Harrison and Morton ticket in 1888 ;
clerk of the supreme judicial court for Oxford
county, 1858-62, and a Republican representative
from the second Maine district in the 38th, 39th
and 40th congresses, 1863-69, being a member of
the committee on pensions, 1863-69, and chairman
of the committee, 1865-69. He served three terms
as governor of Maine, 1871-74 ; was appraiser for
the port of Portland, Maine, 1877-85, and a mem
ber of the commission appointed by President
Harrison to select a site for a dry dock on the
Gulf of Mexico in 1891. He took an active part
in teachers' institutes and educational conven
tions, served as president of the board of trustees
of Westbrook seminary and female college and
of the Maine Industrial school ; lectured on tem
perance, and was a member of the Maine board
of agriculture, 1853-54. After 1886 he made his
home in Washington, D.C, spending the sum
mers at Paris Hill, Maine.
PERKINS, Bishop Walden, senator, was born
in Rochester, Ohio, Oct. 18, 1841 ; son of Ben
jamin Chaplin and Hannah M. (Cole) Perkins ;
grandson of Benjamin Chaplin and Elizabeth
Ann (Walden) Perkins and a descendant of John
Perkins, Boston, 1636. He was educated at Knox
academy, Galesburg, 111. ; studied law at Ottawa,
was a soldier in the 83d Illinois infantry. 1861-62,
and captain in the 16th U.S. colored inf antry,1862-
65. He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in
1867; removed to Oswego, Kan., in 1869; was
attorney for Labette county in 1869, and was mar
ried April 11, 1872, to Louise Cushman. He was
probate judge of Labette county, 1870-73 ; judge
of the llth judicial district, 1873-82, and a Repub
lican representative from the third Kansas district
in the 48th, 49th, 50th and 51st congresses, 1883-91.
He was appointed to the U.S. senate by Governor
Humphrey to fill the vacancy caused by the death
of Preston B. Plumb, Dec. 20, 1891, serving, 1891-
93, and in 1893 took up the practice of law in
Washington, D.C, where he died June 20, 1894.

PERKINS

PERKINS

PERKINS, Charles Callahan, author, was
born in Boston, Mass., March 1, 1823. He was
graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1843, A.M., 1846,
studied painting under Scheffer in Paris, and later
studied music and etching in Europe. He was
one of the pioneer American etchers, resided in
Boston and became famous as an art- critic. He
was president of the Boston Art club, 1869-79 ;
founder and honorary director of the Boston
Museum of Fine Arts ; a member of the city
school board, 1870-83 ; president of the Handel
and Haydn society, 1875-85 ; a fellow of the
American Academy, and a member of the Massa
chusetts Historical society. He is the author of :
Tuscan Scidptors (2 vols., 1864); Italian Sculp
tors (1868); Art in Education (1870); Raphael
and Michelangelo (1878); Sepulchral Monuments
in Italy (1883); Historical Hand-Book of Italian
Sculptors (1883); History of the Handel and
Haydn Society (Vol. I., 1883-86), and Ghiberti et
son ecole (1886). He died in Windsor, Vt,
Aug. 25, 1886.
PERKINS, Frederic Beecher, author, was
born in Hartford, Conn., Sept. 27, 1828; son of
Thomas Clap and Mary Foot (Beecher) Perkins ;
grandson of Enoch and Anna (Pitkin) Perkins,
and of the Rev. Lyman and Roxana (Foote)
Beecher, and a descendant of John Perkins,
Boston, 1631, Ipswich, 1633. He matriculated at
Yale in the class of 1850, but left in 1848 to study
law under his father ; was admitted to the bar in
1851, and was graduated at the Connecticut
Normal school in 1852. He practised law in
Hartford, and held various local offices, 1852-54 ;
engaged in literary work in New York, 1854-57,
and was married, May 21, 1857, to Mary, daughter
of Henry and Clarissa (Perkins) -Westcott of
Providence, R.I. ¦„ He was associated with Henry
Barnard in editing the American Journal of
Education at Hartford, Conn., 1857, meantime
serving as librarian of the Connecticut Historical
society ; was secretary of the Boston public
library for a time ; librarian of the San Francisco
free public library, 1880-87, and connected with a
San Francisco newspaper after 1887. He pub
lished : President Greeley, President Hoffman,
and the Resurrection of the Ring (1872); Scrope
(1874); Check List for American Local History
(1876) ; My Three Conversations with Miss Chester
(1877); Devil Puzzlers and other Studies (1877);
Charles Dickens : His Life and Works (1877);
Rational Classification of Literature for Shelv
ing and Cataloguing Books in a Library (1881).
He died at Morristown, N.J., Jan. 27, 1899.
PERKINS, George Clement, senator, was born
in Kennebunkport, Maine, Aug. 23, 1832 ; son of
Clement and Lucinda (Fairfield) Perkins. Both
his father and mother were of New England
Puritan ancestry. He was brought up on a farm,

-<3

[216]

received a limited education, and in 1852 went
to sea as a cabin boy on the ship Golden Eagle.
He made six voyages to Europe on sailing ships.
In 1885 he shipped before the mast on the ship
Galatea, bound for San Francisco, Cal. He en
gaged in mining and
teaming in California
but without success,
and opened a mercan
tile business in Oro-
ville, Cal. Later he
engaged in the bank
ing, mining and mill
ing industries. He
became a member of
a shipping firm in
San Francisco, Good-
all, Perkins & Com
pany, which later
became the builders
and owners of the
Pacific Coast Steam
ship company. He was the pioneer in the
introduction of steam whalers for the Arctic
ocean, and operated steamships on the coast of
California, Oregon, Washington, British Colum
bia, Mexico and Alaska. He was a representative
in the state senate, 1869-76 ; governor of the state
of California, 1879-83, and was appointed July
24, 1893, U.S. senator, to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of Leland Stanford, and was elected
Aug. 8, 1893, for the remainder of the unexpired
term. He was re-elected in 1895 and 1903, his
term expiring March 3, 1909. He was chairman
of the committee on fisheries, and a member of
the appropriations, education and labor, naval
affairs, commerce, Pacific Islands and Porto Rico
and coast and insular survey committees. He
was president of the Merchants' Exchange, and
of the Art association, and a director of the Cali
fornia Academy of Science.
PERKINS, George Douglas, representative
was born in Holly, Orleans county, N.Y., Feb.
29, 1840 ; son of John Dyer and Lucy (Forsyth)
Perkins. He learned the printers' trade at Bara-
boo, Wis., joined his brother in establishing the
Gazette, Cedar Falls, Iowa, in 1860, and was a
private in the 31st Iowa infantry regiment, 1862-
63. He married, July 2, 1869, Louise E. Julien, the
same year removed to Sioux City, Iowa, where
he published the Journal. He was a member
of the Iowa state senate, 1874-76 ; U.S. marshal
for the northern district of Iowa by appointment
of President Arthur, 1881-85 ; delegate at large to
the Republican national conventions at Cincin
nati, 1876, Chicago, 1880, and Chicago, 1888 ; and
a Republican representative from the eleventh
district of Iowa in the 52d, 53d, 54th and 55th con
gresses, serving, 1891-99.

PERKINS

PERKINS

PERKINS, George Hamilton, naval officer,
was born in Hopkinton, N.H., Oct. 20, 1836 ; son
of Judge Hamilton Eliot and Clara Bartlett
(George) Perkins, and grandson of Roger Eliot
Perkins, and of John and Rutli (Bradley) George
of Concord, N.H.
His father, a gradu
ate of Norwich uni
versity, was judge of
probate for Merri
mack county, 1855-
74. George Hamilton
Perkins was gradu
ated at the U.S.
Naval academy in
1856, was appointed
acting master, Aug.
18, 1858, and served
on the Sabine at
Montevideo, and on
the Sumter on a cruise
on the west coast
of Africa, 1859-61. He was promoted master,
Sept. 5, 1859, and lieutenant, Feb. 2, 1861 ; was
ordered to the Cayuga, fitting out in New York
navy yard and commanded by Napoleon B. Harri
son (q.v.), December, 1861, and was second in
command of that vessel. Upon reaching Ship
Island, March 31, 1862, the Cayuga was made
flagship, and with Lieut. Perkins as pilot led the
first division of gunboats in the passage of Forts
Jackson and St. Philip, April 24, 1862. The
Cayuga received the first fire, passed under the
walls of Fort St. Philip, sank the Confederate
steamer Governor Moore and the ram Manassas,
and on the morning of April 25, 1862, led the fleet
up the river and captured New Orleans, receiving
the surrender of the city with Capt. Theodorus
Bailey, the two officers walking alone and un
guarded from the wharf to the city hall. He was
executive officer of the Cayuga, October, 1862-
June, 1863, and was promoted lieutenant-com
mander, Dec. 31, 1862. He commanded the gun
boat New London on the Mississippi, June-July,
1863, and ran the batteries at Port Hudson five
times ; commanded the New London, which in
company with the Cayuga blockaded Sabine Pass
from Jan. 22, 1863, and the Scioto on blockade
duty off the coast of Texas, July, 1863- April, 1864,
when he was ordered north, but volunteered to
assume command of the monitor Chickasaw, in the
battle of Mobile Bay. When within fifty feet of the
stern of the Tennessee he planted 52 11-inch shot
on the most vulnerable part ofthe armored Con
federate ram which effected her capture, and he
was largely instrumental in the reduction of Forts
Powell, Gaines and Morgan. He served as super
intendent of iron-clads at New Orleans, 1865-66 ;
as executive officer of the Lackawanna in the

Pacific, 1866-69, and in the ordnance department
at the U.S. navy yard at Boston, Mass., 1869-71.
He was promoted commander, Jan. 19, 1871, and
on March 3 was assigned to the command of the
U.S. store-ship Relief, to convey contributions to
the French, Jan. 29, 1876; He was on duty in
Boston as ordnance officer and as lighthouse in
spector. He commanded the U.S.S. Ashuelot oi
the Asiatic squadron, 1879-81 ; commanded the
torpedo station at Newport, R.I., in 1882, and was
promoted captain, March 10, 1882. He com
manded the Hartford of the Pacific station, 1885-
86 ; was placed on the retired list, Oct. 1, 1891,
and was promoted commodore on the retired list,
May 9, 1896, for his distinguished services during
the rebellion. He was married in 1870 to Anna
Minot Weld of Boston, Mass. See " Letters of
George Hamilton Perkins, U.S.N.," edited and ar
ranged by his sister and including a sketch of his
life. His mother died in Concord in March, 1902.
His statue of heroic size executed by Daniel C.
French, on the Capitol grounds, Concord, NIL,
the gift to the state by his daughter, Mrs. Larz
Anderson, was unveiled April 25, 1902, being
presented to the state in behalf of the donor by
Rear-Admiral George E. Belknap, U.S. N. He
died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 28, 1899.
PERKINS, George Roberts, educator, was
born in Otsego county, N.Y. , May 3, 1812 ; son of
Joseph and Alice (Roberts) Perkins, and grand
son of George Roberts Perkins. He acquired his
education through his own exertions, and became
proficient in mathematics and civil engineering.
He was employed on the slackwater survey of
the Susquehanna river in 1830, and taught
mathematics in Clinton, N.Y., 1831-38. He was
principal of the academy at Utica, N.Y., 1838-44 ;
professor of mathematics in the New York State
Normal school, 1844-48, and principal of the
normal school, 1848-52. He superintended the
erection of the Dudley observatory at Albany,
N.Y., 1852, and was deputy state engineer, 1858-
62. He received the honorary degree of A.M. in
1838 and that of LL.D. in 1852 from Hamilton
college, and was a regent of the University of the
State of New York, 1862-76. He is the author
of: Higher Arithmetic (1841); Treatise on Algebra
(1841) Elements of Algebra (1844); Elements of
Geometry (1847); Trigonometry and Surveying
(1851); Plane and Solid Geometry (1854); a text
book on astronomy, and many scientific articles.
He died in New Hartford, N.Y., Aug. 22, 1876.
PERKINS, James Breck, author and represen
tative, was born in St. Crois, Wis., Nov. 4,
1847 ; son of Hamlet H. and Margaret A. (Breck)
Perkins, and a descendant of Breck, who landed in
Massachusetts about 1635. He removed with his
parents to Rochester, N.Y., in 1856 and was gradu
ated from the University of Rochester in 1867.

[217]

PERKINS

PERKINS

He was admitted to the bar in December, 1868,
and was city attorney of Rochester, 1874-78. He
engaged in historical study in Paris, France, 1890-
95. He was*& member of the New York assembly
1898, and a Republican representative from the
thirty-first district in the 57th and 58th con
gresses, 1901-05. He was made a member of the
National Institute of Art, Science and Letters and
received from the University of Rochester the
honorary degree of' LL.D. in 1897. He is the
author of : France under Richelieu and Mazarin
(1887) ; France under the Regency (1892) France
under Louis XV. (1897) ; Richelieu (in"Heroesof
the Nation Series " 1900) and numerous contribu
tions to periodicals.
PERKINS, Jennie Saunders, poet, was born
near Purdy, McNairy county, Tennessee, April
8, 1832 ; daughter of Lindsey and Martha Ann
(Landreth) Saunders, and a descendant of Thomas
Saunders and Elizabeth (Rook) Saunders, who
settled in Chatham
county, N.C, near
the close of the
eighteenth century.
Thomas was the son
of Benjamin Saun
ders, a staunch Qua
ker, and his wife was
a lineal descendant
on her father's side
of Admiral Rook of
the British navy, and
on her mother's side
of a younger brother
of Lord Stanford, and
Marie Wills, of Ger
many. The family
removed to McNairy county, Tenn., in 1825. Her
first education was received from the common
schools and from her parents. She evinced a
literary taste at an early age, and before the civil
war many of her poems were published in the
leading papers of the South, over the signature
of "Jennie S.," and at once attracted attention.
Gen. Marcus J. Wright, a native of her county,
and a resident of Memphis, was prominent in the
business and literary circles of his adopted city,
and having seen some of her poems in current
papers, became interested in the success of his
former neighbor, and gave able advice and kindly
encouragement that made a marked impression
on her subsequent life and its work. In 1863 she
was married to E. D. M. Perkins, by whom she
had seven children. Even with the care and ed
ucation of these, she continued her literary work.
In 1872 she received the second prize over forty-
nine contestants for the best poem on the Trenton
Massacre. The family removed to Florida in
1878, and while there some of her best poems, in

cluding : From Tennessee to Florida, Lake Beau-
claire, Florida Winter, Summer on the St. Johns,
were published, and were widely copied through*
out the country, extracts from them appearing
in pamphlets and books. After a dozen years in
Florida Mr. and Mrs. Perkins went to reside in
Washington, where she continued to contribute
numerous poems, floral articles and biographical
sketches to leading papers and magazines. Here
her lengthiest and most elaborate epic, Grant,
was also written. In 1903 she was engaged in
collecting her writings, published and unpub
lished, with a view to issuing a volume of her
complete works.
PERKINS, Samuel Elliott, jurist, was born
in Brattleboro, Vt, Dec. 6, 1811; son of John
Trumbull and Hannah (Hurlburt) Perkins ;
grandson of Caleb and Sarah (Trumbull) Perkins,
and a descendant of John Perkins, Ipswich,
Mass., 1633. He was left an orphan when five
years old and was brought up by William Baker
on his farm in Conway, Mass. In 1834 he re
moved to Penn Yan, N.Y., where he attended the
Yates County academy, and in 1836 to Richmond
Ind., where he was admitted to the bar in 1837
and published The Jeffersonian, a Democratic
paper. He was married first, in July, 1838, to
Amanda Juliet, daughter of Joseph Pyle of Rich
mond, Ind., and secondly to Lavinia Wiggins
Pyle, his deceased wife's sister. He was nomi
nated by Governor Whitcomb to a seat on the
supreme bench of the state in 1841, and again in
1842, but failed of confirmation in the senate. He
was prosecuting attorney for the sixth judicial
district of Indiana, 1843-45 ; a presidential elector
on the Polk and Dallas ticket in 1844, and was
judge of the supreme court of Indiana, 1845-64.
He removed to Indianapolis in 1847 ; was chosen
professor of law in the Northwestern Christian
university (Butler college) in 1857 ; was professor
of law in the Indiana State university, 1870-72,
and judge of the superior court of Marion county,
1872-76. He was again judge of the state supreme
court, 1876-79, and was serving as chief justice
at the time of his death. He is the author of : Digest
of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Indiana
(1858) ; and Pleadings and Practice under the Code
in the Courts of Indiana (1859). He died in
Indianapolis, Ind., Dec. 17, 1879.
PERKINS, Thomas Handasyd, philanthropist,
was born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 15, 1764; son of
 and Elizabeth (Peck) Perkins and grandson
of Edmund and Edna (Frothingham) Perkins
and of Thomas (Handasyd) Peck. His father
was a merchant, and his mother a founder of
the Boston female asylum. He was prepared for
Harvard by the Rev. Mr. Shute of Hingham, but
did not matriculate, determining to engage in
commercial pursuits. He was trained in a

[218]

PERLEY

PERRY

Boston counting room in 1785, visited and en
gaged in business with his brother James in Santo
Domingo; and returned soon after as the Boston
.agent of his brother's house. He was married in
1788, to Sarah, daughter of Simon Elliot. He
formed a partnership with his brother James in
Boston in 1792, which continued till the latter's
death in 1822, and in the meantime established a
house in Canton under the name Perkins &
•Co. He traveled in Europe, 1794-95, was made
president of the Boston Branch of the Bank of
the United States in 1796, but resigned the next
year and was succeeded by George Cabot. He
was elected to the Massachusetts senate in 1805
and for nearly twenty years thereafter, serving
in one or the other branch of the state legislature.
He was a projector of the Quincy railroad, the
first in the United States, in 1827, and retired
from business with a large fortune in 1838. He
was prominent in establishing the Massachusetts
general hospital with an asylum for the insane,
•and about 1812 donated his mansion house on.
Pearl Street, worth $50,000, for a blind asylum,
which was the foundation of the Perkins Institu
tion for the Blind in 1853. The condition of the
gift was that $50,000 should be raised as a fund for
its support. With other members of his family
he gave more than $60,000 to the Boston Athen
aeum, and was the largest contributor to the
Mercantile Library association. He also contrib
uted to the erection of Bunker Hill monument
and toward the completion of the Washington
monument. His diaries of travel and autobio
graphical sketches were partly preserved in
Thomas G. Cary's " Memoir of Thomas H. Per
kins " (1856) and he published a small book in
tended to teach the art of reading to the blind
(1827) the Gospel of St. John, for the blind (1834),
and afterward several other books for the blind.
He died in Brookline, Mass., Jan. 11, 1854.
PERLEY, Ira, jurist, was born in Boxford,
Mass., Nov. 9, 1799 ; son of Samuel and Phebe
(Dresser) Perley ; grandson of Maj. Asa and
Susanna (Low) Perley, and a descendant of
Allen Perley, a native of Wales, who immigrated
to New England, settled first at Charlestown in
1630, and in Ipswich in 1635 and was married in
1635 to Mrs. Susanna Bokeson. Ira Perley was
prepared for college in Bradford academy,
.graduated at Dartmouth college A.B., 1822, A.M.,
1825, and was a tutor there, 1823-25. He studied
law under Benjamin J. Gilbert of Hanover,
N. H., and Daniel M. Christie of Dover, was ad
mitted to the bar in 1827, and settled in practice
in Hanover, N. H. He was treasurer of Dart
mouth college, 1830-35 ; represented Hanover in
the state legislature in 1834, removed to Concord
in 1836, and served as a representative in the
state legislature in 1839 and in 1870. He was an

[219]

associate judge of the superior court of New
Hampshire, 1850-52 ; chief justice of the superior
oourt, 1855-59 and 1864-69, and in 1869 resumed
practice as a consulting lawyer. He received
the honorary degree LL.D. from Dartmouth in
1852. He was married in June, 1840, to Mary S.,
daughter of John Nelson of Haverhill, Mass. He
is the author of : A Charge to the Grand Jury ;
A Eulogy on Daniel Webster, and An Address at
the Dartmouth Centennial. He died at Concord,
N.H., Feb. 26, 1874.
PERRIN, Bernadotte, educator, was born in
Goshen, Conn., Sept. 15, 1847 ; son of Lavelatte
and Ann Eliza (Comstock) Perrin ; grandson of
Aaron and Lois (Lee) Perrin, and of William
and Ann (Keeler) Comstook, and a descendant
of Thomas Perrin, who came from England to
Lebanon, Conn., in 170,9, and, on the same side,
of John Porter, who came to Windsor, Conn., in
1639. He was graduated from Yale in 1869;
taught in the high school at Hartford, Conn.,
and was tutor at Yale, 1869-76. He studied at
the Universities of Tubingen, Leipzig and Berlin,
1876-78 ; was again tutor at Yale in 1878, assistant
principal of the Hartford high school, 1879-86,
professor of Greek at Western Reserve university,
1881-93, and was appointed professor of Greek
language and literature at Yale in 1893. He
was married, Aug. 17, 1881, to Luella, daughter
of James J. Perrin of Lafayette, Ind., who died
in 1889 ; and secondly, Nov. 25, 1892, to Susan,
daughter of Charles S. Lester of Saratoga, N.Y.
He was president of the American Philological
association in 1897. He edited : Caesar's Civil
War (1882) ; Homer's Odyssey (Books I.-IV.,
1889 ; V.--VIII. 1894) ; School Odyssey, eight books
and vocabulary (1897); Plutarch's Themistocles
and Aristides (1901), and contributed articles on
Greek and Roman history and literature to
scientific journals.
PERRY, Alfred Tyler, educator, was born in
Geneseo, 111., Aug. 19, 1858; son of George
Bulkley and Maria Louise (Tyler) Perry ; grand
son of Dr. Alfred and Lucy (Benjamin) Perry
and of Duty S. and Amy (Arnold) Tyler, and a
descendant of Arthur Perry of Stratford, Conn.
(supposed to be the son of Arthur Perry of
Boston, 1638); of Job Tyler of Andover, Mass.,
(1650), and of William Pynchon, settler of
Springfield, Charles Chauncey, Boston, 1635, the
Rev. Gershom Bulkeley of Wethersfield, Conn.
(1636), Capt. Richard Lord of Hartford, 1636,
and other early settlers. He was graduated from
Williams college,' A.B., 1880, A.M., 1891, and
from the Hartford Theological seminary in
1885. He was ordained to the Congregational
ministry in 1886 and was appointed assistant
pastor of the Memorial church at Springfield,
Mass., in 1886. He was married, April 13, 1887,

PERRY

PERRY

to Anna, daughter of Jonathan Flynt Morris of
Hartford, Conn. He was pastor of the Fast
Congregational church, Ware, Mass., 1887-90;
professor of bibliology and librarian of Hartford
Theological seminary, 1891-1900, and was elected
president of Marietta college, Ohio, in 1900. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him
by Williams college in 1901. He is the author
of: A Handy Harmony of the Gospels (3d ed.,
1892), and The Pre-eminence of the Bible as a
Book (1899).
FERRY, Benjamin Franklin, governor of South
Carolina, was born in the Pendleton district,
S.C, Nov. 20, 1805; son of Benjamin and Anne
(Foster) Perry, and grandson of Lieut. John
Foster of Virginia, an officer in the Continental
army. Benjamin Perry was a native of Massa
chusetts ; was a sol-
dier in the Revolu
tionary army ; re
moved to Charleston,
S.C, in 1784, and en
gaged in planting in
Greenville. Benja
min Franklin Perry
was brought up on
the plantation and
attended a classical
school in Asheville,
N.C, 1821-24. He
then studied law un
der Judge Earl in
Greenville and Col.
James Gregg in Col
umbia. He was admitted to the bar in Greenville
in 1827 and in 1832 took charge of the editorial de
partment of the Greenville Mountaineer and made
the paper the organ of the Union party in that
state, in opposition to the teachings of John C.
Calhoun. He was a delegate to the Union state
convention at Columbia in 1832, and was defeated
as a candidate for representative in the 24th
congress in 1834 by Waddy Thompson, Jr. He
was married in 1837, to Elizabeth Frances,
daughter of Hext McCall of Charleston. He
represented Greenville in the state legislature,
1836-43 ; was a state senator, 1844-60 ; an elector
at large on the Cass and Butler ticket in 1849,
and one of the organizers of the Greenville and
Columbia railroad. In 1850 he established at
Greenville the Southern Patriot, which was the
only Union newspaper in the state. In the same
year he made a stirring Union speech in the
state legislature, and was a member of the
Democratic state convention in 1851. He was a
delegate to the Charleston Democratic national
convention in 1860, and although opposed to
secession accepted the situation when that
ordinance was adopted by his state. He was a

^-^^fSS^g^.

[220]

member of the state legislature, a commissioner
under the Confederate government to regulate
prices, and a district attorney and district judge
during the war. He was appointed provisional
governor of South Carolina by President Johnson
in 1865, filling the office six months ; was elected
to the U.S. senate from South Carolina in 1866;
presented his credentials Feb. 28, 1866, but like
the other southern senators was denied his seat ;
and was a delegate to the Democratic national
conventions of 1868 and 1876. He was a trustee
of the Medical College of Charleston, S.C. He
contributed to the press, and is the author of :
Reminiscences of Public Men (1883) and left in
manuscript several sketches of American states
men, afterwards edited, enlarged and published
by his wife, with a sketch of his life and intro
duction by Wade Hampton (1887). He died in
Greenville, S.C, Dec. 3, 1886.
PERRY,, Bliss, editor, was born in Williams
town, Mass., Nov. 25, 1860; son of Arthur
Latham and Mary (Smedley) Perry ; grandson
of the Rev. Baxter and Lydia (Gray) Perry, and
of Dr. James and Lucy (Bridges) Smedley, and a
descendant of John Perry, who came from Lon
don to America about 1666. He was gradu
ated from Williams college, A.B., 1881, A.M.,
1883, studied at Berlin and Strassburg universi
ties, Germany ; was professor of elocution and
English at Williams college, 1886-96, and pro
fessor of oratory and aesthetic criticism at Prince
ton university, 1893-99. He was married in
1888 to Annie L., daughter of F. R. Bliss, of New
Haven, Conn. In 1899 he became editor of the
Atlantic .Monthly, Boston, Mass. The honorary
degree of L. H D. was conferred on him by
Princeton university in 1900, and by Williams
college in 1902. He edited selections from
Burke ; Scott's Woodstock and Ivanhoe, and
Little Masterpieces, and is the author of : The
Broughton House (1890); Salem Kittredge and
Other Stories (1894); The Plated City (1895);
The Powers at Play (1899), and A Study of Prose
Fiction (1902). In 1902 he delivered the Charter
Day address at the University of California,
Berkeley. PERRY, David Brainerd, educator, was born
in Worcester, Mass. , March 7, 1839 ; son of
Samuel and Mary (Harrington) Perry. He
attended the high school at Worcester ; was
graduated from Yale, A.B., 1863, A.M., 1866,
B.D., 1867, and was a tutor at Yale, 1865-67. He
was married, in 1876, to Helen Doane, of Charles
town, Mass. He was a tutor at Doane college,
Crete, Neb., from its foundation in 1872-73;
professor of Latin and Greek, 1873-1881 ; a trustee
from 1884 ; member of the executive committee
from 1895 ; Perry professor of mental and
moral philosophy, 1881-90; professor of mental

PERRY

PERRY

£JJZ

^C^tAsiS

philosophy and history from 1890, and was
elected president of the college in 1881. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon
him by Yale in 1898.
PERRY, Edward Aylesworth, governor of
Florida, was born in Richmond, Mass., March 15,
1831 ; son of Asa and Philura (Aylesworth)
Perry ; grandson of the Rev. David and Jerusha
(Lord) Perry, and a descendant of Arthur Perry,
Boston, 1630, member
of the Ancient and
Honorable Artillery
company, 1638, and
of Arthur Ayles
worth, North King
ston, R.I., 1681.
Edward Aylesworth
Perry matriculated
at Yale college in the
class of 1854, but left
in 1855 ; went to
Alabama, where he
studied law, and
practiced in Pensa-
cola, Fla., 1857-61.
At the beginning of
the civil war he recruited a company for the 2d
Florida infantry and was commissioned succes-
sively.captain, major and lieutenant-color el. On
the death of Col. George T. Woods at the battle
of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, he succeeded to
the command of the regiment which was as
signed to Garland's brigade, D. H. Hill's division,
Longstreet's wing of Johnston's army. In the
battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1, 1862, the
regiment was in Pryor's brigade, Anderson's di
vision, Longstreet's corps, and also in the seven
days' battle before Richmond. He was wounded
at Frayser's Farm, June 30, 1862, but rejoined his
brigade at Antietam. He was promoted briga
dier-general and commanded the 2d, 5th and 8th
Florida regiments in Anderson's division at Fred
ericksburg, Cbancellorsville and Gettysburg. His
brigade at Gettysburg was conspicuous for the
mortality of its men, losing the largest number
of any brigade on the Confederate side. He was
wounded a second time after distinguishing him
self in the Wilderness campaign by driving back
Burnside's troops on the Orange Plank road, May
5, 1864. He was unable to resume command of
"his brigade, and after the war resumed the
practice of law in Pensacola. In 1884 he was
elected governor of Florida by the Democratic
party for the term expiring . Dec. 31,. 1888. In
1887 he was a prominent candidate before the
Democratic caucus of the Florida legislature for
U.S. senator, and after 100 ballots with no choice
between himself and Ex-Governor Bloxham, both
withdrew their names. Upon the expiration of

[221]

his term as governor, he continued the practice
of law, and while on a visit to Kerrville, Texas,
died there Oct. 15, 1889.
PERRY, Enoch Wood, artist, was born in
Boston, Mass., July 31, 1830 ; son of Enoch Wood
and Hannah Knapp (Dole) Perry ; grandson of
John and Lucy (Burkes) Perry, and of Samuel
and Katherine (Wigglesworth) Dole, and great-
grandson of Col. EdwaTd Wigglesworth, an inti
mate friend of Gen. George Washington. Three
of his ancestors were professors of theology at
Harvard. He removed in 1848 to New Orleans,
La. , where he studied art, continuing his studies
in Diisseldorf and Paris, 1852-55, and in Rome and
Venice, 1855-58, and serving as U.S. consul at
Venice, 1856-58. He opened a studio in Philadel
phia, Pa., in 1859 ; traveled through the southern
and Pacific states ; sailed for the Sandwich Is
lands from San Francisco in 1863, and settled in
New York city in 1865. He was elected an asso
ciate of the National Academy of Design in 1868,
an academician in 1869, recording secretary of
the same, 1871-73, and of the American Art union,
1882-83 ; and a member of the American Water-
Color society, and of the Century Association,
1868. He was married, Feb. 4, 1899, to Fannie
Field, daughter of Isaac Newton and Emily (Dun
bar) Gregory, of Keeseville, N.Y. He painted
portraits of many distinguished men, including
General Grant (in Union League club, New
York) ; George W. DeLong ; Justice Field of the
U.S. supreme court ; Brigham Young and his
Apostles ; King Kamehaha, 5th, of the Sand
wich Islands (in the Czar's collection at St.
Petersburg) ; Jefferson Davis, John C. Breckin
ridge ; John Slidell ; Li Hung Chang, the Chinese
statesman ; Governor Washington Bartlett of
California, and the Rev. Dr. John C Hall. His
genre pictures include : The Weaver (1869) ; The
Red Ear (1870) ; A Lost Art (1871) ; Tlianksgiv-
ing Time (1872); Young Franklin at the Press
(1875); The Clock Doctor (1876); Words of Com
fort (1877): Tlie Sower (1877) ; Tlie Story (1878)
Tlie Quilting Bee (1879); The Tabouret (1880)
Mother and Child (1881); The Story Book (1882)
Solitaire (1884); Modern Eve (1885); Tlie Milk
maid (1886) ; The Wicker-Workers (1887) ; The
Cradle Song (1887); The Pottery Artist (1888) ; A
Breton Family (1890) ; A Holland Doorway (1891);
Watching the Wheel (1891); A Helping Hand
(1892) ; Ave Maria (1893); W. J. Linton, N A.,
Engraving his Last Block (1894) ; Jack O'Lantern
(1895) ; Tlie Last Chapter (1896) ; Winter's Tale
(1897) ; The Story of the Tiles (1898) ; The Stage
Coach (1898) ; The Last Vision of Jeanne d'Arc
(1900); Rest (1900); Swing Partners (1901);
John Anderson, My Jo (1901) ; For those at Sea
(1901); The Home ofthe Hermit Thrush (1902);
Peace (1902) ; A New Hampshire Forest (1902).

PERRY

PERRY

PERRY, Matthew Calbraith, naval officer,
was born in Newport, R.I., April 10, 1794; son of
Christopher Raymond and Sarah (Alexander)
Perry. He was warranted a midshipman in the
U.S. navy through the influence of his father,
and joined the schooner Revenge in January,
1809. He was transferred to the frigate President
under Captain Rodgers, in, 1810 ; ordered to the
frigate United States in 1813 ; commissioned

lieutenant, July 24, 1818 ; returned to the Presi
dent under Commodore Decatur in April, 1814,
and the same year transferred to the Chippewa.
He served at, the Brooklyn navy yard, 1814-19 ;
was executive officer on the U.S. ship Cyane
under Captain Trenchard, and sailed for the coast
of Africa to aid the Colonization society in its
efforts to found, on the island of Shebro, a free
negro colony, which, owing to the unhealthful-
ness of the location, was transferred to Liberia.
• He was appointed to the command of the schooner
Shark in 1821, and engaged in the war against
the West Indian pirates, 1822-23. He was pro
moted lieutenant-commander in 1822 ; was ex
ecutive officer of the North Carolina, under Com
modore Rodgers, and cruised in the Mediterranean.
He was commissioned commander, March 21,
1826, and until 1830 was on recruiting service
at Boston, Mass. , where he founded the first naval
apprenticeship system in the United States. In
1830 he was in command of the corvette Concord;
conveyed John Randolph to St. Petersburg as
U.S. minister to Russia, this being the first
American man-of-war to enter Russian waters,
and he was offered, but declined, a high rank in
the Russian service. He was promoted master
commandant, Jan. 7, 1833 ; was detailed at the
Brooklyn navy yard, and during this service su
perintended the school of gun practice at Sandy
Hook ; organized the Brooklyn Naval lyceum ;
assisted in founding the Naval Magazine ; made
a study of the tides on the American coast ; per
fected plans for a steam naval service, and com
manded the first steam war vessel of the U.S.
navy, the Fulton II. , 1838-40. He was promoted
captain, Feb. 7, 1837, and declined the command
of the South Sea exploring expedition. He intro
duced the Fresnel light at Navesink, and prepared
plans for the construction and equipment of the
Missouri and Mississippi, the first steam frigates

[222]

built for the U.S. navy. He was promoted com
modore, June 12, 1841, and commanded the
African squadron sent out under the provisions
of the Ashburton treaty ; commanded the Mis
sissippi in the squadron under Commodore Con
ner, 1846 ; was in charge of a fleet of five ves
sels sent against Tabasco, Mexico, and succeeded
in burning the town and destroying the Mexican
storehouses. He had directed the naval attack
against Tampico ; succeeded to the command of
the Gulf squadron, and completed the Seige of
Vera Cruz, begun by Commodore Conner. In
March, 1852, he was placed in charge of the Japan
expedition with orders to secure a treaty with
that empire that would afford protection for
United States seamen and ships wrecked on the
coast, and free access for the U.S. navy to one or
more ports for the protection of merchantmen
there for purposes of trade. This treaty was
signed, March 31, 1854, and Perry returned to the
United States. The state of Rhode Island pre
sented him with a piece of plate for his services
in Japan, June 15, 1855 ; the city of Boston, a gold
medal ; the merchants of the city of New York,
a silver dinner service, and the merchants of
Canton, China, a silver candelabrum. He is the
author of : The History <of the Japan Expedition
(1854). In 1868 Mr. and Mrs. August Belmont
caused a bronze statue to be erected to his mem
ory at Touro Park, Newport, R.I. He died in
New York city, March 4, 1858.
PERRY, Matthew Calbraith, naval officer,
was born in 1821 ; son of Matthew and Jane
(Slidell) Perry. He entered the U.S. navy as
midshipman, June 1, 1835, and was ordered to the
frigate Potomac. He served as acting master of
the brig Somers, under Commander Alexander
S. Mackenzie, and was one of the officers to
recommend the immediate execution of three
of their mutinous crew. He served in the Mexi
can war on the frigate Cumberland ; was com
missioned lieutenant in the U.S. army, April 3,
1848, and served on the coast survey. He was
commissioned, captain, and was retired from
active service, April 4, 1867. He died in New
York city, Nov. 16, 1873.
PERRY, Nora, author, was born in Dudley,
Mass.,,- in 1841. She removed to Providence, R.I.,
with her parents in childhood, and was educated
at home and in private schools. At the age of
eight she wrote her first story, " The Shipwreck,"
which was never published, and in 1859 she be
gan to write for publication. Her first published
story appeared in a religious magazine ; her first
successful poem, " Tying Her Bonnet under Her
Chin," in a newspaper in Washington, D.C, and
her first serial story, "Rosalind Newcomb," in
Harper's Magazine, 1859-60. She then removed
to Boston, Mass. ; became the correspondent of

4<m*~y

PERRY

PERRY

the Chicago Tribune and the Providence Journal ;
contributed stories and poems to magazines, and
for several years before her death confined her
self to writing stories for girls. She is the author
of; After the Ball and Other Poems (1874); The
Tragedy of the Unexpected and Other Stories
(1880); Book of Love Stories (1881); For a Woman
(1885); New Songs and Ballads (1886); A Flock
of Girls (1887); The Youngest Miss Lorton and
Other Stories (1889); Brave Girls (1889); Lyrics
and Legends (1890); Hope Benham (1894); Her
Lover's Friends and Other Poems, and Three Lit
tle Daughters of the Revolution (posthumous,
(1896). She died in Dudley, Mass., May 13, 1896.
PERRY, Oliver Hazard, naval officer, was born
in Newport, R.I., Aug. 21, 1785; eldest son of
Christopher Raymond and Sarah (Alexander)
Perry; grandson of Freeman Perry, and a descen
dant in the sixth generation of Edward Perry,
who emigrated from
Devonshire, England,
and settled in Sand
wich, Mass., in 1653.
His father was an
officer in the patriot
army and navy dur
ing the Revolution
ary war ; was made
post captain in the
U.S. navy Jan. 9,
1798 ; built and com
manded the General
Greene and cruised
in the West Indies ;
participated in the
civil war in Santo
Domingo and was appointed collector of New
port, R.I., in 1801. Oliver attended private
schools, and was a pupil of Count Rochambeau.
He, joined the U.S. navy as a midshipman,
April 7, 1797, and sailed with his father to the
West Indies. He was ordered to the Adams in
1802 and, served in the Tripolitan war under
Preble ; served on board the Constellation in the
Mediterranean, 1804-05 ; was promoted lieutenant
and given command of the Nautilus in 1805, and
during the embargo that led to the war of 1812
commanded a fleet of seventeen gun boats off
Newport Harbor. He was promoted master of
the schooner Revenge in 1809, and served on that
vessel until she was stranded on the rocks off
Watch Hill, R.I., Jan. 9, 1810. He was married
May 5, 1811, to Elizabeth Champlain, daughter
of Dr. Benjamin Mason, Newport. Upon the
outbreak of the war of 1812, he was promoted
captain and resumed command of the gunboat
fleet off Newport, but was transferred to Sackett's
Harbor. N.Y., Feb. 17, 1813, to assist Commodore
Isaac Chauncey in the building of a fleet to

operate on the lakes. In March, 1813, he was pro
moted master-commandant of a proposed fleet to-
be built at Erie, Pa., and joined Captain Jesse D.
Elliott in the completion of a fleet for the defence
of the northwest. The fleet of nine vessels, com
prising the tugs Lawrence and Niagara and the'
schooners Caledonia, Scorpion, Porcupine, Ti
gress, Ariel, Somers and Trippe of 500 tons burden,
of lighter build but armed with heavy long guns,
was completed in less than six months, and Perry-
set sail from Put-in bay on the morning of Sept,
15, 1813, to meet the British fleet under Commo
dore Barclay. This fleet comprised the Chippewa,
Detroit, Hunter, Queen Charlotte, Lady Prevost
and Little Belt. The opening shot of the engage
ment was fired from the British flag-ship Detroit,
to which Captain Perry replied from the Law
rence. This was immediately followed by a storm
of iron hail from the entire British fleet that
soon played havoc with the rigging, masts and
bulwarks of the Americans. The battle now
took the form of a duel, the heaviest vessels in
each fleet confronting each other. The Lawrence
was reduced to a hulk by the steady fire of the
Detroit, and in two hours only one gun was left
mounted and the deck was crowded with dead
and wounded. The Niagara floated out of range,
owing to the lightness of the wind, and was
unable to give assistance to the Lawrence, and
the rest of the American fleet were of little use
on account of their light armament. Perry,
assisted by Chaplain Breeze, Hambleton, the
purser, and two unwounded sailors, continued to
work the one remaining gun of the Lawrence
until a shot killed Hambleton and dismantled
the gun. A British victory seemed imminent
when the undaunted Perry determined on a bold
move. Ordering a boat lowered, with four
sailors, and his brother Alexander, and with the
flag of the Lawrence on his arm, he left the ship,
and sheltered by the smoke and escaping a volley
fired by the enemy, was rowed to the Niagara,
where he hoisted his commodore's flag and as
sumed command. Captain Elliott volunteered
to bring up the laggard schooners to his support,
and a new line of battle was formed at close
quarters. The wind freshened and the American
fleet under full sail bore down upon the enemy.
In endeavoring to wear ship, the British ships,
Detroit and Queen Charlotte, fell foul, and taking
advantage of the situation , the Niagara dashed
through the enemy's line, discharging both broad
sides as she passed the gap. The Caledonia,
Scorpion and Trippe broke the line at other
points, and the batteries of the Niagara, assisted
by the riflemen in the tops, so disabled the enemy
that after seven minutes of fighting the flag of
the Detroit was lowered and four of the six British
vessels surrendered. The two smaller boats that

PERRY

PERRY

attempted to escape were pursued and captured
by the Scorpion and Trippe, and after securing his
prisoners and manning the prizes, Perry dis
patched a letter to General Harrison in these
words : "We have met the enemy and they are
ours : Two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one
sloop." Later a second letter to Secretary of the
Navy Jones informed the country of the victory.
The British loss was over one hundred and sixty
men killed and wounded, while Perry lost twenty-
seven killed and ninety-six wounded. He was
commissioned post captain in the navy ; present
ed with the thanks of congress, a sword and a
gold medal, with a set of silver by the city of
Boston, and was voted thanks by other cities. He
co-operated with the army of General Harrison
in the invasion of Canada and took an impor
tant part, as commander of the fleet and of the
naval battalion on land in the battle of the
Thames, Oct. 5, 1813, where the British troops
were almost entirely annihilated and the great
Indian chief, Tecumseh, was killed. He partic-
pated in the defence of Baltimore,and commanded
the frigate Java in the Mediterranean squadron
under Stephen Decatur during the operations
against Algiers in 1815-18. He was promoted
commodore and placed in command of the naval
station in the West Indies in 1819, and during
the service fell a victim to the yellow fever. His
remains were interred at Port Spain, but were
later removed to Newport, in a ship of war, and
buried there, Dec. 4, 1826. A granite obelisk
was erected to his memory by the state of Rhode
Island ; a marble statue was unveiled in Cleve
land, Ohio, in September, 1860, and a bronze statue
by William G. Turner, erected by the citizens of
Newport, R.I., was unveiled opposite his old
home, Sept. 10, 1885. The state of Ohio presented
to the capitol at Washington pictures of the
" Battle of Lake Erie " and of " Perry leaving the
Lawrence for the Niagara." His name received
twenty-six votes for a place in the Hall of Fame
for Great Americans, New York university, Octo
ber, 1900. He died on board his ship off Port of
Spain, Trinidad, W.I., Aug. 23, 1819.
PERRY, Thomas, naval officer, was born in
Elmira, N.Y., May 26, 1844 ; son of Guy Maxwell
and Elizabeth (Taylor) Perry; grandson of Thom
as Miflin and Elizabeth (Konkle) Perry and a
descendant of John Konkle, the first settler of
Elmira, N.Y. He was graduated from the U.S.
Naval academy, September, 1865 ; was promoted
ensign, Dec. 1, 1866; master, March 12, 1868;
lieutenant, March 26, 1869; lieutenant-com
mander, Nov. 6, 1881 ; commander, Jan. 10, 1802,
and captain, June 11, 1899. During the Spanish
war he was in command of the Lancaster, flag
ship, at the base of supplies, Key West, Fla. He
was naval secretary of the light-house board,

1899-1901, and April 1, 1901, was placed in com
mand of the U.S. battleship Iowa, flagship on the
Pacific station, which vessel became flagship on
the South Atlantic station in 1902, being trans
ferred from the Pacific station in February of that
year. PERRY, Thomas Sergeant, author, was born
in Newport, R.I., Jan. 23, 1845; son of Christo
pher Grantand Frances (Sergeant) Perry ; grand
son of Oliver Hazard and Elizabeth Champlin
(Mason) Perry and of Judge Thomas and Sarah
(Bache) Sergeant ; and a descendant of Edward
and Mary (Freeman) Perry, Plymouth, Mass.,
1635, and on his mother's side, of Benjamin
Franklin. Thomas Sergeant was judge of the
supreme court of Pennsylvania. Thomas Ser
geant Perry was graduated from Harvard A.B.,
1866, A.M., 1869; studied in Paris and Berlin,
1866-68 ; was a tutor in German at Harvard, 1868-
72; instructor in English, 1877-81, and lecturer
on English literature, 1881-82. He was married
April 9, 1874, to Lilla, daughter of Dr. Samuel
Cabot of Boston, Mass. In 1898 he became pro
fessor of English literature in the College Keio-
gijuku, in Tokyo, Japan. He was editor of the
North American Review, 1872-74, and of Life
and Letters of Francis Lieber (1882) ; English Lit
erature in the Eighteenth Century (1873); and is
the author of : From Opitz to Lessing (1884) ; The
Evolution ofthe Snob (1888); History of Greek
Literature (1888) and occasional translations from
French and German.
PERRY, William Flake, soldier and educator,
was born in Jackson county, Ga. , March 12, 1823 ;
son of Hiram and Nancy (Flake) Perry, and a,
descendant of Edward Perry, who came from
Devonshire, England, to Sandwich, Mass., in 1653.
His parents removed to Alabama in 1834, and he
attended Brown wood institute, Lagrange, Ga.,
1841-43. He conducted a prosperous high school
in Talladega, Ala., 1848-53, and in 1851 married
to Ellen Douglass, daughter of George P. Brown
and niece of Judge William P. Chilton (q.v). He
read law under Judge Chilton and was licensed
to practice in 1854. In February, 1854, he was
elected superintendent of education for Alabama,
which office he resigned in 1858 to become pre
sident of the East Alabama female college, Tusk-
egee. He joined the Confederate army as a
major of the 44th Alabama regiment, Col. James
Kent, in 1862 ; reached Richmond with the
regiment in June, 1862, and was assigned to
Wright's brigade, Longstreet's corps. He was
promoted lieutenant-colonel in August, 1862, and
colonel in September as successor to Colonel
Derby who had been killed at Sharpsburg. In
October his regiment, with the 4th, 15th, 47th
and 48th Alabama regiments, formed Gen. E. M.
Law's brigade of Hood's division. Colonel Perry

[224]

PERRY

PERRY

opened the second day's battle at Gettysburg by
storming and capturing " The Devil's Den" and
aided by Benning's Georgia brigade defended the
position. At Chickamauga on the evening of
the first day's battle he made an independent
charge which secured the first decided Confed
erate advantage in that battle. On the second day
he commanded Law's brigade and was con
spicuous in Longstreet's charge which broke the
Federal right wing, and at Snodgrass Hill his
brigade captured sixteen pieces of artillery. He
was also conspicuous at the Wilderness, Spottsyl
vania and around Richmond and Petersburg and
his brigade was on the last line of battle when
the news of Lee's surrender suspended hostil
ities. He was recommended for promotion in
January, 1864, but by some error the recommen
dation was not laid before the senate until Jan
uary, 1865, and he received his commission as
brigadier-general in February, 1865. His record
names him as present in twenty engagements
with the enemy, of which eight were the bloodiest
battles of the war. He cammanded a regiment
in nine and a brigade in ten of the engage
ments. He returned to his vocation as teacher,
conducting a school at Lynnland, Ky., 1869-
82, and was professor of English language and
literature, elocution and history in Ogden col
lege, Bowling Green, Ky., 1883-1900. He was
commander of the camp of Confederate veterans.
Bowling Green, where he died, Dec. 17, 1901.
PERRY, William Hayne, representative, was
born in Greenville, S.C, June 9, 1839 ; son of Gov.
Benjamin Franklin (q.v.) and Elizabeth Frances
(McCall) Perry. He graduated at Furman uni
versity, S.C. ; attended South Carolina college ;
graduated, fifth orator, at Harvard in 1859 ; studied
law with his father, 1859-61, and in 1861 en-
, tered the Confederate service in Brook's cavalry.
He was made first lieutenant of his company,
which was afterward attached to the Hampton
legion, and served in Virginia and South Car
olina. After the close of the war he practised
law with his father ; was a member of the
state convention of 1865 ; a representative from
Greenville in the state legislature, 1865-66 ; soli
citor of the eighth judicial district, 1868-72 ; a
member of the state senate, 1880-84, and a repre
sentative from the fourth district of South Car
olina in the 49th, 50th and 51st congresses,
1885-91. PERRY, William Stevens, second bishop of
Iowa and 116th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Providence, R.I., Jan. 22,
1832 ; a descendant of John Perry, who settled,
in 1632, in Roxbury, Mass. , where he was a mem
ber of John Eliot's church. He was named for
his maternal uncle, the Rt. Rev. William Bacon
Stevens. (q.v.). He attended the Providence high

[225]

school and Brown university, 1850-51, and was
graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1854, A.M., 1857.
He studied theology at the Virginia Theological
seminary, Alexandria, Va., and under the Rev.
John S. Stone of Boston ; was ordered deacon,
March 29, 1857, and was ordained priest, April 7,
1858 ; was assistant minister of St. Paul's, Boston,
1857-58 ; rector of St. Luke's, Nashua, N.H., 1858-
61 ; of St. Stephen's, Portland, Maine, 1861-63 ;
of St. Michael's, Litchfield, Conn., 1864-69, and
of Trinity church, Geneva, N.Y., 1869-76. He
was married in 1862 at Gambier, Ohio, to Sarah
A. W., daughter of the Rev. Thomas Mather
Smith. He was professor of history and the evi
dences of Christianity at Hobart college, Geneva,
N.Y., 1871-76, and served as president of the col
lege, April 20-Sept. 1, 1876. He was deputy to
the general convention from New Hampshire in
1859 and from Maine in 1862 ; was assistant secre
tary to the house of deputies, 1862-65, and secre
tary, 1865-74. He was appointed historiographer
of the church in America in 1868 ; was chaplain
general of the Society of the Cincinnati and
president of the Iowa Society of the Sons of the
American Revolution. He was elected Bishop of
Iowa and consecrated, Sept. 10, 1876, by bishops
Stevens, Coxe and Kerfoot, assisted by bishops
Bissell and Oxenden of Montreal. He was elected
professor in systematic divinity and president of
Griswold college in 1876. The honorary degree
of A.M. was conferred on him by Bishop's col
lege, Lennoxville, Canada, in 1859 ; S.T.D. by
Trinity college in 1869 ; LL.D. by William and
Mary college, Virginia, in 1876 ; D.C.L. by
Bishop's college in 1885 and by King's college,
Windsor, N.S., in 1886; S.T.D. by Oxford uni
versity in 1888 ; D.C.L. by the University of the
South in 1893 and LL.D. by Dublin university in
1894. He was assistant editor of the Boston
Church Monthly in 1864, and editor of the Iowa
Churchman, 1877-98 ; and is the author of contri
butions to the principal church periodicals and of
a large number of works on church history includ
ing : Journals of the General Conventions of the
Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States
in America (1861) ; Documentary History of the
Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States
of America (2 vols. , 1863-64) both of which were
written in conjunction with Dr. Francis L.
Hawks ; Historical Collections of the American
Colonial Church (1871-78), including Virginia
(1871), Pennsylvania (1872), Massachusetts (1873),
Maryland (1878) , and Delaware (1878) ; The His
tory of the American Episcopal Church, 1587-1883
(2 vols., 1885), and The American Church and the
American Constitution (1895) . Among his other
works are Some Summer Days Abroad (1880) and
Life Lessons from the Book of Proverbs (1885).
He died in Dubuque, Iowa, May 13, 1898.

PERSICO

PETERS

PERSICO, Ignatius, R. C bishop, was born in
Naples, Italy, Jan. 30, 1823 ; son of Francisco
Saverio and Guiseppino (Pennachio) Persico. He
was baptized Camillo Guglielmo Maria, and as
sumed the name Ignatius when he entered the
Order of Minor Capuchins. He attended the Jesuit
college at Naples ; was ordained priest, Jan. 24,
1846 ; was graduated at the Propaganda, Rome,
in 1847, and was apostolic missionary to Patna,
1847-52 ; apostolic visitor to the East Indies,
1852-54, and was elected coadjutor to the vicar-
apostolic of Bombay, India, March 8, 1854. He
was consecrated at Bombay, India, June 4, 1854,
in the cathedral of " Our Lady of Hope " by the
Right Rev. Anastasius Hartman.vicar-apostolicof
Bombay. He was vicar-apostolic of Hindostan and
Thibet, 1856-60, and on March 11, 1870, was trans
ferred to Savannah, Ga., as successor totheRt.
Rev. Augustin Verot, transferred to St. Augus
tine. He was a member of the provincial and
Vatican councils at Baltimore, Md.; resigned his
see in 1872 ; was translated to the see of " Bo-
leno " June 20, 1874 ; became bishop of the united
dioceses of Acquino, Pontecowo and Sora, in the
East Indies, in 1878. He was sent as commissary
to Ireland, in June, 1887, and was created cardinal
priest, Jan. 16, 1893. He died at Rome, Italy,
Dec. 7, 1895.
PETER, Sarah (Worthington) King, philan
thropist, was born in Chillicothe, Ohio, May 16,
1800 ; daughter of Gov. Thomas and Eleanor
(Swearingen) Worthington, and granddaughter
of Robert Worthington of Berkeley county, Va.
She was married in 1816 to Edward, son of the
Hon. Rufus King (q.v.), and made her home
in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her husband died and she
was married secondly, in 1844, to William Peter,
British consul at Philadelphia, Pa., and during
her residence in that city, she established the
School of Design for Women, which was opened,
Dec. 2, 1850. She returned to Cincinnati after
the death of Mr. Peter in 1853, and established
the Ladies' Academy of Art, which became the
Art School of Cincinnati. She was converted to
the Roman Catholic faith in 1856, making nine
pilgrimages to Rome, on special visits to the Holy
Father, and founded at least twenty sisterhoods
and convents in the archdioceses of Philadelphia
and Cincinnati. She purchased paintings and
other works of art in Europe for the Cincinnati
art school, and statues of saints which she pre
sented to different Catholic churches. She be
queathed her wealth to charitable institutions
and died at Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 6, 1877.
PETERKIN, George William, first bishop of
West Virginia and 120th in succession in the
American episcopate, was born at Clear Spring,
Md., March 21, 1841 ; son of the Rev. Dr. Joshua
and Elizabeth (Hanson) Peterkin ; grandson of

[226]

Lieut. William Wilkes and Elizabeth (Spencer)
Peterkin, and of Thomas Hawkins and Elizabeth
Howard (Beall) Hanson, and great-grandson of
Col. William Dent Beall of the Maryland Line.
He was educated at the Episcopal High School
of Virginia, 1856-58 ; the University of Virginia,
1858-59, and enlisted as a private in the 21st Vir
ginia infantry, April 17, 1861, which was brigaded
with the 42d and 48th regiments and after De
cember, 1861, was attached to Jackson's division.
He was promoted through the ranks of corporal
and sergeant to that of first lieutenant in April,
1862 ; made adjutant in May, 1862 ; transferred
to the staff of Gen. W. N. Pendleton (q.v.) June,
1862, and served as his aide until paroled at Ap-
pomatox court-house, April 10, 1865. He was.
graduated at the Protestant Episcopal Theological
Seminary of Virginia at Alexandria in 1868 ; was.
admitted to the diaconate, June 24, 1868, ad
vanced to the priesthood, June 25, 1869, and was
assistant to his father, rector of St. James's
church, Richmond, Va., 1868-69. He was rector
of St. Stephen's church, Culpeper, Va., 1869-73, and
of the Memorial church, Baltimore, Md., 1873-78.
The diocese of West Virginia was organized in
1877 and he was elected its first bishop, March 1,
1878, and consecrated in St. Matthew's church.
Wheeling, W. Va. , May 30, 1878, by Bishops Bedell,
Kerfoot. Whittle, Dudley and Jaggar. In 1903 he-
had in his diocese 88 parishes and missions, about.
4500 communicants and several well organized in
stitutions for mission and charitable work. He
was made a member of the board of managers of
the Domestic and Foreign Missionary society in
1886, and visited the church mission in Brazil,,
S.A., at the request of the house of bishops in
1893, reporting the condition of the church in that
region to the board of managers. He also visited
Porto Rico in 1901 and reported the condition of
that Mission to the board. He was vice-president
of the American church missionary society for
some years. He was married, first, Oct. 29, 1868,
to Constance Gardner, daughter of Cassius Fran
cis and Anne Eliza (Cazenove) Lee of Alexandria,.
Va. She died Aug. 8, 1877 ; and he was married
secondly, June 12, 1884, to Marion Mcintosh,
daughter of John Stewart of Brook Hill,Va. He
received the degree D.D. from Kenyon college
and Washington and Lee university in 1878, and
LL.D. from Washington and Lee in 1892. He
published sermons and addresses and contributed
to church periodicals.
PETERS, Christian Henry Frederick, astron-
nomer, was born in Coldenbiittel, Schleswig,
Denmark, Sept. 19, 1813. He was graduated
from the University of Berlin, Ph.D. in 1836 and
studied in Copenhagen, 1836-38. He was a mem
ber of the expedition to Mount Etna, Sicily, under
Baron Sartorius von Walthershausen ; was en-

PETERS

PETERS

gaged on the geodetic survey of Naples, Italy ;
joined the revolutionists under Garibaldi ; was
appointed major of artillery, and after the insur
rection was brought to a close in 1848, fled to
Turkey. He immigrated to the United States in
1853 and was employed by the U.S. coast survey,
1854-57. He was elected first director of the Litch
field observatory, Hamilton college, N. Y., in
1858, and was professor of astronomy at the
college, 1867-90. He was the first discoverer of
forty-seven asteroids and made many observa
tions on comets and solar spots. He was employed
by the regents of the University of the State of
New York to determine the longitude of several
places in the state of New York, including the
western boundary line. He had charge of an
expedition to observe the solar eclipse at Des
Moines, Iowa, Aug. 7, 1869, and headed the gov
ernment expedition to New Zealand to observe
the transit of Venus, Dec. 9, 1874. He was a
member of the National Academy of Sciences,
1876-90, and received the decoration of the cross
of the Legion of Honor from the French govern
ment in 1887. He prepared twenty " Celestial
Charts " and is the author of numerous articles
in various scientific publications. He died in
Clinton, N.Y., July 18. 1890.
PETERS, John Abram, educator, was born in
Hagerstown, Md., Jan. 25, 1832 ; son of George
and Caroline (Reynolds) Peters, and grandson of
Abraham Peters, who emigrated from the vicinity
of Strasburg, Germany, in 1774, and settled at
Millersville, Lancaster county, Pa., and of John
Reynolds. His mother was of English-Irish de
scent. He removed with his parents to Lancas
ter, Pa., where heattended the public schools;
was a student at the academy at Meroersburg,
Pa., in 1851 ; at the preparatory department of
Franklin and Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa., in
1853 ; was graduated from the college A.B., 1857,
A.M., 1860, and studied theology privately under
Rev. George L. Staley, D.D. He was principal
of Irwin academy, Pa., 1857-59; vice-principal
of Mt. Washington Female college, Md. ; was
licensed to preach by the classis of the Reformed
church in 1862, and was in Pennsylvania as pastor
at Mt. Pleasant, 1864-69, Carlisle, 1869-70, Alex
andria, 1871-78, Lancaster, 1878-84, and Danville,
1884-91. He was president of the General Synod
of the Reformed church at Dayton, Ohio, in
1899, and president of the literary department of
Heidelberg university, Tiffin, Ohio, 1891-1901.
He was married first in 1864 to Roberta George
of Lovettsville, Va., who died leaving four sons ;
. and secondly in 1880 to Mary H. Harnish of Alex
andria, Pa., who, with their two sons, survived
him. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon
him by Heidelberg university in 1887. He died
at Tiffin, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1901.

[227]

PETERS, John Andrew, jurist, was born at
Ellsworth, Maine, Oct. 9, 1822 ; son of Andrew
and Sally (Jordan) Peters ; grandson of Mel-
atich and Elizabeth Jordan and of John and
Mary Peters, and a descendant of the Rev.
Robert Jordan of the Church of England, who
came to America about 1642. Melatich Jordan
was collector of customs, Frenchman's Bay dis
trict, 1789. John Andrew Peters was prepared
for college at Gorham academy ; was graduated
from Yale in 1842 ; studied law at Harvard, 1843-
44 ; was admitted to the bar in 1844, and prac
tised in Bangor. He was married first, Sept. 2,
1846, to Mary Ann, daughter of Judge Joshua W.
Hathaway of Bangor ; and secondly, Sept. 23,
1857, to Fannie E., daughter of the Hon. Amos.
M. and Charlotte Roberts of Bangor. He was a
member of the Maine senate, 1862-63 ; of the
house of representatives, 1864 ; attorney-general
of the state, 1864-67 ; Republican representative
in the 40th, 41st and 42d congresses, 1867-73 ;
associate justice of the Maine supreme court,
1873-83, and its chief justice, 1883-1900, when he
retired and was succeeded by his nephew, Andrew
P. Wiswell of Ellsworth, Maine. Judge Peters was-
elected a member of the Maine Historical society
in 1866, and of the NewEngland Historic Gene
alogical society in 1896, and a trustee of Bowdoin
college in 1891. He received the degree LL.D..
from Colby in 1884, from Bowdoin in 1885, and
from Yale in 1893.
PETERS, John Punnett, clergyman and au
thor, was born in New York city, Dec. 16, 1852 ;
son of Thomas McClure and Alice Clarissa (Rich
mond) Peters ; grandson of Edward Dyer and
Lucretia (McClure) Peters, and a descendant of"
Andrew Peters, who appeared in Boston, Nov. 18,
1659. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1873,.
Ph.D., 1876; was tutor at Yale, 1876-79, and
studied at the Universities of Berlin and Leipzig,
1879-83. He was married, Aug. 13, 1881, to Ga-
briella Brooke, daughter of Thomas March and
Helen (Brooke) Forman of Savanah, Ga. He was
ordered deacon in the Protestant Episcopal
church, Dec. 24, 1876, and advanced to the priest
hood, Dec. 23,. 1877. He was professor of Old
Testament languages and literature at the Prot
estant Episcopal divinity school, Philadelphia,
1884-91 ; professor of Hebrew at the University
of Pennsylvania, 1886-93, and was in charge of the
expedition of the University of Pennsylvania to
Babylonia, conducting excavations at Nippur,
1888-91, and retaining general direction of the
work until 1895. In 1893 he became rector of St.
Michael's church, New York city, of which he had
been an assistant minister since 1883. He receiv
ed the honorary degree of D.D. from Yale and that
of Sc.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in
1896. His published works include : Scriptures,.

PETERS

PETERS

Hebrew and Christian (Vols. I. and II. , 1886-89),
published in England under the title The Bible
for Home and School (1898); contribution in
"The Bible as Literature," edited by Dr. Lyman
Abbott (1896); Laula Zion (1896); Nippur, or
Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates
(2 vols., 1897); The Old Testament and the New
Scholarship (1901); Archaeological History of
Hither Asia in "The Universal Anthology" (1902).
He also translated Political History of Recent
Times, with an additional section carrying it
down to date (1882); edited Diary of David
McClure (1899), and also Labor and Capital
(1902). PETERS, John Samuel, governor of Connec
ticut, was born in Hebron, Conn., Sept. 21, 1772;
son of Beneslie and Ann (Shipman) Peters ;
grandson of William Peters, and a descendant of
William Peters, son of Lord Peters of England,
who immigrated to America with
his brothers Thomas and Hugh,
and settled in Meriden, Mass.
Beneslie Peters in company with
other loyalists sailed to England
in 1777, and after residing there
';--"_ .< ' for a time secured a large tract of
land in Upper Canada, where he
settled with his family. John worked on a farm,
attended the district schools, and in 1790 began
to teach school in Hebron. He studied medicine
under Dr. Benjamin Peters of Marbletown, N.Y.,
for six months and then under Dr. Abner Mosely
of Glastonbury, Conn. ; in 1796 attended lectures
in Philadelphia, Pa., and practised in Hebron,
1797-1837. He was town clerk for twenty years,
judge of probate for the district of Hebron, and
frequently a member of the state legislature.
He received the votes of one branch of the state
legislature in 1824, when Calvin Willey was
elected ; was lieutenant-governor of Connecticut,
1827-31 , and governor of the state, 1831-33. He
was a fellow of the Tolland County Medical so
ciety ; treasurer, vice-president and president of
the State Medical society, and received the hon
orary degree of M.D. from Yale in 1818, and
LL.D. from Trinity in 1831. He died in Hebron,
Conn., March 30, 1857.
PETERS, Richard, delegate to congress, was
born at Blockley, Philadelphia, Pa., June 22, 1743 ;
son of William and Mary(Breintnall) Peters. His
father was for many years register ofthe admiralty,
and his uncle, the Rev. Richard Peters, was secre
tary of the proprietary govern ment and afterward .
rector of Christ church. Richard was graduated
from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1761,
A.M., 1765 ; was admitted to the bar in 1763, and
practised in Philadelphia. He was register of
the admiralty, 1771-75, and upon the outbreak of
the Revolutionary war was commissioned captain
in the Continental army, and commanded a

[228)

company of provincial troops, 1775-76. He was
elected by congress, secretary of the Continental
board of war, June 13, 1776, and served till 1781,
when he was appointed a commissioner of war.
In 1780 he personally subscribed £5000 for the
provisioning of the army, and when he resigned
his office of secretary in 1781, congress passed a
vote of thanks for his long and faithful services.
He was a delegate to the Continental congress,
1782-83 ; a member and speaker of the state
assembly, 1787-90, and speaker of the state senate
in 1791. He declined the comptrollership of the
treasury tendered him in 1792 by President Wash
ington, and was appointed judge of the U.S.
district court for Pennsylvania, April 11, 1792,
serving till his death. He was a member of the
Philadelphia Agricultural society for over thirty
years, and its first president ; was instrumental in
constructing the first bridge over the Schuykill
river, and was first president of the bridge com
pany. He was married to Sarah, daughter of
Abraham Robinson. The honorary degree of
LL.D. was conferred on him in 1827 by the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania, of which institution he
was a trustee, 1789-91. He is the author of : Ad
miralty Decisions of the District Court of the
United States for the Pennsylvania Districts, 1780-
1807 (1807). He died at Belmont, Philadelphia',
Pa., Aug. 22, 1828.
PETERS, Richard, law reporter and author,
was born at Blockley, Philadelphia, Pa. , in August,
1780 ; son of Richard (q.v.) and Sarah (Robinson)
Peters. He was admitted to the bar in 1800 and
practised in Philadelphia. He was solicitor of
Philadelphia county, 1822-25 ; was one of the
founders of the Philadelphia Saving Fund socie
ty, and was chosen reporter of the U.S. supreme
court to succeed Henry Wheaton. He edited
"Chitty on Bills of Exchange" (3 vols., 1810),
and Bushrod Washington's " Circuit Court Re
ports" (4 vols., 1826-29), and is the author of:
Reports ofthe U.S. Circuit Court, 1803-18 (1819);
Reports of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1828-4$ (17 vols.,
1828-43) ; Condensed Reports of Cases in the U.S.
Supreme Court from its Organization till 1827
(6 vols., 1835) ; Full and Arranged Digest of cases
determined in the Supreme, Circuit and District
Courts of theUnited States, from the Organization
of the Government (3 vols., 1838-39; 2d ed., 2
vols., 1848). " He died at Belmont, Philadelphia,
Pa.. May 2, 1848.
PETERS, Samuel Ritter, representative, was
born in Walnut Township, Pickaway county,
Ohio, Aug. 16, 1842 ; son of Lewis S. and Margaret
(Ritter) Peters. He matriculated at Ohio Wes
leyan university with the class Of 1864 ; served in
the Federal army as private, sergeant, lieutenant,
adjutant and captain in the 73d Ohio volunteers,
1861-65 ; was graduated at the University of Mich
igan, LL.B., 1867; practised law in Memphis,

PETERSON

PETIGRU

Mo., 1867-72 ; removed to Marion, Kansas, in 1873 ;
was state senator, 1874-75, and resigned to accept
the judgeship of the ninth district, serving two
terms, 1875-83. He was representative at large
from Kansas in the 48th congress, 1888-85, and
from the seventh district in the 49th, 50th and
51st congresses, 1885-91. He received the degree
of A.B. from the Wesleyan university in 1894.
He practised law in Newton, Kansas, after 1891.
PETERSON, Charles Jacobs, publisher, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 20, 1819; son of
Thomas and Elizabeth Snelling (Jacobs)Peterson ;
grandson of Lawrence and Rachel Peterson, and
a descendant of Laurencius Peterson, bishop of
Upsal at the time of the Swedish reformation,
and son-ih-law of King John. His first American
ancestor, Erick Peterson, came from Sweden in
1638, and settled the Delaware colony of Swedes.
He matriculated at the University of Pennsyl
vania in the class of 1838 in the sophomore year,
but left in 1839 to engage in the book business.
He married Sarah Powell, daughter of Charles
Pitt Howard. He was editor, with Ann D. Ste
phens, of Peterson's Ladies' National Magazine,
and author of : History of the U.S. Navy ; History
of the American Revolution ; Military Heroes of
the War of 1812; Military Heroes of the War
with Mexico ; a continuation of Charles von
Rotteck's "History ofthe World " (4 vols., 1856),
and several novels. He died in Philadelphia,
Pa., March 4, 1887.
PETERSON, Henry, author, was born in Phil
adelphia, Pa., Dec. 7, 1818 ; son of George and Jane
(Evans) Peterson ; grandson of Lawrence and
Rachel Peterson, and of John and Rachel Evans.
He was clerk in a hardware store at fourteen,
and in 1839 a member of the firm of Deacon &
Peterson, who became publishers of the Saturday
Evening Post, of which Henry Peterson was
editor for twenty years. He was married to
Sarah Webb of Wilmington, Del., who edited
Tlie Lady's Friend for ten years, and their son,
Arthur Peterson, became assistant editor of the
Saturday Evening Post, editor of Peterson's
Journal, and paymaster with rank of lieutenant
in the U.S. navy. Henry Peterson is the author
of : The Twin Brothers (1843) ; Universal Suf
frage (1867); The Modern Job (1869) ; Pemberton,
or One Hundred Years Ago (1873); Faire-Mount
(1874); Confessions of a Minister (1874); Caesar,
a Dramatic Study (1879); Poems (1863, new
edition, 1883) , and the drama Helen, or One hun
dred Years Ago, produced in Philadelphia in 1876.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 10, 1891.
PETERSON, Robert Evans, publisher, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 12, 1812; son of
George and Jane (Evans) Peterson. He received
a commercial education and engaged in the hard
ware business until 1834, when he married Han

nah Mary, only daughter Judge John Bouvier
(q.v.). He then studied law with his father-in-
law and assisted him in editing his law works.
He was admitted to the bar in 1843, and in order
to absolve the debt of his clients, Daniels &
Smith, booksellers, purchased their business, con
ducting it as R. E. Peterson & Co. On the death
of his father-in-law in 1851 he established with
George W. Childs the publishing house of Childs
& Peterson, which became involved in 1857-58.
Mr. Peterson then retired from the publishing
and bookselling business and took up the study
of medicine. He was graduated at the University
of Pennsylvania, M.D.,1863, but did not practise,
devoting his life to study. He presented Judge
Bouvier's valuable law library to the University
of Pennsylvania. His wife died, Sept. 4, 1870, at
the home of her son-in-law, George W. Childs,
Long Branch, N. J., and he was married secondly,
in 1872, to Blanche, sister of Louis M. Gottschalk
(q.v.) and after her death in 1879, thirdly, to her
sister Clara. He published " Bouvier's Law Dic
tionary " and " Bouvier's Institutes of American
Law " ; edited : " Familiar Science, a Guide to
Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar" ; " Dr.
Kane's Arctic Explorations " ; " Brazil and Brazil
ians", and numerous text books, and is the
author of : Tlie Roman Catholic Church not the
Only True Religion (1891). He died in Asbury
Park, N.J., Oct. 30, 1894.
PETERSON, Theophilos Beasley, publisher,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa. , Feb. 14, 1821 ; son
of Thomas and Elizabeth Snelling (Jacobs) Pet
erson. He was a drygoods clerk at thirteen and
afterward a clerk in a shipping-office, later learn
ed the trade of stereotyper and printer and in
1845 became bookseller and news agent. He
admitted his brothers, George W. and Thomas,
into partnership in 1858, the firm becoming T. B.
Peterson & Brothers. He was the first publisher
to issue a catalogue giving portraits of authors
with brief biographical sketches, and the pioneer
in issuing cheap editions of English books. He
died in Philadelphia, Pa. , Dec. 30, 1890.
PETIGRU, James Lewis, statesman, was born
in Abbeville district, S.C, March 10, 1789 ; son of
William and Louise (Gibert) Petigru, and grand
son of James Petigru (or Pettigrew), who emi
grated in 1740, settled in Pennsylvania, removed
to Tyrrell county, N.C, and thence to Abbeville,
S.C, 1768 ; and of Jean Louis Gibert, a Huguenot
clergyman, who fled from persecution in France,
and settled in South Carolina in 1695. James
Lewis Petigru attended school in Willington, S.C,
and was graduated from South Carolina college
in 1809. He was a teacher in Beaufort college,
1809-12 ; was admitted to the har in 1812, and
practised at Coosa whatchie, S.C He served as a
private soldier in the war of 1812, and was ap-

PETTIBONE

PETTIGRE

pointed solicitor of Abbeville district in 1815. He
removed to Charleston, S.C, and formed a part
nership with James Hamilton, Jr., which con
tinued until Hamilton's election to congress in
1821, when he practised alone. He attained high
rank at the bar, and succeeded Gen. John V.
Hayne as attorney-general of. South Carolina,
serving, 1822-30. He opposed the doctrine of nul
lification, was defeated as the Union candidate
for state senator, and lost much of his popularity
on account of his opposition to the dominant
party. He was, however, elected district attor
ney and served as a representative in the state
legislature, where he stood almost alone among the
men of wealth and social position to oppose the
nullification acts. When the state seceded in 1860
he was too old to take an active part, but gave his
approval to the measure. He married in August,
1816, a daughter of Capt. James Postell, and grand
daughter of Colonel Postell of Marion's brigade,
and of their children, Caroline, born May 24, 1819,
married William A. Carson in 1840 and attained
distinction as a painter of portraits, that of her
father being the best known of her works. He
was president of the South Carolina Historical
society and is the author of : Oration Delivered
before the South Carolina College on the Occasion
of its Semi- Centennial Celebration (1855); an Ad
dress before the South Carolina Historical Society
(1858) , and Codification of the Laws of South Car
olina (1862) . A " Memorial " containing proceed
ings of the bar of Charleston on the occasion of
his death was published in 1863, and his biography
written by William J. Grayson in 1866. He
died- in Charleston, S.C, March 3, 1863.
PETTIBONE, Augustus Herman, representa
tive, was born at Bedford, Ohio, Jan. 21, 1835 ;
son of Augustus N. and Nancy L. (Hathaway) Pet-
tibone ; grandson of Elijah Pettibone, a Revolu
tionary soldier of the Connecticut line, and Mary
Field, his wife, and of Zephaniah and Silence
(Alden) Hathaway, and a descendant of John
Alden, clerk of the Mayflower, and of Mathew
Grant, first American ancestor of Gen. U.S.
Grant. He was educated at Hiram college,
Ohio, w-as graduated at the University of Michi
gan in 1859, and studied law under the Hon.
Jonathan E. Arnold at Milwaukee, Wis. He
was admitted to the bar in 1861 ; settled in prac
tice at La Crosse, Wis., and entered the Union
army as a private in the 20th Wisconsin volun
teers in 1861. He was promoted 2d lieutenant,
captain and major and served until the close of
the war, when he established his practice in
Greeneville, Tenn. He was attorney-general for
the 1st judicial circuit of Tennessee, 1870-82 ; a
presidential elector on the Grant and Colfax
ticket in 1868, and on the Hayes and Wheeler
ticket in 1876, and assistant U.S. district attorney

for the eastern district of Tennessee, 1872-80.
He was a Republican representative from the
first Tennessee district in the 47th, 48th and 49th
congresses, 1881-87, resuming practice in Greene
ville in 1887, and was a repi-esentative in the
general assembly of Tennessee, 1896-97.
PETTIGREW, Charles, clergyman, w-as born
in Chambersburg, Pa., March 20, 1748; son of
James Petigru, or Pettigrew, the immigrant.
He remained in North Carolina and obtained his
education under the tutelage of the Rev. Henry
Pattillo and the Rev. James Waddel. He taught
school at Edenton, N.C, 1773-74, and received
ordination in the established church at London,
England, in 1775, from the bishop of Rochester.
He was rector of St. Paul's church, Edenton, N.C,
and one of the foremost movers in the organiza
tion of the Protestant Episcopal church in North
Carolina, first calling a meeting of the clergy
and laity at Tarboro, June 5, 1790. He was a
trustee of the University of North Carolina, 1790-
93, and was elected the first bishop of North
Carolina, May 31, 1794, but was never consecrated,
on account of the yellow fever epidemic in Nor
folk and his own ill health. He died in Tyrrell
county, N.C. April 8, 1807.
PETTIGREW, James Johnston, soldier, was
born at Lake Phelps, Tyrrell county, N.C, July 4,
1828 ; son of Ebenezer Pettigrew (1783-1848),
representative in the 24th congress, 1835-37 ; state
senator and extensive planter ; brother of the
Rev. Dr. William Shephard Pettigrew (1818-1900),
at the time of his death the oldest Protestant
Episcopal clergyman in the state, and grandson
of the Rev. Charles Pettigrew (q.v.). He was
graduated with the highest honors from the
University of North Carolina in 1841, and was
professor in the national observatory, Washing
ton, D.C, 1848. Shortly after he removed to
Charleston, S.C, studied law with his kinsman,
James L. Petigru, 1849-51, and was admitted to
the bar in 1850. He traveled extensively in
Europe, was secretary to the U.S. minister to
Spain, Daniel M. Barringer of North Carolina,
for several months in 1852, and on his return to
the United States established a law practice in
Charleston, S.C. He was a representative in the
South Carolina legislature, 1858-59, and in 1859
joined the Sardinian army in Italy, but the eai'ly
termination of the war prevented him from see
ing active service. He accordingly returned to
Charleston, and organized and drilled a regiment
of riflemen. Upon the secession of South Carolina
in December, 1860, he took possession of Castle
Pinkney, and demanded of Major Anderson
the evacuation of Fort Sumter. He was trans
ferred to Morris Island and engineered the con
struction of batteries to guard the harbor ; was
commissioned colonel of the 22d North Carolina

[230]

PETTIGREW

PETTIT

regiment in 1861, and was stationed at Evans-
port, on the Potomac, where he constructed and
guarded the fortifications. He was commissioned
brigadier-general in 1862 and took an active part
in the Peninsular campaign of that year. He was
present at Seven Pines in June, 1862, being
severely wounded and taken prisoner ; was ex
changed in August, 1862, and assigned to a new
brigade. He was placed in command at Rich
mond, Va., which he defended against General
Stoneman's raid. On the third day of the battle
of Gettysburg he commanded Heth's division and
took part in Pickett's charge. While defending
the rear of General Lee's army during the retreat
that followed he was surprised at Falling
Waters, Va., by a small band of Federal cavalry
and was mortally wounded, July 14, 1863. He is
the author of Spain and the Spaniards (1859).
He died near Winchester, Va., July 17, 1863.
PETTIGREW, Richard Franklin, senator,
was born at Ludlow, Vt., in July, 1848; son of
Andrew and Hannah B. (Sawtelle) Pettigrew ;
grandson of Andrew and Priscilla (Barn) Petti-
g;rew and of Elnathan and Millie (Pitt) Sawtelle.
His great-grandfather was a soldier in the battle
¦of Bunker Hill. In 1854 he removed to Evansville,
Wis., attended Evansville academy and Beloit
college, 1866-68, spent the years 1869-72 in Sioux
Falls, Dak'. Ter., as a surveyor and dealer in real
estate, and after 1872 in the practice of law. He
was elected to the territorial council in 1876, 1878
a nd 1884. The University of Wisconsin conferred
upon him the degree of LL.B., 1878. He was
married, Feb. 27, 1879, to Bessie Vaughn, daugh
ter of Henry Hamilton and Annie (Arthur) Pittar
¦of Chicago, 111. He was a Republican delegate
from Dakota Territory in the 47th congress, 1881-
83. In 1883 he was a member of the convention
which framed the constitution for the proposed
state of South Dakota, having been an early ad
vocate of the division of Dakota Territory into two
states. He was elected to the U.S. senate, Oct. 16,
1889, after the admission of South Dakota to the
Union, and drew the long term expiring March
3, 1895. He was re-elected in 1894, his second
term expiring March 3, 1901. In 1900 he was the
unsuccessful candidate of the Fusionists for re
election. In the campaigns of 1896 and 1900 he
supported Bryan for the Presidency. He was
opposed to the policy of the government in ac
quiring the Hawaiian Islands and in the annexa
tion of the Philippines.
PETTINGILL, John Hancock, theologian, was
born in Manchester, Vt, May 11, 1815 ; son<of the
Rev. Amos and Hannah (Dean) Pettingill. His
father (1780-1830), a graduate of Harvard, 1805,
was pastor of Methodist churches in New York
and Connecticut, 1807-30, and published a " View
•of the Heavens" (1826). and "The Spirit of

Methodism" (1829). John Hancock Pettingill
was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1837, A.M., 1840; was
a teacher in the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb in New York city, 1838-43, and was a stu
dent at Union Theological seminary, 1839-41. He
was ordained to the Congregational ministry,
Dec. 6, 1843 ; was stated supply at South Dennis,
Mass., 1843-48 ; pastor at Saybrook, Conn., 1848-52;
district secretary of the A.B.CF.M. at Albany,
N.Y., 1853-60, and visited the missions of the
American Board in Servia, Turkey and Greece,
1856-57. He was pastor at Saxonville, Mass.,
1860-63, at Westbrook, Conn., 1863-66, and was
chaplain of the Seamen's Friend society at Ant
werp, Belgium, 1860-72. He visited northern
Europe in the interest of missions, aud in 1866
assisted in the care of those sick with cholera,
which service was publicly acknowledged by the
Belgian government. He resided in New York
city, 1872-76 ; in Philadelphia, 1876-86, where he
gave his time chiefly to literary work, and in
1866 removed to New Haven, Conn. He was
married, April 28, 1845, to Rebecca S. Parker of
Falmouth, Mass., and secondly, June 17, 1863, to
Jeannie, daughter of Judge Copeland of Brooklyn,
N.Y. He wrote principally on the science of
religion, and was the first American teacher to
propound the doctrine that eternal life was de
pendent upon knowledge of and faith in Christ
as held by the primitive Church up to the time
of Plato. He was subjected to great losses and
determined opposition by reason of his teachings,
and his books were not received with favor even
after he had succeeded in having them published.
Finally they grew in favor and were reprinted
in several continental languages, and at his
death he had a large number of disciples. He
wrote for current magazines, and is the author
of The Homiletical Index (1877) ; Tlie Theological
Trilemma (1878); Platonism Versus Christianity
(1881); Bible Terminology (1881); Life Everlast
ing (1882); The Unspeakable Gift (1884); and
Views and Reviews in Eschatology (1887). He
died in New Haven, Conn., Feb. 27, 1887.
PETTIT, Charles, delegate, was born at Am-
well, N.J., in 1736, of Huguenot ancestry. He
received a good education and married a sister of
Joseph Reed, under whom he was commissioned
surrogate in 1767, and whom he succeeded as
deputy-secretary of the province in 1769. He
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1770, and
was appointed a councillor in 1773. He was sec
retary to Governor William Franklin, 1772-74,
but upon the outbreak of the Revolutionary war
resigned his position and joined the patriot cause.
He was secretary to Gov. William LivingsLon,
1776-78 ; assistant quartermaster-general of the
Continental army, 1778-83 ; removed to Phila
delphia, Pa., in 1783, where he engaged in mer-
[231]

PETTIT

PETTIT

cantile business ; was a representative in the
Pennsylvania legislature, 1783-84, and proposed a
plan for funding the state debt, which was
adopted. He was a
delegate to the Con
tinental congress,
1785-87, and a mem
ber of the general
convention which
met at Harrisburg,
Pa., to consider the
adoption of the Fed
eral constitution,
which he earnestly
advocated. He was
a trustee of the Uni
versity of Pennsyl
vania, 1791-1802, a
member of the Amer
ican Philosophical so
ciety, and president of the Insurance Company of
North America, 1796-98 and 1799-1806. He died
in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 4, 1806.
PETTIT, George Albert Joseph, educator,
was born in Dunmore, Ireland, Sept. 15, 1858 ;
son of William and Elizabeth Pettit. He attend
ed the academy of St. Francis Xavier, N.Y. ;
became a member of the Society of Jesus, July
30, 1880, and was graduated from Woodstock
college, Md., in 1887. He was instructor in Eng
lish and the classics at Gonzaga college, Wash
ington, D.C, 1887-90, and at St. John's college,
Fordham, N.Y., 1890-92; attended the Jesuit
seminary of Woodstock college, 1892-96, and
was ordained priest in June, 1895, by Arch
bishop Satolli. He supplied the chair of English
literature at Gonzaga college, made vacant by
the retirement of a professor near the close of
the scholastic year, 1895-96 ; was prefect of disci
pline and vice-president of St. John's college,
1896-98 ; was assistant master of novices in the
novitiate at Frederick, Md., in 1898, and was re
appointed vice-president and prefect of studies
at St. John's college in 1899. He was elected to
succeed the Rev. T. J. Campbell, S. J., as presi
dent of St. John's college, Fordham, in 1900.
PETTIT, Henry, engineer and architect, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 23, 1842; son of
Robert and Laura (Ellmaker) Pettit ; grandson
of Andrew and Elizabeth (McKean) Pettit and
of Levi and Hannah (Hopkins) Ellmaker, and
great-grandson of Charles (q.v.) and Sarah
(Reed) Pettit and of Thomas McKean, the signer.
Robert Pettit was pay director in the U.S. navy.
Henry Pettit matriculated at the University of
Pennsylvania with the class of 1863, but at the
close of his freshman year entered the scientific
course, remaining until the junior year, 1862. He
was employed by the Pennsylvania railroad com

pany in the engineering department and in the
construction of bridges and buildings, 1862-74 ;
was special agent of the Philadelphia centennial
commission to the exposition at Vienna, 1.873 ;
was architect of the Main building, Machinery
hall, and other constructions of the centennial
exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876 ; chief of the bureau
of installation, 1875-76,. and engineer and architect
for the organization of the permanent exhibition
at Philadelphia, 1877. He was also in charge of
the U.S. department, and designed and superin
tended its construction for the French universal
exposition, Paris, 1879, and was a jnember of the
advisory art commission for Pennsylvania at the
World's Columbian exposition, 1893. Meanwhile
he established a general practice as a civil
engineer and architect, retiring in 1890. He
twice made the tour around the world and re
ceived the decoration of many foreign orders,
including : Ridder of St. Olaf from King Oscar of
Norway and Sweden ; chevalier of the Legion
of Honor from France ; commander of Nichan
Iftakhar from the Bey of Tunis, and Caballero
of Ysabel laCatolica from Alfonso XIII. of Spain,
He was made a member of the American Society
of Civil Engineers ; associate member of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers ; member
of the Philosophical society and one of its cura
tors, 1879-1901; a member of the Loyal Legion, and
of the Union league, Philadelphia, serying on its
board of managers for two terms. He received
the degree of M.S., gratiae causa, from the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania in 1877. He is the
author of : Ellmaker Genealogy ; Descendants of
Col. Charles Pettit, Member of the Continental
Congress ; The Pettit Family of Cornwall, Eng
land, and Long Island, N. Y., and also the
author of several musical compositions. He took
numerous photographs in the Orient and America
for use in illustrating lectures delivered before
varioussocieties, and he compiled forty volumes
of illustrated notes of travel.
PETTIT, John, senator, was born in Sacket
Harbor, N.Y., June 24, 1807. He was admitted
to the bar in 1831, and engaged in practice in
Lafayette, Ind. He served two terms in the
Indiana legislature, and was subsequently U. S.
district attorney. He was a Democratic repre
sentative for the eighth district of Indiana in the
28th, 29th, and 30th congresses, 1843-49 ; a dele
gate to the state constitutional convention of"
1850, aijd a presidential elector at large from
Indiana on the Pierce and King ticket in 1853.
He was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the-
vacancy caused by the death of James Whit
comb, serving, 1853-55 ; was later appointed U.S.
circuit judge, and was made chief justice of the-
territory of Kansas by President Buchanan,
serving, 1859-63. He was a delegate to the Demo-

PETTIT

PEYTON

cratic national convention of 1864 ; was justice
of the Indiana supreme court, 1870-76, and was
renominated, but owing to scandals in connection
with the court that excited popular indignation,
his name was withdrawn. He died at Lafayette,
Ind., June 17, 1877.
PETTIT, John Upfold, representative, was
born in Fabius, N.Y., Sept. 11, 18.20 ; son of George
and Jane (Upfold) Pettit, and grandson of Jona
than Pettit. He attended Hamilton college : was
graduated at Union college in 1839 ; was admit
ted to the bar in 1841, and settled in practice in
Wabash, Ind. He was married, Nov. 25, 1858, to
Julia, daughter of Samuel and Eliza (Holmes)
Brenton of Fort Wayne, Ind. He was a representa
tive in the state legislature in 1844 and 1864, and
speaker ofthe house, 1864 ; U.S. consul-general at
Maranham, Brazil, 1850-53 ; judge of the 8th judi
cial district of Indiana, 1854-55, and a Republican
representative from the eleventh district in the
34th, 35th, and 36th congresses, 1855-61, serving
as chairman of the library committee. He was
engaged in recruiting soldiers, 1861-62 ; assisted
in organizing the Orphan's home at Knightstown,
Ind., in 1863; and in 1865 was largely instru
mental in securing from President Johnson a
commutation of the sentence of Bowles and
Milligan, who had been condemned to death by
the U.S. military commission for treasonable
conspiracy in Indiana. He was professor of law
in Indiana university, 1869-70 ; judge of the 17th
judicial district of Indiana, 1872-81, and pay
master to disburse the principal due the Miami
Indians in 1881. He received the degree LL.D.
from Indiana university in 1871. He died at
Wabash, Ind., March 21, 1881.
PETTUS, Edmund Winston, senator, was
born in Limestone county, Ala., July 6, 1821 ;
son of John and Alice T. (Winston) Pettus, and
grandson of Capt. Anthony Winston of Hanover
county, Va., -a colonial officer, of 1776, who re
moved first to Tennessee and then to Alabama.
John Pettus, served in the Creek war, and settled
in Limestone county, Ala. The son attended Clin
ton college, Smith county, Tenn. ; was admitted
to the bar in 1842, and practised in Gainesville,
Ala., 1842-44. He was married, June 27, 1844, to
Mary S. Chapman, and their son, Francis L.
Pettus (died March 6, 1901), was speaker of the
Alabama house of representatives. He was
solicitor for the seventh circuit of Alabama,
1844-49 ; served in the Mexican war as a lieuten
ant ; in 1849 joined a party of gold seekers in
California, traveling on horseback to the gold
fields, and on his return in 1851 resumed the
practice of his profession. He was judge of the -
seventh Alabama .circuit, 1855-58 ; removed to
Selma in 1858, and in 1861 joined the Confederate
army as major of the 20th Alabama infantry and

was later promoted lieutenant-colonel. On the
death of Col. John W. Garrett at Vicksburg,
Pettus succeeded him as colonel and led Col. T.
N. Waul's Texas legion in a desperate charge at
Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. He was promoted
brigadier-general and commanded the second
brigade in Stevenson's division in tho Atlanta
campaign, distinguishing himself by keeping the
enemy in check at Rocky-face Ridge, May 8,
1864. In the march to the sea and the Carolina
campaign, he continued in command of his
brigade in S. D. Lee's corps, surrendering with
Johnston in North Carolina. In 1865 he resumed
his law practice ; was a delegate to the Democra
tic national conventions of 1872, 1876, 1880, 1884,
1888, 1892 and 1896, serving in each as chairman
of the Alabama delegation ; was nominated for
U.S. senator by the Democratic caucus of the
general assembly, Nov. 16, 1896, by a vote of 67
to 26, Governor Oates, Representative Bankhead
and Senator Pugh being the other candidates,
and was elected for the term beginning March
4, 1897, and expiring March 3, 1903. He served
on the judiciary committee, and on the com
mittees on military affairs, railroads, privileges,
elections and Indian depredations.
PETTUS, John J., governor of Mississippi,
was born in Wilson county, Tenn. , in 1813 ; son
of John and Alice T. (Winston) Pettus. He
was educated in Limestone county, Ala., where
he also prepared for the law. He engaged
in practice in Sumter county,
and subsequently removed to
Kemper county, Miss., where
he became a planter. He
served in both branches of
the state legislature ; was
governor of Mississippi, 1860-
62, and convened a special
meeting of the legislature in 1862 to provide for
additional troops for the Confederate army. He
was a brigadier-general in the Confederate army,
1863-65, and after the war removed to Arkansas,
where he died in 1867."
PEYTON, Balie, representative, was born in
Sumner county, Tenn., Nov. 26, 1803; son of
John and Margaret (Hamilton) Peyton ; grand
son of Robert and Ann (Guffey) Peyton ; great-
grandson of Valentin and Frances (Harrison)
Peyton, and a descendant of Henry and Ellen
(Pax-tington) Peyton. Henry Peyton was a native
of London, England, and settled at Ragged
Point, Westmoreland county, Va., about 1656.
Balie Peyton passed his childhood with his
maternal grandmother ; attended Gallatin col
lege ¦;• was -admitted to the bar in 1824, and
settled in practice in Gallatin. He was a Whig
representative in the 23d and 24th congresses,
1833-37, and in 1837 removed to New Orleans,

PEYTON

PEYTON

La. He was appointed U.S. district attorney at
New Orleans, by President Harrison, in March,
1841, and was offered but declined the portfolio
of war in President Tyler's cabinet. At the out
break of the Mexican war he raised a volunteer
regiment of 1200 men. Since the regiment was
not accepted by President Polk, he became chief of
General Worth's staff ; vaas present at the battle
of Monterey, and presented with a reward by the
state of Louisiana for his gallantry in that battle ;
was appointed U.S. minister to Chili by Presi
dent Taylor in 1849, serving, 1849-53, and practised
law in San Francisco, Cal., 1853-58. He returned
to Gallatin, Tenn., in 1859, and was an elector-
at-large from Tennessee on the Bell and Everett
ticket in 1860. He was a Unionist throughout
the civil war, and a member of the Tennessee
senate, 1869-70. He was married in 1830 to Ann
Carr, daughter of William and Alethia (Eaton)
Smith of Granville county, N.C. Their son,
Balie Peyton, Jr., a lieutenant on the staff of
Gen. F. K. Zollicoffer, of the Confederate army,
was killed in the battle of Fishing Creek, Ky.,
Jan. 19, 1862. Peytonsville, Tenn., was named
in honor of Balie Peyton, Sr., who died at
Gallatin, Tenn., Aug. 19, 1878.
PEYTON, Ephraim Geoffrey, jurist, was born
in Elizabethtown, Ky., Oct. 29, 1802 ; son of
Ephraim and  (Jennings) Peyton, and grand
son of Robert and Ann (Guffey) Peyton, and of
Jonathan Jennings. He was a cousin of Balie
Peyton of Tennessee, their fathers being brothers.
He was educated in Gallatin college, Tenn., and
in 1818 removed to Mississippi, where he taught
school and learned the printer's trade. He was
admitted to the bar in 1824, and settled in prac
tice first in Copiah county, and then in Gallatin,
Miss. He was married, March 31, 1831, to Artemisia
G., daughter of Francis Patton, a planter of Clai
borne county, Va. He was a representative in the
Mississippi legislature in 1835, was district
attorney of the fourth judicial district for
several years from 1839, and in 1861 refused
to favor seccession. He was a member
of the Mississippi constitutional convention
of 1865, and a Republican representative to
the 39th congress in the same year, but was
denied his seat because Mississippi was not a
reconstructed state. He was judge of the su
preme court of Mississippi, 1868-70, and chief
justice, 1870-75. He lost his fortune, estimated
at about $100,000, by the failure of the banks, and
was left deeply in debt, which debt he fully paid.
He died in Jackson, Miss., Sept. 5, 1876.
PEYTON, John Howe, lawyer, was born in
Stafford county, Va., April 29, 1778 ; son of John
Rowze and Ann (Howe) Peyton ; grandson of
John and Elizabeth (Rowze) Peyton, and of How-
son and Mary (Dade) Howe, and a descendant of

Henry (of London) and Ellen (Partington) Pey
ton who settled in Westmoreland county, Va.
He was graduated from the College of New
Jersey, A.B., 1797, A.M., 1800 ; was a law student
in the office of Bushrod Washington, and was
admitted to practice in 1799. He married Ann
Montgomery, daughter of Maj. John and Mary
(Preston) Lewis. He represented Stafford county
in the Virginia assembly, 1806-10 ; was prosecut
ing attorney for the Augusta district, 1809-10 :
major on the staff of General Porterfield in the
war of 1812 ; mayor of Staunton, 1815 ; deputy
U.S. attorney for the western district of Virgina,
1815-36 ; refused a nomination for representative
to the 17th congress in 1820, and a U.S. judgeship
in 1824 ; served as state senator, 1836-44 ; as
trustee of Washington college, 1832-46 ; as visitor
to the U.S. Military academy, 1840, writing the
report of the board, and as president of the
board of directors of the Western Virginia
Lunatic asylum, 1837-47. He is the author of:
Resolutions upon the attitude of Pennsylvania
with reference to an Amendment to the Constitu
tion of tlie United States, providing a tribunal for
settling disputes between the State and Federal
judiciary, pronounced by Daniel Webster as
conclusive and admitting of no further discussion.
He died in Staunton, Va., April 27, 1847.
PEYTON, John Lewis, author, was born in
Staunton, Va., Sept. 15, 1824 ; son of John Howe
(q.v.) and Ann Montgomery (Lewis) Peyton.
He was graduated at the University of Virginia,
LL.B. in 1845 ; was in Europe on official business
connected with the state department of Secretary
Webster, 1852-53; resided in Chicago, 111., 1853-
55, and there served as major of the 1st Chicago
regiment, and as lieutenant-colonel of the 18th
battalion of the National Guards. He declined
the office of U.S. district attorney of Utah,
offered by President Pierce in 1855, returned to
Virginia that year, and was made magistrate,
bank director, and member of the board of
visitors of the Deaf, Dumb and Blind institution
at Staunton. He was married, Dec. 17, 1855, to
Henrietta E. Clark, daughter of Col. John C.
and Mary (Bond) Washington of Lenoir county,
N.C. He recruited and drilled troops for the
Confederate army in 1861 ; was appointed agent
of the state of North Carolina in Europe, and
remained abroad, 1862-76. He was made a fellow
of the Royal Geographical Society of London ;
of the Society of Americanists of Luxembourg,
Prussia ; an honorary member of the Reform
club, London, and a corresponding member of
the Virginia and Wisconsin Historical societies.
He was entertained by Napoleon III. in the
Tuileries and had audience with Cardinal Anto-
nelli in the Palace of the Vatican. He edited
Dauenhower's Journal, while in Chicago, con-

[234]

PEYTON

PHELPS

tributed to the press and to the leading magazines,
and is the author of : Pacific Railway Communi
cations and the Trade of China (1854); ^1 Statis
tical View of the State of Illinois (1854); The
American Crisis ; or, Pages from the Note Book
of a State Agent during the Civil War in America
(1866) ; Over the Alleghanies and across the
Prairies, Personal Recollections of the Far West,
•One and Twenty Years Ago (1867) ; Memoir of
William Madison Peyton (1870); Tlie Adventures
of My Grandfather (1871); Memorials of Nature
¦and Art (1881) ; A History of Augusta County
(1882); Rambling Reminiscences of a Residence
Abroad (1886) , and A History of Virginia from
"the Retrocession of Alexandria to the Reconstruc
tion of the Union. He also edited and wrote an
introduction to " The Glasse of Time " by Thomas
Peyton of Lincoln's Inn (1887). and edited " Tom
Swindel, or the Adventures of a Boomer " (1893).
See life in Brock's "Virginia and Virginians." 'He
¦died in Staunton, Va., May 23, 1896.
PEYTON, Samuel Oldham, representative, was
born in Bullitt county, Ky., in 1804 : son of Wil
liam and Mary (Ross) Peyton ; grandson of
Craven and Ann Peyton, and of Lawrence and
¦  (Oldham) Ross, and a descendant of
Henry and Ellen (Partington) Peyton. He was
graduated at Transylvania university, M.D., in
1827. He was married to Mary Kincheloe ; prac
tised medicine in Hartford, Ky. ; represented Bul
litt county in the state legislature in 1835 ; was a
Democratic representative from Kentucky in
the 30th, 35th and 36th congresses, 1847-49 and
1857-61, and was defeated for the 31st congress
in 1848. He was a member of the committee on
public buildings and grounds in the 36th congress.
He died in Hartford, Ky., Jan. 4, 1870.
PHELAN, James, senator, was born in Hunts
ville, Ala., Oct. 11 , 1821 ; son of John and Priscilla
Oakes (Fond) Morris Phelan, and grandson of
Dennis Phelan, who emigrated from Maryborough,
Queen's county, Ireland, to New York city, with
his wife, Mary (Lalor) Phelan, and children in
1793, aiid resided in New Jersey, Virginia and
Alabama. James served an apprenticeship in the
office of the Huntsville Democrat, 1835-42, be
came editor of The Flag of the Union at Tuska
loosa in 1842, and state printer in 1843. He was
married, Sept. 22, 1846, to Eliza J., daughter of
Dr. Alfred and Eliza (Jones) Moore of Madison
county, N.J. He practised law in Huntsville,
1846-49, and in Aberdeen, Miss., 1849-65. He
was a state senator in 1860, and Confederate
States senator, 1862-64. He introduced in the
Confederate senate in 1863, a bill to impress all
the cotton in the South, pay for it in Confederate
bonds and use itf as a basis for a foreign loan.
This bill failed to pass, and Mr. Phelan was de
feated in the next senatorial election. He served

[235]

as judge advocate of Alabama, 1864-65, and then
resumed the practice of law in Memphis, Tenn.,
where he died, May 17, 1873.
PHELAN, James, representative, was born in
Aberdeen, Miss., Dec. 7, 1856 ; son of Judge James
and Eliza J. (Moore) Phelan. He removed to
Memphis, Tenn., with his parents, 1867, and was
educated in the Kentucky Military institute, the
literary department of the University of Nash
ville, and at University of Mississippi, where he
matriculated in 1872. He went to Europe in 1874,
and completed his education in the Gymnasium
of St. Thomas, and at the University of Leipzig,
where he received the degree Ph.D. in 1878. In
1881 he settled in the practice of law in Memphis,
and was married, Oct. 15 of that year, to Mary,
daughter of Dr. Robert Early of Lynchburg, Va.
He was a Democratic representative from the
tenth Tennessee district in the 50th and 51st con
gresses, 1887-91. He died in Nassau, Bahama Is
lands, seeking relief from phthisis, Jan. 30, 1891.
PHELAN, Richard, R. C. bishop, was born at
Tralee, county Limerick, Ireland, Jan. 1, 1828.
He was educated in St.Kieran's college, Kilkenny.
He immigrated to the United States with Bishop
Michael O'Connor of Pittsburg, Pa., in 1850, on
the latter's call for students to take up the work
of the church in his diocese, and prepared for the
priesthood in St. Michael's seminary, Pittsburg,
and in St. Mary's Theological seminary, Balti
more, Md. He. was ordained priest at Pittsburg,
Pa., by Bishop O'Connor, May 4, 1854, was charged
with a small mission at Camerons Bottoms, In
diana county, Pa., and was assistant rector at
St. Paul's cathedral, Pittsburg, Pa., 1855-58. He
was rector of the church at Freeport, Pa., 1858-
68, and of St. Peter's church at Allegheny, Pa.,
1868-85, where he built a church at a cost of
$150,000, and completed the schools commenced
by the Rev. Tobias Mullen. In 1881 he was ap
pointed administrator of the diocese of Pittsburg
and Allegheny, during the absence of Bishop
Tuigg, and vicar-general in 1883, and was nomi
nated coadjutor of the two sees with the right of
succession in 1885. He was consecrated titular
bishop of Cibyra at Pittsburg, Pa., Aug. 2, 1885,
by Archbishop Ryan of Philadelphia, assisted by
Bishops Mullen and Shanahan, and succeeded to
the full bishopric on the death of Bishop Tuigg,
Dec. 7, 1889, taking up his residence at Pittsburg,
the see city, in 1891.
PHELPS, Almira (Hart) Lincoln, educator,
was born in Berlin, Conn., July 15, 1793 ; daugh
ter of Capt. Samuel and Lydia (Hinsdale) Hart ;
granddaughter of Lieut. Samuel and Mary
(Hooker) Hart and of Capt. John and Elizabeth
(Cole) Hinsdale, and a descendant of Thomas
Hooker and of Stephen Hart, who came from
Essex, England, to Massachusetts about 1632,

PHELPS

PHELPS

settled first at Braintree and then in Newtown,
and was an original proprietor of Hartford, Conn.,
in 1635. She was instructed by her sister, Mrs.
Emma Hart Willard (q.v.), whom she assisted at
Middlebury, Vt., and completed her education
in the Female academy, Pittsfield, Mass. She
taught a private school at Middletown, Conn., was
again with her sister at Middlebury and was prin
cipal of the Sandy Hill, N.Y., Female academy,
1815-17. She was married, Oct. 15, 1817, to Simeon
Lincoln, Jr., and after his death she became
head teacher in the department of natural science
in Mrs. Willard's seminary at Troy, N.Y. , and
vice-principal of the seminary in 1827, managing
it while her sister was in Europe. She was mar
ried secondly, in 1831, to Judge John Phelps of
Vermont, and retired from active educational
work until 1838, when she became principal of
the West Chester, Pa., Female seminary. She
was subsequently principal of a private school at
Rahway, N.J., and conducted, with her husband,
the Patapsco institute, a diocesan female school
at Baltimore, Md., 1841-1849, where she remained
alone, 1849-56. She was the second woman to be
elected a member of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, and read before
that body papers on the religious and scientific
character and writings of Edward Hitchcock
(1866), and the "Infidel Tendencies of Modern
Science" (1878). She was also a member of the
Maiyland Academy of Science, to which society
she gave her herbarium containing about 600
specimens. She is the author of : Familiar Lec
tures on Botany (1829) ; Dictionary of Chemistry
(1830) ; Botany for Beginners (1831) ; Geology
for Beginners (1832) ; Female Student or Fireside
Friend (1833) ; Chemistry for Beginners (1834) ;
Lectures on Natural Philosophy (1835) ; Lectures
on Chemistry (1837) ; Natural Philosophy for
Beginners (1837) ; IdaNorman (1850) ; Christian
Households (1860) ; Hours with My Pupils (1869) ;
Autumn Fruits (1873) , and Preserved in the Win
ter of Life (1873). She also edited : Our Coun
try, in its Relation to the Past, Present and Future
(1868), and the proceeds from its sale were de
voted to the Christian and sanitary commis
sions. She died in Baltimore, Md., July 15, 1884.
PHELPS, Austin, clergyman, was born in
West Brookfield, Mass., Jan. 7, 1820 ; son of
Eliakim and Sarah (Adams) Phelps ; grandson of
Eliakim and Abigail (Combes) Phelps, and a
descendant of William Phelps, who came from
Tewksbury, England, to America in the ship
Mary and John in 1630, settled first at Hull and
then in Dorchester, Mass., and Windsor, Conn.,
in 1635. He attended Hobart college, 1833-34 ;
Amherst college in 1835 ; was graduated at the
University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1837, A.M.,
1840 ; was resident licentiate at the Andover

Theological seminary, 1838-42 ; was licensed to
preach in 1840, and was pastor of the Pine St.
Congregational church, Boston, Mass., 1842-48.
He was professor of homiletics and sacred rhetoric
in Andover Theological seminary, 1848-79, pro
fessor emeritus, 1879-90, and president of the
seminary, 1869-79. He served as chaplain of both
houses of the Massachusetts legislature and
preached the "election sermon" in 1861. He
was married in September, 1842, to Elizabeth,
daughter of the Rev. Moses Stuart of Andover ;
secondly in April, 1855, to Mary, her sister, and
thirdly in June, 1858, to Mary A., daughter of
Samuel Johnson of Boston, Mass. He received
the honorary degree of D.D. from Amherst in
1856. He edited Hymns and Choirs with Prof.
Edwards A. Park and Rev. David Furber (1859);
Sabbath Hymn-Book with Prof. Park and Dr.
Lowell Mason (1859), and is the author of : Tlie
Still Hour (1858), which had a large circulation
in America and abroad ; The New Birth (1867) ;
Tlie Solitude of Christ (1868) ; Sabbath Hours
(1870) ; Studies of the Old Testament (1878) ;
Theory and Practice of Preaching : Lectures on
Homiletics (1882) ; My Portfolio (1882) ; English
Style in Public Discourse (1883) ; My Studies and
other Essays (1886) ; My Note-Book ; Fragmentary
Studies in Theology and Subjects Adjacent Thereto
(1889) ; besides addresses and contributions to the
Congregationalist and other periodicals. See
" Memoir " by Mrs. E. S. P. Ward (1891). He
died at Bar Harbor, Maine, Oct. 13, 1890.
PHELPS, Charles Edward, jurist, was born in
Guilford, Vt., May 1, 1833; son of John and
Almira (Hart) Lincoln (q.v.) Phelps; grandson
of Capt. Samuel Hart, a soldier in the Revolu
tion, and a colonial champion of religious liberty ;
great-grandson of
Charles Phelps, the
first lawyer who set
tled in Vermont, and
a descendant of Wil
liam Phelps, who
came from England
in 1630, and of the
Rev. Thomas Hooker
(q.v.). He removed
to Maryland in 1841 ;
was graduated from
the College of New
Jersey, A.B., 1852,
A.M., 1855; studied
law at Harvard ; be
came a practising law
yer in Baltimore in 1855, and was admitted to prac
tice in the U.S. supreme court in 1859. He was
elected on the Reform ticket a member of the
city council of Baltimore in 1860 ; was one of the
organizers and major of the Maryland Guard,

L236]

PHELPS

PHELPS

1858-61, and lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the
7th Maryland Volunteers, 1862-64. At the battle
of the Wilderness his horse was killed and
his clothing riddled, and at Spottsylvania,
May 8, 1864, his horse was killed, and he was
wounded and taken prisoner while leading the
2d division, 5th army corps, in the charge on the
works. . He was recaptured by Sheridan's cavalry,
brevetted brigadier-general for gallant conduct,
and awarded the congressional medal of honor.
He was elected on the National Union ticket as a
representative from the third district of Maryland
in the 39th congress, 1865-67, where he opposed
the radical measures and policy of reconstruction,
and was re-elected on the Conservative ticket to
the 40th congress, 1867-69. He declined an exe
cutive appointment as judge of the court of
appeals in 1867 ; was married, Dec. 29, 1868, to
Martha Woodward of Baltimore, Md. , and resumed
his practice in Baltimore. He was president of
the Baltimore school board, 1876 ; commander of
the 8th Maryland regiment during the strike
riots in 1877 ; president of the Maryland Associa
tion of Union Veterans, and a member of various
scientific, historical, military and social organiza
tions. In 1882 he was elected on the Independent
ticket judge of the supreme bench of Baltimore,
and in 1897 was nominated by all parties and re
elected without opposition, the legislature, in
1902, upon the application of the Baltimore Bar
association, unanimously extending his term be
yond the constitutional age limit. In 1884 he
was chosen a la.w professor in the University of
Maryland. He' is the author of : Juridical Equity
(1894), and Falstaff and Equity (1901).
PHELPS, Edward John, diplomatist, was born
in Middlebury, Vt., July 11, 1822 ; son of the Hon.
Samuel Shethar Phelps (q.v.) . He was, graduated
at Middlebury, college, A.B., 1840, A.M., 1843;
practised law iu Middlebury, 1843-45, and removed
to Burlington in 1845, where he was married in
August, 1846, to Mary, daughter of the Hon.
Stephen Haight. He was second comptroller of
the U.S. treasury, 1851-53. He was a delegate to
the state constitutional convention in 1870 ; pre
sided over the centennial ceremonies commem
orating the battle of Bennington in 1877 ; lectured
on medical jurisprudence in the University of
Vermont in 1880, and the same year was made
president of the American Bar association. He
was defeated as the Democratic candidate for
governor of Vermont in 1880 : was Kent professor
of law at Yale, 1881-1900, and lectured on consti
tutional law at Boston university in 1882. He
was U.S. minister to Great Britain, 1885-89 ; was
the defeated Democratic candidate for U.S. sen
ator in 1890 ; was a member of the council of the
U.S. government before the court of arbitration
on the Bering Sea controversy in 1893, and

[237]

in 1896 supported William McKinley for the
presidency, although, being an anti-expansionist,
he strongly disapproved of his policy in regard to
Cuba and the Philippines. He received the de
gree of LL.D. from Middlebury in 1870. He
published an address on Chief Justice Marshall
and the Constitutional Law of his Time (1879).
and articles on The Constitution of the United
States in the Nineteenth Century in 1888. He
died at New Haven, Conn., March 9, 1900.
PHELPS, Elisha, representative, was born in
Simsbury, Conn., Nov. 7, 1779; son of Noah and
Lydia (Griswold) Phelps ; grandson of David and
Abigail (Petibone) Phelps and of Edward and
Abigail (Gaylorcl) Griswold, and a descendant of
William Phelps, who settled in Windsor, Conn.,
in 1635. His father (born in Simsbury, Jan. 22,
1740), a large landholder and captain of militia,
planned aud took part with Gen. Samuel H. Par
sons in the expedition to Fort Ticonderoga in April,
1775, entering the fort the day before as a spy and
reporting its condition to Ethan Allen, which
enabled them to capture it ; served as captain in
Wards' Connecticut regiment, 1776-77, and sub
sequently as lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and
in 1780 transferred cannon from Salisbury,
Conn., to Boston, for the ship Defense; was judge
of probate twenty-two years, a representative in
the state legislature twenty seasons, and a major-
general of state militia, and died in Simsbury,
Conn., March 4, 1809. Elisha was graduated at
Yale in 1800 ; practised law at Simsbury, 1803-05,
and at Hartford, Conn., 1805-47, and was a mem
ber of each house of the state legislature for
several years, serving as speaker in 1821 and 1829.
He was a Democratic representative from Con
necticut in the 16th, 19th and 20th congresses,
1819-21 and 1825-29 ; state comptroller, 1830-34 ;
a commissioner to revise and codify the state
laws in- 1835, and judge of the county court for
years. He died in Simsbury, Conn., April 18, 1847.
PHELPS, Elizabeth (Stuart), author, was
born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 13, 1815 ; daughter
of the Rev. Moses and Abigail (Clark) Stuart and
a descendant of Robert and Bertha (Rumball)
Stuart. Robert Stuart came to Massachusetts in
1650, resided in Boston and at Milford, Conn.,
and settled in Norwalk, Conn., in 1660. Elizabeth
Stuart Phelps was educated at Andover, Mass.,
and in September, 1842, married the Rev. Austin
Phelps. They resided in Boston, Mass., 1842-48,
and then removed to her native place, where she
spent the remainder of her life. She began to
write short stories of New England life at an early
age, many being published under the pen name
" H.Trusta." Her works include : the Kitty Brown
series(1850) ; Sunny side (1851) ; A Peep at Number
Five (1851); Tlie Angel over the. Right Shoulder
(1851); The Tell- Tale (1852), and The Last Leaf

PHELPS

PHELPS

from Sunnyside, with a memoir by her husband
(1853). The last book was published posthu
mously, and Sunnyside, a story of life in a country
parsonage, reached a sale of 100,000 copies in a
year. She died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 30, 1852.
PHELPS, Elizabeth Stuart. See Ward, Eliza
beth Stuart Phelps.
PHELPS, James, representative, was born in
Colebrook, Conn., Jan. 12, 1822 ; son of Dr. Lan
celot and Elizabeth (Sage) Phelps ; grandson of
Lancelot Phelps, a volunteer in the Revolutionary
war, and a descendant of William Phelps, Wind
sor, Conn., 1635. His father was a representative
from Connecticut in the 24th and 25th congresses,
1835-39. He was educated in the Episcopal aca
demy at Cheshire, Conn., and in Washington
college, and was admitted to the bar in 1844. He
settled in practice in Essex, Conn.; was married,
Sept. 30, 1845, to Lydia A. , daughter of Samuel
and Lydia (Wilson) Ingham, and served as judge
of probate. He was a representative in the Con
necticut legislature, 1853-54, and in 1856 ; a state
senator, 1858-59 ; judge ofthe state superior court
1863-73 ; judge of the supreme court of errors,
1873-75 ; a Democratic representative from the
second district in the 44th-47th congresses, 1875-
83, and judge of the state superior court, 1885-92.
He died in Essex, Conn., Jan. 16, 1900.
PHELPS, John Smith, governor of Missouri,
was born in Simsbury, Conn., Dec. 22, 1814 ; son
of Elisha Phelps (q.v.). He was graduated from
Trinity college in 1832 ; studied law with his
father, and practised in Connecticut until 1837,
when he moved to Spring
field, Mo. He-was a member
of the Missouri legislature
in 1840 ; brigade-inspector of
militia in 1841, and Demo
cratic representative to the
29th-36th congresses, 1845-
1861. During the 35th and
36th congresses respectively, he was chairman of
the committee on ways and means and one of the
select committee of thirty-three on the rebellious
states. He declined election to the 37th congress ;
joined the Federal forces as colonel of U.S. volun
teers in 1861 ; was made brigadier-general in July,
1862 ; was military governor of Arkansas, 1862-
63 ; delegate to the National Union convention at
Philadelphia, 1866 ; commissioner to settle war
claims in Indiana, 1867 ; unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for governor of Missouri, 1868, and
governor, 1876-82. He died in St. Louis, Mo.,
Nov. 20, 1886.
PHELPS, John Wolcott, soldier, was born in
Guilford, Vt., Nov. 13,1813; son of Judge John
and Lucy (Lovell) Phelps ; grandson of Timothy
Phelps, sheriff of Cumberland county under the
jurisdiction of New York, and a descendant of

[238]

William Phelps, Windsor, Conn., 1635. He was
graduated at the U.S. Military academy and
brevetted 2d lieutenant in the 4th artillery, July
1, 1836 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant, July 28,
1836, and served in the Florida war, 1836-39, and
in the Cherokee nation while l'emoving the In
dians to the West. He was promoted 1st lieu
tenant, July 7, 1838 ; served on the northern
frontier during the Canada border disturbances,
1839-40, and at various forts in Michigan, 1840-
41; at Fort Monroe, Va., and Carlisle barracks,
Pa., 1841-45. In the war with Mexico, 1846-48,
he served in the engagements leading up to the
capture of the city of Mexico, and declined the
brevet rank of captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for gal
lantry at Contreras and Churubusco. He was a
member of the board that devised a complete
system of instruction for siege, garrison, seacoast
and mountain artillery, 1849-50 ; was promoted
captain, March 31, 1850, and served in Texas,
1851-56, where he broke up a filibustering expe
dition. He was a member of the artillery board
at Fort Monroe, Va., 1856-57 ; served on frontier
duty in Kansas and on the Utah expedition,
1857-59, and resigned from the service, Nov. 2,
1859. Until -the beginning of the civil war he
resided in Brattleboro, Vt., where he wrote force
ful articles pointing out the clanger of the con
stantly increasing political influence of the slave
states. He enlisted for the volunteer service and
was appointed colonel of the 1st Vermont volun
teers, May 2, 1861 ; took possession of and held
Newport News for the defense of Hampton Roads,
Va., May to November, 1861, and was engaged in
several skirmishes. He was promoted brigadier-
general of volunteers, May 17, 1861; served on the
expedition to the Gulf of Mexico, late in 1861,
when he took military possession of Ship Island,
Miss. , and with Commodore Farragut's fleet forced
the opening of the lower Mississippi in April and
May, 1862. While in garrison at Camp Parapet,
La. , in 1862, he organized the first Negro troops.
He was, however, ordered by the government
commander to cease such organization, and for
that reason resigned, Aug. 21, 1862, but not before
being declared an outlaw by the Confederate
government. He declined the commission of
major-general when the negroes were armed,
and retired to Brattleboro, Vt., where he resided
until 1883, when he was married to Mrs. Anna
B. Davis, and removed to Guilford. He devoted
himself to literary work ; was the candidate for
the American party for president of the United
States in 1880 ; was vice-president of the Vermont
Historical society, 1863-85, and of the Vermont
Teacher's association, 1865-85. He contributed
to current literature ; translated Lucien de la
Hodde's "Cradle of Rebellions" (1864) from the
French, and is the author of : Good Behavior,

PHELPS

PHELPS

text books for schools, adopted in the west (1880);
History of Madagascar 1884) , and The Fables of
Florian (1888). See " Memoir " by CH. C. Howard
(1887). He died in Guilford, Vt., Feb. 2, 1885.
PHELPS, Philip, clergyman and educator,
was born in Albany, N.Y., July 12, 1826 ; son of
Philip and Hannah (Mascraft) Phelps ; grandson
of John and Catherine (Conine) Phelps and of
John and Jane (Wilson) Mascraft, and a descend
ant of William Phelps, who emigrated from
Tewkesbury, England, and settled in Dorchester,
Mass. His father was for fifty years deputy comp
troller of the state of New York. Philip Phelps,
Jr., attended the Boys' Academy of Albany,
N.Y., and was graduated with honor from Union
college, Schenectady, N.Y., A.B., 1844, and from
the New Brunswick, N.J., Theological seminary
in 1849. He was the organizer of the Reformed
church of Hastings-on-the-Hudson, and its
pastor, 1850-59 ; principal of Holland academy,
Mich., 1859-66; organizer and first president of
Hope college, Holland, Mich., 1866-78 ; founder of
Hope church, and lector in the Theological sem
inary at Holland. He engaged in literary work,
1879-86, and was pastor of the Reformed churches
of North Blenheim and Breakabeen, Classis of
Schoharie, N.Y., 1886-96. He was married in
1853 to Margaret Anna Jordan, and of his four
children, Frances Few Chrystie married Dr. J. A.
Otte, missionary to Amoy, China, and the Rev.
Philip T. Phelps became pastor of the first Re
formed Church of Ghent, N.Y. Philip Phelps,
Sr., received the honorary degree of D.D. from
New York university in 1864, and that of LL.D.
from Hope college, Mich., in 1894. He was
elected to the presidency of the general synod of
the Reformed Church of America in 1864, and to
that of the particular synod of 1893. He died in
Albany, N.Y., Sept. 4, 1896.
PHELPS, Samuel Shethar, jurist, was born
in Litchfield, Conn., May 13, 1793; son of Capt.
John and Sally (Shethar) Phelps ; grandson of
Edward and Hannah (Marsh) Phelps, and a
descendant of William Phelps, the immigrant,
Windsor, Conn., 1635. He was graduated at
Yale, A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814, and served in the
war of 1812, in the ranks at Burlington and
Plattsburg, and afterward as a paymaster ; was
'admitted to the bar in 1815, and settled in prac
tice in Middlebury, Vt. He was a member of
the Vermont legislature, 1821-32 ; of the council
of censors in 1827, and of the governors' council
in 1831. He was judge of the supreme court of
Vermont, 1832-38, a member of the state senate,
1838-51, and was appointed to the U.S. senate in
1853, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
William Upham. He served until March 4, 1854,
but was refused admission at the next session on
account of his intemperate habits. He was a

[239]

member of the committees on claims and Indian
affairs, made several notable speeches in condem
nation of slavery and was a member of the select-
committee of thirteen. When the gun exploded
on the frigate Princeton in 1844, Mr. Phelps was
a visitor on board, and narrowly escaped death.
In 1854 he retired to private life, although he
still continued to practise law. He published an
Address on tlie Council of Censors (1827) ; Speech
on the Tariff Bill (1844) ; Speech on the Oregon
Question (1848). He died in Middlebury, Vt.,
March 25, 1855.
PHELPS, Stephen, pastor and educator, was
born in Lewistown, 111., Feb. 6, 1839; son of
Myron and Adaline (Rice) Phelps, and grandson
of Stephen and Lois Phelps and of Asaph and
Abigail Ripe. He was graduated from Jefferson
college, Pa., in 1859 and from the Western Theo
logical seminary, Allegheny, Pa., in 1862. He
was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Ohio
in 1861 ; ordained by the Presbytery of Missouri
River in 1863 ; was in Iowa as pastor at Sioux
City, 1862-64 ; Waterloo, 1864-69 ; Janesville,
1869-70; Cedar Valley, 1870-71 ; Vinton, 1871-81 ;
president of Coe college, Cedar Rapids, 1881-87,
and pastor at Council Bluffs, 1887-96. He was
also professor of homiletics, pastoral theology
and church government at the Presbyterian
Theological seminary, Omaha, Neb., 1891-1902,
and on June 1, 1902, became pastor of the Pres
byterian church, Essex, Iowa. He was married
first, June 20, 1862, to Amelia, daughter of Wil
liam McComb of Lewistown, 111., and secondly,
Dec. 25, 1882, to Sarah Frances, daughter of
William Thompson Miller of Vinton, Iowa. He
received the degree D.D. from Lenox college
and from Washington and Jefferson college in
1882. PHELPS, Thomas Stowell, naval officer, was
born in Buckfield, Maine, Nov. 2, 1822 ; son of
Stephen and Elizabeth Nixon (Stowell) Phelps ;'
grandson of Henry and Lucy (Putnam) Phelps,
and a descendant of George, who came to
America with his brother, William Phelps, in
1630, and settled in Windsor, Conn., in 1635.
Thomas S. Phelps was graduated from the U.S.
Naval academy, passed midshipman, July 11,
1846, and was wrecked in the sloop Boston on
the Island of Eleuthera, West Indies, Nov. 16,
1846. He was attached to the Polk in Mexico
waters, February to April, 1847 ; was mar
ried, Jan. 25, 1848, to Margaret R., daughter of
Capt. John B. Levy of Virginia ; served on the
U.S. coast sui-vey, and in the Mediterranean
squadron and on the Pacific coast, 1855-56, parti
cipating in the battle of Seattle, Oregon, Jan. 26,
1856. He was promoted master, March 1, 1855 ;
lieutenant, Sept. 14, 1855 ; served on the Brazil
squadron and took part in the Paraguay expedi-

PHELPS

PHILIP

tion, 1858-59 ; commanded the steamer Vixen on
the coast survey, 1859-61, and was attached to the
fleet sent for the relief of Fort Sumter in 1861.
He made a survey and chart of the Potomac river
in 1861 ; was transferred to the Corwin for ser
vice in North Carolina, waters in September, 1861;
surveyed Hatteras Inlet, and had several skir
mishes witli Confederat%gun boats. He received
the thanks of the secretary of the navy for his
services ; was engaged in- surveying Virginia
waters in March, 1862 ; had several engagements
with the Yorktown and Gloucester Point bat
teries, April, 1862 ; captured five and destroyed
two Confederate vessels, and prevented the de
struction of White House, Va., May 4, 1862. He
ascended the Matipony river during the battle of
West Point, Va., May 7, 1862 ; made , reconnois-
sance charts of the Matipony and Pamunky rivers,
and was promoted lieutenant-commander, July
16, 1862. He made a complete survey of the
Potomac river from July, 1862 to March, 1863 ;
commanded steamer Corwin in making surveys
in anticipation of naval and military movements,
March, 1863 to December, 1864 ; commanded the
Sangus, December, 1864 to January, 1865 ; the
Juniata at the capture of Fort Fisher, Jan. 15,
1865 ; the Lenapee, on the Atlantic coast squad
ron, March, 1865 to April, 1867, and was promoted
commander, Aug. 5, 1865. He was stationed at
the Mare Island navy yard, Cal., 1867-70; com
manded the receiving ship Independence, 1870-71 ;
the Saranac of the Northern Pacific station,
1871-73 ; was promoted captain, June 19, 1871,
and commanded the Mare Island navy yard, 1873-
77. He commanded the receiving ship Independ
ence, 1877-79 ; was promoted commodore, Jan. 13,
1879 ; commanded Mare Island navy yard, 1881-
83 ; South Atlantic station, 1883-84; was promoted
rear-admiral, March 1,1884, and was placed on the
retired list, Nov. 2, 1884. He is the author of
Reminiscences of Washington Territory (1882).
He died in New York city, Jan. 10, 1901.
PHELPS, William Walter, diplomatist,- was
born in New York city, Aug. 24, 1839 ; son of
John Jay and Rachel B. (Phinney) Phelps, and a
descendant of William Phelps, Windsor. Conn.,
1635. His father removed from Simsbury, Conn.,
to New York city and became prominent as an
importing merchant and as the organizer and
first president of the Delaware, Lackawanna and
Western railroad company. William was grad
uated at Yale, A. B., 1860, A. M., 1863, and was
married, July 26, 1860, to Ellen, daughter of Joseph
E. Sheffield of New Haven, Conn. He was grad
uated at Columbia, LL.B., 1863 ; settled in prac
tice in New York city, and became counsel for
various banks, trust companies and railroad cor
porations. Upon the death of his father in 1869,
he devoted himself entirely to the management

GsrfoAfizMjfi

[240]

of the family estates and other private trusts-.
He declined the judgeship of the 6th judicial
district of New York in 1869, removed to Engle
wood, N.J., and was a Republican representative
from the fifth district in the 43d, 48th, 49th, and
50th congresses, 1873-
75 and 1883-89. He
was a delegate to the
Republican national
conventions of 1880
and 1884; U.S. minis
ter to Austria, 1881-
82 ; U. S. minister to
Germany, 1889-93,
and lay judge of the
court of errors and
appeals of New Jer
sey. He served on
the committee on
foreign affairs for
three successive con
gresses, and repre
sented American interests at the International
conference on the Samoan question in Berlin
in 1889. He was a regent of the Smithsonian
Institution ; was influential in securing for the
graduates of Yale a share in the government
of the university ; was a fellow of Yale, 1872-92,
and received the honorary degree of LL.D. from
Rutgers in 1889, and from Yale in 1890. He made
gifts to Yale university aggregating $150,000.
He was a prominent member of the leading
clubs in New York city. His published speeches
include : Franking Privileges (1874) ; Sound
Currency (1874) ; Civil Rights Bill (1875) ; Fitz-
John Porter's Case (1884) ; Laskar Resolutions
(1884) ; oration before General Grant and his
cabinet at a Grand Army reunion on The Dangers
of War at Paterson, N.J. ; The Dangers of Peace,
Decoration Day, Mount Holly, N. J. (1886) ; Tariff,
address before .the Agricultural Society of New
Jersey (1884), and one on Congress before the
New England society (1886). He died atTeaneck,
near Englewood, N.J. , June 17, 1894.
PHILIP or POMETACOM, Indian chief, was
born in New England ; son of Massasoit, chief of
the Wampanoags, whose treaty with the colonists
in 1621 was maintained for fifty years. Philip
became chief sachem in 1662, two years after his
father's death, and was apparently friendly with
the English for many years, although he always
opposed Christianity, especially the work of John
Eliot, and his example largely influenced his
warriors. Many of his tribe became impatient
at the frequent demands of the colonists for the
purchase of lands, and the consequnt frequent
quarrels made King Philip apprehensive for his
own safety. In 1671 he was summoned with his
warriors to answer to the charge of secret plot-

PHILIP

PHILIP

ting against the colonists, and in the interview
«he alleged that his preparations were designed as
a defense against the Narragansetts and not
against the white settlers. He then signed an
agreement to keep peace, but refused to surren
der his arms, whereupon he was summoned to
Boston, and signed articles of submission and
deposited £100 as a bond of indemnity. After
three years of peace the discovery of the murder
of Sassamon, an Indian spy and convert, was the
signal for war. In the meantime a defensive al
liance of all the New England tribes against the
English had been planned, and the result was the
banding of a force of nearly 10,000 warriors.
King Philip's principal village was at Mt. Hope,
R.I., and there in 1675 he began his preparations
for war, first sending the women and children of
' his people to the Narragansetts for protection.
The first attack by the Indians was made at Swan
sea, June 24, 1675, while the colonists were keep
ing a day of fasting. Volunteers hurried to the
town from all parts of Massachusetts and on
June 29, Philip and his men took refuge with the
Nipmucks. In July the whites secured a treaty
of peace with Canochet, chief of the Narragan
setts, but in the meantime, King Philip with
about 1500 braves visited the various tribes and
incited them to a general war. He then marched
against the settlers in the valley of the Connecti
cut, spreading destruction from Springfield,
Mass., north to the Vermont line. Brookfield and
Deerfield were burned and Hadley surprised, but
there the Indians were checked and repelled by
the villagers. It was soon learned by the colon
ists that the Narragansetts sheltered the
Wampanoags, and in December, 1675, an attack
was made on their stronghold, the site of the
future city of Kingston. Canochet, who escaped,
was recaptured and killed ; 600 warriors and 1000
women and children were put to death, and their
wigwams and provisions burned. The Indians
retaliated in the spring of 1676 by laying waste
Weymouth, Groton, Medfield, Lancaster and
Marlborough, Mass., and Warwick and Pro
vidence, R.I. Philip's cause, however, soon
waned, and several tribes stopped fighting, while
those who were neutral joined the side of the
colonists. The government set a price of thirty
shillings per head on every Indian killed in battle,
and many captured Indian women and children,
including Philip's wife and son, were sold as
slaves. In 1676 Capt. Benjamin Church organ
ized an expedition to destroy Philip and his
warriors. After being pursued from one place
to another, overtures of peace were made which
King Philip declined, and soon after Alderman,
a former member of his band, led a large
company of whites into his camp near Mount
Hope at midnight on Aug. 12, 1676, and Philip

[241]

was shot dead while trying to escape. His head
was cut off by Church and was exposed in Ply
mouth on a gibbet for twenty years. In con
formity with the law of the colonies in dealing
with traitors his body was drawn and quartered on
a day set aside for public thanksgi ving. See Ben
jamin Church's "Entertaining History of King
Philip's War " (1716), with additions by Samuel
Drake (1858); "Philip of Pokanoket" in Irv-
ing's " Sketch Book," and "Mount Hope" by
Gideon H. Hollister (1851). He died near Mount
Hope, R.I., Aug. 13, 1676.
PHILIP, John Woodward, naval officer, was
born in New York city, Aug. 26, 1840. He was
graduated at the U.S. Naval academy, Jan. 1,
1861, served in the Constitution and the Santee,
and was promoted acting master, June 1, 1861,
and ordered to the
Marion of the Gulf
blockading squadron.
He served on the
Sonoma of the James
river fleet in 1862 ;
was promoted lieu
tenant, July 16, 1862,
and was executive
officer of the Chip
pewa, the Pawnee,
and monitor Mon
tauk of the South
Atlantic blockading
squadron during the
siege of Charles
ton, S.C, and was
wounded in the leg at Stone's River. He served
as executive officer of the Wachusett of the
Asiatic squadron, 1865-67; was promoted lieuten
ant-commander, July 25, 1866 ; was executive of
the flagship Hartford of the Asiatic squadron,
1867-68 and 1872-73 ; of the Richmond, European
squadron, 1868-71, and commanded the Monocacy,
1873-74. He was promoted commander, Dec. 18,
1874 ; commanded one of the Pacific mail steam
ships, on leave of absence, 1874-76 ; the Adams,
1876-77 ; commanded Woodruff's scientific expe-'
dition around the world, April to December,
1877 ; commanded the Tuscarora, 1877-80, and
the Ranger, 1880-83. He engaged in the survey
of the west coast of Mexico and Central America,
and as lighthouse inspector of the twelfth dis
trict, 1884-87 ; commanded the U.S. receiving
ship Independence at Mare Island Navy yard, Cal.,
1887-90,and was promoted captain, March 31, 1889.
He commanded the Atlanta, 1890-91, served as
general inspector of the construction of the New
York in 1892, and commanded her when ready
for service until 1894. He commanded the U.S.
Navy yard at Boston, Mass., 1894-97, the Texas
of the North Atlantic squadron, 1897-98, and

PHILIPS

PHILIPSE

under Commodore Schley in Cuban waters during
the Spanish American war, being conspicuous in
the naval battle of Santiago, July 3, 1898. He
was promoted commodore, Aug. 10, 1898 ; com
manded the North Atlantic squadron on the flag
ship New York, September, 1898, to January, 1899,
and the Brooklyn navy yard from 1899 until his
death. He was promoted rear admiral, March 3,
1899. On Feb. 4, 1899, *he was presented by
Governor Roosevelt, in behalf of several New
York friends, with a handsome sword in com
memoration of his services in the destruction of
Cervera's fleet off Santiago. He was conspicuous
for his interest in religious matters and in the
work of the Y.M.C.A., and his request to his
crew not to cheer, when the Spanish sailors were
dying all around them, indicates his character. He
died in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 30, 1900.
PHILIPS, George Morris, educator, was born
in Atglen, Pa., Oct. 28, 1851 ; son of John Morris
and Saiah (Jones) Philips ; grandson of George
and Elizabeth (Morris) Philips and of Thomas and
Eliza (Todd) Jones, and a descendant of Joseph
Philips and of Griffith John Jones of Pembroke
shire, Wales, who emigrated to Chester Co., Pa.,
in 1755 and 1712 respectively. He was graduated
from Bucknell university, A.B., 1871, A.M., 1874 ;
was professor of mathematics at Monongahela
college, 1871-73; professor of higher mathematics
at the Pennsylvania State Normal school, West
Chester, 1873-78 ; professor of mathematics and
astronomy at Bucknell university, 1878-81, and
principal of the Pennsylvania State Normal
school from 1881. lie was elected president of
the Chester County Historical society ; member
of the Sons of the Revolution ; president of the
Pennsylvania State Teachers' association, 1891 ;
vice-president of the National Educational asso
ciation, 1894, and trustee of Bucknell univei'sity,
of which he was elected president in 1888, and
was also appointed state superintendent of public
instruction of Pennsylvania, but declined both
offices. He was made a member of the college
and university council of Pennsylvania and
director and vice-president of the local banks.
He received the degree of Ph. D. from Bucknell
in 1884. His published works include: Astronomy
(with Isaac Sharpless, 1882); Natural Philosophy
(1883); Key to Philosophy (with C. C Balderson,
1884); Civil Government of Pennsylvania (1893);
Geography of Pennsylvania (1895).
PHILIPS, John Fines, jurist, was born in
Thrall's Prairie, Boone county, Mo., Dec. 31, 1834 ;
son of John G. and Mary (Copeland) Philips ;
grandson of John and Mary Philips and of John
and Sarah Copeland, and of Scotch-Irish descent.
He attended the University of Missouri, 1851-53 ;
was graduated at Centre college, Ky., 1855 ;
studied law at Fayette, Mo.; was married, May 14.

1857, to Fleecie Batterton of Danville, and prac
tised law in Georgetown, 1857-61; Sedalia, 1865-82^
and Kansas City, Mo., 1882-83. He was a member
of the state constitutional convention of 1861 ;
served as colonel of the 7th Missouri cavalry in
the U.S. Volunteer army, 1861-65, and was
brevetted brigadier-general in the state militia.
He was a delegate to the Democratic national
convention of 1868, a representative from the-
seventh Missouri district in the 44th and 46th
congresses, 1875-77 and 1880-81 ; commissioner
to the Pan Presbyterian convention,' Edinburgh,,
Scotland, 1877 ; commissioner of the supreme
court of Missouri, 1883-85 ; presiding judge of
the Kansas City court of appeals, 1885-88, and
U.S district judge for the western district of
Missouri from June 25, 1888. He received the-
honorary degree of LL.D. from Centre college,*
Kentucky, in 1888, and from Central college,.
Fayette, Mo., and the University of Missouri,
Columbia, Mo., in 1890.
PHILIPSE, Frederick, last lord of Philipse-
Manor, was born in New York city in 1746 ; son
of Frederick Philipse (1690-1751), and great-
grandson of Frederick Philipse (1626-1702), first
lord of the manor of Philipsborough, West
chester county, N.Y., who built the first manor
house, Castle Philipse and Philipse church, Sleepy
Hollow, N.Y. , and married, first, the widow
of Peter Rudolphus De Vries, and the owner of
considerable property, and secondly in 1690, Cath
erine, daughter of Oloff I. Van Cortland. Fred
erick, the last lord of tlie manor, was graduated
at King's (afterward Columbia) college in 1773,'
in the class with Beverley Robinson (q.v.), who
married his sister Susanna. He was captain of
dragoons in the British army ; a member of the
assembly of the colony of New York, and the last.
lord of the manor of Philipseborough. He was
anxious to maintain his friendship for the mother
country without offending the patriots, among
whom he had many friends, but early in the Revo
lution his sympathies for the crown became more
marked and his property was confiscated, and
he was proscribed and banished by the Conti
nental congress. His sister Mary married Col.
Roger Morris of the British army, in 1758, and
before this marriage, while a guest at the home
of her brother-in-law, Beverly Robinson, in New
York city, met Col. George Washington, whose
suit she was said to have declined, although
Washington's private papers disprove the claim.
Colonel Morris built for his bride the mansion on
the heights north of New York city, which became
Washington's headquarters, and subsequently the
home of Madam Jumel, the second wife of Aaron
Burr. Colonel Philipse was a governor of King's
college subsequently to 1780. He died in Eng
land in 1785.

[212]

PHILLEO

PHILLIPS

PHILLEO, Prudence Crandall, educator, was
bbrn in Hopkinton, R.I., Sept. 3, 1803. She was
educated in the Friends school, Providence, R.I.,
engaged in teaching and in 1832 opened a select
boarding school for girls in Canterbury, Conn. ,
which was patronized by the leading families of
the town. Through the admission of a colored
student, Sarah Harris, in 1833, her former patrons
withdrew their children. After consulting with
William Lloyd Garrison, she decided to conduct
her school entirely for the education of the
Negro, and it was so advertised in the Liberator
of March 2, 1833. Town meetings were held
denouncing Miss Crandall ; the grocer and the
provision dealer refused to sell food to the school ,
and the pupils were assailed and insulted in the
streets. On May 24, 1833, a state law was passed
forbidding any person establishing a school for
the education of colored people without the
written permit of the selectmen. She was arrest
ed and imprisoned in June, and in August and
October was tried and convicted at the Windham
county court. The supreme court of errors
reversed the judgment on a technicality in July,
1834. The townspeople then sacked and burned
her house, and she reluctantly abandoned the
beginning of higher education for colored people
in New England, and shortly afterward married
the Rev. Calvin Philleo, a Baptist clergyman,
who died in 1876. She spent tlie remainder of
her life in New York, Illinois and Kansas. Her
portrait, painted by Francis Alexander for the
American Anti-Slavery society in 1838, was
presented to Cornell university by S. J.May. See
" Prudence Crandall" by John C. Kimball (1886).
She died in Elks Falls, Kan., Jan. 28, 1890.
PHILLIPPS, Adelaide, singer, was born in
Stratford-on-Avon, England, Oct. 26, 1833. She
removed to Canada with her parents in 1840, and
they subsequently settled in Boston, Mass. She
made her first public appearance in " Old and
Young "at the Tremont theatre in January, 1842,
where she sang, danced, and represented five
characters. She was connected with the stock
company of the Boston Museum, 1843-51, mean
time cultivating her voice under Madame
Arnoult, who advised her to study for the Italian
opera. She sang before Jenny Lind in 1850, who
also advised her to go to Europe, recommended
her to the care of Emanuel Garcia, her own
teacher, and gave her $1000 towards her tuition.
Jonas dickering of Boston came to her finan
cial aid, and in March, 1852, she became the pupil
of Garcia. She continued her studies in Italy
under Signor Profondo, and made her debut at
Brescia, in Lombardy, as Arsace in "Semiramide "
in the same year. She sang in Milan and Rovereto
with great success, became a favorite with the
Italians, but she was underpaid by the Italian

[2431

managers, and returned to the United States in
1855. She made her first American appearance
in Italian opera at Philadelphia, as Arsace, in
1855, and from there went to New York where
sickness compelled her to close her engagement.
She reappeared in 1856, singing Azucena in
" II Trovatore " and Leonoro in "La Favorita,"
and went to Havana, Cuba, where she sang for
three or four seasons. . She made her first ap
pearance before the Boston Handel and Haydn
society, Dec. 30, 1860, in the "Messiah," and a
second time in the "Stabat Mater" in March,
1861. Later in 1861 she made a professional
tour of Europe, winning immediate success.
Returning to the United States she appeared in
the principal cities in opera, oratorio and con
cert, 1863-81. She was the contralto in the
great Peace Jubilee in Boston in 1869 ; organized
a quartet in 1874 ; the Adelaide Phillipps Opera
company in 1876, and joined the Ideal Opera.
company in 1879, to which she was attached
until December, 1881, when she made her last
appearance at Cincinnati. Her health failed
there and in August, 1882, she sailed for Europe,
hoping to restore her health. Her stage name in
Europe was Signorina Fillippi. Her voice was a
contralto with a compass of two and one half
octaves. She died in Carlsbad, Germany, Oct. 3,
1882, and her body is buried at Marshfleld, Mass.
PHILLIPS, Charles, educator, was born in
Harlem, N.Y., July 30, 1822 ; son of James (who
came from England in 1818) and Judith (Ver-
meule) Phillips ; grandson of the Rev. Richard
(of Essex county, England) and Susan (Meade)
Phillips, and of Cornelius (of New Jersey) and
Elizabeth (Middagh) Vermeule. He was gradu
ated from the University of North Carolina, A.B.,
1841 ; A.M., 1844 ; was tutor there, 1844-54 ; pro
fessor of engineering, 1854-60 ; of mathematics,
1861-68 and 1875-79, and professor emeritus, 1879-
89. He was married, Dee. 8, 1847, to Laura,
daughter of Joel and Mary Battle, of Edgecombe,
N.C. He supplied the Chapel Hill Presbyterian
church, 1857-68 ; was professor of mathematics
and astronomy in Davidson college, 1868-69, and
of mathematics and engineering, 1869-75. He-
received the degree of D.D. from the University
of North Carolina in 1868 and that of LL.D. from
Davidson college in 1876. He died at Columbia,
S.C, May 10, 1889.
PHILLIPS, Henry, author, was born in Phila
delphia, Pa., Sept. 6, 1838 ; son of Jonas Altamont
and Frances (Cohen) Phillips ; grandson of
Zeligman and Arabella (Solomons) Phillips and of
Moses and Rachel (Moses) Cohen. He prepared
for college at a Quaker school and at the academy
of Henry D. Gregory (q.v.); was graduated at
the Univei'sity of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1856, A.M.,
1859, and after studying at universities in Europe

PHILLIPS

PHILLIPS

was admitted to the bar in 1859, but devoted
himself to the study of numismatics, archaeology
and philology, becoming recognized as an au
thority in these branches, winning two gold
medals in Europe. In 1868 he was appointed
U.S. commissioner. He became treasurer of the
Numismatic and Antiquarian society of Philadel
phia in 1862, and its secretary in 1868 ; a curator
of the American Philosophical society in 1880, a
secretary in 1884, and its librarian from 1885 ;
treasurer of the American Folk-Lore society, and
a member of many societies at home and abroad.
His writings on the paper currency of the
American colonies, and on American Continen
tal money have been quoted in legal tender
cases by the U.S. supreme court. He was vice-
consul for Belgium at Philadelphia, 1892-95. He
translated : " Poems from the Spanish and Ger
man" (1878); "Faust" from the German of
Chamisso (1881), and four volumes from the
Spanish, Hungarian and German (1884—87 ). He
is the author of : History of American Colonial
Paper Currency (1865) ; History of American
Continental Paper Money (1866); Pleasures of
Numismatic Science (1867), and many valuable
papers on philology, archaeology, numismatics
and folk-lore. See Memoir by Albert H. Smyth
(1896). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., June 6, 1895.
PHILLIPS, John, philanthropist, was born in
Andover, Mass., Dec. 27,1719; son of the Rev.
Samuel and Hannah (White) Phillips ; grandson
of Samuel and Mary (Emerson) Phillips, and of
Capt. John White, Haverhill, Mass., and a
descendant of the Rev. George Phillips of Norfolk
county, England, who immigrated to Salem,
Mass., in the ship Arbella with Winthrop and
Saltonstall in 1630, and settled in Watertown,
Mass. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1735,
A.M., 1738 ; taught school at Andover, Mass.,
Exeter, N.H. , and elsewhere, and afterward
conducted a private Latin school in Exeter. He
fitted for the ministry and was called to the
church in Exeter, but decided instead to engage
in mercantile pursuits, in which he accumulated
a large fortune. He was a justice of the peace,
and a member of the New Hampshire council for
several years ; a justice of the supreme court at
odd times ; founded and endowed the Phillips
professorship of divinity in Dartmouth college in
1782, and was a trustee of Dartmouth, 1773-93.
He founded Phillips academy at Andover, Mass.,
with his brother Samuel, in April, 1778, giving to
it $31,000 besides a third interest in his estate,
and in 1871 founded Phillips academy at Exeter,
N.H., endowing it with 8134,000. He was trustee
of Phillips at Andover, 1778-95, and president of
the board, 1790—95. He contributed liberally to
the College of New Jersey, and received the
degree LL.D. from Dartmouth in 1777. He was

married first to Sarah, daughter of the Rev.
Mr. Emery, and widow of Nathaniel Gilman, and
secondly to Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. E.
Dennet of Portsmouth, N.H., and widow of Dr,
Hale. He died in Exeter, N.H., April 21, 1795.
PHILLIPS, Morris, journalist, was born in
London, England, May 9, 1834 ; son of Philip and
Rosetta Phillips. He came to America, attended
school in Cleveland, Ohio, until 1853, and finished
his education in New York city, where he entered
the law office of Brown, Hall and Vanderpoel.
Returning to Cleveland he engaged in mercantile
business, but soon after resumed the study of
law in Buffalo. In 1854 he accepted the position
of private secretary to George P. Morris, editor
of the Home Journal, New York city. Upon Mr.
Morris's death in 1864 he became co-editor with
N. P. Willis, and in 1866 sole proprietor of that
periodical. He was married, July 5, 1865, to
Elizabeth Rode of New York, who died in 1877.
He traveled extensively in both hemispheres, and
is the author of : Abroad and At Home (1893),
and numerous articles in leading periodical pub
lications. PHILLIPS, Samuel, philanthropist,was born in
North Andover, Mass., Feb. 7, 1750; son of
Samuel and Elizabeth (Barnard) Phillips, and
grandson of the Rev. Samuel and Hannah (White)
Phillips, and of Theodore Barnard. He was
graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1771, A.M., 1774;
was a member of the Provincial congress at
Watertown, Mass., in 1775, and of the state
constitutional convention of 1779 ; a member of
the Massachusetts senate, 1780-1800, and presi
dent of that body, 1783-1800 ; judge of the court
of common pleas, 1781-98 ; a commissioner of
the state in Shays's insurrection, and lieutenant-
governor of Massachusetts, 1801-02. He pre
vailed upon his father to djvert the property

1.2441

Phillips Manse, Andover.

which would legally fall to him to the found
ing of Phillips academy at Andover, which he
planned and organized. He also gave it lands,
procured endowments from his relatives and left
$4000 to the town of Andover, to be added to the
fund for maintaining instruction in divinity.

PHILLIPS

PHILLIPS

He was a founder and fellow rv the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences! and received the
honorary degree of A.M. from Dartmouth in 1774,
and that of LL.D. from Harvard in 1793. He
was married, July 6, 1773, to Phebe, daughter of
the Hon. Francis Foxcroft of Cambridge, Mass.,
and after her husband's death she assisted in
founding Andover Theological seminary. Mr.
Phillips died in Andover, Mass., Feb. 10, 1802.
PHILLIPS, Stephen Clarendon, representa
tive, was born in Salem, Mass., Nov. 4, 1801 ;
son of Capt. Stephen and Dorcas (Woodbridge)
Phillips ; grandson of Stephen and Elizabeth
(Elkins) Phillips, and of Dudley Woodbridge of
Salem, and a descendant of the Rev. George
Phillips, first minister of Watertown, Mass. He
was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1819, A.M.,
1822 ; studied law, but soon abandoned it, and
engaged in business in Salem. He was a repre
sentative in the Massachusetts legislature, 1824-
30 and 1832-33, a state senator in 1831, and a
Whig representative from the fifth district in
the 23d, 24th and 25th congresses, being elected
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Rufus Choate from the 23d congress in 1834,
and resigning from the 25th congress in 1838.
He was the second mayor of Salem, 1838-42, a
Harrison presidential elector in 1841 ; was defeated
as the Free-soil candidate for governor of
Massachusetts in 1848 and 1849, and engaged in
the lumber business in Canada, 1849-57. He was
an overseer at Harvard, 1846-54, and a member
of the state board of education. He was
married to Jane Appleton, daughter of Willard
Peele of Salem, Mass., and secondly, Sept. 3,.
1838, to Margaret Mason, sister of his deceased
wife. He perished in the burning of the steamer
Montreal, St. Lawrence river, June 26, 1857.
PHILLIPS, Wendell, abolitionist, was born in
Boston, Mass., Nov. 29, 1811 ; eighth child of
John and Sally (Walley) Phillips ; grandson of
William. (1737-1772) and Margaret (Wendell)
Phillips, and of Thomas Walley ; great-grandson
of John (1701-68) and Mary (Buttolph) Phillips,
and of Jacob Wendell ; great2-gi-andson of Samuel
Phillips of Salem and of Nicholas Buttolph of
. Boston ; great3-grandson of the Rev. Samuel
(1625-1696) and Sarah (Appleton) Phillips, and
great4-grandson of the Rev. George Phillips
(1593-1644) , who with his wife and two children,
left Boxted, Essex county, England, embarked
on the Arbella, April 12, 1630, and arrived in
Salem, Massachusetts Bay colony, June 12,
1630. Wendell Phillips attended the Boston
Latin school, 1822-26, and was graduated from
Harvard in 1831. While in college he was pres
ident of the Hasty Pudding club and of the
Gentlemen's club, and had so little interest in
reform that he defeated the first proposition to

1245]

establish a temperance society at Harvard. He
showed no taste for oratory, but was fond of
debate. He was graduated from the law depart
ment of Harvard university in 1834, and was
admitted to practice
at the Suffolk bar.
He continued his law
studies in the office of
Thomas Hopkinson,
Lowell, Mass., and
established himself
in practice in Boston.
He took no part in
the early antislavery
movement, but upon
the imprisonment and
subsequent outrage
upon the person of
William Lloyd Gar
rison, Oct. 21, 1835,
he cast in his lot
with the antislavery party. He was married
in October, 1837, to Ann Terry, daughter of
Benjamin Green. She was deeply interested
in the antislavery movement, and was largely
instrumental in converting him to the cause.
On Dec. 8, 1837, at a meeting held in Faneuil
Hall for the purpose of giving expression to
the horror felt by a number of persons headed
by Dr. William Ellery Channing, at the murder
of the Rev. Elijah Lovejoy, Phillips made his
debut as an orator, in an impromptu reply to the
scurrilous utterances of Attorney-General James
T. Austin. He was one of the first to take part in
the movement for a lyceum-lecture system, and
in 1836 he delivered his first lecture. This was
followed by several others, including one on " The
Lost Arts " 1838, which was probably one of the
most popular lectures ever delivered in America.
He was one of the lecturers who succeeded in
breaking down the old rule of refusing negroes
admittance to the lyceum lectures. He delivered
his first antislavery lecture at Lynn, Mass., and
in 1838 delivered a Fourth of July oration at
Lynn. He advocated the rights of women as
co-equal with men, and was a delegate to the
world's antislavery convention held at London,
England, June 12, 1840, where he earnestly spoke
on the eligibility of women as delegates. His
advice was out-voted, however, and the women
were excluded. He traveled in Europe, visiting
France, Italy and Great Britain, and returned
to Boston, July 12, 1841. He was foremost in
opposing the slave measures of 1841-50. The fugi
tive-slave act was passed in October, 1850, and a
meeting was held in Faneuil Hall, Boston, for the
denunciation of the law, at which Phillips was
one of the speakers. Instant repeal of the act
was demanded and a vigilance committee of

PHILLIPS

PHILLIPS

fifty was appointed to protect the colored people
from the new danger. In 1853 he addressed the
antislavery woman's rights and temperance
conventions held in New York city. Upon the
election of President Lincoln and the outbreak
of the civil war, Phillips favored the commence
ment of hostilities and delivered an address to
that end in Boston Music Hall. On Sept. 22,
1862, the President issued his proclamation of
freedom to the slaves, to take effect Jan. 1, 1863,
and the Negro was allowed to enlist as a soldier.
Phillips was one of the first to favor the enlist
ment of colored regiments in Massachusetts,
and authority was obtained, Jan. 26, 1863. On
March 11-12, 1863, Phillips delivered his panegyric
on Toussaint L'Ouverture in New York and
Brooklyn, and on July 4, 1863, he delivered an
address at the mass-meeting of the Friends of
Freedom at Framingham, Mass., which was
perhaps the most remarkable speech delivered
by him during the war. He also spoke on " The
Amnesty " at the Cooper Institute, N.Y., Dec. 22,
1863. Upon the re-nomination of President Lin
coln in 1864, Mr. Phillips opposed, while William
Lloyd Garrison favored, his election. This led to
a controversy, as Garrison held that as slavery
had been abolished, the Antislavery society
should be abolished. Phillips, however, contended
that it should not be discontinued until the Negro
had gained his ballot. He succeeded Garrison as
president of the society in 1865, and continued in
office until 1870. He was an advocate of tem
perance, an upholder of trades unions, and
was in favor of a greenback system of finance.
He was nominated for governor of Massachusetts
by the Labor Reform convention held at Worces
ter, Sept. 8, 1870. He supported General Butler for
governor on a joint Republican and Labor plat
form, and in the presidential canvass of 1872, he
supported General Grant and his southern policy.
In 1877 an unsuccessful effort was made to induce
Phillips to accept the nomination for governor on
the Republican ticket. He delivered addresses
on : " Capital Punishment," April 29, 1806 ; " The
Meaning of the' War," July 4, 1866 ; " The Perils
of -the Hour;" 1866; "The New Constitutional
Amendment," Jan. 24, 1867 ; " General Grant,"
Nov. 18, 1867; "The Political Situation," Jan.
29, 1869; "Sir Henry Vane" in May, 1877;
" Trades Unions" in April, 1869 ; " A Review of
Dr. Howard Crosby's Anti-total-abstinence dis
course," Jan. 24,1881; "The Crisis in Irish Affairs,"
in February, 1881, and " The Scholar in a Repub
lic," delivered at the centennial anniversary
of the Phi Beta Kappa of Harvard college, June
30, 1881. His last address was delivered on the
unveiling exercises of the statue of Harriet
Martineau, at the Old South Meeting House, Dec.
26, 1883. He is the author of : Tlie Constitution,

a Pro-Slavery extract (1840); Review of Daniel
Webster's 7th of March Speech (1850), and a col
lection of speeches, letters and lectures, revised
by himself (1863). By vote of the legislature
and city government his body was laid in state
at Faneuil Hall, where it was viewed by a large
number of citizens. His name in "-Class A,
Authors and Editors," received nineteen votes
for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Amer
ican, New York university, October, 1900. He
died in Boston, Mass., Feb. 2, 1884.
PHILLIPS, Willard, editor and author, was
born in Bridgewater, Mass., Dec. 19, 1784; son
of Joseph Phillips, grandson of Thomas and
Mary (Hatch) Phillips, and a descendant of the
Rev. George Phillips, first minister of Water-
town, Mass. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B.,
1810, A.M., 1813 ; was tutor there, 1811-15 ; prac
tised law in Boston, Mass., 1818-45 ; was a repre
sentative in the general court, 1825-26 ; judge of
probate for Suffolk county, 1839-47, and president
of the New England Mutual life insurance com
pany, 1843-73. He received the degree LL.D.
from Harvard in 1853, and was a fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He
was connected editorially with the General Re
pository and Review ; the North American Re-
vieiv ; the American Jurist ; the first and second
American editions of Collyer's Law of Partner
ship (1834-'9), and the first eight volumes of
Pickering's Reports (1824) ; and is the author of :
Treatise on the Law of Insurance (1823) ; Manual
of Political Economy (1828); The Law of Patents
for Inventions, including the Remedies and Legal
Proceedings in Relation to Patent Rights (1837);
The Inventor's Guide (1837), and Protection and
Free Trade (1850). He died in Cambridge, Mass.,
Sept. 9, 1873.
PHILLIPS, William Addison, representative,
was born in Paisley, Scotland, Jan. 14, 1824. He
was educated in the schools of Paisley, and in
1839 came to the United States with his parents
and settled in Randolph county, 111. He engaged
in farming, 1839-45, edited the Herald at Chester,
111., and also acted as a correspondent of the
New York Tribune, 1845-55. He was admitted
to the bar in 1855, and settled in practice in
Kansas, where he continued his contributions to
the Tribune, and became active in the history of
tlie free state movement. He was first justice
of the supreme court under the Leavenworth
constitution, and in 1858 founded the city of
Salina, Kan. He raised some of the first troops
in Kansas in 1861, and entered the army as
major of volunteers. He was afterward pro
moted colonel, and served as commander of the
famous Cherokee Indian regiment ; organized
the Indian brigade, and commanded a division
made up of Indians from Kansas, Arkansas, Illi-

[216]

PHILLIPS

PHYSICK

nois, Wisconsin and Colorado, under General
Schofield, and served on the frontier during the
war. He was wounded in battle three times.
He refused a nomination for governor of Kansas
and an offer of $10,000 a year as a correspondent
of the New York Tribune with the Army of the
Potomac, and in 1865 represented Salina in the
Kansas legislature. He served as attorney of
the Cherokee Indians at Washington, D.C, and
was a Republican representative from the first
Kansas district in the 43d, 44tli and 45th con
gresses, 1873-79. He was president of the Kansas
Historical society, contributed to periodicals, and
is the author of Labor, Land and Law (1886).
He died at Fort Gibson, I.T., Nov. 30. 1893.
PHILLIPS, William Fowke Ravenel, clima-
tologist, was born in Bedford county, Va., July
13, 1863 ; son of Dinwiddie Brazier and Nannie
(Walden) Phillips ; grandson of William Fowke
Phillips, and a descendant of Colonel William
Phillips of the Revolutionary army. He re
ceived his school training at Chatham, Va., and
was graduated at Columbian university, M.D.,
1890, and was professor of hygiene there, 1891-92,
and after 1895 ; also demonstrator of anatomy.
He became medical climatologist of the U.S.
weather bureau in 1895, and was also placed in
charge of the library of the bureau in 1898. He
is the author of articles on medical climatology,
and was elected a member of the Philosophical
Society of Washington, the National Geographic
society, the American Climatological association,
and its vice-president, 1901-02, and was editor of
Climate and Health (1896-97).
PHOENIX, Jonas Phillips, representative, was
born in Morristown, N.J., Jan. 14, 1788; son of
Maj. Daniel and Anna Lewis (Phillips) Phoenix,
grandson of Alexander and Cornelia Phoenix ;
and of Jonas and Anna (Lewis) Phillips, and a
descendant of Alexander and Abigail (Sewall)
Phoenix. Alexander Phoenix emigrated from
England to New Amsterdam in 1640, and re
moved to Rhode Island in 1652. Jonas Phillips
Phoenix attended the public schools and early
engaged in mercantile pursuits in New York
city, where he became a prominent merchant.
He was married, April 5, 1810, to Mary, daughter
of Stephen and Harriet (Suydam) Whitney of New
York. He was a member of the board of alder
men, 1838-39 ; a presidential elector on the Harri
son and Tyler ticket in 1840, and a Whig repre
sentative from the third district in the 28th and
31st congresses, 1843-45 and 1849-51. He was
an unsuccessful candidate for mayor of New
York in 1840, 1842 and 1847 ; a member of the
¦state assembly in 1848 ; one of the commissioners
of the Croton aqueduct in 1842, and one of the
governors of the New York almshouse in 1849.
He died in New York city, May 4, 1859.

PHOENIX, Stephen Whitney, antiquarian,
was born in New York city, May 25, 1839 ; son
of the Hon. Jonas Phillips and Mary (Whitney)
Phoenix. He was graduated at Columbia, A.B. ,
1859, A.M., 1862, and LL.B., 1863. He then
studied and traveled abroad, and on his return
to New York city, devoted himself to antiquarian
and genealogical research. The epitaphs on the
tombstones in Trinity churchyard, New York
city, and the records of births, baptisms,
marriages and deaths of the Reformed Dutch
and Presbyterian churches in New York, were
copied at his expense for preservation, and
printed in the New York Genealogical and Bio
graphical Record. He also collected and pre
served portraits of old New Yorkers, many of
which were engraved, as well as nearly 3,000
prints relating to New Amsterdam and old New
York, which are owned by Columbia university.
He left his herbarium to the American Museum
of Natural History in New York ; his genealogical
works and $15,000 to the New York Historical
society, the income to be invested in books on
heraldry and genealogy ; his pictures, curiosities,
and coins to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
and his library of books, to be known as the
Phoenix collection, to Columbia university, with
$500,000 for use in the school of mines. He is
the author of : Tlie Descendants of John Phoenix
(1867) ; The Whitney Family of Connecticut
(3 vols., 1878) ; The Family of Alexander Phoenix
(MS.). He died in New York city, Nov. 3, 1881.
PHYSICK, Philip Syng, surgeon, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., July 7, 1769 ; son of Edmund
and Abigail (Syng) Physick. His father was
receiver-general and keeper of the great seal of
Pennsylvania, and became agent of the Penn
estates after the Revolutionary war. Philip Syng
Physick was graduated from the University of
Pennsylvania, A.B., 1785, A.M., 1788, and studied
medicine under Dr. Adam Kuhn in Philadelphia,
and under Dr. John Hunter in London. He was
appointed house-surgeon of St. George's hospital,
Jan. 1, 1790, and received his license to practice
from the Royal College of Surgeons, London, in
1791. He was graduated from the University of
Edinburgh, M.D., 1792, and returning to the Uni
ted States, September, 1793, established himself
in Philadelphia. He married Elizabeth Emlen.
He was attending physician at the hospital at
Bush hill during the yellow fever epidemic of
1793, and was elected one of the surgeons of the
Pennsylvania hospital in 1794, in recognition of
his services. He continued his labors during the
second breaking out of the yellow fever epidemic
in 1798. He lectured on surgery in the medical
department of the University of Pennsylvania
in 1800 ; was professor of surgery in the univer
sity, 1805-19 ; professor of anatomy, 1819-31, and

[247]

PIATT

PIATT

professor emeritus, 1831-35. He was surgeon ex
traordinary of the almshouse infirmary, 1801-16 ;
was elected consulting surgeon to the Institute
for the Blind in 1822 ; president of the Phreno
logical society of Philadelphia in 1822, and presi
dent of the Philadelphia Medical society in 1824.
He was a member of the American Philosophical
society ; of the Royal Academy of Medicine of
France, and an honorary fellow of the Royal
Academy of Medicine and Chirurgy of London.
He introduced numerous valuable surgical instru
ments and improved modifications of others, and
by the number and success of his operations,
became the "father of American surgery."
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 7, 1768.
PIATT, Abram Sanders, soldier, was born in
Cincinnati, Ohio, May 2, 1821 ; son of Benjamin
M. and Elizabeth (Barnett) Piatt ; grandson of
Capt. Jacob and Hannah Cook (McCullough) Piatt,
and great-grandson of John and Frances (Van
Vleet) Wycoff Piatt of Six Mile Run, N.J. He
was a student at the Athenseum and at Kinmont
academy in Cincinnati, and engaged in farming
in the Macacheek valley. He began the study of
law in 1846, and founded, and for several years
edited, the Macacheek Press. He enlisted in the
volunteer army early in 1861, was appointed
colonel of the 13th Ohio infantry, April 30, 1861,
and raised in July, 1861, the first Zouave regi
ment in Ohio, which became the 34th Ohio in
fantry, and of which he was made colonel. He
continued to recruit with permission from the
state authorities, and organized another regi
ment, known as the 54th, with the intention of
forming a brigade, but was ordered to join
General Rosecrans in West Virginia. He engaged
in various skirmishes with the enemy on the
march, and in March, 1862, returned home on
sick leave. He was appointed brigadier-general
of volunteers, Feb. 22, 1862, and on his return
commanded a brigade under General Schenck in
the army of the Shenandoah. He commanded
the post at Winchester, Va., for a short time,
and in July, 1862, was assigned to a brigade in
the reserve corps of Gen. S. D. Sturgis, Army of
Virginia, and was attached to the 5th corps, Aug.
27-31, in the second battle of Bull Run. He also
took part in the battle of Fredericksburg, in com
mand of the 1st brigade, 3rd division, 3rd corps.
He resigned from the service in April, 1863, and
resumed farming. He became a member of the
National (Greenback-Labor) party, and was its
candidate for governor, Oct. 14, 1879. He was a
member of the Patrons of Husbandry, serving
for two years as its state lecturer, and contributed
poems to his own publication and to the Cincin
nati Commercial. In 1903 he was living at his
home Mac-a-cheek, near West Liberty, Ohio, and
devoting his time to agriculture.

PIATT, Donn, journalist, was born in Cincin-.
nati, Ohio, June 29, 1819 ; son of Benjamin M.
and Elizabeth (Barnett) Piatt. He attended the
Athenaeum school in Cincinnati for three years,
studied law under his father, and in the office
of his brother, Jacob
Wycoff Piatt, and his
brother-in-law, N. C.
Read, and was ad
mitted to the bar,
settling in practice
in Cincinnati. In
1840 he became editor
of the Democratic
Club, published at
West Liberty, and
afterward at Mac-a-
cheek, the family
home. He was mar
ried in August, 1847,
to Louise, daughter
of Timothy Kirby of
Cincinnati, Ohio. While in Europe she con
tributed letters to the Home Journal, which
were published in book form, as Bell Smith
Abroad (1855). He was married, secondly, in
July, 1866, to Ella, sister of his deceased wife.
He was judge of the court of common pleas of
Hamilton county, 1852-53 ; secretary of the U.S.
legation at Paris, 1854-55, and charge d'affaires
' from December, 1854, to October, 1855, when he
resigned. He was a speaker in the Fremont
and Dayton campaign in 1856, and in 1860, with
Robert C. Schenck, canvassed southern Illinois
for Lincoln and Hamlin. He volunteered as a
private early in 1861, raised a company, and in
June, 1861, became assistant adjutant-general
and chief-of-staff of General Robert C Schenck,
serving with him in the battles of Vienna, Va.,
June 17, and at Bull Run, July 21. He also
served under Rosecrans in western Virginia and
in the Shenandoah valley, in opposing General
T. J. Jackson, and in the relief of Milroy at
McDowell. He was made assistant inspector-
general with the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
when Schenck was given command of a divi
sion by Fremont, and was chief-of-staff with the
rank of colonel, when Schenck commanded the
8th corps and the middle department at Balti
more, Md., September, 1862. During the absence
of his chief, Piatt ordered General Birney to
recruit a negro brigade in Maryland, which order
aroused the indignation of President Lincoln,
who threatened to dismiss him from the army
in disgrace. He was judge advocate of the com
mission that investigated the military-conduct
of Gen. Don Carlos Buell, and favored Buell's
acquittal ; was sent to Winchester to observe
the situation in June, 1863, and ordered General

[2481

PIATT

PICARD

Milroy to evacuate the place and fall back on Kentucky. He contributed to the Atlantic

Harper's Ferry. This order was countermanded
by General Halleck, and resulted in Milroy's
escape three days after, with a loss of 2,300 men.
He was a representative in the Ohio legislature,
1365-66 ; Washington correspondent of the Cin
cinnati Commercial, 1868-71 ; established and
edited, with George Alfred Townsend, the
Capital at Washington, D.C, 1871-72, and was
its editor-in-chief, 1872-80. He was arrested in
1876, by order of President Grant, on the charge
of inciting the people through his paper to rebel
lion, insurrection and riot. He retired to his
estate Mac-a-cheek, Ohio, in 1880, and devoted
himself to literary work. He edited Belford's
Magazine, New York, 1888-89. The University
of Notre Dame, Indiana, conferred upon him the
degree LL.D. in 1882. He is the author of
several plays, including Lost and Won ; A Hunt
for an Heiress ; Jane Shore, a King's Love ;
Emotional Insanity, and of Keno, a comic opera ;
Memoirs of the Men who Saved the Union
(1887), and The Rev. Melancthon Poundex, a
novel (1889). He was engaged with General
Henry M. Cist (q.v.) in preparing a life of
General George H. Thomas, at the time of his
death. See " Work and Ways of Donn Piatt," by
Charles Grant Miller (1893) . He died at his home
Mac-a-cheek, in central Ohio, Nov. 12, 1891.
PIATT, John James, poet, was born at James's
Mills, now Milton, Ind., March 1, 1835; son of
John Bear and Emily (Scott) Piatt ; grandson of
James and Rachel (Bear) Piatt, and of John and
Catharine (Gray) Scott ; great-grandson of Capt.
William Piatt, of the Revolutionary army, and
great2-grandson of John and Frances (Van Vleet)
Wycoff Piatt of Six Mile Run, N.J. He learned
the printer's trade in the office of the Ohio State
Journal, published by his uncle, Charles Scott,
and subsequently attended the high school, Capi
tal university at Columbus, and Kenyon college.
He removed to Illinois with his parents in 1856,
lived for some time on a farm, and wrote
verses which were published in the Louisville
Journal. In 1859 he became confidential secretary
to George D. Prentice, editor of the Journal,
and a member of its editorial staff. He was a
clerk in the U.S. treasury department at Wash
ington, D.C, 1861-67 ; served on the staff of
the Cincinnati, Ohio, Chronicle, 1868-69, and
as literary editor and correspondent of the Cin
cinnati Commercial, 1869-78. He was assistant
clerk of the U.S. house of representatives in
1870, and its librarian, 1871-75 ; U.S. consul at
Cork, 1882-93, and at Dublin, April to September,
1893, when he returned to the United States,
owing to a change in the administration, and
devoted himself to literary work. He was married,
June 18, 1861, to Sarah Morgan Bryan of

[249]

Monthly and other magazines, and is the author
of : Poems of Two Friends (with William Dean
Howells, 1860) ; The Nests at Washington and
Other Poems (with Mrs. Piatt, 1864); Poems in
Sunshine and Firelight (1866); Western Windows
and Other Poems (1869); Landmarks and Other
Poems (1871); Poems of House and Home (1878);
Pencilled Fly Leaves : A Book of Essays in Town
and Country (1880); The Union of American
Poetry and Art (1880-81); Idylls and Lyrics of the
Ohio Valley (1881) ; Tlie Children of Out-of-Doors:
A Book of Verses by Two in One House (with
Mrs. Piatt, 1884) ; At the Holy Well : a Handful of
New Verses (1887) ; A Return to Paradise (rev. ed.
of Pencilled Fly Leaves, London, 1890) ; Little
Neiv World Idylls and Other Poems (1893) ; Tlie
Ghost's Entry and Other Poems (1895); Odes in
Ohio and Other Poems (1897). He also edited
and published The Hesperian Tree, an Annual of
the Ohio Valley (1900 and 1903).
PIATT, Sarah Morgan (Bryan), poet, was
born near Lexington, Ky., Aug. 11, 1836;
daughter of Talbot Nelson and Mary Anne
(Spiers) Bryan ; grand-daughter of Morgan and
Mildred (Simpson) Bryan, and of William and
Mary (Simpson) Spiers. Morgan Bryan emigrated
from North Carolina to Kentucky with Daniel
Boone, whose wife was Rebecca Bryan, and set
tled at Bryan's Station, near Lexington. Sarah
was graduated at Henry Female college, New
castle, Ky., in 1854, and began to write verses
during her school days. She received encourage
ment from George D. Prentice (q.v.), who pub
lished her poems in the Louisville Journal, and
they were extensively copied. Subsequently her
contributions appeared in the New York Ledger,
the Atlantic, Harper's and other periodicals in
America and England. In addition to the works
mentioned in connection with her husband, John
James Piatt (q.v.), she is the author of: A
Woman's Poems (1871); A Voyage to the Fortu
nate Isles and Other Poems (1874); Tliat New
World and Other Poems (1786) ; Poems in Com
pany with Children (1877) ; Dramatic Persons and
Moods (1880) ; An Irish Garland (1884); Selected
Poems (1885); In Primrose Time (1886); Childs' -
World Ballads (1887; new ser., 1895); The
Witch in the Glass (1888); An Irish Wild-
Flower (1891) ; An Enchanted Castle (1893), and
Complete Poems (2 vols., 1894).
PICARD, George Henry, author, was born in
Berea, Ohio, Aug. 3, 1850 ; son of Jonathan
Newman and Mary (Fairchild) Picard ; grandson
of Peter and Marie (Spaulsbury) Picard, and of
Daniel and Elizabeth (Cooke) Fairchild, and a
descendant of French Anabaptist emigres and
Scotch and English Puritans. He was graduated
from Baldwin university, Berea, Ohio, in 1869,

PICK

PICKENS

and from the College of Medicine and Surgery,
Cincinnati, M.D., 1877, and began practice in
New York city in 1883. He was married, Oct.
'24, 1878, to Mary. S., daughter of Burr Kellogg,
M.D., of Ashland, O. He is the author of : A
Matter of Taste (1884); A Mission Flower (1886);
Old Boniface (1888); Madame Noel (1900), and
contributions to periodicals.
PICK, Bernard, clergyman and author, was
born in Kempen, Prussia, Dec. 19, 1842. He
attended school in Breslau and Berlin, and was
graduated from the Union Theological seminary,
New York, in 1868. He was ordained to the
Presbyterian ministry, April 8, 1868, and was
pastor in New York city, 1868-69 ; in North
Buffalo, N.Y., 1869-70; Syracuse, N.Y., 1870-74;
Rochester, N.Y. , 1874-78; Allegheny, Pa., 1881-95,
and in 1895 was appointed pastor of the German
Lutheran church at Albany, N.Y. He was elected
a member of the German Oriental society of
Leipzig in 1877, and of the Society of Biblical
Literature in 1881. The honorary degree of Ph.D.
was conferred on him by New York university in
1876, and that of D.D. by Pennsylvania college,
¦Gettysburg, Pa., in 1893. He published Luther's
" Eine Feste Burg" in twenty-one languages
(1883) ; Luther's " Hymn of the Reformation " in
the English language (1897), and is the author
of : Luther as a Hymnist (1875) ; Juedisches
volksleben zur Zeit Jesu (1880); Index to Ldnge's
Commentary on the Old Testament (1882) ; Life of
Jesus According to Extra Canonical Sources
(1887); The Jews Since the Destruction of Jerusa
lem (1887); The Talmud : What it is and What it
Knows about Jesus and His Followers (1890);
General Index to the Ante-Nicene Fathers (1887);
Historical Sketch of the Jews Since their Return
from Babylon (1897); Vade Mecum Homileticum,
Vol. I. ; The Old Testament (1899), and many
contributions to various religious cyclopedias.
PICKARD, Josiah Little, educator, was born
in Rowley, Mass., March 17, 1824 ; son of Samuel
and Sarah (Coffin) Pickard ; grandson of Jeremiah
and Hannah (Harvey) Pickard, and of Joseph
and Judith (Tappan) Coffin, and a descendant of
John Pickard of Rowley, England, who came to
Rowley, Massachusetts, with the Rev. Ezekiel
Rogers in 1638, and who married Jane Crosby,
1644. He was graduated from Bowdoin college,
A.B., 1844, A.M., 1847; was principal of the
Platteville, Wis., academy, 1846-60 ; state super
intendent of public instruction of Wisconsin,
1860-64 ; superintendent of public schools,
Chicago, 111., 1864-77; president of the State
University of Iowa, and professor of political
science, 1878-87, and lecturer on political science
and pedagogy, 1877-79. He was president of the
Iowa Historical society, 1880-1900. He received
the honorary degree of LL.D. from Beloit in

1870 ; from the University of Chicago in 1870,
and from Bowdoin in 1894. His published writ
ings, chiefly educational, are as follows : School
Reports of Wisconsin (1861-65) ; School Reports
of Chicago (1865-78) ; School Supervision (1890) ;
Brief Political History of United States (1892);
History of State University of Ivwa (1900).
PICKARD, Samuel Thomas, author, was born
in Rowley, Mass., March 1, 1828 ; son of Samuel
and Sarah (Coffin) Pickard ; grandson of Jeremiah
and Mehitable (Dresser) Pickard and of Joseph
and Judith (Tappan) Coffin, and a descendant of
Tristram Coffin. John Pickard, the first of his
name in America, settled in Rowley. Samuel
T. Pickard attended Lewiston Falls, Maine,
academy, and later removed with B. P. Shillaber
("Mrs. Partington ") to Boston, where they con
ducted a humorous paper, the Carpet Bag. In
1852 he sold his interest to Charles G. Halpine
("Miles O'Reilly") and returned to Portland,
Maine, where he became connected with the
Transcript, and for forty-two years was one of the
proprietors and editors. On April 19, 1876, he
married Elizabeth H. Whittier of Amesbury,
Mass., who died in Boston, April 9, 1902. "She
was a niece of the poet Whittier, whose literary
executor Mr. Pickard became. He was elected a
trustee of the Portland public library and a mem
ber of the Maine Historical society. He received
the honorary degree of A.M. from Bowdoin in
1894. He is the author of : Whittier's Life and
Letters (2 vols. , 1894) ; Hawthorne's First Diary
(1897) ; Portland in " Historic Towns of New
England " (1898); Whittier as a Politician (1901),
and many contributions to periodicals.
PICKENS, Andrew, soldier, was born in
Paxton, Bucks county, Pa., Sept. 13, 1732 ; son
of Andrew Pickens, and a descendant of Andre
Pickon, a Huguenot refugee, who escaped from
France with his family in 1598, went to Scotland,
and thence to Ireland, from where Andrew and
his brother, Robert Pike Pickens, emigrated to
Pennsylvania. Andrew removed to Augusta
county, Va., about 1740, and in 1752 to the Wax
haw settlement in South Carolina. In April,
1761, Andrew, Jr., served as a volunteer in Grant's
expedition against the Cherokee Indians. At the
outbreak of the Revolution he removed to Long
Cane settlement, raised a militia company and
was appointed to its command by Col. James
Grant, being the youngest officer in the field.
He was married in 1765 to Rebecca (1745-1810),
daughter of James Calhoun, and aunt of John
C. Calhoun. He commanded in the battle of
Eastatoe, and as a commissioner to treat with
the Indians at Hopewell in 1776, effected the sur
render of the whole country as far as the Chatooga
river, including Pickens, Greenville and Ander
son districts, to the state of South Carolina,

[250]

PICKENS

PICKENS

With the aid of Colonels Darby and Clark he
defeated Colonel Boyd, Kettle Creek, February,
1779 ; covered the retreat at the battle of Stono,
June, 1779, where his horse was killed under
him, and routed the Cherokee Indians at Tomas
see during the same year. He was engaged in
the battle of the Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781, where,
according to Lee's memoirs, as " Col. Morgan's
foremost counsel and aid," he commanded the
militia, and rallied and turned the retreating
ranks, for which service congress presented him
with a sword. He was soon after promoted
hrigadier-general. At Haw River, N.C, when
with Colonel Lee he pursued Tarleton, he met
and utterly defeated Colonel Pyle and his men,
who had fallen in with General Pickens's force,
supposing them to be British. Acting jointly
with Lee he laid siege to Augusta, Ga.,
May 23, 1781, and compelled its surrender on
June fifth. In the same month he took part in
the campaign against Fort Ninety-Six under
Gen. Nathanael Greene. At this siege his brother
Joseph, who commanded a company, was shot
while reconnoitering the fort," and another
brother was taken prisoner by the Tories and
delivered into the hands of the Indians, who
scalped and burned him. At the battle of
Eutaw Springs, General Pickens commanded the
left wing, Marion commanding the right, and
was severely wounded. He was judge of the
district courts at Abbeville and at Ninety -Six, and
a representative in the state legislature, 1783-93.
In 1793 he settled at Hopewell, on Keowee river,
the place where the Indian treaty was held in
1776. He was presidential elector from the first
district, 1793 and 1797 ; a representative in the
3rd congress, 1793-95, declining re-election, but
serving in the state legislature, 1795-96, and
declining to accept the nomination for governor in
1796, although assured of his election. He was
commissioned one of the two major-generals of the
state militia in 1794, which commission he
resigned after a few years. General Washing
ton requested his attendance at Philadelphia for
consultation on the practicability and best means
of civilizing the Southern Indians, and also offered
him the command of a brigade of light troops in
General Wayne's campaign against the northern
Indians, which he declined. He was one of the
commissioners who settled the boundary line
between South Carolina and Georgia, and was
appointed commissioner of the United States in
all treaties with the Southern Indians until he
retired from public life to his farm at Tomassee.
The historical papers, letters, and' manuscripts,
which he there collected, were handed to his son
Joseph before his death, but through negligence
were lost or destroyed. Hesdied at Tomassee,
near Pendleton, S.C, Aug. 11, 1817.

PICKENS, Andrew, governor of South
Carolina, was born in Waxhaw district, S.C,
Nov. 13, 1779 ; son of General Andrew (q.v.)
and Rebecca (Calhoun) Pickens. He was a
student at the College of New Jersey, Princeton -,
was appointed lieutenant-
colonel in the U.S. army, and
served in the war of 1812
on the Canada frontier, fight
ing at the battle of Lundy's
Lane, July 24, 1814, and com
manding a regiment of state
troops in the south in 1815.
He was a presidential elector from the third dis
trict of South Carolina in 1813, and governor of
South Carolina, 1816-18. In 1820 he received a
commission from congress with full power and
authority to hold conferences and make treaties
with the Creek tribe of Indians in the state of
Georgia. Subsequently he removed to Alabama,
where he engaged in cotton planting, and was
appointed president of the state bank by the legis
lature. He married Susan Smith (1788-1810) of
St. Paul's parish, daughter of Francis and Susan
Wilkinson, and descendant of Landgrave Joseph
Morton, colonial governor of South Carolina,
1682-85, who married Elizabeth Blake, niece
of Admiral Robert Blake, England (1598-1657).
Of their two children, Francis Wilkinson and
Susan, the latter married James Calhoun, nephew
of John C. Calhoun. Andrew Pickens died,
while on business in Mississippi, June 24, 1838.
PICKENS, Francis Wilkinson, governor of
South Carolina, was born in Togadoo, St. Paul's
parish, S.C, April 7, 1805; son of Governor
Andrew and Susan (Wilkinson) Pickens, and
grandson of Andrew and Rebecca (Calhoun)
Pickens. He attended South Carolina college,
and was admitted to the bar in 1829, practising
in Edgefield district, S.C. While a representa
tive in the state legislature in 1832, he made a
report on the unity of sovereignty and allegiance,
claiming that congress, as the agent of the states,
had no claim to allegiance and could exercise no
sovereignty. He was a representative in the
24th-29th congresses, 1835-45 ; a state senator,
1845-46 ; a delegate to the southern convention at
Nashville, 1850-51, and a delegate to the Demo
cratic national convention at Cincinnati in 1856.
He was married first to Eliza S., daughter of Col. -
Eldred Simkins of Edgefield county, S.C, and
maternal grand-daughter of Gen. Elijah Clarke
of Georgia ; secondly, to Marion, daughter of
Col. William Dearing of Georgia ; and thirdly, at
Marshall, Texas, in 1858, to Lucy, daughter of
Beverly Holcomb, a native of Petersburg, Va.
She died at Edgewood, S.C, Aug. 8, 1899. He
was U.S. minister to Russia, 1858-60, and during
his residence at St. Petersburg his daughter,
[251]

PICKENS

PICKERING

Rebecca Calhoun, was married to John E. Bacon
of Edgefield, at that time secretary of legation.
As governor of South Carolina, 1858-60, he
demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter from
Major Anderson and gave the order to fire upon
the Star of the West. He died at Edgewood,
Edgefield district, S.C, Jan. 25, 1869.
PICKENS, Israel, governor of Alabama, was
born in Cabarrus county,' N.C, Jan. 80, 1780;
son of Samuel Pickens, an officer in the American
army, 1776-84. He was graduated in 1802 with
the first class that left Jefferson college, Canons-
burg, Pa., and he settled in
the practice of law in Burke
county, N.C. He was a mem
ber of the house of commons
of North Carolina in 1807,
state senator in 1809, and
Democratic representative
from the twelfth North Car
olina district in the 12th, 13th and llth congresses,
1811-17. He was appointed register of the land
office at St. Stephens, Mississippi Territory, which
included the present state of Alabama, in 1817,
and represented Washington county in the con
vention that framed the Alabama constitution in
1819. He was governor of Alabama, 1821-25 ;
was appointed to the U.S. senate from Alabama
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry
Chambers, and served, April to December, 1826,
and was appointed U.S. district judge for Ala
bama by President Adams in 1827, but declined
on account of ill health. He died in MatanzasJ
Cuba, W.I., April 24, 1827.
PICKERING, Charles, naturalist, was born at
Starrucca, Susquehanna county, Pa., Nov. 10,
1805 ; son of Timothy and Lurena (Cole) Picker
ing ; grandson of Zebulon and Sarah (Hart) Cole,
and of Timothy Pickering (q.v.). Charles was
taken by his grandfather, Timothy Pickering, to
Wenham, and later to Salem, Mass., where he
prepared for college, entering Harvard with the
class of 1823. He did not complete his course
in arts but was graduated in medicine in
1826, and in 1827 began practice in Philadel
phia, Pa., some years later removing to Bos
ton, Mass. He was married to Sarah Stoddard, '
daughter of Daniel and Sally (Stoddard) Ham
mond. He devoted much of his time to the study
of natural science and was naturalist to the
Wilkes exploring expedition of 1838-42. In
1843-45 he traveled in Egypt, Arabia, eastern
Africa and western and northern India. Harvard
conferred upon him the degree of A.B. in 1849
and that of A.M., in 1850, placing his name on
the records with the class of 1823. He was a
member of the American Oriental society, the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the
American Philosophical society and the Academy

[252]

of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. He is the
author of: The Races of Man and their Geographi
cal Distribution (1848) ; Geographical Distribution
of Animals and Plants (1854) ; Geographical Dis
tribution of Plants (1861) ; Plants and Animals-
in their Wild State (1876); Chronological History-
of Plants : Man's Record of his own Existence
Illustrated through their Names, Uses and Com
panionship (1879). He died in Boston, Mass.,
March 17, 1878.
PICKERING, Charles Whipple, naval officer,
was born in Portsmouth, N.H., Dec. 23, 1815.
He joined the U.S. navy as midshipman, May 22.,
1822 ; was promoted lieutenant, Dec. 8, 1838 ;.
commander, Sept. 14, 1855 ; captain, July 15,.
1862, and com
modore, Dec. 8,
1867. He was
executive offi
cer of the Cyane,
and conveyed ~
the Strain sur
veying party to
the Isthmus of u's's- kearsarge,
Darien in 1854. He was ordered to Greytown,
Nicaragua, to investigate the treatment of Ameri
can citizens, and finding it outrageous, he bom
barded the town and completely reduced it in
four hours. He was inspector of a light-house-
district near Key West, Florida ; was the first to
command the U.S.S. Kearsarge, and was trans
ferred to the Housatonic, commanding that ves
sel when she was sunk by a submarine torpedo
near Charleston, S.C, Feb. 17, 1865. He later
commanded the Vanderbilt ; was ordered to the
Portsmouth navy yard in 1865, and was retired,
Feb. 1, 1867. He died in St. Augustine, Fla.,.
Feb. 29, 1888,
PICKERING, Edward Charles, astronomer,
was born in Boston, Mass., July 19, 1846 ; son of'
Edward and Charlotte (Hammond) Pickering ;.
grandson of Timothy and Lurena (Cole) Picker
ing and of Daniel and Sally (Stoddard) Hammond,.
and great-grandson of Timothy Pickering (q.v.).
He prepared for college at the Boston Latin
school ; was graduated from the Lawrence-
Scientific school, Harvard, in 1865 ; was instructor-
of mathematics tliere, 1865-67 ; and Thayer profes
sor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of'
Technology, 1807-77. He was married, March 9,
1874, to Lizzie Wadsworth, daughter of Jared
and Mary (Silsbee) Sparks of Cambridge, Mass.
He established the physical laboratory at the
Institute of Technology, which was the first of its
kind in the United States, and made a special
study of light and spectra of the stars. He was-
director and Phillips professor of astronomy at
the astronomical observatory at Harvard, 1876—
87, was elected director and Paine professor of.

PICKERING

PICKERING

astronomy in 1887 and a director of the astro
nomical department of the Carnegie Institution,
Washington, D.C, in March, 1902. He invented
an improved spectrum telesoope and a telephone
receiver in 1870. He established an auxiliary
observation station at Arequipa, Peru, and on
August 7, 1869, accompanied the Nautical Alma
nac expedition to observe the total eclipse of the
sun. He was also a member of the coast, survey
expedition to Xeres, Spain, to observe the eclipse
of Dec. 22, 1870. He was a vice-president of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science in 1876 ; was elected a fellow of the Amer
ican Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a member of
the National Academy of Sciences, receiving the
Henry Draper medal for work on astronomical
physics ; an associate member of the Royal
Astronomical society, London, receiving its gold
medal in 1886 for photometric researches and in
1901 for researches on variable stars and work in
astronomical photography ; an associate member
of the Astronomical Society of Liverpool, and an
honorary member of several other foreign socie
ties. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred
on him by Harvard in 1880, that of LL.D. by the
University of California in 1886 and by the
University of Michigan in 1887, that of S.D. by
the Victoria institute, England, in 1900, and that
of LL.D. by the University of Chicago in 1901.
Besides many volumes of Annals of the Obser
vatory, he is the author of : Elements of Physical
Manipulation (2 parts, 1873-76) , and editor of The
Theory of Color in its Relation to Art and Art
Industry, by Dr. William Bezold (1876).
PICKERING, John, jurist, was born at New-
ington, N.H., Sept. 22, 1737 ; son of Joshua and
Mary Pickering ; grandson of Thomas and Mary
(Gee) Pickerin, and great-grandson of John
Pickerin, a native of England, who was in Ports
mouth, N.H. , as early as 1633. John Pickering
was graduated from Harvard, A. B., 1761, A.M.,
1764, and opened a law office at Greenland, N.H.,
removing shortly afterward to Portsmouth. He
was married to Abigail Sheafe. He was a member
of the state constitutional convention in 1784, and
in 1787 was elected a member of the Federal con
stitutional convention, but declined to serve. He
was a state senator ; judge of the supreme court
of New Hampshire, 1790-95, serving as chief
justice in 1795, and judge of the U.S. district
court for New . Hampshire, 1795-1804. He was
impeached in 1803, and removed from office by a
party vote, the charge being drunkenness and
profanity on the bench, and the defence before
the senate being insanity. He was a fellow of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Dartmouth in 1792. He died in Ports
mouth, N.H., April 11, 1805.

PICKERING, John, philologist, was born in
Salem, Mass., Feb. 7, 1777 ; son of Timothy (q.v.)
and Rebecca ( White ) Pickering. He was grad
uated from Harvard, A.B., 1796, A.M., 1799 ;
studied law in Philadelphia, and was secretary to
William Smith, U. S. minister to Portugal, 1897-
99, and to Rufus King, U.S. minister to Great
Britain, 1799-1801. He practised law in Salem,
Mass., 1801-27; removed to Boston in 1827, and
was city solicitor until his resignation in 1846.
He was a representative in the state legislature,
state senator and member of the committee
that revised and arranged the statutes of Massa
chusetts. He spoke fluently the English, French,
Portugese, Italian, Spanish, German, Romaic,
Greek, and Latin languages, and studied the
Eastern languages and the Indian languages of
America. He declined the professorship of Eng
lish and Oriental languages, also that of Greek
Literature at Harvard, and the office of provost
of the University of Pennsylvania. He was a
member of the board of overseers of Harvard,
1818-24, and received the honorary degree of
LL.D. from Bowdoin in 1822, and from Harvard
in 1835. He was president of the American Acad
emy of Arts and Sciences, and of the American
Oriental society ; a member of the Linnsean So
ciety of New England ; the American Philosoph
ical society ; the American Antiquarian society ;
the Society of the Cincinnati ; the Boston Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge ; the Mas
sachusetts Historical society ; the Royal Society
of Northern Antiquarians ; the French Society of
Universal Statistics ; the Berlin Academy of
Sciences, and the Oriental Society of Paris ; and
an honorary member of the Philadelphia Society
for the Promotion of Legal Knowledge ; the His
torical Society of Pennsylvania, the Archaeolog
ical Society of Greece, the New Hampshire His
torical society, the Society for the Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge in China, the Michigan His
torical society, and the Egyptian Literary asso
ciation. He is the author of : A Vocabulary or
Collection of Words and Phrases which have been
supposed to be Peculiar to the United States of
America (1814); Memoir on the Adoption of a
Uniform Orthography for the Indian Languages
of North America (1820) ; Review of the Interna
tional McLeod Question (1825) ; Comprehensive
Dictionary of the Greek Language (1826); Lecture
on the Alleged Uncertainty of Law (1830); The
Agrarian Laws (1833); Memoir on the Inhab
itants of Lord North's Island (1835) ; Remarks on
the Indian Languages of North America (1836).
He died in Boston, Mass., May 5, 1846.
PICKERING, Timothy, statesman, was born
in Salem, Mass., July 17, 1745; son of Timothy
and Mary (Win gate) Pickering ; grandson of John
and Sarah (Burrill) Pickering, and of Joshua and

PICKERING

PICKERING

Mary (Lunt) Wingate, and a descendant of John
Pickering (born 1615), who emigrated from Eng
land and settled in Ipswich, Mass., in 1634,
was made an inhabitant in 1636, and removed
to Salem, Mass., in 1637. Timothy Pickering
was graduated from
Harvard, A.B., 1763,
A.M., 1766, and was
admitted to the bar .
in 1768. He was regis
ter of deeds for Essex
county; lieutenant
of militia, 1766-75.
and colonel, 1775-76.
He led the Continen
tal force in the pur
suit of the British
through Charlestown,
but arrived too late
to effect a capture.
He was elected jus
tice of the peace in
1775 ; justice of the superior court of common
pleas ; judge of the maritime court in Decem
ber, 1775, and a representative in the general
court in 1776. He was married, April 8, 1776,
to Rebecca White of Bristol, England, who
died in Salem, Mass., Aug. 14, 1828. He joined
the Continental army at the head of a regiment
of 700 men ; was promoted adjutant-general,
June, 1777 ; was a member of the board of war,
Nov. 7, 1777 ; was appointed quartermaster-
general of the army, Aug. 5, 1780, and was
present at the surrender of Cornwallis at York-
town. In July, 1785, the quartermaster's de
partment was abolished, and he went into the
commission business in Philadelphia, but in 1787
he removed to the Wyoming valley, Pa. He op
posed the insurgent Connecticut settlers and on
the imprisonment of John Franklin, the insurg
ent leader, his house was attacked by the rioters
and he escaped to Philadelphia. He was a mem
ber of the convention for ratifying the U.S. con
stitution, and on his return to Wyoming he was
taken prisoner by the rioters and confined for
three weeks, his captors wishing him to intercede
in behalf of Franklin. He was finally released
and engaged in putting down the lawlessness in
the state. He was a member of the state conven
tion of 1789, that framed the constitution of
Pennsylvania ; was sent on a mission to pacify
the Seneca Indians, who were aroused by the
murder of two of their tribe in 1790, and com
pleted negotiations in 1791 with a treaty between
the United States and the Six Nations. He was
postmaster-general, 1791-95, and was appointed
secretary of war to succeed Gen. Henry Knox,
Jan. 2, 1795, controlling the Indian affairs and
the navy administration. During his term of

service in that department, the military academy
at West Point was founded, and the U.S. frigates
Constitution, Constellation, and United States
were built. He served as secretary of state on
the resignation of Edmund Randolph in 1795,
and was later appointed to the office, serving till
May 12, 1800, when, owing to a disagreement be
tween President John Adams and his cabinet, he
was discharged. Embarrassed by debt," he re
moved to Susquehanna county, Pa., where he
lived in a log cabin and engaged in farming.
A subscription was taken by a number of TSoston
citizens amounting to $25,000, and after his debts
were paid he was induced to remove to Danvers,
Mass. He was chief justice of the court of com
mon pleas, 1802-03 ; was appointed U.S. senator
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Dwight Foster in 1803, and elected for the full
term of six years in 1805. By his opposition to
the Louisiana purchase and the embargo act he
became extremely unpopular. He removed to
Wenham, Mass., in 1812, and was a Federalist
representative in the 13th and llth congresses,
1813-17. He was a member of the executive
council of Massachusetts in 1817, president of
Essex Agricultural society in 1818, and retired
to Salem, Mass., where he died, Jan. 29, 1829.
PICKERING, William Henry, astronomer,
was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 15, 1858 ; son of
Edward and Charlotte (Hammond) Pickering ;
grandson of Timothy and Lurena (Cole) Picker
ing and of Daniel and Sally (Stoddard) Hammond,
and great-grandson of Timothy Pickering, (q.v.).
He was graduated from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in 1879 ; was instructor
in physics there, 1880-87 ; assistant in the Harvard
observatory, 1887-89, and assistant professor in
1889. He was married, June 11, 1884, to Anne
Atwood, daughter of Isaac Butts of Boston,
Mass. He led the expedition to observe total
solar eclipses at Colorado, 1878 ; Grenada, West
Indies, 1886; California, 1889; Chili, 1893, and
Georgia, 1900. He established a temporary
observatory in Southern California in 1889 ; the
Arequipa station of Harvard observatory in 1891 ;
the astronomical station at Mandeville, Jamaica,
W. I., in 1900, and erected the observatory and
telescope for Mr. Lowell at Flagstaff, Arizona, in
1894. He ascended the Half-dome in Yosemite
Valley, and El Misti in Peru, where he gained an
altitude of 19,500 feet and made valuable notes
on atmospheric conditions at different altitudes.
He also made observations from over 100 other
mountain peaks. He is the author of : Walking
Guide to Mt. Washington Range (1882); Investi
gations in Astronomical Photography (1895) ;
Visual Observations of the Moon and Planets
(Harvard College Annals, 1900); Lunar Atlas
(1903).

[254]

PICKETT

PICKING

PICKETT, George Edward, soldier, was born
in Richmond, Va., Jan. 25, 1825. His father was
a wealthy planter of Henrico county, Va., and
George received a gopd preparatory education.
He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy
in 1846, being brev
etted 2nd lieutenant
of Sth infantry, July
1. He served in the
war with Mexico,
1846-48, being pro
moted 2nd lieutenant
of 2nd infantry,
March 3, 1847. -He
took part in the siege
of Vera Cruz, March
9-29, 1847, and the
battle of Cerro Gordo,
April 17-18, 1847 ;
was transferred to
the 7th infantry,
July 13, 1847, and to
She Sth infantry, July 18, 1847, and was present
at the capture of San Antonio, Aug. 20,1847.
He was brevetted 1st lieutenant, Aug. 20, 1847,
for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco ; took
part in the battle of Molino del Rey, Sept. 8,
1847 ; was brevetted captain, Sept. 13, 1847,
for gallant conduct at Chapultepec ; engaged in
the assault and capture of the city of Mexico,
Sept. 13-14, 1847 ; was in garrison at Jefferson
Barracks, Mo., in 1848: was promoted 1st lieu
tenant, June 28, 1849, and was on frontier duty
in Texas, 1849-55. He was promoted captain of
9th infantry, March 3, 1855, and served on the
expedition against the Indians on Puget Sound,
Wash., March- June, 1856; at Forts Steilacoom
and Billinghani, Wash., 1856-60, and on San
Juan Island, Wash., 1860-61. He resigned his
commission in the U.S. army, June 25, 1861, and
joined the Confederate States army. He was
commissioned colonel of Virginia troops and
assigned to duty on the Rappahannock river.
He was promoted brigadier-general, and com
manded the 3d brigade in Longstreet's division
of Magruder's command at the opening of the
iieven days' battle before Richmond, June 25-
.mly 1, 1862, and in the battle of Gaines's Mill,
dune 27, he was severely wounded and forced to
relinquish his command. On Oct. 10, 1862, he
was promoted major-general and given com
mand of the third division, Longstreet's corps,
Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. He occupied
the center of Lee's line at Fredericksburg ; and
his famous charge at Gettysburg, where he
commanded the second division, Longstreet's
corps, became the subject for story and the
painter's brush. He was given command of the
department of North Carolina, Sept. 23, 1863,

and on May 18, 1864, he saved Petersburg from
capture, personally leading the force that captured
the Federal works and turned the guns on the
retreating foe. He was engaged in the battle of
Five Forks where he commanded the first division
of Longstreet's corps and his division received the
full force of the Federal attack, April 1, 1865.
After the war he engaged in the life insurance
business. He declined the U.S. marshalship of
the state of Virginia tendered him by President
Grant. He died in Norfolk, Va., July 30, 1875,
and was buried at Hollywood, Richmond, Va.
PICKETT, James Chamberlayne, diplomat,
was born in Fauquier county, Va., Feb. 6, 1793 ;
son of Col. John and Elizabeth (Chamberlayne)
Pickett ; grandson of Capt. William S. and Eliz
abeth (Metcalfe) Pickett, and a descendant of
William S. Pickett. In 1796 he removed with
his parents to Mason county, Ky., where his
father served in both branches of the state
legislature. He was appointed from Ohio 3d
lieutenant in the 2d U.S. artillery, Aug. 4, 1813 ;
was promoted 2d lieutenant, April 19, 1814,
transferred to the corps of artillery, May 12, 1814,
and left the service at the close of the war in
1815. He edited the Eagle at Maysville, Ky., in
1815 ; studied law, and on June 16, 1818, entered
the U.S. army as captain and assistant quarter
master-general, serving until June, 1821. He
settled in the practice of law in Mason county
in 1821 ; was a representative in the Kentucky
legislature in 1822, and secretary of the state,
1825-28. By appointment of President Jackson,
he was secretary of the U.S. legation to Colom
bia, 1829-33, acting for a time as charge d'affaires.
He was a commissioner of the U.S. patent office
in 1835 ; fourth auditor of the U.S. treasury,
1835-38 ; U.S. minister to Ecuador in 1838, and
charge d'affaires to Peru, 1838-45. In 1845 he
removed to Washington, D.C, where he was
editor of the Congressional Globe for several
years. He was married, Oct. 6, 1818, to Ellen,
daughter of Governor Joseph Desha of Kentucky.
Their son, Joseph Desha Pickett, was a minister
of the Christian church, professor in Bethany
college, Virginia, chaplain in the Confederate
army, and professor of English literature and
sacred history in Kentucky universit}'. Another
son, Col. John T. Pickett, was U.S. consul at
Vera Cruz, 1853-61, special envoy extraordinary
of the Confederate states to Mexico in 1865, and
in 1870 sold the diplomatic correspondence of the
Confederate States, known as the " Pickett
Papers", to the United States government for
$75,000. James Chamberlayne Pickett died in
Washington, D.C, July 10, 1872.
PICKING, Henry Fdrry, naval officer, was
born in Somerset county, Pa., Jan. 28, 1840. He
was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy in

[255]

PICKLER

PICKNELL

1861, and served as acting master on tlie U.S.
frigate St. Lawrence of the North Atlantic
blockading squadron, 1861-62 ; was promoted
lieutenant, July 16, 1862 ; took part in the en
gagement with the privateer Petrel, and was
present at the engagement of the U.S. fleet with
the Confederate ram Merrimac and the Sewell's
Point batteries. He served on shore duty at
the U.S. Naval academy, and was assigned to
the U.S. ironclad Nahant in 1864. He was com
missioned lieutenant-commander, July 25, 1866,
and commanded the Swatara in European and
West Indian waters, 1865-68 ; the flagship
Colorado in the Asiatic squadron in 1872 ; served
on ordnance duty at Washington and at Newport,
1873-75 ; was promoted commander, Jan. 25,
1875, and was a member of the lighthouse board,
1875-85, serving as secretary, 1881-82. He com
manded the U.S.S. Kearsarge, 1879-81, and the
U.S.S. Michigan on the northwestern lakes,
1887-89. He was promoted captain, Aug. 4,
1889 ; was hydrographer of the U.S. navy, 1889-
90 ; was a member of the board of inspection
and survey, and commanded the cruiser Charles
ton during a rebellion in Brazil, and the receiving

CHARLE^TOA/

ships Minnesota and Wabash, 1890-98. He was
promoted commodore, Nov. 25, 1898 ; rear-ad
miral, March 3, 1899, and succeeded Admiral
Howison as commandant of the Charlestown navy
yard. He died in Boston, Mass., Sept. 8, 1899.
PICKLER, John Alfred, representative, was
born near Salem, Ind., Jan. 24, 1844. He removed
with his father to Davis county, Iowa, in 1853,
and served in the Federal army, 1862-65, as
captain in the 3d Iowa cavalry, and major of the
138th U.S. colored infantry. He was graduated
from the Iowa State university, Ph.B., 1870, and
from the University of Michigan, LL.B., 1872.
He removed to Muscatine, Iowa, in 1874 ; was
presidential elector on the Garfield ticket in
1880, and a representative in the state legisla
ture in 1881. He removed to Faulkton, Dakota
Territory, 1883 ; was a representative in the
territorial legislature, 1884, and inspector in the
public land service, 1889. He was a Republican
representative at large from South Dakota in the
51st-54th congresses, 1889-97.

PICKNELL, William Lamb, painter, was born
in Hinesburg, Vt., Oct. 23,- 1854 ; son of the Rev.
William and Ellen (Upliam) Picknell; grandson
of Samuel and Sarah (Lamb) Picknell, and
of Joshuah and Mary (Nichols) Upham, and a
descendant of John
Upham, who was
born in England in
1597 ; came to New
England in 1635, with
his wife and three
children ; was one of
the founders of Wey
mouth, Mass., and
later aided in found
ing the town of Mai
den. William L.
Picknell began the
study of art under
George lnness in
Rome in 1872 ; was
later, 1875-77, a pupil
of Gerome in Paris, and studied in Brittany under
Robert Wylie, 1877-81. He exhibited at the Royal
Academy, London, and at the Paris Salon, where
he received honorable mention in 1880, and in 1882.
opened a studio in Boston, Mass. He was elected
a member of the Society of American Artists in
1880, of the Society of British Artists in 1884,
and an associate of the National Academy of
Design in New York city in 1891. He received a
silver medal in 1881, and a gold medal in 1884; at
the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Associa
tion Fair ; » medal at the World's Columbian
exposition, Chicago, 1893 ; a gold medal at the
Paris Salon in 1895 ; the Lippincott prize at the
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1896 ; and
a medal at the Atlanta, Ga., exposition in 1896.
He was married, April 18, 1889, to Gertrude,
daughter of John and Ann (Goodwin) Powers of
Boston. His strength lay in landscape work, and
prominent among, the localities chosen for his.
subjects are Normandy and the South of France,
the new forest in England, the Mexican frontier,
Southern California, Florida and the New Eng
land coast. Among the more important paint
ings are : Breton Peasant Girl Feeding Ducks
(1877); The Fields of Kerren (1878); The Con-
carneau Road, in the Corcoran art gallery,
Washington (1880) ; On the Borders of the Marsh,
in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
(1880); A Stormy Day (1881); Coast of Ipswich,
in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1882); Sun
shine and Drifting Sand (1883); A Sultry Day
(1884) ; Wintry March, in the Walker art gallery,
Liverpool (1885) ; Bleak December, in the Metropol
itan Museum, New York (1886); After the Storm
(1886); November Solitude (1887); Edge of Winter
(1891) ; Le Declin de Jour (1894) ; A Toiler of the Sea,

[256]

PIEPER

PIERCE

in the Carnegie art gallery, Pittsburg, Pa., (1889);
Late Afternoon, Florida, in the Brooklyn Institute
Museum of. Arts and Sciences (1890); Morning
on the Loing (1895); Morning on the Mediter
ranean, in Luxembourg collection, Paris (1.896);
The Road to Nice (1896), and Sand Dunes at
Ipswich (1896). He died at Devereaux Rocks,
Marblehead, Mass., Aug. 9, 1897.
PIEPER, Franz August Otto, educator, was
born in Carwitz, Pomerania, Germany, June 27,
1852 ; soii of August and Bertha. Fieper. He was
a student at the Dom-Gymnasium, Colberg,
Pomerania, and in 1870 came to the United
States. Hs . was graduated at Northwestern
university, Watertown, Wis., A.B., 1872, and at
Concordia Lutheran Theological seminary, St.
Louis', Mo., in 1875 ; was ordained to the Luthe
ran-ministry at Centreville, Wis., in 1875, and
was pastor there and at Manitowoc,- 1875-78. He
was professor of theology in Concordia Theolo
gical seminary at St. Louis, 1878-87, and in 1887
became president of the seminary and professor
of dogmatic and pastoral theology, succeeding
Dr. C. F. W. Walther. He was elected presi
dent-general of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod
of Missouri, Ohio, and other states in 1899, and
re-elected in 1902, at the same time retaining the
professorship and presidency at Concordia. He
also became editor of Lehre and Wehre. Luthe-
raner and Homiletisches Magazin. He is the
author of : Grundbekenntniss de ev.-Lutherischen
Kirelie, mit einer geschichtlichen Einleitung und
kurzen erklarenden Anmerkungenversehen (1880) ;
Lehre von Christi Werk (1898); Distinctive
Doctrines of the Lutheran Church (1892), and
contributions to denominational periodicals.
PIERCE, Benjamin, governor of New Hamp
shire, was born in Chelmsford, Mass., Dec. 25,
1757. His first ancestors in America settled in
Plymouth in 1623. He was the seventh of ten
children, and his parents having died when he
was six years old, he was
cared for by a paternal uncle,
but received a very limited
education. He engaged in
farming from childhood, and
in 1775, on learning of the
battle of Lexington, he en
listed as a regular soldier in
the. Continental army at Cambridge, serving under
Colonel Brooks. He fought iu the battle of Bun
ker Hill, was appointed sergeant in the Continen
tal regiment in Washington's army in 1776, and
sergeant in the 8th Massachusetts, in January,
1777. He was promoted ensign for bravery in
saving the flag of the company at Saratoga,
Oct. 7, 1777 ; lieutenant, July 7, 1782. and was
transferred to the 1st Massachusetts, Jan. 1,
1783, as captain, having command of a detach-

[257]

ment that entered the city of New York upon
its evacuation, Nov. 25, 1783. He entered the
employ of a large landholder in New England
after the war, and was soon enabled to purchase
a tract of land in Hillsborough, N.H., which he
cleared and on which he settled and built a rude
log house. He was married in 1787 to Elizabeth ¦
Andrews of Hillsborough, who died in 1788, and he
was married secondly in 1789 to Anna Kendrick
of Amherst, N.H. He was appointed brigade
major of his district in the New Hampshire
militia by Governor Sullivan in 1786, and was
promoted brigadier-general. He represented
Hillsborough in the state legislature, 1789-1801,
was a member of the governor's council, 1803-09
and 1813-18, and sheriff of Hillsborough county,
1809-13 and 1818-27. He was governor of New
Hampshire in 1827 and 1829, but was defeated in
1828, and was a Democratic presidential elector
at large in 1833, voting for Andrew Jackson.
He died in Hillsborough, N.H., April 1, 1839.
PIERCE, Byron Root, soldier, was born in
East Bloomfield, Ontario county, N.Y., Sept. 20,
1829 ; son of Silas and Mary (Root) Pierce. He
was educated in Rochester, N.Y., worked in his
father's woolen factory, and became a dentist.
He removed to Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1856, and
in 1861 enlisted in the 3d Michigan volunteer
infantry, being promoted captain, May 13, 1861,
major, Oct. 21, 1861, lieutenant-colonel, July 25,
1862, and colonel, Jan. 1, 1863. He served with
the Army of the Potomac during the entire war ;
was promoted brigadier-general of U.S. volun
teers, June 7, 1864 ; was brevetted major-general
of volunteers, April 6, 1865, for gallant services
at Sailor's Creek, Va., and was mustered out of
the service, Aug. 24, 1865. He was married,
Oct. 12,1881, to Abbie L. Evans of Rhode Island.
He was commandant of the Soldiers' Home at
Grand Rapids, Mich., 1887-91, and in 1902 was an
employee in the U.S. post office at Grand Rapids.
PIERCE, Edward Lillie, publicist and author,
was born in Stoughton, Mass., March 29,1829;
son of Col. Jesse and Elizabeth S. (Lillie) Pierce,
and brother of Henry Lillie Pierce (q.v.). He
was prepared for college at the academies at
Bridgewater and Easton ; was graduated from
Brown university in 1850 ; from Harvard Law
school in 1852 ; was admitted to the bar in Boston,
1853, and subsequently practised in Cincinnati,
Chicago and again in Boston. He was a member
of the Republican national conventions of 1860,
1876, 1880, 1884. At the opening of the civil war
he enlisted as a private in the 3d Massachusetts
regiment ; served at Fort Monroe, and was detailed
to organize, educate and render self-supporting
the freedmen of the Sea Islands, S.C, in 1862,
which enterprise proved so successful that he
started companies in other districts to carry on

PIERCE

PIERCE

his work. He was collector of internal revenue
of Boston, 1863-66 ; district attorney of Norfolk
and Plymouth counties, 1866-70 ; lecturer at the
Massachusetts University Law school for ten
years, and secretary of the board of state charities,
1869-74, for which he made reports of the work
in Europe and the United States. He was
member of the state legislature, 1875-76, 1895
and 1896, chairman of the house committee on
the judiciary, 1876, and while serving in that
capacity devised and carried a comprehensive
act limiting municipal indebtedness. He de
clined the office of assistant treasurer of the
United States at Boston in 1878, and was the
unsuccessful Republican candidate from the 3d
Massachusetts district for representative in the
52nd congress in 1890. He was a member of the
Massachusetts Historical society, and a personal
friend of Charles Sumner and John Bright. He
founded the free public library at Milton, Mass.,
and between 1869 and 1897 traveled extensively in
Europe and the East. He was married first, April
19, 1865, to Elizabeth Helen, daughter of the Hon.
John Kingsbury of Providence, R.I.,and secondly,
March 8, 1882, to Maria Louisa Woodhead of Hud-
dersfield, England. He received the degree LL.D.
from Brown in 1882, and from Claflin in 1894. He
was an advocate of ballot reform and an authority
on railroad law, and his articles on these subjects
together with his lecture on John Bright, col
lege exercises and political addresses are included
in "Enfranchisement and Citizenship"' (1896).
He compiled a " Genealogy of the Pierce Family "
and an " Index of the Special Railroad Laws of
Massachusetts " (1874) ; published a "Sketch of
Major John Lillie " a maternal ancestor ; edited
" Walter's American Law," and is the author of :
Effect of Prospective or Extreme Legislation, etc.
(1857); Personal Liberty Laws (1861); Negroes at
Port Royal (1862) ; Freedmen of Port Royal, S.C.
{Atlantic Monthly, Aug., 1863); Tivo Systems of
Government Proposed for the Rebel States (1867);
Laws of Railroads (1881), and Memoirs and
. Letters of Charles Sumner (4 vols., 1877-93). He
died in Paris, France, Sept. 5, 1897.
PIERCE, Franklin, fourteenth president ofthe
United'States, was born in Hillsborough, N.H.,
Nov. 23, 1804; son of Governor Benjamin and Anna
(Kendrick) Pierce. He attended the academies
at Hancock, Francestown and Exeter, and was
graduated at Bowdoin in 1824, standing third in his
class. He was an officer in the college batallion,
and during his college course taught district
schools in the winter to pay his tuition. He
studied law under Levi Woodbury at Portsmouth,
1825; at the law school, Northampton, Mass.,
1825-26, and in the office of Judge Edmund Parker,
Amherst, N.H., 1827. He was admitted to the
bar in 1827, and practised first at Hillsborough

and subsequently at Concord. He was a represen
tative from Hillsborough in the state legislature,
1829-32 ; speaker of the house, 1831 and 1832, and
a Democratic representative in tho 23d and 24th.
congresses, 1833-37. He served on the judiciary

OWP-Ol/J £(ILLEC£ IM Iflc

committee, and spoke against receiving petitions
for the abolition of slavery in the District of
Columbia, and against appropriations for the
U.S. Military academy on the ground that the
institution was aristocratic and that the profes
sion of arms was dangerous to the liberties of the
country, which should depend on the yeomen
militia for defence. He sustained President
Jackson in opposing the growing demand for
appropriations for internal improvements, and
his course as a representative determined his
party to make him a senator in congress, March
3, 1837, as successor to John Page, who completed
the term of Isaac Hill. He took his seat Sept.
24, 1837, the youngest senator in the chamber,
and not till his birthday, Nov. 23, 1837, thirty-
three years of age. He supported the recommenda
tion of Joel Roberts Poinsett, secretary of war,
to give government aid to the states in order to
make more effective their militia, and when the
motives Of the secretary were questioned Senator
Pierce ably defended him. He opposed the
removal of government employees for political
opinions. He resigned his seat in the senate at
the close of the second session, Aug. 31, 1842, in
order to resume the practice of law, and joining
his family who had removed to Concord in 1838,
he practised in that city, Leonard Wilcox (q.v.)
completing his term in the senate. When Senator
Levi Woodbury resigned, Nov. 20, 1845, to take
his seat on the bench of the U.S. supreme court,
Governor Steele urged Mr. Pierce to accept the
appointment as his successor, which he declined,
as he did the Democratic nomination for governor
and the cabinet position of attorney-general from
President Polk the same year. In 1846 he made
a determined but hopeless battle for the Demo
cratic party against the united Whig and Free Soil
parties with John P. Hale as his chief opponent,
with the result that Hale was elected U.S.
senator, and the state gave to the coalition two
representatives in congress. When the war with
Mexico was declared he enrolled as a private in a

[258]

*;'

•¦•'¦ . ¦

PIERCE

PIERCE

volunteer company recruiting in Concord, and
his efficiency as a drill-master secured for him
the appointment by President Polk to tlie
colonelcy of the. 9th volunteer infantry, and pro
motion to the rank of brigadier-general by
the President, March 3, 1847. On the 27th of
March he embarked from Newport, R.I., with
Colonel Ransom and three companies of the -9th
regiment, arriving at Vera Cruz, June 28, and on
July 14, left Vera Cruz, reaching the main army

VE.P.A CR U Z .
of General Scott at Puebla, August 6. On August
19, at the battle of Contreras, General Pierce led
his brigade across the lava bed* the rough
volcanio rocks disabling his horse and the fall
injuring the general's leg. Contraiy to the advice
of the surgeon he mounted ' another horse and
continued the assault until almost midnight,
when darkness ended the charge, which was
taken up at daylight with General Pierce in the
saddle ; but the army had gained the rear of the
fortified Mexicans, and those escaping capture
retreated to Churubusco, where General Santa
Anna with his main army had gathered. Despite
the advice of General Scott to leave the field,
Pierce continued in the saddle, and his brigade
and that of Gen. James Shields were ordered to
make a detour in order to gain the enemy's rear.
In doing this they were opposed by a superior
force of Mexican reserves and a bloody battle
ensued, most of which time Pierce was on foot,
his horse being unable to cross a ravine, and the
battle had not been determined when Worth and
Pillow were successful in their attack on the
front, and thus relieved the two outnumbered
brigades. General Pierce was overcome by the
pain in his leg, and carried to hospital after the
battle. The defeat of the Mexicans at Churu
busco, led Santa Anna to propose a truce looking to
terms for peace, and General Scott appointed Gen
eral Pierceoneof the commissioners to meet repre
sentatives from the Mexican army and arrange
an armistice ; but the commissioners soon discov
ered the purpose of the Mexican general to be
merely to gain time, and General Scott closed the
negotiations after a truce of two weeks and
following the battles of Molino del Rey and
Chapultepec, the City of Mexico capitulated and
the war was at an end. In December, 1847,
General Pierce was welcomed honie in Concord,
and the state legislature presented him with a
sword. He was a delegate to and president of the [259]

state constitutional convention of 1850, and in
the convention he endeavored to remove the con
stitutional bar against non-Protestants holding
office in the state, by an amendment which was
not adopted by the people, but thereafter the
restriction was not enforced. His legal practice
was continued, 1847-52, with eminent success, and
his services as an orator were in constant demand.
He accepted the compromise measures of 1850
as settling the question of slavery in the newly
acquired territory, and the Democratic national
convention met at Baltimore, June 12, 1852, with
Buchanan, Cass, Douglas and Marcy as the prom
inent candidates. After the 35th ballot the
name of Franklin Pierce was presented by Vir
ginia and on the 39th ballot he was nominated
as the candidate of the party for President of
the United States, receiving 282 of the 293
votes of the convention and in the election that
followed in November his electors received
1,601,474 popular vote's to 1,380,576 for the elec
tors of Winfield Scott, 156,149 for those of John
P. Hale, and 1,670 in Massachusetts for those of
Daniel Webster; At the meeting of the electoral
college in 1853, he received 254 electoral votes to
42 for Winfield Scott, all the states but Ver
mont, Massachusetts, Tennessee and Kentucky,
voting for Pierce and King. He was inaugurated ,

THE WHITE HOUSE ,- 184-9-IS66.
March 4, 1853, and on March 7, announced the
following appointments : William L. Marcy of
New York, secretary of state ; James Guthrie
of Kentucky, secretary of tlie treasury ; Jefferson
Davis of Mississippi, secretary of war ; Robert
McClelland of Michigan, secretary of the interior ;
James C Dobbin of North Carolina, secretary
of the navy ; James Campbell of Pennsylvania,
postmaster-general, and Caleb Cushing of Mass
achusetts, attorney-general. His cabinet as thus
constituted remained without change to the close
of his administration, the only example of an un
broken official Presidential family in the history of
the United States. He appointed James Buchanan
of Pennsylvania (succeeded in 1856 by George M.
Dallas, of Pennsylvania) U.S. minister to Great
Britain ; John Young Mason of Virginia, U.S.
minister to France ; Henry R. Jackson of Georgia,
U.S. minister resident to Austria ; Thomas H.
Seymour of Connecticut, U.S. minister to Russia,
and Pierre Soule of Louisiana (succeeded in 1855

PIERCE

PIERCE

by Augustus C. Dodge of Iowa) U.S. minister
to Spain. He appointed John A. Campbell of
Alabama associate justice of the U.S. supreme
court in 1853, to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of Mr. Justice McKinley of Alabama. In
his inaugural address President Pierce advised
against the agitation of the question of slavery
and the rendition of fugitive slaves, as long as
the constitution protected the slaveholders and
the institution. He feared that the excitement
attending such discussion might threaten the
stability of the union of the states. He settled
the boundary dispute with Mexico by appointing
James Gadsden U.S. minister to Mexico, and
empowering him to negotiate a treaty with that
country, by which the United States secured
45,000 square miles of land out of which Arizona
and New Mexico were formed, paying therefor
$10,000,000, but re
ceiving a considera
bly larger sum from
Mexico for Indian
depredation claims.
Under the direction
of the war depart
ment he caused the
surveys of several
routes for a railroad
to the Pacific, and the
publication of the va
rious reports gave to
the people a large
amount of knowledge
of the territory tra
versed. In 1853 Mar
tin Koszta. a Hungarian refugee, was captured in
the harbor of Smyrna and confined on the Austrian
brig Hussar as a political prisoner. The United
States agent at that port demanded his release
on the ground that he had taken the preliminary
steps toward becoming an American citizen.
Commander D. N. Ingra.ham (q.v.) of the U.S.
sloop of war St. Louis threatened to fire upon
the Hussar unless Koszta was released, and by
mutual agreement he was placed in charge of
the French consul, and a few days thereafter
released by order of the Austrian government.
The President and both houses of congress
approved the course of Ingraham and presented
him with a medal. By mutual concessions the
question in controversy respecting the fisheries
claims of Great Britain was amicably settled.
The treaty with Great Britian insuring commer
cial reciprocity with the Canadian provinces,
and the treaty with Japan opening the ports of
that empire to commerce were ratified by the
senate in 1854. In the United States congress
the Kansas-Nebraska bill was debated in the 33d
congress and passed. This act rendered void the

[260]

Missouri compromise and re-opened the question
of slavery. in the territories, which resulted in
the Kansas dual government and a miniature
civil war, which was ended by the action of the
President in appointing John W. Gerry of Penn
sylvania military governor of the territory in
1856, with power to restore order. During the
progress of the Crimean war, 1854-55, recruits
were being secretly enlisted in the United States
for the British army. Learning that the British
minister sanctioned the proceeding, President
Pierce demanded Mr. Crampton's recall, and when
the British government refused, he promptly dis
missed him, and also the British consuls at New
York, Philadelphia and Cincinnati, who were
parties to the movement. The British govern
ment accepted the situation, and sent new men
to fill the places of those dismissed. During Pres
ident Pierce's administration, the court of claims
was organized, the diplomatic and consular system
was reorganized, and General Scott was made lieu
tenant-general. He vetoed a bill appropriating
10,000.000 acres of land to the states for the relief
of indigent insane, the appropriation bill for public
works in 1854, the bill for the payment of French
spoliation claims, and an increased appropriation
for the Collins line of steamers in 1855. When '
William Walker, the filibuster, gained undisputed
control of Nicaragua in 1856, and. announced
that he had been elected president, the President
recognized the government, and received a
minister sent by Walker to Washington. By di
rection of President Pierce the United States
ministers to Great Britain, France and Spain,
met at Ostend, Oct. 9, 1854, adjourned to Aix la
Chapelle, and sent from there to Washington the
"Ostend Manifesto", which declared that, the
sale of Cuba to the United States would be
advantageous to both governments ; but that if
Spain refused to sell, it was incumbent upon the
United States to " wrest it from her " rather than
see it Africanized like Santo Domingo. The un
settled conditions of the European powers, and
the question of slavery in the territories of the
United States overshadowed the Cuban ques
tion, however, and it was not revived during Pres
ident Pierce's administration. The Democratic
national convention met at Cincinnati, June 2,
1856, and President Pierce was a candidate for
renomination, receiving on the first ballot 122
votes to 135 for Buchanan, and 33 for Douglas.
On the 17th ballot James Buchanan was nomin
ated. In August, 1856, the house of representa
tives attached a rider to the army appropriation
bill, providing that no part of the army should be
employed to enforce the laws of the Kansas
territorial legislature until the validity of such
laws was determined by congress ; and when the
bill came before the senate, that body refused to

PIERCE

PIERCE

concur, and the 34th congress adjourned, Aug.
18, 1856. President Pierce at once issued a pro
clamation convening congress in extra session.
It met, Aug. 21, 1856, the. bill was passed without
the.proviso, and congress adjourned, Aug. 30, 1856.
In his message to congress, Dec. 1, 1856, the Pre
sident laid before that body the condition of
affairs in Kansas as viewed from the constitu
tional standpoint, and strongly criticised the
action of the free-state party iu adopting revolu
tionary methods to secure the success of their
measures. On March 4, 1857, he welcomed James
Buchanan, his successor, to the White House,
and after attending the inauguration ceremonies
he returned to Concord, and resumed the practice
of his profession. He visited Madeira, the
British Isles, and the continent of Europe, 1857-
60, and returned home early in 1860. He took no
active part in the political canvass of that year.
He deplored the revolutionary methods adopted
by the abolitionists and urged the defeat of the
promoters of discord at the polls. When, how
ever, the Southern states fire'd on the government
forts and took possession of government property,
he urged the people to support the government.
His wife, Jane Means Appleton (q.v.), died in
Andover, Mass., Dec. 2, 1863. Of their three
.sons, two died in early youth, and the youngest,
Benjamin Pierce, was killed in a railroad accident,
Jan. 6, 1853, after his father's election, but be
fore his inauguration as President of the United
¦States. President Pierce received the degree of
LL.D. from Bowdoin in 1853, and from Dartmouth
in 1860. The. legislature of New Hampshire
caused his portrait to be painted and placed in
the hall of representatives in the state capitol.
.See lives of Pierce by Nathaniel Hawthorne and
D. W. Bartlett, and a^-eview of his administra
tion by A. E. Carroll. He diedin Concord, NIL,
•Oct. 8, 1869.
PIERCE, Frederick Clifton, historian, was
born in Worcester, Mass., July 30, 1856 ; son of
Silas Austin and Maria N. (Smith) Pierce ; grand
son of Amos' Pierce, and a descendant of John
Pers of Watertown, Mass., 1637. He attended
•Groton academy, Mass., and engaged in journal
ism in Worcester, Mass., in 1879. He removed
to Chicago, 111., 1880, and was city editor of the
Gazette, 1880-90. He was business manager of
the Chicago Journal, 1890-1900, and was chosen
advertising manager of the Chicago Inter-Ocean
in 1900, and business manager in 1901. He
organized the City Grays, 3d l'egiment, Illinois
National Guard, in 1883, and commanded it until
1885, when he was promoted colonel of staff to
Governor Richard Oglesby. He was also a mem
ber of the staffs of Governors Fifer and Altgeld,
and served as secretary of tlie National Guard
for six years. He became a member of the

American Historical society, 1900 ; the Society
of American Authors, and many other organiza
tions. He is the author of : Histoi-y of Grafton,
Mass. (1879) ; History of Barre, Mass. (1880) ;
Life and Services of R. M. A. Hawk (1886) ; His
tory of Rockford, III. (1887) ; and numerous
genealogies, including the Field, Foster, Har-
wood, Whitney. Fisk, Fiske, Pierce, Peirce,
Pearce, Forbes, Forbush, Gibson, Batcheller,
Batchelder and Sherman families.
PIERCE, George Edmond, educator, was bora
in Southbury, Conn., Sept. 21, 1794 ; son of
Samuel and Martha (Edmond) Pierce, and a de
scendant of Robert Edmond, a native of Ireland.
He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1816, A.M., 1819 ;
was principal of Fairfield academy, Conn., 1816-
18 ; was graduated at Andover Theological semi
nary in 1821 ; was ordained July 12, 1822, and
was pastor at Harwinton, Conn., 1822-34. On
Dec. 7, 1824, he married Susan, daughter of
Martin Rockwell of Colebrook, Conn. He was
president of Western Reserve college, 1834-55,

[-361]

the old westerai reserve college, hudso/v.ohio.
and during his administration a medical school
was established at Cleveland in 1844, and an ob
servatory, athenaeum, chapel and several other
new buildings erected. In 1850 he was sharply
criticised for what was termed his extravagance,
the attendance decreased, the theological depart
ment closed, subscriptions fell off, and he re
signed his office in 1855. and was without charge
at Hudson, Ohio, 1855-71. He received the de
gree D.D. from Middlebury college in 1838. He
died at Hudson. Ohio, May 27, 1871.
PIERCE, George Foster, M.E. bishop, was
born in Greene county, Ga., Feb. 3, 1811 ; son of
the Rev. Lovick and  (Foster) Pierce. He
graduated at Eranklin college, Athens, Ga., A.B.,
1829, A.M., 1832, and.studied law under his uncle,
• Col. (Jeorge Foster, in Greensborough, 1829-30.
In January, 1831, he was admitted into the
Georgia conference of the Methodist church, and
was later a member of the South Carolina con
ference. He was presiding elder of the Augusta
circuit, 1837-39, president of the Georgia Female
college, which became the Wesleyan Female col
lege, at Macon, Ga., 1839-40, and agent of this
institution in 1841. He was engaged in pastoral
work, 1842-48 ; was a delegate to the general con-

PIERCE

PIERCE

ference at New York city in 1844 ; to the conven
tion at Louisville, Ky., which organized the
Methodist Episcopal church, South, in 1845, and
to its first general conference at Petersburg, Va.,
in 1846, and to those of 1850 and 1854. He was
president of Emory college at
Oxford, Ga., 1848-54, and was
elected and ordained bishop
of the Methodist Episcopal
church, South, at Columbus,
Ga., in 1854. He built St.
John's Methodist church at
Augusta, Ga. , 1843-44 ; made
an overland journey to San Francisco on a stage
coach in' 1859, in the interests of his work, and
received the degrees D.D. from Transylvania
university, LL.D. from Randolph-Macon college
in 1867, and was a trustee of the University of
Georgia, 1867-84. He is the author of Incidents
o/> Western Travel (1857). He died at Sparta, Ga.,
Sept. 3, 1884.
PIERCE, Gilbert Ashville, senator, was born
in East Otto, Cattaraugus county, N.Y. He
moved to Indiana in 1854, and later attended the
University of Chicago Law school for two years.
In April, 1861, he enlisted in the 9th Indiana
volunteers for three months' service, and was
elected 2d lieutenant. He re-enlisted, Aug. 3,
1861, was appointed captain and made assistant
quartermaster. He served under General Grant
at Paducah, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Grand Gulf
and Vicksburg, being present at its surrender,
July 4, 1863. He was promoted lieutenant-
colonel in 1863 ; served at Matagorda Island,
Texas ; was promoted colonel in 1864 ; appointed
inspector and special commissioner of the war
department, in which capacity he served at Hil
ton Head and Pocotaligo, S.C, thence being
ordered to the department of the gulf, and in
October, 1865, he was retired with the brevets,
major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel of volun
teers. He was a representative in the Indiana
legislature iu 1868 ; assistant financial clerk of
the U.S. senate, 1809-71 ; assistant and managing
editor of the Chicago Inter-Ocean, 1871-83 ; editor
of the Chicago News, 1883-84, and governor of
Dakota Territory, 1884-87. He was chosen Re
publican U.S. senator from the new state of
North Dakota, Nov. 20, 1889, and drew the short
term, which expired March 3, 1891. In 1891 he
purchased with W. J. Murphy, the Minneapolis,
Minn., Tribune, and became its editor-in-chief.
He was appointed U.S. minister to Portugal by
President Harrison in 1893, resigning after a few
months' service. He is the author of several
novels, sketches and plays, and published a
Dickens Dictionary : A Key to the Characters and
Principal Incidents in the Works of Charles Dick
ens (1872). He died in Chicago, 111., Feb. 15, 1901.

PIERCE, Henry Lillie, representative, was
born in Stoughton, Mass., Aug. 23, 1825'; son of
Col. Jesse and Elizabeth S. (Lillie) Pierce ; grand
son of Jesse and Catherine (Smith) Pierce, and of
Capt. John Lillie .(aide to. Major:General Knox
in the Revolution), and a descendant of John
Pers, who immigrated from Norfolk county,
England, and settled in Watertown, Mass., in
1637. He attended a. private school conducted
by his father at Stoughton, also the academy
and the state normal school at Bridgewater,
Mass. ; removed to Dorchester, Mass., with his.
parents in 1849 ; in 1850 entered the chocolate
manufactory of Walter Baker & Co., and on the
death of Mr. Baker in 1854, took charge of the
business. He was active in the organization of
the Free-Soil party in Massachusetts in 1848 ;
was a representative in the state legislature,
1860-62 and 1866 ; was a member of the Boston
board of aldermen, 1870-71, mayor of Boston in
1873 and 1878, and a Republican representa
tive from the third Massachusetts district in the
43d and 44th congresses, having been elected to-
fill the vacancy caused by the death of William
Whiting, and serving from December, 1874, to-
March 4, 1877. Iu 1834 he helped to organize "an
independent movement to support Grover Cleve
land for president, and thereafter acted with the
Democratic party. After numerous bequests to-
charitable and other public institutions, ¦ aggre
gating $600,000, and including $50,000 each to
Harvard university, the Massachusetts General
hospital, the Massachusetts Institute of Techno
logy, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and
the Massachusetts Homoeopathic hospital, he
transferred his valuable farm adjoining the Blue
Hills reservation to the Boston Park commis
sioners to be added to the park lahds of the city,
and bequeathed the residue of his estate to be-
divided among the five beneficiaries first named.
He was never married. He died in Boston, Mass.,
Dec. 17, 1896.
PIERCE, Henry Miller, educator and inven
tor, was born in Susquehanna county, Pa., Oct.
6, 1831 ; son of Henry Miller and Susan (Peironnet)
Pierce ; grandson of Dr. John Harvey and Jane
(Miller) Pierce and of James Stephen and
Susan (Bishop) Peironnet, and a descendant
of Dr. William Harvey, who discovered the
circulation of the blood, and of "Admiral
Adam Duncan, the hero of Cainperdown in
1797. His parents came to America from Eng
land in 1820. He was graduated at Waterville
college, Maine, A.B., 1853, A.M., 1857 ; was prin
cipal of Newcastle academy, 1853-55, of the
high school, Chicopee Falls, Mass., 1856-57, and
president of Rutgers College for Women, New-
York city, 1858-71. In 1861 with Dr. Francis-
Lieber and Judge White of New York he organ-

PIERCE

PIERCE

ized the army ambulance corps and personally
directed . its work, 1861-62. He was married,
Nov. 9, 1855, to Mary Quimby, daughter of Joshua
and  (Stockbridge) Page of Bath, Me., and
secondly, June 21, 1866, to Mary Jane, daughter
of Col. Dennis and Mary H. (Stewart) Church of
Riga, N.Y. He was manager of charcoal and
iron manufacturing companies, Bangor and Elk
Rapids, Mich., Nashville and Goodrich, Tenn.,
and Calera and Decatur, Ala., 1871-94, and was
president of the West Nashville Improvement
company, 1887-94. He invented processes for
making acetate of lime and wood alcohol from
the waste gases of charcoal kilns. He intro
duced wood alcohol on the commercial market
and also became interested in the development of
the phosphate industry. He made a number of
inventions in connection with the iron and
chemical industries for which 27 patents were
issued to' him. West Nashville, which city he
founded in 1887, became the centre of extensive
manufacturing industries. He received the hon
orary degree of LL.D. from Bucknell university,
Lewisburg, Pa., 1866. He removed to Wash
ington, D.C, in 1890 and to Rochester, N.Y., in
1894. He died at Ocala, Fla., Feb. 18; 1902.
PIERCE, Henry Niles, fourth bishop of Arkan
sas and ninety-fifth in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Pawtucket, R.I., Oct. 19,
1820 ; son of Benjamin B. and Susan (Walker)
Pierce ; grandson of Moses and Sarah (Bently)
Pierce, and a de
scendant of Richard
Pearce, Jr. , born 1590,
in Bristol, England,
who came to this
country about 1638,
and resided in Ports
mouth, R.I. Henry
N. Pierce was gradu
ated at Brown, A.B.,
1842, A.M., 1845. He
was ordered deacon,
April 25, 1848, and
ordained priest, Jan.
o^ a* /> •-' 3' l849- by Bishop
e^ tU>; ¦ U^C^^eis- Freeman in Christ
church, Matagorda,
Tex. ; engaged in missionary work in Washing
ton county, Tex., 1849-52 ; was rector of Christ
church, Matagorda, Tex. , 1852-54 ; Trinity church,
New Orleans, La., in 1854; St. Paul's, Rah way,
N.J., 1855-57; St. John's, Mobile, Ala., 1857-68,
and St. Paul's, Springfield, 111., 1868-70. He
was married, April 18, 1854, to Nannie Hayward,
danghter of Abram and Eleanor (Wallace)
Sheppard of Matagorda. He was elected mission
ary bishop of Arkansas and Indian Territory
and was consecrated in Christ church, Mobile,

Ala., Jan. 25, 1870, by Bishops Green, White-
house, R. H. Wilmer, Quintard, J. P. B. Wilmer
and Young. In 1871 Arkansas was organized as
a diocese, of which he became the first diocesan,
and retained the charge of the missionary juris
diction of Indian Territory until 1893, when
the territory became part of the missionary
district of Oklahoma and Indian Territory. He
received the degree D.D. from the University of
Alabama in 1862 and from the University of the
South in 1869, and that of LL.D. from William
and Mary college in 1867. He is the author of
published sermons, addresses, translations, mis
cellaneous pamphlets and The Agnostic and
Other Poems (1884). He died at Fayetteville,
Ark., Sept. 5, 1899.
PIERCE, James Oscar, historian, was born at
Oriskany Falls, N.Y., Feb. 3, 1836 ; son of James
and Lucy (Barnes) Pierce ; grandson of Stephen
(a Revolutionary officer) and Abigail (Taylor)
Pearce, and of Thomas Barnes, and a lineal de
scendant of John and Priscilla (Molines) Alden,
and of Richard Warren, passengers on the May-
flowir, 1620 ; also of Edward Rossiter, assistant
in the first government of Massachusetts Bay,
1630. James Oscar Pierce attended the- public
schools of Syracuse, N.Y. He enlisted, April 20,
1861, in the 1st Wisconsin volunteers for three
months' service ; was admitted to the bar in
Dodge county, Wis., in September, 1862, and was
married, Sept. 14, 1862, to Ada, daughter of Wel
lington H. and Caroline (White) Butterfield. He
re-entered the army, Sept. 27, 1862, as 1st lieu
tenant of the 29th Wisconsin volunteers ; was
promoted major and assistant adjutant-general,
May 8, 1863, serving on the staff of General B. M.
Prentiss, and as his chief of staff participated in
the battle of Helena, July 4, 1863. He was mus
tered out, Nov. 29, 1865, and took up the practice
of law at Memphis, Tenn., where he resided until
1886. He vvas appointed judge of the law court
of Memphis, October, 1867, and elected judge of
the circuit' court of Shelby county, Tenn.,
August, 1878, which office he held for eight
years. He was lecturer on constitutional juris
prudence and history in the College of Law in
the University of Minnesota, 1888-1902, and in
July, 1902, was chosen dean of the College of
American History, a department of the National
Memorial university, Mason City, Iowa, esta
blished in 1902. He was an active member of
the Tennessee State Historical society and of the
Tennessee State Bar asssociation , 1875-86, and
president of the Eclectic club of Memphis. 1876-
86. He was elected a member of tlie Minnesota
Historical society in 1890; was president of the
Bar association of Hennepin county, Minnesota.
1901; a member of the Military Order of the
Loyal Legion, and of several other patriotic socie-

[263]

PIERCE

PIERCE

ties. He edited : Hutchinson on Carriers (1878),
left unfinished by Judge Robert Hutchinson,
and is the author of Fraudulent Mortgages of
Merchandise (1884), and contributions to the
Southern Law Review, Central Law Journal, and
American Law Review.
PIERCE, Jane Means Appleton, wife of Presi
dent Pierce, was born in^Hampton, N.H. , March
12, 1806 ; daughter of the Rev. Jesse Appleton.
She was married in 1834 to Franklin Pierce, and
they had three children (sons), twoof,whomdiedin
infancy, the youngest son, Benjamin, when about
thirteen years of age, was instantly killed' while
en route from Boston to Concord, N.H., and near
Andover, Mass'., the car in which he sat with his
parents being derailed, and both parents escaping
without injury. This shock coming immediately
before her husband's inauguration as President
and her advent as mistress of the White House,
greatly affected her health, which was not
rugged, and she took up the cares and duties of
her Washington life under great depression.
Aside from her necessary duties as the first lady
of Washington official life, which she performed
with dignity and tact, she withdrew wholly
from the gaieties and festivities of society. After
her return to her home in Concord, she traveled
three years with her husband in Europe, and
died at Andover, Mass., Dec. 2, 1863.
PIERCE, Lovlck, clergyman, was born in
Halifax county, N.C, March 17, 1785. He was
taken by his parents to Barnwell district, S.C,
where his school training was limited, amounting
to about six months' attendance at an " old field
school." He entered the Methodist ministry in
1804, and removed to Greene county, Ga., in 1809,
where he married a daughter of the Hon. George
Wells Foster, attorney-at-law. He was a chaplain
in the army during the war of 1812 ; studied medi
cine in Philadelphia, and practised medicine and
preached the gospel in Greensborough, Ga., for
several years, and then devoted himself to the
ministry altogether. He was a delegate to the
general conferences of the Methodist church in
1836, 1840 and 1844, and after the organization
of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, was a
delegate to its general conventions continuously
up to the time of his death, his council being
greatly valued. He took part in the Louisville
conference of 1874, to which' his son and grandson
were also present as delegates. He continued to
preach occasionally up to his ninety-fourth year.
He received the degree of LL.D. from Randolph-
Macon college in 1843, and was a trustee of that
college, 1835-79. He published a series- of theo
logical essays a short time before his death,
which occurred at the residence of his son, Bishop
George Foster Pierce (q.v.), near Sparta, Ga.,
when nearly 95 years of age, Nov. 9, 1879.

PIERCE, Rice Alexander, representative,- was
born in Weakley county, Tenn., July ,3, 1849; son
of Thomas M. Pierce. After attending the com
mon schools he enlisted in the Confederate army
as a private in the 8th Tennessee cavalry regi
ment, under General Forrest, and was taken
prisoner at Jackson, Tenn.,, in 1864, and confined
till the close of the war. He attended the high
school at London, Ontario, and was admitted to
the bar of North Carolina in July, 1868. He was
married in April, 1873, to Mary Hunter of Ham
burg, Mo. He was district attorney-general for
the twelfth judicial circuit of Tennessee, 1874-83,
and a Democratio representative in the 48th con
gress, 1883-85, the 51st-52nd congresses, 1889-93,
and in the 55th-58th congresses, 1897-1905.
PIERCE, William, delegate, was born in
Georgia about 1740. He received a liberal edu
cation, and engaged in merchandising as William
Pierce & Co. , Savannah, Ga. He was appointed
captain of the 1st Continental artillery, Nov. 30,
1776, served as aide-de-camp to General Nathanael
Greene throughout the war, and on Oct,, 29, 1781,
received the thanks of congress, and -was pre
sented with a sword for his meritorious conduct
in the battle of Eutaw Springs, S.C- "He con
tinued business in Savannah, Ga., 1783-88 j repre
sented Chatham county in the Georgia legisla
ture ; was a delegate from Georgia to the Conti
nental congress, 1786-87, and was a member of
the Convention of 1787, in Philadelphia, that
framed the Federal constitution,* but his ab
sence in New York, Sept. 17, 1787, prevented his
signing the document. He was a vice-president
of the Society of the Cincinnati at the time of
his death. While in congress he prepared his
impressions of the delegates, which were pub
lished in the Georgia Gazette of March 20, 1788,
and form a part of the Peter Force collection in
the Congressional library. He died in Savannah,
Ga... Dec. 10, 1789.
PIERCE, William Oscar, minister, author,
and musician, was born in. New Haven, Ohio,
Oct. 28, 1835 ; son of Samuel Ransom and Sylvia
Jane (Comstock) Pierce ; grandson of Phineas
and Annie (Kellog) Pierce and of Dr. James and
Chloe (Beach) Comstock, and a descendant of
Thomas Pierce, who emigrated from England in
1633 and settled in Charlestown, Mass. He was
graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan university,
A.B., 1859; A.M., 1862; was professor of Greek
in Moore's Hill college, Ind., 1861-62, and its
president, 1862-64 ; in the pastorate, 1864-73 ; pro
fessor of Greek in Fort Wayne college, Ind., 1873-
76 ; professor of Greek and Hebrew in Illinois
Wesleyan university, 1876-79, and again in the
pastorate, 1879-84 and 1887-90. Cornell college
conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1878.
He was editor of The Methodist Pulpit and Pew,
[264]

PIERPONT

PIERPONT

1884-87. He wrote numerous hymns, including :
" The Banner of Beauty and Glory," national
hymn of the Sons of Veterans, U.S.A. (1894);
"Lincoln's Prayer " (1895); "The Flag of the
Rising Sun," Japanese national hymn (1896),
and " No More Marching through Georgia"(1896).
He is also the author of : The Church Republic, a
Romance of Methodism (1892); On to Louisville
(1895); De 'Pos'le Petah ub Kentucky, a Series of
Sketches in the Darky Dialect (1902).
PIERPONT, Francis Harrison, governor of
Virginia, was born in Monongahela county, Va.,
Jan. 25, 1814 ; son of Francis and Catherine
(Weaver) Pierpont ; grandson of John and Anne
(Morgan) Pierpont ; great-grandson of Zaquil
Morgan ; great2-grandson of Col. Morgan, who
came from London to
fcS^v^K^ Delaware, and was an
Episcopal clergyman
as well as a soldier ;
and a descendant of
William Pierrepont,
one of the chief men-
at-arms of William
the Norman, through
John Pierpont (Bos
ton, 1640 ; Roxbury,
1656), founder of the
name in America.
''' ' Francis Harrison
A-/ l/y? /I Pierpont removed to
(j# M? (M^rWT- Fairmont, Va., with
his parents in 1827, at
tended the public schools and assisted his father on
the farm and in his tan-yard until 1835. He was
graduated at Allegheny college, MeadviUe, Pa., in
1839 ; taught school in Mississippi, 1841-42 ; was
admitted to the Virginia bar in 1842 ; settled in
practice in Fairmont ; was a presidential elector
on the Taylor ticket in 1S48, and served as local
council of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad com
pany for Marion and Taylor counties, 1848-56.
He engaged in mining and shipping coal by rail
in 1853, and later in the manufacture of fire
bricks. He became prominent as an uncom
promising Union man, and at the convention at
Wheeling, Va., in 1861, was foremost in organiz
ing a provisional state government with Wheel
ing as the capital, and was chosen provisional
governor of Virginia, holding this office for one
year. He immediately organized twelve regi
ments of militia for service in the U.S. army ;
was governor of the loyal portion of Virginia
with the capitol at Wheeling, 1861-63, and during
this time put more than 40,000 Union troops in
the field. West Virginia was admitted to the
Union as a separate state largely through his
influence, June 19, 1863. He was governor of
Virginia, 1863-68, and called the convention in

February, 1864, which abolished slavery in the
state, and at the fall of Richmond in May, 1865,
removed the seat of government from Alexandria
to that city, and soon had the state reorganized.
He continued in office until April, 1868, his term
having expired in January. He resumed the
practice of law in Fairmont in 1868 : represented
Marion county in the West Virginia legislature
in 1870, and served as U.S. collector of internal
revenue under President Garfield. The legisla
ture of West Virginia caused his statue to be
placed in Statuary Hall, Washington, D.C. He
was married, Dec. 26, 1854, to Julia, daughter of
the Rev. Samuel and Dorcas (Piatt) Robertson
of New York, and their daughter Anna (Pier
pont) Siviter, became an Oriental scholar and
the author of Nehe, a picture of Persian court
life during the reign of Artaxerxes. During the
last years of his life, he resided with his daughter
in Pittsburg, Pa., where he died March 24, 1899.
PIERPONT, James, clergyman, was born in
Roxbury, Mass., Jan. 4, 1659; son of John and
Thankful (Stow) Pierpont. John Pierpont emi
grated from London, England, to Boston, Mass.,
in 1640, became a freeman in 1652 ; settled on an
estate of 300 acres in Roxbury, Mass., in 1656;
was a representative in the General Court in 1672,
and died in Ipswich, Mass. , 1682. James was grad-
uatedat Harvard, A.B., 1681, A.M., 1684 ; became-
pastor of the church at New Haven, Conn., in
September, 1684, and was ordained July 2, 1685.
He was associated with the Rev. Samuel Andrew
and the Rev. Samuel Russell, in 1698, in laying-
plans which led to the founding of Yale college
in 1701, and his representation of the needs for
higher education in the colonies induced Elihu
Yale to become its first benefactor. He was a
fellow of Yale, 1701-14, and it is also stated that.
he read lectures to the students at Yale as pro
fessor of moral philosophy. He was a member
of the committee that considered the complaints
of England against the colony in 1705, and fur
nished the agent there with directions and
answers. He also drew up what became known
as the Saybrook platform, adopted by the synod
for the administration of church discipline in
1708. He was married, first, Oct. 27. 1691, to
Abigail, daughter of John and Abigail (Pierson)
Davenport of New Haven ; secondly, May 30,.
1694, to Sarah, daughter of the Rev. Joseph and
Sarah (Lord) Haynes ; and thirdly, July 26,
1698, to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Thomas
Hooker of Hartford, Conn. His portrait,
painted in 1711,, was presented to Yale by his-
descendant, Edwards Pierrepont, in 1887. His
son John removed to Paulus Hook, N.J., about
1770, and from there to Virginia, built a fort
near Morgantown. married Anne Morgan, and
was the grandfather of Francis Harrison Pier—

[265]

PIERPONT

PIERSON

pont (q.v.) James Pierpont published Sundry
False Hopes of Heaven, Discovered and Decryed,
a sermon (1712). He died at New Haven, Conn.,
Nov. 22, 1714.
PIERPONT, John, jurist, was born in Litch
field, Conn., Sept. 10, 1805 ; son of Daniel and
Sarah (Phelps) Pierpont ; grandson of James and •
Anne (Sherman) Pierpontj, and great-grandson
of John and Thankful (Stow) Pierpont. He was
taken to Rutland, Vt., in 1815, and resided with
his brother, Judge Robert Pierpont (1791-1805).
He was graduated at the Litchfield law school in
1827, and practised in Pittsford, Vt., removing
in 1832 to Vergennes, where he was married in
1833 to Sarah M. Lawrence. Ha was register of
probate, 1836-55, represented Vergennes in the
state legislature in 1841, was a member of the
state senate, 1855-57, and chairman of its judi
ciary committee for two years. He was an asso
ciate judge of the suprems court of Vermont,
1857-65, and chief justice, 1865-82. He died in
Vergennes, Vt., Jan. 6, 1883.
PIERREPONT, Edwards, jurist, was born in
North Haven, C >nn., March 4, 1817 ; son of Giles
and Eunice (Munson) Pierrepont ; grandson of
Jonathan Munson, and a descendant of John and
Thankful (Stow) Pierpont. He was graduated
at Yale, A.B., 1837, A.M., 1840, commenced the
study of law in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated
at the New Haven law school in 1840. He was a
tutor in Yale, 1840-41, settled in practice in
Columbus, Ohio, in partnership with Phineas B.
Wilcox, in 1842, and in 1845 removed to New
York city and resumed ' practice. He was
married, May 27, 1846, to Margaretta, daughter
of Samuel A. Willoughby of Brooklyn, N.Y. He
was judge of the superior court of New York
city, 1857-60, and in 1862 was appointed by
President Lincoln, in conjunction with General
John A. Dix, to try the prisoners of state accused
of political offences. He was an active member
of the Union defence committee ; one of the
three appointed to proceed to Washington to
confer with the government, when all com
munication was cut off by the way of Balti
more after the attack on the Massachusetts
troops in Baltimore, and he conducted, on the
part of the government, the prosecution of John
N. Surratt, indicted for aiding in the murder of
President Lincoln ; the Arkansas Hot Springs
case, and the Pacific Railway case. He was a
msmber of the state constitutional convention
in 1867, serving on its judiciary committee. He
was U.S. attorney for the southern district of
New York, 1869-70 ; a member of the committee
of seventy that fought the Twead ring in 1870 ;
declined the office of U.S. minister to Russia in
1873, and was U.S. attorney-general in President
Grant's cabinet from April, 1875, until May, 1876,

when he accepted the appointment of* U.S.-
minister to England, serving until 1878. He was
secretary of legation and charge d'affaires at, Rome,
1884-85. He was a founder, and for many years-
governor, of the Manhattan club. He received
the degree of LL.D. from Columbian university,
Washington, D.C, in 1871, and from Yale in
1873, and that of D.C.L. from Oxford univer
sity, England, in 1878. He is the author of
political and literary orations, published in
pamphlet form. He died in New York city,
March 7, 1892
PIERSON, Abraham, educator, was born in,
Lynn, Mass., in 1645; son of the Rev. Abraham
Pierson (160S-1678), who emigrated from York
shire, England, in 1639, and settled successively
in Boston, Mass., Long Island, N.Y., Branford,
Conn., and Newark, N.J. ; was most successful
in his efforts to convert the Indians, and prepared
an Indian catechism (1654). Abraham Pierson,
Jr., was graduated from Harvard in 1668, and
was ordained to the ministry in 1669. He was
assistant to his father at Newark, N.J., 1672-78 ;
pastor 1678-91, and was appointed pastor at Kill
ingworth, Conn., in 1694. lis was associated
with the Rsv. James Pierpont (q.v.) in the
revival of the plan to form,
found and govern a college
in New Haven. A charter
was drafted and after the
legislature had convened
Oct. 9, 1701, an act was
passed giving them the
liberty to erect a collegiate
school. It was first estab
lished at Saybrook with
Abraham Pierson as rector,
in 1701, which office he con
tinued until his death. The
offise did not entitle him to
membership in the Corpora
tion, but he was one of the
eleven trustees constituted
by the charter of 1701. He composed a system
of natural philosophy, and published au Elec
tion Sermon (1700). A bronze statue by Launt
Thompson was erected to his memory on the
Yale grounds in 1874. He died in Killingworth,
Conn., March 5, 1707.
PIERSON, Arthur Tappan, editor, was born in
Nbw York city, March 6, 1837 ; son of Stephen
H. and Sally Ann (Wheeler) Pierson of New
Y6rk and Newark, N.J., and a descendant of the
same ancestors to whom the Rev. Dr. Abraham
Pierson, first president of Yale college, belonged.
He was graduated from Hamilton college, N.Y.,
A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860, and studied at the Union
Theological seminary, N.Y., 1857-60. He was
ordained by the presbytery of New York, May

[266]

PIERSON

PIKE

13, 1860, and was married July 12, 1860, to Sarah
Frances, daughter of Williston H. Benedict of
New York. He was pastor of the Congregational
church at Binghamton, N.Y., 1860-63; pastor of
the Presbyterian church at Waterford, N.Y.,
1863-69 ; of the Fort Street Presbyterian church
at Detroit, Mich., 1869-82 ; of the Second Presby
terian churoh at Indianapolis, Ind., 1882-83; of
the Bethany Presbyterian church at Philadel
phia, Pa., 1883-91, and acting pastor of the
Metropolitan Tabernacle, London, England, 1891-
.93. He gave a special lecture course on missions
at Rutgers college in 1891, and in the university
of Scotland in 1892 as Duff Lecturer. In 1888 he
became editor of the Missionary Revieiv of the
World. The honorary degree of D.D. was con
ferred on him by Knox college in 1874. He is
the author of : Crisis of Missions (1886); Keys to
the Word (1887); Many Infallible Proofs (1889);
Evangelistic Work (1890); The One Gospel(1891) ;
The Heart of the Gospel (1892); Divine Enter
prise of Missions (1892); Miracles of Missions
(1892-1902); The Divine. Art of Preaching (1893);
Stumbling Blocks Removed (1893); New Acts of
the Apostles (1893) ; The Heights of the. Gospel
(1893); Hopes ofthe Gospel (1893); Life Power
(1894); Lessons in the School of Prayer (1896);
Seven Years in Sierra Leone (1896); In Christ
Jesus (1897); Shall We Continue in Sin 9 (1898);
Acts of the Holy Spirit (1898); Catherine of
.Sienna (1899); George Muller of Bristol (1899);
Forward Movements (1900); Seed Thoughts for
Public Speakers (1901) ; The Modern Mission
Century (1902) ; The Gordian Knot (1902) and
contributions to periodical literature.
PIERSON, Hamilton Wilcox, educator, was
¦born in Bergen, N.Y., Sept. 22, 1817; son of the
Rev. Josiah Pierson ; grandson of Samuel and
Rebecca (Parmele) Pierson, and descendant of
the Rev. Abraham Pierson of Yorkshire, Eng
land, who was graduated from Trinity college,
Cambridge, in 1632, and came to America in
1639 " in pursuit of religious freedom." Hamil
ton Wilcox was graduated from Union college,
N.Y., in 1843 ; was agent of the American Bible
society, Alexandria, Va., 1843-45 ; was graduated
from the Union Theological seminary in 1848,
¦and on account of ill health, traveled in the
interest of the American Bible society, 1848-49.
He was ordained by the presbytery of New York,
Nov. 13, 1853 ; was agent of the American Bible
¦society in the West Indies, 1849-50, and at
Louisville, Ky., 1853-58. He was president of
Cumberland college, Princeton, Ky., 1858-61;
agent of the American Tract society, Washing
ton, D.C, 1861-62 ; secretary of the United States
Christian society at Toledo, Ohio, and taught
school in Virginia and Georgia, 1863 69. He
went to California for his health in 1875, and

[2671

engaged in literature and travel, 1877-85. He
was state librarian at Columbus, Ohio, 1885-88.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Union college in 1860. He edited The
American Missionary Memorial (1853), and is the
author of : Thomas Jefferson at Monticello (1862) ;
In the Brush (1881). He died in Bergen, N.Y. ,
Sept. 7, 1888.
PIERSON, Henry R., educationist, was born
in Charleston, Montgomery county, N.Y., June
13, 1819 ; son of Rufus Pierson, and a descendant
of Henry Pierson of Southampton, L.I. He was
graduated from Union college, N.Y., in 1846, and
was admitted to the bar in 1848, practising his
profession in Brooklyn, N.Y., 1849-60. He was
elected president of the Brooklyn City Railroad
Company in 1860 ; was a member of the board of
education, Brooklyn, N.Y., president of the
board of aldermen for several terms during his
residence in Brooklyn, 1849-69, and state senator
1867-68. He was elected financial agent of the
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad company,
Chicago, 111., in 1871, later becoming its superin
tendent and vice-president. He was elected
resident executive director of the New York
Central and Hudson River Railroad company at
Albany, N.Y., in 1871 ; was a member of the state
assembly, 1873, and served as chairman of its
committees on cities and on railroads, and in
1875 he established a banking house at Albany.
He was a trustee of Union college 1871-72 ; of
the Albany Medical college, and of Dudley
Observatory, and a regent of the University of the
State of New York, 1872-90, having been elected to
succeed Erastus Corning. He succeeded Erastus
C. Benedict as vice-chancellor, serving 1878-81,
and became chancellor in 1881 on the death
of Chancellor Benedict. The honorary degree
of LL.D. was conferred on him by Union college
in 1874. He died in Albany, N.Y., Jan. 1, 1890.
PIKE, Albert, soldier, was born in Boston,
Mass,, Dec. 29, 1809. He removed with his
parents to Newburyport, Mass. ; attended Har
vard college, 1825-26 ; taught at Fairhaven and
Newburyport, Mass., and in 1831 traveled the
unexplored regions of the West. In August, 1831,
he connected himself with a caravan of ten
wagons under Capt. Charles Bent, traveling to
Santa Fe,' where he obtained employment as a
clerk. In September, 1832, he joined a party of
trappers down the Pecos river and into the
Staked Plains, and with four companions traveled
on foot to Fort Smith, Ark., reaching there Dec.
10, 1832. He engaged in teaching at Van Buren
and on Little Piney river, and contributed articles
to the Little Rock Advocate, of which paper he
became assistant editor in 1834, and owner. He
was admitted to the bar in 1835, and sold his
paper in 1836. Upon the outbreak of the Mexican

PIKE

PIKE

war he recruited a company of cavalry and was at
tached to Col. Charles May's regiment of mounted
volunteers at the battle of Buena Vista. In
command of a company of forty-one men he rode
from Saltillo to Chihuahua, Mex., receiving the
surrender of the city of Mapimi on the way. He
returned to his extensive law practice in 1849,
and transferred his officedo New Orleans in -1853,
returning to Arkansas in 1857. As attorney for
the Choctaw Indians he obtained the award of
$2,981,247 from the U.S. government. At the
beginning of the civil war he was appointed
Confederate commissioner to negotiate treaties
of alliance with the Indians. He was appointed
a brigadier-general, C.S.A., commanded the
department of the Indian Territory and organized
brigades of Indians which he commanded at the
battles of Pea Ridge and Elkhorn. In 1866 he
removed to Memphis, Tenn., where he edited the
Appeal, 1867-68 ; and after 1868 he practised in
Washington, D.C. He was grand commander of
the supreme council of the thirty -third degree
Masons, and was also grand commander of the
royal order of Scottish Rite Masons. He is the
author of : Prose Sketches and Poems (1834) ;
Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Arkan
sas (5 vols., 1840-45); Arkansas Form Book
(1845); Nugae, poems (1854), two other collec
tions of poems (1873 and 1882); Masonic Statutes
and Regulations (1859) ; Morals and Dogma of
Freemasonry (1870). He also wrote numerous
Masonic rituals, and a reply to Pope Leo XIII's
bull against Masonry. He died in Washington,
D.C. April 2, 1891.
PIKE, Austin Franklin, senator, was born at
Hebron, N.H., Oct. 16, 1819; son of Uriah and
Mary (Page) Pike. He attended Holmes academy,
Plymouth ; studied law at Franklin, with George
W. Nesmith, 1841-45 ; and practised in partner
ship first with his preceptor, and later with
Daniel Barnard, Isaac N. Blodgett. and Frank N.
Parsons. He was married, in 1850, to Caroline
White. He was a representative in the state
legislature, 1850-52 and 1865-66, being speaker of
the house, 1865-66. He was a delegate to the
Republican national convention of 1856 ; a mem
ber of the state senate, 1857-58, and its president
in 1858 ; chairman of the Republican state com
mittee, 1858-60 ; a Republican representative in
the 43rd congress, 1873-75, and U.S. senator,
1883-86. The honorary degree of A.M. was
conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1858. He
died at Franklin, N.H., Oct. 8, 1886.
PIKE, Frederick Augustus, representative,
was born in Calais, Maine, Dec. 9, 1817. He was
graduated at Bowdoin college in 1839 ; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1840, and practised at Calais.
He was a representative in the state legislature
eight terms, and a Republican representative in

the 37-40th congresses, 1861-69, serving as chair
man of the naval committee for six years. He
was again a representative in the state legisla
ture, 1870-71 ; and a member of the state consti
tutional convention in 1875. He was married in
1846 to Mary Hayden Green, author of Ida May
(1854); Caste (1856); and Agnes (1858). Mr.
Pike died in Calais, Maine, Dec. 2, 1886.
PIKE, James Shepherd, diplomatist, was born
in Calais, Maine, Sept. 8, 1811. He attended the
public schools, engaged in the mercantile busi
ness in 1826, and later devoted himself to journal
ism. He was Washington correspondent and
associate editor of the New York Tribune, 1850-
60, and was a strong anti-slavery partisan. He
was U.S. minister to the Netherlands, 1861-66 ;
and supported Horace Greeley for the presidency
in 1872. He bequeathed to the public library at
Calais, Maine, $15,000, on condition that no book
should be purchased until it had been published
ten years. He is the author of : The Restoration
of the Currency (1868) ; Tlie Financial Crisis, its
Evils and Their Remedy (1867) ; Horace Greeley
in 1872 (1873) ; Tlie Prostrate State (1874) ; Tlie
New Puritan (1879) ; The First Blows of the Civil
War (1879). He died in Calais, Me., Nov. 29, 1882.
PIKE, Maria Louisa, naturalist, was born in
England ; daughter of Benjamin Hadley, British
Commissioner to South Africa. She was private
secretary to her father for several years, and em
ployed much of her spare time in studying and
making sketches of the flora of South Africa.
She went to the island of Mauritius in 1870 and
became acquainted with Nicholas Pike, U.S.
consul, who was making a scientific research
for natural history specimens for the Agassiz
museum, Cambridge, Mass. She assisted him in
the classification of over 800 species of fish, of
which she made many colored sketches. She
was married to Mr. Pike in 1875, and removed
to America, where she contributed frequently
to the Scientific American, American Agricul
turist, and American Garden. She reproduced
in colors a large collection of spiders made by
her husband, and also made a nearly complete
set of pen-and-ink drawings of North American
snakes. She was a member of the Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences. She died in
Brooklyn, N.Y., March 23, 1892.
PIKE, Zebulon Montgomery, soldier, was
born in Lamberton, N.J., Feb. 5, 1779; son of
Maj. Zebulon Pike (1751-1834) of the patriot
army. The Pike family resided in New Jersey
for several generations, one ancestor, Capt. John
Pike, acquiring his military title in Indian war
fare. Zebulon Pike removed with his parents to
Bucks county, Pa., and later to Easton. He was
ensign in his father's regiment on the western
frontier, and was promoted lieutenant in the 1st

[268]

PILE

PILLOW

C=?=^^

regiment U.S. infantry in November, 1799. He
was married in March, 1801, to Clarissa, daughter
of General John Brown of Kentucky. Upon the
organization of Louisiana Territory in 1805, he
was ordered on an expedition to explore and
trace the head waters of the Mississippi. He
embarked at St. Louis, Aug. 9, 1805, with twenty
men, and after nine months' labor succeeded in
discovering what he pronounced to be the source
of the river. He was
appointed by General
Wilkinson to lead an
exploring party into
the interior of the
newly-acquired terri
tory, and during this
expedition discovered
Pike's Peak in the
Rocky mountains.
The party reached
the Rio del Norte, and
being found on Span
ish territory they
were taken to Santa
Fe, where Pike's
papers were taken
from him. After a long examination he was re
leased, and arrived at Natchitoches, July 1, 1807,
where he was commended by the U.S. government
for his " zeal, perseverance, and intelligence."
He was promoted captain in 1806 ; major in 1808 ;
lieutenant-colonel in 1809 ; deputy quartermaster-
general in 1812 : colonel of 15th infantry July 6,
1812 ; and brigadier-general March 12, 1813. Upon
the outbreak of the war of 1812 he was appointed
adjutant and inspector-general of the army, and
commanded the expedition against York, Upper
Canada, in April, 1813. He landed with 1,500
troops April 27, 1813, and captured one of the
redoubts, and while making arrangements for a
further attack, an explosion took place in the
British magazine, and General Pike was fatally
injured by the falling stones. See An Account
of Two Expeditions to the Sources of the Missis
sippi (2 vols., 1810), of which Elliott Coues pub
lished a new edition (3 vols. , 1895) . He died in
York, Canada, April 27, 1813.
PILE, William A., soldier, was born near
Indianapolis, Ind., Feb. 11, 1829. He became a
minister of the Methodist Episcopal church,
joining the Missouri conference. In 1861 he
enlisted in the Federal army as chaplain of a
regiment of Missouri volunteers. He commanded
a light battery in 1862 ; a regiment of infantry
in 1863 ; and was promoted brigadier-general of
volunteers, Dec. 26, 1863. He saw service at
Corinth, Vicksburg, and Mobile, and was mus
tered out of the volunteer service Aug. 24. 1865.
He was a Republican representative from Mis

souri in the 40th congress, 1867-69 ; was defeated
for the 41st congress in 1868 ; was governor of
New Mexico, 1869-70, by appointment of Presi
dent Grant, and U.S. minister to Venezuela, 1871-
74. He died at Monrovia, Cal., July 7, 1889.
PILLING, James Constantine, ethnologist,
was born in Washington, D.C, Nov. 16, 1846.
He attended Gonzaga college ; joined Maj. J. W.
Powell's Rocky Mountain surveying expedition
in 1875, and began a work of tabulating the
vocabularies of the Indian tribes and collecting
data concerning their mythology. In 1880 he
was elected chief clerk of the bureau of eth
nology, and upon the appointment of Major
Powell to the office of chief of the geological
survey, he became chief clerk, in which office
he continued until his death. He was an autho
rity on North American Indian bibliography,
and is the author of bibliographies of the
Languages of the North American Indians (1885);
Eskimo Language (1887) ; Siouan Languages
(1887) ; Iroquoian Languages (1888); Muskho-
gean Languages (1889) ; Salishan Languages
(1893) ; Wakashan Languages (1894) ; Mexican
Language (1895) ; and memoirs on ethnological
subjects. He died in Olney, Md., July 26, 1895.
PILLOW, Gideon Johnson, soldier, was born
in Williamson county, Tenn., July 8, 1806 ; son
of Gideon and Annie (Payne) Pillow ; grandson
of John and Mary (Johnson) Pillow, and of Josiah
Paine, a soldier in tlie Revolutionary war, and
great-grandson of Jaspar Pillow, who emigrated
from England in 1740, and settled in the Virginia
colony. His paternal grandfather and his two
great-uncles, Jaspar and William Pillow, were
Revolutionary soldiers and were present at the
surrender of Cornwallis, and his father was a
soldier under General Jackson, and was conspicu-
ousin the attack on the Indian fortress Nicka-
jack. Gideon John
son Pillow was grad- j|lllfilllte&.
uated from the Uni
versity of Nashville
in 1827, studied law
under Judge W. E.
Kennedy and Wil
liam L. Brown, es
tablished himself in
practice in Columbia,
Tenn., and became a
prominent member of
the Tennessee bar.
He was a member of
the staff of Gov.
William Carroll, with S<^ f^^^t^P
the rank of brigadier
general, 1829-35, a delegate to the \ Democratic
national convention of 1844, and af teiward made
a canvass for James K. Polk. Upojn the out-

f
Hi

#

[269]

PILLOW

PILLSBURY

break of the war with Mexico, he was commis
sioned brigadier-general, U.S. army, July 13, 1846,
and reported with a brigade of Tennessee volun
teers to General Taylor, at Camargo, Mexico. He
was engaged at the battle of Vera Cruz, where he
was complimented for gallantry ; Cerro Gordo,
where he was severely wounded and was commis
sioned major-general, and during the campaign
that followed was second in command. He was
present at Contreras, Cherubusco and Chapulte
pec, and at the latter place his ankle was crushed
by a grape shot and he was in hospital for three
months. He favored pressing the Mexican army
to the extreme boundary of the country, making
the final capitulation beyond the Sierra Madre,
which became known as the " Pillow line " and
was afterward admitted by military experts to be
correct. He was later arrested by General Scott,
on charges of insubordination, but was com
pletely vindicated by the court of inquiry. He
returned to his home in Maury county, Tenn.,
relinquished his law practice and engaged ex
tensively in farming in Tennessee and Arkansas.
He was a delegate to the Southern convention
held at Nashville in 1850, and favored a conserva
tive policy. At the Democratic national con
vention of 1852 he received twenty-five votes for
nomination for vice president. He opposed sec
ession until the outbreak of the civil war, when
he was appointed by Gov. Isham G. Harris major-
general in the provisional army of Tennessee, May
9, 1861. He organized a force of 35,000 men, and
on July 9, 1861, was commissioned brigadier-
general in the Confederate army. He commanded
the Confederate forces stationed at Belmont, Mo. ,
and on Nov. 7, 1861, an attack was made on the
town by General Grant. After a severe battle last
ing the entire day he found that he was unable to
hold his position and attempted to dislodge the
concealed Federal force by a series of gallant
charges. These proving of no avail, he was obliged
to retreat. In the battle of Fort Donelson, he
ranked second in command of the Confederate
forces. He reached Fort Donelson Feb. 9, 1862,
and on Feb. 14, 1862, the battle with the Federal
gun boats was fought. On the 15th the situation
was debated by General Floyd and his chiefs of
brigade, and an immediate attack was decided
upon against the advance of General Pillow.
After the Confederate defeat he was relieved of
his command and assigned to post duty until the
close of the war. While on a visit to General
Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tenn., he was given a
temporary command in the battle of Murfrees
boro, and took part in the famous charge of
General Breckinridge. At the close of the war
he returned to Tennessee and found his estates
devastated. He engaged in farming, but in 1868
he formed a law partnership in Memphis, Tenn., [270]

with Isham G. Harris. His last years were spent'
in a vain effort to pay off his debts incurred
during the war. He was married to Mary Martin
of Columbia, Tenn. He died on the Mound Plan
tation, Phillips county, Ark., Oct. 8, 1878.
PILLSBURY, John Sargent, governor of
Minnesota, was born in Sutton, N.H., July 29,
1828 ; son of John and Susan (Wadleigh) Pills-
bury ; grandson of Caleb and Sarah (Sargent)
Pillsbury and of Benjamin Wadleigh ; and a de
scendant of William Pillsbury, who came from
England to Boston in 1640 ;
and of Capt. Thomas Wad
leigh of Exeter, son of Robert
Wadleigh, member of Pro
vincial Legislature of Mass
achusetts. John Sargent
Pillsbury engaged in various
pursuits in New Hampshire
and in 1855 he established a hardware store at the
village of St. Anthony, (now Minneapolis) Minne
sota. He was married, Nov. 3, 1856, to Mahala,
daughter of Capt. John Fiske of Warner, N.H.
The burning of his store in 1857 and the hard times
ensuing did not prevent his success in this as in
every other business venture. In 1872 he engaged
in the flour milling business in Minneapolis, be
coming a partner in the firm of Charles A. Pills
bury and Co., and subsequently one ofthe organ
izers of Pillsbury- Washburn Flour Mills company.
He was state senator, 1864-76 ; and governor of the
state of Minnesota for three consecutive terms,
1876-82, saving the state from repudiation, by a
settlement of the state railroad bonds. He built
and presented a town hall to the village of Sut
ton, N.H., in 1893 ; gave to the Home for Children
and Aged Women of Minneapolis, in the name of
his wife, an endowment fund of $100,000 in 1899 ;
presented an expensive library building to East
Minneapolis, Minn., in 1900, and a Girls' Home to
the city of Minneapolis in 1901. He was a regent
of the University of Minnesota,. 1863-1901 ; built
and presented Science Hall to the university in
1889, and in 1897 he was made life regent. He
died in Minneapolis, Minn., Oct. 18, 1901.
PILLSBURY, Parker, abolitionist, was born in
Hamilton, Mass., Sept. 22, 1809; son of Dea.
Oliver and Anna (Smith) Pillsbury. He was
brought up on his father's farm in Henniker,
N.H. ; and in 1830-33 resided in Lynn, Mass.., but
returned to Henniker in 1833 and resumed his
farm work until 1835. He was graduated from
Gilmanton Theological seminary, 1838; attended
Andover Theological seminary, 1838-39 ; and was
ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1839.
He was stated supply at the Congregational
church, London,, N.H., 1839-40; abandoned the
ministry in 1840 ; and became a member of a
band of abolition lecturers, representing the New

PINCHBACK

PINCKNEY

Hampshire, Massachusetts and American Anti-
slavery societies. He delivered anti-slavery lec
tures in England, 1853-55 ; and was editor of the
Herald of Freedom at Concord, N.H. , in 1840 and
1845-46, and of the National Anti-Slavery Stand
ard, New York city, in 1866. After the legal
abolishment of slavery, he devoted himself to the
woman suffrage cause and with Susan B. Anthony
and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, edited The Revolu
tion in New York city. He later became a
preacher to free religious societies in Ohio,
Michigan, and other western states. He was mar
ried to Sarah H., daughter of Dr. John L. and
Sallie (Wilkins) Sargent. She died March 8, 1898,
leaving one daughter. He is the author of Acts
of the Anti-Slavery Apostles (1883) and many
pamphlets on reform subjects. He died in Con
cord, N.H., July 7, 1898.
PINCHBACK, Plnckney Benton Stewart,
politician, was born in Macon, Ga., May 10, 1837 ;
son of William and Eliza Pinchback. His father
was white and his mother a mulatto. He re
moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, with his parents, and
his father dying when he was eleven years old,
he found employment on a river steamboat. He
was married in 1860 to Nina, daughter of Ann
Hothorn, a native of New Orleans, La. Upon
the outbreak of the civil war he was within the
Confederate lines, ran the blockade in 1862, at
Yazoo City, and enlisted in the 1st Louisiana
volunteers at New Orleans. He was appointed
captain in the 2d Louisiana native guards in
1862, and resigned on account of the existing
prejudice against colored officers. General
Banks, however, authorized him to recruit a
company of cavalry from his own race, but re
fused to commission him in it on account of
his color. He was a delegate to the reconstruc
tion convention of 1867 ; state senator in 1868 ;
a delegate to the Republican national conven
tion of 1868 and in April, 1869, was appointed
register of the land office at New Orleans. He
established the New Orleans Louisianian Dec.
25, 1870, and organized a company to establish
a steamboat line on the Mississippi river. He
was elected president pro-tempore of the state
senate, became lieutenant-governor on the death
of Lieut.-Gov. Oscar Dunn, Dec. 6, 1871, and
acting governor during the impeachment trial
of Governor Warmoth, December and January,
1872-73. He was nominated for governor by the
Republican party in 1872, but withdrew in the
interest of harmony, and was nominated and
elected representative to congress from the state
at large in November, 1872. He was chosen U.S.
senator by the Republican legislature in 1873,
but his seat was refused him by the senate, and
was vacant, 1873-77, although he received the
pay due a senator from Louisiana for the time

he was before the senate. He was gommissioner
from Louisiana to the Vienna exposition in 1873 ;
a member of the state board of education, 1877-
80 ; a delegate to the state constitutional conven
tion in 1879, and surveyor of customs of New
Orleans in 1882. He was graduated from the
law department of Straight university, New
Orleans. La., in 1886; was admitted to the bar
the same year, and practised in New Orleans,
where he was a trustee of Southern university,
1883-86, and afterward in Washington, D.C
He was a delegate to every Republican national
convention from 1868 to 1900.
PINCHOT, Gifford, forester, was born in.
Simsbury, Conn., Aug. 11, 1865; son of James
Wallace and Mary (Eno) Pinchot ; and grandson
of Cyril Constantine Desire and Eliza (Cross)
Pinchot, and of Amos Richards and Lucy (Phelps)
Eno. He graduated from Yale in 1889, and
studied the science of forestry in France, Ger
many, Switzerland and Austria. He inaugu
rated the first piece of regular forest manage
ment in America on the estate of George W.
Vanclerbilt at Biltmore, near Asheville, N.C, in
January, 1892, and later opened an office as
consulting forester in New York city. In 1895
he became a member of a committee of the
National Academy of Sciences, appointed to re
commend a forest policy for the United States.
In 1897 he made for the secretary of the interior
an examination and a report upon the national
forest reserves. He became forester of the U.S.
department of agriculture July 1, 1898, and on
July 1, 1901, the division of forestry of that
department was raised to a bureau, of which he
became the first chief. In collaboration with
Prof. Henry S. Graves, director of the Yale
Forest school, he is the author of : The White
Pine (1896) and The Adirondack Spruce (1898).
Independently, he is the author of a Primer of
Forestry, issued by the U.S. Department of Agri
culture, and of numerous minor publications.
PINCKNEY, Charles, senator, was born in
Charleston, S.C, March 9, 1758; son of Charles
Pinckney and grandson of William Pinckney.
His father was president of the South Carolina.
convention in 1775 ; president of the senate in
1779, and of the council in 1782. Charles Pinck
ney, jr., was admitted to the bar in 1780, and
was a representative in the provincial legislature
of South Carolina. When Charleston fell into
the hands of the British he was taken prisoner
and held at St. Augustine, Fla., until the close
of the war. He established himself in the prac
tice of law in Charleston ; was elected to the
Provincial congress in 1785 and in 1787 was a dele
gate to the convention that framed the United
States constitution. He submitted the draft
of a proposed instrument, which was accepted

[271]

PINCKNEY

PINCKNEY

by the committee, some of its provisions being
used, and he signed the constitution when
drafted. He was a delegate to, and president
of, the South Carolina convention in 1788, where
he strongly advised the ratification of the Federal
constitution. He was governor of South Caro
lina, 1789-92 and 1796-98 ; and U.S. senato\
1798*1802, completing the
term of John Hunter, re
signed, and being re-elected
for a full term to expire
March 3, 1803, but resigning
in 1801, Thomas Sumter com
pleting his term. He was
U.S. minister to Spain 1802-
05, and during his residence in Spain negotiated a
release of all the Spanish titles to lands purchased
from France by the United States. He was again
governor of South Carolina, 1806-08 ; representa
tive in the state legislature, 1810 and 1812 ; sup
ported the war of 1812, and was a representative in
the 16th congress, 1819-21, where he vigorously op
posed the Missouri compromise. He is the author
of a series of political addresses under the signa
ture "Republican" (1800), and published several
papers denouncing the alien and sedition laws.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by the College of New Jersey in 1787. He
died in Charleston, S.C, Oct. 29, 1824.
PINCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth, statesman,
was born in Charleston, S.C, Feb. 25, 1746; son
of Judge Charles and Eliza (Lucas) Pinckney.
He attended Westminster school, Eng., in 1753,
and was graduated
from Christ church,
Oxford, studied law
at the Middle Temple
and attended the
Royal Military acad
emy, Caen, France,
until 1769, when he
returned to Charles
ton, S.C. He was
married to a sister
Arthur Middleton,
(q.v.) He was attor
ney-general ; a dele
gate to the first pro
vincial congress in
1775 ; joined the pa
triot army as captain of infantry, and was pro
moted major in December, 1775. He was pre
sent at the defence of Fort Sullivan, June 28,
1776; was promoted colonel, Sept. 16, 1776, and
was appointed aide-de-camp to General Washing
ton, taking part in the battles of Brandywine,
Germantown, and in the expedition to Florida
in 1778. He was a member of the South Carolina
senate in January, 1779, was engaged in the

[272]

defence of Charleston ; commanded the second
column in the assault on Savannah and com
manded Fort Moultrie in the attack on Charles
ton, in April, 1780. When the city was surrend
ered in May, 1780, he was taken prisoner and was
confined for two years. On his exchange, iri
1782, he rejoined the army, was commissioned
brigadier-general in 1783, and returned to the
practice of law in Charleston. He was a member
of the constitutional convention of 1787, and of
the state convention that ratified the constitu
tion in 1790. He declined the portfolios of war
and state, and in 1796 was appointed U.S. minister
to France, but was refused recognition by the
French directory and requested to withdraw. It
was while on this mission that he made the
famous remark, "millions for defence, but not
one cent for tribute." On his return to the
United States he was commissioned major-
general. He was the Federalist candidate for
vice-president of the United States in 1800, and
for president in 1804 and 1808, and was first pre
sident of the board of trustees of South Carolina
college ; president of the Charleston Bible society,
and third president-general of the Society of the
Cincinnati. His name in Class M, Rulers and
Statesmen, received four votes for a place in the
Hall of Fame for Great Americans, New York
university, October, 1900. He died in Charles
ton, S.C, Aug. 16, 1825.
PINCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth, clergyman,
was born in Charleston, S.C, July 31, 1812; son
of Charles Cotesworth and Caroline (Elliott)
Pinckney ; grandson of Maj. -Gen. Thomas (q.v.)
and Elizabeth (Motte) Pinckney. and of William
and Phoebe (Waight) Elliott. He was graduated
valedictorian ffom the College of Charleston, A.B..
1831, A.M., 1834; from the - Virginia theolog
ical seminary, Alexandria, and was admitted to
the diaconate Feb. 15, 1835, and advanced to the
priesthood, Oct. 28, 1836. He was rector of St.
James's, Santee, and Christ church, Greenville,
1835-45; assistant at Grace church, Charleston,
1850-54, and rector 1854-98. In 1899 a tablet was
erected in Grace church to his memory. He was
a member of the board of trustees of the College
of Charleston, his term expiring, 1900, and he re
ceived the degree of LL.D. from that institution
in 1870. He was president of the Historical
Society of South Carolina, and of the Society of
the Cincinnati of the State of South Carolina. He
died at Flat Rock, N.C, Aug. 12, 1898.
PINCKNEY, Thomas, soldier and diplomatist,
was born in Charleston, S.C, Oct. 23, 1750; son
of Chief-Justice Charles and Eliza (Lucas) Pinck
ney, and grandson of Thomas and Mary (Cotes
worth) Pinckney, and of Col. George and Anne
Lucas, and a descendant of Thomas Pinckney,
who came to Charleston, S,C, April, 1692. He

PINGREE

PINKERTON

was sent to England with his brother Charles
Cotesworth, in 1753, and attended Westminster
school and Oxford university. He studied law
in the Temple ;.was admitted to the bar in 1773,
and established himself in practice in Charleston,
SrO, in 1774. He joined the Continental army
on the outbreak of the Revolutionary war and
was commissioned lieutenant in 1775. He served
as aide-de-camp to. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, to
Count D'Estaing, and to Gen. Horatio Gates, and
was engaged in the siege of Savannah ; the attack
upon Stono Ferry, and the battle of Camden, where
he was wounded and taken prisoner. When the
war ended he returned to his law practice in
Charleston. He was elected governor of South
Carolina in 1787, serving two years, and declined
the appointment of US. district judge in 1789.
He was a representative in the state legislature
in 1791 and drafted the act establishing the state
court of equity. He was appointed by President
Washington the first U.S. minister to Great
Britain, 1792-96, and ih 1794 was sent from
London to Spain, to arrange the treaty of St.
Ildefonso by which the United States secured the
free navigation of the Mississippi river. He was
a Federalist candidate for president of the United
States in 1796 and received 59 electoral votes ;
was a representative in the '6th congress, 1799-
1801 ; major-general in command of the 6th
military district, 1812-15, and took part in the
battle of Horseshoe Bend. He retired to private
life and succeeded his brother Gen. Charles
Cotesworth Pinckney as president-general of the
Society of the Cincinnati, serving 1825-29. He
was twice married : first, July 22, 1779, to Eliza
beth, daughter of Jacob and Rebecca (Brewton)
Motte, and secondly, 1797, to her sister, Fanny
Middleton. He left two sons and two daughters.
One daughter married William Lowndes, the
statesman (q.v.) ; the other married Col. Fran
cis Kinloch Huger (q.v.). He died in Charleston,
S.C.,Nov. 2, 1828.
PINGREE, Hazen Smith, governor of Michi
gan, was born in Denmark, Maine, Aug. 30,
1840; son of Jasper and Adeline (Bryant) Pingree,
and a descendant of Moses and Abigail (Clement)
Pingrey, Ipswich, 1641. He
attended public schools, and
was employed in a cotton fac-
Jtory in Saco, Me., and a shoe
1 factory in Hopkinton, Mass.,
1854-62. In 1862 he enlisted as
' a private in the 1st Massachu
setts heavy artillery, and
served with the Army of the Potomac until the
close of the war. He was captured May 25, 1864,
while on the road to Front Royal, Va. , was confined
at Andersonville. Ga., Salisbury, N.C, and Millen,
Ga., May to November 1864, when he was ex

changed, returned to his regiment, and took part
in the expedition to the Weldon railroad and in
the battles of Boydton Road, Petersburg, Sailor's
Creek, Farmville, and Appomattox Court house.
He was hrustered out in August, 1865, returned
to Detroit, Mich., and in December, 1866, estab
lished with 0. H. Smith the firm of Pingree &
Smith, boot and shoe manufacturers, and at the
time of his death the annual output of the busi
ness exceeded $1,000,000. On Feb. 28, 1872, he was
married to Frances A. Gilbert of Mount Clemens,
Mich. He was elected mayor of Detroit, 1889-91-
93 andj)5, serving, 1890-96. He advocated three-
cent street-car fare, and allotted to the poor of
the city vacant lands, on which he encouraged
them to plant and cultivate potatoes. He was
twice elected governor of Michigan by the Repub
lican party, serving 1897-1900. He died in
London, England, June 18, 1901.
PINGREE, Samuel Everett, governor of Ver
mont, was born in Salisbury, N.H., Aug. 2, 1832;
son of Stephen and Judith (True) Pingry ; grand
son of William and Mary (Morrill) Pingree and of
Benjamin True, and a descendant of Moses and
Abigail (Clement) Pingrey. Moses emigrated from
London, England, to America with his brother
Aaron, and settled in Ipswich, Mass., about
1641, where he owned salt works, and was a
deputy of the general court in 1665. Samuel E.
Pingree was graduated at Dartmouth college,
A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860 ; was admitted to the bar
in 1859, and practised in Hartford, Vt., 1859-61.
He enlisted as a private in the 3d Vermont volun
teers . in 1861, shortly afterward reaching the
rank of captain, and was severely wounded at
Lee's Mills, Va. He was promoted major, Sept.
27, 1862 ; lieutenant-colonel Jan. 15, 1863, and
commanded his regiment in the 2d brigade, 2d
division, 6th army corps in the Chancellorsville
campaign. He was mustered out of the service
July 27, 1864, and resumed practice at Hartford,
Vt. He was a delegate to the Republican
national convention of 1868, and state's attorney
for Windsor county, 1868-69. He was married,
Sept. 15, 1869, to Lydia M., daughter of Sanford
and Mary (Hinman) Steele of Stanstead, P.Q.
He was lieutenant-governor of Vermont, 1882-84;
governor, 1884-86 ; and chairman of the state
railway commission from its establishment in
1886 to 1894.
PINKERTON, Allan, detective, was born in
the Gorbals, Glasgow, Scotland, Aug. 25, 1819 ;
son of William Pinkerton, a sergeant of police
in Glasgow. He received a limited education,
and learned the cooper's trade. In 1838 he be
came active in the chartist movement, and in
the troubles which followed fled to Canada in
1842, in the same year settling in Chicago,
111. He removed to Dundee, 111., in 1843, where

[273]

PINKNEY

PINT ARD

he engaged in the cooper's trade, was active in
the Abolition movement, became deputy sheriff
of Kane county, 111., in 1846, and subsequently
of Cook county, returning to Chicago to live.
He organized a detective force for the purpose
of capturing railroad thieves in 1850, which grew
into Pinkerton's National Detective Agency. His
recovery of $40,000 stolen from the Adams ex
press company at ' Montgomery, Ala., .and the
discovery of a plot to assassinate Abraham Lincoln
in 1860, gave him a national reputation. He was
the first special U.S. mail agent for northern
Illinois and Indiana and southern Wisconsin ;
organized the U.S. secret service division of the
army in 1861, and was appointed its chief by
President Lincoln, and subsequently organized
and served as chief of the secret service, depart
ment of the Gulf. He established an office in
New York city in 1865, and another in Phila
delphia in 1866, and in the course of his work
recovered vast sums of stolen money for banks
and corporations. He was married in 1842 to
Joan Carfral of Edinburgh, Scotland. Their
sons William A. and Robert A. Pinkerton were
taken into the business when quite young, and
at their father's death became his successors,
and increased the agency by establishing offices
in Boston, Denver, St. Paul, and Kansas City.
Allan Pinkerton is the author of : The Molly
Maguires and the Detectives (1877) ; Criminal
Reminiscences (1878); The Spy of the Rebellion
(1883) ; Thirty Years a Detective (1884) ; and
numerous detective stories published in periodi
cals. He die.l in Chicago, 111., July 1, 1884.
PINKNEY, William, statesman, was born in
Annapolis, Md., March 17, 1764. During the
Revolution his sympathies were with the patriot
cause, notwithstanding the fact that his father
was a staunch loyal
ist. He studied with
a private tutor and
read law under Judge
Samuel Chase of
Baltimore, being ad
mitted to the bar in
1786. He began prac
tice in Harford
county, Md.; was a
member of the state
convention that rati
fied the constitution
in 1788 ; a representa
tive in the house of
delegates, 1788-92; a
member of Governor
Lee's council, 1792-94, and in 1796 was appointed
a U.S. commissioner, under the Jay treaty,
to determine the losses of the American mer
chants, and to negotiate with England for a

ill§3lis,iii

1.274]

settlement. In 1804 he resumed his law prac
tice in Baltimore ; was attorney -general of Mary^
land, 1805-06; an envoy extraordinary to Eng
land to treat with the British government
respecting the violation of the neutrality law,
and in 1807 succeeded James Monroe as minister-
plenipotentiary to the court of St. James. He
returned to Baltimore in 1811 ; was a member of
the state senate, and attorney -general of the
United States, 1812-14. He favored the war of
1812, and commanded a battalion of riflemen at.
the battle of Bladensburg, where he was wound
ed. He was a representative in the 14th con
gress, 1815-16, resigning to accept the office of'
minister to Russia and special envoy to Naples,
where he served, 1816-18. He was chosen to the-
U.S. senate to fill the unexpired term of Alex
ander C. Hanson, who died April 23, 1819, and was.
re-elected in 1821 for the full term expiring March
3, 1827, and was succeeded by Samuel Smith.
He died in Washington, D.C, Feb. 25, 1822.
PINKNEY, William, fifth Bishop of Maryland.
and 97th in succession in the American episco
pate, was born in Annapolis, Md., April 17, 1810.
He was graduated from St. John's college, Annap
olis, Md., in 1827 ; was admitted to the diaconate-
in Christ Church, Cambridge, Md., April 12, 1835,
and advanced to the priesthood at All Saints',
Frederick, Md., by Bishop William Murray Stone.
He was pastor of the Somerset (Md.) parish, of
St. Matthew's church, Bladensburg, Md., and of
the church of the Ascension, Washington, D.C,
He was elected assistant bishop of Maryland in
1870, and was consecrated in the Chui'ch of the-
Epiphany, Washington, D.C, Oct. 6, 1870, by
Bishops Smith, Johns and Atkinson, assisted by.
Bishops Odenheimer, Lay, Stevens, Quintard
and Kerfoot. On the death of Bishop William
Rollinson Whittingham, Oct. 17, 1879, he suc
ceeded as fifth bishop of Maryland. The honorary
degree of D.D. was conferred on him by St.
John's college in 1855, and that of LL.D. by
Columbian university, Washington, D.C, and
by William and Mary college, in 1873. He is the
author of : Life of William Pinkney 1764-1822-
(1853): Memoir of John H. Alexander, LL.D. (1867).
He died in Cockeysville, Md., July 4, 1883.
PINTARD, John, philanthropist, was born in
New York city, May 18, 1759 ; son of John aiid
Mary (Cannon) Pintard ; grandson of John and.
Catherine (Carre) Pintard and of John Cannon
(father of Le Grand Cannon of Canada), and great
grandson of Anthony Pintard, a Huguenot, who
settled at Shrewsbury in 1786, where he was a
merchant and a justice of the peace. Both his
grandfathers were prominent merchants. On
the death of his parents in 1760, John Pintard
was adopted by his uncle, Louis Pintard: a New
York merchant. He was prepared for college at.

PINTARD

PISE

Hempstead, L.I. , and was graduated at the Col
lege of New Jersey, A.B., 1776, A.M., 1779. He
volunteered for service in the Revolution in 1776,
entering the army at the time of the British
occupation of New York city ; was sent on
various expeditions to harass the British ; was
deputy commissary for the prisoners in New
York city under his uncle, serving' until 1781,
and in 1782 became a clerk in his uncle's count
ing room. He was for some time employed by
the government as a French translator. He was
married Nov. 12, 1784, to Eliza, daughter of Col.
Abraham and Helena (Kortright) Brasher of
Paramus, N.J. Col. Abraham Brasher was a
member of the first provincial convention that
met in New York in 1775 to choose delegates to
represent the colony of New York in the Con
tinental congress. Mr. Pintard engaged in the
East India trade on his own account in 1785; was an
alderman in 1788 ; represented the city in the state
assembly in 1790, and in 1791 was a commissioner
to erect bridges over the Hackensack and Passaic
rivers and also to survey the country between Jer
sey City and Newark. He lost his entire property in
£792, by indorsing for William Duer, associated
with Hamilton in the plan to fund the national
debt, and removed to Newark, N. J., where he was
confined for a time in jail for Duer's debts. He
established a museum in 1791, in connection with
the Tammany society, originally a historical and
antiquarian organization, of which he was the
founder and first sachem, and which formed the
nucleus of Barnum's American museum. He
returned to New York city in 1800, and engaged
in the book trade and auction business. In the
winter of 1801 he went to New Orleans, La.,
where he gathered valuable statistics relating to
the territory which contributed to its purchase.
He edited the Daily Advertiser,- 1802 : was clerk
to the corporation of New York city, and city in
spector, 1804-09 ; secretary of the Mutual Insu
rance company, 1809-29, 'and a director of the
same, 1829-44. He signed all the paper notes of
small denomination during the scarcity of change
in 1812 ; was secretary of the New York Chamber
of Commerce, 1817-27 ; in 1819 originated the
first savings bank that was established in New
York city, and served as its president, 1823-41,
when he became blind, and resigned. He was
the founder of the New York Historical society
in 1804, and served as its recording secretary and
librarian ; was among the first in 1805 to agitate
the " free school system," and was influential in
securing the construction of the Erie canal. He
was a founder, secretary and vice-president of
the American Bible society, and was manager of
the then popular lotteries in New York city.
His plan for a system of avenues and streets was
adopted by the common council for upper New

York. He was a vestryman of the Huguenot
church, New York city, 1810-44 ; treasurer of
Sailors' Snug Harbor, 1819-23, and a principal
supporter of the General Theological seminary,

[275]

<j£AjeralTheolo<;i<al 5eaviaiary-VV.V.-
which he was instrumental in removing to New-
York city from New Haven. Pintard Hall, one
of the dormitories of the seminary, was erected
in his honor in 1885. He received the degree
LL.D. from Allegheny college in 1822. His pub
lished works include : An Account of New Orleans,
in the New York Medical Repository; Notice of
Philip Freneau in the New York Mirror (1833),
and a French translation of the Book of Common
Prayer. He died in New York city, June 21, 1844..
PISE, Charles Constantine, R. C clergyman
and author, was born in Annapolis, Md., Nov..
22, 1802. He was graduated at Georgetown col
lege, D.C, and went to Rome to complete his
theological studies, but his father's death recalled
him to America, and he was graduated at Mount
St. Mary's seminary, Emmittsburg, Md., teach
ing rhetoric and belles lettres while pursuing his
studies. He was ordained priest in 1825, and
served the church at Frederick, Md., and in the
cathedral at Baltimore. Whileat Rome several
years after he received the degree D.D., and was
made a Knight of the Holy Roman Empire in
recognition of his literary work in the United
States. He served in St. Patrick's church,.
Washington, D.C, and as chaplain of the U.S.
senate, being the only Roman Catholic to hold.
that office, up to 1903. He declined a professor
ship in Transylvania university obtained for him
by Henry Clay, who was his personal friend.
Bishop Dubois induced him to come to New York,
where he was connected with St. Patrick's, St.
Joseph's and St. Peter's churches, and about
1849 founded the Church of St. Charles Borromeo,
Brooklyn, N.Y., where he remained till his death.
He was associate editor of the Catholic Exposi
tor ; editor of the Metropolitan, and translated
The Catholic Bride from the Italian (1848). He
is the author of: Father Rowland (1829); Indian
Cottage (1829) ; History of the Church from its
Establishment to the Reformation (5 vols., 1830);
The Pleasures of Religion and other Poems (1833) ;-,

PITCHER

PITKIN

Horae Vagabundce (1843); Alethia or Letters on
the Truth ofthe Catholic Doctrines (1843); The
Acts of the Apostles, a poem (1845); Zenosius, or
the Pilgrim Convert (1845) ; Letters to Ada ; Lives
of St. Ignatius and his First Companions (1845) ;
Notes on a Protestant Catechism, and Chris
tianity and the Church (1850). He died in
Brooklyn, N.Y., May 26, 1S66.
PITCHER, Molly. See McCauley, Mary.
PITCHER, Nathaniel, governor of New York,
was born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1777. He re
moved to Sandy Hill, N.Y., in early life ; rep
resented Washington county in the state assem
bly in 1806 and 1815-17, and was a delegate to the
state constitutional convention of 1821. He was
a Democratic representative in the 16th, 17th and
23d congresses, 1819-23 and 1831-33 ; lieutenant-
governor of New York, 1826-28, and acting gov
ernor of New York, after the death of Governor
Clinton, from February, 1828, to January, 1829.
He died at Sandy Hill, N.Y., May 25, 1836.
PITCHER, Thomas Gamble, soldier, was born
in Rockport, Ind., Oct. 23, 1824; son of Judge
John Pitcher of Watertown, Conn., who settled
in Indiana in 1820. He was graduated at the
U.S. Military academy and assigned to the 5th
infantry July 1, 1845. He served in Texas, 1845-
46 : was promoted 2d lieutenant in the 8th in
fantry, Sept. 21, 1846 ; served in the Mexican war
in the battles leading up to and including the
assault and capture of the city of Mexico, 1846-47 ;
and was brevetted 1st lieutenant Aug. 20, 1847, for
conduct at Contrerasand Churubusco. He served
in garrison at Jefferson barracks, Mo., as quarter
master and adjutant, 1848-54 ; was promoted 1st
lieutenant June 26, 1849 ; was quartermaster,
1854-57, and served in Texas, 1849-60. He was
promoted captain Oct. 19, 1858 ; reported at
Washington in 1861, and served in the defence of
Harper's Ferry, Va., in June, 1862. He was
severely wounded at Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9,
1862, was brevetted major for gallant and merito
rious conduct in that battle, and was on sick leave
till January, 1863, having been appointed brig
adier-general of U.S. volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862.
He served on commissary and provost • duty in
New York and Vermont,- 1863-64, aiid was pro
moted major and transferred to the 16th infantry
Sept. 19, 1863, and was assistant to the provost
marshal general in Indiana, 1864-66. He was
brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel March
13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services dur
ing the war, and brigadier-general of the U.S.
army, for gallant and meritorious services in the
field during the war. He was mustered out of
the volunteer service April 30, 1866 ; was promo
ted colonel and transferred to the 44th infantry
July 28, 1866 ; was superintendent of the U.S.
Military academy 1866-70 ; transferred to the 1st

[276]

infantry Dec. 15, 1870 ; and was governor of the
Soldiers' Home, near Washington, D.C, 1870-77.
He served on court martial duty at Omaha, Neb.,
in 1878 ; and was retired from active service June
28, 1878, for disability contracted in the line of
duty, and was superintendent of the New York
State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, 1880-87. He
died at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, Oct. -21, 1895.
PITKIN, Frederick Walker, governor of Col
orado, was born in Manchester, Conn., Aug. 31,
1837 ; son of Eli and Hannah M. (Torrey) Pitkin ;
grandson of Eleazur and Mehitabel (Cone) Pitkin,
and a descendant of William and Hannah (Good
win) Pitkin. William Pitkin came from London,
England, to Hartford, Conn., in 1659, where
he was a school teacher, and also attorney
general, treasurer of the colony, and member of
the Colonial assembly and council. Frederick W.
Pitkin was graduated at Wesleyan university,
Conn., in 1858, and at the Albany law school in
1859, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He
was married to Fidelia M., daughter of John
James of Lockport, N.Y., and in 1860 settled in
practice in Milwaukee, Wis. He visited Europe,
spent the winter of 1873 in Florida in quest of
health, and from 1874 to 1878 camped in the moun
tains of southern Colorado, and engaged in
mining. He began practice in Denver, Col., in
1877 ; was Republican governor of Colorado for
two terms, 1878-82, and during his administration
quelled the uprising of the Ute Indians at White
river, and the riots of the miners at Leadville.
He was defeated as candidate for the U.S. senate
in 1883. The county and town of Pitkin, Col.,
were named in his honor. He died in Pueblo,
Col., Dec. 18, 1886.
PITKIN, Timothy, representative, was born in
Farmington, Conn., Jan. 20, 1766; son of the
Rev. Timothy and Temperance (Clap) Pitkin ;
grandson of William and Mary (Woodbridge)
Pitkin, and of the Rev. Thomas (q.v.) and Mary
Whiting Clap, and a descendant of William and
Hannah (Goodwin) Pitkin. He was graduated
at Yale, A.B., 1785, A.M., 1788, and during his
college course made a specialty of mathematics,
natural philosophy, and astronomy, and calcu
lated and projected all the eclipses, 1785-1800.
He studied law under Oliver Wolcott, was ad
mitted to the bar in 1788, and settled in practice
in Farmington. He was married to Elizabeth,
daughter of the Rev. Bela Hubbard, D.D., of
New Haven. Conn. He represented Farmington
in the Connecticut assembly almost continuously
1790-1805, and was speaker of the house for five
successive sessions. He was a Federalist represen
tative from Connecticut in the 9th-15th con
gresses, 1805-19, and in congress was frequently
appealed to on questions involving political his
tory. He received the degree LL.D. from Yale

PITKIN

PITTENGER

in 1829. He is the author of : Statistical View of
Commerce of the United States of America (1816,
3d ed. 1835) ; A Political and Civil History of the
United States of America from the Year 1763 to
the Close of Washington's Administration (2 vols.,
1828), of which he left a continuation in MS.,
bringing it down to tlie close of his public career.
He died in New Haven, Conn., Dec. 18, 1847.
PITKIN, William, governor of Connecticut,
was born in Hartford, Conn., April SO, 1694 ; son
of William (1664-1723) and Elizabeth (Stahley)
Pitkin, grandson of William (1635-1694) and
Hannah (Goodwin) Pitkin, and of Capt. Caleb
and Hannah (Cowles) Stanley. His father, a
noted jurist, prepared him for the law, and in
1715 he became town collector. He was married
to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Timothy and
Mabel (Wyllys) Woodbridge of
Hartford, Conn. He represented
Hartford in the colonial assem
bly, 1728-34, serving as speaker
in 1732 ; was captain in the colo
nial militia in 1730 and colonel
in 1739 ; was a member of the
colonial council, 1734 ; judge of
the county court, 1735-41 ; judge of the superior
court,. 1741-54 ; and chief justice, 1754-66 ; lieu
tenant-governor of Connecticut, 1754-66 ; and a
delegate to the Albany convention of June 19,
1754, where he was chosen a member of the com
mittee to prepare a plan of colonial union. He
was the first to resist the " stamp act," 1765, re
fusing with Governor Fitch and the members of
his council to take the oath to support it. He
was governor of Connecticut, 1766-69, defeating
Governor Fitch by a majority so great that the
votes were not counted. Jonathan Trumbull was
at the same time elected lieutenant-governor,
and succeeded to the governorship. Governor
Pitkin died in East Hartford, Conn., Oct. 1, 1769.
PITKIN, William, jurist, was born in Hart
ford, Conn., in 1725 ; son of Governor William
and Mary (Woodbridge) Pitkin. He was edu
cated for the law, and in 1758 was appointed
major of the Connecticut forces, raised for the
expedition against Canada, and served through
the campaign under General Abercrombie. He
was married to Abigail, daughter of James and
Abigail (Stanley) Church. He was appointed
colonel of militia in 1762, was a member of the
Connecticut council, 1766-85, and a member of
the council of safety, 1775-84. He was judge of
the state superior court for nineteen years, judge
of the supreme court, 1784-89, and chief justice
in 1789, and was a delegate to the convention
that ratified the constitution of the United
States in 1788, and signed the instrument. He
began to manufacture gunpowder for the Revo
lutionary war in 1775, in the mills owned by his

father and uncle, where the iron industries had
been prohibited by the British in 1750. He died
in Hartford, Conn., Dec. 12. 1789.
PITMAN, Benn, educator and author, was
born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England, July
24, 1822 ; son of Samuel and Marian Pitman.
He was educated in Trowbridge, and in 1837 as
sisted his brother, afterward Sir Isaac Pitman, in
perfecting his system
of phonography. He
taught in his brother's
academy; lectured on
the system through
out Great Britain,
1843-52, and helped to
compile the English
text books. He was
married in England
in 1849, to Jane, sister
of William Bragg, of
the Sheffield Atlas
Steel works, the first
to develop the Besse
mer process of con
verting iron into
steel ; and secondly, in 1882, to Adelaide, daugh
ter of Caleb B. Nourse of Cincinnati, Ohio. He
came to the United States at the request of his
brother in 1853, and lectured and taught phono
graphy first in Philadelphia, Pa., and then in Day
ton, Ohio, and finally located in Cincinnati, where
he established the Phonographic institute, and
became its president. He invented the electro-
process of relief engraving in 1855, for which he
was awarded a silver medal by the Cincinnati
Mechanics Institute in 1857, and in 1867, in con
nection with Dr. J. B. Burns, succeeded in pro
ducing relief stereotype plates by the photo-gela
tine process. He served in the ranks during the
early part of the civil war, and afterward as mili
tary recorder of state trials. He lectured on art
and taught artistic wood carving in the Cincin
nati art academy, 1873-92. He edited and com
piled the printed reports of the state trials which
he reported, and is the author of : The Reporter's
Companion (1854) ; Manual of Phonography
(1855) ; Phonographic Teacher (1857) ; History
of Shorthand ( 1858) ; A Plea for American Deco
rative Art (1895); a Phonographic Dictionary,
with Jerome B. Howard (1901) ; and Sir Isaac
Pitman's Life and Labors (1902).
PITTENGER, William, author, was born in
Knoxville, Ohio, Jan. 31, 1840, son of Thomas
and Mary (Mills) Pittenger, and a grandson of
William Pittenger and of Robert and Margaret
(Stuart) Mills. He attended a scientific school
in Princeton, N.J., 1875-76, and the school of
elocution and oratory in Philadelphia, 1877-78.
In April, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the 2d

[2771

PITZER

PLAISTED

Ohio volunteers ; took part in the battle of Bull
Run ; re-enlisted for three years in July, 1861,
and in the Andrews railroad raid, which began
on April 7, 1862, was captured, and escaped ex
ecution through the unexpected advance of the
Federal troops, but was imprisoned, escaped and
was recaptured and exchanged, March 18, 1863.
He received one of the first medals of honor
given to United States soldiers, April, 1863 ; was
promoted lieutenant, and served with his regiment
until ill-health forced him to resign in August,
1863. He was married, May 17, 1864, to Winnie
C Osborne, of New Brighton, Pa., and in that
year entered the Pittsburg conference of the
Methodist Episcopal church, where he remained
until 1870. He was then transferred to the New
Jersey conference where he labored until 1889,
when he was appointed to the California con
ference. He was professor in the National
school of elocution and oratory, Philadelphia,
1878-89, and is the author of : Daring and Suffer
ing, a History of the Great Railroad Adventurers
(1863, enl. , ed. , 1887) ; Oratory, Sacred and Secular
(1867); Capturing a Locomotive (1881); The Ex
tempore Speaker (1886); Interwoven Gospels (1887);
The Great Locomotive Chase (1889); The Debater's
Treasury (1891); Toasts (1894). He was still
laboring in Burbank, Cal., in 1903.
PITZER, Alexander White, author and clergy
man, was born in Salem, Va., Sept. 14, 1834;
son of Bernard and Frances L. (White) Pitzer ;
grandson of Bernard and Jane (Kyle) Pitzer and
of Samuel and Frances (Penn) White, and a
descendant of William Penn. He attended the
Virginia Collegiate institution ; was graduated at
Hampden-Sidney college in 1854 ; attended the
Union Theological seminary of Virginia, 1854-55,
and was graduated at Danville Theological semin
ary, Ky., in 1857. He was licensed to preach
Sept. 5, 1856, by the presbytery of Montgomery ;
ordained pastor by the presbytery of Highland,
Kansas, April 5, 1858 ; was pastor of the 1st
Presbyterian church, Leavenworth, Kan., 1858-
61, and preached in Sparta and Mount Zion, Ga.,
and at Cave Spring and - Liberty, Va., 1865-68.
He engaged in evangelical work in Washington,
D.C, in 1868, and in that year organized the
Central Presbyterian church there, and became
its pastor. He was stated clerk of the presbytery
of Chesapeake from 1872 ; president of the
Washington City Bible society from 1873, and
professor of biblical theology in Howard uni
versity, Washington, D.C, 1876-90. He was a
trustee of Hampden-Sidney college, Va., from
1865 ; a member of the legislative commission of
the American Sabbath Union ; a member of the
Prophetic convention in New York city in 1878,
where he assisted in drafting and reported the
doctrinal testimony adopted by the conference ;

president of the Evangelical Alliance at Wash
ington, D.C, from 1886, and a delegate to the
World's Missionary Conference in London in
1888. He was a member of the Toronto council
of the General Presbyterian Alliance ; a member
of the permanent commission of the western
section of the Presbyterian Alliance ; a commis
sioner on foreign missions and Sabbath-schools,
and introduced the resolutions in the general
assembly at Atlanta, Ga., in 1882, to establish the
fraternity of the northern and southern divisions
of the church. He received the honorary degree
D.D. from Arkansas college in 1876, and that of
LL.D. from Howard university, Washington,
D.C, in 1902. He is the author of: Ecce Deus
Homo (1886); Christ the Teacher of Men (1877);
The New Life (1878) ; Shall God's Houses of Wor
ship be Taxed 9 Confidence in Christ (1888);
Manifold Ministry of the Holy Spirit (1894);
Predestination (1898), and contributions to denom
inational literature.
PLAISTED, Harris Merrill, governor of Maine,
was born in Jefferson, N.H., Nov. 2, 1828 ; son of
Deacon William and Nancy (Merrill) Plaisted,
grandson of Judge Samuel Plaisted, and a des
cendant of Capt. Roger Plaisted, who with his
two sons were slain at Kittery by the Indians, in
King Philip's war. He attended the district
school until 1845 ; taught school, 1845-47, and was
graduated from Waterville college in 1853.
While at college, he was principal of the Water
ville Liberal institute, and was superintendent
of schools for three years.
He was graduated with hon
ors from the Albany Law
school in 1855 ; began practice ,
in Bangor in 1856; was a mem
ber of the governor's staff,
1858-61, and in August, 1861
enlisted in the llth Maine vol
unteers. He was commissioned lieutenant-col
onel, Oct. 30, 1861, and colonel, May 12, 1862 ; com
manded his regiment in the Peninsular campaign
of 1862 ; engaged in the siege of Yorktown, -the
battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and the seven
days' battles, and commanded the 3d brigade, 1st
division, 10th army corps, in the siege of Charles
ton, S.C, in 1863, and in Grant's campaign of
1864-65 against Richmond and Petersburg, Va.
He was brevetted brigadier-general of volun
teers, in February, 1865, and major-general of
volunteers, March 13, 1865, for "gallant and
meritorious conduct in the field." He returned
to his law practice in Bangor in May, 1865 ; was a
representative in the state legislature, 1867-68,
and was delegate-at-large to the Democratic
national convention of 1868. He served as at
torney-general of Maine, 1873-76 ; was a repre
sentative in the 44th congress, 1875-77, and in
[278]

PLANTZ

PLATT

1880 he was elected governor of the state of
Maine for a two-years term by the fusion of the
Democrats and Greenbackers. He was the
Democratic candidate for U.S. senator in
1883 and 1889. He was twice married, first,
Sept. 21, 1858, to Sarah, daughter of Chase P.
Mason of Waterville, Maine, and secondly, Sept.
27, 1881, to Mable True, daughter of Francis W.
Hill of Exeter. He became editor of The New Age
at Augusta, Maine, in 1883. He died in Bangor,
Maine, Jan. 31, 1898.
PLANTZ, Samuel, educator, was born in
Johnstown, N.Y., June 13, 1859 ; son of James
and Elsie Ann (Stoller) Plantz, and grandson of
Peter and Elizabeth Plantz and of Michael and
Mary (Quilheart) Stoller. He attended the com
mon schools of Emerald Grove, Wis., and Milton
college, Wis., was graduated from Lawrence uni
versity, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1883, from Boston uni
versity, S.T.B., 1883, and was a student at Berlin
university, Germany, 1890-91. He was pastor of
Methodist churches in Detroit, Mich., 1885-92,
and was elect
ed president of
Lawrence uni
versity, Apple-
ton, Wis., in
1894. He was
married, Sept.
16, 1895, to
Myra A.,
LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY. 9 daUghtei' Of
the Rev. T. A. Goodwin of Indianapolis, Ind. He
became a member of the Victoria Institute, Lon-
¦don, 1896 ; the American Academy of Social and
Political Science in 1895 ; and the Wisconsin
Academy of Science in 1895. The degree of Ph.D.
was conferred on him in curso by the School of
All Sciences in 1887, and the honorary degree of
D.D. by Albion college in 1894. He contributed
articles to leading theological and philosophical
periodicals. PLATER, George, governor of Maryland, was
born near Leonardtown, St. Mary's county, Md.,
Nov. 8, 1735 ; son of Col. George and Rebecca
(Addison) Bowles Plater. His father was a
member of the state council for many years ;
naval officer of the Patuxent, and secretary of
the province. He was graduated from the Col
lege of William and Mary in 1753, was admitted
to the bar and became prominent in the pre-
revolutionary discussions. He was twice mar
ried, first, to Hannah, daughter of the Hon.
Richard Lee, who died in 1763, and secondly, July
19, 1764, to Elizabeth, daughter of John and
Ann (Frisby) Rousby. He was a member of
the convention at Annapolis, May 8, 1776,
which requested Governor Eden to relinquish his
-office ; was made a member of the council of

safety, May 26, 1776 ; of the Annapolis conven
tion of August 14, 1776, and of the committee
" to prepare a declaration and charter of rights
and a form of government for Maryland," Aug.
17, 1776. He was a delegate to the Continental
congress, 1778-81, was president of the state con
vention that voted to adopt the Federal constitu
tion, 1788. He was governor of Maryland, 1781-94,
succeeding John Eager Howard. During his
administration the District of Columbia was
ceded for the national seat of government. He
was succeeded by John Hoskins Stone. He died
in Annapolis, Md., Feb. 10, 1792.
PLATNER, Samuel Ball, philologist, was born
at Unionville, Conn., Dec. 4, 1863; son of Wil
liam and Emily Childs (Ball) Platner ; grandson
of Samuel and Experience (Howland) Ball, and of
Samuel Ten Broeck and Elizabeth Gillette (Noyes)
Platner, and a descendant of John Howland of
the Mayflower. He removed with his parents to
Newark, N.J., in 1866, attended the Newark
academy and was graduated from Yale, A.B.,
1883; Ph.D., 1885. He was a graduate student in
Sanskrit, Latin and Greek, 1883-85, and was in
structor in Latin and French at Adelbert college
of Western Reserve university, 1885-90. ; assistant
professor of Latin and instructor in Sanskrit,
1890-92, and was elected professor of Latin in
1892. He was married, June 29, 1892, tp Leonora,
daughter of Charles Henry Sayre of Utica, N.Y.
He was president of the American Philological
association, 1900-1901 ; secretary of the manag
ing committee of the American School of Classi
cal Studies in Rome, 1900, and professor in that
school, 1899-1900. He edited " Greek and Roman
Versification " (translated from the German of
Lucian Muller, 1892) , and ' ' Selected Letters of the
Younger Pliny " (1894), and contributed various
articles to the American Journal of Philology, the
Classical Review and the American Historical
Review. PLATT, Charles Adams, artist, was born in
New York city, Oct. 16, 1861 ; son of John H. and
Mary (Cheney) Piatt. He studied in New York
at the Art League and the National Academy of
Design, 1878-80, and in Paris under Boulanger
and Lefebvre. He established a studio in New
York city, and was elected a member of the
Society of American Artists, and an associate of
the National Academy of Design. He was
awarded the Webb prize, offered by the Society
of American Artists, in 1894. He gave much at
tention to etching, and exhibited paintings in oil
and water colors in the Paris Salon, the National
Academy and the American Water Color society.
He began the practice of architecture and land
scape architecture in 1892. Among the note
worthy gardens planned by him are those of
Charles F. Sprague (1894) and Larz Anderson

[279]

PLATT

PLATT

(1902), in Brookline, Mass. His architectural
works include Maxwell public library, Rockville,
Conn., and Richmond Beach Park. Staten Island,
N.Y. His paintings include : Interior of Fish-
Houses ; Fishing Boats ; Provincial Fishing Vil
lage (1882) ; Old Houses near Bruges (1883) ; Deven-
ter, Holland (1885); Quay des Orfrevres, Paris
(1886); Dieppe (1888).
PLATT, Jonas, jurisCwas born in Pough
keepsie, N.Y., June 30, 1769 ; son of Judge Zeph-
aniah Piatt (q.v.). He began the practice of law
in 1790, removing to Whitesboro, N.Y.,in 1791.
He served in the state assembly, 1796 ; was arep-
resentative in the 6th congress, 1799-1801 ; was
the defeated candidate for governor of the state
against Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, 1810 ; a state
senator, 1810-13 ; a member of the council, 1813,
and justice of the supreme court of the state of
New York, 1814-23. He engaged in the practice
of law in Utica, N.Y., and in New York city,
1823-33, and died in Peru, N.Y., Feb. 22, 1834.
PLATT, Orville Hjtchcock, senator, was born
in Washington, Conn., July 19, 1827; son of
Daniel G. and Almira (Hitchcock) Piatt ; grand
son of John Piatt, and a descendant of Richard
Piatt, who came to America in 1638 with the
original settlers of
New Haven. He was
educated in the cele
brated Gunn acad
emy at Washington ;
studied law at Litch
field ; was admitted
to the bar in 1849, and
practised in Philadel
phia, Pa., 1849-57,
and in Meriden,
Conn., after 1851. -He
was clerk of the Con
necticut senate. 1855-
56 ; secretary of state,
1857 ; member of the
state senate, 1861-62,
and representative in the state legislature in
1864 and 1869, serving as speaker the latter year.
He was state attorney for New Haven county,
Conn., 1877-79, and was elected a Republican
U.S. senator, succeeding William H. Barnum,
in 1879, being re-elected in 1885, 1891, 1897 and
1903, his fifth term expiring March 3, 1909.
He was chairman of the committee on relations
with Cuba, and a member of the committees on
finance, Indian affairs, judiciary, private land
claims and patents and of the select committee
on the five civilized tribes of Indians in the 56th
congress. He received the degree LL.D. from
Yale in 1887. He was married, May 15, 1850, to
Annie B., daughter of James P. and Ann Bull
of Towanda, Penn., who died, Nov. 17, 1894; and

&. /A 7&

secondly, April 29, 1897, to Jeannie P. Hoyt,
widow of George A. Hoyt of Stamford, Conn.,
and daughter of Truman Smith, U.S. senator
(q.v.). PLATT, Thomas Collier, senator, was born in
Owego, N.Y., July 15, 1833 ; son of William and
Lesbia (Hinchman) Piatt ; grandson of Maj.
Jonathan Piatt, who removed from Bedford,
Westchester county, to Nichols, Tioga county,
with his father, Jonathan Piatt, in 1793. He pre
pared for college in Owego academy, and at
tended Yale, 1849-50, but was compelled to leave,
owing to ill health, and engaged in mercantile
pursuits. He was married, Dec. 12, 1852, to Ellen
Lucy, daughter of Charles R. Barstow of Owego,
N.Y. He was president of the Tioga National
bank ; was interested in the lumber business in
Michigan, and conducted agricultural implement
works at Owego. He was clerk of Tioga county,
1859-61 ; was active in recruiting troops and in
providing for the families of soldiers during the
civil war, and was a Republican representative
from the 28th New York district in the 43d and
44th congresses, 1873-77. He was elected general
manager and president of the U.S. Express com
pany at New York city in 1879, and served as
president of the board of quarantine commission
ers, 1883-88, being removed on account of his
alleged non-residence in New York city. He was
elected to the U.S. senate, Jan 18, 1881, for the
term expiring March 3, 1887, and served until May,
1881, when he resigned with his colleague, Roscoe
Conkling, on account of a disagreement with
President Garfield, and was succeeded by War
ner Miller. He was defeated as a senatorial can
didate in the legislative caucus of 1887 by Frank
Hiscock, but was elected, Jan. 20, 1897, to succeed
Senator David B. Hill, receiving 147 votes to 42 for
Hill and 4 for Henry George, and was re-elected
by the legislature in 1903, his term expiring March
3, 1909. He became an acknowledged leader of
his party in state and national politics, being a del
egate to the successive Republican national con
ventions, chairman of the Republican state con
vention, and a member of the New York Repub
lican state committee and of the executive com
mittee of the Republican national committee.
He received the honorary degree A.M. from Yale
in 1876.
PLATT, William Henry, clergyman and
author, was born in Amenia, Duchess county,
N.Y., April 16, 1821. He was admitted to the
bar in 1840, and practised in Alabama until 1844,
when he began his preparation for holy orders.
He was admitted to the diaconate in 1851 , and
advanced to the priesthood in 1852 ; was rector;
of St. Paul's, Selma, Ala.; Grace church, Peters
burg, Va. ; at Louisville, Ky. ; San Francisco,
Cal. , and of St. Paul's church in Rochester, N. Y..

[280]

PLATT

PLEASANTON

He resided in the missionary jurisdiction of
Olympia after 1892. He received the degree
D.D. in 1878, and LL.D. later, from the College
of William and Mary. He is the author of : Art
Culture (1873) ; Influence of Religion in the De
velopment of Jurisprudence (1877) ; After Death,
what 9 (1878) ; Unity of Law or Legal Morality
(1879) ; God out and Man in, a reply to Robert
G. Ingersoll (1883). He died in Petersburg, Va.,
Dec. 18, 1898.
PLATT, Zephaniah, delegate, was born in
Duchess county, N.Y., in 1740. He was ad
mitted to the bar; practised in his native county;
was a delegate from New York to the Continental
congress, 1784-86 ; judge of the circuit court of
New York for several years ; an originator of the
Erie canal, and the founder of Plattsburg, N.Y.,
where he died, Sept. 12, 1807.
PLATT, Zephaniah, jurist, was born in Platts
burg, N.Y., in 1796 ; son of Judge Zephaniah
Piatt (q.v.) He removed to Michigan territory,
where he practised law and was U.S. attorney to
settle claims on the Pacific coast. He was
attorney-general of Michigan, 1841-43, and sub
sequently attained high rank at the bar. He
removed to Aiken, S.C, in 1866, and served as
judge of the 2d circuit, 1868-71. He died in
Aiken, S.C, April 20, 1871.
PLEASANTON, Alfred, soldier, was born in
Washington, D.C, June 7, 1824. He was gradu
ated from the U.S. Military academy in 1844,
and assigned to the 1st dragoons. He served on
frontier duty, 1844-46 ; was promoted 2d lieu
tenant of 2d dragoons, Nov. 3, 1845 ; served in
the war with Mexico, 1846-48 ; was brevetted 1st
lieutenant, May 9, 1846, for gallantry at Palo Alto
and Resaca de la Palma, and was on frontier
duty in New Mexico, 1848-52. He was promoted
1st lieutenant, Sept. 30, 1849 ; was engaged in
scouting and Indian skirmishes in New Mexico
and Texas, 1852-56 ; was promoted captain, March
3, 1855 ; was acting assistant adjutant-general
of the department of Florida, 1855-57 ; was en
gaged in quelling the Kansas disturbances, 1857-
58, and was acting assistant adjutant-general of
the department of Oregon, 1858-60. He com
manded a regiment in the department of Utah,
June-Aug., 1861, which he marched to Washing
ton, and was transferred to the 2d cavalry, Aug.
3, 1861, and was engaged in the defences of
Washington, D.C. He was promoted major,
Feb. 15, 1862, and served in the siege of York-
town and vin the seven days' battle before Rich
mond. He was commissioned brigadier-general,
U.S. volunteers, July 16, 1862, and commanded
the advance cavalry division of the Army of the
Potomac in the Maryland campaign, Sept. 8 to
Nov. 18, 1862. He was brevetted lieutenant-
colonel, U.S.A., Sept. 17, 1862, for services at

[281]

Antietam ; was in the Rappahannock cam
paign, Dec, 1862-June, 1863; commanded the
cavalry corps, Army of the Potomac, in the
Pennsylvania campaign, June-July, 1863 ; was
engaged in the battles at Culpeper CH. and
Brandy Station, Va., and was transferred to the
department of Missouri, March 23, 1864, where he
was engaged in the defence of Jefferson City,
Oct. 8, 1864, and in command of cavalry in pur
suit of Gen. Sterling Price, routing him near the
Marais des Cygnes river, Kan., Oct. 25, 1864. He
was promoted major-general, U.S. volunteers,
June 22, 1863, and brevetted colonel, U.S.A., July
2, 1863, for services at Gettysburg ; brigadier-
general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, " for gallant and
meritorious services during the campaign against
the Confederate forces under General Price in
Missouri," and major-general, March 13, 1865, for
services in the field. The 37th congress recom
mended him through a committee for the com
mand of the Army of the Potomac. He was
mustered out of volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866,
after having been engaged in 105 battles and
skirmishes, and he resigned his commission in
the regular army in 1868. He was U.S. collector
of internal revenue in New York city for several
years ; president of the Terre Haute and Cincin
nati railroad, and in May, 1888, was placed on
the retired list with the rank of colonel. He
died in Washington.'D.C, Feb. 17, 1897.
PLEASANTON, Augustus James, soldier, was
born in Washington, D.C, Aug. 18, 1808. He
was graduated from the U.S. Military academy
in 1826, assigned to the 6th infantry, and pro
moted 2d lieutenant in 3d artillery, July 1, 1826,
being transferred to the 1st artillery, Oct. -24,
1826. He served at the artillery school for prac
tice at Fort Monroe, Va., 1826-27 ; on topographi
cal duty, 1827-30 ; resigned his commission in
the army, June 30, 1830, and was admitted to
the Philadelphia bar in 1832, where he practised
law, 1832-94. He was brigade-major of Penn
sylvania militia, 1833-35, and colonel, 1835-45, and
was severely wounded, July 7, 1844, while com
manding his regiment in a desperate conflict
with armed rioters in Southwark, Philadelphia
county, Pa. He was assistant adjutant-general
and paymaster-general of the state of Pennsyl
vania, 1838-39. On May 16, 1861, he was ap
pointed brigadier-general of Pennsylvania militia,
and organized and commanded a Home guard of
10,000 men, 1861-65. He devoted his leisure time
to farming and to scientific research, and claimed
that the blue light from the sky had an important
effect on the growth of living organisms. He
produced this light artificially by means of tinted
glass, and obtained a patent on "an improve
ment in accelerating the growth of plants and
animals "in 1871. In May, 1871, he lectured on

¦"m

PLEASANTS

PLUMB

the " Influence of the Blue Ray," which resulted
in the short-lived " blue glass craze," the appli
cation of blue glass light being applied to all
sorts of infirmities and wonderful cures reported.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 26, 1894.
PLEASANTS, James, senator, was born in
Goochland county, Va., Oct. 24, 1769 ; son of
James and Anne (Randolph) Scott Pleasants ;
grandson of John and Susanna (Woodson) Pleas
ants and of Isham and Jane (Rogers) Randolph ;
great-grandson of Joseph and Martha (Cocke)
Pleasants, and great2-grandson of John Pleasants
of Norwich, England, and of
"Curies," Va., who married
Jane, widow of Samuel
Tucker. His mother Anne
Randolph, married (1st) Dan
iel Scott, (2d) John Pleasants,
and (3d) James Pleasants.
He was instructed by private
tutors, studied law under Judge Fleming and
practised in Goochland county. He was married
to Susanna, daughter of Col. Hugh of " Geddes"
and Caroline Matilda (Jordan) Rose of Bucking
ham county, Va. He was a Republican repre
sentative in the state legislature, 1796-1803 ; clerk
of the house, 1803-11 ; a representative in the
12th-15th congresses, 1811-19, and U.S. senator,
1819-22, resigning his seat to become governor of
Virginia, serving 1822-25. He was a delegate to
the Virginia constitutional convention of 1829-
30, and twice declined high judicial appointments
from the governor of Virginia. The county of
Pleasants, Va., was named in his honor. He died
at his homestead in Goochland, Va., Nov. 9, 1839.
PLEASANTS, John Hampden, journalist, was
born in Goochland county, Va., Jan. 4, 1797 ;
son of James and Susanna (Rose) Pleasants. He
attended the College of William and Mary,
studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He
engaged in journalism and established the Lynch
burg Virginian, which he edited for several
years. He was twice married, first to Ann
Irving, by whom he had no issue, and secondly,
to Mary, daughter of Capt. Henry and Susan Pres
ton (Lewis) Massie, by whom he had two children,
James and Ann Eliza. He removed to Rich
mond, Va., where in 1824 he founded the Con
stitutional Whig and Public Advertiser, of which
he was editor-in-chief, 1824-46. He became in
volved in a political quarrel with Thomas Ritchie,
Jr., editor of the Richmond Enquirer, which
resulted in a duel in which Pleasants was killed.
The Virginia Whigs erected a monument to his
memory. He died in Richmond, Va., Feb. 27, 1846.
PLEHN, Carl Copping, political economist,
was born in Providence, R.I. , June 20, 1867 ; son of
Julius and Mary(Copping)Plehn; grandson of Mar
tin and Deborah (Averhoff) Plehn(of Schleswig-

Holstein) and of John and Helen(Wallace) Copping
(of London) . He was graduated from Brown uni
versity, A.B., 1889, and from Gottingen university,
Ph.D., 1891. He was professor of history and
political science at Middlebury college, 1891-93,
and was at the University of California as as
sistant professor of political economy, 1893-96 ;
became associate professor of finance and statis
tics in 1896, and dean of the college of commerce
in 1898. He was married May .16, 1894, to
Elizabeth, daughter of Ezra Brainard (q.v.). He
was supervisor of the census for the first district
of California, 1900, and chief statistician of the
Philippine Islands with the Philippine commis
sion, 1900-01. He was elected a member of the
American Economic association, the American
Academy of Political and Social Science and the
American Statistical association. His published
writings, chiefly of a statistical or economic
nature, include : Das Kreditwesen der Staaten
und Stadte der ndrdamerikanischen Union (Jena,
1891); Introduction to Public Finance (1896);
General Property Tax in California (1897) ;
Taxation of Mortgages in California (1899), and
many contributions to periodicals.
PLUMB, Charles Sumner, agriculturist, was
born in Westfield, Mass., April 21, 1860; son of
David Henry and Helen Mar (Wallace) Plumb ;
grandson of David and Hannah (Doty) Plumb,
and a descendant of John Plumbe, who came
from Essex county, England, to Hartford, Conn.,
about 1663. He was graduated from the Massa
chusetts Agricultural- college, Amherst, Mass.,
B.Sc. in 1882 ; was associate editor of the Rural
New Yorker, 1883-84, and first assistant* at the
State Agricultural Experiment station, Geneva,
N.Y., 1884-87. He was married Oct. 14, 1886, to
Helen P., daughter of Llewellyn and Salena
Purple (Gates) Gladwin of Westfield, Mass. He
was professor of agriculture at the University of
Tennessee and assistant director of the Tennes
see Agricultural Experiment station, 1887-90,
and in 1890 became connected with Purdue uni
versity, Lafayette, Ind., as professor of agricul
tural science, and with the Indiana. Experiment
station as vice-director. He founded in 1887 and
published and edited until 1891, Agricultural
Science, a monthly ; and in 1891 he became
director of the Indiana Agricultural Experiment
station, at Lafayette, Ind. He was elected pres
ident of the American Cheviot Sheep society in
1900, president of the Indiana State Dairy associa
tion, 1901 and 1902, and secretary of the Indiana
Wool Growers' association in 1900 and 1901 ; was
elected a member of the executive committee of
the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural
Science, and its secretary and treasurer for four
years. He was also lecturer at the Graduate
Summer School of Agriculture, 1902, at Ohio State
[282]

PLUMB

PLUMER

university, Columbus, and a fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science. His published writings include : Bio
graphical Directory of American Agricultural
Scientists (1889); Indian Corn Culture (1895);
and numerous monographs and contributions to
periodicals. PLUMB, Preston B., senator, was born in
Delaware county, Ohio, Oct. 12, 1837. He received
a limited education, served an apprenticeship to
a printer, 1849-52, and was editor of the Xenia
News, 1852-56. He removed in 1856 to Emporia,
Kan., where in 1857 he founded the Weekly News,
which he conducted alone ; and he became a
prominent member of the free soil party in
Kansas. He was secretary of the Free State
convention of 1857; a member of the state constitu
tional convention of 1859 ; was admitted to the bar
in 1861, and was a representative in the Kansas
state legislature in 1862. He served as reporter
of the state supreme court, and in August, 1862,
enlisted in the Federal army, and was appointed
2nd lieutenant in the llth Kansas infantry. He
served throughout the civil war, receiving the
promotions of captain, major, and lieutenant-
colonel. He was a representative in the state
legislature, 1867-68 ; speaker of the house in
' 1868 ; prosecuting attorney for Lyon county,
Kansas, and was president of the First National
Bank of Emporia, 1873-77. He was a member of
the Republican state convention in 1876 ; was
elected U.S. senator by the Republican legisla
ture of Kansas in 1877, to succeed James M.
Harvey, and was re-elected in 1883 and 1889, his
third' term expiring March 3, 1895. He was
married to Carrie Southwick, of Ashtabula,
Ohio. He edited and adapted Practice before
Justice Courts in Kansas (1875). He died in
Washington, D.C, Dec. 20, 1891.
PLUME, Joseph William, soldier, was born in
Troy, N.Y., Aug. 23, 1839; son of William and
Eliza (Turk) Plume ; grandson of Joseph and
Lucetta (Plum) Plume and of William and Eliza
(Livingston) Turk, and a descendant of Robert
Livingston on one side, and of Captain Bastian
Visscher on the other. He attended the public
school, became a bank clerk in Newark, N.J. ;
enlisted in the 2d New Jersey volunteers, and was
commissioned adjutant, May 29, 1861 ; was made
aide-de-camp to Gen. W. H. French, Feb. 15, 1862 ;
acting assistant adjutant-general, 3d brigade,
Sumner's division, June 1, 1862, and acting as
sistant adjutant-general, 3d division, 2d corps,
Sept. 8, 1862. He served in the battles of First
Bull Run, Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Seven Pines,
Gaines's Mill, Peach Orchard, Saratoga Station,
White Oaks Bridge, Malvern Hill, Second Bull
Run, Antietam and Fredericksburg. At the end
of two years' service he was mustered out and

[283]

returned to his bank in Newark, where he was
made cashier in 1870 and subsequently vice-presi
dent. He was married, Dec. 4, 1883, to Eleanor,
daughter of John A. and Sarah J. (Davies) Miller
of Newark, N.J. He joined the National Guard
of New Jersey as a private in 1859 and rose to the
rank of major-general, resigning, Feb. 6, 1899.
He was commissioned brigadier-general of volun
teers, June 24, 1898, commanded the first brigade,
first division, 2d corps in the war with Spain, and
was mustered out Oct. 31, 1898. He then re
sumed his banking business in Newark.
PLUMER, William, senator, was born in
Newburyport, Mass., June 25, 1759 ; son of
Samuel and Mary (Dole) Plumer, and a descend
ant of Francis Plumer, who came from the west
of England, and settled in Newbury, Mass. , in 1635.
He attended school at Epping, N.H. ; was mar
ried, Feb. 12, 1788, to Sally, a daughter of Philip
Fowler of Newmarket, and was a successful at-
torney-at-law in Epping, 1787-1820. He was
county solicitor ; a representative in the state
legislature for eight terms, speaker of the house
for two terms, and state senator, 1810-11. He was
a member of the state constitutional convention,
1792; U.S. senator, 1802-07, elected to fill a va
cancy caused by the resignation of James Sheafe ;
governor of New Hampshire, 1812-16 and 1817-18 ;
was a presidential elector in 1820, and voted for
John Quincy Adams, being the only opposing
voice in the re-election of President Monroe. He
retired from public service in 1820, and devoted
himself to literary pursuits. He is the author of :
Appeal to the Old Whigs (1805) ; Address to the
Clergy (1814), and many contributions to the
press under the pen name "Cincinnatus." He
died in Epping, N. H., Dec. 22, 1850.
PLUMER, William, representative, was born
in Epping, N. H., Feb. 9, 1789, son of William
(q. v.) and Sally (Fowler) Plumer. He was
graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1809, A.M., 1812 ;
studied law with his father, and was admitted to
the bar in 1812. He was U.S. commissioner of
loans, 1816-17 ; representative in the state legis
lature in 1818, and a Democratic representative in
the 16th, 17th and 18th congresses, 1819-25. He
was married, Sept. 13, 1820, to Margaret F. Mead.
He was state senator, 1827-28 ; declined the ap
pointment of district attorney in 1830 ; was a
member of the state constitutional convention
in 1850, and in that year retired from active par
ticipation in public affairs, devoting himself to
literary work. He was a member of the New
England Historic-Genealogical society ; the au
thor of two volumes of poems (1841-43) ; Lyrica
Sacra (1845) ; Pastoral on the Story of Ruth
(1847), and was a co-editor with Andrew P.
Peabody of the Life of William Plumer (1857) .
He died in Epping, N. H., Sept. 18, 1854.

PLUMER

PLYMPTON

PLUMER, William Swan, clergyman, was
born in Griersburg, Pa., July 26, 1802. He was
graduated from Washington college, Va., in 1822
and attended Princeton Theological seminary,
1824-25. He was ordained by the presbytery
of Orange, May 19, 1827 ; served as stated supply
and evangelist in southern Virginia and North
Carolina, 1826-29 ; was pastor at Petersburg, Va.,
1830-34 ; Richmond, Va., 1834-46 ; Baltimore, Md.,
1847-54, and Allegheny, Pa., 1855-62. He was
professor of didactic and polemic theology at the
Western Theological seminary, Allegheny, 1854-
62 ; pastor at Pottsville, Pa., 1865-66 ; professor of
didactic and polemic theology at Columbia Theo
logical seminary, S.C, 1867-75, and of historic,
casuistic and pastoral theology, 1875-80. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by
the College of New Jersey, Lafayette and Wash
ington colleges in 1838 and that of LL. D. by the
University of Mississippi in 1857. He founded an
institution for the deaf, dumb and blind at Staun
ton, Va., in 1838, and established and was editor
ofthe Watchman of the South, Richmond, Va.,
1838-46. He is the author of: The Bible True,
and Infidelity Wicked (1848) ; Plain Thoughts for
Children (1819) ; Short Sermons to Little Chil
dren (1850) ; Thoughts Worth Remembering (1850);
The Saint and the Sinner (1851) ; The Grace of
Christ (1853) ; Rome against the Bible and the Bible
against Rome (1854) ; Christ our Theme and Story
(1855); The Church and Her Enemies (1856) ; Vital
Godliness (1865) ; Jehova Jireh (1866) ; Studies in
the Book of Psalms (1866) ; The Rock of our Sal-
vation(1867) ; Words of Truth and Love (1868) ;
Commentaries on the Epistle to the Hebrews
(1870), and on tlie Epistle to the Romans (1870) ;
He died in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 22, 1880.
PLUMMER, Mary Wright, librarian, was born
at Richmond, Ind., in 1856 ; daughter of Jona
than Wright and Hannah Ann (Ballard) Plum
mer ; granddaughter of John Thomas and Hannah
(Wright) Plummer, and descended from the
Plummers of Maryland, and the Ballards of Vir
ginia. She was graduated from the Friends
academy, Richmond, Ind., 1872 ; pursued special
studies at Wellesley college, Mass., 1881-82, and
took a course in library science at Columbia
university, 1886-88, when she became head of the
cataloguing department in the St. Louis Public
library, and in 1890 librarian of the Pratt Institute
Free library, Brooklyn, N.Y., of which she was
also appointed director in 1896. She was presi
dent of the New York Library club, 1896-97 ;
vice-president of the Long Island Library club,
1900-01, president, 1901-02 ; a member of the
council, 1897-1901 ; vice-president of the Amer
ican Library association. 1900, and a delegate to
the International congress of libraries at Paris,
France. 1900. Her published works include :

[281]

Hints to Small Libraries (1894, 3d ed., 1902) ;
Verses, (privately printed, 1896) ; Contemporary-
Spain as Shown by her Novelists (1899), and con
tributions to periodical literature.
PLUNKET, James Dace, physician, was born
in Franklin, Tenn., Aug. 20, 1839 ; son of James
and Anna (Smyth) Plunket ; grandson of -P.
Dace and Mary Ross (Real) Plunket, and a, des
cendant of Scotch-Irish ancestors. He studied
medicine with Dr. Joseph Leidy and was gradu
ated from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D.,
1863. He was assistant surgeon in the Confeder
ate hospital at Knoxville, and later was promoted
full surgeon and assigned to the 40th and sub
sequently to the 52d Georgia infantry, Stovall's-
brigade, Clayton's division. He returned to
Nashville in May, 1865, and in 1872 was married
to Jane Eliza, daughter of John and Frances
(Hunton) Swope of Danville, Ky. He was elected
professor of surgical anatomy in the medical de
partment of Cumberland university, 1868. Owing
to his effort a city board of health was formed
in Nashville in 1866, of which he was secretary,
and he was president of the city sanitary com
mission during the deadly epidemic of cholera,
1873. He was president of the state board of
health, 1877-97, and his strenuous but intelligent
and successful effort to quarantine Memphis dur
ing the yellow-fever epidemic of 1879 confined
the epidemic to the city, but brought him into
antagonism with certain commercial interests in
that city. In 1879 he was elected president of
the sanitary council of the Mississippi valley,
which position he still held in 1903. He was
elected a member of the American Medical as
sociation, the American Public Health associa
tion, the State Medical association, and the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science, serving as chairman of the committee
on meteorology in 1878.
PLYMPTON, George Washington, civil en
gineer, was born in Waltham, Mass., Nov. 18,
1827 ; son of Thomas Ruggles and Elizabeth
(Holden) Plympton ; grandson of Peter Plymp-
ton and of Lewis Holden, and a descendant of
Thomas Plympton, who emigrated from Sud
bury, England, in 1640 and was one of the pioneer
settlers of Sudbury, Mass. He attended the-
public schools of Waltham, Mass., and obtained
a position in a machine shop in 1844, where he
became a practical mechanic and engineer. He
was graduated from Renssalaer Polytechnic in
stitute, Troy, N.Y., C.E., 1847 ; was instructor in
geodesy and mathematics in the institute, 1847-
48, and engaged in civil engineering in Massa
chusetts, New York and Ohio, 1848-52. He was
professor of chemistry and toxicology in the
Long Island College hospital, 1844-^5 ; of en
gineering and architecture in Western Reserve-.

POE

POE

university, Cleveland, Ohio, 1852-53 ; of mathe
matics in the state normal school, Albany, N.Y.,
1853-55, and of physics and engineering at the
Normal school, Trenton, N.J., 1857-59 ; of physi
cal science in the Brooklyn Polytechnic institute,
1863-69 ; of physics and engineering at Cooper
Union, New York city, 1869-79, and became
director of the Cooper Union night school in
1879. He was chief engineer of the water board
of Bergen, N.J., and was appointed commissioner
to supervise the construction of electrical sub
ways in Brooklyn, N.Y. He was twice married ;
first on Dec. 17, 1855, to Delia M., daughter of
Thomas Bussey of Troy, N.Y., and secondly, July
3d, 186i, to Helen M. Bussey, her sister. The
honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him
by Hamilton college in 1854 and that of M!D. by
Long Island College hospital. He edited Van
Nostrand's Engineering Magazine (1870-86), and
is the author of : Tlie Blowpipe, a Guide to its Use
in the Determination of Salts and Minerals (1858) ;
A Translation of Jannettaz's " Guide to the Deter
mination of Rocks" (1877) ; The Star Finder or
Planisphere with a Movable Horizon (1878) ; The
Aerinoid, and How to Use it (1880).
POE, Edgar Allan, author, was born in Boston,
Mass., Jan. 19, 1809 ; son of David and Elizabeth
(Arnold) Poe. His grandfather, David Poe,
.fought in the Revolutionary and 1812 wars, and
his father, who had been educated for the law,
had become an actor, married an actress, and
was playing in Boston, when Edgar Allan, his
second son, was born. His parents died when he
was but two years old, and John Allan, a wealthy
merchant of Richmond, adopted him. He at
tended school at Stoke Newington, England, and
a private school in Richmond, Va., and entered
the Univer
sity of Vir
ginia, Feb. 14,
1826. He re
mained there
but one year,
if worked in Mr.
i.j Allan's count
ing-room a
i few months,
i and in 1827
' went to Bos
ton, where, at
the age of
eighteen, he
published his
first volume
of poems,
which he later
attempted to
destroy. When his money was gone, he en
listed "in the army, May 6, 1828, as Edgar A.

Perry, He was advanced from private to the
rank of sergeant-major in less than nine months,
and when Mr. Allan learned where he was
he furnished a substitute and had Poe appointed
to the U. S. Military academy, July 1, 1830.
Poe found the life distasteful to him, and Mr.
Allan refusing to allow him to resign, he suc
ceeded in being cashiered in 1831. In 1829 he
had published » second edition of his poems
under a new title, and in 1831 he published a
third volume, dedicated to his fellow students.
Mr. Allan's anger at the Military Academy dis
grace caused Poe to leave his home and go to
Baltimore, where he took up literature as a pro
fession, turning his attention to prose. His first
story, published in the Saturday Visitor in 1833,
won him the $100 prize offered by that paper.
He became editor of the Southern Literary Mes
senger of Richmond in 1835, and here he began
to show the peculiar, mystical side of his writ
ings and his ability and fearlessness as a critic.
He became editor of Graham's Magazine in 1836
and in the same year was married to his young
cousin, Virginia Clemm. He was made associate
editor of the " Gentleman's Magazine in 1839, and
in 1841, when this was merged into Graham's
Magazine, became editor. It was at this time
that he published his theories in regard to cryp
tography, and demonstrated them by solving a
hundred miscellaneous specimens that were sent
to hiin by his contributors. This same year he
won a hundred dollar prize with his. story " The
Gold-Bug." In 1842 he left Graham's Magazine
and in 1844 became editorial assistant on the
Evening Mirror, then conducted by N. P. Willis,
and in its columns in 1845 first published "The
Raven." In 1846, after an unsuccessful attempt
to conduct the Broadway Journal, he withdrew to
Fordham, N. Y., where on Jan. 30, 1847, his wife
died, and he became a complete recluse. Poe's
works include : Tamerlane and Other Poems
(1827) ; At Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems
(1829) ; Poems (1831) ; A Manuscript Found in a
Bottle (Saturday Visitor, 1833) ; Berenice (South
ern Literary Messenger, 1834) ; Tlie Fall of the
House of Usher (Gentleman's' Magazine, 1840) ;
The Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) ;
The Murders in the Rue Morgue (Gentleman's
Magazine, 1841); The Gold-Bug (Dollar Magazine,
1842) ; The Raven (1845) ; Tlie Literati of New
York (Godey's Lady's Book, 1846); Eureka, a Prose
Poem (1847) ; Ulalume, The Bells and Annabel Lee,
written after 1847. Rufus W. Griswold prepared
a memoir of Poe which he published in 1880.
Mrs. Sarah Helen Whitman wrote "Edgar A.
Poe and his Critics " (1859) ; William Fearing Gill
(q.v.) refuted certain statements of Griswold in
" The Life of Edgar Allan Poe " (1876) , and George
E. Woodbury wrote " Edgar Allan Poe," for the

POE

POINSETT

" American Men of Letters" (1885). The Balti
more schoolteachers erected a monument to Poe,
1875, and the actors of the United States placed a
memorial in the Metropolitan museum in 1885, Ed
win Booth and William Winter officiating. The
Poe Memorial association unveiled a bust of Poe
byZolnayat University of Virginia, October, 1899,
William Fearing Gill, Hamilton W. Mabie and
Robert Burns Wilson assisting, and a cenotaph
erected in his memory was unveiled in Baltimore,
Md., October, 1899. His name received thirty-
eight votes for a place in the Hall of Fame for
Great Americans, New York university, October,
1900. He died in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 1849.
POE, Orlando Metcalf, soldier, was born in
Navarre, Ohio, March 7, 1832. He was grad
uated from the U. S. Military academy in 1856
and was assigned to the corps of topographical
engineers. He served on the survey of the north
ern lakes, 1856-61, and was promoted 2d lieu
tenant, Oct. 7, 1856, and 1st lieutenant, July 1,
1860. He engaged in organizing volunteers in
Ohio, 1861, and was chief topographical engineer,
department of the Ohio, May 13, to July 15,
1861, taking part in the action of Rich Mountain,
Va., July 11, 1861. He was a member of the staff
of General McClellan, at Washington, D.C, July-
September, 1861 ; appointed colonel of 2d Michi
gan volunteers, Sept. 16, 1861, and commanded
his regiment in the defences of Washington, 1861—
62 ; in the Army of the Potomac, March-June,
1862, being engaged in the siege of Yorktown,
and the battles of Williamsburg and Fair Oaks.
He was in the Northern Virginia campaign, Aug.-
Sept., 1862, commanding the 3d brigade, Kearny's
division, Heintzleman's corps, in the battle of
Manassas, Aug. 29, 1862 ; was engaged in the de
fences of Washington, D.C, Sept. -Oct., 1862; in
the Maryland campaign, Oct. -Nov., 1862 ; was
promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, Nov.
29, 1862 ; commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division,
9th corps, in the Rappahannock campaign, taking
part in the battle of Fredericksburg, Va. , Dec.
13, 1862, and he commanded his division, Feb.-
April, 1863. He was promoted captain, U.S.A.,
March 3, 1863, and was chief engineer of the cen
tral district of Kentucky, April- June, 1863 ; chief
engineer of the 23rd army corps, June-Sept., 1863,
and chief engineer of the Army of the Ohio, Sept.-
Dec. , 1863. He was assistant engineer of the mili
tary division of the Mississippi, Dec, 1863-April,
1864, and chief engineer of Sherman's army, April,
1861-June, 1865. He was brevetted major, July
6, 1364, for services at the siege of Knoxville ;
lieutenant-colonel, Sept. 1, 1864, for gallantry at
the capture of Atlanta; colonel, Dec. 21, 1864,
for services in the capture of Savannah, brigadier-
general. March 13, 1865, for services in the Caro
lina campaign. After the war he was engineer

secretary of the W.D. lighthouse board, 1865-70 ;
was commissioned major, March 7, 1867, and con
structed the light house on Spectacle reef, Lake
Huron in 1870-73. He was aide-de-camp to Gen.
William S. Sherman, 1873-84, and had charge of
the river and harbor works from Lake Erie to
Lake Superior. He was promoted lieutenant-
colonel in 1882 and colonel in 1888. He was chief
engineer of the Northwest district and was in
specting the great lock at Sault de Ste. Marie,
where he was fatally injured. He died at Detroit,
Mich., Oct. 2, 1895.
POINDEXTER, George, senator, was born in
Louisa county, Va., in 1779. His parents, who
were of Huguenot descent, died in his early
youth and he was educated for the law. He
practised in Milton, Va., 1800-02, and in 1802 re
moved to Mississippi Territory, where he contin
ued in the practice of the law and became a
popular politician of the Jeffersonian school.
In 1803, as attorney-general of the territory, he
was called upon to prosecute Aaron Burr, who
was arrested by the U.S. authorities in the terri-
tory. This led to a challenge from and duel with
Abijah Hunt, a friend of Burr, Poindexter
killing his adversary. He was a member of the
territorial legislature, 1805-07 ; a delegate to the
10th, llth, and 12th congresses, 1807-13, and
U.S. judge for the district of Mississippi, 1813-19.
He served as a volunteer-aide to General Jack
son at the battle of New Orleans, was a member
of the Mississippi constitutional convention of
1817, and was chairman of the committee ap
pointed to draft a constitution for -the newly ad
mitted state. He was the first representative from
the state in the 15th congress, 1817-19, where he
defended the military and political course of
General Jackson. He was governor of Miss
issippi, 1819-21 ; continued his law practice in
Jackson, Miss., 1821-30, and in 1830 was ap
pointed U.S. senator to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of Robert H. Adams, and when
the legislature met he was elected to fill out
the term expiring March 3, 1835. In the sen
ate he transferred his allegiance from Jackson
to Calhoun and voted for Henry Clay's resolu
tion of censure of President Jackson. In 1835,
failing to receive political favor in Mississippi,
he removed to Louisville, Ky. He was com
missioned by President Tyler to investigate
frauds in the New York Custom house. He is the
author of Revised Code of the Laws of Mis
sissippi (1824) . He died in Jackson, Sept. 5, 1853.
POINSETT, Joel Roberts, cabinet officer,
was born in Charleston, S.C, March 2, 1779. He
attended school at Charleston ; Greenfield,
Conn., and in London, England; studied medi
cine at Edinburgh ; entered the Military school
at Woolwich, England, and in 1800 returned to

POLAND

POLK

Charleston and studied law, his father persuad
ing him against entering the army. He again
visited Europe, and was offered a commission in
the Russian army by the Czar, which he declined.
On his return to the United States he was pro
posed as quartermaster-general of the U.S. army,
but upon Secretary Eustis objecting, President
Madison withdrew his name and sent him to
South America to investigate the condition of
the people fighting for independence from Spain,
with a view of establishing friendly relations
with the revolutionists. While he was in Chili,
several American merchant vessels in both the
ports of Peru and Chili were seized by the
Spanish authorities of Peru, the people having
news of a war between the United, States and
Spain. Mr. Poinsett was furnished by the re
publican authorities of Chili with a small army
with which he recaptured the merchantmen.
He was obliged to return to the United States
across the Andes, being prevented by the British
naval authorities at Valparaiso from embarking
by sea, and he arrived home after the declara
tion. He was a representative for several years
in tlie state legislature, and in the 17th and 18th
congresses, 1821-25. In congress he advocated
the policy of recognition of the rights of strug
gling republics in South America. He was sent!
to Mexico by President Monroe on a special mis-j
sion in 1822, and was U.S. minister to Mexico
during the entire administration of J. Q. Adams.!
He opposed nullification and during-trre-arfctempt*
ed revolution organized a military company in
Charleston, which was supplied by order of
President Jackson with arms and ammunition
from the government stores in Charleston. He
was secretary of war in the cabinet of President
Van Buren, 1837-41, and upon the expiration of his
term of office retired to private life. He was
devoted to science and literary pursuits, and
made valuable observations and collections of
natural history specimens which he presented to
different scientific societies. The Poinsetta pul-
cherina, an indigenous Mexican flower, was
named in his honor on his introducing it into
the United States. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Columbia college in
1825. He founded the Academy of Fine Arts in
Charleston, S.C In 1887 Capt. W. A. Courtenay
(q.v.) presented to the city of Charleston a por
trait of Mr. Poinsett, painted by Jarvis. He is
the author of : Notes on Mexico, made in 1822
with anHistorical Sketch of the Revolution (1824) .
He died id Statesburg, S.C, Dec. 12, 1851.
POLAND, Luke Potter, senator, was born in
Westford, Vt., Nov. 1, 1815 ; son of Luther and
Nancy (Potter) Poland. His father, a carpenter,
removed from Brookfield, Mass., to Westford, Vt.,
in 1814, and was a representative in the state legis

lature. Luke Potter Poland attended the public
schools and the academy at Jericho until 1832 ;
was a clerk in a country store in Waterville ;
worked on his father's farm and in the saw mill ;
taught school at Morristown Vt., for one winter,
and studied law in the office of Samuel A.
Willard. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and
practised in Waterville. He was register of pro
bate for Lamoille county, 1839-40 ; » member of
the state constitutional convention in 1843, and
state attorney for Lamoille county, 1844-45. He
was the unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant-
governor on the Free Soil ticket in 1848, a judge
of the state supreme court, 1848-60, and chief
justice, 1860-66. He removed to St. Johnsbury,
and on the death of Senator Jacob Collamer in
1865 was chosen by the legislature to fill the un
expired term, terminating March 3, 1867. He was
a representative in the 40th-43d congresses,
1867-75 ; was a member of the judiciary com
mittee ; had charge of the bankruptcy bill, secur
ing its passage, and obtained the passage June 3,
1874, of the act to revise and consolidate the
statutes of the United States. He was chairman
of the committee to investigate the Kuklux
outrages ; chairman of the Credit Mobilier inves
tigating committee, and chairman of the special
committee to investigate the troubles in Arkan
sas, his report being in direct antagonism to the
views of President Grant. He was chairman of
the state delegation to the Republican national
convention of 1876, declined to permit the use of
his name for vice-president and secured the nom
ination of William A. Wheeler. He was a repre
sentative from St. Johnsbury in the state legisla
ture in 1878, and in 1882 he unsuccessfully con
tested Senator Morrill's seat in the U. S. senate.
He was a Republican representative from the
second district of Vermont in the 48th congress,
1883-85, by 804 majority. He was twice married :
first, Jan. 12, 1838, to Martha Smith, daughter of
Dr. William Page of Waterville ; she died in April,
1854, and he was married, secondly, to Adelia H.
Page, her sister. The honorary degree of A. M.
was conferred on him by the University of Ver
mont in 1857, and that of LL.D. in 1861. He was
a trustee of the University of Vermont, 1879-88,
and the founder of the Westford scholarship in
honor of his native town. He died in Water
ville, Vt., July 2, 1887.
POLK, Charles, governor of Delaware, was
born near Bridgeville, Sussex county, Del., Nov.
14, 1788 ; son of Charles, and grandson of Charles
Polk. His father died when he was a boy, and
he studied law under Kensey Johns, but never
practised. He represented Sussex county in the
state legislature in 1813 and 1815, removed to
Kent county, Del., in 1816, and subsequently rep
resented that county in the state legislature.
[287]

POLK

POLK

He was Federalist governor of Delaware, succeed
ing David Hazzard, 1827-30 ; president of the
state constitutional convention, 1831; a member
of the state senate, 1832, and its president in
1836, when by the death of
Gov. Caleb P. Bennett, he
again became governor and
served »through that year.
\ He was made register of wills
for Kent county in 1843, and
was appointed collector of
the port of Wilmington by
President Taylor in 1849. He was married to
Mary Purnell of Berlin, Ind., and of their sons,
William A. Polk was register of wills in Kent
county, and Dr. Charles G. Polk was assistant
surgeon, U. S. A. Governor Polk died near Mil
ford, Kent county, Del., Oct. 27, 1857.
POLK, James Knox, eleventh president of the
United States, was born in Mecklenburg county,
N. C, Nov. 2, 1795; son of Samuel and Jane
(Knox) Polk ; grandson of Ezekiel Polk and of
Capt. James Knox, an officer in the Continental
army during the Revolutionary war ; grand-
nephew of Col. Thomas Polk (q.v.), and a de
scendant of Robert Polk (or Pollock) , who came
from Ross county, Donegal, Ireland, to Maryland
about 1660. James Knox Polk removed with his
father in 1806 to Maury county, Tennessee, and
assisted his father on the farm and in land sur
veying. He attended school in Maury county, but
ill health caused his removal and he obtained em
ployment in a store. This occupation soon proved
distasteful, and after continuing his studies under
a private tutor he entered the sophomore class of
the University of North Carolina, where he was
graduated with the Latin salutatory and high
standing in mathematics, A.B., 1818, A.M., 1822.
He studied law with Felix Grundy at Nashville,
Tenn., 1819- 20, was admitted to the bar at Col
umbia, Tenn., in 1820, and began practice in
Columbia, where he attained prominence. He
entered politics as a stump-speaker and was chief
clerk in the state senate. He was married in 1824
to Sarah Childress (q.v.). He was a Democratio
representative in the state legislature, 1823-25, and
secured the passage of a law prohibiting duelling
in the state. He was a representative from the
Duck River district in the 19th-25th congresses,
1825-39 ; and his maiden speech in the house was
in support of the proposed amendment to the con
stitution providing for the election of President
and Vice-President by popular vote. He opposed
the appropriation for the Panama mission, as tend
ing to invite the hostility of Spain, and was placed
on the committee of foreign affairs in 1827. He
was chairman of the committee to provide for
the anticipated distribution of the surplus in the
U.S. treasury after the payment of the national

[288]

debt, and in his report denied the constitutional
right of congress to use this surplus for internal
improvements and proposed a reduction of the
tariff so as merely to meet the public debt and
current expenses. He was a member of the ways
and means committee, and as chairman of the
committee in 1833 opposed the continuance of
. the patronage of the government to the Bank
of the United States and upon the removal of the
national deposits by President Jackson in Oct
ober, 1833, he supported the action of the adminis
tration. He was defeated for speaker of the
house in 1834, but was elected in December, 1835,
and served until March 4, 1839. He was nomin
ated as the Democratic candidate for governor of
the state of Tennessee in 1838, and upon the ex
piration of his term in congress, March 3, 1839, he
entered upon the canvass. His opponent, Newton
Cannon (q.v.), was then governor, and after a
spirited contest, Polk was elected by 2500 major
ity, and was inaugurated, Oct. 14, 1839. He was
again a candidate for governor in 1841 and in
1843, but was both times defeated by his Whig
opponent, James C Jones. He was proposed by
the legislatures of Tennessee and several other
states as a suitable candidate for Vice-President of
the United States in 1840, and received one elect
oral vote from Tennessee in 1841. During the
controversy in 1844, arising from the proposed
admission of the
Republic of Texas,
formerly claimed as
territory of the
United States, into
the Union as a state,
he declared himself
in favor of immedi
ate admission, hold
ing that there was
danger of the repub
lic becoming a de
pendency of Great
Britain, and his
course in this mat
ter secured for him
the nomination for President by the Demo
cratic national convention at Baltimore, May 27,
1844, with George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania for
Vice-President. After an exciting canvas the
Democratic electoral ticket received 1,337,243
votes ; that for Clay and Frelinghuysen receiving
1.299,068 votes, while the Liberty party ticket,
Birney and Morris, received 62,300 popular votes.
In the electoral college of 1845 Polk and Dallas
received 170 votes to 105 votes for Clay and Fre
linghuysen. He was inaugurated, March 4, 1845,
and immediately named his cabinet, composed of
James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, secretary of
state ; Robert J. Walker of Mississippi, secretary

ilgi&Jj'yU.B  "¥ — ;  a -  i  ... .  .

jr^Biies m:ip@ai£.

POLK

POLK

of the treasury ; William L. Marcy of New York,
secretary of war ; George Bancroft of Massa
chusetts, secretary of the navy ; Cave Johnson of
Tennessee, postmaster-general, and John Y. Mason
of Virginia, attorney-general. The only changes
in the cabinet during the administration were in
the navy department, where Mr. Bancroft was

THE WHITE. HOUSE- 1823,
succeeded in 1846 by John Y. Mason, and in the
attorney-general's office, where Mr. Mason was
succeeded in 1846 by Nathan Clifford of Maine,
who was in turn succeeded in 1848 by Isaac
Toucey of Connecticut. The President appointed
as U.S. minister to Great Britain, Louis McLane
of Maryland, who resigned, Aug. 18, 1846, and was
succeeded by George Bancroft. John L. Martin
of North Carolina was made U.S. charge d'affaires
at Paris, and was succeeded in 1847 by Richard
Rush of Pennsylvania as U.S. minister. William
H. Stiles of Georgia served as charge d'affaires at
Vienna, Austria ; Ralph I. Ingersoll of Con
necticut as U.S. minister to Russia, resigning in
1848 and being succeeded by Arthur P. Bagby of
Alabama ; Romulus M. Saunders of North Caro
lina as U.S. minister to Spain, and John Slidell of
Louisiana, U.S. minister to Mexico. During Pre
sident Polk's administration he appointed the
following justices of the U.S. supreme court :
Samuel Nelson of New York and Levi Woodbury
of New Hampshire in 1845, and Robert C. Grier
of Pennsylvania in 1846. In the President's first
annual message to congress, Dec. 2, 1845, he de
clared that any attempt on the part of Mexico to
interfere in the matter of the annexation of Texas
to the United States would be resented by the
government ; recommended the speedy settle
ment of the Oregon boundary question ; called
the attention of congress to the importance of
modifying and reducing the rates of duty im
posed by the tariff laws, and recommended that
a constitutional treasury be created for the safe
keeping of the public money. On Dec. 20, 1845,
John Slidell, U.S. minister to Mexico, was ap
prised that the Mexican government could not
receive a minister from the United States, and
on Jan. 13, 1846, an order was issued to Gen.
Zachary Taylor, directing him to advance to
ward the Rio Grande and to be ready for an open
act of hostility. Taylor reached Point Isabel*

Jan. 24, 1846, where he was met by a deputation
who protested against his advance into the coun
try. This he ignored, however, and on March 28,
1846, he took position opposite Matamoras on the
Rio Grande. On April 24, learning that the Mexi
cans were crossing the river above his camp, he
sent Captain Thornton with a company of
dragoons to reconnoiter. Thornton, however,
fell into the hands of a large force of Mexicans,
and his whole company was either killed or impri
soned. This was the first engagement of the
war, and on May 11,
1846, the President
issued his " Mexican
war message," calling
on twelve states and
the District of Colum
bia for 23,000 volun
teers, asking for a
loan of $10,000,000 to
carry on the war, and
for an appropriation
of $2,000,000 to be
used in an amicable
settlement of difficul
ties with Mexico by
arbitration. Congress
passed an act, May
13, 1846, declaring war with Mexico. General
Taylor, meanwhile, was attacked at Palo Alto,
and although greatly outnumbered, defeated
the Mexicans under General Arista, and on
May 9, followed this up by a victory at Resaca
de la Palma, which drove Arista across the
Rio Grande into Mexico. On Sept. 5 he moved
toward Monterey ; on the 21st the attack on
the place began, and on the 24th the Mexi
cans capitulated, and Taylor took possession of
the city. The conquest of California and New
Mexico was begun in May, 1846, by the Army
of the West under Gen. Stephen W. Kearny,
and on Aug. 18, 1846, the army reached Santa Fe,
which immediately capitulated without defence,
and Kearny declared New Mexico a territory of
the United States. In January, 1847, an insurrec
tion took place in New Mexico, and Governor
Bent and other officers of the government were
murdered, Jan. 19, 1847, by Mexicans and Puebla
Indians, but it was put down after a fight at
Puebla de Saos by the army under Col. Sterling
Price, who had the leaders of the insurrection
convicted of treason. President Polk, however,
ordered their liberation. In the President's
second annual message, Dec. 8, -1846, he set forth
clearly the causes and responsibility for the war
with Mexico, and favored the further prosecu
tion of the war, arguing that California, New
Mexico, and a considerable territory west of the
Rio Grande had been conquered, and that any

POLK

POLK

response to the Mexican proposition to treat, at
this time, " involved the abandonment of all this
territory." He also publicly proposed extending
the Missouri compromise line across to the Pacific,
but the adjustment did not pass congress. He
favored the settlement of the slavery question in
California by the people of that territory, and
the annexation of Cubabj purchase from Spain.
In June, 1846, a bill was passed in the house for
the repeal of the obnoxious tariff of 1842, but it
was tied in the senate and the vote of Mr. Dallas,
the vice-president, became necessary for the
decision. The bill finally passed, June 28, 1846,
establishing a new tariff to produce a revenue
necessary to meet the expenses of the govern
ment only. At the beginning of Polk's administra
tion, a thorough system of internal improvements
was favored by congress,, but was not approved
of by him, and he vetoed the bill for the improve
ment of harbors and rivers, Aug. 3, 1846, and
again, Dec. 15, 1847. Congress having deter
mined vigorously to prosecute the war with
Mexico, General Scott with 10,000 men landed at
Vera Cruz under cover of the fleet of Commodore
David Conner, March 9, 1847, and the castle of
San Juan de Ulloa was bombarded by the naval
fleet, then under Commodore M. C. Perry, in co
operation with the army which had entrenched
and laid siege to the city. The bombardment
ended with the capitulation, of the city, March
29, 1847. Scott's victorious army then took up
the march to the city of Mexico, and after fight
ing several desperate battles en route, the Stars
and Stripes were planted in the capital city, Sept.
13-14, 1847, and peace soon resulted with a treaty
that defined the boundary between the two re
publics. Then followed the agitation of the ques
tion of slavery in the newly acquired territory,
which was raised by David Wilmot of Penn
sylvania, who on behalf of the Whigs and northern
Democrats offered an amendment to the U.S.
constitution, prohibiting slavery in any such ter
ritory. The passage of this bill was secured in
the house, but it was sent to the senate too late
to be acted upon. The Oregon boundary ques
tion now caused a dispute with England, and the
Democratic national convention of 1844 demand
ed the occupation of Oregon up to the line of the
54°40' north latitude, regardless of consequences.
The President issued the required twelvemonths'
notice to Great Britain, and negotiations followed,
resulting in a compromise, Great Britain yield
ing her claim to the territory between the 49th
parallel and the Columbia river. The treaty was
signed, June 15, 1846, and Oregon became a free
state. During President Polk's administration con
gress adopted, on his recommendation, the public
warehousing system ; the 35th article of the
treaty with Grenada was ratified, June 10, 1848 ;

the postal treaty with Great Britain was negoti
ated, Dec. 15, 1848, and commercial treaties were
formed with the secondary states of Germany.
At the close of his term of office he refused to
become a candidate for renomination, his health,
never rugged, having been undermined by his
labors as President, and he retired to his home
near Nashville. He was a trustee of the Uni
versity of Nashville, ex-officio, 1837-41, and re
ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from the
University of North Carolina in 1845. He died
in Nashville, Tenn., June 15, 1849.
POLK, Leonidas, first bishop of Louisiana
and 33d in succession in the American episco
pate, was born in Raleigh, N.C, April 10,1806;
son of Gen. William (q.v.) and Sarah (Hawkins)
Polk. He matriculated at the University of North
Carolina in 1821, and was graduated from the
U.S. Military academy as brevet 2d lieutenant
of artillery in 1827. He resigned his commission,
Dec. 1, 1827, in order to study for the Protestant
Episcopal ministry ; was ordained deacon in
1830, priest in 1831 ; was assistant rector of the
Monumental church, Richmond, Va., 1831-32,
and rector of St. Peter's church, Columbia,
Tenn., 1833-38. He was clerical deputy to the
general convention of the P.E. church, 1834-35 ;
served on the standing committee of the diocese
in 1835, and was consecrated 1st missionary
bishop of Arkansas, Dec. 9, 1838, by Bishops
Meade of Virginia ; Smith of Kentucky ; Mcll
vaine of Ohio, and Otey of Tennessee. The
charge comprised the dioceses of Alabama,
Mississippi and Louisiana, and the
Episcopal missions in Texas. In
1841 he was chosen first bishop
of Louisiana. He was one of the
founders of the University of the
South at Sewanee, Tenn., in 1860,
and in 1861 joined the Confed
erate army as major-general. He
commanded the territory from the mouth
of the Red river to Cairo, on the Ohio,
with headquarters at Memphis, Tenn., and
engaged in constructing elaborate fortifica
tions at New Madrid, Fort Pillow, Columbus,
Ky., Island No. 10, and Memphis,' transfer
ring his headquarters to Columbus, Sept. 4,
1861. He commanded the Confederate troops
in the battle of Belmont, Mo., Nov. 7, 1861;
joined Johnston's and Beauregard's army at
Corinth, Miss., and commanded the 1st army
corps in the battle of Shiloh, Tenn., April 6,
1862, and the siege of Corinth, Miss., April-May,
1862. He commanded the Army of the Missis
sippi in the invasion of Kentucky, and at the
battle of Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862, and the
armies of Kentucky and Mississippi in the Con
federate retreat from Kentucky. He was pro-

[290]

POLK

POLK

moted lieutenant-general in October, 1862, and
commanded the right wing of the Army of
Tennessee at the battle of Stone's river, Dec. 31,
1862. In the Chickamauga campaign, through his
alleged disobedience
of General Bragg's
orders, the Federal
army was allowed to
escape at the battle of
Chickamauga, Sept.
20, 1863, and he was
relieved of his com
mand and ordered to
Atlanta. He later de
clined President Da
vis's offer of reinstate
ment. He command
ed the paroled Con
federate prisoners at
Vicksburg and Port
Hudson, and in Sep
tember, 1863, succeeded General Joseph E. John
ston to the command of the department of Alaba
ma, Mississippi and East Louisiana. His army
combined with General Johnston's in the opposi
tion of Sherman's march to Atlanta, Ga. He was
mortally wounded by a cannon shot during the
action of Pine Mountain, Ga. General Polk re
ceived the honorary degree of D.D. from Columbia
college in 1838, and that of LL.D. elsewhere. He1
died on the battle-field of Pine Mountain, Ga.,
June 14, 1864 ; was buried in St. Paul's church
yard, Augusta, Ga., and in 1902 a monument to
his memory was erected on the spot where he fell.
POLK, Lucius Eugene, soldier, was born in
Salisbury, N.C, July 10, 1833 ; son of Dr. William
Julius Polk of Columbia, Tenn., and grandson
of General William Polk (q.v.). He was liber
ally educated ; was graduated from the Uni
versity of Virginia in 1852, and in 1861 enlisted
in the Confederate army as 1st lieutenant in Cap
tain Patrick R. Cleburne's company, afterward
known as the 1st Arkansas. He took part in the
capture of Fort Smith ; the battle of Shiloh,
April 6, 1862, where the regiment was cut to
pieces, and assumed command of his company
and led them during the two days' fight. He was
promoted colonel ; was commended for gallantry
in General Hardee's official report ; served under
General Kirby Smith in the Kentucky campaign,
and was wounded at Richmond, Ky. , and at Perry
ville. He was promoted brigadier-general. De
cember, 1862, and commanded the 1st (Cleburne)
brigade, 2d division, Hardee's corps, in the battle
of Stone's river, Tenn., Dec. 31, 1862 ; Chatta
nooga, Tenn., Nov. 23, 1863; Missionary Ridge,
Nov. 23, 1863 ; Ringgold Gap, Nov. 27, 1863, where
he captured three Union flags, and at New
Hope Church, Ga., May 25, 1864, where he was

wounded and crippled for life. He returned
to his plantation in Maury county, Tenn. He
married his cousin, Sallie Moore Polk, and of
their children, Rufus King Polk (q.v.) was a
representative in the 56th and 57th congresses.
General Polk was a delegate to the Democratic
national convention at Chicago in 1884, and a
representative in the state senate in 1887. He
died near " West Brook," Tenn., Dec. 1, 1893.
POLK, Rufus King, representative, was born
in Columbia, Tenn., Aug. 23, 1866 ; son of General
Lucius Eugene (q.v.) and Sally Moore (Polk) Polk.
He prepared for college at Webb's academy,
Culleoka, Tenn., and was graduated from Lehigh
university, B.S., 1887, M.E., 1888. He was mar
ried in 1892 to Isabella, daughter of Isaac K.
and Emma (Porter) Grier of Danville, Pa. He
engaged in business as general manager of the
North Branch Steel company, Danville, Pa.,
until 1896, when the firm of Howe and Polk,
manufacturers of iron and steel, was formed.
He served in the Spanish war as 1st lieutenant in
the 12th Pennsylvania volunteers, 1898 ; was a
delegate at large to the Democratic national con
vention, 1900, and a representative from the
seventeenth district of Pennsylvania in the 56th
and 57th congresses, 1899-1902, declining re
nomination to the 58th congress in 1902. He
was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati,
State of North Carolina Chapter. He died at
Philadelphia, Pa., March 5, 1902.
POLK, Sarah Childress, wile of President
Polk, was born near Murfreesborough, Tenn.,
Sept. 4, 1803 ; daughter of Joel and Elizabeth
Childress. She attended the Moravian institute,
Salem, N.C, and was married in 1824 to James
Knox Polk, who was
then clerk of the
state senate of Ten
nessee. In 1824 he
was elected a repre
sentative in congress,
and Mrs. Polk accom
panied him to Wash
ington. She became
a member of the Pres
byterian church in
1834. Upon her hus
band's inauguration
as President of the
United States in 1845, ., ,-,
she devoted herself £/*a^^1?. Wrt/(>
entirely to the social
duties incident to her position as mistress of
the White House. At her weekly receptions,
which were largely attended, she introduced
several radical changes, notably, the absence of
refreshments and the discontinuance of dancing.
Notwithstanding these innovations in social cus-

[291]

POLK

POLK

toms, she was extremely popular. She had no
children. Upon the death of her husband in
1849, she removed to " Polk Place," Nashville,
Tenn. The United States government granted
her a pension of $5,000 per annum. She died at
Nashville, Tenn., Aug. 14, 1891.
POLK, Thomas, patriot, was born in Mary
land, about 1732 ; son of William Polk, and
grandson of Robert Pollock, who came from
Ross, county Donegal, Ireland, in 1659, and
settled in Delaware, Md., in 1660, changing his
name to Polk. William Polk removed to Penn
sylvania in 1753, and Thomas, after visiting
points in Maryland and Virginia, settled in
Mecklenburg county, N.C, where he became an
extensive landowner ; was chosen a member of
the provincial assembly in 1769, and in 1771 ob
tained the passage of an act to establish Queen's
college at Charlotte, N.C. He was a mover
among the Scotch-Irish of Mecklenburg county,
toward the renouncing of all allegiance to the
crown of Great Britain. They passed a resolve to
set up" a government for themselves, May 20,
1775, and he was authorized to issue a call for a
convention whenever he deemed it advisable.
After the drafting of the Mecklenburg Declara
tion of Independence, of which he was a framer
and signer, he is said to have read the document
from the steps of the court house. He was a
member of the committee that prepared a plan
for securing the internal peace and safety of the
provinces, Aug. 24, 1775, and in 1776 he was
appointed captain of the North Carolina com
pany, that was detailed to
convey the " Liberty Bell "
from Philadelphia to Al
lentown, Pa., on the ap-
? proach of the British. He
was appointed colonel of
a battalion of minute men
in the Salisbury district,
and with 700 militia he re
inforced General Andrew-
Williamson at Ninety-Six.
He was commissioned col
onel of the'4th regiment, April 4, 1776, and joined
the army under Washington. He was with Gen
eral Benjamin Lincoln at Charleston, S.C, in No
vember, 1779. and after the fall of that place was
appointed commissary-general for North Caro
lina and commissary of purchase for the army,
which position he resigned in 1780 on account
of a disagreement with General Gates. He was
later appointed by General Greene district com
missary, and after the battle at Cowans Ford, he
was offered the command of the militia of Salis
bury district, with the rank of brigadier-general ;
but the appointment was not confirmed- by the
governor and his council, and in May, 1781, he

was superseded. After the war he purchased
land warrants from the soldiers of the disbanded
army, who had received them in payment of
services, and thus he largely increased his estates.
He died in Charlotte, N.C, in 1793.
POLK, Trusten, senator, was born in Sussex
county, Del., May 29, 1811. He was graduated
from Yale, A.B., 1831, A.M., 1845 ; studied law
at home and in the law department of Yale col
lege ; resided in Delaware, 1832-35 ; engaged in
the practice of law in St. Louis, Mo., 1835-56 and
1865-76 ; was a member of the Missouri constitu
tional convention in 1845 ; a presidential elector
in 1848 ; Democratic governor of Missouri, 1857 ;
U.S. senator, 1857-62, and on Jan. 10, .1862, was
expelled for disloyalty, having already served as
an officer in the Confederate government. He was
a prisoner of war in 1864, and judge in the mili
tary courts of the department of Mississippi, 1864-
65. He died in St. Louis, Mo., April 16, 1876.
POLK, William, patriot, was born in Mecklen
burg county, N.C, July 9, 1758; son of Col.
Thomas Polk (q.v.). He attended Queen's college,
Charlotte, N.C, leaving on the outbreak of the
Revolution to join the patriot army as 2d lieu
tenant, 3d S.C. regiment. He commanded a de
tachment in various fights with the Tories in
South Carolina, in one of which he was wounded ;
became major of the 9th N.C. regiment, Nov. 26,
1776 ; joined Washington's army, and served at
Brandywine and Germantown, being severely
wounded at the latter. He was subsequently de
prived of his command through consolidation and
served on the staffs of Gen. Richard Caswell in
the battle of Camden, and Gen. William Davidson
in North Carolina, who sent him to Governor
Jefferson at Williamsburg, Va., in 1780, to secure
Virginia troops to aid in the defense of North and
South Carolina against the British and Tories.
He was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 4th S.C.
cavalry, in 1781, serving at Eutaw Springs, Sept.
8, 1781, and remaining under Gen. Thomas Sum
ter until the close of the war. He was appointed
surveyor-general of the middle district of North
Carolina, and resided at French Lick Fort, the
site of Nashville, Tenn., 1783-86. He was sent
from Davidson county as a member of the house
of commons of North Carolina, 1784-86, and from
Mecklenburg county, 1786-91, and was made su
pervisor of internal revenues for the district of
North Carolina by President Washington in 1791,
which office he held until 1808. He was a stock
holder of the State Bank of North Carolina, a
director, 1811-19, and its president for some years.
He declined the appointment by President Mad
ison of brigadier-general. U.S.A., March 25, 1812,
on account of his opposition to the policy of the
administration. In 1824, as a commissioner from
North Carolina, he welcomed Lafayette to Amer-

L292]

POLK

POLLOCK

ica. He was the owner of 100,000 acres of land
in Tennessee, and Samuel Polk, the father of
President Polk, was his agent. Jacob Johnson,
the father of President Johnson, was a porter in
his bank, and President Andrew Jackson received
large tracts of valuable lands in Tennessee,
through his friendly advice. He was twice mar
ried : first to Griselda Gilchrist, a native of Scot
land ; and secondly, to Sarah, daughter of Col.
Philemon Hawkins. He was a member of the So
ciety of the Cincinnati, and at the time of his
death was the last surviving field officer of the
North Carolina line. He died in Raleigh, N.C,
Jan. 4, 1834.
POLK, William Hawkins, representative, was
born in Maury county, Tenn., May 24, 1815 ; son
of Samuel and Jane (Knox) Polk, and brother of
President James K. Polk. He was a student at
the University of North Carolina, 1832-33 ; was
graduated from East
Tennessee college ;
was admitted to the
bar in 1839, and began
practice in Columbia,
Tenn. He was a rep
resentative in the
state legislature,
1842-45 ; charge d'af
faires at Naples,
1845-47 ; negotiated a
treaty with the Two
Sicilies, and resigned,
Aug. 31, 1847, to take
part in the war with
Mexico. He was
thereupon commis
sioned major of the 3d dragoons and served in tlie
army in Mexico until July 20, 1848. He was a
delegate to the Nashville convention in 1850, and
a Democratic representative in the 32d congress,
1851-53. He was married first to a Miss Corse of
New York, and secondly, July 14, 1854, to Lucy E.
Williams of Warren county, N. C. He opposed
the secession movement in Tennessee in 1S61,
¦and joined the Union party. He died in Nash
ville, Tenn., Dec. 16, 1862.
POLK, William Mecklenburg, physician, was
¦ -born at Ashwood, Maury county, Tenn., Aug. 15,
1844; son of the Right Rev. Leonidas Polk (q.v.).
He was graduated from the Virginia Mili
tary institute with the class of 1861 by special
act of the faculty, for services in the army. He
was a member of the body of students that left
with Professor Thomas Jonathan Jackson imme
diately after the secession of Virginia, and acted
as drill corps for the Virginia state troops. He
was assigned as drill-master under Gen. Zolli-
•coffer, was promoted 2d lieutenant in Bankhead's
hattery, at Columbus, Ky., and 1st lieutenant

in Scott's battery in 1862. He was appointed as
sistant chief of artillery in his father's corps in
1863, and also captain in the adjutant and in
spector-general's department, Army of the Tenn,
essee, in March, 1865. He was engaged in the
battles of Columbus, Ky., New Madrid, Shiloh-
Corinth, Perryville, Stone's River, Chickamauga ;
in the Meridian, Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns,
and in the surrender at Meridian in May, 1865. He
studied medicine at the University of Louisiana,
1867-68, and was graduated from the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, NewYork city, in 1889.
He practised in New York city from 1869 ; was
professor of therapeutics and clinical medicine at
Bellevue college, 1875-79, and became professor
of obstetrics and gynecology in the medical de
partment of the University of the City of New
York in 1879. He was connected with several
hospitals as surgeon, and a member of several im
portant medical societies at home and abroad.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by the University of the South in 1893, and
he was appointed dean and medical director of
the medical department of Cornell university in
1898. He is the author of : Biography of Leonidas
Polk, Bishop and General, and many contributions
to medical journals.
POLLARD, Josephine, author, was born in
New York city, about 1842. She received a
superior education ; was editorial writer on the
Sunday School Times from its foundation, and
was connected with the Methodist Book Concern
for twenty years, having charge of a publication
issued for the benefit of the Negroes in the South.
She is the author of various hymns, including
Outside the Gate. Her other writings include :
The Gypsy Books (1873-74); A Piece of Silver
(1876); Decorative Sisters (1881); Elfin Land,
poems (1882); GAlivbr (1882); The Boston Tea-
Party (1882); Songs of Bird Life (1885); Vagrant
Verses (1887); The Home Book (with John H.
Vincent, 1887;; Favorite Birds, and what Poets
Sing of Them (1888). She died in New York
city, Aug. 15, 1892.
POLLOCK, James, governor of Pennsylvania,
was born in Milton, Pa., Sept. 11, 1810; son of
William and Sarah (Wilson) Pollock: grandson
of Samuel and Margaret Pollock, and of Fleming
and Margaret (Bainbridge) Wilson, and a de
scendant of Scotch emigrants, who came from
Londonderry, Belfast and county Antrim, Ire
land, in 1732 and landed at Chester, Pa. He was
graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.,
1831, A.M., 1834 ; studied law under Samuel Hep
burn of Milton, Pa., 1831-33, and practised in
Milton, 1833-61. He was married, Dec. 19, 1837, to
Sarah Ann, daughter of Samuel and Edith (Miller)
Hepburn. He was elected district attorney of
Northumberland county in 1835; was a Whig

[293]

POLLOCK

POLLOCK

representative in the 28th, 29th and 30th con
gresses, 1844-49, and on June 23, 1848, introduced
in congress the subject of the construction of a
railroad to the Pacific coast and was made chair
man of the special committee rendering the first
report favorable to
the project. He was
president judge of
the eighth judicial
district of Pennsyl
vania, 1850-54, and
was governor of the
state, 1854-58. Dur
ing his administra
tion, he succeeded in
greatly reducing the
state debt, and on the
outbreak of the finan
cial crisis of 1857 he
restored public con
fidence by calling an
extra session of the
legislature, which passed a bill, Oct. 13, 1857, pro
viding for the ' ' resumption of specie payments
by state banks." He was a member of the Wash
ington compromise convention of 1860 ; director
of the U.S. mint at Philadelphia, 1861-66 and
1869-79, and obtained the approval of Secretary
Chase to stamping on national coins the motto
" In God we trust." He was superintendent of
the U.S. mint, 1873-80. He was naval officer of
Philadelphia, 1880-84, and engaged in the prac
tice of law in Philadelphia, 1884-90. He was ap
pointed federal chief supervisor of elections in
April, 1885. The honorary degree of LL.D. was
conferred on him by the College of New Jersey
in 1855, and by Jefferson college in 1857. He
died at Lock Haven, Pa., April 19, 1890.
POLLOCK, Oliver, patriot, was born in Ireland
in 1737 ; son of Jarit Pollock, who came with his
family to Carlisle, Pa., about 1760. In 1762
Oliver migrated to Havana, Cuba, where he en
gaged in mercantile pursuits. He removed to
New Orleans in 1768, and established a coasting
and foreign trade. In 1769, when Alexander
O'Reilly, governor-general of Cuba, was made
governor of the province, and his troops needed
provisions, Mr. Pollock placed a cargo of flour at
their disposal at a moderate price, and for his
generosity ever afterward enjoyed a free trade
there. He was commercial agent of the United
States at New Orleans, 1777-83, and in 1779 fitted
out the captured British ship West Florida
under American colors and afterward sent the
vessel to assist in the capture of Mobile, Ala.
He secured gunpowder from the Spanish store in
New Orleans, and by forwarding it to Gen.
George Rogers Clark aided materially in the
success of his campaign in Illinois. He borrowed

[294]

for the state of Virginia $65,000 from France and
for the secret committee of congress $70,000
from the royal treasury of Spain in 1778, but.
when he made drafts on this account on the
treasury the secretary failed to honor his de
mands, and he appealed unsuccessfully to congress
several times for aid. In May, 1783, he was ap
pointed U.S. agent at Havana, Cuba, was taken
prisoner, and all his gold and other property was
seized by order of the Spanish governor in May,
1784, for the debts of the United States, and for
eighteen months he remained in custody, all
communication between him and the United
States being cut off. He was released on parole
on the arrival of Governor Galvez, and returned
to the United States in 1785, where he was
awarded $90,000 with interest to cover the Span
ish claim, but tliere was no money in the treasury
to pay the debt. He resumed business in New
Orleans, and in 1790 was enabled to pay all the:
claims of Spain against the United States govern
ment. He purchased and settled on property in
Cumberland county, Pa., in 1792, and that year
received $108,605 from the United States on ac
count of the claim. He was an unsuccessful
candidate for representative in congress in 1797,
1804 and 1806, and in 1800 was an inmate of the
debtors' prison in Philadelphia. He removed
to Baltimore, Md., in 1806, and in 1815 to Pinck
ney ville, Miss., where he spent the rest of his.
life. He was a member of the Friendly Sons of
St. Patrick, and the Hibernian society of Phila
delphia. He was married, first, in 1765, to Mar
garet O'Brien, and secondly, Nov. 2, 1805, to
Winifred, widow of Daniel Deady of Baltimore, Md.
He died in Pinckney ville, Miss., Dec. 17, 1823,
POLLOCK, Pinckney Daniel, educator, was
born in Houston county, Ga., Nov. 22, 1859; son
of James Greenberry and Nancy (Brunson)
Pollock ; grandson of
Almarine and Liza
(Woodard) Brunson
and of Morris and
Polly Watson Pol
lock. He was pre
pared for college at
Armurchee acad
emy, Chattooga coun
ty, Ga. ; attended '%
Mercer university,
Macon, Ga. , and was
graduated from the
University of Geor
gia, B.L., 1884. He
continued his studies
in the Universities
of Paris and Berlin, 1889-91; taught school for'
several years ; was superintendents city schools,
Newnan, Ga., 1891-93 ; professor of English,,

en<EA UNIVERSITY.

POMEROY

POMEROY

Meroer university, 1893-96, and became president
of the university in 1896, as successor to Dr. J. B.
Gambrell, resigned ; meanwhile, in 1894, declin
ing the office of state superintendent of educa
tion for Georgia. He was married, Nov. 24, 1895,
to Eva, daughter of George Cowan and Mary
(Briscoe) Selman of Monroe, Ga. He served as
chairman of the executive committee of the
Georgia Baptist State convention in 1900, 1901
and 1902, and of the Georgia Baptist Education
commission in 1901 and 1902. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Richmond col
lege, Va., in 1893.
POMEROY, Benjamin, clergyman, was born
in Suffield, Conn., Nov. 19, 1704; son of Joseph
and Hannah (Seymour) Pomeroy ; grandson of
Medard and Experience (Woodward) Pomeroy of
Northampton, Mass. , and of Richard Seymour of
Hartford, Conn., and great-grandson of Eltwed
Pomeroy, who came from Devonshire, England,
to Dorchester, Mass., about 1632; settled in
Northampton, Mass., about 1635, and later re
moved to Windsor, Conn. Benjamin Pomeroy
was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1733, A.M., 1736,
and vvas one of the first Yale graduates to claim
the Bishop Berkeley scholarship for the classics.
He was married, Oct. 24, 1734, to Abigail, daughter
of Ralph and Ruth (Huntington) Wheelock of
Windham, Conn. He was ordained at Hebron,
Conn., Dec. 16, 1735; was active in the revival
of 1840, and after being tried for " disorderly
conduct " in preaching at Stratford, was acquit
ted. At a second trial in 1744, he was found
guilty and compelled to pay the costs of prosecu
tion. About this time he preached in Colchester
without consent from the resident minister, and
this act cost him seven years' salary. He was
chaplain in the British army during the French
and Indian war, and in the Continental army
during the Revolution. He was active in the
establishment of the Indian Charity school, was
a trustee of Dartmouth, 1769-84, and received
the degree D.D. from there in 1774. He died in
Hebron, Conn., Dec. 22, 1784.
POMEROY, Mark Mills, journalist, was born in
Elmira, N.Y., Dec. 25, 1833; son of Hunt and
Orlina Rebecca (White) Pomeroy, and a lineal
descendant of the Pomeroy family of Devon
shire, Eng. He was brought up by his maternal
uncle, .Seth Marvin White^ a farmer and black
smith nearElrnira ; attended the common schools,
and in- 1850 obtained employment in Corning, as
an apprentice in the printing office of the Jour
nal. In 1854 he established a printing office,
and bought out an advertising paper, called the
Sun, which became the Corning Democrat in
1855. In that year, removing to Athens, Pa., he
started the Gazette, and the following year set
tled in Horicon, Dodge county, Wis., where he

[295]

established the Argus, and was appointed U.S.
marshal for the state. He was city editor of the
Milwaukee Daily News, 1858-59, and in 1859 en
gaged in newspaper and political work in Wash
ington, D.C In 1860 he purchased the La
Crosse Democrat, in which he set forth the dangers
to the government from increasing the national
debt, and from the corruptions in political office.
In 1868 he went to New York, where he established
Pomeroy's Democrat, but as it conflicted with the
Tweed Ring, he removed the publication to
Chicago in 1875, where he joined the Greenback
movement, and served as chairman of a com
mittee appointed by the national convention
held in Chicago to organize greenback clubs.
He was married in 1876, to Emma Idalia Stim-
son of Michigan. In 1880 he went to Colorado
for his health, engaging in the practice of law,
and editing The Great West. He originated a
scheme for tunnelling the Rooky Mountains,
organizing the Atlantic-Pacific Railway Tunnel
company with a capital of $7,000,000 ; but after
cutting for nearly a mile on each side of the
mountains, he abandoned the project through
failure to secure government aid. In 1887 he
returned to New York city, where he conducted
Pomeroy's Advance Tliought, a monthly maga
zine, 1887-96. He is the author of : Sense (1868);
Nonsense (1868) ; Gold Dust (1872); Brick Dust
(1872); Our Saturday Night (1873); Home Har
monies (1874); Perpetual Money (1878). He died
in Brooklyn, N.Y., May 30, 1896.
POMEROY, Samuel Clarke, senator, was born
in Southampton, Mass., Jan. 3, 1816. Heattended
Amherst college, Mass., and after residing for
several years in New York city, returned to
Southampton. He was a representative in the
state legislature, 1852-53 ; was an organizer and
the financial agent of the New England Emigrant
Aid company, and in 1854 established a colony
in Lawrence, Kan. He removed to Atchison,
Kan., and was elected mayor of the city in 1859 ;
was a member of the Free State convention that
met in Lawrence in 1859, and during the famine
in Kansas, 1860-61, he was president of the relief
committee. He was a delegate to the Republican
national conventions of 1856 and 1860, and a
Republican U.S. senator from Kansas, 1861-73.
By reason of his advocacy of subsidy measures
while in congress, charges of bribery were pre
ferred against him in 1873, and he was defeated
for re-election that year, but after a careful in
vestigation the charges were not sustained. He
resided in Washington, D.C, for several years
and died in Wnitinsville, Mass., Aug. 27, 1891.
POMEROY, Seth, soldier, was born in North
ampton, Mass., May 20, 1706. He was a gun
smith in his youth and became a captain in the
colonial militia in 1744. He held the rank of

POMEROY

POND

major in the militia, engaged in the capture of
Louisburg in 1745, and had command of a body of
gunsmiths, who drilled the spikes from cannon
captured there. He was promoted lieutenant-
colonel in 1755, and on the death of Ephraim Wil
liams succeeded him to the command of the regi
ment, which he led against the French and Indians
at Lake George. He was a delegate to the Provin
cial congress, 1774-75; was elected a general officer
in the Provincial army in October, 1774, and brig
adier-general in February, 1775, and joined the
Patriot army under Gen. Artemas Ward at Cam
bridge, Mass., serving in the ranks in the battle of
Bunker Hill. He was named as one of the eight
brigadier-generals appointed by congress to the
Continental army, but his appointment as senior
officer caused some difficulty in the adjustment
of rank and he retired to his farm. After the
repulse of Washington in New York and New
Jersey, he led a force of militia for his relief, but
died suddenly in Peekskill, N.Y., Feb. 19, 1777.
POMEROY, Theodore Medad, representative,
was born in Cayuga, N.Y., Dec. 31, 1824 ; son of
the Rev. Medad and Lilly (Maxwell) Pomeroy ;
grandson of Timothy and Anna (Burt) Pomeroy
and of Joshua and Esther (Bryant) Maxwell, and
a descendant of Eltweed Pomeroy, who came
from England in 1632. He was graduated from
Hamilton college, N.Y., in 1842 ; was admitted to
the bar in 1846, and practised in Auburn, N.Y.,
1846-70. He was married, Sept. 4, 1855, to Eliza
beth Leitch, daughter of Robert and Margaret
(Standart) Watson of Auburn, N.Y.; was district
attorney of Cayuga county, N.Y., 1851-56 ; amern-
ber of the New York assembly, 1857 ; a Republi
can representative in the 37th-40th congresses,
1861-69, and was elected speaker of the house to
succeed Schuyler Colfax, March 3, 1869. He was
mayor of Auburn, N.Y., 1875-76; state senator,
1878-79 ; engaged in the banking business in
Auburn, after 1870, and was first vice-presi
dent and general counsel of the American ex
press company. He was a delegate to the Re
publican national conventions of 1860 and 1876,
and temporary chairman of the convention in
1876. POND, Enoch, clergyman, was born in Wren-
tham, Mass., July 29, 1791 ; son of Elijah and
Mary (Smith) Pond ; grandson of Jacob and Sarah
(Fales) Pond, and a descendant of Daniel (Ded-
ham, Mass., 1652) and Abigail (Shepard) Pond.
Enoch Pond was graduated from Brown, A.B.,
1813, A.M., 1817, and ordained to the Congrega
tional ministry, March 1, 1815. He was pastor at
Ward, Mass., 1815-28, and editor of the Spirit of
the Pilgrims, Boston, Mass. , 1828-32. He was con
nected with the Bangor, Maine, Theological sem
inary as professor of systematic theology, 1832-56 ;
professor of ecclesiastical history and lecturer on

pastoral duties, 1856-70 ; president of the insti
tution, 1856-82, and professor emeritus, 1870-82.
He was married, first, Aug. 28, 1814, to Wealthy
Ann, daughter of William Hawes of Wrentham,
Mass.; secondly, May 17, 1825, to Julia Ann,
daughter of John Maltby of Northford, Conn.,
and thirdly, July 9, 1839, to Anne, daughter of
Thaddeus and Anne (Smith) Mason of Dedham,
Mass., and widow of John S. Pearson of Bangor,
Me. Dartmouth conferred upon him the honorary
degree of D.D. in 1835. He edited John Norton's
' ' Life of John Cotton '' (1852) , and is the author of
memoirs of President Samuel Davies (1829), Su
sanna Anthony (1830), Count Zinzendorf (1839),
John Knox (1886), and The Rev. Harrison Fair
field (1858) ; Wickliffe and his Times (1841) ; Morn
ing of the Reformation (1842); No Fellowship
with Romanism (1843) ; Tlie Mather Family (1844) ;
Young Pastor's Guide (1844); Tlie World's Sal
vation (1345); Pope and Pagan (1846); Probation
(1846); Swedenborgianism Reviewed (1846); Plato
(1846); Lives of Increase Mather and Sir William
Phipps (1847); Tlie Church (1848); The Ancient
Church (1851); The Wreck and the Rescue (1858);
Swedenborgianism Examined (1861); Sketches of
the Tlieological History of New England (1880).
He died in Bangor, Maine, Jan. 21, 1882.
POND, Frederick Eugene, author, was born
in Packwaukee, Wis., April 8, 1856; son of
Simeon and Flora (Hotchkiss) Pond ; grandson
of William and Elvira (Forbes) Pond, and of
Willis and Samantha Hotchkiss, and a descendant
of Samuel Pond, a pioneer of Windsor, Conn.,
who died at Windsor, Conn., March 14, 1654.
He attended the public schools of Montello, Wis.;
was field editor of the Turf, Field and Farm in
New York, 1881-86 ; associate editor of the
American Field in Chicago, 111., for six months
in 1883, and editor of Wildwood's Magazine in
Chicago, 111., 1888-89, which was then merged
into Turf, Field and Farm, and of 'which he be
came corresponding editor. He was married,
June 22, 1892, to Frances Harriet, daughter of
Frank and Harriet (Juneau) Fox, and a grand
daughter of Samuel Juneau, founder of Milwau
kee, Wis. He was editor of the Sportsman's
Review at Cincinnati, Ohio, from 1897 ; was prom
inent in organizing the National Game and
Fish Protective association in 1893, and was its
secretary, 1893-96, and was one of the founders
of the Wisconsin Sportsman's Association for the
Protection of Fish and Game in 1874. He con
tributed to cyclopaedias, and edited Frank For
ester's works, including " Fugitive Sporting
Sketches "(1879), "Sporting Scenes and Charac
ters" (2 vols., 1880); also Isaac McLellan's "Poems
of Rod and Gun" (1883), " Sportsman's Directory "
(1892) , " A Strike " (1897) , and wrote an introduc
tion to Frank Forester's "Poems" (1887). His

[296]

POND

PONDER

published works, written chiefly as "Will Wild-
wood," include : Handbook for Young Sportsmen
(1876); Memoirsof Eminent Sportsmen (1878) ; Gun
Trial and Field Trial Records of America (1883),
and American Game Preserves, a serial (1893).
POND, George Edward, journalist, was born in
Boston, Mass., March 11, 1837 ; son of Moses and
Nancy (Adams) Pond ; grandson of Moses and
Anne (Davis) Pond ; and a descendant of Daniel
(Dedham, 1652), and Abigail (Shepard) Pond. He
was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1858, LL.B.,
1860, was a 1st lieutenant in the Federal army,
1862-64, and an associate on the staff of the New
York Army and Navy Journal, 1864-68 and 1878.
He was married, May 29, 1866, to Emelie Guer-
ber, who died, Jan. 14, 1880. He was an associate
on the New York Times, 1868-70 ; editor of the
Philadelphia Record, 1870-77, aud thereafter
engaged in general literary work. He wrote the
" Driftwood " columns, signed " Philip Quilibet,"
in the Galaxy, 1868-78, and contributed historical
accounts of battles of the civil war to various col
lections. He is the author of The Shenandoah
Valley in 1884 (1883). He died at Spring Lake,
N.J., Sept. 22, 1899.
POND, James Burton, lecture manager, was
born in Cuba, Allegany county, N.Y., June 11,
1838 ; son of Willard Elmer and Clarissa (Wood
ford) Pond ; grandson of Philip and Anna
(Adams) Pond and of James Woodford ; great-
grandson of Jonathan Pond, and great2-grandson
of Phineas Pond, who came from England in 1794
and settled in Branford, Conn. James Burton
Pond removed to Illinois in 1844 and in 1847 to
Fond du Lac, Wis., where in 1853 he learned the
printers' trade. In 1856 he traveled in the west
as a journeyman printer, and in 1860-61, he pub
lished the Journal at Markesan, Wis. He joined
the 3d Wisconsin cavalry as lieutenant in 1861,
and served throughout the civil war, rising to
the rank of major. After the war he engaged
in business as a merchant until 1874, when with
George Hathaway, he purchased the Redpath
Lyceum Lecture bureau, Boston. In 1879 he re
moved to New York, and established business on
his own account. Among the many noted lec
turers introduced and managed by him may be
mentioned: Emerson, Lowell, Gough, Phillips,
Sumner, Talmage, Mrs. Livermore, Anna-Dickin
son, Mrs. Stanton, Henry M. Stanley, Thomas
Nast, Max O'Rell, "Mark Twain," "Bill Nye,"
Sir Edwin Arnold, W. D. Howells, F. Marion
Crawford, Hall Caine, the Rev. Dr. John Watson
("Ian Maclaren"), Ernest -Thompson Seton, and
Sir Robert Ball. He wras twice married : first,
Jan. 21, 1859, to Ann Frances, daughter of Tho
mas and Anna Lynch of Janes ville, Wis.; she died
in December, 1871. He was married secondly,
March 10, 1888, to Martha Marion, daughter of

[297]

William H. and Sabina Glass of Jersey City, N.J.
He was elected to membership in numerous
patriotic and social organizations. He is the
author of : A Summer in England with Henry
Ward Beecher; Eccentricities of Genius (1900),
and numerous magazine articles.
POND, Samuel William, missionary, was born
in Washington, Conn. , April 10, 1808 ; son of Elna-
than Judson and Sarah (Hollister) Pond ; grand
son of Edward and Mary (Judson) Pond and of
Capt. Gideon and Patience (Hurd) Hollister,
and a descendant of Samuel Pond, who settled in
Windsor, Conn., previous to 1640. He attended
the public schools and in May, 1834, with his
brother, Gideon Hollister Pond (1810-1878), en
gaged in missionary work among the Dakota
Indians and the U.S. garrison at Fort Snelling.
In 1837 he was ordained to the Congregational
ministry and was stationed by the A. B.C. of F.M.
at Lake Harriet, Fort Snelling, Oak Grove, and
Prairieville, Minn., successively, 1837-54, and in
other parts of Minnesota, 1854-91. He was first.
married, Nov. 22, 1838, to Cornelia Eggleston,
and secondly, April 4, 1852, to Susan R. Smith.
With his brother he produced the first written
dictionary of the Dakota language, subsequently
used by the Rev. Stephen R. Riggs in his pub
lished work. He is the author of : The History-
of Joseph in the Language ofthe Dakota or Sioux
Indians from Genesis (1839) ; Wowapi Inonpa,
the Second Dakota Reading Book (1842), and"
Indian Warfare in Minnesota, in the Historical
Collections of Minnesota. He died in Shakopee,
Minn., Dec. 5, 1891.
PONDER, James, governor of Delaware, was-
born in Milton, Del., Oct. 31, 1819 ; son of the
Hon. John and Hester (Milby) Ponder ; grandson
of James and Sarah (Warren) Ponder, and of
Capt. Nathaniel Milby, and great-grandson of
John Ponder, of English de
scent, who removed from
Virginia to Delaware, and
took out a patent for an ex
tensive tract of land in Broad-
kiln hundred, Sussex county.
John Ponder (1791-1863), an
only son, inherited the estate,
served in the war of 1812, engaged in trade and in
the shipping business, transporting iron to New
Jersey in his own vessels, first alone and after 1848
with his son James as John Ponder & Son ; and
was state senator, 1852-56. James attended the
Milton, Lewes, and Georgetown academies, and
after joining his father's enterprises became a
successful business man and connected with the
large business interests of the state including its-
railroads, banks and manufactories. He was
married in July, 1851, to Sarah, daughter of
Gideon and Sarah Waples of Milton. He was a.

POOK

POOLE

Democratic representative in the state legislature,
1856-64 ;, was elected state senator, 1864, and
speaker of the senate in 1867. He was elected
governor of the state of Delaware on the Demo
cratic ticket in 1870 ; serving from Jan. 17, 1871,
till 1875. He died in Milton, Del., Nov. 5, 1897.
POOK, Samuel Hartt> naval constructor, was
born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 17, 1827; son of
Samuel Moore and Martha Crum (Dickinson)
Pook ; grandson of Charles Lee and Sally Clark
(Moore) Pook and of John and Martha (Crum)
Dickinson, and a descendant of Nathaniel and
Anna (Sull) Dickinson, who came to Boston from
England about 1629. Samuel Moore Pook (1804-
1878), a native of Boston, Mass., was a U.S.
naval constructor at Portsmouth, N.H., 1841-66 ;
built the Preble, Saratoga, Congress, Franklin,
Merrimack and Princeton, and is the author of :
" A Method of Comparing the Line and Draught
ing Vessels propelled by Sail or Steam," with dia
grams (1866). Samuel Hartt Pook was graduated
at Portsmouth academy, N.H., 1843; served an
apprenticeship as naval architect, 1843-50, under
his father, and in 1850 established himself in
business in Boston. He was married, Jan. 23,
1850, to Ellen Maria, daughter of James K. Froth
ingham of Charlestown, Mass. He designed a
number of merchant clippers, including the Red
Jacket, Ocean Telegraph and Northern Lights
and several iron-clads and war frigates for the
Spanish government ; superintended the iron
clad Galena, and was subsequently in charge of
the shipyard at New Haven, Conn., where he
built sixteen vessels of war for the government.
He was appointed assistant U.S. naval con
structor, May 17, 1866 ; was promoted naval con
structor, April 15, 1871, and served at the Ports
mouth Navy yard, at Mare Island, Boston,
Washington and New York navy yards until his
retirement, Jan. 17, 1889. He died at his home in
Washington, D.C, March 30, 1901.
POOL, John, senator, was born in Pasquotank
county, N.C, June 16, 1826 ; son of Solomon and
Martha (Gaskins) Pool ; grandson of Patrick and
Winifred Pool, and a descendant of Patrick
Pool of Chester county, England, who landed in
Pasquotank county, N.C, early in 1700. He was
graduated at the University of North Carolina in
1847, and practised law at Elizabeth City, N.C,
1847-56. He was married first, June 20, 1850, to
Narcissa Dosia, daughter of Spencer Sawyer,
who died in February, 1856 ; and secondly, Dec. 16,
1857, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. William
Mebane of Bertie county, N.C She died, Oct.
16, 1873. He was a state senator from Pasquo
tank, 1856-60 and 1864-66, and the defeated
Whig candidate for governor of North Carolina
in 1860, John W. Ellis being elected. He was
a strong Union man, a member of the state con-

[298]

stitutional convention in 1865, and was chosen
by the legislature as a U.S. senator for the term
expiring March 3, 1871, but the state was re
fused senatorial recognition. He was again
elected in. 1866, with J. C. Abbott and drew' the
long term, taking his seat in July, 1868, his term
expiring March 3, 1873, after which he practised
law at Washington, D.C, until his death, which
occurred there, Aug. 16, 1884.
POOL, Maria Louise, author, was born at
Rockland, Mass., Aug. 20, 1841 ; daughter of Elias
and Lydia (Lane) Pool. She attended the public
schools of Rockland, and afterward taught there
so long as her health permitted. She removed to
Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1877, and later made her home
in Wrentham and Rockland, Mass., successively.
Besides many articles in newspapers and maga
zines she wrote : A Vacation in a Buggy (1887) ;
Tenting at Stony Beach (1888) ; Dally (1891) ;
Roweny in Boston (1892) ; Mrs. Keats Bradford
and Katharine North (1893) ; Out of Step and
The Two Salomes (1894) ; Against Human Na
ture (1895) ; In a Dyke Shanty (1896) ; Mrs. Gerald
(1896) ; In Buncombe County (1896) ; In the First
Person (1896) ; Boss and other Dogs ; Friendship
and Folly (1898) ; A Golden Sorrow (1898) ; and
A. Widower and Some Spinsters ; Tlie -Meloon
Farm and Sand 'n' Bushes, published posthu
mously. She died in Rockland, Mass. , May 19, 1898.
POOL, Solomon, educator, was - born near
Elizabeth City, N.C, April 21, 1832; son of
Solomon and Martha (Gaskins) Pool ; grandson
of Patrick and Winifred Pool, and a descendant
of Patrick Pool, of English birth, who landed in
Pasquotank Co., N.C, early in 1700. He was
graduated at the University of North Carolina,
A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856, and was married, June 9,
1856, to Cornelia, daughter of Joseph and Martha
Kirkland of Chapel Hill, N.C. He was tutor in
mathematics at the University of North Carolina,
1854-60 ; adjunct professor of mathematics and
natural philosophy, 1860-66 ; trustee and presi
dent, 1869-75, and remained in possession of the
university buildings, 1872-74, but no students at
tended. He was principal of Carey Collegiate
institute, 1875-78. He was minister of the Metho
dist Episcopal church, south, and had charge
of churches in the vicinity of his work as a
teacher. He received the degree of D.D. He
died at Greensboro, N.C, April 9, 1901.
POOLE, Fitch, librarian, was born at Danvers,
Mass., June 13, 1803 ; son of Deacon Fitch Poole
and great-grandson of John Poole. He attended
the public schools ; learned the trade of a sheep
skin and morocco manufacturer, and engaged in
business. He early contributed to the country
newspapers and became an authority on antiqua
rian matters. He also displayed talent at carica
ture and humorous drawing, and modelled several

POOLE

POOLE

portrait busts in plaster. He was editor of the
Danvers Wizard, 1859-68 ; a representative in the
state legislature, 1841-42, and postmaster of Pea
body for a short time under President Lincoln.
He founded the Mechanics Institute library,
which later became the Peabody Institute, and
was its" librarian, 1856-73. He is the author of
several topical satirical ballads including : Giles
Corey and G'oodwyfe Corey ; Giles Corey's Dream ;
Lament of the Bats Inhabiting the Old South
Church; a political parody on "John Gilpin's
Ride," and Witch Davee and Banquet on Galloivs
Hill. He died in Peabody, Mass., Aug. 19, 1873.
POOLE, Hurray Edward, historical writer,
was barn in Centremoreland, Wyoming county,
Pa., July 17, 1857 ; son of Edward Valentine and
Susan (Carey) Poole ; grandson of Daniel and
Anna Rebecca (Gardner) Poole and of Samuel
and Arminda (Mul
lock) Carey ; great-
grandson of William
and Sarah (Packard)
Poole and great2-
grandson of Lieut.
Samuel and Ruth
(Fullerton) Poole of
Easton ; great3-grand-
son of Samuel and Re
becca (Shaw) Poole ;
greaf-grandson of
Samuel and Sarah
(Nash) Poole ; great5-
grandson of Capt.
Joseph and Elizabeth
(Shaw) Poole, orig
inal settlers of Abington, Mass., and great0 grand
son of Edward and Sarah (Phinney) Poole of Wey
mouth, Mass., 1635. Murray Edward Poole was
prepared for college by a private tutor and at
Wyoming seminary, Kingston, Pa., and was grad
uated from Cornell university, A.B.. in 1880. He
was admitted to the bar, May 3, 1889, and settled
in practice at Ithaca, N.Y. He was married, Nov.
4, 1891, to Eva, daughter of James Zeliffe of
Limestone, N.Y. He was appointed special
county judge of Tompkins county by Gov. David
B. Hill in 1889; was justice of the peace, 1891-95,
and acting 'recorder of Ithaca, 1893-95. He was
the Democratic candidate for delegate to the state
constitutional convention of 1894 ; was elected
president of the National Historical and Ameri
can Genealogical societies, 1900, and a member
of the American Bar association ; the New York
State Bar association ; the American Historical
association ; the New England Historic Genea
logical society ; the Sons of the American Rev
olution ; the Society of the War of 1812 ; the
Society of Colonial Wars, and the Founders and
Patriots of America. The honorary degree of

Z^trtrCt—

[2991

LL.D. was conferred on him by Nashville college
in 1900, and that of D.C.L. by the American uni
versity in 1901. He is the author of : The History
of Edward Poole of Weymouth, Mass. (1635) and
his Descendants (1893) ; Histories of the Tremaine,
Dey, Board, Mack, Ayers, Carey, Mullock, Gard
ner and Zeliffe families, and historical and
genealogical contributions to leading magazines
and periodicals.
POOLE, William Frederick, librarian, was
born in Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821 ; son of Ward
and Eliza (Wilder) Poole, and a descendant
from John Poole of Reading, Eng., who became
a proprietor of Reading, Mass., 1635. He attend
ed Leicester academy, and was graduated from
Yale, A.B., 1849, A.M., 1852. He was assistant
librarian of the "Brothers in Unity," a literary
society at Yale, and prepared an index to re
views and magazines which was published in
1848. He was assistant librarian at the Boston
Athenaeurn, 1851-52; librarian of the Boston Mer
cantile library, 1852-56, and librarian of the Bos
ton Athenaeum, 1856-69. He prepared a catalogue
of the Athenseum which was published in five vol
umes after he left. He was married, Nov. 22, 1854,
to Fannie M. Gleason. He became a professional
expert for the organization of libraries in 1869,
and was connected with the Bronson library,
Waterbury, Conn., in 1869, the St. Johnsbury
Athenseum, Vt., the Newton and East Hampton
libraries, Mass., and the U.S. Naval academy
library, Annapolis, Md. He organized and was
librarian of the- Cincinnati library, 1869-74 ; the
Chicago Public library, 1874-87, and librarian of
Newberry library. Chicago, 1887-94. He edited
The Owl, a literary monthly, 1874-75. He was a
member of the first library convention held in
New York city, September, 1853 ; a founder ofthe
American Library association of Philadelphia in
.1876 ; vice-president, 1876-84, and president, 1885-
87, and was vice-president of the international
conference of libraries at London in October,
1877. He was a member of the American His
torical association and its president, 1887-88 ; a
member of the American Antiquarian society ;
of the New England Historic Genealogical so
ciety, and of the Essex Institute ; and a cor
responding member of the Massachusetts, New
York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Wisconsin
Historical societies. He received the honorary
degree of LL.D. from Northwestern university
in 1882. Besides his Index to Periodical Litera
ture, which was re-published in 1853 and in 1882,
he is the author of: The Popham Colony (1866);
Wonder Working Providence of Sion's Savior in
New England (1654, new edition with introduc
tion, 1867) ; Cotton Blather and Salem Witchcraft
(1869); Anti-Slavery Opinions before 1800 (1872) ;
Tlie Oi-dinance of 1787 (1876) ; Witchcraft in

POOR

POOR

Boston, in Winsor's "Memorial History of Bos
ton ; " The West, 1763-83, in Winsor's "Narrative
and Critical History of America" Tlie Early
Nortluvest (1889), and papers on library econ
omy. He died in Evanston, 111., March 1, 1894.
POOR, Charles Henry, naval officer, was born
in Cambridge, Mass., June 11, 1808 ; son of
Moses and Charlotte (Whife) Poor ; grandson of
Eliphalet and Elizabeth (Little) Poor, and of
Calvin and Mary (Lucas) White, and a descend
ant of John Poore, who came from Wiltshire,
England, to Newbury, Mass., in 1635. He was
warranted a midshipman in the U.S. navy, March
1, 1823 ; promoted midshipman, March 29, 1829,
and lieutenant, Dec. 31, 1833. He was married,
May 13, 1835, to Mattie Lindsay, daughter of Dr.
Robert Boling and Mattie (Lindsay) Stark of
Norfolk, Va. He was promoted commander, Sept.
14, 1855, and after service on various vessels in
the different naval squadrons, 1823-60, he com
manded the St. Louis of the home squadron,
1860-61. He was in command of an expedition
sent to the relief of Fort Pickens, Fla., in 1861 ;
commanded the
frigate Roanoke
of the North At
lantic blockad
ing squadron,
1861-62, and ran
the Confederate
, batteries at Se-
• wall's Point, Va.,
^ when en route
through Hamp
ton Roads to Newport News to aid the fleet at
tacked by the Confederate ram Merrimac. He
was promoted commodore, Jan. 2, 1863, com
manded the Saranac of the Pacific squadron,
1863-65, and secured the release of the U.S. mail
steamer, unlawfully detained at Panama. He was
promoted rear admiral, Sept. 20, 1868, and was
retired, June 9, 1870. He was a member of the
retiring board, 1871-72, and resided in Washing
ton, D.C, up to the time of his death, which
occurred, Nov. 5, 1882.
POOR, Daniel, missionary, was born in Danvers,
Mass., June 27, 1789 ; son of Joseph and Mary
(Abbot) Poor ; grandson of Thomas and Mary
(Adams) Poor and of George and Hannah (Love
joy) Abbot, and a descendant of Daniel Poor, who
came from Andover, England, in 1638, fourteen
years of age, landing in Boston and going imme
diately to Newbury, Mass., removing thence a
few years later to Andover or Cochicawic. He
married Mary Farnum, who came from England.
Daniel Poor, the missionary, was graduated at
Dartmouth, A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814, and at An
dover Theological seminary in 1814, and was
ordained at Newburyport, Mass., June 21, 1815.

U.S.S. ROANOKE.

[300]

He was married to Susan Bullfinch and they ac
companied other missionaries to Ceylon, sailing
from New York in October, 1815, and arriving in
India in March, 1816. He organized a mission-
school at Tillipally, and after twenty years' work
there, removed to Matura, Southern India, where
he labored, 1836-49, establishing thirty-seven
schools. In 1849-51 he was in the United States
engaged in presenting the claims of his mission
field to the churches. He received the honorary
degree of D.D. from Dartmouth in 1835. He was
stationed at Manepy, Ceylon, until his death there
by cholera, Feb. 3, 1855.
POOR, Daniel Warren, clergyman and edu
cator, was born in Tillipally, Ceylon, Aug. 21,
1818 ; son of the Rev. Daniel and Susan (Bull
finch) Poor, the missionaries. He was graduated
at Amherst, A.B., 1827, A.M., 1840, and attended
Andover Theological seminary, 1840-42. He was
ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, March 1,
1843, and was pastor of Central church, Fair-
haven, Mass., 1843^9, and of the High Street
Presbyterian church, Newark, N.J., 1849-69, dur
ing which time he established the German Theol
ogical seminary at Bloomfield and organized Ger
man churches in Newark. He was pastor of the
first Presbyterian Church, Oakland, Cal., 1869-71,
and professor of ecclesiastical history and church
government in the Sau Francisco Theological
seminary, 1871-76, which institution he organized.
He also organized the Union church of San Lor
enzo, Cal., and was secretary of the Presbyterian
board of education in Philadelphia, Pa., 1876-93.
He was married in October, 1847, to Susan Helen,
daughter of Benjamin Ellis. He received the
degree of D.D. from the College of New Jersey
in 1857. He was one of the editors of Lange's
" Commentary " and published Select Discourses
from the French and German with the Rev. Henry
C. Fish (1858), and The Epistles to the Corinthi
ans with the Rev. Conway P. Wing from the
German of Lange (1868). He died in Newark,
N. J., Oct. 11, 1897.
POOR, Enoch, soldier, was born in Andover,
Mass., June 21, 1736. He attended school at An
dover, and removed to Exeter, N. H., about 1765,
where he was actively engaged in shipbuilding
and mercantile pursuits until the outbreak of the-
Revolution, when he organized the troops fur
nished by the general assembly into three regi
ments, of one of which he was elected colonel,
May 23, 1775. He was sent to New York after
the evacuation of Boston by the British, was>
transferred to the 8th Continental infantry, Jan.
1, 1776. and joined Arnold's expedition into Can
ada. He was at Crown Point after the American
army returned from Canada, and when General
Schuyler determined to evacuate. Colonel Poor
with other officers appealed to General Washing-

POORE

POPE

ton. In his reply the commander-in-chief ac
knowledged the military judgment of the appel
lants, but declined to couutermand the order.
Colonel Poor was returned to the command of
the 2d New Hampshire regiment, Nov. 8, 1776>
and was promoted brigadier-general in the Con
tinental army, Feb. 21, 1777. At the battle of
Stillwater his command bore the brunt of the
British attack and the greater part of the Amer
ican loss, and at the battle of Saratoga he led the
advance. He went to Pennsylvania after Bur-
goyne's surrender, joined Washington in the
Jei'sey campaign, and was with him at Valley
Forge, from which place he appealed for aid to
the New Hampshire legislature. In the pur
suit of the British across New Jersey he dis
tinguished himself at Monmouth, where he
fought under Lafayette ; commanded his brigade
in Sullivan's expedition in New York in 1779,
and in August, 1780, was appointed to the com
mand of a corps of light infantry. General Poor
was a close personal friend of Generals Wash
ington and Lafayette, and was toasted by the
latter at a banquet in New Hampshire in 1824.
He died at Hackensack, N.J., Sept. 8, 1780.
POORE, Benjamin Perley, editor, was born in
Newburyport, Mass., Nov. 2, 1820 ; son of Benja
min and Mary Perley (Dodge) Poore ; grandson
of Daniel Noyes and Lydia (Merrill) Poore, and
of Allen and Mary (Burroughs) Dodge, and a
descendant of Samuel
Poore, who emigrated
from England in the
ship Bevis, with his
brother Daniel and
sister Alice in 1638,
and settled at In
dian Hill, Newbury,
Mass. Benjamin Per
ley Poore attended
the public schools and
Dummer academy ;
learned the printer's
trade in Worcester,
Mass., and owned and
edited the Southern
Wliig at Athens, Ga.,
1838-40. While attache of the American legation
at Brussels, 1841-44, he engaged as historical agent
of Massachusetts in France, in gathering data of
American colonial history from 1492 to 1780. He
returned to the United States in 1848. and was edi
tor of the Boston Bee and Sunday Sentinel, 1848-54,
and Washington correspondent of the Journal,
1854-74. He was married. June 12, 1849, to Vir
ginia, daughter of Francis and Mary (Thompson)
Dodge of Georgetown, D.C. He was secretary of
the U.S. Agricultural society and editor of its
Journal ; a clerk of various important congres

sional committees while in Washington, and in
1801 was appointed major of the 8th Massachusetts
volunteers under the command of Col. B. F. But
ler, rendering important service in keeping the
way open through Maryland to Washington. In
December, 1861, he returned to his journalistic
work. He commanded the Ancient and Honor
able Artillery company of Boston in 1874, and
was its historian. He edited the Congressional
Directory, 1867-87 ; made valuable indices to the
" Congressional Record," and compiled a de
scriptive catalogue of government publications
from 1774 to 1881, including the several treaties
made with foreign governments, under the direc
tion of the U.S. congress. He is the author of ;
Campaign Life of Gen. Zachary Taylor (1848);
Rise and Fall of Louis Philippe (1848); Early
Life of Napoleon Bonaparte (1851); Agricultural
History of Essex County, Mass. (1865); The Con
spiracy Trial for the Murder of Abraham Lincoln
(1865) ; Federal and State Charters (2 vols., 1877) ;
Tlie Political Register and Congressional Direc
tory (1878); Life of Burnside (1882); Perley's
Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National
Metropolis (1886). He diedin Washington, D.C,
May 30. 1887.
POORE, Henry Rankin, artist, was born in
Newark, N. J., March 21, 1859 ; son of the Rev.
Daniel Warren and Susan Helen (Ellis) Poor.
He became a special student at the University of
Pennsylvania, 1881, and received a certificate of
proficiency in June, 1883. He studied art in the
Pennsylvania academy ; the National Academy
of Design, and with Peter Moran, and in Paris
four years under Lumenais and Bougereau. He
opened a studio in Philadelphia, Pa.; was an in
structor in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine
Arts ; a teacher in the Chautauqua Art school,
and received a grand prize of $2,000 from the
American Art association, New York, for " The
Night of the Nativity " (1889), and also the Hal-
garten prize from the National Academy of
Design, New York, of which he was elected an
associate in 1888. He received a bronze medal
at the Pan American exhibition, Buffalo, 1901.
He was especially successful in combining figures
and animals in his paintings. He was married,
June 30, 1896, to Katherine, daughter of Charles
and Caroline (Caldwell) Stevens of Worcester,
Mass. Among his more important works are :
Ulysses Feigning Madness (1884) ; Close of a City
Day (1886) ; Plow-horses Frightened by a Passing
Train (1887); Plowing of the Ephrata Brethren
(1897); The Wounded Hound (1898) ; Backlog
Reveries (1900); October Harvest (1901).
POPE, Franklin Leonard, electrician, was
born in Great Barrington, Mass. , Dec. 2, 1840 ;
son of Ebenezer and Electa Leonard (Wain-
wright) Pope ; grandson of Ebenezer and Keziah

[301]

POPE

POPE

(Willard) Pope, and of William and Mary
(Leonard) Wainwright, and a descendant of
Thomas and Sarah (Jenney) Pope. Thomas
Pope emigrated from England to Plymouth,
Mass., about 1630, and in 1674 removed to Dart
mouth, Mass. Franklin Pope attended the public
schools, learned telegraphy in Great Barrington,
and was an operator there, in Springfield, Mass.,
and in Providence, R.I.. 1857-62. He assisted in
building lines for the American telegraph com
pany, 1862-64, and for the Russo- American tele
graph company, from Washington Territory, by
way of Behring Straits, to Siberia, 1864-67 ; the
system, which had been partially completed,
being abandoned in 1867. While surveying this
work he made known to geographers the sources
of the Skeena, Stickeen and Y^ukon rivers. He
entered into partnership with Thomas A. Edison
in 1867, and with him invented the "ticker,"
afterward so extensively used in Wall Street
and on all stock exchanges in the United States.
He also invented in 1872 the rail circuit for auto
matically controlling electric block signals, and
made valuable improvements in telegraph in
struments. He was married, Aug. 6, 1873, to
Sarah Amelia, daughter of Marquis Fayette and
Hannah (Williams) Dickinson of Amherst, Mass.
He was patent attorney for the Western Union
telegraph company, and in 1885 was elected
president of the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers. He edited the Electrical Engineer,
1884-95, and is the author of : Modern Practice
of the Electric Telegraph (1871) ; Life and Work
of Joseph Henry (1879). He was killed by a cur
rent of 3,000 volts, while superintending the con
struction of an electric plant at Great Barring-
ton, Mass., Oct. 13, 1895.
POPE, John, senator, was born in Prince Wil
liam county, Va., in 1770. His parents removed
to Kentucky, where he was educated for the law,
and he practised in Washington, Shelby and
Fayette counties. He represented Shelby county
in the Kentucky legislature in 1802, and Fayette
county, 1806-07. He was a presidential elector
in 1801, voting tor Thomas Jefferson ; was an Anti-
Federalist U. S. senator from Kentucky. 1807-13,
and president pro tern of the senate in 1811. He
was appointed by President Jackson governor of
Arkansas Territory in 1829, and held the office
until 1835, when he resumed the practice of law
in Springfield, Ky. He was a representative from
the seventh district in the 25th, 26th and 27th
congresses, 1837-43, and was defeated as the in
dependent candidate for representative in the 28th
congress. He died at Springfield, July 12, 1845.
POPE, John, naval officer, was born in Sand
wich, Mass., Dec. 17, 1798. He was warranted
midshipman, May 30, 1816; was commissioned
lieutenant, April 28, 1826, and served on board

the frigate Constitution in the Mediterranean
squadron, 1827-28, and on the sloop St. Louis
in the West India squadron, 1833-34. He was
stationed at the U.S. navy yard, Boston, Mass.,
in 1837 and 1843 ; served on the razee of the In
dependence in the Brazil squadron in 1840, and
was promoted commander, Feb. 15, 1843. He com
manded the brig Dolphin on the coast of Africa,
1846-47 ; was com
mandant of the navy
yard at Boston, Mass. ,
in 1850, and com
manded the sloop
Vandalia in the East
India squadron, 1853-
56. He was pro
moted captain, Sept.
14, 1855 ; was com
mander of the Ports
mouth, N.H., navy
yard, 1858-60 ; com
manded the steam
sloop Richmond in
the Gulf squadron in
1861, and on being detached was retired, Deo.
21, 1861. He was promoted to the rank of com
modore on the retired list, July 16, 1862, and
served on the board of prize commissioners in Bos
ton. 1864-65, and as a light-house inspector, 1866-
69. He died in Dorchester, Mass., Jan. 14, 1876.
POPE, John, soldier, was born in Louisville,
Ky. , March 12, 1823 ; son of Judge Nathaniel Pope
( 1784-1850), a native of Louisville, Ky., agraduate
of Transylvania college, lawyer in Missouri and
Illinois, secretary of Illinois Territory, a delegate
in congress from Illinois Territory, 1816-18, and
U.S. judge for the
district of Illinois,
1818-50. John Pope
was graduated at the
U.S. Military acad
emy in 1842, and as
signed to the topo
graphical engineers.
He served in Florida,
1842-44, and as assist
ant engineer on the
survey of the north
east boundary line,
1845-46. He was pro
moted 2d lieutenant,
May- 9, 1846 ; was en
gaged in the battles
of Monterey and Buena Vista ; was brevetted
1st lieutenant, Sept. 23, 1846, and captain, Feb.
23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct
at Monterey, and Buena Vista respectively. He
served on surveys and explorations in Minne
sota, 1849-50; as chief topographical engineer

[302]

POPE

PORTER

of the department of New Mexico, 1851-53, and
as chief of the survey of the Pacific railroad
route, near the 32d parallel of latitude, 1853-
59. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 3,
1853; captain, July 1, 1856, for fourteen years'
continuous service, and was on light-house duty,
1859-61. He was court-martialed for criticising
the President's policy early in 1861 ; was appointed
by President Lincoln mustering officer at Chicago,
111., serving from April to July, 1861 ; was made
brigadier-general of U.S. volunteers, May 17,
1861, and commanded the district of North
Missouri, July to October, 1861, and the 2d divi
sion of the army in its successful campaign
against General Price in Southwest Missouri,
October to December, 1861, when he captured
large stores of provisions and many prisoners.
He commanded the district of Central Missouri,
December, 1861, to February, 1862 ; the Army of
the Mississippi in co-operation with the gunboat
fleet under Flag-offiser Foote in the capture of
New Madrid, Mo., March 14, 1862. and the capture
of Island No. 10, April 8, 1862. He was promoted
major-general of volunteers, March 21, 1862, and
in the Mississippi campaign advanced upon and
besieged Corinth, April-May, 1862, after its
capture pursuing the Confederate. army to Bald
win. He was promoted bflgadier-general in the
regular army, July 14, 1862 ; was given com
mand of the Army of Virginia, to which was
added the Army of the Potomac, and with the
combined army fought the disastrous battles of
Cedar Mountain, Manassas and Chantilly, resign
ing his command after the army fell back on
Washington. He was transferred to the com
mand of the department of the Northwest, serving
1862-65 ; was commander of the military division
of the Missouri, January to June, 1865, and of the
department ofthe Missouri, June, 1865, to August,
1866. He was brevetted major-general, U.S.A.,
March 13, 1865, for gallantry at Island No. 10, and
was mustered out of the volunteer service, Sept.
1, 1866. He was on leave of absence, October,
1866, to April, 1867, and commanded the Third
military district, comprising Georgia, Florida
and Alabama, 1567-68 ; the "department of the
Lakes, 1868-70, and the department of the Mis
souri, 1870-83. He was promoted major-general,
U.S.A., Oct. 26, 1882, and commanded the
division of the Pacific and the department of
California, 1883-86, when he was retired, being
sixty-four years of age. He charged the failure
of his operations in Virginia to the omission of
Gen. Fitz-John Porter to obey his orders and
caused that officer's court-martial. He is the
author of : Explorations from the Red River to
the Rio Grande (Pacific Railroad reports, vol.
III.) and The Campaign of Virginia, 1862 (1865).
He died in Sandusky, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1892.

PORCHER Francis Peyre, botanist, was born
in St. John's parish, Berkeley district, S.C, Dec.
14, 1824; son of Dr. William and Isabella S.
(Peyre) Porcher ; grandson of Thomas and Char
lotte (Mazyck) Porcher, and of Francis and Mary
(Walter) Peyre, and a descendant of Isaac and
Claud (de Cherigny) Porcher. Isaac Porcher, a
native of St. Severe, Berrie, France, and a
Huguenot refugee, settled in South Carolina in
1685. Francis Peyre Porcher was graduated at
South Carolina college in 1844, and at the Medi
cal College of the State of South Carolina in
1847. He practised in Charleston, S.C. ; was
surgeon and physician, to the Marine and City
hospitals ; surgeon in charge of the Confederate
hospitals at Norfolk and Petersburg, Va., 1862-
65 ; professor of materia medica, therapeutics
and clinical medicine in the Medical College of
the State of South Carolina, and one of the editors
of the Charleston Medical Journal and Review
for several years. He was elected president of
the South Carolina Medical society in 1872 ; was
an associate fellow of the Philadelphia College of
Physicians, and a corresponding member of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
He was married first, April 25, 1855, to Virginia,
daughter of the. Hon. Benjamin Watkins and
Julia (Wickham) Leigh of Richmond, Va ; and
secondly, March 9, 1877, to Margaret, daughter of
Col. Joshua John and Johanna (Hasell) Ward of
Waccamaw, S.C. He received the degree of
LL.D. from the South Carolina college in 1891; was
a member of the World's International Medical
congress at Berlin, 1895, and a complimentary
president of the section on general medicine at the
Pan-American Medical congress. He devoted
his leisure to the study of botany, and is the
author of : A Medico-Botanical Catalogue of the
Plants and Ferns of St. John's, Berkeley. S.C.
(1847) ; A Sketch of the Medical Botany of South
Carolina (1849); The Medicinal, Poisonous and
Dietetic Properties of the Cryptogamic Plants of
the United States (1854); Illustrations of Disease
with the Microscope, and Clinical Investigations
aided by the Microscope and by Chemical Re
agents (1861), and Resources of the Southern
Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical and
Agricultural, published by order of the surgeon-
general of the Confederate States (1863, rev. ed.,
1869). He died in Charleston, S.C, Nov. 19, 1895.
PORTER, Albert Gallatin, governor of In
diana, was born in Lawrenceburg, Ind., April
20, 1824 ; son of Thomas and Myra (Tousey) Por
ter, and grandson of Moses Tousey of Kentucky.
His paternal grandfather removed from Pennsyl
vania to Belleview. an island in the Ohio river.
He worked as a ferryman on the Ohio river;
attended the preparatory department of Hanover
college ; was graduated at Indiana Asbury uni-

PORTER

PORTER

versity, A.B., 1843, A.M., 1846; was admitted to
the bar in 1845 ; served as city attorney, 1851-53 ;
as reporter of the supreme court of Indiana, 1S53-
57, and as a member of the common council,
1857-59. He was a Republican representative in
the 36th and 37th congresses, 1859-63, serving
as a member of important committees ; was a
candidate for presidential elector on the Hayes
and Wheeler ticket in 1876, and Was appointed by
President Hayes, March 5, 1878, first comptroller
of the U.S. treasury, to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of R. A. Taylor, serving until 1880.
He was governor of Indiana,
1881-84 ; a delegate at large
from Indiana to the Republi
can national convention in
1888, and was appointed U.S.
minister to Italy in 1889, re
signing in September, 1892.
He practised law in partner
ship with Benjamin Harrison for several years.
He was married first in 1846, to Minerva Virginia
Brown of Indianapolis, Ind., and secondly in
January, 1881, to Cornelia Stone of Jamestown,
N.Y. He received the degree of LL.D. from In
diana Asbury university in 1870. He devoted his
last years to historical research, and published
Decisions of the Supreme Court of Indiana (5 vols. ,
1853-56) , and A History of Indiana. He died in
Indianapolis, Ind., May 3, 1897.
PORTER, Alexander, senator, was born near
Armagh, county Tyrone, Ireland, in 1786 ; son of
an Irish Presbyterian clergyman and chemist,
who was executed in 1798 as an insurgent spy
and member of the Society of United Irishmen.
He immigrated to the United States with an
uncle in 1801; settled in Nashville, Tenn.; was
admitted to the bar in 1807, and removed to St.
Martinsville, La., in 1810. He was a member of
the state constitutional convention of 1811 ; judge
of the state supreme court, 1821-33, where he
established a new system of jurisprudence, and
in 1833 was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the
unexpired term of Josiah Stoddard Johnston (q.v.)
deceased, resigning Jan. 5, 1837, when Alexandre
Mouton(q.v.) succeededhim. While in the senate
he voted to censure President Jackson for his
action in regard to the U.S. bank ; opposed the
abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia,
and the specie bill introduced by Senator Benton,
and advocated returning the surplus revenue to
the respective states, and the recognition by the
United States of the independence of the Republic
of Texas. He was re-elected to the senate in
1843 as successor to Charles M. Conrad, who com
pleted Alexandre Mouton's term, but he died be
fore taking his seat, and Henry Johnson (q.v.)
was elected his successor. He died at Attakapas,
La., Jan. 13, 1844.

PORTER, Alexander James, educator, was
born at Nashville, Tenn., June 14, 1822 ; son of
James A. and Sarah N. (Murphy) Porter, and
grandson of Alexander Porter, who emigrated
from Ireland in 1793, and settled first in Wilming
ton, Del., and then in Nashville. He attended
school at Jamaica Plain, Mass.; was graduated
from the University of Nashville, A.B., 1841,
and studied law under his uncle, Alexander
Porter (q.v.), but never practised. He was
twice married : first, in 1847, to Martha, daughter
of J. W. Allison, and secondly, to Rebecca G.,
daughter of Andrew Allison. In 1861 he entered
the Confederate service as adjutant-general on
the staff of Gen. George Manly, and later was
attached to the staffs of Gen. John C. Brown
and Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham. He was
elected a member of the board of trustees of
the University of Nashville in 1873 ; president of
the board in 1884, and on the death of Eben S.
Stearns in 1885, was made chancellor pro tempore,
serving as such until his death. He was closely
connected with the political life of the state, al
though he never held office. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. He died at Nashville,
Tenn., Feb. 11, 1888.
PORTER, Andrew, soldier, was born in
Worcester, Montgomery county, Pa., Sept. 24,
1743 ; son of Robert Porter, who emigrated from
Londonderry, Ireland, in 1720, and settled in
Londonderry, N. II. Andrew conducted an Eng
lish and mathematical school in Philadelphia,
1767-76. He was appointed captain of marines,
and stationed on the frigate Effingham in 1776 ;
transferred to the 4th Pennsylvania artillery ;
promoted captain, major, Marcli 13, 1782, lieu
tenant-colonel and colonel, and was engaged in
the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine and
Germantown, being personally commended on
the field by General Washington, for his conduct
during the last named battle. He was sent to
Philadelphia, Pa., to enlist men, and prepare for
the siege of Yorktown. He accompanied Gen.
John Sullivan's expedition against the Indians,
and suggested to Gen. James Clinton the plan of
raising the water of Otsego lake by means of a
dam, thus allowing the passage of the troops by
boat to Tioga point. He refused the chair of
mathematics in the University of Pennsylvania,
and retired to his farm in 1783. He was a mem
ber of the Pennsylvania boundary commission,
1784-87, and gave his aid and advice in the com
pletion of the western end of the Mason and
Dixon line. He was commissioned brigadier-
general of state militia in 1801, and major-general
and surveyor-general, 1809-13. He declined the
commission of brigadier-general, U.S. A., and the
portfolio of war, tendered by President Monroe in
1812. He died in Harrisburg, Pa., Nov. 16, 1813.

[304]

PORTER

PORTER

PORTER, Andrew, soldier, was born in Lan
caster, Pa., July 10, 1820 ; son of George Bryan
Porter (q.v.). He attended the U.S. Military
academy, 1836-37, and upon the outbreak of the
war with Mexico, was appointed 1st lieutenant of
mounted rifles. He was appointed captain, May
15, 1847, and was brevetted major for gallantry
at Contreras and Cherubusco, and lieutenant-
colonel for gallantry at Chapultepec, Sept. 13,
1847. He served in Texas and in the southwest,
and in 1861 was ordered to Washington and
given command of the 16th U.S. infantry. He
commanded a brigade in the 2nd division, Mc
Dowell's army, at the battle of Bull Run, and on
the disablement of Gen. David Hunter, succeeded
to the command of the 2d division. He was
appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, May
17, 1861 ; was provost-marshal-general for the
Army of the Potomac, 1861-62 ; organized troops
at Harrisburg, Pa., in 1862, and in November,
1862, was assigned to a command in Pennsylvania.
He was pro vost-marshaL-gen eral of Washington ;
was mustered out, April 4, 1864, and resigned his
commission, April 20, 1864. He died in Paris,
France, Jan. 3, 1872.
PORTER, Augustus Steele, U.S. senator, was
born in Canandaigua, N.Y., Jan. 18, 1798. He
was graduated from Union college, Schenectady,
N.Y., in 1818, and practised law at Black Rock,
N.Y. He removed to Detroit, Mich., about 1822 ;
was mayor of the city, 1836-38, and was elected
to the U.S. senate as a Whig, serving, 1839-45.
He removed to Niagara Fails, N.Y., iu 1848,
where his father resided, and he lived in retire
ment, his only national service being that of dele
gate to the Union convention at Philadelphia, 1866.
He died at Niagara Falls, N.Y., Sept. 18, 1872.
PORTER, Benjamin Curtis, artist, was born
in Melrose, Mass. ; son of Charles and Julia
(Curtis) Porter. He studied art at an early age,
and traveled extensively in America and Europe.
For some years he gave his attention to figure
painting, but finally devoted himself entirely to
portraiture, establishing a studio in New York
city. In 1876 he exhibited at the National
Academy of Design, New York city, and was
elected an associate in 1878, and an academician
in 1880. He was married in 1887 to Mary Louise
Clark of Connecticut. He was awarded a medal
at the Paris exposition, 1900, and at the Pan-
American exposition, Buffalo, 1901. His princi
pal works include : Henry V. and the Princess
Kate (1868) ; The Mandolin Player and Cupid
with Butterflies (1874); The Hour Glass (1876);
Portrait of Lady with Dog (1876); Portrait of
Boy with Dog (1884), and numerous other por
traits, among the subjects being Cornelius Van-
derbilt, Mrs. Henry Clews, Mrs. Abram S.
Hewitt and Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney.

PORTER, Charlotte, author and editor, was
born in Towanda, Pa., Jan. 6, 1859 ; daughter of
Dr. Henry Clinton and Eliza Elinor (Betts)
Porter ; grand-daughter of Horace and Hannah
Twitchell (Frisbie) Porter, Waterbury, Conn.,
and of Nathaniel Noble and Eliza Montague
(Warner) Betts, Towanda, Pa., and a descendant
of Daniel Porter, called " the bone-setter " in the
Records of General Court at New Haven, Conn.,
who moved from Danvers, Mass., to Farmington,
Conn., in 1635. She was a student at Wells
college, Aurora, N.Y., 1873-75, graduating B.S.
in the latter year, and while an undergraduate
editing, the Wells College Chronicle. In 1882 she
removed to Philadelphia, Pa., and in 1883 visited
Europe, contributing meanwhile to magazines.
She edited Sliakespeariana, 1886-88 ; the Ethical
Record, 1888, and in January, 1889, with Helen
Archibald Clarke, founded Poet-Lore. They
removed to Boston in April, 1892, where they
continued the magazine. She is the author of :
Dramatic Motive in Browning's Strafford (1897).
Her other works, prepared in collaboration with
Miss Clarke, are as follows : Poems of Robert
Browning (2 vols., 1896) ; Tlie Ring and the Book
(1897); Clever Tales, translated (1897); Robert
Browning's Complete Works, Camberwell edition
(12 vols., 1898); The Works of Mrs. Browning,
Coxlioe edition (6 vols., 1900); Browning Study
Programmes (1900) ; Shakespeare Studies : Mac
beth (1902); Shakespeare's Works, Elizabethan
Edition, First Folio Text, with Critical Introduc
tions and Notes .- two initial volumes, Love's
Labor's Lost and Midsummer Night's Dream
(1902-03). PORTER, David, naval officer, was born in
Boston, Mass., Feb. 1, 1780; son of Capt. David
Porter, and grandson of Capt. Alexander Por
ter, who commanded
merchant vessels sail
ing for New England
ports, previous to the
Revolutionary war.
Capt. David Porter,
Sr., commanded the
sloop Delight, 1778-80,
and the ship Aurora
in 1780. He was cap
tured and imprisoned
in the prison-ship Jer
sey, New York har
bor, where he found
his brother Samuel
in a dying condition,
and remained with
him till the end, when he succeeded in escap
ing from the ship in a water-cask. He con
tinued to serve in the navy until the close of
the war. He was appointed sailing-master in

[305]

PORTER

PORTER

the new navy by President Washington, and
had charge of the signal station on Federal
Hill, Baltimore, Md. David Porter, Jr., ac
companied his father to sea in the West India
trading ship Eliza in 1796, and on his second
voyage the crew of the brig were impressed on
board a British frigate, where most of them, in
cluding young Porter, refused to perform duty
and were put in irons. Porter, when brought to
the mast to be whipped, broke away from his
captors, jumped overboard and swam to a Danish
brig, bound for Europe. He re-shipped on another
foreign vessel bound for the United States, was
again impressed on a British man-of-war, where
he received brutal treatment, but finally escaped. -
He was warranted midshipman, April 16, 1789,
and was ordered to the frigate Constellation,
Capt. Thomas Truxton, on a cruise in the West
Indies, Aug. 20, 1798. On Feb. 9, 1799, Truxton
met and captured the French frigate L'lnsur-
gente, Capt. Barreault, and the prize was brought
to port by Lieut. John Rogers, with Midshipman
Porter second in command. Porter was pro
moted lieutenant, Oct. 8, 1799, and transferred to
the schooner Experiment of the West India
squadron, which on Jan. 1, 1800, while convoying
several merchantmen, was becalmed off Santo
Domingo and attacked by ten picaroon barges.
Porter, who worked the Experiment during the
entire engagement and was severely wounded,
effected the escape of the fleet. Subsequently,
with a boat and four men, he took possession of
the prize Deux Amis. The prisoners on this
vessel numbered ten times as many as their
captors, and Porter ordered them all forward,
loaded one of his small guns, and threatened to
shoot the first man that crossed a prescribed
line. In this manner, for three nights and four
days he managed his prize, finally bringing it
into the harbor of St. Kitts. Upon the outbreak
of the war with Tripoli in 1802, Porter was ap
pointed first lieutenant on board the frigate New
York, and in April, 1802, while off the coast of
Tripoli, he volunteered to lead an assault in small
boats into the harbor. He landed in the face of
a largely superior force, set fire to the boats in
the harbor and returned to the squadron, but
not until he was again wounded. He was trans
ferred to the Philadelphia, Capt. Bainbridge, and
on Oct. 31, 1803, was on board that vessel in the
harbor of Tripoli when she ran on a sunken reef
and was captured, the officers and crew being
taken prisoners and confined until peace was
restored. He was commissioned master-com
mandant, April 22, 1806. On March 10, 1808, he
was married to Evelina, daughter of William
Anderson of Chester, Pa. He commanded the
naval forces at New Orleans, and captured three
French privateers anchored in the Mississippi

river. In 1811 he was given command of the
frigate Essex, and upon the outbreak of the war
of 1812 was promoted captain, and succeeded "in
capturing several prizes, including a transport
with 150 men , and the sloop-of-war Alert, the first
English ship of the line captured in the war. On
Dec. 11, 1812, he captured the British packet Nor-
ton, with specie amounting to $55,000, and oh Dec.
29, 1812, the schooner Elizabeth. He entered the
port of Valparaiso, S. A., where he learned that
Peru had sent out cruisers against the Americans.
After refitting his ship he set sail, and on March
25, 1812, captured the Peruvian privateer Nereyda,
which had on board the crews of two American
whalers;., the Barclay and Walker. He cruised
in the Pacific for ten months, capturing many
British whalers, including the Montezuma,
Georgiana and Policy, which were attached to
the Essex and refitted. Porter now sailed with
his fleet to the Marquesas Islands to refit, anchor
ing in the bay of Nukohwah, which he named
Massachusetts Bay, and after subduing the
natives of the island, he took possession in the
name of the United States. On Feb. 3, 1814,
in company with the Essex, Jr. (formerly the
Georgiana), the Essex arrived at Valparaiso, and
on Feb. 8, the British frigate Phaebe, Capt. James
Hillyer, with her consort the Cherub, arrived
and anchored near the Essex. The neutrality of
the port was not violated, and on March 28, 1814,
the Essex attempted to escape from the port.
She was immediately attacked by the Phtiebe and
Cherub, and after an engagement that lasted for
two hours and thirty minutes, the Essex was
reduced to a wreck and Porter struck his colors,
fifty-eight of his crew being killed and sixty-six
wounded. Soon after the capture, Porter made
an agreement with Hillyer to disarm' the Essex,
Jr., if allowed to proceed with his surviving
officer.3 and crew to the United States. He sailed,
April 27, 1814, arriving off Sandy Hook, N.Y.,
July 5, 1814, where he fell in with the British
ship Saturn, Captain Nash, and was detained,
Captain Nash doubting the authority of Captain
Hillyer to issue papers of safe conduct. Porter
escaped, July 6, 1814, and reached Babylon, L.I.
The Essex, Jr., was condemned and sold, and he
was appointed commissioner of the navy, serving,
1815-23. In 1823, in charge of an expedition to
suppress the West Indian pirates, he sailed to the
Gulf and established a naval depot at Key West.
In October, 1824, being informed of the robbery
of an American mercantile house in St. Thomas,
he dispatched the Beagle, Lieutenant Piatt, to>
investigate the matter. Lieutenant Piatt was
badly treated by the civil authorities and Porter,
considering it an insult to the American flag,
made a land attack on Foxordo, secured an
apology from the authorities and then removed

[306]

PORTER

PORTER

his men. He was ordered home, court-martialed
and suspended for six months on the ground that
he had exceeded his authority. This action so
displeased him that he resigned his commission and
entered the Mexican service as commander-in-
chief of the naval forces. In 1829 he returned
to the United States, and was appointed by
President Jackson consul-general at Algiers. He
was transferred to Constantinople as charge
d'affaires, and in 1831 was made minister resi
dent. He is the author of: Journal of a Cruise
made to the Pacific Ocean in the U.S. Frigate
"Essex" in 1812-13 (2 vols., 1815), and Constan
tinople and its Environs (2 vols., 1835). Porter's
name received six votes for a place in the Hall
of Fame for Great Americans, New York uni
versity, in October, 1900. He died in Pera, a
suburb of Constantinople, Turkey, March 28,
1843, and was buried at the naval asylum, Phila
delphia, Pa.
PORTER, David Dixon, naval officer, was born
in Chester, Delaware county, Pa., June 8, 1813 ;
son of David and Evelina (Anderson) Porter. He
attended Columbian college, Washington, D.C,
and in 1825 accompanied his father, then in com
mand of the West In
dia squadron, on a
cruise on the Spanish
Main. He was ap
pointed midshipman
in the Mexican navy,
and served under his
cousin, David H. Por
ter, on the schooner
Esmeralda in 1826,
and later on the brig
Guerrero, which was
captured off the coast
of Cuba by a Spanish
frigate, his cousin
being killed. He was
appointed a midship
man in the U.S. navy, Feb. 2, 1829, and served
in the Mediterranean squadron on the Con
stellation, Congress and Delaware. He was pro
moted passed midshipman, July 3, 1835, and
lieutenant, Feb. 27, 1841 ; served in the Medi-
• terranean and Brazilian squadrons, 1841-45 ; was
appointed to the naval observatory, Washing
ton, in 1845, and in 1846 was sent on a confi
dential mission to report on the condition of
affairs at Santo Domingo. On his return he was
given command of the steamer Spitfire, the flag
ship of the Mosquito fleet under Commodore Tatt
nall, and served in every action on the east coast.
He returned to the coast survey at the . close of
the war, and was captain of the Pacific Mail
steamers Panama and Georgia, 1849-53 ; com
manded a store ship in the U.S. navy in 1853 ;

rzd^j^^^

was on shore duty at the Portsmouth navy yard
in 1858, and in 1861 was given command of the
steamer Powhatan with troops for the relief of
Fort Pickens. He was promoted commander,
April 22, 1861, and remained in charge of the
Powhatan in the Gulf blockading fleet until
November, 1861, when he returned to Washington
and endeavored to demonstrate to the navy de
partment the advisability of an expedition to New
Orleans. He joined the expedition under Farra
gut in March, 1862, having command of the
mortar fleet consisting of twenty-one schooners
and five steamers, and with the fleet bombarded
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, compelling their
surrender, April 28, 1862. He served under Far
ragut in all the operations between New Orleans
and Vicksburg, supporting his advance when
Farragut passed the Vicksburg batteries, and
on Oct. 1, 1862, was given the rank of rear-ad
miral and ordered to relieve Admiral Davis in
command of the Mississippi squadron. He or
ganized and enlarged his fleet by casing river-
steamboats with heavy iron plating and railroad
iron, and adapting tliem to the narrow winding
streams in which they were to operate. He co
operated with General Grant in the Vicksburg
campaign and three times sent expeditions to
force a passage for the fleet into the Yazoo delta.
The third expedition, composed of five of his best
iron-clads, he led in person, and after, many diffi
culties reached the open country, where his
progress was checked by the inhabitants, who
blocked the stream with trees, obliging the fleet
to retreat. He commanded the fleet that ran the
fortifications of Vicksburg in April, 1863, and
opened fire on the forts at Grand Gulf, April 29,
1863. During that night, the fleet having suc
cessfully ferried Grant's army across the river, he
captured the forts at Haynes Bluff, and thus se
cured access to the Upper Yazoo. On July 4, 1863,
Vicksburg surrendered, but Porter remained at the
head of the Mississippi squadron until August,
1863. He was commissioned rear-admiral, July 4,
1863, and in the spring of 1864 commanded the
naval force in the Red River expedition. After
waiting to hear from General Banks, whose army
was defeated at Mansfield, La., he withdrew his
fleet, under a harassing fire from the troops on
the river bank. On reaching the rapids above
Alexandria, the Eastport was sunk by a hidden
torpedo, and in order to pass the shallow rapids a
dam was built by Lieut. -Col. Joseph Bailey (q.v.),
from timber cut on the river bank. In October,
1864, Porter was transferred to the command of
the North Atlantic blockading squadron, to con
duct the movement against Wilmington. His
fleet comprised five armored ships, including the
New Ironsides, three of the great screw frigates,
Colorado, Minnesota and Wabash, and the side-

[307]

PORTER

PORTER

wheelers, Powhatan and Susquehanna, besides
fifty corvettes, sloops of war and gunboats. On
Jan. 13, 1864, the fleet, mounting six hundred
and twenty guns, opened a fire (which lasted for
three days) on Fort Fisher, while under cover of
his guns eight thousand troops were landed, and
on Jan. 15, 1865, the works were captured by a

THE BOMBARDMENT op- FORT FISHER
combined attack of soldiers, sailors and marines.
For this enterprise Admiral Porter received a vote
of thanks from congress. He succeeded David
G. Farragut as vice-admiral of the navy, July 25,
1866, and was superintendent of the U.S. Naval
academy,- 1866-69. In March, 1869, he was as
signed to duty at the navy department in Wash
ington, and on Aug. 15, 1870, succeeded Farragut
as admiral, which rank ceased to exist on his
death, and was re-created in 1899 for George
Dewey. In 1874, when war with Spain was
threatened, he was selected to command the fleet.
He was president of the board of inspection for
several years. He is the author of : Life of Com
modore David Porter (1875); Allan Dare and
Robert le Diable (1888), which was dramatized
and produced in New York city in 1887 ; Inci
dents and Anecdotes of the Civil War (1885);
Harry Marline (1886), and History of the Navy
in the War of the Rebellion (1887). He died at
Washington, D.C, Feb. 16, 1891, and was buried
with the highest military honors at the Arlington
National cemetery.
PORTER, David Rittenhouse, governor of
Pennsylvania, was born in Norristown, Pa., Oct.
31, 1788; son of Gen. Andrew Porter (q.v). He
attended the academy at Norristown, and became
secretary to his father in the
surveyor-general's office at
Harrisburg in 1809. He
removed to Huntingdon
county ; engaged in iron
manufacturing and in agri
culture, ani was married in
1826 to Josephine, daughter
of William McDermott. He was a representative
in the state legislature, 1834-36 ; state senator,
1836-38 ; was elected governor ofthe state in 1838
by the Democratic party, and was re-elected for a
second term in 1841. He advocated the completion

of the main lines of canals and rivers across the
state from east to west, endeavored to secure the
payment of interest on the public debt and sup
pressed the Philadelphia riots of 1844. He returned
to his iron business in 1844, and was subsequently
interested with Gen. Sam Houston of Texas in
the organization of a railroad through Texas to
the Pacific coast, but the outbreak of the' civil
war ruined the project. He died in Harrisburg,
Pa., Aug. 6, 1807.
PORTER, Ebenezer, educator, was born in
Cornwall, Conn., Oct. 5, 1772; son of Judge
Thomas (1734-1833) and Abigail (Howe) Porter,
and a descendant of Thomas Porter, who emi
grated from England to America about 1640 and
was a proprietor of Farmington, Conn. He was
graduated at Dartmouth college, A.B., 1792, A.M.,
1795 : was ordained to the Congregational minis
try, Sept. 6, 1796 ; was pastor at Washington,
Conn., 1796-1812 ; professor of sacred rhetoric at
Andover Theological seminaiy, 1812-32, and pre
sident of the seminary, 1827-34. He was married
in May, 1797, to Lucy Pierce, daughter of the
Rev. Noah Mervin. He declined the presidency
of the University of Vermont in • 1815, the chair
of divinity at Yale in 1816, and the presidency of
the University of Georgia in 1818. He was also
consulted in regardto his possible acceptance of
the presidency of Hamilton, Middlebury, South
Carolina and Dartmouth colleges. He received
the honorary degrees A.M. from Yale in 1795,
D.D. from Dartmouth in 1814, and became a
member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts
and Sciences in 1809. He is the author of: The
Young Preacher's Manual (1819); An Analysis of
the Principles of Rhetorical Delivery (1827);
Syllabus of Lectures (1829) ; Rhetorical Reader
(1831); The Revivals of Religion (1S32); The
Cultivation of Spiritual Habits and Progress in
Study (1833) ; Homiletics, Preaching and Public
Prayer (1834); Eloquence and Style, revised by
Lyman Matthews (1836), and many sermons.
See memoir by the Rev. Lyman Matthews (1836).
He died in Andover, Mass., April 8, 1834.
PORTER, Elbert Stothoff, clergyman and
editor, was born at Hillsborough, N.J.,- Oct. 23,
1820 ; son of John Warburton and Mary Bennett
(McColm) Porter. He was graduated at the
College of New Jersey, A.B., 1839, A.M., 1842,
and began the study of law which he abandoned
for theology, graduating at the Theological Sem
inaiy of the Reformed Dutch church at New
Brunswick, N.J. , in 1842. He joined the New
Brunswick classis in 1842, and was pastor at
Chatham, N.Y., 1843-49. He was married in 1845
to Eliza K, daughter of the Rev. Peter S. Wyn-
koop of Ghent, N.Y. He vyas pastor of the First Re
formed Dutch church, Williamsburgh, L.L.N.Y.,
1849-83, and during 1868-69, built a new church

PORTER

PORTER

at a cost of $130,000. In 1883 he retired to his
farm at Claverack, N.Y., He received the hon
orary degree D.D. from Rutgers college in 1854,
and was president of the first general synod of
the church held after the name was changed to
Reformed Church of North America. He was
¦editor of the Christian Intelligencer, the organ of
the ohurch, 1852-68, and subsequently contributed
to other religious periodicals. He is the author
of : A History of the Reformed Dutch Church
in the United States; The Pastor's Guide, and
hymns. He died at Claverack, N.Y., Feb. 26, 1888.
PORTER, Eliphalet, clergyman, was born in
North Bridgewater, Mass., June 11, 1758 ; son of
John and Mary (Huntington) Porter, and grand
son of Samuel Porter. John Porter (1715-1802),
Harvard, A.B., 1736, A.M., 1739, was a cele
brated Calvinist clergyman. Eliphalet H. Por
ter was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1777, A.M.,
1780. He vvas ordained, Oct. 2, 1782 ; was pastor
ofthe Congregational church at Roxbury, Mass.,
1782-1830, and had as his assistant, the Rev. George
Putnam, 1830-33. He was married in October,
1801, to Martha, daughter of Major Nathaniel
Ruggles of Roxbury. He received the degree
S.T.D. from Harvard in 1807 ; was a fellow of
Harvard, 1818-33 ; a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; an original
trustee of the Massachusetts Bible society, and a
founder of the State Temperance society. He
published sermons and a, Eulogy on Washington
(1800). He died at Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 7, 1833.
PORTER, Fitz=John, soldier, was born at
Portsmouth, N.H., June 13, 1822; son of Capt.
John and Eliza Chauncy (Clarke) Porter, and a
nephew of Com. David Porter. He attended the
¦school of Benjamin Hallowell, Alexandria, Va. ;
Phillips Exeter acad
emy, and the school
of Stephen M. Weld,
Jamaica Plain, Mass.,
and was graduated
from the U.S. Mili
tary academy, and
assigned to the 4th
artillery, July 1,1845.
He served at the mil
itary academy and in
garrison at Fort Mon
roe, Va., 1845-46;
was promoted 2d lieu
tenant, June 18, 1846,
and in July, 1846,
reported at Point
Isabel, Texas, taking part in the battle of Buena
Vista, He engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz ;
in the hattie of Cerro Gordo ; was promoted 1st
lieutenant, May 29, 1847, and served at Con-
treras, where his company re-captured two of

-t^D

their guns taken at Buena Vista. He was
brevetted captain, for gallant conduct at Molino
del Rey, Sept. 8, 1847, and major, for services at
Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847. He was wounded in
the assault and capture of the Belen Gate, Sept. 13,
1847 ; was in garrison at Fort Monroe in 1848 ; at
Fort Pickens, Fla., 1848-49, and served as assistant
instructor in natural and experimental philosophy
at the Military academy, 1849-53 ; as assistant
instructor in artillery, July-Sept., 1853, and as
instructor iu artillery and cavalry, lfc>54-55. He
was brevetted captain of staff and assistant
adjutant-general, June 27, 1856, and served under
Gen. Persifor F. Smith at Fort Leavenworth,
Kan., during the Kansas troubles of 1856. He
was married, March 19, 1857, to Harriet Pierson,
daughter of John and Hannah (Sanford) Cook
of New York city. He was on the staff of Gen.
A. S. Johnston in the Utah expedition, 1857-60,
and was sent to Texas in 1861 to re-enforce the
garrisons at Key West and Dry Tortugas. He
commanded the troops engaged in protecting the
railroad between Baltimore and Washington,
immediately after the riot in Baltimore. He was
assigned to the staff of Gen. Robert Patterson,
of the Department of Pennsylvania ; was pro
moted colonel, 15th infantry, May 14, 1861, and
commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers,
May 17, 1861. He took part in the action of
Falling Waters, Va., July 2, 1861 ; commanded a
division in the defences of Washington, D.C,
1861-62 ; in the Virginia Peninsular campaign,
March-May, 1862, and directed the siege of York-
town, April 5-May 4, 1862. He commanded the
5th army corps, Army of the Potomac, May-
Aug., 1862, in the battles of New Bridge, Han
over Court-House, Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill,
Turkey Bridge .and Malvern Hill ; was brevetted
brigadier-general, U.S.A., June 27, 1862, for gal
lant conduct at Chickahominy, Va. ; commis
sioned major-general of volunteers, July 4, 1862 ;
transferred to northern Virginia in August,
1862 ; took part in the battle of Manassas under
Pope, Aug. 30-Sept. 2, 1862, and protected
Washington by occupying the west bank of the
Potomac, Sept. 2-13, 1862. He commanded the
5th army corps under McClellan at Antietam,
Sept. 17, 1862, where his corps formed the centre
of the line of battle, and with his corps alone,
fought the battle of Shepherdstown, capturing
four guns, Sept. 19, 1862. In November, 1862,
he was relieved of his command and ordered to
Washington to appear before a military com
mission to answer the charges preferred against
him by Gen. John Pope. This order was re
voked and a court-martial ordered. On Nov. 25,
1862, he was arrested, but it was not until Dec.
1, 1862, that the charges against him were made
known. He was accused of disobedience to the

[309]

PORTER

PORTER

order to join Pope at Bristoe on the morning of
Aug. 28, 1862 ; to two other orders issued on
Aug. 29, one to advance, the other to attack,
and of violation of the 52d article of war. The
court-martial found him guilty of the charges
preferred against him and he was cashiered, Jan.
21, 1863, and " forever disqualified from holding
any office of trust or piiefit under the govern
ment of the United States." On June 20, 1878, a
a board of officers convened by order of President
Hayes, completely vindicated him of all the
charges. In their report the}- say "Porter's
faithful, subordinate and intelligent conduct that
afternoon (August 29) saved the Union army from
the defeat which would otherwise have resulted
that day from the enemy's more speedy concen
tration." The question of the restoration of his
military rank on the finding of the military com
mission was brought before congress, where it
was fought on purely party lines. In 1885 it
passed both houses, but was vetoed by President
Arthur, who held that congress was without con
stitutional authority to pass such a bill. Porter
went to Colorado in the interest of a mining firm
in 1864, but a bill was introduced in the legisla
ture, expelling him from the territory. He re
turned to New York and engaged in business ;
was superintendent of the construction of the
New Jersey insane asylum, 1872-75 ; commis
sioner of public works in the city of New York,
1875-77, filling an unexpired term ; assistant re
ceiver of the Central Railroad of New Jersey,
1877-82 ; police commissioner of New York city,
1884-88 ; fire commissioner, 1888-89, and cashier
of the New York post office, 1893-97. In 1869 the
Khedive of Egypt offered him the command of
his army with the rank of major-general, which
offer he declined, preferring to remain in the
United States to secure his vindication. An act
of congress was approved by Cleveland in July,
1886, by which Porter was reappointed colonel,
U.S.A., his commission to date May 14, 1861.
He died in Morristown, N.J., May 21, 1901.
PORTER, George Bryan, third territorial
governor of Michigan, was born at Norristown,
Pa., Feb. 9, 1791 ; son of General Andrew Porter
(q.v.). He practised law at Lancaster, Pa., was
attorney-general of the state ; a representative
in the state legislature, and on Aug. 6, 1831, he
was appointed by President Andrew Jackson
governor of the territory of Michigan, serving
until his death. He took the field in the Black
Hawk war, 1832-33, and during his administra
tion Wisconsin was separated from Michigan and
made a territory, many new townships were
organized and new roads constructed. The terri
tory also appealed to congress for admission into
the Union, but this was postponed until Nov.
3, 1835. He died in Detroit, Mich., July 6, 1834.

/¦farUut, $ktb*

[310]

PORTER, Horace, soldier and- diplomatist,
was born in Huntingdon, Pa., April 15, 1837;
son of Gov. David Rittenhouse (q.v.) and Jose
phine (McDermett) Porter, and grandson of Gen.
Andrew Porter. He attended the Harrisburg
academy and pre
pared for college at
Lawrenceville, N.J.
He entered the scien
tific department of
Harvard university in
1854 ; was appointed
a cadet at the U.S.
Military academy in
1855, and was gradu
ated third in a class
of forty-two mem
bers, brevet 2d lieu
tenant of ordnance,
July 1, 1860. He was
instructor in artillery
at the academy, July-
October, 1860 ; and was assistant ordnance
officer at Watervhet arsenal, N.Y., 1860-61. He
was promoted 2d lieutenant, April 22, 1861,
and 1st lieutenant, June 7, 1861, and joined
the expedition under Sherman and Dupont as
assistant ordnance officer of the Port Royal
expedition corps, 1861-62. He was stationed
at Hilton Head Depot, South Carolina, and
engaged in erecting batteries of heavy artillery
on the Savannah river and at Tybee Island,
Ga., for the bombardment of Fort Pulaski. He
was chief of ordnance and artillery at the reduc
tion and capture of the fort, April 10—11, 1862,
and was brevetted captain April 11, 1862, for
gallant and meritorious conduct at the siege of
Pulaski, and presented with a captured sword
bearing a suitable inscription. He prepared the-
heavy artillery and ordnance stores for the James
Island expedition, April 13-June 1, 1862 ; was
wounded in the attack on Secessionville,- S.C,
June 16, 1862 ; was chief of ordnance of the
Army of the Potomac under General McClellan,
and superintended the transfer of the artillery
from Harrison's Landing, Va., to Maryland, July
25-Sept. 19, 1862. He was chief of ordnance,
Department of the Ohio, September, 1862-Janu-
ary, 1863, and of the Department and Army of
the Cumberland, January-November, 1863. He
was married Dec. 23, 1863, to Sophie King,
daughter of John McHarg of Albany, N.Y. He
was promoted captain March 3, 1863, and served
in the Tennessee campaign with the Army of
the Cumberland, June 24-Nov. 1, 1863, receiving
a congressional medal of honor for a special act
of gallantry at the battle of Chickamauga, Sept.
20, 1863. He was detailed on special duty in the-
ordnance bureau, Washington, D.C, November,

PORTER

PORTER

1863, and was promoted lieutenant-oolonel of
staff and aide-de-camp to Lieut. -Gen. U. S. Grant,
April 4, 1864. He took part in the Richmond
campaign, April 30, 1864-April 9, 1865 ; was
brevetted major, May 6, 1864, for gallant and
meritorious services at the battle of the Wilder
ness ; lieutenant-colonel, Aug. 16, 1864, for gal
lant and- meritorious services in action at New
market: Heights, Va. ; colonel of U.S. volunteers,
Feb. 24, 1865, and colonel U.S.A., March 13, 1865,
for meritorious services during the rebellion, and
brigadier-general, March 13, 1865, for gallant ser
vices in the field. He was promoted colonel of
staff and aide-de-camp to the general-in-ohief,
July 25, 1866, and served with Grant at the army
headquarters in Washington until 1869. He was
assistant secretary of war, 1866, and executive
secretary to President Grant, 1869-73. In 1873 he
entered into business in New York as vice-presi
dent of the.Pullman Palace Car company. He was
the first president of the New York, West Shore
and Buffalo railroad, president of the St. Louis
and San Francisco railroad, and a director of
several banks and railroads. In 1897 he was ap
pointed by President McKinley U.S. ambassador
to France, and was reappointed to the office by
President Roosevelt. He was elected a member of
the Massachusetts Historical society, the Ameri
can Geographical society ; president-general of
the National Society of the Sons of the American
Revolution ; president of the Union League club,
commander of the
Military Order of
the Loyal Legion,
New York comman-
dery ; past comman
der of the G. A. R.,
and vice-president
of the New York
Chamber of Com
merce. As . presi
dent of the Grant
Monument associa
tion - he completed
the monument, hav
ing during the
months of April and
May, 1892, raised
$400,000 by popular subscription for the purpose.
He was orator at the inauguration of Washington
Arch, N.Y. , May 4, 1895, and at the dedication
of Grant's tomb, N.Y., April 27. 1897; and de
livered the oration at the West Point Centennial
celebration, June 11, 1902. He is the author of :
West Point Life (1860); Campaigning with Grant
(1897), and contributions to the leading magazines.
PORTER, James Davis, governor of Ten
nessee, wasborn in Paris, Tenn., Dec. 7, 1828 ;
son of Dr. Thomas Kennedy and Geraldine (Hor-

TOMB OF GRANT. RlVERSI DE,«EW YORK.

jbv<f. /UTfQ^xA^

ton) Porter; grandson of William and Hannah
(Kennedy) Porter and of Josiah and Nancy
(White) Horton, and a descendant of John
Porter of Warwickshire, Eng., who settled in
Massachusetts in 1628, and in Winsor, Conn., in
1639. James Davis Porter was graduated from
the Univei'sity of
Nashville, A.B., 1846,
A.M., 1849, studied
law in the office of
Gen. John H. Dunlap
and at Cumberland
university, Lebanon,
Tenn., and in 1851
settled in practice in
Paris, Tenn., where
he was married June
17, 1851, to Susanna,
daughter of Gen.
John II . and Marietta
(Beauchamp) Dun
lap. He served in
the state legislature,
1859-61, where he was the author of the famous
"Porter Resolutions" passed in 1861, pledging'
Tennessee to co-operate with the seceding states
if force was resorted to by the Federal govern
ment. He served as adjutant-general to Gen.
Gideon J. Pillow at Memphis for one month, and
aided in organizing the provisional army of Ten
nessee. He then joined the staff of General Cheat
ham, and served as his chief of staff to the close of
the war. He took part in the battles of Belmont,
Shiloh, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, the siege
of Atlanta, and the battles of Jonesboro, Franklin,
Nashville, and Bentonville. He was a delegate
to the state constitutional convention of 1870;
judge of the 12th judicial circuit of Tennessee,
1870-74, and -was elected governor of Tennessee
by the Democratic party, serving, two terms,
1875-79. He was president of the Nashville, .
Chattanooga, and St. Louis railroad compan}',
1880-1884 ; assistant secretary of state of the
United States, 1885-87, and U.S. minister to
Chili, 1893-95. He became first vice-president of
the Tennessee Historical society, re-elected at the
annual meeting in 1902 ; a trustee of the Pea
body Education fund from 1883, and president
of the board of trustees of the University of
¦Nashville, 1890, having been a member of the
board for many years before his election as presi
dent. He received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from the University of Nashville in 1877. He
was chairman of the Tennessee delegation to the
Democratic national convention of 1880 and 1892.
He devoted the latter part of his life to farming,
and was elected president of the Peabody College
for Teachers and chancellor of the University of
Nashville in 1901. He is the author of : The Mili-
[311]

PORTER

PORTER

tary History of Tennessee, War of 1861-65, pub
lished under the direction of the Confederate
Veterans' association.
PORTER, John Addison, chemist, was born
in Catskill, N.Y., March 15, 1822. He was grad
uated from Yale college, A.B., 1842; A.M., 1845 ;
was tutor in Delaware college, Newark, Del.,
1844-45, and professor of rhetoric and modern
languages there, 1845-47. He studied agricultural
chemistry under Liebig at the University of
Giessen, 1847-50 ; was assistant at the Lawrence
Scientific school, Harvard university, in 1850 ;
was professor of chemistry and applied arts at
Brown university, 1850-52; professor of analytical
and agricultural chemistry at Yale, 1852-56, and
professor of organic chemistry, 1856-64. He was
married to Josephine Earl, daughter of Joseph E.
Sheffield (q.v.), and was instrumental in securing
from his father-in-law the generous donation
that established the Sheffield Scientific school.
He was a member of several scientific societies,
and received the degree of M.D. from Yale in
1855. During the civil war he published the
Connecticut War Record, a monthly. In 1842 he
founded the Scroll and Key society of Yale, which
established to his memory in 1871 the John A.
Porter essay prize of $250. He is the author of :
Principles of Chemistry (1856); First Book of
Chemistry and Allied Sciences (1857); Selections
from the Kalerala, the Great Finnish Epic (1868).
He died in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 25, 1866.
PORTER, John Addison, journalist, was born
in New Haven, Conn., April 17, 1856; son of
Prof. John Addison (q.v.) and Josephine Earl
(Sheffield) Porter. He attended the Hopkins
grammar school, and the General Russell military
academy at New Haven, and was graduated from
Yale, A.B., 1878, A.M., 1881. He studied law
in Cleveland, Ohio, but in 1880 joined the .local
staff of the Hartford Courant. In 1881 he was
chosen literary editor of the New York Observer,
and in 1882 was married to Amy E., daughter of
Judge Samuel R. Betts of New York. He re
moved to Washington, D.C, where he renewed
his newspaper connections, wrote frequently for
the daily press, and in 1884 conducted a pub
lishing business, and was appointed by Senator
Thomas C. Piatt, a clerk on the select committee
on Indian affairs. He removed to Pomfret, Conn. ,
in 1886, purchased a third interest in the Hart
ford Evening Post, and became managing editor
and editor-in-chief. He was a representative in
the state legislature in 1890 ; a delegate to the
Republican national convention of 1892 ; candi
date for governor of the state in 1894, retiring in
favor of the successful candidate, and was the
unsuccessful candidate in 1896 and 1898. He
was largely instrumental in persuading the Con
necticut delegates to the St. Louis convention to

[312]

cast their votes for William McKinley ; and was
appointed ambassador to Italy, but declined in
order to accept the position of private secretary
to President McKinley. He is the author of:
The Corporation of Yale College (1885); Origin
and Administration of the City of Washington
(1885), and Sketches of Yale Life (1886). He died'
at Pomfret, Conn., Dec. 15, 1900.
PORTER, John Kilham, jurist, was born in
Waterford, N.Y.", Jan. 12, 1819; son of Dr. Elijah
and Mary (Lawrence) Porter ; grandson of Moses
and Sarah (Kilham) Porter, and of David and
Abigail (Burch) Lawrence, and a descendant of
John Porter, who settled in Windsor, Conn., about
1639. He was graduated at Union college' in
1837; studied law in the office of Nicholas B. Doe
and Richard B. Kimball (q.v.) at Waterford,
N.Y., and settled in practice there in partnership
with the former. He was a delegate to, the
Whig national convention of 1844, where his ad
dress gave him a national reputation, and was a
member of the state constitutional convention of
1846. He became associated with Nicholas Hillr
Jr., and Peter Cagger in th^ practice of law in
Albany, N.Y., in 1848, and in 1859 assumed
charge of the firm's cases in the court of appeals.
Charles O'Conor (q.v.) employed him 'as his as
sociate in conducting the Parrish will case ; and
Horace Greeley selected him as his counsel in the
libel suit brought against the Tribune by . De
Witt C Littlejohn. He was married, first, May
27, 1847, to Sophie R., daughter of Eli M. Todd
of Waterford, N.Y., ana secondly, Nov.. 18,. 1861,
to 'Harriett Tibbetts, daughter of John Cramer of
Waterford. He was judge of the court of ap
peals, 1864-68, the first year by appointment, and
then by election for a term of eight years, and
resigned in 1868, resuming practice in rTew York
city. William M. Tweed unsuccessfully sought
to secure his legal services in defending him.
against the charges brought by the Citizens' com
mittee, and he was subsequently appointed to ex
amine the accounts of the city comptroller. He
was also counsel for the Erie Railway company ;
for General Babcock in the whiskey frauds trial ;
for Mrs. Tilton in the Beeeher-Tilton trial, in 1875,
and senior counsel for the people in the trial of
the assassin Guiteau, 1882. He died in Water
ford, N.Y., April .11, 1892.
PORTER, Joshua, jurist, was born in Lebanon,
Conn., in 1730 ; son of Nathaniel Buell and
Eunice (Horton) Porter, and a descendant of
John Porter, who emigrated from Warwick,
England, to New England in 1628, and settled in
Windsor, Conn., iu 1639. He was graduated
from Yale, A.B., 1754, A.M., 1757, studied medi
cine, and practised in Salisbmy, Conn. He was
a member of the Connecticut legislature for
more than forty sessions ; a member of the com-

PORTER

PORTER

mittee of the pay table ; colonel of the state
militia before the Revolution, and superintendent
of the Connecticut iron works at Salisbury,
where cannon and ammunition were manu
factured. He commanded the llth Connecticut
regiment during the war, in the battles of Long
Island, White Plains, Monmouth and Saratoga,
and at the close of the war served as judge of
the court of common pleas for thirteen years,
and of 'the court of probate for thirty-seven
years. He was married first, to Abigail, daughter
of Capt. Peter and Martha Huntington Grant
Buell ; secondly, to Jerusha, daughter of Colonel
Burr, of Fairfield, Conn., and thirdly, to Lucy,
daughter of Col. John Ashley of Sheffield, Mass.,
and widow of Samuel Dutcher. He died in
Salisbury, Conn.. Sept. 12, 1825.
PORTER, Noah, educator, was born in Farm
ington, Conn., Dec. 14, 1811 ; son of the Rev.
Dr. Noah and Mehetable (Meigs) Porter. He
was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1831, A.M., 1834 ;
was master of the Hopkins grammar school,
1831-33, and tutor at Yale, 1833-35. He attended
the Divinity school, 1833-36, was ordained April
27, 1836, and was married April 13, 1836. to Mary,
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Nathaniel W. Taylor,
professor of systematic theo
logy at Yale, 1822-58. He
was pastor of Congregational
i churches at New Milford,
'Conn., 1836-42 ; Springfield,
Mass., 1843r46 ; professor of
moral philosophy and meta
physics at Yale, 1846-92, and
president of Yale, 1871-86, resigning in 1886 and
being succeeded by Timothy Dwight. He received
the degree D.D. from the University of the City
of New York, 1858, and LL.D. from Western Re
serve, 1870, from Trinity, 1871, and from the
University of Edinburgh in 1886. He is said to
have been one of the most scholarly nietaphy-
sicians in the United States ;y was the principal
editor of the revised editions of Noah Webster's
Unabridged Dictionary in 1 864 and 1880, aiid is
tlie author of : Historical Discourse at Farm
ington, Nov. 4, 1840 (1841); The Educational
Systems of the Puritans and Jesuits Compared
(1851); The Human Intellect, used as a text book
at Yale and elsewhere (1868); Books and Read
ing (1870); American Colleges and the American
Public (1871); Sciences of Nature versus the
Science of Man (1871); Evangeline: the Place,
the Story and the Poem (1882); Science and
Sentiment (1882); The Elements of Moral Science
(1885); Life of Bishop Berkeley (1885) ; and
Kant's Ethics (1886). He died in New Haven,
Conn., March 4, 1892.
PORTER, Peter Buel, statesman, was born in
Salisbury, Conn., Aug. 14, 1773; son of Col.

Joshua (q.v.) and Abigail (Buel'l) Porter. He-
was graduated from Yale, A.B. , 1791 ; attended
the Litchfield law school, and opened an office in
Canandaigua, N.Y., in 1793, and iu Black Rock,
in 1795. He was a Democratio representative.
from New York in the llth and 12th congresses,
1809-13, and again for a part of the 14th congress,
1815-16, resigning in 1816. While in the House,
he was chairman of the committee on foreign
relations which favored war with England. He
declined the commission of major-general in 1813,
and became colonel of New York and Penn
sylvania volunteers, including Indian troops, and
led them against the British, under Colonel
Bishop, at Black Rock, in 1813. He served under-
Gen. Alexander Smyth in his Canadian expedi
tion, and performed gallant service at Chippewa,
at the evacuation of Fort Erie by General Vin
cent, May 28, 1813, and at Lundy's Lane, under
Gen. Winfield Scott, July 25, 1814. Congress
and the state of New York rewarded him with
a gold medal and a sword. He declined the ap
pointment by President Madison of commander-
in-chief of the army in 1815. He was a com
missioner to determine the route of the Erie-
canal in 1815, and the Northwestern boundary
in 1816, resulting in the final treaty of Oct. 20,
1818. He declined the secretaryship of the state
of New York in 1816 ; was the unsuccessful
candidate for governor of New York in 1817, and
was appointed secretary of war by President
Adams, May 28, 1828, serving until 1829. He was
married in September, 1818, to Letitia, daughter
of John and Mary Hopkins (Cabell) Breckin
ridge, of Kentucky. He died at Niagara Falls,
N.Y., March 20, 1844.
PORTER, Rufus, inventor, was born in West
Boxford, Mass., May 1, 1792; son of Tyler and
Abigail (Johnson) Porter ; grandson of Benja
min and Ruth (Foster) Porter, and a descendant
of John Porter, who emigrated from England,
and settled in Hingham, Mass., about 1635, and in
Salem, Mass., in 1644. Rufus Porter made a living
as shoemaker, fife-player and house-painter from
1807 until about 1815. He taught school forsome
time, and in 1820 invented a camera-obscura,
which enabled him to produce a portrait in a
short time. This invention encouraged his
nomadic inclinations, and he supported himself
by traveling throughout the country, making
portraits, until landscape-painting attracted his
attention, and this he abandoned in 1840 for
journalism. He became editor of the Neiu York
Mechanic, later published in Boston as the
American Mechanic, and started the Scientific
American in 1845, editing it until 1846, when he
became interested in electrotyping. After a few
months he devoted himself exclusively to his.
inventions, which include : a revolving almanac,.

[313]

PORTER

PORTER

revolving rifle, horse-power flat boat, cord-mak
ing machine (1825); clock, corn-sheller, churn,
washing-machine, signal telegraph, fire alarm,
flying ship, trip-hammer, fog whistle, engine-
lathe, balanced valve, rotary plough, reaction
wind-wheel, portable house, thermo-engine and
rotary engine. He died in New Haven, Conn.,
Aug. 13, 1884.
PORTER, Sarah, educator, was born in Farm
ington, Conn., Aug. 17, 1813; daughter of Noah
and Mehetable (Meigs) Porter, and sister of
Noah Porter, president of Yale college. In 1845
she opened a day school for girls in Farming-
ton, which subsequently developed into a large,
well-equipped and successful seminary, with
which she was actively connected for fifty-five
years. In 1885 Miss Porter was presented with
an art-building, the gift of her former students.
On Oct. 28, 1902, the Sarah Porter Memorial
Building, a parish house situated next to the old
Puritan meeting house in Farmington, was dedi
cated to her memory. She died in Farmington,
Conn., Feb. 18, 1900.
PORTER, Thomas Conrad, botanist, was born
in Alexandria, Pa., Jan. 22, 1822 ; son of John
and Maria (Buchu) Porter ; grandson of Thomas
and Jean (Montgomery) Porter and of John C.
and Hannah (Mitinger) Buchu, and a descendant
of the Rev. John Con
rad Buchu, D.D., of
Schaffhausen, Swit
zerland,, and of Capt.
Jacob Mitinger of the
American army of
the Revolution. He
was graduated from
Lafayette college in
1840 and from the
Princeton Theologi
cal seminary in 1843.
He was licensed to
preach in 1844 ; was
stated supply of a
Presbyterian church
at Monticello, Ga. ,
1846^47 ; was ordained by the classis of Leba
non, Nov. 14, 1848, and was pastor of the 2d
German Reformed church, Reading, Pa., 1848-
49. He was married, Dec. 25, 1850, to Susan,
daughter of John and Katherine Kunkel, of
Harrisburg, Pa. He was professor of natural
sciences at Marshall college, Mercersburg, Pa.,
1849-53, and removed with the college to Lancas
ter, Pa., in 1853, when it consolidated' with Frank
lin college. He was secretary of the board of trus
tees of Franklin and Marshall college, 1853-66 ;
professor of botany, zoology and general geology
at Lafayette, 1866-91 ; pastor of the Third Street
Reformed church of Easton, Pa., 1877-84, and a

afctrtr ts-<. J}rr£o^r

[314]

member of the committee that framed the order
of worship for the German Reformed church in
the United States in 1867. He received the de
gree D.D. from Rutgers in 1865 and that of LL.D.
from Franklin and Marshall in 1880. He was the
founder and first president .of Linnsean society
of Lancaster county, Pa., a member or fellow of
the leading scientific organizations of America,
and is the author of : a translation of Herman and
Dorothea (1854); Life of St. Augustine (1854);
Life of Iric Zwingli (1858); Flora of Colorado
(1874); Flora in the United States (1892); Flora
of Pennsylvania (1902); contributions to Dr.
Philip Schaff's Christian Song (1868), besides
various verses, essays, articles in reviews and
contributions to U.S. government botanical re
ports in Hayden and Wheeler's surveys. He
died in Easton, Pa., April 27, 1901.
PORTER, William David, naval officer, was
born in New Orleans, La., March 10, 1809 ; son of
Com. David and Evelina (Anderson) Porter. He
attended school in Philadelphia, Pa. ; was ap
pointed midshipman U.S. N., Jan. 1,1823, was pro
moted lieutenant in 1833, and cruised in the Medit
erranean squadron, 1833-43 ; was then transferred
to the home squadron ; commanded the store-
ship Erie in 1849, and the Waterwitch in 1851,
and was placed on the reserved list, Sept. 13,
1855, but was promoted commander, Sept. 14,
1859, and served in the Pacific squadron on the
U.S. sloop St. Mary's. In 1861 he joined Commo
dore Foote in fitting out a gun-boat flotilla. He
converted a ferry-boat into a powerful ironclad,
which he named the Essex, in honor of his father's
ship, and in command of this gunboat he accom
panied the squadron up the Tennessee river, and
engaged in the attack on Fort Henry, Feb. 6,
1862. He was badly scalded by the explosion of
a boiler during the attack, but soon recovered
and commanded the Essex at Fort Donelson, Feb.
14, 1862. In June, 1862, he passed the Mississippi
batteries to join the fleet at Vicksburg, and on
July 15, 1862, met and seriously injured the Con
federate ram Arkansas, near Baton Rouge, La.
He was promoted commodore, July 16, 1862 ;
commanded the bombardment of Natchez, Miss.,
Sept. 2, 1862 ; attacked the batteries below Vicks
burg and Port Hudson, and then proceeded to
New Orleans. He was relieved of his command
on account of failing health, and died in St.
Luke's hospital, New York city, May 1, 1864.
PORTER, William Trotter, journalist, was
born in Newbury, Vt., Dec. 24. 1809 ; son of Ben
jamin and Martha .'(Olcott) Porter ; grandson
of Gov. Peter Olcott of Norwich, Vt., and of
Asa and Meliitable (Crocker) Porter, and a des
cendant of Samuel Porter, who emigrated from
the west of England to Plymouth. Mass.. in 1622.
He did undergraduate work at Dartmouth college

PORTERFIELD

PORTIER

and in 1824 learned the printers' trade in Andover,
Mass. He was editor of the Farmers' Herald at
¦St. Johnsbury, Vt., 1829-30; associate editor of
The Enquirer at Norwich, Conn., in 1830, and was
foreman in a printing-office in New York city,
1830-32, Horace Greeley being one of his com
positors. In 1831 he established and edited, with
James How, The Spirit of the Times, the first
American sporting publication, later combined
with Tlie Traveler as The Traveler and the Spirit of
the Times, and again appearing in 1835 under its
first title. In the meantime he was editor of the
New Yorker and the Constellation, 1832, and of the
American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine,
1839-44, when it ceased to be published. In 1856
he established, with George Wilkes, Porter's
Spirit of the Times. He had in preparation a
biography of Henry William Herbert (Frank
Forester), and edited : " The Big Bear of Arkan
sas and Other Tales" (1835); "A Quarter Race
in Kentucky and Other Sketches " (1846) ; and
" Major T. B. Thorpe's Scenes in Arkansas and
Other Sketches " (1859) ; all of which were first
printed in his papers, and an American edition
of Col. Peter Hawker's " Instructions to Young
Sportsmen" (1846). See "Life of William T.
Porter," by Francis Brin ley (1860). He died in
New York city, July 20, 1858.
PORTERFIELD, Charles, soldier, was born in
Frederick county, Va., in 1750 ; son of William
Porterfield, who emigrated from England and
settled in Pennsylvania early in the eighteenth
century. He enlisted in the first military com
pany organized in 1775 in Frederick county to
defend the patriot cause, Daniel Morgan being
captain ; joined Washington's army at Cam
bridge, Mass., and was with Colonel Arnold in
the expedition against Quebec. In the disastrous
assault on that city he was taken prisoner inside
the fort Dec. 31, 1775, but was exchanged and
again joined the army Feb. 3, 1777, serving as
captain in Morgan's Rifles, 1777-78. He was
made major, July 13, 1778, serving in Woodford's
brigade ; was transferred to the 7th Virginia
regiment, Sept. 14, 1778, and resigned from the
service, July 2, 1779. On Aug. 14, 1779, he was
appointed by Governor Jefferson lieutenant-
colonel of a Virginia state regiment organized
largely through his own efforts, and proceeded
to Charleston, S.C, in the spring of 1780. At
the battle near Camden, S.C, Aug. 16, 1780,
where he commanded a part of the advance
guard of General Gates's army, he was severely
wounded, taken prisoner, and after ten days,
having meanwhile received no medical atten
tion, submitted to the amputation of his leg, and
was paroled. His death, resulting from the
effects of his injury, occurred on the Santee
river, S.C, in October,. 1780.

[31b]

PORTERFIELD, Robert, soldier, was born in
Frederick county, Va., Feb. 22, 1752; brother of
Charles Porterfield (q.v.). He was appointed
2d lieutenant in the llth Virginia regiment, Dec.
24, 1770 ; served in Colonel Daniel Morgan's com
pany through the campaigns of 1777-79 ; was
promoted 1st lieutenant June 1, 1777 ; adjutant
April 19, 1778 ; was transferred to the 7th Vir
ginia regiment Sept. 14, 1778, and served as aide
to General William Woodford, 1778-79, taking
part in the battles of Braridywine, Germantown
and Monmouth. He was promoted captain-lieu
tenant, July 2, 1779 ; captain, Aug. 16, 1779, and
in December, 1779, accompanied General William
Woodford to Charleston, S.C, where he took
part in the defence of that city, and on its fall
surrendered as a prisoner of war, May 12, 1780.
He was exchanged and transferred to the 2d
Virginia regiment Feb. 12, 1781, where he served
until the end of the war. He was married to
Rebecca Farrer of Amelia county ; removed to
Augusta county, Va., in 1783, and settled on a
farm which he called "Soldier's Retreat." He
was a brigadier-general in the Virginia militia
during the war of 1812. He was justice of the
peace for half a century, and served as high
sheriff for two terms. He died in Augusta
county, Va., Feb. 13, 1843.
PORTIER, Michael, R.C. bishop, was born in
Montbrison, France, Sept. 7, 1795. He was pre
paring for the priesthood in the Seminary of
Lyons, when he was induced by Bishop Dubourg
to come to the United States, and he landed at
Annapolis, Md., Sept. 4, 1817. He finished his
studies in St. Mary's seminary, Baltimore, Md.,
and was ordained priest in St. Louis's cathedral
by Bishop Dubourg in June, 1818. He established
a school on the Lancasterian system ; was made
vicar-general of the diocese, and on the division
of the diocese in 1825, vicar-apostolic of Alabama,
Florida and Arkansas, being consecrated bishop
of " Olena," i.p.i., in St. Louis's cathedral, Nov.
5, 1826, by Bishop Rosati. One church in Pensa-
cola and one in St. Augustine constituted his
entire equipment ; and three priests, his only
assistants, were soon after taken from him, his
poverty even depriving him of suitable vest
ments. He made his visitations to Pensacola,
Tallahassee and St. Augustine on horseback, and
through preaching and instruction, both in Eng
lish and Spanish, built up the neglected parishes
and induced Bishop England to give him a priest
for the people in East Florida. He also visited
Europe, where he obtained money, priests and
students for service among his people. He was
given the administration of the see of Mobile,
Ala., created May 15, 1829, during his absence in
Europe ; organized parishes ; built five churches
in different cities, and in 1830 founded Spring

POSEY

POST

Hill College and Theological Seminary in Mobile.
He introduced the Nuns of the Visitation in 1832,
built for them a convent and academy at Sum-
merville, Ala., in 1833, and the cathedral of tlie
Immaculate Conception, 1835-50. He welcomed
members of the Society of Jesus ; founded an
asylum for those made orphans by the epidemics
of yellow fever, and introduced a colony of Sisters
of Charity to care for them. He also introduced
the Brothers of Christian Instruction ; established
labor and parish schools, and a girls' school at
St. Augustine, Fla. He visited Europe a second
time in 1849, and after his return was prominent
in the deliberations of the councils of his church,
being for sometime previous to his death senior
bishop of the American hierarchy. He died at the
Providence Infirmary, Mobile, Ala., May 14, 1859.
POSEY, Thomas, senator and soldier, was
born in Fairfax county, Va. , July 9, 1750. He
removed to the western frontier of Virginia in
1769 ; served in Lord Dunmore's Shawnee expedi
tion in 1774, as quartermaster of General Andrew
Lewis's division, and fought in the battle at Point
Pleasant, Oct. 10, 1774. He was appointed a
member of the committee of correspondence of
Virginia in 1775 ; and raised and commanded a
company which became a part of the 7th Vir
ginia regiment, March 20, 1776. He fought at
Gwynn's island, July 8, 1776 ; joined Washing
ton's army at Middlebrook, N.J. , in 1777, where
his company was transferred to Morgan's rifle
men, and took part in the engagement at Piscat-
away, N.J. He was sent to re-inforce General
Gates in northern New York and fought at
Bemis's Heights, Sept. 19, and Stillwater, Oct.
7, 1777. He was promoted major April 30, 1778 ;
commanded the 2d Virginia regiment at Mon
mouth, June 28, 1778 ; was transferred to the 7th
Virginia regiment, Sept. 14, and in October,
1778, led an expedition against the Indians after
the massacre of Wyoming, July 5, 1778. He
joined Washington's army at Middlebrook, N.J.,
in the spring of 1779, and commanded the llth
Virginia infantry, and shortly afterward a batta
lion of Colonel Febiger's regiment. In the assault
on Stony Point, July 15, 1779, he received the
arms of the British officers, General Wayne being
severely wounded. He was sent south to rein
force General Greene, who had succeeded General
Gates, and was present at the surrender pf Corn-
wallis at Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781. He was pro
moted lieutenant-colonel Sept. 11, 1782; organized
a new regiment, which he commanded in Georgia
under General Wayne until the evacuation of
Savannah by the British, July 11, 1782, and was
retired March 10, 1783. He was married first
in 1773, to Martha, daughter of Gen. Sampson
Matthews of Augusta county, Va. ; and secondly,
Jan 22, 1784, to Mary, daughter of John and Lucy

(Thornton) Alexander, and widow of Maj. George
Thornton. He served in the army as brigadier-
general from Feb. 14, 1793, to Feb. 28, 1794, and
commanded a brigade under General Wayne in
the Northwest. He removed to Kentucky in 1794;
was state senator for several years and speaker
of the senate, 1805-06. In 1809, when war was
threatened, he was commissioned major-general
and organized the Kentucky volunteers", and after
the danger from war had ended, removed to
Attakapas, La. In 1812 he raised and com
manded a volunteer company. When Louisiana
was admitted as a state, John Noel Destrehan
and A. B. Magruder were elected U.S. senators,
but Destrehan resigned before taking his seat,
and General Posey was appointed to the vacancy,
serving from Dec. 7, 1812, to Feb. 5, 1813, when
James Brown was elected to complete the term.
He was governor of Indiana Territory, 1813-16 ;
the defeated candidate for governor of.the new
state in 1816, and U.S. Indian agent at Shawnee-
town, 111., 1816-18, where he died March 19, 1818.
POST, Alfred Charles, surgeon, was bom in
New York city, Jan. 13, 1806 ; son of Joel and
Elizabeth (Browne) Post ; grandson of Jotham
and Winifred (Wright) Post, and a descendant
of Richard Post, who emigrated from Holland to
Massachusetts with a party of Pilgrims, and
settled on Long Island, about 1640, where he
founded the town of Southampton, and became
a New York merchant. Alfred Charles Post was
graduated at Columbia, A.B., 1822 ; studied med
icine under his uncle Dr. Wright Post (q.v.), and
was graduated at the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York city, in 1827. He continued
his medical studies in the schools and hospitals of
Paris, Berlin and Edinburgh, 1827-29, and in the
latter year settled in practice in New York city,
giving most of his attention to surgery. He was.
married, in 1832, to Harriet, daughter of Gyre-
nius Beers of New York. He was a demonstrator
of anatomy at the College of Physicians and Sur
geons, 1831-35 ; surgeon of the New York hospi
tal, 1836-86 ; professor of opthalmic anatomy and
surgery and of the principles and practice of
surgery, in Castleton Medical college, Vermont,
1842-44 ; was influential in the establishment of
the medical department of the University of the
City of New York, in 1851 ; professor of surgery
there, 1851-75, and emeritus professor, 1875-86.
He was consulting surgeon of the Women's,
St. Luke's and the Presbyterian hospitals ; victe-
presiclent of the New York Academy of Medicine,
1861-66, and president, 1867-68. He vvas presi
dent of the Pathological society : the New York
Medical Missionary association ; a director of the
Union Theological seminary, 1856-86 ; and a
member ofthe Gynaecological Society of Boston,
and of the county and state medical societies of

[316]

POST

POST

New York. He performed many difficult and
successful operations, several of them for the
first time in the United States, and was the in
ventor of various surgical instruments of great
value. He received the degree LL.D. from the
University of the City of New York in 1872. He
i3 the author of : Strabismus, with an Appendix
on Stammering (1840), and of reports of opera
tions. He died in New York city, Feb. 7, 1886.
POST, Charles Cyrel, author, was born in
Shiawassee, Mich., May 16, 1846 ; son of Martin
(1809-77) and Julia A. (Bancroft) Post ; grandson
of Stephen (1779-1863) and Hannah (Calkins)
Post, great-grandson of Oliver (1746-1816) and
Submit Post, and a descendant of Abraham, one
of three sons of Stephen Post, who came from
England and settled in Saybrook, Conn. He was
a student at Hiram and Oberlin colleges, leaving
to study law, and was admitted to the bar in
1874, but instead of practising, engaged in jour
nalism in Indianapolis, Ind. He was secretary
of the state grange of Indiana, and prominent in
state politics. He was married first, in 1878, to
Minnie, daughter of the Rev. J. K. Speer of North
Carolina, and secondly, in 1884, to Helen, daugh
ter of Caleb and Elizabeth Wilmans, of Fair
field, Hi., and founder of the school of men
tal science. He was publisher of the Chicago
Express, 1883-85 ; removed in 1885 to Douglas-
ville, Ga., where he became a leading member of
the Peoples' party, founding and editing the
organ of that party in Atlanta, and was chair
man of the Georgia delegation to the Peoples'
national convention at Omaha, July 2, 1892. In
1892 he removed to Sea Breeze, Fla. , and in 1899
founded in Florida the School of Scientific, Philoso
phic and Psychic Research, to which he donated
property estimated to be worth $200,000. His
published works include : Driven from Sea to Sea
(1883); From Wabash to the Rio Grande (1885);
Congressman Swanson (1888); Metaphysical Es
says (1896); Men and Gods (1898), and contribu
tions to periodicals.
POST, George Edward, clergyman, and scien
tist, was born in New York city, Dec. 17, 1838 ;
son of Dr. Alfred Charles (q.v.) and Harriet
(Beers) Post ; and grandson of Cyrenius Beers.
He was graduated from the New York Free acad
emy, A.B.', 1854, A.M., 1857; from the Univer
sity of the City of New York, M.D., 1860, and
from Union Theological seminary ,'in 1861. He
was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, June
5, 1861, and was chaplain in the U.S. army, 1861-
63. He was married at Georgetown, D.C, Sept.
17, 1863, to Sarah, daughter of Robert and Fran
ces (Davis) Read. He was sent by the American
Board of Foreign Missions to Tripoli, Syria, 1863 ;
was professor of surgery at the Syrian Protes
tant college, Beirut, from 1868, and surgeon to

[317]

the Johanniter hospital, Beirut, from 1871. He
devoted much attention to botany and ornithol
ogy, and was made a member or fellow of nu
merous foreign and American scientific societies.
He was decorated with the Order of Othmaniyeh,
by the Sultan of Turkey, with the Order of the
Red Eagle, and that of the Ducal House of Saxony,
Germany. His published works include : Flora
of Syria, Palestine and Egypt (1880); Text-Book
of Botany (1870); Text-Book of Mammalia (1871) j
Butler's Physiology (1872); Text-Book of Birds
(1875); Text-Book of Surgery (1873); Text-Book of
Materia Medica (1875) ; Concordance to the Bible
(1878); Dictionary of the Bible (1899), all in
Arabic, and the Flora of Syria, Palestine and
Siani, in English (1896), besides contributions to
religious publications.
POST, Louis Freeland, journalist, was born
in Vienna, N.J. , Nov. 15, 1849 ; son of Eugene
Jerome and Elizabeth (Freeland) Post ; grand
son of David and Sarah (Vliet) Freeland and of
Dr. Lewis and Theodosia (Steele) Post ; and a
descendant of Stephen Post who was born in
England, immigrated to Cambridge, Mass., in
1634, removed to Hartford, Conn., in 1636, and in
1648 to Saybrook, Conn., where he died Aug.
16, 1659. Louis F. Post attended the public
schools first in Vienna and Danville, N.J., and
afterward in New York city ; learned the printer's
trade at Hackettstown, N.J. ; studied law in New
York city, and was admitted to the New York
bar in 1870. He was in South Carolina, 1871-72,
as stenographic and law clerk of David T. Cor
bin, U.S. attorney and state senator, and reported
the Kuklux trials tliere with Benn Pitman. He
practised law in New York city after March,
1872,: was assistant U.S. attorney for the south
ern district of New York, 1874-75, under George
Bliss, and was on the staff of the New York daily
Truth, 1879-82. In 1881 he became a convert to
Henry George's single tax theories ; in 1882 was
a candidate for representative in congress on the
Labor and the Greenback tickets ; in 1883 was
Greenback candidate for attorney-general of New
York, and again practised law, 1883-90. He
edited the daily Leader, the campaign sheet of
the Henry George mayoralty campaign, in 1886,
and was the George candidate for district at
torney of New York county in 1887. He was a
contributor to The Standard, edited by Henry
George, 1886-91 ; its editor, 1891-92, and associate
editor and editor of the Cleveland Recorder,
1896-97. In 1898 he removed to Chicago, 111.,
and founded The Public, a political and economic
review, the general policy of which is directed
by the principles of radical democracy and the
single tax theory of public revenues and land
tenure. He became somewhat widely known as
a public lecturer on economic subjects. He was

POST

POTTER

twice married, first, July 6, 1871, to Anna,
daughter of George W. and Nancy A. Johnson
of Hackettstown ; she died Nov. 14, 1891, leav
ing one child, Charles J. Post, artist, of New
York; and secondly, at Orange. N.J., Dec. 2,
1893, to Alice, daughter of Thomas and Kath-
erine (Worcester) Thacher of New York city.
He is the author of : an explanation, with dia
grams, of The Single Tax (1894-99), and a history
of The George-Hewitt Mayoralty Campaign of
1886 (18871.
POST, Philip Sidney, representative, was born
in Florida, Orange county, N.Y., March 19, 1833 ;
son of Gen. Peter Schuyler and Mary D. (Coe)
Post ; grandson of Col. Garret and Martinche
¦ (Bertolf) Post, and of John D. Coe. He was
graduated at Union college in 1855, and" was
admitted to the Illinois bar in 1856. He first
practised in Galesburg, and in 1857 in Wyandotte,
Kan., where he also published and edited the
Argus. On the outbreak of the civil war he was
made 2d lieutenant in the 59th Illinois volun
teers ; was promoted adjutant, July 21, 1861;
major, Jan. 1, 1862 ; colonel, March 19, 1862, and
was wounded at Pea Ridge, Ark., March 7, 1862.
He subsequently commanded the 1st brigade, 1st
division, 20th corps, the Army of the Cumber
land, participating in the battle of Stone's
River, and in the capture of Leetown ; was
transferred to the 2d brigade, 3d division, 4th
army corps, commanding the division at Love-
joy's Station, Ga., and was seriously wounded in
the hip at Nashville, Dec. 16, 1864, being brevet
ted brigadier-general of volunteers on the same
day for gallant services. He commanded the
western district of Texas, with headquarters at
San Antonio, 1865-66. He was married, May 24,
1866, to Cornelia Almira, daughter of William
Townsend Post. He was at Vienna, 1866-74, as
U.S. consul, and as U.S. consul-general, 1874-79.
He was a member-at-large of the Illinois Repub
lican state central committee, 1882-86, and a
representative from the tenth Illinois district
in the 50th, 51st, 52d and 53d congresses, 1887-95.
He died in Washington, D.C, Jan. 6, 1895.
POST, Wright, was born at North Hempstead,
N.Y., Feb. 19, 1766; son of Jotham and Winifred
(Wright) Post and a descendant of Richard Post.
He was privately educated ; studied medicine
under Dr. Richard Bailey (q.v.)., and in London
under Dr. John Sheldon ; began practice in New
York city in 1786, and in 1787 lectured on anatomy
in the New York hospital. He was married in
1790, to a daughter of Dr. Bailey ; was associat
ed with the latter in practice ; and was appointed
professor of surgery in the medical department
of Columbia college in 1792. Under the auspices
of the college he continued his medical studies
abroad, made an exceptionally valuable collec

tion of anatomical specimens, and on his return
in 1793 became professor of anatomy. In 1813,
when the medical department of Columbia was
merged in the College of Physicians and Surgeons
as the Medical School of New York, he became
professor of anatomy and physiology, serving
until 1826, when he also resigned the presidency
of the college, to which he had been appointed
in 1821. He received the honorary degree of
M.D. from the University of the State of New
York in 1814 ; visited Europe a third time in 1815,
and was a trustee of Columbia college, 1816-28.
He was surgeon or consulting surgeon to the
New York hospital for many years, a member of
the Literary and Philosophical society, and an
officer in the New York County Medical society.
He performed many remarkably successful sur
gical operations, and contributed to periodicals.
He died at Throg's Neck, N.Y., June 14, 1828.
POTTER, Alonzo, third bishop of Pennsylvania
and 48th in succession in the American episcopate,
was born in Beekman, Duchess county, N.Y., July
6, 1800 ; son of Joseph Potter, a member of the
state assembly soon after the Revolution, and
of Quaker descent.
He attended the
Po'keepsie academy,
was graduated from
Union, Schenectady,
N.Y., in 1818; was a
tutor there, 1819-22,
and professor of math
ematics and natural
philosophy, 1822-26.
He studied theology
under the Rev. Dr.
Samuel H. Turner,
and was ordained
deacon, May 1, 1822,
and priest, Sept. 16,
1824. He was rector
of St. Paul's church, Boston, Mass., 1826-31;
professor of rhetoric and natural philosophy at
Union college, 1831-45 ; vice-president of the
college, 1838-45 ; honorary vice-president, 1841-
65, and a trustee, 1847-63. He declined the pro
fessorship of ecclesiastical history in the General
Theological seminary, New York city, in 1835, and
was chosen bishop of the diocese of Pennsylvania,
May 23, 1845. He was consecrated, Sept. 23,1845,
in Christ church, Philadelphia, by Bishops Phil
ander Chase, Brownell, and Hopkins, assisted
by Bishops Doane, McCoskry, Whittingham, Al
fred Lee and Freeman. During his episcopate,
the Episcopal hospital was founded, and endow
ed with nearly half a million dollars ; the Epis
copal academy was re-established ; the Philadel
phia Divinity school was founded ; thirty-five
new churches were built in the city of Philadel-

CX5^^r--^3feC

[318]

Wf-

POTTER

POTTER

phia, and the diocese increased to such an extent
that it was found advisable to divide it in 1865.
He was married in 1824, to Maria, daughter of
President Eliphalet Nott, of Union college. His
six sons, Clarkson Nott (q.v.), Howard, Robert
Brown (q.v.), Edward Tucker-
man, Henry Codman (q.v.), and
Eliphalet Nott (q.v.), filled im
portant stations in life, and
his only daughter was mar
ried to Launt Thompson, the
sculptor. In 1846 Bishop Potter
received the degree of D.D. from
Harvard, and that of LL.D. from Union. He
delivered lectures on the natural theology and
Christian evidences, before the Lowell Institute,
Boston, 1845^49 ; edited several important works,
and is the author of : Political Economy, its
Objects, Uses, and Principles (1840); The Prin
ciples of Science, applied to the Domestic and
Mechanic Arts (1841); The School and School
master (1842); Hand-book for Readers and Stu
dents (1843) ; Discourses, Charges, Addresses,
Pastoral Letters, etc. (1858), and Religious Philoso
phy. He made a voyage around Cape Horn for
his health, in 1865, and died in the harbor of San
Francisco on the day of his arrival, July 4, 1865.
POTTER, Charles Nelson, jurist, was born in
Cooperstown, N.Y., Oct. 31, 1852 ; son of George
Washington and Mary Jane (Marcellus) Potter,
and grandson of Royal and Chloe (Priest) Potter,
and of John and Elizabeth (Johnson) Marcellus.
He attended the public schools of Grand Rapids,
Mich., and was graduated from the law depart
ment of the University of Michigan in 1873. He
was admitted to the bar in 1873 ; removed to
Cheyenne, Wyoming, in 1876, and was married
Aug. 22, 1877, to Bessie, daughter of Joseph and
Elizabeth (Slater) Ireland of Muskegon, Mich.
He was city attorney, 1878-81 and 1888-91 ; pro
secuting attorney of the county, 1881-83; a
membet of the state constitutional convention
in 1889 ; attorney-general of Wyoming, 1891-95 ;
a member of the board of education of Cheyenne,
1888-97 and associate justice of the supreme
court of Wyoming, 1895-97, and on Dec. 8, 1897,
became chief justice.
POTTER, Clarkson Nott, representative, was
bom in Schenectady, N.Y., April 25, 1825; son
of the Rev. Alonzo and Maria (Nott) Potter.
He was graduated from Union college in 1842 ;
studied civil engineering at the Rensselaer Poly
technic institute ; was a tutor at Union college,
1845-47 ; and obtained employment as a civil
engineer in Milwaukee, Wis. He was admitted
to the bar and established himself in practice in
New York city in 1848. He was married in Oc
tober, 1853, to Virginia, daughter of Matthew, and
Louisa Ann (Mitchell) Pope. He was a Democratic

representative from New York in the 41st, 42d and
43rd congresses, 1869-75, declining nomination
to the 44th congress ; was president of the Demo
cratic state conventions of 1875 and 1877 ; and a
delegate to the Democratic national conventions
of 1872 and 1876. He was a representative in
the 45th and 46th congresses, 1877-81, in the 45th
congress, securing the passage in the house of a
bill establishing the U.S. court of claims. He
was the unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant
governor of New York in 1879. The honorary
degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by
Columbia in 1874. He was a trustee of Unior*
college, 1863-82, and president of the American
Bar association at the time of his death, which
occurred in New York city, Jan. 23, 1882.
POTTER, Edward Eells, naval officer, was
born in Medina, N.Y., May 9, 1833. His parents
removed to Rockford, 111., from where he was
appointed midshipman U.S.N. , Feb. 5, 1850. He
was promoted passed midshipman, June 20, 1856,
and lieutenant July 9, 1858, serving on the St.
Lawrence on the coast of Brazil, 1857-59. He
was assigned to the Western Gulf squadron, May
9, 1860 ; serving as executive officer on the Wis-
sahickon during the bombardment and passage
of Forts Jackson and St. Philip and the capture
of New Orleans. He also passed the Vicksburg
batteries twice ; participated in the engagement
with the ram Arkansas, and was promoted
lieutenant-commander, July 16, 1862. He was
attached to the De Soto of the Eastern Gulf
squadron, then to the Wabash of the North
Atlantic squadron, and commanded the ironclad
Mahopac, 1864. He commanded the Chippewa
of the North Atlantic squadron in 1865 ; partici
pated in the second engagement at Fort Fisher
and the bombardment of Fort Anderson, and
was executive officer of the Rhode Island, 1865-
67, and of the Franklin, Admiral Farragut's flag
ship, 1867-68. He was promoted commander,
June 3, 1869 ; commanded the Shawmut of the
North Atlantic squadron, 1871-72, and with her
ascended the Orinoco river to Angostura, Vene
zuela, recovering from the revolutionists two
steamers belonging to an American company.
He commanded the Constellation, carrying sup
plies to the sufferers in Ireland in 1880, and was
promoted captain, July 11, 1880. He was at the
Brooklyn navy yard, 1881-83 ; commanded the
Lancaster from December, 1885, to September,
18S6 ; the League Island navy yard, 1886 ; was
governor of the U.S. Naval Home in Philadel
phia, 1891, and 1893-95 ; commanded the receiv
ing-ship Minnesota, 1891-93, and the Norfolk
navy yard in 1893 ; was promoted to the rank
of commodore, June 27, 1893, and was retired
through age limit, May 9, 1895. He died at his
home at Belvidere, 111., Jan. 8, 1902.

[3191

POTTER

POTTER

POTTER, Edward Elmer, soldier, was born in
New York city, June 21, 1823; son of Ellis and
Elizabeth (Elmer) Potter ; grandson of Ellis and
Agnes (Crowell) Potter and of Dr. Philemon
Elmer, and a descendant of Marmaduke Potter,
who immigrated to America from Stony Strat
ford, England, settled in Woodbridge, N.J., in
the latter part of the 17th century, and from
Edward Elmer, who emigrated from England
long before the American Revolution. Edward
Elmer Potter was graduated from Columbia col
lege in 1842 ; and after studying law, he went to
California, making his home in New Jersey after
his return. He was appointed captain and com
missary of subsistence in the Federal army in
February, 1862, served in North Carolina, and in
October, 1862, recruited and was commissioned
colonel of a regiment of North Carolina volun
teers. He took part in the operations in North
and South Carolina and East Tennessee ; was pro
moted brigadier-general of volunteers Nov. 29,
1862, and was brevetted major-general of volun
teers March 13, 1865, for distinguished services
and bravery. He resigned July 24, 1865, and
resided in Madison, N.J. He never married. He
died in New York city. June 1, 1889.
POTTER, Eliphalet Nott, educator, was born
in Schenectady, N.Y., Sept. 20, 1836 ; son of the
Rev. Alonzo and Maria (Nott) Potter. He was
educated at the Protestant Episcopal academy
of Philadelphia, Pa., and St. James's college,
Md., and graduated from Union college in 1861.
He attended the Berkeley divinity school, Mid
dletown, Conn.; was admitted to the diaconate,
June 22, 1862, at Troy, N.Y., appointed to mis
sionary duty in the Lehigh valley, Pa., and in
charge of the Church of the Nativity, South
Bethlehem, Pa., 1862-69. He served during the
civil war as chaplain under his brother, General
Robert B. Potter (q.v.) ; was ordained priest in
the Church of the Holy Communion, New York
city, March 19, 1865 ; and was secretary of the
board of trustees and professor of ethics at Le
high university, 1866-71, serving also as asso
ciate rector of St. Paul's church, Troy, N.Y., 1869-
71. He married, April 28, 1870, Helen, daughter
of Joseph Wiltsie and Mary
(Wolf) Fuller, of Troy. He
succeeded Charles A. Aiken
as president of Union college
in 1871, being inaugurated
June 26, 1872, and under his
presidency the college as
sumed organic relations with
the Albany Law school, the
Dudley observatory, and the
Albany medical college, be
coming Union university in 1873. He resigned
the presidency of the university in 1884, being

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made its chancellor, and on June 25, 1884, was
elected bishop of Nebraska, which office he
declined, accepting a pending election as pres
ident of Hobart college, which position he filled,
1884-97. He was also president of the Cosmo
politan university (a correspondence univer
sity), 1892-1901. The honorary degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by Union college in 1869,
and by Columbia in 1871 ; LL.D. by Williams
college in 1880; D.C.L. by Trinity college, Toronto,
and by the University of the South in 1889, and
L.H.D. by St. Stephen's college, Annandale, N.Y,,
in 1895, having been a trustee of the latter college,
1872-86. He is the author of: Three Witnesses to
the Truth of Religion ; memoirs of Dr. Tayler
Lewis and Dr. Isaac Jackson ; and Washington,
a Model in his Library and Life. He died in the
city of Mexico, Feb. 6, 1901.
POTTER, Elisha Reynolds, representative,
was born at Little Rest (South Kingston), R.I.,
Nov. 5, 1764 ; son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Rey
nolds) Potter ; grandson of Ichabod and Margaret
(Potter) Potter, and of Elisha and Susanna (Pot
ter) Reynolds, and a descendant of Nathaniel
Potter, who settled in Portsmouth, R. I., where he
died in 1644. Elisha Reynolds Potter learned the
blacksmith's trade, and enlisted as a private in
the Revolutionary army. He was educated in
Plainfield academy, was admitted to the bar in
1789 and practised in South Kingston, R.I. He
was a representative in the Rhode Island legisla
ture, 1793-96, 1798-1808, and 1816-35, and speaker
of the house five terms. He was a Federalist
representative from Rhode Island in the 4th con
gress, completing the term of Benjamin Bourn,
resigned, and in the 5th, llth, 12th and 13th con
gresses, serving 1796-99 and 1809-15. He was
defeated for governor of Rhode Island in 1818
by Nehemiah R. Knight, by 616 votes. He was
married first to Mrs. Mary Perkins, widow of
Joseph Perkins, and secondly, to Mary, daughter
of Pardon Mawney of East Greenwich, R.I. He
died at South Kingston, R.I., Sept. 26, 1835.
POTTER, Elisha Reynolds, jurist, was born
in South Kingston, R.I., June 20, 1811; son of
Elisha Reynolds (q.v.) and Mary (Mawney)
Potter, and grandson of Pardon Mawney. He
was graduated at Harvard in 1830 ; was admitted
to the bar in 1832, and practised in South King
ston. He was a representative and state senator
in the Rhode Island legislature for several
years ; was adjutant-general of the state, 1835-
37, and was a member of the state constitutional
convention of 1841-42. He was a Law and Order
representative from the western district of
Rhode Island in the 28th congress, 1843-45, and
was defeated for re-election in 1844 ; was state
commissioner of public schools, 1849-54, . and
was associate justice of the supreme court, 1868-

[330]

POTTER

POTTER

82. He was a member of the Rhode Island His
torical society, and contributed to its Collections,
A Brief Account of the Emissions of Paper Money
¦made by the Colony of Rhode Island (1837), to
gether with several addresses. He is also the
author of : Report on the Condition and Improve
ment of the Public Schools of Rhode Island (1852);
The Bible and Prayer in Public Schools (1854),
and Early History of Narragansett (1835). He
died in South Kingston, R.I., April 10, 1882.
POTTER, Henry, jurist, was born in Granville
county, N.C, in 1765. He was educated for the
law, and settled in Fayetteville, N.C, from which
place he was appointed in 1801, by President
Jefferson, judge of the U.S. circuit court for the
5th circuit, and in 1802, judge of the U.S. district
court of North Carolina, succeeding John Sit-
greaves, deceased, which office he held until his
death. He charged the jury in the case of Lord
Granville's heirs versus the governor of North
Carolina in 1806, Chief Justice Marshall from per
sonal considerations refusing to sit upon the
trial. He was a commissioner to erect a gov
ernor's " palace " at Raleigh in 1813, and to sell
lots belonging to the state for the purpose of en
larging the state house in 1819. He was a trus
tee of the University of North Carolina, 1799-
1856 ; compiled, with John Louis Taylor of Cra
ven county, and Bartlett Yancey of Caswell
county, a revision of the "Law of the State of
North Carolina" (2 vols., 1821), and is the author
of: Duties of a Justice of the Peace (1816). He
died in Fayetteville, N.C, Dec. 20, 1857.
POTTER, Henry Codman, sixth bishop of New
York and 131st in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Schenectady, N.Y., May
25, 1834 ; fifth son of the Rev. Alonzo and Maria
(Nott) Potter. He
attended the Episco
pal academy at Phila
delphia, Pa., and was
graduated from the
Theological Semi
nary of Virginia in
1857. He was ordered
deacon in 1857, and
ordained priest in
1858. He was twice
married: first, Oct. 8,
1857, to Eliza Rogers,
daughter of Samuel
O. and Clara (Boyd)
Jacobs of Spring
Grove, Pa., who died
June 29, 1901 ; and secondly, Oct. 4, 1902, to
Mrs. Alfred Corning Clark of Cooperstown,
N.Y. In November, 1902, Mrs. Potter an
nounced her gift of the East Side Community
House, a philanthropic institution similar to

[321]

Hull House, Chicago, for the city of New
York, to cost about half a million dollars. Mr,
Potter was rector of Christ Church, Greens-
burg, Pa., 1857-58; of St. John's, Troy, N.Y.,
1859-66 ; assistant, on the Greene Foundation, at
Trinity church, Boston, Mass., 1866-68, and
rector of Grace church, New York city, 1868-84.
He refused the presidency of Kenyon college,
Ohio, in 1863, and the office of bishop of Iowa in
1875. He was elected assistant bishop of New
York in 1883, and was consecrated, Oct. 20, 1883,
by Bishops Smith, Williams and Clark, assisted
by Bishops Whipple, Stevens, Littlejohn, Doane,
Huntington and McLaren. On the death of his
uncle, Bishop Horatio Potter, Jan. 2, 1887, he suc
ceeded to the bishopric. He became prominent
in public reforms ; was a friend of the laboring
classes, and his services as an arbitrator to adjust
differences between employer and employed were
frequently sought. He was secretary of the
house of bishops, 1866-83. Union college con
ferred on him the honorary degree of A.M. in
1863 ; D.D. in 1865, and LL.D. in 1877 ; the degree
of D.D. was also given him by Trinity in 1884,
by Harvard in 1890 and by Oxford, England, in
1892 ; that of D.C.L. by Bishop's university in
1894, and that of LL.D. by Cambridge, England,
in 1888, and by the University of Pennsylvania
and Yale in 1901. His published writings include :
Sisterhood and Deaconesses (1871); The Gates of
the East (1873); Waymarks (1892); The Scholar
and the State (1897) ; The East of To-day and To
morrow (1902) ; Tlie Citizen in His Relation to
the Industrial Situation (1902), and numerous
sermons and addresses.
POTTER, Horatio, fifth bishop of New York
and 62d in succession in the American episco
pate, was born in Beekman, Duchess county,
N.Y., Feb. 9, 1802; son of Joseph and Ann
(Knight) Potter. He attended the academy at
Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ; was graduated from Union
college in 1826 ; and ordained deacon, July 15,
1827, and priest, Dec. 14, 1828. He was professor
of mathematics and natural philosophy at Wash
ington (Trinity) college, Hartford, Conn., 1826-
33, and declined the presidency of the college.
He was rector of St. Peter's, Albany, N.Y., 1833-
54, and upon the death of the Rt. Rev. Jonathan
Wainwright, provisional bishop of New York,
Sept. 21, 1854, Dr. Potter was chosen his succes
sor, and consecrated in Trinity church, New York
city, Nov. 22, 1854, by Bishops Brownell, Hopkins
and Doane, assisted by Bishops McCoskry, Whit
tingham, Eastburn, Alonzo Potter, Williams,
Whitehouse, Lee and Fulford (.Montreal). The
canon for the election of a provisional bishop was
passed in 1850, as Bishop B. T. Onderdonk had been
suspended in 1844, thus leaving the diocese without
a bishop. Upon the death of Bishop Onderdonk

POTTER

POTTER

in 1861, Dr. Potter was chosen fifth bishop of New Caroline (Fox) Potter; grandson of the Rev.

York, the dioceses of Long Island and Albany
being set apart during his episcopate. He was a
member of the Lambeth conferences in England
in 1867 and 1877, and of the general convention
held at Philadelphia in 1865. On the celebration
of the twenty-fifth anniversity of his consecra
tion, Nov. 29, 1879, at the Academy of Music,
New York city, a testimonial was presented him,
in the form of a casket of gold, silver and steel,
modeled after the ancient Ark of the Covenant.
In 1883 his health broke down, and his nephew,
the Rev. Henry Codman Potter, was elected as
sistant bishop of New York. The honorary de
gree of D.D. was conferred on him by Trinity in
1838, that of LL.D. by Hobart in 1856, and D.C.L.
by Oxford, England, in 1860. He died in New
York city, Jan 2, 1887, and his remains were in
terred in the cemetery at Poughkeepsie.
POTTER, James, soldier, was born in Tyrone,
Ireland, in 1729 ; son of John Potter, who immi
grated to America with his wife and children in
the ship Dunnegall, landing at New Castle, Del.,
in 1741, and settled in 1746 in what became
Cumberland county, Pa., in 1750, and was high
sheriff of the county in 1750, 1754 and 1755.
James Potter was commissioned ensign in Lieut.-
Col. John Armstrong's battalion, Feb. 17, 1756,
and was wounded in the expedition against Kit-
tanning, Sept. 7, 1756. He was promoted lieu
tenant, 2d battalion, Oct. 23, 1757 ; captain, Feb.
17, 1759, and in 1764 commanded three companies
on the northern frontier. He removed to Sun
bury, Pa., in 1769; was appointed a justice of
Northumberland county in 1772, removed to
Union county, and settled in Penn's Valley in
1774. He was elected colonel of the upper bat
talion of Pennsylvania patriot militia, Jan. 24,
1776, and commanded a battalion in the battles of
Trenton, Dec. 26, 1766, and Princeton, Jan. 3,
1777, being wounded at Princeton. He was pro
moted brigadier-general of Pennsylvania militia,
April 5, 1777, and commanded a brigade at
Brandywine and Germantown. He also served
on the outposts of Washington's army at Valley
Forge ; during the summer of 1778 he assisted in
repelling Indian invasion in Penn's Valley, and
in July, 1779, he removed to Middle Creek, Pa.
He was a member of the supreme executive
council in 1780, vice-president of Pennsylvania
in 1781, and was defeated as president by John
Dickinson. He was appointed major-general of
Pennsylvania militia, May 23, 1782, and was a
member of the council of censors in 1784. He
was married, first, to Elizabeth Cathcart ; sec
ondly, to Mrs. Mary (Patterson) Chambers. He
died in Franklin county, Pa., in November, 1789.
POTTER, John Fox, representative, was born
in Augusta, Maine, May 11, 1817 ; son of John and

[322]

Isaiah and Elizabeth Edwards (Barrett) Potter
of Lebanon, N.H., and of John Fox of Portland,
Maine, and a descendant of William Potter, who.
emigrated from Lincoln, Eng. , to New Haven,
Conn., in 1637. He was educated at Phillips.
academy, Exeter, N.H., studied law in Augusta,
was admitted to the bar in 1837, and removed
to East Tracy, Wis., in 1838. He was married,
Oct. 15, 1839, to Frances E. Lewis, daughter of
George and Rebecca (Lewis) Fox of Portland,
Maine, and secondly, to Sarah Fox. He was
judge of Walworth county, Wis., 1842-46; a,
member of the assembly of Wisconsin in 1856,
and a Republican representative from the first
district of Wisconsin in the 35th-37th congresses,
1857-63. In 1860 a debate brought about by a,
speech of Representative Owen Lovejoy, an
nouncing the death of his brother, Elisha P.,,
caused Mr. Potter to be challenged by Represen
tative Roger A. Pryor of Virginia, and in accept
ing the challenge, he named bowie-knives as the
weapons ; but on the objection of Mr. Pryor's
seconds to the weapons as " barbarous," the-
challenge was withdrawn. He was a delegate to
the Crittenden peace congress of 1861 ; chairman
of the investigating committee appointed by the
37th congress for unearthing treason and dis
loyalty in government offices and departments ;
was defeated for election by James S. Brown in
1862 ; commanded a battery in the Wisconsin
volunteer artillery in the civil war, and declined
the governorship of Dakota Territory, offered
him by President Lincoln in 1863, but accepted
the appointment as U.S. consul-general at Mon
treal, serving, 1863-66. He was a delegate to the
Whig national conventions of 1852, 1856, 1860 and
1864. He died in East Troy, Wis., May 18, 1899.
POTTER, Joseph Hayden, soldier, was born
in Concord, N.H., Oct. 12, 1822; son of Thomas
Drake and Eunice (Marden) Potter ; grandson of
Joseph and Nancy (Drake) Potter, and of John
Marden of Chichester, N.H., and a descendant of
Robert Potter, who came from Coventry, Eng
land, to Lynn, Mass., in 1630. He was graduated
at the U.S. Military academy in 1843, served in
the military occupation of Texas, 1845-46, and
was promoted 2d lieutenant, 7th infantry, Oct.
21, 1845. He served during the Mexican war,
being engaged in the defense of Fort Brown,
and for gallantry at Monterey, where he was
severely wounded while storming the enemy's.
works, he was brevetted 1st lieutenant, Sept.
23, 1846. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, Oct.
30, 1847 ; captain, Jan. 9, 1856 ; served on the
Utah expedition, 1858-60 ; at Fort Webster, New
Mexico, in 1860 ; on court-martial duty at Fort
Bliss, Tex., and on frontier duty, Fort McLane,
New Mexico, 1860-61. He was captured by

POTTER

POTTER

Texas insurgents at San Augustine Springs, Tex., published works include: A Social Lion (1899) %

July 27, 1861, and was not exchanged until Aug
27, 1862. He was appointed colonel of the 12th
New Hampshire volunteers, Sept. 27, 1862 ; was
engaged in the Maryland campaign, Army of the
Potomac, October-November, 1862 ; in the Rap
pahannock campaign, December, 1862, to May
1863, commanding a brigade in the battles of
Frederioksburg and Chancellorsville, Va. At
Chancellorsville be was severely wounded, cap
tured and was held as a prisoner of war from
May to October, 1863. He was promoted major
and transferred to the 19th infantry, July 4, 1863 ;
brevetted colonel, May 3, 1863, for Chancellors
ville, and lieutenant-colonel, Dec. 13, for Fred-
ricksburg ; served on special duty five months,
1863-64, was assistant provost marshal-general of
Ohio, 1864, and commanded a brigade in the 18th
corps, Army of the James, September-December,
1864, taking part in the attack on Fort Harrison,
Sept. 29, 1864. He commanded a brigade in the
24th army corps, Dec. 2, 1864, to Jan. 16, 1865, and
was chief of staff of the 24th army corps, Jan.
16, to July 10, 1865, being engaged in the attack
on Hatcher's Run, Va., and the pursuit of the
Confederate army. He was brevetted brigadier-
general, U.S. army, March 13, 1865 ; was pro
moted brigadier-general of volunteers, May 1,
1865, and was mustered out of the volunteer
service, Jan. 15, 1866. He was married in 1865,
to Alice Kilburn of Columbus, Ohio. He was
promoted lieutenant-colonel, 30th infantry, July
28, 1866 ; commanded a regiment in the depart
ment ofthe Platte in 1867 ; Fort Sedgwick, Colo.,
1867-68, and Fort Sanders, Wy., 1863-69. He
was transferred to the 4th infantry, March 15,
1869 ; promoted colonel and transferred to the
24th infantry, Dec. 11, 1873; commanded Fort
Brown, Tex., 1874-76, and the District of the
Rio Grande, 1875-76. He was governor of the
Soldier's Home, Washington, D.C, 1877-81 ; in
command of a regiment at Fort Supply, Indian
Territory, 1881-86, and of the department of
the Missouri, April to Oct. 12, 1886, when he
was retired from active service, having been
promoted brigadier-general, U.S.A., April 1,
1886. He died in Columbus, Ohio, Dec. 1, 1892.
POTTER, Margaret Horton, author, was born
in Chicago,i 111., May 20, 1881 ; daughter of Orrin
Woodard and Ellen (Owen) Potter ; grand
daughter of Abel and Cynthia (Woodard) Potter
and of William and Abba (Potter) Owen, and a
descendant of Martin Potter of Potter Hall, South
Shields (1714), Yorkshire, Eng., and Owen Tudor
of Wales (1485). She attended a preparatory
school in Chicago, and pursued advanced studies
under a private tutor. She was married to John
Donald Black of Chicago, Jan. 1, 1902, but con
tinued to write under her maiden name. Her

Uncanonized (1900) ; The House of De Mailly
(1901). POTTER, Orlando Brunson, representative,
was born at Charlemont, Mass., May 10, 1823;
son of  and Sophia (Rice) Potter, and a
descendant of John Potter, who signed the cove
nant of New Haven in 1639. Orlando was a
student at Williams college, 1841-42 ; taught
school in Dennis, Mass. ; attended the Harvard
Law school ; was admitted to the bar in Boston in
1848, and practised in Boston and at South Read
ing, Mass. In 1852, upon discovering the value
of a patent for a sewing machine obtained by
Mr. Brown, he organized the Grover and Baker
Sewing Machine company, financed the concern,
protected the patent in the courts, and as one-
third owner of the stock acquired a large fortune.
He withdrew from the company in 1873, and de
voted himself to the management of real estate.
On Aug. 14, 1861, he laid before Secretary Sal
mon P. Chase a plan to remedy the unequal and
changeable values of the currency of the differ
ent states, which plan, with the modification of
issuing United States notes as legal tender, which
he did not approve, became the basis of the
banking system of the United States in 1863. He
was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for
representative in the 46th congress in 1878 in the
tenth district ; was elected from the eleventh
congressional district of New York, as Union
Democratic representative in the 48th congress,
1883-85 ; declined renomination in 1884, and the
Democratic candidacy for mayor of New York
city in 1886. He was a member of the first Rapid
Transit commission of New York city, a trustee
of Cornell" university, 1891-93, and president of
the State Agricultural society. He maintained
on his own farm a home for poor children, its
occupants being cared for under his personal
supervision. He was married first in October,
1850, to Martha G., daughter of B. B. Wiley of
South Reading, Mass., and secondly, to a daughter
of Dr. Jared Linsly of New York. He left an
estate valued at $7,000,000. He died in New York
city, Jan. 2, 1894.
POTTER, Piatt, jurist, was born in Galway,
N.Y., April 6, 1800; son of Restcome and Lucinda.
(Strong) Potter. He was graduated at Schenec
tady academy in 1820 ; studied law under Alonzo-
C Paige ; was admitted to the bar in 1824, and
practised law in Minorville, N.Y., 1824-33. He was
a member of the assembly from Montgomery and
Hamilton counties in 1830, and engaged in prac
tice in Schenectady with Alonzo C Paige in 1834.
He was married in 1836 to Antoinette, daughter
of the Rev. Winslow Paige, D.D. He was master
and examiner in chancery, 1828-47 ; district
attorney of Schenectady county, 1839-47, and
[323]

POTTER

POTTER

justice of the supreme court of New York and
of the court of appeals, 1857-65. He was re
elected in 1865, and in 1870 caused the arrest of
Henry Ray, a member of the New York assembly,
for ignoring his court summons, and in conse
quence was himself tried for "high breach of
privilege," but was vindicated on his own argu
ment. He was a trustee of Union college, 1865-
85, receiving the degree of LL.D. from there in
1867.; was president of the state judicial conven
tion in Rochester, N.Y., in 1870, and served as
president of the Mohawk national bank at
Schenectady for several years. In 1886 he pre
sented the New York Historical society with six
volumes of the "State Trials of England," pub
lished in 1742, and of great value, being origin
ally the property of Sir William Johnson, Bart.
He is the author of: Potter's Dwarris (1871);
Equity Jurisprudence, compiled and enlarged
from the work of John Willard (1875) ; Potter
on Corporations (1879), and several pamphlets.
He died in Schenectady, N.Y., Aug. 11, 1891.
POTTER, Robert Brown, soldier, was born
in Schenectady, N.Y., July 16, 1829 ; son of
Alonzo and Maria (Nott) Potter. He entered
Union college in the class of 1849, but did not
graduate ; studied law, and practised in New
York city. He was commissioned lieutenant-
colonel of the 51st New York volunteer regiment
in 1861. and was attached to Reno's brigade, Burn
side's army. He led the assault at Roanoke
Island, receiving a severe wound at New Berne ;
took part in the battles of Cedar Mountain,
Manassas, Chantilly, Antietam (where he was
wounded), and Fredericksburg. He was pro
moted brigadier-general of volunteers, March 13,
1863, commanding a division at Vicksburg and
in the siege of Knoxville, Tenn. ; was brevetted
major-general of volunteers in August, 1864 ; was
severely wounded during the final assault on
Petersburg, April 2, 1865, and on his recovery
was given command of the Connecticut and
Rhode Island district of the department of the
east. He was married, Sept. 20, 1865, to Abby,
daughter of John Austin Stevens, and on the
same date was commissioned major-general of
volunteers. He was mustered out of the volun
teer service in January, 1866, and was receiver
of the Atlantic and Great Western railroad, 1866-
69. He died in Newport, R.I., Feb. 19, 1887.
POTTER, Samuel John, senator, was born in
South Kingstown, R.I., about 1751 ; son of John
and Elizabeth (Hazard) Potter ; grandson of John
and Mercy (Robinson) Potter and of Stephen and
Mary (Robinson) Hazard, and a descendant of
Nathaniel Potter of Portsmouth, R.I. He married
in 1765, Nancy Seager, and had ten children. He
was deputy governor of Rhode Island from May,
1790, to February, 1799 ; lieutenant governor,

[324]

February to May, 1799, and again, 1800-03, and
U.S. senator from Rhode Island from March 4,
1803, until his death, being succeeded by Benja
min Howland (q.v.). He was a presidential
elector, voting for Washington in 1792, and for
John Adams in 1796. He died in Washington,
D.C, Sept. 26, 1804.
POTTER, William, diplomatist, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 17, 1852 ; son of Thomas
and Adaline Coleman (Bower) Potter. His great
grandfather, Gen. Jacob Bower, was an officer
in the Continental army, and an original member
of the Philadelphia Society ofthe Cincinnati, and
his great-great-grandfather, Col. Joseph Wood,
served in the colonial army during the French
and Indian war. He attended the University of
Pennsylvania in 1870, and engaged in business
with his father, becoming vice-president of the
corporation of Thomas Potter, Sons & Co. He
was twice married : first, on April 25, 1878, to
Jane Kennedy Vanuxem of Philadelphia, and
secondly, May 16, 1899, to Hetty Vanuxem, who
died, Aug. 12, 1901. He was appointed by Presi
dent Harrison, special commissioner to negotiate
a system of sea post offices with London, Paris
and Berlin ; was a delegate to the fourth con
gress of the Universal JPostal union at Vienna
in 1891, and was U.S. minister to Italy, 1892-94.
He was a relief commissioner to Porto Rico dur
ing the Spanish-American war, and in 1902 be
came president of Jefferson Medical college of
Philadelphia. POTTER, William Bleeker, mining engineer,
was born in Schenectady, N.Y., March 23, 1846;
son of the Rt. Rev. Horatio Potter. He was grad
uated from Columbia college, A.B. in 1866, M.E.,
1869 ; was assistant in geology there, 1869-71 ;
assistant on the geological survey of Ohio, under
Prof. John D. Newberry, and was appointed pro
fessor of mining and metallurgy at Washington
university, St. Louis, Mo;, in 1871. He was
elected president of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers in 1888, and was a member of
the leading scientific societies of the United
States and Europe.
POTTER, William James, author, was born in
North Dartmouth, Mass., Feb. 1, 1830; son of
William and Anna (Aiken) Potter ; grandson of
William H. and Patience (Thurston) Potter, and
of Ebenezer and Chloe (Hathaway) Aiken, and a
descendant of Nathaniel Potter, Aquidneck, R.I.,
1638. He attended the Friends school, Provi- •
dence, R.I. ; was graduated at the State Normal
school, Bridgewater, Mass., and at Harvard in
1854, and studied in Germany, 1857-58. He was
an usher in Bristol academy, Taunton, Mass.,
1849-50 ; instructor in the high school, Cam
bridge, Mass., 1854-56, and a student at the Har
vard Divinity school, 1856-57. He was ordained

POTTS

POTTS

pastor of the First Congregational (Unitarian)
society, New Bedford, Mass., Dec. 28, 1859, and
was its pastor continuously, 1859-93. He was
married, Nov. 26, 1863, to Elizabeth Claghorn,
daughter of Spooner and Lydia (Delano) Bab
cock of New Bedford, Mass. He was drafted into
the army in 1863 ; was hospital chaplain at
Alexandria, Va., and was detailed for special
service under the secretary of war, to inspect
hospitals in and near Washington and Alexandria.
After serving for a year in this capacity and in
the sanitary commission, he returned to his par
ish in New Bedford. In 1867 he aided in estab
lishing the American Free Religious association,
and was its secretary, 1867-82, and its president,
1882-93. He also organized the Union for Good
Works in New Bedford, in 1870. In addition to
his work in his pastorate, he delivered many
lectures and addresses, mostly under the auspices
of the Free Religious association, in Boston and
elsewhere, and the first six months of 1893 he
spent in California, preaching and lecturing. He
edited The Index, 1880-87 ; contributed to the
Radical and other periodicals, and is the author
of : Four Discourses Suggested by the Life and
Tragic Death of Abraham Lincoln (1865) ; Twenty-
five Sermons of Twenty-five Years (1885); The
First Congregational Society in New Bedford.
Its History as Illustrative of Ecclesiastical Evolu
tion (1889); Lectures and Sermons: With a Bio
graphical Sketch by Francis Ellingwood Abbot
(1893), and a number of other printed sermons.
He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 21, 1893.
POTTS, David, representative, was born at
Warwick Furnace, Chester county, Pa., Nov. 27,
1794 ; son of David and Martha (Potts) Potts ;
grandson of Samuel and Joanna (Holland) Potts,
and of David and Anna (Potts) Potts, and a de-
sceAdant of Thomas and Martha (Keurlis) Potts.
Thomas Potts emigrated from Wales to America
with his uncle Thomas, of Coventry, England, in
1690, and settled near Philadelphia, Pa. He was
well educated ; served in the war of 1812 with
his brother Thomas, and at an early age was
placed in charge of Warwick Furnace, and his
ancestral home, carrying on the furnace most
successfully for half a century, and making many
improvements in the estate. He was married,
March 4, 1819, to Anna Nutt, daughter of Robert
and Ruth (Potts) May of Coventry, Pa. He rep
resented Chester county in the Pennsylvania leg
islature, 1823-25, and was a Whig and anti-
Mason representative in the 22d-25th congresses,
1831-39. He gave liberally towards the raising
'of regiments and for the relief of the sick and
wounded soldiers ofthe Federal army duringthe
civil war. He was at one time a candidate for
governor of Pennsylvania, on the Free Soil ticket.
He died at Warwick, Pa., June 1, 1863.

POTTS, Jonathan, surgeon, was born in Popo-
dickon, Berks county, Pa., April 11, 1745 ; son of
John and Ruth (Savage) Potts, and grandson of
Thomas, the immigrant, and Martha (Keurlis)
Potts, and of Samuel and Ann (Rutter) Savage.
His father founded Pottstown, Pa. Jonathan
attended school at Ephrata and Philadelphia ;
was a medical student in Edinburgh, Scotland,
1766-68, and was graduated at the College of
Philadelphia, B.M., in 1768, his class being the
first to be graduated from the medical school.
He was married, May 5, 1767, to Grace Richard
son. He practised medicine in Reading, Pa. ;
was a delegate to the provincial meeting of dep
uties at Philadelphia in July, 1774, and a mem
ber of the Provincial congress at Philadelphia in
January, 1775. He was active in raising men
and in organizing the forces of Berks county in
1776, and was appointed physician and surgeon
in the Continental army, operating in Northern
New York, June 6, 1776. He was placed in
charge of the hospital at Fort George, and when
Gates joined Washington in Philadelphia, Sur
geon Potts made his headquarters in Market
Street, where General Putnam ordered all officers
in charge of the sick to report. He was present
at the battle of Princeton, and was appointed
medical director-general of the Northern depart
ment, April 11, 1777. He was on leaveof absence
from November, 1777, until Jan. 22, 1778, when
he was transferred from the army at Albany,
N.Y., to the hospitals of the middle department,
and served at Valley Forge, until prostrated by ill
ness. He was elected surgeon of the Philadelphia
city troop, May 17, 1779, and in that year assisted
in defending from a mob the home of James
Wilson, the signer. He resigned from the Con
tinental army, Oct. 6, 1780, and died in Reading,
Pa., in October, 1781.
POTTS, Richard, delegate and senator, was
born in Upper Marlborough, Prince George county,
Md. , in July, 1753. He practised law in Fred
erick county, where he was a member and clerk
of the committee of observation in 1776 ; clerk
of the court, 1777-79, and a member of the Mary
land house of delegates, 1779-80 and 1787-88. He
was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1781-
82 ; became state attorney for the counties of
Frederick, Montgomery and Washington, in 1784,
and was a member of the state convention that
ratified the Federal constitution in 1788. He was
appointed U.S. attorney for Maryland by Presi
dent Washington in 1789 ; became chief judge of
the fifth district of Maryland in 1791 ; was elected
to the U.S. senate from Maryland to complete
the term of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, in 1793,
serving 1793-96, and was associate justice of the
Maryland court of appeals, 1801-04. He was
married, first, to Elizabeth, sister of Capt. John

[325]

POTTS

POURTALES

Hughes, who bandaged the eyes of Major Andre
at the time of his execution ; secondly, Dec. 19,
1799, to Eleanor Murdock. He received the de
gree LL.D. from the College of New Jersey, 1805.
He died in Frederick county, Md., Nov. 26, 1808.
POTTS, William, author, was born in Phila
delphia, Pa., May 5, 1838; son of Joseph Kirk-
bride and Sidney (Bonsall) J?otts ; grandson of
Joseph Potts, and a descendant of Thomas Potts of
Coventry, Eng. . He studied law for a brief period,
removed to New York in 1863, and engaged iri the
insurance business and in banking. He was
secretary of the Brooklyn Civil Service Reform
association, 1880-94, save while in the public ser
vice ; of the New York and the National Civil
Service Reform associations, .1881-94, with the
same exception ; was chief examiner of the Civil
Service commission for New York state in 1887,
and vice-president of the National Civil Service
Reform league, 1894-96. He was also a member
of numerous social and scientific organizations,
and active in movements for improvement in
political methods, and in social settlement work.
His published works include : Noblesse Oblige
(1880); Evolution of Vegetable Life (1889); Evolu
tion and Social Reform — the Socialistic Method
(1890); Form and Color in Nature (1891); The
Monetary Problem (1892); From a New England
Hillside (1895), and Statistics of Societies (com
piled, 1899).
POTTS, William Stevens, educator, was born
at Fishing Creek, Northumberland county, Pa.,
Oct. 13, 1802 ; son of William and Mary (Gard
ner) Potts. His father was a Quaker, and his
mother of Scotch descent. He removed with his
parents to Trenton, N.J., in 1810 ; was educated
in the public schools ; in 1818 went to Philadel
phia to learn the printer's trade, and while there,
in 1882, studied theology under the Rev. Ezra S.
Ely. He attended Princeton Theological seminary,
1825-27; was licensed by the presbytery of Phila
delphia, November, 1827 ; became a missionary in
New Jersey and the south, 1827-28, and was
ordained by the presbytery of Missouri, Oct. 26,
1828. He was pastor of the First Presbyterian
church of St. Louis, Mo., 1828-35; president of
Marion college, Mo., 1835-39, and founder and
pastor (1839-52) of the Second Presbyterian church
of St. Louis. He received the degree D.D. from
Marion college in 1841. He was married to Ann,
daughter of Samuel Benton. He died in St.
Louis, Mo., March 27, 1852.
POU, Edward William, representative, was
born in Tuskegee, Macon county, Ala., Sept. 9,
1863 ; son of Edward William and Anna Maria
(Smith) Pou ; grandson of Joseph and Eliza M.
(Felder) Pou, and of James H. and Nancy (Bryan)
Smith ; and a descendant of Gavin Pou of South
Carolina. He was educated at the school of John

[326]

L. Davis at Smithfield, N.C, and at the Univer
sity of North Carolina. 1881-84 ; taught school;
1884-85 ; studied law under his father ; was ad
mitted to the bar in October, 1885, and began
practice in Smithfield in partnership with his
brother, James H. Pou, and subsequently with
Furnifold M. Simmons (q.v.). He was chairman
of the executive committee of Johnston county
in 1886, and under his administration the county
became permanently Democratic. He was mar
ried Oct. 18, 1887, to Carrie, daughter of Ross and
Mary Ann (Houghton) Ihrie of Pittsboro, N.C
He was a Democratic presidential elector, 1888 ;
and was solicitor of the fourth North Carolina
judicial district in 1890, 1894 and 1898. In 1896
he was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for
representative from the fourth North Carolina
district to the 55th congress, and was elected to
the 57th and 58th congresses, 1901-05, serving on
the committees on reform in the civil serviqe and
expenditures in the treasury dedartment.
POULSSON, Anne Emilie, author, was born
at Cedar Grove, Essex county, N.J., Sept. 8,
1853 ; daughter of Halvor and Ruth Ann (Mitchell)
Poulsson ; grand-daughter of Paul and Ingeborg
Mathea (Moe) Poulsson of Norway, and of
Samuel and Hannah (Thornton) Mitchell of
England. She attended the public schools of
Newark, N.J., and was graduated from the
Kindergarten Normal school of Misses Garland
and Weston, Boston, Mass., in 1881. Her eye
sight had been impaired from infancy, and fear
ing possible blindness she became a student in
the Perkins Institution for the Blind in South
Boston, where she afterward taught, 1879-82.
Subsequently she entered into private teaching
and study and gained a reputation as a lecturer
and writer. She became joint editor of the
Kindergarten Review in 1897. Her published
works include : Nursery Finger Plays (1889); In
the Child's World (1893); Through the Farmyard
Gate (1896); Child Stories and Rhymes (1898);
Kinderwelt, selections from In the Child's World
(1898); Love and Law in Child Training (1899);
El Mundo de Nino, selections from In the Child's
World (1900) ; Holiday Songs (1901), and numer
ous articles contributed to periodicals.
POURTALES, Louis Francois de, naturalist,
was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, March 4,
1824. He was descended from a noble family,
and was himself a count. He adopted the pro
fession of engineer, but early became a student
of natural history, and accompanied Louis
Agassiz, who was his instructor in the science, on
his glacial explorations among the Alps in 1840,
coining with him to the United States in 1847.
He was connected with the U.S. coast survey,
1848-73, and while engaged in work on the
Florida reef in 1851, was led to study the ocean

POWDERLY

POWELL

bed through the medium of numerous gephyreans
and holothurians which he collected, and by
specimens accumulated by different hydrographic
expeditions, publishing the result of his study in
Peterman's Miitheilungen. He was assigned to
the field and office work of the tidal department
of the coast survey in 1854, and thus was the
pioneer and chief director of deep-sea dredging
on both coasts of the United States, 1854-73. In
1873 he became assistant at the Museum of Com
parative Zoology, Harvard university, and suc
ceeded Louis Agassiz in December, 1873, as its
keeper, until relieved in 1875 by Alexander
Agassiz. He was a member of the National
Academy of Sciences, and of other scientific
¦societies, and received the honorary degree A.M.
from Harvard in 1880. His valuable collections
of marine zoological specimens were placed in
the Agassiz museum at Cambridge, and thence
distributed to specialists in the United States
and Europe, which resulted in special reports
upon the different forms of deep-sea life by the
most eminent investigators. The Pourtalesia,
a genus of sea-urchins, were named in his honor.
He contributed to the Proceedings of scientific
^societies, and published reports under the direc
tion of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. He
-died at Beverly Farms, Mass., July 17, 1880.
POWDERLY, Terence Vincent, knight of
labor, was born in Carbondale, Pa., Jan. 22,
1849 ; son of Terence and Margery (Welsh)
Fowderly, who emigrated from Ireland to the
United States in 1826, and settled in the Lacka
wanna Valley, Pa. He was educated in the
public schools until 1862 ; was switch tender for
the Delaware and Hudson railroad, 1862-64 ; car
inspector in 1864, and a brakeman in 1865. He
•served an apprenticeship in the machine shops
of the Delaware and Hudson company, 1866-69 ;
removed to Scranton, Pa., in 1869, where he was
employed in the Delaware, Lackawanna and
Western railroad shops, 1869-73, and in the Dick
son Locomotive works, 1873-77. He was married,
Sept. 19, 1872, to Hannah, daughter of John and
Anne (Dever) of Scranton, Pa. He joined the
Machinists' and Blacksmiths' union in 1870, re
moved to Oil City during the panic of 1873, and
joined Assembly No. 88, Knights of Labor, in 1874.
He was a delegate to the Machinists' and Black
smiths' union convention at Louisville, Ky., in
1874, where he succeeded in inducing the union
to join the Knights of Labor as Assembly No.
222, and was general master. In 1877 he formed
a district assembly in Lackawanna county, of
which he was secretary, 1877-86. In the strike
-of 1877 he persuaded 5,000 discharged Knights of
Labor to emigrate to various points in the west,
where they formed new assemblies. He directed
-the first general assembly of the order held in

[327]

Reading, Pa., in 1878, and in St. Louis in 1879,
when he was elected Grand Worthy Foreman. At
their third general assembly at Chicago in 1879,
he became General Master- Workman, and served,
by re-election, 1879-93. He was mayor of Scran
ton, 1878-84 ; studied law in the office of Judge
P. P. Smith at Scranton, 1893-94 ; was admitted
to the bar in September, 1894 ; settled in practice
in Scranton, and in the same year canvassed the
state for Governor Hastings. He was prominent
in the presidential campaigns of 1896 and 1900,
speaking for McKinley and Hobart, and for Mc
Kinley and Roosevelt. He was U.S. commis
sioner-general of immigration by appointment of
President McKinley, 1897-19Q2. He was admitted
to the bar of the supreme court of the United
States in 1901. He is the author of : Thirty Years
of Labor, a History of the Organization of Labor
since 1860 (1891); History of Labor Day; con
tributions on economics to the Journal of United
Labor, and to the leading general magazines.
POWELL, Aaron Macy, reformer, was born
in Clinton, N.Y., March 26, 1832 ; son of Town-
send and Catharine (Macy) Powell ; grandson of
James and Martha (Townsend) Powell and of
Abraham and Elizabeth (Coleman) Macy, and a
descendant of Thomas Powell of Westbury, Long
Island, whose will is dated lmo 3rd, 1719. On his
mother's side the first ancestor in this country is
John Howland of the Mayflower, 1620. His
parents were members of the Society of Friends
and active abolitionists. He attended the New
York State Normal school, but did not graduate,
as he was urged to accept the position of lec
turer for the American Anti-Slavery society, and
served as such, 1852-65, and as secretary of the
society, 1866-70. He edited the National Anti-
Slavery Standard, 1865-72 ; the National Temper
ance Advocate, 1872-99, and the Philanthropist,
1886-99. He was assistant secretary of the
National Temperance society, 1873-94 ; and was
president of the National Purity alliance. He
was a delegate to the International Prison con
gress in London in 1872, and to the congress for
the abolition of the state regulation of vice, in
Geneva, Switzerland, in 1877, the Hague in 1883,
and in London in 1886. He is the author of :
State Regulation of Vice (1878); Tlie Beer Ques
tion (1881); Tlie National Government and the
Liquor Traffic (1882), and Personal Reminiscences
of Anti-Slavery and Other Reforms (1900). He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 13, 1899.
POWELL, Edward Payson, clergyman and
author, was born in Clinton, N.Y., in 1833 ; son
of John and Mary (Johnson) Powell, and de
scended from the PowelLs of Washington, Conn.,
and from the Johnsons of Windsor, Vt. He was
graduated from Hamilton college in 1853, and
from Union Theological seminary, 1858, having

POWELL

POWELL

been tutor at Hamilton college, 1856-57. He was
stated supply at Deansboro, N.Y., 1858-61; was
ordained, Oct. 29, 1861 ; was pastor of Plymouth
Congregational church, Adrian, Mich., 1861-71;
of Mayflower church, St. Louis, Mo., 1871-73;
editor of the Globe-Democrat, St. Louis, 1873-
74, and pastor of the Third Unitarian church,
Chicago, 111., 1874-77. After 1877 he resided in
Clinton, N.Y., where he engaged in literary as
well as horticultural pursuits, besides preaching
in Utica, N.Y. , 1880-86. He was elected a member
of the Chicago Academy of Sciences ; the Ameri
can Arbitration congress, Washington, 1896 ; the
American Historical society ; vice-president of
the Congress of Religion, and member of the
committee of one hundred to establish a Na
tional University at Washington. His pub
lished writings include : Our Heredity from God
(1886; Berlin, 1889); Liberty and Life (1890);
Nullification and Secession in the United States
(1896); Windbreaks, Hedges and Shelters (1900) ;
Old Home Days (1901). In 1903 he was editor of
the Independent, and a frequent contributor to
periodicals. POWELL, John Wesley, geologist, was born
in Mount Morris, N.Y., March 24, 1834. His
father, a Methodist clergyman, emigrated from
England to New York city ; removed to Jackson,
Ohio, in 1841 ; to Walworth county, Wis., in 1846,
where he continued
to preach, leaving the
entire care of the
farm to his son ; to
Boone county, 111., in
1851, and finally to
Wheaton, where he
was a trustee of the
college. John Wes
ley Powell had few
educational advan
tages beyond attend
ing Wheaton and Il
linois colleges irregu
larly to hear lectures,
and in the mean
time earned money
by teaching and lecturing in geography to pros
ecute his studies further. He took a special
two years' course at Oberlin, and having at
an early age developed an inclination toward
natural science, made an extensive collection
of shells, plants and minerals from various wes
tern states, and in 1859 was elected secretary
of the Illinois Natural History society. He was
married in 1861 to Emma Dean of Detroit, Mich.
He enlisted as a private in the 20th Illinois volun
teers in 1861 ; was promoted lieutenant in the 2d
Illinois artillery, and at the battle of Shiloh lost
his right arm. He declined the colonelcy of a

[328]

colored regiment ; was promoted major and
became chief of artillery of the 17th army corps,
and later of the Department of Tennessee, serv
ing until the end of the war. He was professor
of geology and curator of the museum at the
Illinois Wesleyan university, 1865-68 ; in the sum
mer of 1867 organized a party of students for the
purpose of making a geographical study of Colo
rado, ascending Pike's Peak and Mount Lincoln,
and in 1868, under the auspices of General Grant
and of several educational institutions, especially
the Smithson
ian Institu
tion, explored
the Colorado
canons, reach
ing the Grand
canon , Aug.
13, 1869. AS SMITHSO/MIAAi l/MSTITUTION.
a result of his success in this expedition, and
through his efforts, congress created in 1870
the topographical and geological survey of the
Colorado river, of which Major Powell was placed
in charge. In 1879 he was made a member of the
public lands commission, and after the consolida
tion of the different surveys, under the direction
of the Smithsonian Institution, into one national
survey in 1879,- he was chosen director of the
bureau of ethnology, and succeeded ' Clarence
King (q.v.) as director of the U.S. geological
survey in 1881, resigning in May, 1894, on account
of ill health. In 1900, accompanied by Prof.
W. H. Holmes, anthropologist of the National
museum, he conducted an exploring expedition
in Cuba to study the remains of the pre-historic
inhabitants, and brought back a valuable and
interesting collection of human bones and speci
mens pertaining to the life of the A.rawaks and
Caribs. He received the degrees A.M. and Ph.D.,
upon examination, from Illinois Wesleyan uni
versity in 1877 ; the honorary degree of A.M.
from Oberlin college, 1882 ; LL.D. from Colum
bian, 1882 ; Harvard, 1886 ; Illinois college, 1889;
Ph.D. from Heidelburg, 1886. and was awarded
the famous Cuvier prize by the French Academy
in 1891. He was a lecturer on primitive medicine
at Columbian university in 1881, and a trustee,
1881-1902. He became a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in
1875, vice-president in 1879, and president in 1887;
was president of the Anthropological society of
Washington, 1879-88; became a member of the
National Academy of Sciences in 1880, and of
the American Philosophical society ; a fellow of
the American Academy, and organized a social
club of scientific men in Washington, D.C. He
is the author of: Exploration of the Colorado
River of the West and its Tributaries, Explored
in 1869-72.(1875) ; Sketch of the Ancient Province-

POWELL

POWELL

of Tusayan (1875) ; Geology of the Eastern Por
tion of the Uinta Mountains and a Region of
Country Adjacent Thereto (1876) ; The Lands of
the Arid Region of the United States (1879) ; In
troduction to the Study of Indian Languages
(1880); Studies in Sociology; The Canons of the
Colorado (1895) and several pamphlets. He died
at Haven, Maine, Sept. 23, 1902.
POWELL, Lazarus Whitehead, senator, was
born in Henderson county, Ky., Oct. 6, 1812.
He was graduated from St. Joseph's college,
Bardstown, Ky., in 1833; studied law at Tran
sylvania university, 1833-35, and began to prac
tise in Henderson county in
1835. He was a Democratic
representative in the state
legislature in 1836 ; a candi
date for presidential elector
on the Polk and Dallas ticket
in 1844, and was defeated for
governor of Kentucky by
John J. Crittenden in 1848. He was governor of
Kentucky, 1851-55 ; a peace commissioner to Utah
in 1857, and U.S. senator from Kentucky, 1859-
65. His colleague, Garret Davis, introduced a
resolution in the senate for his expulsion in 1862
on the ground of disloyalty, which was defeated,
and thereupon Senator Davis retracted the
charge. He was a delegate to the Union con
vention at Philadelphia in 1866. He died in Hen
derson county, Ky., July 3, 1867.
POWELL, Levin Minn, naval officer, was
born at Winchester, Va., April 21, 1803; son of
Alfred Harrison and Sidney (Thruston) Powell ;
grandson of Col. Levin and Sarah (Harrison)
Powell ; great-grandson of William and Eleanor
(Peyton) Powell, and a descendant of Capt. Wil
liam Powell, who came from England to Virginia,
1611, and was a member of the first house of
burgesses, 1619. His grandfather, Levin (1737-
1810), raised and equipped the 16th Virginia
regiment ; served through the Valley Forge
campaign, and was a Federalist representative
in the 6th U.S. congress, 1749-1801. Levin Minn
Powell was appointed midshipman in the US.
navy, March 1, 1817; assigned to the Frank
lin, and was engaged in suppressing piracy in the
Mediterranean and China seas, the Gulf of
Mexico and the West Indies. He was promoted
lieutenant, April 28, 1826 ; commanded several
expeditions against the Indians in the Seminole
war ; was wounded in a fight with them on the
Jupiter river in January, 1837 ; received the
thanks of the navy department for his services in
Florida, and commanded two surveying expedi
tions on the eastern coasts and harbors of the Gulf
of Mexico. He was promoted commander, June
24, 1843 ; was made assistant inspector of ordnance
in October, 1843, and continued on ordnance

duty until 1849. He commanded the sloop John
Adams on the coast of South America and
Africa, 1849-50 ; served as executive officer of
the U.S. navy yard at Washington, D.C, 1851-
54, and commanded the flag-ship Potomac on a
cruise in the North Atlantic and West Indies,
1854-56. He was promoted captain, Sept. 14,
1855 ; served as inspector of contract steamers in
1858, and as captain of the frigate Potomac,
in the Gulf squadron, 1861-62, having been retired
Dec. 21, 1861, six months before he left his ship.
He was promoted commodore on the retired list,
July 16, 1862 ; served as inspector of the third
light-house district, 1862-66 ; on special service,
1867-72, and was promoted rear-admiral on the
retired list, May 13, 1869. He died in Washing
ton, D.C, Jan. 15, 1885.
POWELL, William Henry, artist, was born
in New York city, Feb. 14, 1823. He began to
study art under Henry Inman in New York
city, 1843, and continued his studies in Paris and
Florence. He first exhibited at the National
Academy of Design, New York, in 1838 ; was elect
ed an associate in 1839, and a second time in 1854.
His " De Soto Discovering the Mississippi" was
painted for the capitol at Washington, D.C.
1848-53, and " Perry's Victory on Lake Erie" for
the state of Ohio in 1863, and on a larger can
vas for the state capitol in 1873. He also painted :
Siege of Vera Cruz : Battle of Buena Vista ; Land
ing of the Pilgrims ; Scott's Entry into the City
of Mexico ; Washington at Valley Forge ; and
Christopher Columbus before the Court of Sala
manca. His portraits include the prominent
public men of the clay, notably : Albert Gallatin
(1843); Peter Cooper (1855), and Washington
Irving. He died in New York city, Oct. 6, 1879.
POWELL, William Henry, soldier, was born
in Monmouthshire, South Wales, May 10, 1825-
In 1830 he came to the United States with his
parents, who settled in Nashville, Tenn., in 1833,
removing to Wheeling, Va., in 1843. He was
married first, Dec. 24, 1847, to Sarah Gilchrist of
Wheeling, Va. ; and secondly, April 29, 1879, to
E. P. (West) Weaver of Belleville, 111. He con
ducted the erection of the Virginia Iron and
Nail works at Ben wood, Va., 1852-53; the Star
Nail works at Ironton, Ohio, 1853-54, and was
general manager of the Lawrence Iron works at
Ironton, Ohio, 1857-61. He entered the Federal
army in August, 1861 ; recruited a company for
the 2d regiment of West Virginia cavalry in
Southern Ohio ; was commissioned captain in
October, 1861 ; major and lieutenant-colonel in
1862 ; colonel, May 18, 1863 ; was wounded while
leading his regiment in a charge at Wytheville,
Va., July 18. 1863, taken prisoner by the Con
federates, and confined in Libby prison until
Jan. 29, 1864. He was exchanged for General

POWEK

POWERS

W. H. F. Lee, February, 1864, and commanded modeling wax figures, 1829-35. In 1832 he saw

the 2d division, Sheridan's cavalry corps, in the
Shenandoah Valley, 1864-65, being promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers in October, 1864,
and brevetted major-general of volunteers, March
13, 1865. He declined a nomination for repre
sentative from the eleventh district of Ohio to
the 40th congress in 1866. He superintended the
building and was the general manager of the
Clifton Nail works in Mason county, W. Va. ,
1867-70 ; declined the Republican nomination as
representative from the third district of West
Virginia to the 41st congress in 1868, and was
made a Grant and Colfax elector the same year.
He was general manager of the Belleville Nail
company, Belleville, 111., 1876-80, and in 1882
organized the Western Nail company of Belle
ville, of which he was made president and general
manager. He was department commander of
the G.A.R. of Illinois in 1895-96, and in 1898 was
appointed internal revenue collector for the
13th revenue district of Illinois.
POWER, Thomas Charles, senator, was born
on a farm near Dubuque, Iowa, May 22, 1839.
He attended the public school, studied civil
engineering at Sinsiniwa college, Wis. , 1854-57,
and engaged in his profession and in that of
teaching school, 1857-60. He was employed on a
survey in Dakota in 1860, engaged in trade on the
Missouri river in 1861, and in 1867 settled at Fort
Benton, Mont., where he served as president of a
line of steamers and of the Power Mercantile
company. He was also interested in the deve
lopment of mines and in cattle raising, and
removed to Helena, Mont., in 1876. He was a
member of the first constitutional convention
held in Montana in 1883, a delegate to the Repub
lican national convention in 1889, and in the
first state election was defeated for governor,
Oct. 1, 1889, by Joseph K. Toole, Democrat, by
576 votes. He was elected to the U.S. senate, Jan.
2, 1890, by the Republican members of the legis
lature, the Democrats not joining in the election,
but holding a separate session, and electing
Martin Maginnis, Jan. 7,1890. He took his seat
April 16, 1890, and although it was contested
by Mr. Maginnis he completed the term, March
3, 1895.
POWERS, Hiram, sculptor, was born in Wood
stock, Vt., July 29, 1805 ; son of Stephen and Sarah
(Perry) Powers; grandson of Dr. Stephen and
Lydia (Drew) Powers, and a descendant of Wal
ter Powers of Littleton, Mass. He was brought
up on his father's farm, and in 1819 removed
with his parents to Cincinnati, Ohio, where his
brother Benjamin edited a newspaper, and where
he engaged first as a clerk, and subsequently as
foreman in Watson's clock factory, 1823-29. His
first professional work was in Dorf euille's museum

Canova's marble bust of Washington, the first
work of the kind he had ever seen. He was
married, May 1, 1832, to Elizabeth, daughter of
James Gibson of Cincinnati. He received some
instruction in model
ing from a German
sculptor in Cincin
nati, 1832-35 ; re
moved to Washing
ton, D.C, in 1835,
where he modeled
busts of President
Jackson, John Quincy
Adams, John C. Cal
houn, Daniel Web
ster and others, and
constructed a jet
d'eau for the capitol
grounds. Through
the financial assist
ance of William C.
Preston and Nicholas Longworth, he went to Flor
ence, Italy, in 1837, where he continued to reside
permanently. Among his most noted works are
his statues, Eve Tempted, in 1838, and The Greek
Slave, in 1843, for the original of which he received
$7,000. He invented several useful devices, among
them a process of modeling in plaster, without the
use of a clay model. In addition to the statues
mentioned he executed: The Fisher-Boy (1846);
America (1854), designed for the top of the capi
tol at Washington and destroyed by fire in 1866 ;
IV Penseroso (1856); California (1858); Eve Dis
consolate (1869) The Last of the Tribe (1872);
General Washington, for Louisiana ; Webster,

[330]

BIRTHPLACE or HIRAM POWERS
for Massachusetts ; Calhoun, for South Carolina
(1850); Franklin (1862), and Jefferson for the Capi
tol at Washington (1863). His portrait busts in
clude those of several distinguished men, and
among his ideal busts are : Ginevra (1840, 1865);
Proserpine (1845); Psyche (1849); Diana (1852);
Christ (1866); Faith (1867); Clytie (1868); Hope

POWERS

POWERS

(1 869) ; Charity ( 1871 ) . In the selection of names
for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Amer
ica, New York university, October, 1900, his
name in Class K, Musicians, Painters and Sculp
tors, received thirty-five votes, the next highest
to Gilbert Stuart, who received fifty-two votes,
and secured a place. He died in Florence, Italy,
June 27, 1873.
POWERS, Horace Henry, representative, was
born in Morristown, Vt. , May 29, 1835 ; son of Dr.
Horace and Love E. (Gilman) Powers ; grandson of
Urias and Lucy (Wakefield) Powers, and of Samuel
and Mary Gilman, and a descendant of Walter
and Trial (Shepard) Powers. Walter Powers em
igrated, probably from Essex, England, to Salem,
Mass., in 1654, and settled in Littleton, Mass.,
where he died in 1708. Horace Henry Powers
was graduated from the University of Vermont,
A.B.,1855, A.M., 1858; and taught school in Hunt
ingdon, Canada East and Hyde Park, Vt. He
was married, Oct. 11, 1858, to Caroline E., daugh
ter of Vernon W. and Adeline (Cady ) Waterman
of Morristown, Vt. He studied law, 1858-58;
was admitted to the bar in 1858, and practised
law in Hyde Park, 1858-62, and at Morrisville,
Vt., 1862-74. He was a representative in the
Vermont legislature in 1858 ; was prosecuting
attorney of Lamoille county, 1861-62 ; a member
of the council of censors in 1869 ; of the state
constitutional convention of 1870 ; of the state
senate, 1872-73 ; speaker of the state house of
representatives in 1874, and judge of the state
supreme court, 1875-90. He was Republican rep
resentative from the first Vermont district in the
52d-56th congresses, 1891-1901 ; was chairman of
the Vermont delegation to the Republican na
tional convention at Minneapolis in 1892, and
chairman of the committee on Pacific railroads
in the 55th congress. He was elected a trustee of
the University of Vermont in 1883. In 1900 he de
clined nomination for representative in the 57th
congress, and was succeeded by David J. Foster.
POWERS, James Knox, educator, was born in
Lauderdale county, Ala., Aug. 15, 1851; son of
William and Rosanna (Reeder) Powers ; grand
son of Wesley and Mary Powers, and of Jacob
and Elizabeth (Wesson) Reeder, and of Scotch-
Irish ancestry. He attended
the preparatory and collegi
ate departments of Wesleyan
university, Florence, Ala.;
was tutor there, 1870-71, and
was graduated from the
University of Alabama with
highest honors, A.M., 1873.
He was professor of mathematics in the State Nor
mal college at Florence (formerly Wesleyan uni
versity), 1873-97 ; president of the college. 1888-97,
and the eleventh president of the University of

Alabama, 1897-1901. He was married, Jan. 31,
1879, to Louisa, daughter of Calvin A. and Eliza
beth (Abernethy) Reynolds of Pulaski, Tenn., and
of their children, Reynolds James, born Dec. 6,
1879, graduated from the University of Alabama,
B.S., 1899 and from the U.S. Military academy,
1903, andLula Knox, born April 4, 1881, also grad
uated from the University of Alabama, B.A., 1901.
James K. Powers was grand dictator of the
Knights of Honor of Alabama, 1884-86 ; received
the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University
of Alabama in 1897, and was made a member of
the National Geographic society in 1899. He is
the author of numerous addresses and educational
reports. In 1901 he resigned the presidency of
the University of Alabama t6 become connected
with a publishing house.
POWERS, Llewellyn, governor of Maine,
was born in Pittsfield, Maine, in December, 1836 ;
son of Arbra and Naomi (Mathews) Powers ;
grandson of Phillip and Lucy (Hood) Powers, and
a descendant of Walter and Trial (Shepard)
Powers. He was a student
at Colby university, but did
not graduate ; was graduated
LL.B. at Albany Law school
in 1860, and practised in
Houlton, Maine. He was
married in 1863 to Jennie
Hewes. He was prosecuting
attorney of Aroostook county, 1865-71 ; U.S. col
lector of customs, 1868-72 ; a representative in
the Maine legislature, 1874-76 ; Republican repre
sentative from the fourth Maine district in the
45th congress, 1877-79 ; again a representative in
the state legislature , and speaker, 1895, and gov
ernor of Maine, 1897-1901. In 1901 he was elected
a representative from the fourth Maine district
in the 57th congress as successor to Charles A.
Boutelle, resigned, and was re-elected to the 58th
congress, serving 1901-05. He received the hon
orary degree A.M. from Colby university in 1870.
POWERS, Orlando Woodworth, jurist, was
born at Pultneyville, N.Y., June 16, 1851 ; son of
Josiah Woodworth and Julia(Stoddard) Powers ;
grandson of Capt. Peter Powers of Croyden, N.H.,
great-grandson of David Powers of Croyden,
a soldier in the Revolution, and a descendant of
Walter Power, who landed at Salem, Mass., in
1654, and settled in Middlesex county, Mass. He
was a student at the Collegiate institute, Marion,
N.Y., and at the Sodus academy, N.Y., and was
graduated from the University of Michigan,
LL.B., 1871. He was admitted to the bar, 1873, and
settled in practice at Kalamazoo, Mich., where
he was city attorney, 1876 and 1885. He was the
defeated Democratic candidate for representative
from the fourth district of Michigan in the 47th
congress in 1880 ; was a delegate-at-large to the
[331]

POWERS

POWERS

Democratic national convention of 1884, from
Michigan; was appointed by President Cleveland,
associate justice of the supreme court of Utah
Territory in May, 1885, and in August, 1886,
resigned and settled in practice in Salt Lake city.
He was married, Oct. 26, 1887, to Anna W.,
daughter of George and Isabelle (Drew) Whip
ple of Burlington, Iowa. He became prominent
as chairman of the Gentile party of Salt Lake
city in the great campaign against the Mormons
in 1889-90, when Salt Lake city was first carried
by the Gentiles ; was elected as Gentile Demo
cratic representative to the Democratic national
convention of 1892 ; was a member of the Utah
territorial legislature, 1893-94 ; chairman of the
Democratic state committee of Utah, 1895-96,
and a delegate from Utah to the Democratic
national convention of 1896, where he placed in
nomination Senator John W. Daniel of Virginia
for Vice-President. He took a prominent part in
the campaign of 1896, speaking in all the west
ern and northwestern states. His name was
presented as a candidate for U.S. senator in 1897
and 1899, and the legislature failing to elect in
1899, he was appointed U.S. senator in 1900 by
Acting-Governor Nebeker to fill the vacancy, but
declined, preferring to continue as a practising
attorney at Salt Lake city. He is the author of :
Chancery Pleadings and Practice, (1882), and
Practice in the Supreme Court of Michigan (1884).
POWERS, Preston, sculptor, was born in
Florence, Italy, April 3, 1843 ; son of Hiram (q. v.)
and Elizabeth (Gibson) Powers. He learned the
art of modeling from his father, devoting himself
principally to busts and statues, 1867-73. He was
married, April 16, 1872, to Henrietta Winslow,
daughter of Alford and Ann (Rebecca) Dyer of
Portland, Maine. He executed the statue of
Jacob Collamer in 1875, placed in Statuary Hall,
Washington, D.C, and that of Reuben Springer
in 1881, placed in Music Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio.
He also made portrait busts of Louis Agassiz
(1874), in the museum, Cambridge, Mass.; John
G. Whittier (1874), in the library at Haverhill,
Mass. , and a replica in the Boston public library ;
Charles Sumner (1874) , in Bowdoin college ;
Ulysses S. Grant (1874), in the war department
at Washington, D.C. ; Emanuel Swedenborg
(1876), and Langdon Cheves (1876). His ideal
works include : Maud Muller (1876); busts of
Evangeline (1876) and Peasant Girl (1878); Bison
and Indian (bronze, 1892), and Romola (1893).
His Bison and Indian, which was placed in the
Capitol grounds at Denvor, Col., was the subject
of Whittier's poem ' ' A Closing Era. " Mr. Powers
was the originator of the intaglio portrait medal
lions (1896) for which he received from King
Humbert of Italy the cross of the Knights of
Italy, motu proprio.

POWERS, Ridgley Ceylon, governor of Mis
sissippi, was born in Mecca, Ohio, Dec. 24, 1836 ;
son of Milo and Lucy (Dickenson) Powers ; grand
son of Jacob and Nancy (Pumfryy) Powers and
of Samuel and Elizabeth (Ensign) Dickenson ;,
and a descendant of the New
Jersey branch of the Powers
family dating back to Solo
mon Powers of the May-
flower, and of the Dickensons,
early settlers in Connecticut.
He was educated at Western
Reserve seminary, taught
school in Illinois, attended the University of
Michigan, 1859-62, and was graduated from Union
college, A.B. , 1862, with highest honors, receiving
the 1st Blatchford prize ; A.M., 1865. He studied
law, and at the opening of the civil war entered
the Federal army ; was promoted captain in the-
125th Ohio infantry, and lieutenant-colonel by
brevet, and later assistant adjutant-general, 2d
division, 4th army corps. At the close of the war
he settled in Mississippi ; entered politics, became
lieutenant-governor of Mississippi in 1870 and was
governor of the state, 1872-74. He lived in Macon,
Miss., in 1875, and in 1879 became a resident of
Prescott, Ariz. He was married first, May 5, 1875,
to Louisa, daughter of Charles P. and Alice Bohn
of Cleveland, Ohio ; and secondly, Oct. 27, 1892,
to Mary J., daughter of Thomas and Anna (Reid)
Wilson of Cleveland, Ohio.
POWERS, Samuel Leland, representative, was
born in Cornish, N.H., Oct. 26, 1848 ; son of Lar-
ned and Ruby M. Powers. He attended Kimball
Union academy and Phillips Exeter academy,
N.H., and was graduated from Dartmouth col
lege, A.B., 1874, receiving the Lockwood prizes
for oratory and composition. He taught school
in Cape Cod ; studied law in the University of the
City of New York, and in the law office of Verry
and Gaskell, Worcester, Mass. ; was admitted
to the Worcester county bar in November, 1875,
and began practice in Boston, January, 1876, sub
sequently acting as the legal representative of
the New England Telephone and Telegraph com
pany, 1876. He was a delegate to the Inter
national Treaty convention at Paris in 1878.
He was married in June, 1878, to Eva C. Crowell
of Dennis, Mass., and in 1882 made his home
in Newton, Mass., where he was president
of the common council, and member "of the
school board. In 1886 he served as chairman of
the Republican committee in the ninth congres
sional district ; was Republican representative
from the eleventh district to the 57th congress,
1901-03, and was re-elected from the twelfth
district in 1902 to the 58th congress, for the term
expiring March 3, 1905. He founded a scholarship
at Dartmouth, and the Dartmouth Educational

1.332]

POYDRAS

PRANG

association ; was president of the Kimball Union sional district of Nebraska for representative in

Alumni Association of Massachusetts and of the
Dartmouth club of Boston ; a member of the
Pierce Light Guards and First Corps Cadets, and
a life-member of the Veteran Cadet Corps, Mass
achusetts militia. He is the author of several
Memorial Day orations.
POYDRAS DE LALANDE, Julien, delegate,
was born in Nantes, France, April 3, 1746.
The young Protestant Frenchman went to Santo
Domingo, and- thence to Louisiana about 1761, and
was disappointed when in 1762 the territory was
transferred to Spain. He had sufficient capital to
stock a pedlar's pack with salable goods, and he
traveled through the outlying parishes of New
Orleans, disposing of his wares. It was not long
before his possessions became numerous and his
home a hospitable mansion where he entertained
lavishly, numbering among his distinguished
guests, the Duke of Orleans in 1798. He was
delegate from the territory of Orleans to the llth
and 12th congresses, having succeeded Daniel
Clark, and served from May 31, 1809, to the ad
mission of the state of Louisiana, April 30, 1812.
His benefactions were princely for his time. He
founded an asylum for orphan boys ; bequeathed
$40,000 to the Charity Hospital, New Orleans;
gave $30,000 to establish a college for orphan
boys in his parish of Pointe Coupee ; $30,000 to
the parish of Baton Rouge, and $30,000 to the
parish of Pointe Coupee, the annual interest to
be given to young girls of the respective parishes
without fortune, who should marry within the
year. Before he died he made a fruitless effort
to give freedom to his slaves. He is the author
of : A Defence of the Right of the Public to the
Batture of New Orleans (1809); Further Observa
tions iri Support of the Right of the Public to the
Battureof New Orleans (1809), and an Address to
the Legislature on the same subject. He died at
his home in the parish of Poiute Coupee, La.,
June 25, 1824.
POYNTER, William Amos, governor of Ne
braska, was born in Eureka, 111., May 29, 1848;
son of the Rev. William Chapman and Huldah
Jane (Watkins) Poynter ; grandson of John and
Martha Poynter and of War
ren and Nancy Watkins,
and a descendant of English
ancestors. He was graduated
from Eureka college in 1867,
and engaged in farming and
stock growing in Albion,
Neb. He was married, Oct.
12, 1869, to Maria, daughter of Joseph and Cynthia
McCorkle of Eureka, 111. He was a representative
in the Nebraska legislature, 1885; a state senator
and president pro tempore of that body, 1891 ; the
Independent candidate from the third congres-

[333]

the 53d congress in 1893, and was defeated by
George D. Meiklejohn, Republican ; a member
of the Nebraska state com mission for the Trans-
Mississippi exposition, 1898 ; governor of Ne
braska, 1899-1901, and on Jan. 1, 1901, was elec
ted supreme commander of the American Order
of Protection.
PRANG, Louis, art publisher, was born in
Breslau, Germany, March 12, 1824 ; son of Louis-
Nicholas and Rosina (Scherman) Prang. He
was educated in the public schools of Breslau,
1829-38, and in the latter year entered a factory,
where he fitted to superintend the manufacture-
of print cloth. He was married Nov. 1, 1841, to
Rosa Gerber of Berne, Switzerland. During
1844-48 he traveled through the manufacturing.
districts of Europe to study the varying methods;
of dyeing and calico printing, with a view to
establishing a factory in Bohemia. He took part
in the Revolutionary movement in Germany in
1848, and in consequence was forced to leave the
country. In April, 1850, he settled in Boston,
Mass., where, failing to obtain employment in
his previous calling, he established himself first
as publisher of monumental drawings, and in
1851 as a wood engraver. In 1856 he opened a
lithographic establishment under the firm name
of Prang and Mayer, and in 1860 became the sole
owner of the business, making a specialty of
color printing and becoming prominent as the
publisher of Christmas cards and other art pub
lications. He inaugurated the offering of prizes
for original designs, and wielded a considerable
influence in directing the public taste of America
toward things artistic. He began the publica
tion of drawing books for the public schools in
1874, and organized the Prang Educational com
pany of Boston in 1881, to which this branch of
his business was transferred. Mr. Prang made a
lifelong study of color in relation to printing
and to the arts in general. Probably his most
important work in color printing was the making
of the color plates illustrating Mr. W. T. Walters'
Collection of Oriental Porcelains, published under
the title : "Walters' Collection" (of Oriental pot
tery) (1899). In 1899 he retired from business,
consolidating his lithographic establishment with
another publishing house under the name of the
Taber Prang Art company. He was married,
secondly, April 15, 1900, to Mrs. Mary (Dana);
Hicks of Boston, Mass. He is the author of:
Tlie Prang Standard of Color (1898), and the
joint author of Suggestions for Color Instruction.
(1893). PRANG, Mary (Dana) Hicks, art educator,
was born in Syracuse, N.Y., Oct. 7, 1836; daughter
of Major and Agnes Amelia (Johnson) Dana ;
granddaughter of Major and Mary (Nood) Dana

PRATT

PRATT

and of Benjamin and Lydia (Stearns) Johnson,
and a descendant of Richard Dana, who came to
Cambridge, Mass., in 1640. She was graduated
from Allen seminary, Rochester, N.Y., in 1852,
and later pursued special studies at Harvard and
at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. She was
married in Syracuse, N.Y., Oct. 7, 1856, to Charles
Spencer Hicks, who died in»1858. She was presi
dent of the Social Art club, Syracuse, 1875-80 ;
director of the Prang Normal Art classes, 1877-
1900, and was married secondly, April 15, 1900,
to Louis Prang (q.v.) of Boston, Mass. She was
president of the Massachusetts Floral Emblem
society, 1898-1901, and a member of numerous
philanthropic, progressive, educational and social
clubs. Her published works include : The Use of
Models (with John S. Clark, 1886); Form Study
ivithout Clay (1887) ; The Prang Two Courses in
Form Study and Drawing and an Elementary
Course in Art Instruction (with John S. Clark
and Walter S. Perry (1886-1900) ; Suggestions for
Color Instruction (with John S. Clark and Louis
Prang, 1893) ; Art Instruction for Children in
Primary Schools (2 vols., 1900), and many contri
butions to educational and art periodicals.
PRATT, Calvin Edward, soldier and jurist,
was born in Princeton, Mass., Jan. 23, 1828; son
of Eben (or Edward) A. and Miriaime (Stratton)
Pratt ; grandson of Capt. Joshua Pratt of Shrews
bury, Mass., and of Samuel Stratton of Princeton,
who settled in Plymouth, Mass., about 1622. He
attended Wilbraham and Worcester academies ;
taught school in Uxbridge, Sutton and Worcester,
Mass., studied law and was admitted to the bar
in 1852. He was married to Miss Ruggles of
Rochester, Mass. ; practised in Worcester, 1852-
59, and in Brooklyn, N.Y., 1859-61, and studied
forensic medicine. He was a member of the
Massachusetts Democratic Central committee
and a delegate from Massachusetts to the Demo
cratic National convention at Cincinnati, June 2,
1856. He belonged to the Massachusetts infantry,
and at the opening of the civil war organized the
31st N.Y. volunteers, led them in the battle of
Bull Run and was promoted colonel. He was
wounded in the face by a bullet at the battle of
Gaines's Mill, June 27, 1862 ; was promoted briga
dier-general of volunteers, Sept. 10, 1862 ; com
manded a brigade at Antietam, Fredericksburg
and Chancellorsville, and resigned from service,
April 1, 1863. He was a lawyer in Brooklyn,
N.Y., 1859-61, 1863-69 and 1891-95; collector of
internal revenue, 1865-66 ; judge of the supreme
court of New York, 1869-91 ; associate judge of
the appellate division of the supreme court, 1895-
96. He died in Rochester, Mass., Aug. 3, 1896.
PRATT, Charles, philanthropist, was born at
Watertown, Mass., Oct. 2, 1830 ; son of Asa and
Eliza (Stone) Pratt ; grandson of Jacob Pratt of

Maiden, Mass., and a descendant of Richard Pratt,
who, emigrated from Essex, England, to America
and settled at Maiden, Mass. He attended the
academy at Wilbraham, Mass. , one year ; in 1849
engaged as a clerk in a paint and oil store in Bos
ton, and afterward became a member of the firm
of Reynolds, Devoe and Pratt in New York city.
He was twice married ; first,, in 1854, to Lydia
Ann, daughterof Thomas Richardson of Belmont,
Mass., and had one son, Charles Millard (q.v.),
and one daughter, Lydia Richardson. His first
wife died in 1861, and he married in 1863, her
sister, Mary Helen Richardson, by whom he had
five sons and one daughter. He purchased the oil
part of the business, subsequently built a petro
leum refinery at Greenpoint, N.Y. , where he man
ufactured Pratt's Astral Oil under the" firm name
of Charles Pratt & Co. , which later became the
Pratt Manufacturing company and was finally
absorbed by the Standard Oil company, in which
he was a director and officer. He was a trustee
of Adelphi academy, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1867-91 ;
president of the board, 1879-91, and in 1886 con
tributed $160,000 for a new building. He founded
the Pratt Institute at Brooklyn in 1887, established
as an industrial, manual and training school ;
built the tenement known as the " Astral," its
income to be used for the benefit ofthe Institute,
and left an endowment of $2,000,000, at his
death. The administration of the institute was
continued by his sons, Charles Millard Pratt,
George D. Pratt, Herbert L. Pratt, John T. Pratt
and Frederic B. Pratt, who constituted a board
of trustees. In an address made on Founder's day
1891, he said : " The giving that counts is the giv
ing of one's self." His many charities included
the establishment of the Asa Pratt fund for a free
reading room in Watertown, Mass., in memory
of his father, and his large contribution to the
erection of the Emmanuel Baptist church of
Brooklyn, of which he was a member. He died
in New York city, May 4, 1891.
PRATT, Charles Millard, educationist, was
born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 2, 1855; son of
Charles (q.v.) and Lydia Ann (Richardson) Pratt.
He was graduated at Adelphi academy in 1875
and at Amherst in 1879. He entered his father's
business, and on May 8, 1884, married Mary Sey
mour, daughter of Governor Luzon B. Morris
(q.v.). He became a director and secretary of the
Standard Oil company, of the Long Island rail
road and of the Boston and Maine railroad, and
director of Mechanics' National bank and of the
Brooklyn Trust Co. In 1891, on the death of
his father, he was elected president of the board
of trustees of Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, N.Y,,
his brother, Frederic B. Pratt, serving as secretary
and treasurer. He served as a trustee of Amherst
college and of Vassar college.
[334]

PRATT

PRATT

PRATT, Daniel Darwin, senator, was born in
Palermo, Maine, Oct. 26, 1818. His parents
removed to New York state during his childhood,
and he was graduated from Hamilton college in
1831. He taught school in Indiana, 1832 ; was
employed in the office of the secretary of state at
Indianapolis ; studied law, 1834-36, and practised
in Loganspqrt, Ind. He was a member of the
state legislature in 1851 and 1853 ; a delegate to
the Republican national convention of 1860,
where he acted as chief secretary, and was elected
a Republican representative from the eighth
Indiana district to the 41st congress, but before
the congress met he was elected U.S. senator to
succeed Thomas A. Hendricks. He served in
the senate, 1869-75, and was commissioner of
internal revenue, 1875-76, resigning, July, 1876.
He received the honorary degree LL.D. from
Hamilton college in 1872. He died at Logans-
port, Ind., June 17, 1877.
PRATT, Enoch, philanthropist, was born in
North Middleborough, Mass., Sept. 10, 1808; son
of Isaac and Naomi (Keith) Pratt, and a descend
ant of Phinehas Pratt, who was born in England,
1590 ; came to this country in the ship Sparrow,
landing at Plymouth,
Mass., 1621, and
died in Charlestown,
Mass., April 19, 1680.
Enoch Pratt was
graduated at Bridge-
water academy in
1823 ; entered busi
ness in Boston, and
in 1831 removed
to Baltimore, Md.,
where he engaged
first as a commission
merchant and sub
sequently in the iron
business. He was
married, Aug. 1, 1837,
Baltimore. He was
and Planters' bank,

0o£&~>

to Maria Louisa Hyde of
president of the Farmers
Baltimore, Md., for many years, and through his
wholesale iron business and other enterprises he
acquired an estate of about $5,000,000. He gave
a farm of 750 acres at Cheltenham, Md., as a site
for a house of reformation and instruction for
colored children and endowed an academy at Mid
dleborough, Mass., with $30,000. He served as
finance commissioner of Baltimore, and as pre
sident of the board of directors of tlie Maryland
School for the Deaf, at Frederick city. Besides
many other generous gifts, he gave Baltimore a
central public library building, and an endow
ment of $833,333.33 for the maintenance of the
Enoch Pratt Free Library of the City of Balti
more. The building and endowment, costing the

donor in all $1,148,000 were conveyed to the city,
July 2, 1883, the library being formally opened to
the public, Jan. 4, 1886. Mr. Pratt bequeathed
$100,000 to MeadviUe (Pa.) Theological school;
$10,000 to the Boys' Home in Baltimore, and on
condition of its adopting the name " Sheppard
and Enoch Pratt Hospital," he left his residuary
estate to the Sheppard asylum, Baltimore. He
was a prominent member of the Unitarian church.
He died at Tivoli, Md., Sept. 17, 1896.
PRATT, John, educator, was born in Thomp
son, Conn., Oct. 12,1800. He vvas brought up on
a farm, worked in a mill and fitted himself for a
school teacher. He was prepared for college at
Amherst (Mass.) academy, 1820-21 ; spent over
three years at Columbia college, Washington,
D.C, 1821-24, and was graduated from Brown
university, A.B., 1827, A.M., 1830. He was a
student at Newton Theological institution for
twenty months, 1827-31 ; was an instructor in
languages at Transylvania college, Kentucky,
1828-29 ; was ordained to the Baptist ministry,
May 12, 1830, and was pastor of First church,
New Haven, Conn., 1829-30; principal of the
academy at South Reading, Mass., for six months,
1830-31, and in 1831 was elected president of the
Granville (Ohio) Literary and Theological in
stitute, incorporated in 1833 as Denison university.
He rescued the school from bankruptcy and was
its president, 1831-37, meantime serving as pro
fessor of theology, 1835-37. On resigning the
presidency in 1837, he accepted the chair of Greek
and Latin and resigned that chair in 1859. He
received the degree D.D. from Denison university,
Ohio, in 1878. He was married first, in 1830, to
Mary Glover Cory of Rhode Island, and secondly,
in 1855, to Susan C. Wheeler of Licking county,
Ohio. He died on his farm near Granville,
Ohio, Jan. 4, 1882.
PRATT, Orson, Mormon leader, was born in
Hartford, N.Y., Sept. 19, 1811 ; son of Jared and
Charity (Dickinson) Pratt ; grandson of Obadiah
and Jemima (Tolls) Pratt, and a descendant of
Lieut. William Pratt, the immigrant. He was
liberally educated ; joined the Mormon church,
Sept. 19, 1830 ; was ordained elder by Joseph
Smith in the same month, and high priest in
1832. He traveled in the United States, Canada
and Great Britain, and was chosen one of the
twelve apostles of the church in 1835, being tenth
inovder of the quorum. He was married, July 4,
1836, to Sarah Marinda. daughter of Cyrus Bates
of Henderson, N.Y. He preceded the main body
of pioneers into Salt Lake Valley in 1847, and
was president of all the churches of the Latter-
day Saints in Great Britain and the adjacent
countries, 1848-50, the number of church mem
bers being increased from 18,000 to 36,000 during
his administration. He edited The Millenial Star

[3351

PRATT

PRATT

at Manchester, Eng. ; returned to Utah in 1851,
and was a representative in the territorial legis
lature for several years, serving repeatedly as
speaker. While on a mission to Washington,
D.C, in 1852-53 he edited and published eighteen
issues of a monthly entitled Tlie Seer. He was
president of the churches in the United States
and in the British Province east of the Rocky
Mountains. In 1854 he published his discovery
of the law of planetary rotation, namely, that the
cubic roots of the densities of planets vary as the
square roots of their periods of rotation. He
went on an unsuccessful mission to Austria in
1865 ; was appointed professor of mathematics in
Deseret university, Utah, in 1869, and church
historian and general church recorder in 1874.
He held a notable discussion on polygamy with
Dr. John P. Newman in 1870. He is the author
of : The Prophetic Almanac (1845); Divine Authen
ticity of the Book of Mormons (6 parts) ; Series of
Pamphlets on Mormonism, with Two Discussions
(1851); Patriarchal Order, or Plurality of Wives
(1853); Cubic and Biquadratic Equations (1866);
Key to the Universe (1879); The Great First
Cause; The Absurdities of Immaterialism, and
many religious pamphlets. He left in MS.
Lectures on Astronomy and Differential Calculus,
and at the time of his death was engaged in a
work entitled A New System of the Universe. He
died in Salt Lake city, Utah, Oct. 3, 1881.
PRATT, Parley Parker, Mormon leader, was
born in Burlington, N.Y., April 12, 1807 ; son of
Jared and Charity (Dickinson) Pratt. He received
a common school education, and was married,
Sept. 9, 1827, to Thankful (Halsey) Halsey of
Canaan, N.Y. He became a Baptist preacher,
but was converted to Mormonism in 1830. He
was chosen one of the first quorum of the twelve
apostles in 1835, and traveled widely in the
United States in his efforts to make converts,
numbering among them John Taylor (q.v.) in
1836. He was imprisoned by the local authorities
in Far West, Mo., for seven months in 1839;
finally escaped and joined the sect at Quincy,
111. , and visited England on a mission in 1840 and
1846, during the former year establishing and
editing The Millenial Star at Manchester. He
was one of the first to explore the Great Salt Lake
Valley in 1847 and 1849, Parley's Canon and
Parley's Peak being named in his honor. He
served in the territorial legislature of Utah and as
sisted in forming a constitution for the provisional
government of Deseret. He made a proselyting
tour to the Pacific coast in 1851 and 1854, and
while on a like mission eastward in 1856, was as
sassinated. He translated the Book of Mormon
into Spanish, preparatory to a second visit to
South America; published several pamphlets,
and is the author of : The Voice of Warning and

[336]

Instruction to all People, or an Introduction to
the Faith and Doctrine of the Latter Day Saints
(1887); History of tlie Persecutions in Missouri
(1839); Key to the Science of Theology (1854). He
was killed near Van Buren, Ark. , May 13, 1857.
PRATT, Robert M., portrait painter, was
born at Binghamton, N.Y., March 21, 1811 ; son
of Zenas and Sally (Sabin) Pratt ; grandson of
Elias and Patience (Clark) Pratt, and a descen
dant of Lieut. William Pratt. He studied art
under Samuel F. B. Morse and Charles C Ing
ham, and established himself in New York city
as a portrait and flower painter. He was elected
an associate of the National Academy of Design
in 1849 and an academician in 1851. His portraits
include ; Aaron D. Shattuck (1859), and George H.
Smillie (1865), both owned by the National Acad
emy. He died in New York city, Aug. 31, 1880.
PRATT, Samuel Wheeler, author, was born in
Livonia, N.Y., Sept. 9, 1838; son of George
Franklin and Sarah Ann (Wilcox) Pratt ; grand
son of George and Charlotte (Risdon) Pratt and
of Abner and Sally (Horton) Wilcox, and a
descendant of Lieut. William Pratt, who came
to Cambridge, Mass., in 1633 and removed to
Hartford, Conn., in 1636. He was graduated
from Geneseo academy, 1856, from Williams col
lege in 1860, and from Auburn Theological
seminary in 1863 ; and was ordained by the pres
bytery of St. Lawrence iu July, 1863. He was
married, Aug. 12, 1863, to Lucillia Bates, daughter
of Alfred and Ann (Beals) Field of Canandaigua,
N.Y. He was pastor at Brasher Falls, N.Y.,
1863-1867; at Hammonton, N.J., 1867-71; "at
Prattsburg, N.Y., 1872-77, and at Campbell, N.Y.,
1877-83 ; at Monroe, Mich., 1883-89 ; moderator of
the Synod of Geneva, 1878, and vice-moderator
of the Synod of Michigan, 1889. He was married
secondly, Feb. 25, 1880, to Sarah Margaret,
daughter of James Stuart and Hester McKay of
Campbell, N.Y. He served as a commissioner of
Auburn Theological seminary, 1875-83 and 1893-
99, as a synodical examiner of Elmira college,
1877-83 and after 1892; as correspondent and editor
of the Christian Endeavor department of the
New York Evangelist, 1890-98, and correspondent
under the pen names " Steuben " and " Wheeler"
after 1873. He received the honorary degree of
D.D. from Williams college in 1902. He is the
author of: A Summer at Pence Cottage (1880);
The Gospel of the Holy Spirit (1888); Life and
Epistles of St. Paul Harmonized and Arranged
in Chronological Order (1895), and The House
hold of Timothy ' (MS., 1903).
PRATT, Thomas George, governor of Mary
land, was born in Georgetown, D.C, Feb. 18,
1804 ; a descendant of Thomas and Eleanor
(Magruder) Pratt of Prince George county, Md.
He was educated at Georgetown college, and

PRATT

PRATT

opened an office for the practice of law in Upper
Marlborough, Md., in 1823. He was married to
Adelaide, daughter of Governor Joseph Kent of
Maryland. He was a representative from Prince
George county in the Maryland legislature, 1832-
35 ; a Harrison elector for the
eighth district of Maryland
in the electoral college of
1837 ; president of the last ex-
' ecutive council of Maryland
in 1837, and a state senator,
1838-44. He was governor of
Maryland, 1844-47, and during
his te'rm of office established the financial stand
ing of the state. He resumed the practice of law
in Annapolis, Md., in 1848, and was elected U.S.
senator to succeed D. Stewart, appointed admin
istrator to complete the term of Reverdy John
son (q. v.) , resigned. Senator Pratt was re-elected
for a full term, 1851-57. He supported the Con
federacy during the civil war and was confined
for a few weeks in Fort Monroe. He was a
delegate to the Democratic national convention,
1864, and the Union convention, Philadelphia,
1866. He died in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1869.
PRATT, Waldo Selden, musician and educa
tor, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 10, 1857 ;
son of the Rev. Dr. Lewellyn and Sarah Putnam
(Gulliver) Pratt ; grandson of Selden Mather
and Rebecca Clark (Nott) Pratt and of John
and Sarah (Putnam) Gulliver, and a descendant
of Lieut. William Pratt of Saybrook, Conn.;
Serg. John Nott of Wethersfield, Conn.; Alice
South worth (second wife of Governor Bradford),
and Lemuel Gulliver, Milton, Mass. He grad
uated from Williams college, A.B., 1878, A.M.,
1881 ; was a student at Johns Hopkins university,
1878-80, and fellow in aesthetics and the history
of art there, 1879-80 ; was assistant director of
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York city,
1880-82, and in the latter year removed to Hart
ford, Conn., to become professor of ecclesiastical
music and hymnology at the Hartford Theolo
gical seminary. He was also organist of the
Asylum Hill Congregational church, and con
ductor of the Hosmer Hall Choral union, Hart
ford, 1882-91 ; was conductor of the St. Cecilia
club, 1884-88 ; registrar of Hartford Theological
seminary, 1888-95 ; in 1891 became instructor in
elocution, Trinity college, Hartford ; in 1895
lecturer on musical history and science at Smith
college, Northampton, Mass., and was lecturer at
Mt. Holyoke college, 1896-99. He was married,
July 5, 1887, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of
Mary (Richmond) Smyly of New York city. He
was elected a member of the Music Teachers'
National association and of the International
Society of Musicians, and honorary vice-president
of the American Guild of Organists. In 1898 he

*Lf£af-~

[337]

received the degree of Mus.D., honoris causa,
from Syracuse university. He edited : St. Nicholas
Songs (1885); Songs of Worship (1887); was
musical editor of Aids to Common Worship (1887),
and of the Century Dictionary (1892); is the
author of : Musical Ministries in the Church
(1901), and contributions to cyclopedias and
periodicals. PRATT, Zadock, representative, was born in
Stephenstown, Rensselaer county, N.Y., Oct. 3,
1790 ; son of Zadock and Hannah (Pickett) Pratt;
grandson of Zephaniah and Abigail Pratt, and
of Benjamin Pickett of New Milford, Conn.,
and a descendant of
Lieut. William Pratt,
the immigrant 1633.
He assisted his father
who, besides being
a tanner and shoe
maker, carried on a
small farm, and in
1810 he invented a
pump, which came
into general use in
the tanning business.
He became an inde
pendent saddler and
harness-maker in 1813;
was called to join the
forces raised by Gov
ernor Tompkins for the defence of- New York
in 1814, and in 1815, in partnership with his
brothers, conducted a tannery in Lexington,
which was removed in 1824 to Scohariekill,
Greene county, and became the nucleus of the
town of Prattsville. He was actively influen
tial in establishing other tanneries throughout
the state, and received the first silver medal
awarded by the New York Institute for hemlock
sole-leather in 1837. He retired from business in
1845 and engaged in farming the following year.
He was colonel of the 116th New York infantry,
1823-26 ; a state senator in 1830 ; a presidential
elector on the Van Buren and Johnson ticket in
1836, and a Democratic representative from the
eighth New York district in the 25th and 28th con
gresses, 1837-39 and 1843-45. He was an advocate
of cheap postage and of the gratuitous distribu
tion of foreign seeds to the farmers of the United
States ; submitted the plans and estimates for
the new general post-office in Washington, which
were adopted, and organized the national bureau
of statistics. He established and was president
of the bank at Prattsville in 1843, was a delegate
to the Democratic national convention of 1852,
and a presidential elector on the Pierce and King
ticket in 1852. . He was an extensive traveler, a
lecturer, president of several industrial institu
tions and a liberal contributor to religious and

PRAY

PREBLE

charitable organizations. He was married first,
Oct. 6, 1817, to Beda Dickerman ; secondly, Oct.
2, 1821, to Esther Dickerman ; thirdly; Jan. 12,
1828, to Abigail P., daughter of Wheeler Watson
of South Kingston, R.I., and fourthly, March 16,
1835, to Mary E. Watson. His son, George
Watson (born April 18, 1830, a graduate of the
University of Erlangen, Bavaria, Ph.D., colonel
20th regiment New York state militia, promoted
brigadier-general) was killed at the battle of Bull
Run, July 21, 1861. Zadock Pratt died at Bergen,
N.J., April 6, 1871.
PRAY, Isaac Clark, actor and playwright, was
born in Boston, Mass., May 15, 1813. He matri
culated at Harvard and was graduated at Am
herst, A.B., 1833, A.M., 1836, meanwhile writing
extensively for the press. He was editor in
Boston of the Pearl, 1834-35, and of the Herald,
1835-36, being also for a time associated with
the New York Journal of Commerce, while
manager of the National theatre, New York city,
1836. His tragedy " Guile tta Gordoni " was pro
duced there with Sarah Hildreth, whom he sub
sequently aided in her professional training, in the
leading role. He also directed the stage training
of Charlotte Cushman and other theatrical cele
brities. He dramatized the farce, "The Old
Clock, or Here She Goes, There She Goes," based
upon his original story published in the Sunday
Morning Neios, which journal, together with the
Dramatic Guardian and the Ladies' Companion,
he edited. In 1846, while on a tour in England,
he replaced William Betty in "Alexander the
Great " at the Queen's theatre, London, and soon
after was engaged to open the Theatre Royal in
Liverpool, where he appeared successively as
Othello, Hamlet, Romeo, Sir Giles Overreach,
Macbeth and Claude Melnotte. He was manager
for several months of the Theatre Royal, and
returned to the United States in May, 1847. He
wrote the first and fifth acts of "The Corsican
Brothers " as played at the Astor Place opera
house, and was manager of the Beach Street
museum, Boston, 1849-50. He accepted an
editorial position on the New York Herald, 1850,
acting also as musical and dramatic critic ;
became stage manager for Laura Keene in 1854 ;
conducted the Philadelphia Inquirer, 1859-60, and
just previous to his death managed the Bateman
companies of French artists. He is the author
of: Prose and Verse (1835); Poems (1837); Book
of the Drama (1851); Memoirs of James Gordon
Bennett (1855); and the plays: Pactus Caccina
(1847); The Hermit of Malta (1856), and The Fe
male Forty Thieves. He died in New York city,
Nov. 28, 1869.
PREBLE, Edward, naval officer, was born
in Portland, Maine, Aug. 15, 1761 ; son of Gen.
Jedediah and Meliitable (Bangs) Preble ; grand-

CcIujg/R) yz£&d£es

[338]

son of Benjamin and Mary (Baston) Preble and
of Capt. Joshua Bangs, and great-grandson of
Abraham Preble, who emigrated to old Plymouth
colony from Kent, England, in 1636, and after
marriage to Judith Tilden removed to York (then
called Gorgiana or
Agamenticus), Maine,
where he was the first
mayor of the city,
one of the magis
trates and a judge of
the court ; for several
3rears commissioner
for York county, then
embracing the whole
territory of Maine ;
county treasurer, and
took an active part in
favor of the assump
tion of jurisdiction
over Maine on the
part of Massachu
setts, being appointed to the office of judge
under the authority of Massachusetts. Edward
Preble was sent to school, but to prevent his
running away, his father, a zealous patriot,
obtained for him a midshipman's warrant in the
Massachusetts State Marine, sent out to prevent
the depredations of British privateers on the
coast of New England. He was promoted mid
shipman in 1779, and was on board the Protec
tor, Captain Williams, when that vessel caused
the Admiral Duff to strike her colors. In his
second cruise with the Protector, the ship was
captured by a British frigate and the officers
were carried to England and impressed at Ply
mouth, but young Preble was taken to NewYork,
released and returned to his home. He reported
the disaster to the Massachusetts provincial con
gress and was promoted first lieutenant, and when
Lieut. George Little of the Protector escaped in
1781, and was given command of the Winthrop,
Preble was made his second officer. He was
entrusted with the daring exploit of boarding a
British ship in the harbor at Castine, Maine, and
with fourteen men captured the ship and carried
her out of Penobscot harbor in spite of the rigor
ous cannonade of the land batteries, returning
with his prize to Boston harbor. Peace was de
clared in 1783, and Lieutenant Preble returned
to the merchant service. On the formation of
the American navy in 1798, he was made lieuten
ant, April 9, 1798, was given command of the
U.S. brig Pickering, January, 1799, and took
part in protecting American merchantmen from
French picaroons. He was commissioned cap
tain, May 15, 1799, and commanded the U.S.
frigate Essex, 36 guns, on a cruise to the East
Indies and China to protect American trade.

PREBLE

PREBLE

THE PBIOATE
CONSTITUTION

He was married in 1801 to Mary Deering. He
was promoted commodore of the Mediterranean
squadron in June, 1803, as successor to Commo
dore Rodgers, and hoisted his broad pennant on
the frigate Constitution, the squadron includ
ing, besides
the flagship,
the Phila
delphia, Ar
gus, Sy
ren, Vix
en. Nautilus
and Enter-
i-._ prise. He
.entered the
M e diterra-
neaii. Sept. 12, 1803, and on Oct. 5, 1803, was
joined iri the bay of Tangiers by the frigates
New York and John Adams, under Commodore
Rodgers. The Constitution was accompanied
only by the brig Nautilus. On October 10,
after giving directions in case of accident or
destruction, he went on shore with U.S. Consul
Simpson, his secretary, Charles Morris, and two
midshipmen, and in an audience with the Em
peror of Morocco, he secured the release of all
the captured American vessels and renewed the
treaty of 1786. This was the first time the Em-
•peror had been compelled to respect the Ameri
can republic, and it resulted in the removal of
all obstructions to American commerce with the
Moors. While Preble was thus engaged, the
frigate Philadelphia, Captain Bainbridge, was
boarded, and the officers and crew carried on
shore and imprisoned in the castle, and when
Preble ¦ arrived off the place, Dec. 17, 1803, he
received letters from her imprisoned commander,
Bainbridge, who suggested that the Philadelphia
he destroyed. Preble dispatched Decatur and
other volunteers on the dangerous expedition,
and they boarded and fired the Philadelphia at
night, accomplishing her destruction. Preble
then formed his squadron in two divisions, with
Lieutenant Somers in command of the first and
Captain Decatur of the second, and bombarded
the port of Tripoli with the hope of securing the
release of the prisoners. The first attack was
made, Aug. 3, 1804, after which the bashaw
offered terms of peace which Preble rejected.
On Aug. 7, a second attack was made, after
which the terms for ransom for the prisoners
were lowered from $1,000 to $500, which Preble
also declined. He offered, however, the sum of
$80,000, and $10,000 in presents, on the condition
that the bashaw, would enter into a perpetual
treaty with the American government never
again to demand tribute as the price of peace.
This the bashaw refused. A third attack was
made, Aug. 27, with such effect as to induce the

bashaw to renew negotiations for peace, but
nothing definite was effected. A fourth attack,
Sept, 3, resulted in the great injury of the ba
shaw's batteries, castle and city. In the even
ing of September 4, the ketch Intrepid, converted
into a fire ship and commanded by Captain
Somers, was sent into the midst of the enemy's
galleys and gunboats to complete their destruc
tion, but the adventure ended in death to all the
Americans engaged in the expedition. It is sup
posed that the Intrepid was blown up by her
commander to prevent her capture by the enemy.
On Sept. 9, 1804, Commodore Preble was relieved
by Commodore Barron, who followed out the
plans of his predecessor and received the prison
ers, while Commodore Preble returned to the
United States. His health was greatly broken,
and rapidly declined after reaching his home.
Congress voted him the thanks of the nation and
an appropriate gold medal presented at the hands

of President Jefferson. He arranged the naval
system for the marine force of the United States
and refused the portfolio of the navy in Presi
dent Jefferson's cabinet in 1806. He died at
Portland, Maine, Aug. 25, 1807.
PREBLE, George Henry, naval officer, was
born in Portland, Maine, Feb. 25, 1816 ; son of
Capt. Enoch and Sally (Cross) Preble, and great2-
grandson of Abraham Preble, who came from
Kent, England, in 1636, and whose grandson
Jedediah commanded the Massachusetts troops
at Louisbourg ; was with Wolfe at the siege of
Quebec, and left five sons by his second marriage:
Ebenezer, Joshua, Enoch, Henry and Edward.
George Henry Preble attended the public schools
of Portland, and was employed in a book store
and in his father's West India and grocery house,
1829-35. He was appointed midshipman in the
U.S. navy, Oct. 10, 1835 ; was warranted a passed
midshipman, June 22, 1841, and served in the
Florida expedition under Lieut. -Com. J. S. Mc
Laughlin as acting lieutenant and navigating
officer on board the schooner Madison and the
brigantine Jefferson, also participating in several
canoe expeditions into the Everglades. The ex
posure of the service so crippled him that he
was compelled to return to Norfolk in 1842. He
was promoted acting master of the sloop of war
St. Louis, sailed for the East Indies, May 23, 1843,

[339]

PREBLE

PREBLE

and served as acting lieutenant, 1843-45. The
squadron, of which the St. Louis formed a part,
was intended to support the negotiations of the
Hon. Caleb Cushing, and in the midst of negotia
tions Lieutenant Preble was sent to Canton in
charge of a party of marines and sailors, to pro
tect the U.S. consulate and the American resi
dents. This was the first armed American force
landed in China. Upon his return to Norfolk in
1845, he was married, Nov. 18, 1845, to Susan
Zabiah, daughter of John and Thankful Harris
Gore (Cox) of Portland, Maine. On May 30, 1846,
he joined the gunboat Petrel as acting master
and executive officer, and engaged in the war
with Mexico, but his health again breaking down
he returned home, May 31, 1847. He was pro
moted master in the line of promotion, July 15,
1847 ; was commissioned lieutenant, Feb. 5, 1848;
served in the Gulf, 1848-49, but was obliged to
remove entirely from the southern climate. He
was attached to the steamer Legree of the U.S.
coast survey as executive officer, April 30, 1849,
and continued on coast survey duty until by his
own request he was ordered to the frigate St.
Lawrence, Commander Joshua Sands, which con
veyed the American contributions to the World's
Fair of 1851, and which also made an unsuccess
ful search for the remains of John Paul Jones.
He served on the Macedonian in the Japan expe
dition under Commodore Perry, 1853, participa
ting in the treaty negotiated at Yokohama,
assisting in the surveys of Yeddo and Hakodate
bays, and making a chart of the harbor of Kilung.
Upon the return of the Macedonian to China,
Lieutenant Preble was given command of the
Queen, and engaged in the extermination of the
pirates in Chinese waters. He returned to Boston,
Mass., Aug. 6, 1856 ; succeeded Lieut. William B.
Franklin, U.S.A., as inspector of the first light
house district, 1856-57 ; was on duty at Charles
town navy yard, 1857-59 ; was attached to the
U.S. steam sloop Narragansett, 1859-61 ; com
manded the steam gunboat Katahdin, and par
ticipated in the surrender of New Orleans and
in all the river operations as far up as Vicksburg.
Being ordered to command the steam sloop
Oneida. Aug. 4, 1862, he returned to Baton Rouge
and was promoted commander, July 16, 1862,
joining the blockading fleet off Mobile bay. On
Sept. 4, 1862, while he was in charge of the
blockade, a sail was sighted, steam was made
and chase was given, after some delay caused by
repairs to the boilers. The stranger, the Con
federate sloop Oreto (which had been renamed
the Florida), Commander J. N. Maffitt, sailed
into shallow water, where the Oneida could not
follow. When Preble's first dispatch, announcing
that the Florida had successfully run the block
ade and safely entered Mobile harbor, reached

U.S.S." PENSACOLA -IS5S.

Washington, he was dismissed from the naval
service, Sept. 20, 1862, but upon further investi
gation the naval committee unanimously restored
him to his old rank. He left New York, April 9,
1863, for Lisbon, Portugal, where he assumed
command of the sailing sloop-of-war, St. Louis.
He was in command of the fleet brigade, designed
to co-operate with General Sherman in his march
to the sea, 1864-65; was transferred to the steamer
State of Georgia, and was at the Boston navy
yard as inspector of supplies, 1865-67 ; was pro
moted captain by seniority, March 16, 1867 and
chief-of-staff to Rear-Admiral Craven in 1868 ;
c o m m a n ded
the U.S. flag-
shipPe?isacota, 1868-70 ; was
commissioned
as commodore,
Nov. 2, 1871;
was comman
dant at the
U.S. navy yard
at Philadel
phia, Pa., 1874-75; was promoted rear-admiral,
Sept. 30, 1876; commanded the South Pacific squad
ron, 1876-79, and was retired Feb. 25, 1878. After
retirement he was ordered as president of the
board which recommended rebuilding on modern
lines and armament the double-turretted monitor
of the Amphitrite class. He was a member and
vice-president of the Naval Library and Institute
at Charlestown; a member of the Portland Natural
History society, 1852-57, and its vice-president
1856-57 ; a member of the New England His
toric Genealogical society, 1866-85, and a corres
ponding member of the Massachusetts Historical
society. He was a member of the American
Antiquarian society ; the historical societies of
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, New York and Wisconsin, and president
of the Massachusetts order of the Loyal Legion.
He made a collection of naval registers, tracts
and other U.S. naval publications of great rarity
and value, which were placed in the navy depart
ment at Washington. He is the author of : Chase
of the Rebel Steamer of War ' Oreto' (1862); Tlie
Preble Family in America (1868); First Cruise of
the US: Frigate 'Essex' (1870); History of the
American Flag (1872) ; and Steam Navigation
(1883). He died in Brookline, Mass., March 1, 1885.
PREBLE, William Pitt, jurist, was born at
York, Maine, Nov. 27, 1783; son of Esaias and
Lydia (Ingraham) Preble ; grandson of Samuel
and Sarah (Muchmore) Preble, and of Edward
and Lydia (Holt) Ingraham, and a descendant
of Abraham and Judith Preble. Abraham Preble
emigrated from Kent, England, to Scituate, Mass.,
about 1637, and settled in York, Maine, in 1642.

[340]

PRENDERGAST

PRENTISS

William P. Preble was graduated from Harvard,
A.B., 1806, A.M., 1809, and remained as tutor in
mathematics, 1809-11. He was admitted to the
Maine bar ; practised law in York and Alfred, 1812,
in Saco, 1813-18, and in Portland, 1818-57. He was
U.S. district attorney for Maine, 1814-18 ; a mem
ber of the state constitutional convention of 1819 ;
judge of the supreme court of Maine, 1820-28 ;
U.S. minister to the Netherlands, 1829-31, and
represented the United States in the northeastern
boundary dispute. He was a trustee of Bowdoin
college, 1821-42, and received the degree LL.D.
from Bowdoin in 1829. He was married first,
Sept. 7, 1810, to Nancy Gale, daughter of Joseph
and Mary (Stone) Tucker of York, and secondly,
to Sarah A., daughter of Thomas Forsaith of
Portland. He died at Portland, Me., Oct. 11, 1857.
PRENDERGAST, Edmund Francis, R.C
bishop, was born at Clonmel, county Tipperary,
Ireland, May 3, 1843. He came to the United
States in 1859 ; was educated at the College of
St. Charles Borromeo, Philadelphia, Pa. ; was
ordained priest, Nov. 17, 1865, by Bishop Wood ;
served as assistant pastor of St. Paul's, Philadel
phia, and of St. John's, Susquehanna ; was rector
of St. Mark's, Bristol, Pa., of the Immaculate Con
ception at Allentown, Pa. , and of St. Malachy's,
Philadelphia, in 1874. He was a member of the

l^ATHEPRAL OF ST. PETER*-. ST. PAU L.„

board of diocesan consultors of Philadelphia ;
was made vicar-general of the arch-diocese in
1895 ; was appointed auxiliary bishop of Phila
delphia, and consecrated titular bishop of
"Scillio," Feb. 24, 1897, by Archbishop Ryan,
assisted by Bishops Horstman of Cleveland and
Hoban of Scranton, Cardinal' Gibbons and Bishops
O'Hara, McGovern, Northrop and Allen being
present. PRENTICE, George Denison, journalist, was
born in Preston, Conn., Dec. 18, 1802; son of
Rufus and Sarah (Stanton) Prentice ; grandson
of Eleazer and Sarah (Stanton) Prentice, and a
descendant of Valentine Prentise, who emigrated
from England to Roxbury, Mass., with his wife
Alice and son John in 1631. He taught school as
early as 1817 ; was graduated at Brown university,

A.B., 1823, A.M., 1826, and was admitted to the
bar in 1829, but did not enter the legal profession.
He edited the Connecticut Mirror, 1825-28 ; the
Haverhill Gazette, and the New England Weekly
Review, Hartford, Conn., 1828-30, and in 1830
was succeeded by John Greenleaf Whittier, and
removed to Kentucky to collect historical data
for a life of Henry Clay. He was married in
1835 to Henrietta, daughter of Joseph Benham
of Louisville, Ky. He was editor of the Louis
ville Journal, a Whig publication, 1830-60 ; re
mained a contributor to its columns until 1868,
when it became known as the Courier- Journal,
and was also a regular contributor to the New
York Ledger. These contributions established
his imputation as a humorous writer. He received
the honorary degree A.M. from Trinity college in
1828. He is the author of : Life of Henry Clay
(1831); Prenticeana ; or Wit and Humor in Para
graphs (1859, 2d ed., with biography by Gilderoy
W. Griffin, 1870) , and a volume of poems, collected
after his death, and published with a biography
by John James Piatt (1875). He died in Louis
ville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1870.
PRENTISS, Albert Nelson, educator, was
born in Cazenovia, N.Y., May 22, 1836. He
studied in Cazenovia seminary, and was graduated
from Michigan Agricultural college, A. B., 1861,
A.M., 1864. He served as a private under Gen.
John C. Fremont in Missouri, 1861-62 ; was as
sociate principal ofthe high school at Kalamazoo,
Mich., 1863-65 ; instructor and professor of botany
and horticulture in Michigan Agricultural college,
1865-68, and professor of botany, horticulture and
arboriculture at Cornell university, N.Y., 1868-96.
He conducted the Cornell expedition to Brazil in
1870, and studied in Kew Gardens, England, and
in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, in 1872. He earn
ed a world-wide reputation as a botanist, and in
1872 received the Walker prize of the Boston
Society of Natural History for his essay on the
" Natural Distribution " of plants. He published
several botanical papers, a monograph on the
hemlock, and contributions to scientific periodi
cals. He died in Ithaca, N.Y., Aug. 14, 1896.
PRENTISS, Benjamin Maybury, soldier, was
born in Belleville, Va., Nov. 23, 1819; son of
Henry L. Prentiss, a farmer. He removed to
Missouri in 1835, and to Quincy, 111., in 1841,
where he ' conducted a rope-walk. He was 1st
lieutenant of the Quincy Rifles, raised to drive
the Mormons from Hancock, 111., 1844 ; was
under Colonel Hardin in the Mexican war as
captain and adjutant of the 1st Illinois volunteers,
receiving honorable mention at Buena Vista, and
on returning to Quincy engaged as a commission
merchant. He was the unsuccessful Republican
candidate from the fifth Illinois district for
representative to the 37th congress in 1860, and

[341]

PRENTISS

PRENTISS

in 1861 reorganized and was elected colonel of his
old company, which joined the 7th Illinois volun
teers. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier-
general, May 17, 1861 ; commanded Cairo for
three months ; conducted the expedition that
raided southern Missouri from Pilot Knob, and
on Dec. 28, 1861, routed a force of Confederates
at Mount Zion, Mo. He was relieved by Gen.
U. S. Grant at Cape Girardeau, and ordered to
northern Missouri. He joined General Grant at
Pittsburg Landing, April 3, 1862, where he com
manded the 6th division, and in the first day's
fight, April 6, 1862, he was taken prisoner with
most of his command, while stubbornly holding
his position. He was released in October, 1862 ;
promoted major-general of volunteers, Nov. 29,
1862 ; served on the court-martial of Fitz John
Porter (q.v.) in November, 1862, and commanded
Helena, Ark., in 1863, where he repulsed the
attack of Generals Price and Holmes on July 3.
He resigned his commission Oct. 28, 1863, and
engaged in the practice of law in Bethany, Mo.,
where he died, Feb. 8, 1901.
PRENTISS, Charles, author, was born in
Reading, Mass., Oct. 8, 1774; son of the Rev.
Caleb and Pamela (Mellen) Prentiss ; grandson
of Caleb and Lydia (Whittemore) Prentiss, and
of the Rev. John and Rebecca (Prentiss) Mellen,
and a descendant of Valentine Prentise. He was
graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1795, A.M., 1798,
and was married, Nov. 19, 1795, to Sophia,
daughter of the Rev. Francis Gardner of Leo
minster, Mass. He edited the Rural Repository ,
published at Leominster, Mass., in 1795 ; the
Political Focus, afterward known as the Wash
ington Federalist, Richmond, Va., 1800-04; the
Virginia Gazette, Richmond, in 1805 ; the Anti-
Democrat and Tlie Child of Pallas in Baltimore,
Md., 1806-08, and The Thistle, a theatrical paper,
in Boston, Mass., in 1809 ; he was a congressional
reporter and also editor of the Independent Ameri
can, Washington, D.C, in 1810, and settled in
Brimfield, Mass., in 1811. He is the author of:
A Collection of Fugitive Essays in Prose and
Verse (1797); Life of Robert Treat Paine (1812);
Life of Gen. William Eaton (1813); Poems (1813);
History of the United States (1819) ; and The
Trial of Calvin and Hopkins (1819). He died in
Brimfield,' Mass., Oct. 19, 1820.
PRENTISS, Elizabeth Payson, author, was
born in Portland, Maine, Oct. 26, 1818 ; daughter
of the Rev. Edward and Ann Louisa (Shipman)
Payson. She attended schools in Portland , Maine ,
and Ipswich, Mass.. and was a teacher in Port
land and Richmond, Maine, 1840-43. She was
married, Apr. 22, 1845, to George Lewis Prentiss
(q.v.). Her many published volumes include:
Little Susy Series (1853-56); The Flower of the
Family and Only a Dandelion (1854) ; Henry and

Bessie ; Little Tlireads; Fred, Maria and Me (1868),
Urban and his Friends ; Hymns and Songs of the
Christian Life; Stepping Heavenward (1869)
The Percys (1870); Religious Poems (1873); The
Home at Greylock (1876); Pemaquid (1877) Avis
Benson (1879) and Life and Letters (1882). She
died at Dorset, Vt., Aug. 13, 1878.
PRENTISS, George Lewis, educator, was born
in Gorham, Maine, May 12, 1816, son of Capt.
William and Abigail (Lewis) Prentiss and grand
son of Maj. George Lewis and of Samuel and
Rebecca (Cook) Prentiss. He was graduated
from B nvdoin college, A.B., 1835, A.M., 1838 ; was
assistant at Gorham academy, 1835-36 ; attended
the universities of Halle and Berlin, 1839-41, and
was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in
1845. He was married in 1845 to Elizabeth Pay-
son (q.v.). He was pastor of the South Trini
tarian church, New Bedford, Mass., 1845-50; of
the Mercer Street Presbyterian church, New York
city, 1851-58 ; of the Church of the Covenant, New
York city, 1862-73 ; prof essor of pastoral theology,
church polity, and mission work at Union Theo
logical seminary, 1873-97 and was made professor-
emeritus in 1897. The honorary degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by Bowdoin college in 1854.
He is the author of: Our National Bane (1877);
Tlie Life and Letters of Elizabeth Prentiss (1882) ;
Sixty Years of Union Seminary ( 1889) ; The Agree
ment Between Union Seminary and the General
Assembly (1891) ; The Problem of the Veto Power
(1892) ; Another Decade of Union Seminary (1899);
and memoirs of Sergeant S. Prentiss (1855) , and
Thomas Harvey Skinner (1871).
PRENTISS, Samuel, jurist, was born in
Stonington, Conn., March 31, 1782; son of Dr.
Samuel and Lucretia (Holmes) Prentiss; grand
son of Col. Samuel and Phoebe (Billings) Pren
tice and of Capt. John Holmes, and a descendant.
of Valentine Prentise.
He was educated in
the public schools of
Northfield, Mass., and
under a private tutor ;
was admitted to the
bar in 1802 ; settled
in practice in Mont
pelier, Vt., in 1803,
and was married,
Oct. 3, 1804, to Lucre
tia, daughter of Ed
ward Houghton of
Northfield. He de
clined a judgeship of v"'" ""^'^
the supreme court of
Vermont in 1822 ; was
a representative in the state legislature, 1824-25 ;
an assistant justice of the supreme court, 1825-29,
and chief justice, 1829-30. He was a whig U.S.

[342]

PRENTISS

PRESCOTT

senator from Vermont, 1831-42, resigning April
11, 1842, to become judge of the U.S. district court
of Vermont, Samuel C. Crofts completing his term.
During his term of office he introduced the resolu
tion which led to the abolition of slavery in the
District of Columbia, and also introduced a series
of resolutions against the annexation of Texas ;
and originated and successfully carried through
the law to suppress duelling in the District of
Columbia. He was a trustee of Dartmouth col
lege, 1820-27, and received from Dartmouth the
honorary degree of A.M. in 1820, and LL.D. in
1832. He died in Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 15, 1857.
PRENTISS, Sergeant Smith, orator, was born
in Portland, Maine, Sept. 30, 1808 ; son of Capt.
William and Abigail (Lewis) Prentiss. He was
dependent upon the use of crutches until nine
years of age and remained a cripple throughout
his life. He was prepared for college at Gorham,
Maine, academy ; was graduated at Bowdoin,
A.B., 1826, A.M., 1829 ; studied law under Josiah
Pierce in Gorham, 1826-27, and under Judge
Jacob Burnet (q.v.) in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1827 ;
removed to Natchez, Miss., where he was tutor
in a private family and subsequently practised
law in partnership with Gen. Felix Houston in
1829. He was a Whig representative in the Mis
sissippi territorial legislature in 1835, and claimed
election as a representative to the 25th congress
Oct. 3, 1837, but the certificate of election was
given to J. F. H. Claiborne. Prentiss contested
the election, supporting his claim in a three
days' speech, and the election was set aside and
the seat declared vacant, Jan. 31, 1838, the
speaker, James K. Polk, casting the deciding
vote. A new election was ordered and Prentiss
was chosen and took his seat, May 30, 1838, his
term expiring March 3, 1839. He ably defended
Judge Wilkinson of Kentucky, charged with
murder in 1839, and canvassed the state of Mis
sissippi as a Whig candidate for presidential
elector in 1840. He labored to defend the honor
of the state and prevent the repudiation of its
bonded debt, 1840-44. He was married March 3,
1842, to Mary Jane, daughter of James C Williams
of Natchez, Miss. He removed to New Orleans,
La., "in 1845, where he practised until a short
time before his death. He made a speech at the
dinner, given Daniel Webster in Faneuil Hall,
Boston, Mass., in July, 1838, which was declared
by Gov. Edward Everett to be a " most wonder
ful specimen of sententious fluency." A con
temporary says : " His power of originating forci
ble and beautiful natural images of abstract
truths was marvelous, and he was quite as dis
tinguished at the bar for vigorous logic and sense
as for splendid rhetoric." See " Memoir of S. S.
Prentiss," by G. L. Prentiss (q.v.). He died at
Longwood, near Natchez, Miss., July 1, 1850.

[343]

PRESCOTT, Albert Benjamin, chemist, was
born in Hastings, N.Y., Dec. 12, 1832 ; son of
Benjamin and Experience (Huntley) Prescott ;
grandson of James and Lydia (Calkins) Huntley
and of Oliver and Keziah (Howard) Prescott,
and a descendant of John and Mary (Platts)
Prescott. John Prescott, a native of Lancashire,
England, immigrated to Barbadoes in 1638 and
settled in Watertown, Mass., in 1640. Albert
B. Prescott was graduated from the University
of Michigan, M.D., 1864; was appointed assistant
surgeon, U.S.V., July 3, 1864, and was surgeon-
in-charge of a hospital in Louisville, Ky., and
later one in Jeffersonville, Ind. He was brevetted
captain and mustered out Aug. 22, 1865, and was
married Dec. 25, 1866, to Abigail, daughter of
Robert William and Nancy (Spear) Freeburn of
Oakland county, Mich. He was assistant in
chemistry, 1863-64 ; assistant professor of chem
istry and lecturer on organic chemistry and
metallurgy in the University of Michigan, 1865-
70 ; professor of organic and applied chemistry
and of pharmacy there from 1870, dean of the
school of pharmacy from 1876, and a director of
the chemical laboratory from 1884. He was elec
ted a fellow of the London Chemical society in
1876 ; president of the American Chemical so
ciety in 1886 ; vice-president of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in
1887, president of that association in 1891, presi
dent of the American Pharmaceutical associa
tion in 1900, and a member of other scientific
societies. He received the degree LL.D. from
the University of Michigan in 1896. He helped
to revise the U.S. Pharmacopoeia in 1880, con
tributed articles on his researches in analytical,
organic and pharmaceutical chemistry to scien
tific publications, and is the author of : Qualita
tive Chemical Analysis (with Silas H. Douglas,
1874; 5th edition, with Otis C. Johnson, 1901) ;
Outlines of Proximate Organic Analysis (1875);
Chemical Examination of Alcoholic Liquors
(1875) ; First Book in Qualitative Chemistry
(1879; llth ed. with Eugene G. Sullivan, 1902);
and Organic Analysis : a Manual of the Descrip
tive and Analytical Chemistry of Certain Carbon
Compounds in Common Use (1887).
PRESCOTT, Benjamin Franklin, governor of
New Hampshire, was born in Epping, N.H., Feb.
26, 1833; son of Nathan G. and Betsey H.
(Richards) Prescott ; grandson of Asa and Polly
(Clark) Prescott, and of Benjamin and Meliitable
(Hills) Richards, of Nottingham, N.H. ; and a
descendant of James Prescott, who emigrated
from Dryby, Lincolnshire, England, to Hampton,
Norfolk county, Mass., in 1665, and Mary Boulter,
his wife. He was prepared for college at Phillips
Exeter academy, graduated at Dartmouth in
1856, and taught school in Epping, 1856-57. He

PRESCOTT

PRESCOTT

was admitted to the bar in 1859, and practised in
Concord, 1859-61. He was associate editor of the
Independent Democrat at Concord, 1861-60, and
special agent for New England, of the U.S.
treasury department, 1865-67 and 1869. He was
married, June 10, 1869, to Mary Little, daughter
of Jefferson and Nancy (Peart) Noyes of Concord.
He was secretary of the state
of*New Hampshire, 1872-73
and 1875-76 ; secretary of
the Republican state central
committee, 1859-74 ; gov
ernor, 1877-79 ; secretary of
the state college of electors,
1861, 1865, 1869, 1873, 1877
and 1881, and a delegate-at-large to the Republi
can national convention of 1880. He retired to
his farm at Epping in 1880. He was president of
the Bennington, Vt., Battle Monument associa
tion, and of the Provident Mutual Relief associa
tion ; vice-president of the New Hampshire His
torical society ; fellow of the Royal Historical
society of Great Britain, and an honorary member
of the Marshfield club of Boston. He was also
a trustee of the New Hampshire College of Agri
culture and the Mechanic Arts, 1874-95, and of
Dartmouth college, 1878-95. He died in Epping,
N.H., Feb. 22, 1895.
PRESCOTT, George Bartlett, electrician, was
born in Kingston, N.H., Sept. 16, 1830; son of
Mark Hollis and Priscilla (Bartlett) Prescott ;
grandson of Mark and Polly (Bean) Prescott, and
of David Bartlett, and a descendant of James, the
immigrant, and Mary (Boulter) Prescott. He
received a private school education in Portland,
Me., made a special study of electricity and tele
graphy, and was connected with several telegraph
offices in Connecticut and Massachusetts, 1847-58.
He wals married, Dec. 9, 1857, to Eliza Curtis,
daughter of Israel M. Parsons of Springfield,
Mass. He was superintendent of the American
telegraph company, 1858-66 ; of the Western
Union telegraph company, 1866-69, and electrician
of the latter in 1869. He was associated with
Thomas A. Edison in the duplex and quadruplex
telegraphic inventions ; introduced them in 1870
and 1874 ; invented an improvement in telegraph
insulators in 1872, and in the quadruplex tele
graph in 1876. He was electrician of the Inter
national Ocean telegraph company, 1873-83 ; and
in 1883 was sent to Europe by the Western
Union telegraph company to study foreign
methods of telegraphy. On his return he intro
duced many improvements, among them the
pneumatic tube system, which was adopted in
New York city in 1876. He was vice-president,
director and member of the executive and finance
committees of the Gold and Stock telegraph com
pany, 1873-81 ; one of the incorporators and

directors of the Metropolitan telephone and tele
graph company, 1879-82 ; president of the Man
hattan telegraph company and of the American
Speaking telephone company, 1879-82, and a di
rector and member of the executive committee of
the Bell telephone company of Philadelphia. He
published an account of his discovery of the electri
cal origin of the Aurora Borealis, and his experi
ments thereon in the Boston Journal, February,
1852, and in the Atlantic Monthly, 1859, and is the
author of : History, Theory and Practice of the
Electric Telegraph (1860); Tlie Proposed Union of
the Telegraph and Postal Systems (1869); The
Government and the Telegraph (1872); Electricity
and the Electric Telegraph (1877); The Speaking
Telephone, Talking Phonograph and Other Novel
ties (1878); The Speaking Telephone, Electric
Light, and other Recent Electrical Inventions
(1879); Dynamo-Electricity; its Generation, Ap
plication, Transmission, Storage and Measure
ment (1884); Bell's Electric Speaking Telephone;
its Invention, Construction, Application, Mod
ification and History (1884), and The Electric
Telephone (1890). He died in New York city,
Jan. 18, 1894.
PRESCOTT, William, soldier, was born in
Groton, Mass., Feb. 20, 1726 ; son of Judge Ben
jamin Prescott ; and great-grandson of John and
Mary (Platts) Prescott of Lincolnshire, England,
who immigrated at an early date to Lancaster,
Mass. William Prescott removed to an unsettled
tract of country not far from his native town,
and there established a settlement, which he sub
sequently caused to be made into a township, and
which he named in honor of Sir William Pepper
rell, continuing to hold his estate under the
original Indian title. He served as a lieutenant
in the colonial army, under Gen. John Winslow,
in the expeditionagainst Cape Breton, 1754, and
against Acadia,1755, and was promoted captain.
In recognition of his gallantry he was offered a
commission in the regular army, but declined,
returned to Pepperrell, and was married to
Abigail Hale. Their son, William Prescott (1762-
1844), Harvard, 1783, was a member of the
governors' council for many years, judge of the
court of common pleas, Suffolk county, 1818-20, a
delegate to the state constitutional convention in
1820, a member of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences^and the father of William Hickling
Prescott, thehistorian. In August, 1774, Captain
Prescott was active in stimulating the resistance
of his townsmen to royal authority, and soon
after was appointed colonel of a regiment of
minute men, his commission being signed by
Gen. Joseph Warren. He proceeded to Lexing
ton, April 19, 1775, but General Pitcairn having
retreated before his arrival, he continued his
march to Cambridge, where he joined the pro-

[344]

PRESCOTT

PRESTON

vincial army, the larger part of his regiment vol
unteering to serve with him. On June 16, 1775,
in command of three regiments he was ordered
to construct entrenchments on Bunker Hill, but
instead selected Breed's Hill, in the immediate
vicinity. In the attack by Gen. William Howe,
June 17, according to Bancroft, Colonel Prescott
appeared to have the entire command, displaying
great skill and bravery, and was among the last
to submit to the enforced retreat. In 1777 he re
signed his commisson in the army, returning to
Pepperrell, but later in the same year enlisted
as a volunteer in the northern army under Gen
eral Gates, in the campaign against Burgoyne.
He was a representative in the Massachusetts leg
islature for several years. He is the author of :
A Letter from a Veteran to the Officers of the
Army Encamped at Boston (1774) . A statue was
erected to his memory on Bunker Hill in 1881.
He died in Pepperrell, Mass., Oct. 13, 1795.
PRESCOTT, William Hickling, historian, was
born in Salem, Mass., May 4, 1796 ; son of Wil
liam and Catharine G. (Hickling) Prescott ;
grandson of Col. William and Abigail (Hale)
Prescott, and of Thomas Hickling of Boston,
Mass., and a descend
ant of John and Mary
(Platts) Prescott. He
was graduated at
Harvard A.B. 1814,
A.M. 1817, and en
tered his father's
office to study law,
but owing to the ac
cidental loss of one
eye, which seriously
impaired the sight of
the other, was obliged
'///- :¦?'/ ¦¦¦'¦•' to seek ' medical
advice in Europe.
He visited England,
France and Italy,
and on his return to Boston, Mass., deter
mined to devote himself to historical writing,
and to accomplish this employed an assistant
who served as a secretary, amanuensis and
reader, and in writing used an ingenious instru
ment for the blind, called the poctograph. He
was married, May 4, 1820, to Susan, daughter of
Thomas C. and Hannah (Linzee) Amory. He
made a study of Italian and Spanish literature to
prepare himself for his first special work, History
of tlie Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, which
cost him ten years of difficult labor. The leading
learned societies of the United States and Europe
honored him by making him a member or fellow.
He received the degree LL.D. from Columbia,
1840 ; William and Mary, 1841 ; South Carolina
college, 1841 ; and Harvard, 1843 ; and that of

FRE5C0TTS HOME BOSTON

D.C.L. from Oxford university, England, in 1850,
while on a visit to that country. He is the
author of : Life of Charles Brockden Brown (1834) ;
History of Ferdinand and Isabella (4 vols. 1838),
translated into French, German, Spanish, Italian
^y- and Russian ;

The Conquest
of Mexico
(3 vols. 1843);
Tlie Conquest
of Peru (2
vols. 1847),
translated into several
languages ; Biographi
cal and Critical Miscel
lanies (1845); The Reign
of Philip II. , King of
Spain (2 vols. 1855 ; vol.
3, 1858 ; vol. 4; left in
complete, 1859); a sup
plement entitled The
Life of Charles V. , After
his Abdication, to a new
edition of Robertson's
" History of the Reign
of Charles V." (1858); contributions to the North
American Review ; memoirs of John Pickering
and Abbott Lawrence, and several essays. See
" Life of Prescott, the Historian," by George
Ticknor (1864). His name in the "Class A,
Authors and Editors " received thirty-two votes
for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Ameri
cans, New York university, October, 1900, only
nine names in the class receiving more votes.
He died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 28, 1859.
PRESTON, Ann, educator, was born in West
Grove, Pa., Dec. 1, 1813 ; daughter of Amos and
Margaret (Smith) Preston : grand-daughter of
Joseph and Rebecca (Bills) Preston, and of Joseph
Smith, and a descendant of William Preston, a
Quaker, came from Huthersfield, England, to-
America, in 1718, and settled in Buckingham,
Bucks county, Pa. She was educated in the
public schools and at a boarding school in West
Chester, Pa. ; and joined the Clarkson Anti-
slavery society previous to 1833. She entered
the Woman's Medical college of Philadelphia
when it opened in 1850 ; received her degree of
M.D. in 1852; was professor of physiology and
hygiene there, 1853-72, and studied in the Mater-
nite hospital of Paris in 1854. She was one of
the founders of the Woman's hospital in Phila
delphia and a member of the board of managers,
serving also as corresponding secretary and con
sulting physician. She was dean of the faculty
of the Woman's Medical college of Philadelphia,
1856-72, and a member of the board of incorpora
tors,

[345]

1867-72. She also controlled an extensive
practice and was successful in overcoming the

PRESTON

PRESTON

opposition made against women physicians by
the Philadelphia County Medical society in 1867.
She is the author of several essays on the educa
tion of women as physicians, and of a volume of
juvenile poems entitled : Cousin Ann's Stories for
Children (1848). She died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
April 18, 1872.
PRESTON, Francis, representative, was born
iu Greenfield, Botetourt county, Va., Aug. 2,
1765 ; son of Col. William and Susanna (Smith)
Preston and grandson of John and Elizabeth
(Patton) Preston, and of Francis and Elizabeth
( Waddy) Smith. John Preston came from Lon
donderry, Ireland, to America in 1740, and settled
at Spring Hill, Augusta county, Va. His son,
William Preston, born in 1729, was a surveyor
under Washington, a member of the house of
burgesses, commissioner to treat with the
Indians, and was appointed colonel in 1775. He
commanded a regiment at the battle of Guilford
Court House, S.C, in 1783, and there received
injuries that resulted in his death the same year.
Francis Preston was graduated at the College of
William and Mary, 1783; studied law under George
Wythe, the signer ; actively engaged in his pro
fession in Montgomery and Washington counties,
Va., and was a member of the Virginia house of
delegates and a state senator. He was married
in 1792 to Sarah, daughter of Gen. William
Campbell. He was a representative from Vir
ginia in- the 3d and 4th congresses, 1793-97, and
declined re-election in 1796. He resided in
Abingdon, Va., after 1798. He was appointed
colonel of volunteers in the war of 1812, and
subsequently served in the state militia, reaching
the rank of major-general. He died in Columbia,
S.C, while on a visit to his son, William C.
Preston (q.v.), May 25, 1835.
PRESTON, Harriet Waters, author, was born
in Danvers, Mass. , 1843. She was educated under
private tutors, traveled in France and England
until 1885, and later became a translator from the
French, and an authority on Provencal literature.
She wrote a series of papers on Mistral's " Calen-
dau," " Theodore Aubauet," "Jacques Jasmin,"
" Songs of the Troubadours," and '• Arthuriad."
Her translations include : The Life of Madame
Swetchine (1865); and The Writings of Madame
Swetchine, edited by Count de Falloux (1869);
Memoirs of Madame Desbordes Valmore by C. A.
Sainte-Beuve (1872); Mistral's Mireio, Provencal
poem (1872); Biography of Alfred de Musset by
Paul de Musset (1877) ; and The Georgics of Virgil
(1881). She is the author of Aspendale (1871);
Love in the Nineteenth Century (1.873) ; Trouba
dours and Trouvires (1876); Is That All 9 in " No
Name" series (1876); A Year in Eden (1887), and
The Guardians (written in collaboration with
MissL. Dodge, 1888).

[3461

PRESTON, James Patton, governor of Vir
ginia, was born, in Smithfield; Va., June 21, 1774 ;
son of Col. William (1729-1783) and Susanna
(Smith) Preston. He was graduated from Wil
liam and Mary college in 1795, was a farmer in
Montgomery county ; state
senator ; lieutenant-colonel
of the 12th U.S. infantry,
commissioned March 19, 1812 ;
was promoted colonel for gal
lantry Aug. 15, 1813 ; com
manded the 23d infantry, and
was wounded in the battle of
Chrystler's Field, Nov. 11, 1813, becoming per
manently crippled. He was governor of Virginia,
1816-19, state senator for a second term, and was
for many years post-master of Richmond. Pres
ton county, Va., was named in his honor. He
married Ann, daughter of Robert Taylor of
Norfolk, Va. , and had sons : William Ballard
(q.v.), Robert T., and James Patton, Jr., Con
federate officers in the civil war. He died at
Smithfield, Va., May 4, 1843.
PRESTON, John Smith, soldier, was born at
the SaltWorks, near Abingdon, Va., April 20,
1809 ; son of Francis and Sarah (Campbell) Pres
ton. He was graduated from Hampden-Sidney
college, Va., A.B., 1824 ; did postgraduate work at
the University of Virginia, 1825-26, and attended
the Harvard law school. He was married in
1830 to Caroline, a sister of Gen. Wade Hampton
of South Carolina. He afterward moved to Colum
bia, S.C, and thence to Louisiana, where he
worked his sugar-plantations. He became pro
minent as an orator in the South and delivered
many famous addresses, among them the one at
the laying of the corner stone of the University
of the South, at Sewanee, Tenn., in 1857. He
was chairman of the South Carolina committee
to the Democratic convention at Charleston in
May, 1860 ; was a commissioner to Virginia, and
in February, 1861, advocated the secession of
Virginia. He was on the staff of General Beau
regard in the first battle of Bull Run, 1861, was
promoted brigadier-general and served in the
conscript department, 1865. He was then in
Europe for a number of years and subsequently
returned to South Carolina. He delivered his last
public address at the unveiling of the Confederate
monument at Columbia, S.C. He made a col
lection of painting and sculpture, and was a
helpful friend to Hiram Powers and other rising
artists. He died in Columbia, S.C, May 1, 1881.
PRESTON, John Thomas Lewis, educator,
was born in Lexington, Va., April 25, 1811 ; son
of Thomas Lewis and Edmonia (Randolph) Pres
ton ; grandson of Col. William (1729-1783) and
Susanna (Smith) Preston of Smithfield, and great-
grandson of John Preston, the immigrant. His

PRESTON

PRESTON

lather was a major in the war of 1812, lawyer,
and member of the Virginia legislature. In 1836
Mr. Preston conceived the fdea of substituting
for the company of soldiers who guarded the
•arsenal, a company of cadets, who, in addition
to the duties of an armed guard, should pur
sue a course of scientific and military studies.
This idea materialized, March, 1839, in the Mili
tary Institute of Virginia, of which Preston and
Gen. Francis H. Smith (q.v.) constituted the
¦entire faculty from 1839 to 1842. He was married
first Aug. 2, 1832, to Sara Lyle, daughter of Wil
liam and Phebe (Alexander) Caruthers of Lex
ington, Va., and had five sons and three daugh
ters ; and secondly, Aug. 4, 1857, to Margaret
Junkin, the poet (q.v.), by whom he had two sons.
In April, 1861, at the call of the state, the corps of
cadets marched for Richmond undeit he command
of Maj. T. J. Jackson, of whose staff Preston be
came a member, with the rank of colonel. In
1862 the institute was re-opened as a training
school to supply skilled and educated officers for
the army, the cadets being called repeatedly into
•active service during the war. On May 15, 1864,
at New Market, the corps lost 8 killed and 44
wounded out of 250, and on June 11, 1864, all the
institution buildings, save the quarters of the
superintendent, were burned by order of Gen.
David Hunter (q.v.). When the institute was
re-opened in October, 1865, Colonel Preston re
sumed his professorial duties, subsequently
traveled abroad, accompanied by his wife, and
after his return continued a member of the uni
versity faculty until within a few months of his
death. He is the author of a biographical sketch
of John Howe Peyton in " Augusta County, Va."
He died in Lexington, Va., July 15, 1890.
PRESTON, Margaret Junkin, poet, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., May 24, 1820 ; daughter of
George Junkin (q.v.). She was educated by her
father and under private tutors, and contributed
her first story to Sartain's Magazine in 1849. She
was married Aug. 4, 1857, to John L. Preston(q. v.),
and had two sons : George Junkin, born in 1858,
a graduate of Washington and Lee, 1879, and
of the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1883,
and Herbert Rush, a lawyer, both established in
practice in Baltimore. Mrs. Preston spent her
married life in Lexington, Va., traveled abroad
with her husband, collecting material for her
Book of Monograms (1886), contributed to the
Southern Literary Messenger ; translated Dies
Irae (1855), and is the author of: Silverwood
(1856) ; Beechenbrook, a Rhyme of the War (1866) ;
Old Songs and New (1870); Cartoons (1876); For
Love's Sake (1886) ; Colonial Ballads, Sonnets and
Other Verses (1887); Aunt Dorothy (1890). She
died in Baltimore, Md., March 28, 1897, and was
buried at Lexington, Va.

PRESTON, Thomas Scott, R. C prelate, was
born in Hartford, Conn., July 23, 1824 ; son of
Zephaniah Preston, a Puritan. He was gradua
ted at Trinity college, Hartford, Conn., A.B.,
1843, A.M., 1846 ; at the General Theological
seminary, New York city, in 1840, and was ad
mitted to the diaconate the same year. He as
sisted at Trinity church, at the Church of the An
nunciation, and at the Church of Holy Innocents,
West Point, 1846-47 ; was ordained priest in 1847,
and was assistant rector of St. Luke's church,
New York city, 1847-49. In 1849 he accepted the
Roman Catholic faith, and was deposed from the
Protestant Episcopal church. After studying
at St. Joseph's seminary, Fordham, N.Y., he was
ordained priest, Nov. 16, 1850 ; was an assistant at
the cathedral in 1850 ; pastor of St. Mary's, Yon
kers, N.Y., 1851-53 ; chancellor of the arch-diocese
of New York, and secretary to Archbishop
Hughes, 1853-91 ; and rector of St. Ann's, New
York city, 1861-91, building a new church edi
fice which was consecrated in 1871. He was
vicar-general of the archdiocese of New York,
1873-91 ; received the degree S.T.D. from Seton
Hall college, New Jersey, in 1880 ; and was named
private chamberlain to the Pope (Leo XIII.),
May, 1881. He was appointed domestic prelate
and prothonotary apostolic, Dec. 13, 1881, with no
ceremony of investure. He built a large paro
chial school on llth Street, and founded the
" House of the Holy Family," for the benefit of
children and homeless girls. He was actively in
fluential in procuring the excommunication of the
Rev. Dr. Edward McGlynn when he accepted
and taught the theories of Henry George. He is
the author of : Ark of the Covenant (1860); Life
of St. Mary Magdalene (1860); Sermons for the
Principal Seasons of the Sacred Year (1864) ; Life
of St. Vincent de Paul (1866); Lectures on Chris
tian Unity, Advent of 1866 (1867); The Purgato-
rian Manual (1867); Lectures on Reason and
Revelation (1868); Tlie Vicar of Christ (1871);
The Divine Sanctuary (1878); Divine Paraclete
(1880) ; Protestantism and the Bible (1880) ; Prot
estantism and the Church (1882); God and Rea
son (1884), and Watch on Calvary (1885). He
died in New York city, Nov. 4, 1891.
PRESTON, Willard, clergyman, was born at
Uxbridge, Mass., May 29, 1785. He was gradu
ated at Brown university, 1806, began the study
of law, but abandoned it for theology, and was
licensed to preach in 1808. He resided in the
South, 1808-11, on account of ill health ; and was
Congregational minister at St. Albans, Vt., 1812-
15; Providence, R. I., 1816-20; Burlington, Vt.,
1821-25 : president ofthe University of Vermont,
1825-26 ; pastor of the Independent Presbyterian
church at Savannah, Ga., 1826-56, and rendered
unceasing aid during the epidemic of yellow

[347]

PRESTON

PRESTON

fever in 1845. He received the degree D.D. from
the University of Georgia in 1839, and is the
author of two volumes of sermons, issued by his
son, with a biographical sketch (1857). He died
in Savannah, Ga., April 27, 1856.
PRESTON, William, soldier, was born near
Louisville, Ky., Oct. 16, 1816 ; son of Maj. William
and Caroline (Hancook) Preston ; grandson of
Col. William (1729-83) and Susannah (Smith)
Preston, and of Col. George Hancock of Fother-
ingay, Va., a representative in the 4th congress,
and a descendant of John Preston, the immigrant.
He was educated at St. Joseph's college, Bards-
town, Ky., and at Yale college, and was gradu
ated at Harvard, LL.B., in 1838. He was married
in 1840 to Margaret Howard, daughter of Robert
Wickliffe of Lexington, Ky. ; settled in practice
in Louisville ; and was lieutenant-colonel of the
4th Kentucky volunteers in the Mexican war,
1346-48. He was a member of the convention
called to frame a new constitution for the state of
Kentucky in 1849 ; a Whig representative in the
state legislature, 1851-53, and a presidential elec
tor for the state at large, on the Scott and Graham
ticket, in 1852. He was a representative from
Kentucky in the 32d congress, being elected Dec.
6, 1852, to complete the unexpired term of Hum
phrey Marshall, resigned ; was re-elected to the
33d congress, serving 1853-55, and was defeated as
a candidate for the 34th congress by Humphrey
Marshall. He was a delegate to the Democratic
national convention at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 2,
1856, and was appointed by President Buchanan
U.S. minister to Spain in 1858, being succeeded
by Carl Schurz. He joined the Confederate army
at Bowling Green, Ky., in 1861, as colonel on the
staff of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, who died in
his arms at the battle of Shiloh. He was promo
ted brigadier-general April 18, 1862 ; participated
in the battle of Murfreesboro ; was promoted
major-general Jan. 1, 1863 ; assigned to the com
mand of the division of Maj. -Gen. Polignac,
and after the latter's return to France, in October,
1863, was transferred to the command of a divis
ion in Longstreet's corps, Army ofthe Tennessee.
He resumed practice in Lexington, Ky., in 1865,
was a delegate to the Democratic national con
ventions of 1868 and 1880, and a representative in
the state legislature in 1869. He died in Lexing
ton, Ky., Sept. 27, 1887.
PRESTON, William Ballard, cabinet officer,
was born in Smithfield, Va., Nov. 25, 1805 ; sonof
Gov. James Patton (q.v.) and Ann (Taylor) Pres
ton. He was a student at the University of Vir
ginia, was admitted to the bar, and practised suc
cessfully in his native state, meantime serving as
a representative in the Virginia legislature, and
as a state senator. He married a Miss Redd of
Virginia. He was a Whig representative from

Virginia in the 30th congress, 1847-49 ; and
secretary of the navy in President Taylor's cab
inet, from March 8, 1849 to July 22, 1850. He
visited France in 1858-59, as an agent from Vir
ginia, to effect the establishment of a direct line
of steamers between Norfolk and Havre, but the
plan was defeated by the civil war. He was a
delegate from Virginia to the Provisional Confed
erate congress that met at Richmond, July, 20,
1861, where he still sought to prevent war. He
was elected a senator from Virginia in the first
Confederate congress, which met Feb. 22, 1862,
being succeeded on his death by Allen T. Caper-
ton. He died at Smithfield, Va., Nov. 16, 1862.
PRESTON, William Campbell, senator, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 27, 1794; son of
Francis (q.v.) and Sarah (Campbell) Preston.
His maternal grandmother was the sister of
Patrick Henry. He matriculated at Washington
college, Va., but was
obliged to leave on
account of ill health ;
was graduated at
South Carolina col
lege, A.B., 1812, and
studied law in the
office of William Wirt
of Richmond, Va. In
1816 he went abroad
for the benefit of his
health. He formed
the acquaintance of
Washington Irving,
with whom he trav
eled through Swit
zerland, Scotland,
northern England and Wales, and attended
the lectures at Edinburgh university. He was
admitted to the bar in 1820, practised in Vir
ginia, 1820-22, and in 1822 settled in practice
in Columbia, S.C, in partnership with D. J.
McCord. He was married first, in 1820, to Maria
Coalter, and secondly, in 1831, to Penelope,
daughter of Dr. James Davis of Columbia, S.C.
He was a representative in the South Carolina
legislature, 1829-32, where he was a leader of
the Nullification party ; was elected to the U.S
senate from South Carolina as a Calhoun Demo.
crat, serving, 1833-39, and was re-elected for a
second term to expire March 3, 1845, but resigned
in January, 1843, George McDuffin completing
his term, and again took up his profession in
Columbia. He was trustee of South Carolina
college, 1823-46 and 1851-57 ; president of the
college and professor of belles lettres, 1845-51,
and during his administration greatly improved
the financial condition of the college and raised
its standard. He received the degree LL.D. from
Harvard in 1846 and established the Columbia
[348]

PREVOST

PRICE

Athenseum, presenting to it 3000 volumes from
his own library. He was a public speaker of
national reputation, and published a " Eulogy on
HughS. Legare" and several political, literary
and historical orations and addresses. He died
at Columbia, S.C, May 22, 1860.
PREVOST, Charles Mallet, soldier, was born
in Baltimore, Md., Sept. 19, 1818 ; son of Gen.
Andrew M. Prevost, a native of Geneva, Switzer
land, who came to America in 1794, and was com
mander of the 1st Pennsylvania artillery in the
war of 1812, and grandson of Paul Henry Mallet
Prevost who purchased a tract of land' at Alex
andria (Frenchtown), Hunterdon county, N.J. ,
in 1794. He was liberally educated ; was admitted
to the Philadelphia bar in 1839 ; was U.S.
marshal for the territory of Wisconsin, 1841-45,
and deputy collector of the port of Philadelphia
for several years. He joined the volunteer army
in 1861 as captain ; subsequently became assistant
adjutant-general on the staff of Gen. Frank Pat
terson ; took part in the Peninsular campaign ;
was promoted colonel, and transferred to the
command of the 118th Pennsylvania volunteers
in the 1st brigade, 1st division, 5th army corps,
under Gen. Fitz-John Porter. In the battle of
Antietam, Sept. 16-17, 1862, while rallying his
men, he received two serious wounds from which
, he never fully recovered. He rejoined his regi
ment and fought at Chancellorsville, May 2-4, 1863,
although deprived of the use of an arm, and was
subsequently obliged to decline the appointment to
organize the Veteran reserve corps at Harrisburg,
Pa., on account of his wounds, but accepted the
colonelcy of the 16th regiment, Veteran volunteers,
in that corps. He was appointed major-general,
1st division, Pennsylvania national guard, 1865.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 5, 1887.
PRICE, Andrew, representative, was born at
Chatsworth Plantation, near Franklin, St. Mary's
parish, La., April 2, 1854 ; son of James B. and
Mary (Murphy) Price, and grandson of M. A.
and Maria (Barry) Price and of John B. and
Lucy (Brashear) Murphy. He was graduated
from the law department of Cumberland uni
versity, Lebanon, Tenn., in 1875, and at Washing
ton university, St. Louis, Mo., LL.B., in 1877 ;
practised law in St. Louis, Mo., 1877-SO, and in
1880 engaged in sugar planting at Thibodaux,
La. He was married, June 26, 1879, to Anna M. ,
daughter of Edward James (q.v.) and Lavinia
(Hynes) Gay of St. Louis Plantation, near
Plaquemine, La. He was a member of the
Democratic state central committee, 1884-88 ; a
delegate to the Democratic national convention
of 1888, and a Democratic representative from
the third Louisiana district in the 51st congress,
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his
father-in-law, and was re-elected to the 52d, 53d

and 54th congresses, serving, 1889-97. He served
as a delegate-at-large to the constitutional con
vention of the state of Louisiana held in New
Orleans in 1898.
PRICE, George Washington Fergus, educa
tor, was born in Butler county, Ala., Sept. 24,
1830. He was graduated at the University of
Alabama, A.B., 1848, A.M., 1851; was principal
of Eufaula academy, 1850-52; pastor of the
Methodist church, Marianna, Fla.. 1852-53 ; pro
fessor at Auburn Female college, 1853-56 ; pro
fessor in the Tuskegee Female college, 1856-58 ;
president of that institution, 1858-72 ; superin
tendent of the Nitre and Mining bureau, Con
federate States government, 1863-64 ; president
of Huntsville Female college, 1872-80 ; and in 1880-
established and in 1881 became president of the
Nashville College for Young Ladies, which closed
its doors in June, 1899, after having enjoyed a
remarkable growth, its pupils at the death of
President Price numbering over 500. He received
the degree D.D. from the University of Alabama,
1876. He died in Nashville, Tenn., April 1, 1899.
PRICE, Hiram, representative, was born in
Washington county, Pa., Jan. 10, 1814. He at
tended the common schools ; was » merchant's
clerk ; engaged in farming for a time ; was mar
ried in 1834 to Susan Betts, and in 1844 removed
to Davenport, Iowa, where he established him
self as a merchant. He served as school-fund
commissioner of Scott county for eight years ;
collector, treasurer and recorder of the county
for seven years, and was president of the state
bank of Iowa, 1859-66, during which time the
thirteen branches of that bank were changed to
national banks without the loss of a dollar. He
was paymaster-general of Iowa in 1861 , and as the
state had no public funds, he quartered and sub
sisted about 5,000 infantry and cavalry for several
months from his individual means and also
advanced $5,000 to pay off the 1st, 2d and 3d
Iowa regiments. He was a Republican representa
tive from Iowa in the 38th, 39th, 40th congresses,
1863-69, serving in the 39th congress as chairman
of the committee on the Pacific railroad and as a
member of the committee on Revolutionary
pensions. He subsequently spent some time in
Europe ; was re-elected to the 45th and 46th
congresses, serving, 1877-81, and in 1880 declined
re-nomination. He was U.S. commissioner of
Indian affairs, 1881-85. He died in Washington,
D.C, May 30, 1901.
PRICE, Rodman McCamley, governor of New
Jersey, was born in Sussex county, N.J., May 5,
1816. He attended the College of New Jersey but
did not graduate, owing to ill health, and later
became a lawyer. He was appointed purser in
the U.S. navy, Nov. 5, 1840, serving on the Ful
ton, and on the frigate Missouri when destroyed

[349]

PRICE

PRICE

hy fire in 1841 at Gibraltar ; was transferred to
the Cyane, and joined the squadron of Commodore
Sloat at Monterey, Cal., where he advised and
aided in taking formal possession of that country,
July 7, 1846. He was appointed prefect and al
calde, and was the first citi
zen of the United States to
exer®ise judical functions in
California. He carried secret
dispatches to General Scott
in Mexico, and a report of
the military and naval oper
ations to President Polk in
Washington. On his return to California he was
a member of the convention that framed the state
constitution, and was appointed naval agent of
the Pacific coast. He resigned from the U.S. navy,
Dec. 16, 1850, and in returning to New Jersey on
the steamer Orleans, which was burned at St.
John, he lost large sums of money, valuable
papers, vouchers and accounts. He was a Demo
cratic representative from New Jersey in the 32d
congress, 1851-53 ; was defeated for re-election ;
and was governor of New Jersey, 1854-57. During
his term the normal school of the state was estab
lished ; the militia system improved ; the first
life-saving apparatus and stations on the New
Jersey coast organized, and the exclusive rights
and privileges, granted to the Camden and Am
boy railroad in 1830, were settled by fixing a date
to terminate the monopoly. He was involved in
a litigation with the U.S. government, which ex
tended from 1850 to 1890, in which he sought to
recover $75,000 advanced to his successor, the naval
agent at California, pending the arrival of the
government funds. In 1856 the government be
gan an unsuccessful counter-suit against him for
money alleged to have been withheld by him as
naval agent. He renewed his suit against the
government for $75,000, and in 1890 congress
ordered the payment of the claim, from which
the sum of $60,000 was deducted by the Treasury
officials. In 1892, however, the U.S. court of
claims awarded him $45,704. He was arrested
and imprisoned on a charge brought by the heirs
of Samuel Forrest, U.S.N., of misappropriating
the funds of that officer, and he died at Oakland,
N.J., June 7, 1894, before the court reached a de
cision on his case.
PRICE, Samuel, senator, was born in Fauquier
county, Va., Aug. 18, 1805. His parents removed
to Preston county in 1817, and he was fitted for
the law. He practised first in Nicholas county,
then in Braxton county, and subsequently in
Lewisburg, Greenbrier county. He was clerk
of the Nicholas county court, 1831 ; state's attor
ney, 1833 ; represented Nicholas and Fayette
counties in the Virginia legislature, 1834-36 ; was
commonwealth's attorney for Braxton county,

W^€SS::

[350]

1836-50, and represented Greenbrier county in
the legislature four terms, 1847-52. He was a
member of the state constitutional convention of
1850-51, and of the secession convention of 1861,
where he opposed the measure but supported the
Confederate States govern ment. "He was elected
lieutenant-governor of Virginia and president of
the state senate, 1863-65, and was appointed a
U.S. circuit judge in 1865, but declined to take
the prescribed oath. He was a delegate to the
constitutional convention of West Virginia in
1872, and president of that body ; an unsuccess
ful candidate for the U.S. senate in 1876, and
was appointed U.S. senator to fill the vacancy
caused by the death of Allen T. Caperton, serving
from Dec. 4, 1876, to March 3, 1877. He died in
Leesburg, W. Va., Feb. 25, 1884.
PRICE, Sterling, soldier, was born in Prince
Edward county, Va., Sept. 11, 1809 ; son of Pugh
W. Price. He attended Hampden-Sidney college,
Va. ; studied law under Chancellor Creed Taylor
in the clerk's office at Prince Edward courthouse,
and with his father's
family settled in ^s^^&.
Keytesville, Chariton ^P^^fill
county, Mo., in 1831. JjF |||
He was married,'May
14, 1833, to Martha,
daughter of Capt.
John Head of Ran
dolph county, Mo.
He was a representa
tive in the Mis
souri legislature, and
speaker of the house,
1840-44, and a Demo
cratic representative
from Missouri in the
29th congress, 1845-40, f
resigning in 1846 to raise the 2d Missouri cavalry
for service in the Mexican war. He was com
missioned colonel, Aug. 12, 1846, and with others
his regiment made the march from Fort Leaven
worth, Kan., 1000 miles and upward to Santa Fe,
where he was left with 2000 men, being assigned
to the command of New Mexico by Gen. S. W.
Kearny, who commanded the expedition and was
en route to the Pacific. An insurrection was
planned by the Mexicans in possession of the
province, which was partially successful, but
Colonel Price succeeded in routing the enemy at
Puebla de Taos, convicted the leader of treason
and gained possession of the whole province.
For his action he was.promoted brigadier-general
of volunteers, July 20, 1847 ; was "made military
governor of Chihuahua, and defeated the Mex
icans at Santa Cruz de Rosales, March 16, 1848.
He returned to Missouri in 1848, and engaged in
farming at Bowling Green Prairie. He was gov^

i/i£5~z£*>4: y~^

'Ty-oV

PRICE

PRICE

ernor of Missouri, 1853-57 ; state bank commis
sioner, 1857-61, and president of the conservative
state convention that met March 4, 1861, and
strenuously opposed secession. The capture of
Camp Jackson by Captain Lyon caused Price to
give his support "to Governor Jackson, who ap
pointed him major-general of the Missouri state
guard, May 18, 1861, the state authorities having
decided to resist the Federal troops, and in the en
gagement between Governor Jackson and General
Lyon at Booneville, June 17, 1861, the state
militia was defeated and dispersed. General
Price had meantime gathered 7000 men, mostly
unarmed, at Carthage, Mo., and in three weeks
had them armed and disciplined. Here he was
joined by Gen. Ben McCulloch and Gen. N. B.
Pearce with Confederate troops and Arkansas
militia, and with General McCulloch as com
mander-in-chief, defeated the Federals under
Lyon and Sigel at Wilson's Creek, within ten
miles of Springfield, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861, where
General Lyon was killed. General Price ad
vanced to Springfield, sending Gen. J. S. Rains
to clear the western counties of Federal maraud
ing bands; captured Lexington and 3500 men
under Colonel Mulligan, with 300 stands of small
arms and immense stores, Sept. 21, 1861, and
went into winter quarters at Springfield, whence
he was driven into Arkansas by Gen. S. R. Curtis,
Feb. 12, 1862. He was commissioned major-gen
eral, March 6, 1862; joined Gen. Earl Van Dorn's
army, and had command of nine divisions made
up of Missouri state guard and volunteer troops.
After the battle at Pea Ridge (Elkhorn), Ark.,
March 7, 1862, where he was again wounded,
narrowly escaping death, he was assigned the
same month to the command of the Army of the
West. He was ordered to reinforce Beauregard
at Corinth in April, and after Beauregard with
drew from the field of Shiloh, April 7, 1862, Price
with his army was ordered to Memphis, but at
once proceeded to Corinth to join the army under
Beauregard, where Bragg, Van Dorn, Polk, Har
dee and Breckinridge had their respective forces.
They determined on May 30th to evacuate Corinth
and make a stand at Tupelo, and after Bragg had
assumed command Price was ordered to march
north. He took possession of Iuka, Miss., Sept.
11, 1862, his plan being to draw the Federal
troops from Corinth and enable Van Dorn to
capture it. His Army of the West was attacked
by Rosecrans at Iuka, Sept. 19, 1862, and de
feated, after which he joined Van Dorn in an
attack on Corinth, which movement resulted in
a disastrous, defeat, Oct. 2-4, 1862. He was at
tached to the Department of East Mississippi and
Louisiana under Gen. John C. Pemberton during
the winter of 1862-63 ; on Feb. 7, 1863, was sent
to report to Gen. E. Kirby Smith, who had re

lieved Gen. T. H. Holmes, and was assigned to
the command of Hindinan's division at Little-
Rock, Ark., April 1, 1863. He was ordered to-
move upon Helena, and on July 4th succeeded in
capturing Graveyard Hill. On July 25th, Holmes-
having been obliged to fall back to the White
River, too ill to continue the campaign, Price suc
ceeded to the command of the District of Arkan
sas and concentrated his force of 7749 men for
the defence of Little Rock, which place he began
to fortify. He was driven from Little Rock, Sept.
10, 1863, by Gen. Frederick Steele, but he re
treated undisturbed to Arkadelphia, and on Sept.
25, Holmes resuming command, Price was given
command of the district of Arkansas south of
Camden. On April 26, 1864, he assumed full
command of the Arkansas and Missouri divisions ;.
fought the battle of Jenkins's Ferry, April 30,
1864, and was driven back, after which he organ
ized his force for an expedition into Missouri,
which he led in person, making St. Louis his ob
jective point. He attacked Pilot Knob, Sept. 27,
1864, and successfully drove the Federal army
under Ewing within tho fortifications of St.
Louis, but he was repulsed by Gen. A. J. Smith
and changed his line of march toward Jefferson
City, the state capital, followed by the Federal
forces from St. Louis. This opposition deter
mined him to abandon his purpose and march
into Kansas. En route he conscripted all able-
bodied men, largely augmenting his force ; fought
a successful battle with Blunt at Lexington, Mo.,
Oct. 21, 1864, but was routed by Pleasonton 's
cavalry on the 22d, east of Independence, and
on the 23d made a stand near Westport, where,
after maintaining his ground all day, he was
compelled to fall back at night and retreated
along the state line southward. At Mine Creek,
Linn county, Kansas, he formed another line of
battle on the 25th, when the Federal cavalry
broke his line, capturing Generals Marmaduke and
Cahill and most of his artillery. He made
another stand at Newtonia on the 28th, where he
gave a stubborn fight, but was finally forced to
fall back and crossed the Arkansas river above
Fort Smith. General Price reported: "I have
marched 1434 miles, fought 43 battles and skir
mishes, captured and paroled over 3000 Federal
officers and men, captured 18 pieces of artillery,
3000 stands of arms and 16 colors .... and des
troyed property to the cost of $10,000,000 ; with
a loss of 10 pieces of artillery and 1000 small
arms. I do not think I lost 1000 prisoners ....
I brought with me 5000 recruits." In 1865 he
settled in Cordoba, Mexico, intending to form a
colony of Southern emigrants, but his plan not
meeting with favor, he retired to St. Louis, where
he engaged in the commission business. He
died in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 29, 1867.

[351]

PRICE

PRIESTLEY

PRICE, Thomas Lawson, representative, was
born near Danville, Va., Jan. 19, 1809; son of
Major Price, a wealthy tobacco planter ; grand
son of William Price, and a descendant of Eng
lish ancestry, who settled in Virginia in the
seventeenth century. On the death of his father
in 1831, he removed to Missouri, and in 1832
located in Jefferson City. He was married, first
in 1830, to Lydia Botton of Casewell county,
N.C. ; and secondly, April 20, 1854, to Caroline
V., daughter of Isaac Long of Page county, Va.
He invested in real estate in both St. Louis and
Jefferson City, and in 1838 started the first stage
line between those points and carried the U.S.
mail. Subsequently he controlled all the im
portant stage lines in the state, and was a lessee
of the state penitentiary. He was the , first
mayor of Jefferson City, 1839-40 ; was defeated
as a candidate for state senator in 1845 ; was ap
pointed brevet major-general of the 6th division
of the Missouri militia in 1847, and was elected
lieutenant-governor of the state on the Demo
cratic ticket in 1849. He headed the Benton
faction at the Democratic national convention
in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856, when they were re
fused admission. He represented Cole county in
the state legislature in 1860, and in 1861 adhered
to the Union cause and was appointed brigadier-
general of state militia by Gen. John C Fremont,
Sept. 21, 1861, for the term expiring July 17, 1862.
He was elected a representative to the 37th con
gress to take the place of John W. Reid, expelled,
serving from Jan. 21, 1862, to March 3, 1863 ; was
defeated for the 38th congress in 1862 and for
governor of Missouri in 1864, and was a delegate
to the Democratic national conventions of 1864
and 1868. He was also a delegate to the Union
convention at Philadelphia in 1866. He was in
fluential in inducing the state to lend its aid to
the construction of the Iron Mountain and the
Hannibal and St. Joseph railroads ; was a con
tractor in the construction of the Missouri Pacific
and the Kansas Pacific railroads, and a fund
commissioner and director of the latter road.
He died in Jefferson City, Mo., July 16, 1870.
PRICHARD, Sarah Johnson, author, was born
in Waterbury, Conn., Jan. 11, 1830 ; daughter of
Elizur Edwin and Betsey Jeanette (Cooper)
Prichard ; granddaughter of David, Jr., and
Anna (Hitchcok) Pritchard, and of Asa and
Hannah (Botsford) Cooper, and a descendant in
the seventh generation from Roger and Elizabeth
(Prudden) Pritchard and in the eighth generation
from John and Mary Cooper. She was a student
at Waterbury academy ; at Dwight Place semi
nary, New Haven, Conn., 1846-47, and was gradu
ated from Mrs. Emma Willard's seminary, Troy,
N.Y., in 1849, subsequently devoting herself to
literature and historical research. She served as

vice-president of the Mattatuck Historical society,
and was elected a member of the American His
torical society. She is the author of: Martha's
Hooks and Eyes (1859); Hugh's Fire on the Moun
tain (1861) ; Nat's Shoes (1862); Kenny Carle's
Uniform (1863); Joe and Jim (1865); The Old
Stone Chimney (1865); Margie's Matches (1866);
Faye Mar of Stone Cliff (1868) ; Rose Marbury
(1870); Shawney and the Lighthouse (1821); Aunt
Sadie's Cow (1872); History of Waterbury, 1674-
1784 (1896) ; Tlie Only Woman in Town (1898),
and mauy magazine articles and stories.
PRIEST, Ira Allen, educator, was born in
Mechanicsville, Vt., May 20, 1856 ; son of Darius
D. and Emaline (Graves) Priest ; grandson of
Ethan and Hannah (Dawley) Priest and of Ly
man and  (Richardson) Graves, and a de
scendant of Elijah Priest, a veteran of the Revo
lution, who was a descendant of Degorie Priest
of the Mayflower. He was graduated at Tufts
college, Medford, Mass., Ph.B., 1884, A.M., 1887,
and S.T.B., 1887 ; and was married, June 23, 1887,
to Eva N., daughter of Jesse and Belle (Shepherd)
Hall of Lacon, 111. He was ordained to the
ministry at Monson, Mass., in October, 1887, and
was pastor of Universalist churches at Monson,
1887-89; Adams, 1889-92; Newtonville, 1892-96;
Akron, Ohio, 1896-97, and president of Buchtel
college, Akron, Ohio, 1897-1901. In 1903 he was
engaged in reading law in Akron, Ohio. He re
ceived the degree of D.D. from Tufts college in
1898, and was commissioned chaplain in the Ohio
national guards in 1899.
PRIESTLEY, Joseph, scientist, was born at
Fieldhead, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England
March 13, 1733 ; son of Jonas and  (Swift)
Priestley. His father was a woolen cloth-dresser,
and his mother died in 1740. He was adopted by
his aunt, Mrs. Keighley, in 1742, and was edu
cated under her direction. He attended the
theological academy at Daventry, Northampton
shire, 1752-55, intending to become a dissenting
minister ; preached for a time in an obscure
meeting-house in Suffolk, but was not successful,
owing to his Arian views. He taught school at
Nantwioh, Cheshire, 1758-61, and was tutor in
languages and belles-lettres at a new dissenting
academy at Warrington, Lancashire, 1761-67. *
He was married in 1762 to a daughter of Isaac
Wilkinson, an iron-master near Wexham, Wales.
While at Warrington, he was ordained to the
dissenting ministry and preached in the chapel
there. He met Benjamin Franklin about this
time and became greatly interested in the study
of electricity; and when, 1767-73, he was settled
over a church at Leeds, he divided his time
between the study of theology and of science.
For five years he held the position of literary
companion to the Earl of Shelburne, and was

[353]

PRIESTLEY

PRIME

thus enabled to travel in Europe and study in
England. Chemical laboratory work was new to
Priestley, and the simplicity and ingenuity of his
apparatus is remarkable, many of his devices
being used to-day. He discovered nitric acid
(HNO8) in 1772, and two years later discovered
oxygen, and demonstrated its superiority to an
as a supporter of animal life. In the next five
years he discovered many important chemical
compounds, and his accuracy in determining
their properties is noteworthy. He was settled
over a dissenting congregation in Birmingham,
1780, and owing to political and religious antag
onism, his chapel, laboratory and library were
destroyed, July 14, 1791. He fled to London, and
in 1794, after he had received damages to the
amount of over £2,500, he sailed for New York.
There he was warmly received, but declined
many flattering invitations to lecture, preferring
to make his home with his sons, who had
previously settled in Northumberland, Pa. He
delivered two series of theological lectures and
declined the presidency of the University of
North Carolina. A laboratory was built for him
at Northumberland, and he continued his experi
ments, exhibiting that exactness and accuracy
of detail that make his experiments so valuable.
He received the degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh,
and in 1766 was elected a member of the Royal
society. A monument was erected to him at
Leeds, a statue of him was placed in the corridor
of the museum at Oxford in 1860, and in 1874 a
statue to his memory was erected in Birming
ham. Dr. Priestley wrote more than three
hundred books, the most significant of which
are: Rudiments of English Grammar ,(1761);
Course of Lectures on the Theory of Language
and Universal Grammar (1762) ; History and
Present State of Electricity, with Original Ex
periments (1767) ; Discoveries in Vision, Light and
Colors (2 vols. , 1772) ; Experiments and Observa
tions Relating to Natural Philosophy with a Con
tinuation of the Observations on Air (3 vols., 1779-
86); Early Opinions Concerning Christ (4 vols.,
1786); Lectures on History and General Policy
(1778); Evidence of Revealed Religion (1784):
Letters to Rt. Hon. E. Burke, occasioned by his
Reflections on the Revolution in France (1791);
Answer to Mr. Paine's Age of Reason (1795) ;
Comparison of the Institutions of Moses with
those of the Hindoos and other Nations ( 1799) ;
General History of the Christian Church to the
Fall of the Western Empire (4 vols., 1802-03);
Notes on all the Books of Scripture (1803), and
The Doctrine of Heathen Philosophy compared
with those of Revelation (1804) . See John Cony's
"Life of J. Priestley" (1805); "Memoirs of Dr.
Joseph Priestley to the Year 1795, Written by
Himself, with a Continuation to the Time of his

Decease by his Son, Joseph Priestley " (1806-07);
and " The Scientific Correspondence of the Rev.
Joseph Priestley " by Dr. H. Carrington Bolton.
He died in Northumberland, Pa., Feb. 6, 1804.
PRIESTLY, James, educator, was born either
in Pennsylvania or Virginia, and early in life
removed to Kentucky. He was elected the second
president of Cumberland- university (University

BER1.-A.AIP
AJ I VtRt"ITV

"^Tm'Ii'i/^i
of Nashville), Tenn., Oct. 24, 1809, and began his
administration in January, 1810, with the Rev.
William Hume as assistant professor and George
Martin as tutor. They constituted the teaching
force until the college exercises were suspended
in October, 1816. In November, 1820, the insti
tution was again opened, and Dr. Priestly served
as its president until his death, Philip Lindsley
succeeding to the presidency in 1824. He died
in Nashville, Tenn., Feb. 6, 1821.
PRIME, Benjamin Youngs, physician, was
born in Huntington, L.I., N.Y., Dec. 20,1733;
son of the Rev. Ebenezer and Experience (Youngs)
Prime. He was graduated at the College of New
Jersey, A.B., 1751, A.M., 1754, studied medicine
under Dr. Jacob Ogden at Jamaica, L.I., and
practised at Easthampton. He was a tutor in
the College of New Jersey, 1756-57 ; went abroad
in 1762 ; visited medical schools in Europe ; was
graduated at the University of Leyden, M.D.,
1764, and in the same year began practice in
New York city. He published "A Song for the
Sons of Liberty in New York " on the passage of
the stamp act in 1765. He was married, Dec.
18, 1774, to Mary (Wheelwright) Greaton, widow
of the Rev. John Greaton of Huntington, L.I.
He retired to Huntington, L.I., previous to 1775,
and in that year was forced to flee to Connecti
cut, where he remained until the conclusion of
peace in 1783, after endeavoring in vain to secure
a commission in the army. He received the
degree of A.M. from Yale in 1760. He is the
author of : The Patriot Muse, or Poems on Some
of the Principal Events of the Late War:
Together with a Poem on Peace (1764) ; Colum
bia's Glory, or British Pride Humbled : A Poem
on the American Revolution (1791). After his

[353]

PRIME

PRIME •

death various of his poems were collected and
published as : Muscipula : Sive Cambromyoma-
chia ; The Mouse-Trap : or the Battle of the
Welsh and the Mice : in Latin and English.
With other Poems in different languages, By an
American (1840). He died in Huntington, L.I.,
N.Y., Oct. 31, 1791.
PRIME, Ebenezer, clergyman, was born in
Milford, Conn., July 21,1700 ; grandson of James
Prime of Huguenot descent, who emigrated from
Doncaster, Yorkshire, England, with his brother
Mark, and settled in Milford, Conn., in 1644.
He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1718, A.M.,
1721 ; studied for the ministry under the Rev.
Samuel Andrew, A.M., president pro tempore of
Yale, 1707-19; was assistant to the Rev. Eliphalet
Jones at Huntington, L.I. , N.Y., 1719-23: was
ordained to the Congregational ministry, June
5, 1723, and was pastor at Huntington, 1723-79,
organizing the presbytery of Long Island in 1747.
He was a staunch patriot during the Revolution,
although he suffered much. He was driven from
his home and church in his old age, both build
ings being occupied by British troops who de
stroyed his library, and after his death Count
Rumford tore down the church and used the
materials in building barracks and block-houses
in the grave yard. He was married first, Oct. 2,
1723, to Margaret, daughter of Nathaniel Sylves
ter of Shelter Island ; secondly, Nov. 12, 1730,
to Experience, daughter of Benjamin Youngs of
Southold, L.I.,N.Y., and thirdly, March 10, 1751,
to Hannah Carll of Huntington, L.I., N.Y. He
published : Ordination to the Gospel Ministry,
sermon (1754); Tlie Pastor at Large Vindicated
(1758) ; The Divine Institution of Preaching the
Gospel Considered (1758), and The Importance of
the Divine Presence with the Armies of God's
People in their Martial Enterprises (1759). He
died in Huntington, L.I.,N.Y., Sept. 25, 1779.
PRIME, Edward Dorr Griffin, clergyman and
author, was born in Cambridge, N.Y., Nov. 2,
1814; son of the Rev. Nathaniel Scudder (q.v.)
and Julia Ann (Jermain) Prime. Edward D. G.
Prime was prepared for college at Washington
academy, Cambridge, N.Y. ; was graduated at
Union, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835, and taught in his
father's academy at Mount Pleasant, Sing Sing,
1832-35. He studied medicine under Dr. Adrian
K. Hoffman, but abandoned it for the ministry,
and was graduated at Princeton Theological
seminary in 1838. He was licensed to preach by
the North River presbytery, May 16, 1858 ; was
assistant pastor of the church at Scotch town,
N.Y., 1838-47 ; was ordained, June 12, 1839, and
vvas sole pastor, 1847-51. He spent the winters of
1850 and 1851 in New Orleans, La., and Augusta,
Ga., respectively ; was pastor of the Presbyterian
church on Eighty-Sixth St., New York city, 1852-

86 ; was editor of the New York Observer, 1853-54,,
during the absence of his brother Samuel
Irenaeus in Europe, associate editor of that-
paper, 1854-85, and editor-in-chief, 1885-86, when
he resigned, owing to ill-health. He was chaplain-
of the American embassy in Rome, 1854-55 ;¦.
traveled extensively in Europe during that sum
mer, and made a journey around the world, 1869-
70. He contributed to the Observer while on his
travels under the signature of " Eusebius," and
preached and lectured on the religious conditions
of various countries, on his return, in New York,
Philadelphia and other large cities. He was.
married first, Sept. 26, 1839, to Maria Darlington,
daughter of John S. Wilson of Princeton, N.J.,
and secondly, June 14, 1860, to Abbie Davis,
daughter of the Rev. William Goodell of Con
stantinople. He received the degree D.D. from
Jefferson college, Pa., in 1857. He is the author
of : Around the World : Sketches of Travel
Through Many Lands and Over Many Seas.
(1872): Forty Years in the Turkish Empire; or
Memoirs of Rev. William Goodell, D.D. (1876);.
Notes, Genealogical, Biographical and Biblio
graphical of the Prime Family, printed privately
(1888). He died in New York city, April 7, 1891.
PRIME, Nathaniel Scudder, clergyman, was.
born in Huntington, L.I., N.Y. , April 21, 1785;:
son of Dr. Benjamin Youngs and Mary (Wheel
wright) Greaton Prime. He was graduated from
the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1804, A.M.,
1807 ; studied theology in Huntington, Long-
Island, under the Rev. William Schenck (Prince
ton, 1767), pastor of the Presbyterian church
at Huntington ; was licensed to preach by the
presbytery of Long Island, Oct. 10, 1805, and
performed missionary work for several months.
He was pastor at Sag Harbor, L.I., 1806-09 ; was
married, July 5, 1808, to Julia Ann, daughter of
Maj. John and Margaret (Pierson) Jermain of
that place ; was ordained, Oct. 24, 1809, and was.
pastor at Smithtown and Fresh Pond, 1809-11 ;
at Milton, 1811-12, and at Cambridge, 1813-30,
being also principal of Washington academy,
Cambridge, 1821-30. He was principal of Mount
Pleasant academy, Sing Sing, N.Y., 1830-35, and
in 183 1 established a seminaiy for young women at
Sing Sing under the charge of his daughter, which
acquired a high reputation. He was also pastor at
Sing Sing, 1831-35, and engaged in missionary
work in Newburgh, N. Y., 1835-43. He was active
in moral reform in 1811, and preached a temper
ance sermon which resulted in the presbytery
of Long Island voting against the use of ardent.
spirits and wine. He was a trustee of Middlebury
college, Vermont. 1822-26; of Williams college,.
Massachusetts, 1826-31, and received the degree
D.D. from the College of New Jersey in 1848.
He is the author of: A Collection of Hymns.

[354]

PRIME

PRIME

(1809); The Pernicious Effects of Intemperance,
a sermon (1812); An Address to the Cambridge
Branch of the Moral Society of Washington
County (1815) ; A Plan for the More Successful
Management of Domestic Missions (1816) ; Divine
Truth, the Established Means of Sanctification, a
sermon (1817); A Familiar Illustration of Chris
tian Baptism (1818); The Year of Jubilee but not
to Africans (1825) ; History of Long Island (1845) .
He died in Mamaroneck, N.Y., March 27, 1856.
PRIME, Samuel Irenaeus, editor, was born
in Ballston, N.Y., Nov. 4, 1812 ; son of the Rev.
Nathaniel Scudder and Julia Ann (Jermain)
Prime. He was graduated at Williams col
lege, 1829 ; taught in Washington academy and
at Mount Pleasant, Sing Sing, N.Y., 1829-32, and
attended Princeton Theological seminary, 1832-33.
He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of
Bedford in 1833 ; was principal of the academy
at Weston, Conn., 1833-35, and was ordained by
the presbytery of Albany, June 4, 1835. He was
married first, Oct. 15, 1833, to Elizabeth Thornton,
daughter of Edward Kemeys of Sing Sing, N.Y. ,
and secondly, Aug. 17, 1835, to Eloisa Lemet,
daughter of Moses Williams of Ballston Spa,
N.Y. He was pastor at Ballston Spa, 1835-36 ;
principal of the academy at Newburgh, N.Y.,
1836-37, and pastor at Matteawan, N.Y., 1837-40.
He was editor of the New York Observer, 1840-49
and 1851-85, and proprietor, 1858-85 ; visited
Europe, Palestine and Egypt, 1853-54 ; made a
second visit to Europe in 1866, and a third in 1876,
and in all his travels wrote weekly contributions to
the Observer, under the signature " Irenaeus." He
was secretary of the American Bible society in
1849, and editor of tlie Presbyterian at Philadel
phia, Pa., in 1850. He resided in Newark, N.J. ,
Brooklyn, N.Y., and New York city. He was a
delegate to the fifth general conference of the
Evangelical alliance at Amsterdam in 1867 ; cor
responding secretary of the American alliance,
1867-84 ; a vice-president and director of the
American Tract society, and of the American
and Foreign Christian union, and a founder and

WELLS COLLEGE.
AURORA, /M.Y.

president of the New York Association for the
Advancement of Science and Art. He was also
president of Wells college for women at Aurora,
N.Y., 1869-73,; a trustee, 1870-85; trustee of

Williams college, 1869-85, and a member of
various religious, benevolent and literary societies.
He received the degree D.D. from Hampden-
Sidney college in 1854. lie contributed to
Harper's Magazine for more than twelve years,
and is the author of : The Old White Meeting-House
(1845); Life in New York (1845); Annals of the
English Bible (1849); Thoughts on the Death of
Little Children (1852 ; 2d ed., 1865); Travels in
Europe and the East (2 vols., 1855); Tlie Power
of Prayer, translated into French and Tamil
(1858); The Bible in the Levant ; American Wit and
Humor (1859); Letters from Switzerland (1860);
Memoirs of Rev. Nicholas Murray, D.D. (1862);
Kirwan (1862); Memoirs of Mrs. Joanna Bethune
(1863); Five Years of Prayer and ihe Answers
(1864); Fifteen Years of Prayer (1872); Walking
with God (1872); The Alhambra and the Kremlin
( 1873) ; Songs of the Soul (1874) : Life of S. F. B.
Morse, LL.D. (1875); Irenaeus Letters (1st ser.,
1880 ; 2d ser., 1885) ; Prayer audits Answer (1882).
He died in Manchester, Vt., July 18, 1885.
PRIME, William Cowper, journalist, was
born in Cambridge, NY., Oct. 31, 1825; son of
the Rev. Nathaniel Scudder and Julia Ann (Jer
main) Prime. He was graduated at the College
of New Jersey, A.B., 1843, A.M., 1846; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1846, and practiced law in
New York city, 1846-61. He was married, May
1, 1851, to Mary, daughter of the Hon. Gurdon
Trumbull of Stonington, Conn. He was part
owner and one of the managers of the New York
Journal of Commerce, 1861-84, and its editor-in-
chief, 1861-69. He traveled iu Europe and the
Holy Land, 1855-56 and 1869-70, and studied
the art of book illustration, making a collection
of the woodcuts of the 15th and 16th centuries.
He was elected first vice-president of the Metro4
politan Museum of Fine Arts in 1874 ; received
the degree of LL.D. from the College of New
Jersey in 1875, and presented the art department
of that institution with a very complete collection
of ]Dottery in memory of his wife. He was elected
professor of the history of art in the College of
New Jersey in 1884, having been influential in
establishing that chair. He contributed to mag
azines and reviews, including a weekly letter
to the Journal of Commerce from 1846, and is the
author of : The Owl Creek Letters and Other Cor
respondence (1848); The Old House by the River
(1853); Later Years (1854); Boat Life in Egypt
and Nubia (1857); Tent Life in the Holy Land.
(1857); Coins, Medals and Seals, Ancient and
Modern (1861); O Mother Dear, Jerusalem; The
Old Hymn with its Origin and Genealogy (1865);
I go a-fishing (1873); Holy Cross (1877), and
Porcelain of All Times and Nations (1878). He
also edited " McClellan's Own Story," (1886) and
wrote the biographical sketch attached.

[355]

PRINCE

PK11NU.K

PRINCE, George Washington, representative,
was born in Tazewell county, 111., March 4, 1854;
son of Almyron and Barbara (Fast) Prince. He
was graduated at Knox college, Galesburg, 111.,
in 1878 ; was admitted to the bar in 1880, and
settled in practice at Galesburg in the same year.
He was married, April 20, 1882, to Lillie C,
daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Hudson)
Ferris of Galesburg, 111. » He was city attorney
in 1881, chairman of the Republican central com
mittee of Knox county in 1884 ; a representative
in the Illinois legislature, 1888-91 ; the Republi
can candidate for attorney-general of Illinois in
1892, and a Republican representative from the
tenth Illinois district in the 54th congress to
complete the term of Gen. Philip Sidney Post,
deceased, and in the 55th, 56th, 57th and 58th
congresses, 1895-1905.
PRINCE, Helen Choate, author, was born in
Dorchester, Mass., Nov. 26, 1857 ; daughter of
Edward Ellerton and Miriam Foster (Choate)
Pratt ; granddaughter of George and Abigail
(Lodge) Pratt and of Rufus and Helen (Olcott)
Choate ; a paternal descendant of Governor
Walley of Connecticut, and a maternal descend
ant of the first Choate, who made his home on
Choate Island, Essex, Mass., early in the seven
teenth century. She received her education in
private schools in Boston, Mass. She was mar
ried, June 7, 1881, to Charles Albert Prince of
Boston, Mass., and after 1893 made her home in
Paris, France. Her published books include :
The Story of Christine Rochefort (1895); A
Transatlantic Chatelaine (1897); At The Sign of
the Silver Crescent (1898); The Strongest Master
(1902). PRINCE, Henry, soldier, was born in East-
port, Maine, June 19, 1811. He was graduated
at the U.S. Military academy and assigned to
the 4th U.S. infantry, Sept. 18, 1835 ; served in.
Florida, 1836-38, and was wounded in a skirmish
at Camp Izard, Feb. 29, 1836. He was promoted
2d lieutenant, June 11, 1838 ; 1st lieutenant, July
7, 1838 ; served on frontier duty among the Creek
Indians at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, 1839-41,
and in Florida, 1841-42. He was in garrison,
1842-44 ; on coast survey and recruiting service,
1844-46, and adjutant of the 4th infantry, 1846-
47, being present at the capture of San Antonio,
the battle of Churubusco and of Molino del Rey,
where he was severely wounded. He was bre
vetted captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for Contreras and
Churubusco; was promoted captain, Sept. 26,
1847, and brevetted major, Sept. 8, 1847 for
Molino del Rey. He was an invalid from his
wounds, 1847-50 ; on coast survey duty, 1850-55 ;
commanded Fort Steilacoom, Washington Ter
ritory, and on paymaster duty, 1855-58. He took
part in the Utah campaign, 1858-59, and was

commissioned brigadier-general of U.S. volun
teers, April 28, 1862. In the battle of Cedar
Mountain, Aug. 9, 1862, he commanded the 2d
brigade in Augur's 2d division, Banks's 2d corps,
and when General Augur was wounded he suc
ceeded to the command of the division. He was
captured and held as a prisoner of war until
December, 1862. He was brevetted lieutenant-
colonel, U.S.A., for Cedar Mountain, and on his
release took part in the operations in eastern-
North Carolina early in 1863. He was ordered
to Maryland in June, 1863, being engaged in the
action at Wapping Heights,. Va., July 23, and in
the Rapidan campaign, October to December,
1863, where he commanded a division in the 3d
corps, and was prominent in the attack on the
Confederates entrenched at Antioch Church, Nov.
29, 1863. He commanded the district of Colum
bus, Ky., April to August, 1864 ; took part in the
pursuit of Forrest's raiders in Tennessee and
Alabama. October to November, 1864, and com
manded a provisional division on the coast of
South Carolina, January to May, 1865. He was
brevetted colonel and brigadier-general, U.S.A.,
March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser
vices during the war and in the field ; served on
courts-martial in Washington, D.C, 1865-66, and
was mustered out of the volunteer service, April
30, 1866. He served as paymaster at Boston,
Mass., 1866-69 ; as chief paymaster of the depart
ment of the east, 1869-71, and as paymaster in
New York city, 1871-75. He was chief paymaster
of the division of the Pacific, 1875-77 ; was pro
moted lieutenant-colonel, and made department
paymaster-general, March 3, 1877, and was retired,
Dec. 31, 1879. He committed suicide in London,
England, Aug. 19, 1892.
PRINCE, John Dyneley, philologist, was born
in New York city, April 17, 1868 ; son of John
Dyneley and Anna (Morris) Prince : grandson of
John Dyneley and Mary (Travers) Prince and of
Thomas H. and Mary (Johnson) Morris, and
great-grandson of Reverdy Johnson (q.v.). He
was graduated from Columbia, A.B. in 1888 ;
studied Semitic languages at Berlin university,
Germany, 1889-91 ; was a fellow in Semitic
languages at Johns Hopkins university, 1891-92,
and was graduated from Johns Hopkins, Ph.D.,
in 1892. He was married, Oct. 5, 1889, to Adeline,
daughter of Dr. Alfred L. Loomis of New York
city. He represented Columbia university in the
University of Pennsylvania expedition to Baby
lonia, 1888-89 : was professor of Semitic languages
and comparative philology at the New York
university, 1889-1902, and dean of the graduate
school, 1895-1902. He resigned his chair in 1902
to accept the professorship of Semitic languages
in Columbia university. He was elected a member
of the American Oriental society, the American

[356]

PRINCE

PRINCE

Geographical society, the Society for Biblical
Literature and Exegesis, the American Philolog
ical society and other organizations. He is the
author of : Mene, Mene Tekel Upharsin ; An
Historical Study of the Fifth Chapter of Daniel ;
with Translation of the Cyrus Cylinder and
Annals of Nabonidus (1893); A Critical Com
mentary on the Book of Daniel (Leipzig, 1899),
and contributions to various scientific periodicals.
PRINCE, LeBaron Bradford, governor of New
Mexico, was born at Flushing, N.Y. , July 3,
1840 ; son of William Robert (q.v.) and Charlotte
Goodwin (Collins) Prince, and a descendant of
Governor William Bradford of Plymouth colony.
He was graduated from Columbia, LL.B. 1866,
winning the $200
prize in political
science. He was
a delegate to all
the Republican New
York state conven
tions, 1866-79 ; to the
Republican national
conventions of 1868
and 1876, and a mem
ber of the New York
assembly five terms,
1871-75, serving as
chairman of the ju
dicial committee,
1872-74, and conduct
ing the investigation
in 1872 which resulted in the impeachment of
Judges Barnard, Cardoza and McCunn. He
served in the state senate, 1876-77, and declined
the appointment as territorial governor of Idaho
in 1878, accepting that of chief-justice of New
Mexico, serving as such, 1878-82, and as governor
of New Mexico, 1889-93. He was twice married :
first, Dec. 1, 1879, to Hattie Estelle, daughter of
Dr. S. Russell Childs of New York ; she died Feb.
26, 1880, and secondly, Nov. 17, 1881, to Mary
Catherine, daughter of Col. Samuel R. Beardsley
of Oswego, N.Y. He was elected president
of the University of New Mexico, 1882 ; was pres
ident of the Trans-Mississippi congress, 1892,
1893 ; of the International Mining congress,
1897-98 and 1901 ; of the New Mexico Historical
society, Santa Ee, for over twenty years,
of the New Mexico Horticultural society, and of
the board of regents of the New Mexico Agricul
tural college. He was a member of all the
Protestant Episcopal general conventions, 1877-
1901, and in 1880 founded the American Church
Building fund. He was also a member of various
patriotic organizations. He received the degree
LL.D. from Kenyon college and from Colorado
college in 1894. He is the author of books and
monographs on arcliseology government, law

^J^aMtf^e^c^

and history. He became an enthusiastic archae
ologist, and made a unique collection of ancient
American stone idols.
PRINCE, Oliver Hillhouse, senator, was born
in New London, Conn., in 1782 ; son of William
and Mary (Hillhouse) Prince ; grandson of Wil
liam and Mary (Holland) Prince and of Judge
William and Sarah (Griswold) Hillhouse, and a
descendant of Robert and Sarah (Warren) Prince
of Salem Mass. He removed to Georgia with
his parents in boyhood ; was admitted to the bar
in 1806, and practised in Macon, 1806-19, being
one of the five commissioners that laid out the
. town. He was married, Aug. 15, 1817, to Mary
Rose Norman, daughter of George Norman and
Sarah (Grace) Holt of Lincoln county, Ga. ; re
sided in Washington, Ga., 1819-22 ; in Bibb
county, 1822-31 ; in MilledgeviUe, 1831-35, and in
Athens, 1835-37. He was a state senator from
Bibb county in 1828, when he was elected to the
U.S. senate to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of Thomas W. Cobb, completing his
term, March 3, 1829. He is the author of several
humorous sketches, including an account of a
Georgia militia muster, which was translated
into several languages. He was also a joint
author of Georgia Scenes ; and compiled Digest
of the Laws of Georgia to December, 1820 (1822).
He was lost in the wreck of the packet ship Home,
near Ocracoke Inlet, N.C, Oct. 9, 1837.
PRINCE, Thomas, clergyman, was born in
Sandwich, Mass., May 15, 1687 ; son of Samuel
and Mercy (Hinckley) Prince ; grandson of John
Prince and of Gov. Thomas Hinckley, both of
Massachusetts colony, and great-grandson of the
Rev. John Prince, a student at Oxford, and
rector at East Shefford, Berkshire, England,
who immigrated to America in 1633 ; settled first
in Watertown ; secondly in Hingham in 1635,
and then in Hull, Mass. Thomas Prince was
graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1707, A.M., 1710,
probably studied theology there, 1707-09, and in
1709 sailed for England by way of the West
Indies, landing at London. After two months
he sailed for the Island of Madeira, thence pro
ceeded to Barbadoes and thence again to Lon
don, reaching that port, Aug. 17, 1710. He
attended lectures at Gresham college on law,
medicine and theology ; lived chiefly at Coombs
in Suffolk, where he preached occasionally, as
he did in other towns in England, and returned
to Boston on the packet Martha and Hannah,
arriving, July 21, 1717. On July 28 he preached
his first sermon in New England in the Old
North church ; was ordained, Oct. 1, 1718, and
became colleague .of Dr. Joseph Sewall, pastor
ofthe Old South church in Boston, where he
continued until his death. He was married,
Oct. 30, 1719, to Deborah Denny, who came in
[357]

PRINCE

PRINGLE

his company from Coombs, England, with her
brother and friends, and their son, Thomas (1722-
48), was graduated from Harvard in 1740, and
founded and edited Christian History (1744-46).
He commenced the collection of manuscript
documents of the early history of New England
in 1703, and later the writings of early New
England clergymen, which he left to the Old
South church at his death. These were partly
destroyed by the British in 1775-76 ; but those
saved, together with his library which he began
to accumulate as early as 1697, of both of which
a catalogue was published by William H. Whit-
more in 1868, and a second one with portrait in
1870, are now a part of the Boston public library.
He became eminent as a preacher, linguist and
scholar, according to the opinion of Dr. Charles
Chauncey being second only to Cotton Mather
in New England. He published twenty-nine
single sermons between 1717 and 1756, several
of which were republished by the Massachusetts
Historical society, and six of his manuscript dis
courses were published by Dr. John Erskine, 1785.
He is the author of : An Account of a Strange
Appearance in the Heavens (1719); Earthquakes
the Works of God (1727); A Sermon on the Death
of Cotton Mather (1728) ; Memoirs of Roger Clap
of Dorchester (1731); A Vade Mecumfor America:
a Companion for Traders and Travelers (1732);
an edition of John Mason's History of the Pequot
War, with introduction and notes (1736) ; A
Thanksgiving Sermon occasioned by the Capture
of Louisburg (1745); The New England Psalm-
Book Revised and Improved (1758). He left a
diary, and a work entitled : A Chronological His
tory of New England in the Form of Annals (vol.
I., 1736; two numbers of Vol. II. 1755), followed
by limited editions with memoir (1826), reprinted
in London and Edinburgh. His complete bibli
ography, giving 121 titles, is given in " History of
the Old South Church, Boston," Vol. II. (1890).
He died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 22, 1758.
PRINCE, William, horticulturist, was born in
Flushing, L.I., N.Y., Nov. 10, 1766; son of Wil
liam and Ann (Thorne) Prince ; grandson of
Robert and Mary (Burgess) Prince, and a de
scendant of John Prince, who emigrated from
England to America about 1670, and settled in
Boston, Mass. William Prince attended schools
at Jamaica and Flushing, and assisted his
father, who was a horticulturist and proprietor
of the first nursery established in America,
known as the " Old American Nursery," started
in 1725. In 1793 he bought eighty acres of
adjacent land and established the Linnaean
nurseries, which continued till 1870. He was
married, Dec. 24, 1794, to Mary, daughter of Eli
phalet and Mary (Valenton) Stratton. He intro
duced many varieties of fruits into the United

States, sent many trees and plants from America
to Europe and systematized the nomenclature of
American fruits, including the Bartlett pear and
Isabella grape. He was a corresponding member
of the Linneean society of Paris, the horticul
tural societies of London and Paris, and the
Imperial Society of Georgofili at Florence. The
London horticultural society named the "Wil
liam Prince " apple in his honor. A meeting of
the most prominent foreign and American socie
ties met at his home in Flushing in 1823, when
Gov. DeWitt Clinton crowned the bust of Lin
naeus. He is the author of : A Treatise on Horti
culture (1828), the first work of its kind published
in the United States, and Treatise on the Vine
(with his son, William R., 1830). He died in
Flushing, L.I.. N.Y., April 9, 1842.
PRINCE, William Robert, horticulturist, was
born at Flushing, L.I., N.Y., Nov. 6, 1795 ; son
of William (q.v.) and Mary (Stratton) Prince.
He was educated at Jamaica academy, L.I., and
at Boucherville, Canada, and engaged in con
ducting the Linnaean nurseries with his father,
until 1842, and subsequently alone. He was
married, Oct. 2, 1826, to Charlotte Goodwin,
daughter of Charles and Lydia (Bradford) Col
lins. He imported the first merino she»p into
the United States in 1816, and introduced silk
culture and the morus multicaulis for feeding
silk worms in 1837, wherein he lost a large for
tune owing to a change in the tariff, which des
troyed the industry. He was a delegate to the
Whig national convention at Harrisburg, Pa., in
1848 ; went to California in 1849 ; was a founder
of Sacramento, and traveled in Mexico- in 1851.
He introduced the cultivation of osiers about
1835, of sorghum and the Chinese yam in 1854-55.
He received the degrees M.D. and LL.D. about
1866. He was a member of the American Insti
tute, the National Pomological society and many
other scientific societies, and is the author of :
Treatise on the Vine (with his father, 1830) ;
Pomological Manual (2 vols., 1832); Manual of
Roses (1846) ; also numerous pamphlets on the
mulberry, strawberry, dioscorea, and on medical
botany, and about 200 descriptive catalogues of
trees, shrubs, vines, plants and bulbs. He died
at Flushing, L.I., March 28, 1869.
PRINGLE, John Julius, statesman, was born
in Charleston, S.C, July 22, 1753 ; son of Judge
Robert and Judith (Mayrant) Bull Pringle.
Robert Pringle (1702-1776) , born in Scotland, was
a merchant in Charleston, S.C, 1730-76, and as
sistant justice of the court of common pleas for
South Carolina, 1760-69. John Julius Pringle
studied law in the office of Chief -Justice John
Rutledge in Charleston, and at the Temple in
London, England, and while in England pub
lished articles in defence of colonial rights which

1358]

PRITCHARD

PRITCHETT

attracted attention. He went from England to
France in 1776, and in 1778, Ralph Izard, U.S.
commissioner to Tuscany, made him his secretary.
He was admitted to the South Carolina bar in
1781, and practised law in Charleston, 1781-1843.
He was a member and speaker of the house of
assembly of South Carolina, 1787-89; U.S. dis
trict attorney for South Carolina, 1789-92, and
attorney-general of South Carolina, 1792-1808,
declining the position of U.S. attorney-general
in the cabinet of President Jefferson in 1835. He
was president of the board of trustees of the
College of Charleston, and of the Charleston
Library society. He died in Charleston, S.C,
March 17, 1843.
PRITCHARD, Jeter Connelly, senator, was
born in Jonesboro, Tenn., July 12, 1857 ; son of
William Hyder and Elizabeth L. (Brown) Pritch
ard. His paternal ancestors were from Wales
and his maternal grandparents were natives of
Ireland. Jeter C. Pritchard attended Martins
Creek academy ; learned the printer's trade
in the Tribune-Herald office at Jonesboro, and
removed to Bakersville, N.C, in 1873, where
he was joint-owner and editor of the Roan
Mountain Republican, 1873-87; a presidential
elector on the Garfield and Arthur ticket in
1880, and a representative from Madison county
in the state legislature, 1884, 1886 and 1890. He
was admitted to the bar in 1887 and settled in
practice in Marshall, N.C. ; was the Republican
candidate for lieutenant-governor of the state in
1888, and the party nominee for U.S. senator in
1892. He was elected president of the North
•Carolina Protective Tariff league in 1891 ; was a.
delegate at large from North Carolina to the Re
publican national convention of 1892 ; a defeated
candidate for representative in the 53d congress,
and in April,. 1894, was elected U.S. senator to
fill the unexpired term of Z. B. Vance, deceased,
and in 1897 was re-elected for the full term of six
years expiring March 3, 1903. He was appointed
chairman of the committee on patents and a
member of six other important committees.
PRITCHETT, Carr Waller, educator, was born
in Henry county, Va., Sept. 4, 1823; eldest. son
•of Henry and Martha Myra (Waller) Pritchett ;
grandson of Joshua and Elizabeth (Cousins) Prit
chett and of Carr and Elizabeth (Martin) Waller ;
great-grandson of John Pritchett of Lunenberg
county, Va., and of Gen. Joseph Martin of Henry
county, Va. The ancestors of the Pritchett
family come from Wales early in the eighteenth
century and settled in Virginia and North Caro
lina, the name being spelled both Pritchett and
Pritchard in the old court records. His father
removed with his family to Warren county, Mo.,
in 1835, where Carr attended the common school,
and in 1844 he began to teach in private schools.

In 1846 he became a licentiate in the ministry of
the Methodist church, and was for many ytars a
member of the Missouri annual conference. He
was married in Pike county, Mo., Oct. 17, 1849,
to Bettie Susan, daughter of Byrd and Sarah
Hatcher (Woodson) Smith of Danville, Va.; she
died at Glasgow, Mo., Nov. 27, 1872. He was an
instructor in the Howard high school (subse
quently Central college), Fayette, Mo., up to the
time of its suspension in 1864 ; was employed in
the statistical department of the U.S. sanitary
commission in Washington, D.C, 1864-66, and in
1866 founded the Pritchett School Institute at
Glasgow, Mo., of which he was president until
1873, and which subsequently became Pritchett
college against the written protest of Dr. Pritch
ett. In 1875 he became the first director of the
Morrison Observatory (connected with the col
lege), which he was enabled to establish through
the generosity of Miss Berenice Morrison. This
position he still held in 1903. He received the
honorary degree of A.M. from St. Charles college
in 1850, and LL.D. from Central college in 1885.
He was a fellow of the Royal Astronomical so
ciety of London, 1879-99, and was made a mem
ber of the Virginia Historical society.
PRITCHETT, Henry Smith, educator, was
born in Fayette, Mo., April 16, 1857 ; son of Carr
Waller (q.v.) and Betty Susan (Smith) Pritchett.
He was graduated from Pritchett School Institute,
A.B., 1875, A.M., 1879, and studied under Asaph
Hall at the U.S. Naval
observatory in 1876.
He was assistant
astronomer at the
Naval observatory,
1878-80 ; assistant as
tronomer in the Mor
rison observatory,
1880-81 ; assistant
professor of astron
omy at Washington
university, St. Louis,
Mo., 1881-82, and
full professor, 1882-
97. He was the as
tronomer on the tran
sit of Venus expedi
tion to New Zealand iu 1882 ; had charge of the
government party to observe the eclipse of the
sun in California in 1889 ; was president of the
St. Louis Academy of Science, 1891-94 ; engaged
in scientific work in Europe, 1894-95, and was
appointed superintendent of the U.S. coast and
geodetic survey in 1897, which office he resigned
in 1900 to accept the presidency of the Massachu
setts Institute -of Technology, Boston. He was
married in June, 1900, to Eva, daughter of Hall
and Louise McAllister of San Francisco, Cal. He

[359]

PROCTER

PROCTOR

was appointed superintendent of awards at the
Pan-American exposition of 1901. The degree of
Ph.D. was conferred on him by the University
of Munich in 1894 ; and that of LL.D. by Hamil
ton in 1900 ; Harvard in 1901 ; Yale in 1901 ; the
University of Pennsylvania in 1901, and Johns
Hopkins in 1902. He is the author of many
valuable papers on astronomy.
PROCTER, John Robelrt, geologist and civil
service reformer, was born in Mason county,
Kentucky, March 16, 1844 ; son of George Morton
and Anna Maria (Young) Procter ; grandson of
Abram Buford and Mary (Lurty) Procter, and of
Willoughby Tibbs
and Judith (Cook)
Young, and a de
scendant on both
sides from soldiers of
Virginia in the Revo
lution. He received
his primary education
in his native county ;
took the scientific
course iu the Univer
sity of Pennsylvania,
1863-64, and left to
join the Confederate
army in 1864, serving
in the artillery as
lieutenant, October,
1864-April, 1865. He was married in 1869, to
Julia Leslie, daughter of John Porter and Eliza
beth (Andrews) Dobyns, and had three sons ; one
of whom, Andre Morton, became lieutenant in
the U.S. navy ; another, JohnR., Jr., lieutenant
in the artillery, U.S.A., both serving in the
Spanish-American war, 1898. Mr. Procter made
his home on his farm in Mason county, 1865-73 ;
was assistant on the state geological survey,
1873-80, and head of the survey from 1880 until
its close in 1893, succeeding Professor Shaler.
During his service he refused to make appoint
ments as awards for political services, or to re
move competent assistants who happened to be of
opposite political party, being sustained in this
course by the governors of the state until 1893.
In that year the governor advocated the claims
of certain of his political friends to appointment,
and Mr. Procter advised that the survey be closed
rather than used for advancing .political in
terests. He served on the jury of awards on
mines and mining during the Columbian exposi
tion at Chicago, 1893, and on Dec. 2, 1893, was
appointed president of the U.S. civil service
commission, which office he still held in 1903.
He was elected a member of the Geological
Society of America ; a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science ;
president of the Cosmos club of Washington, and

a member of the Century association of New
York. His publications include reports on his
work on the geological survey of Kentucky, and
contributions to magazines on civil service,
economic and international subjects.
PROCTOR, Edna Deafl>.ppet, was born in Hen
niker, N.H., Sept. 18, 1829 ; daughter of John and
Lucinda (Gould) Proctor ; granddaughter of John
and Hannah (Cogswell) Proctor and of Elias and
Sally (Hilton) Gould, and a descendant of John
Proctor of England (born 1595), Who came to
Ipswich, Mass., in 1635. and afterward removed
to Salem. She entered Mount Holyoke seminary
with the class of 1845 ; continued her education
in Concord, N.H., and subsequently resided in
Brooklyn, N.Y. She contributed to the New
York Independent prose and verse, including
Tlie Wliite Slaves, which interested the poet John
G. Whittier, and resulted in a life-long friend
ship. She traveled extensively in foreign coun
tries ; edited Extracts from Henry Ward Beecher's
Sermons (1858), and is the author of: Poems
(1866 and 1890); A Russian Journey (1872 and
1890) ; The Song of the Ancient People (1893), and
Tlie Mountain Maid and other Poems of New
Hampshire (1900). It was the chapter on Sevas
topol in A Russian Journey that moved the Eng
lish to put their Crimean cemetery into proper
condition and place a fitting monument therein.
Among her best known poems are : Who's
Ready 9 ; Tlie Grave of Lincoln ; Heroes ; By the
Shenandoah ; El Mahdi to the Tribes of the Sou
dan ; Columbia's Emblem, celebrating the maize,
and widely copied and endorsed ; Columbia's
Banner, read in the public schools throughout
the country on Columbus day of the Columbian
year ; The Doom of the White Hills, influential
in the movement to save the New Hampshire
forests ; and New Hampshire.
PROCTOR, Lucien Brock, author, was born
in Hanover, N.H., March 6,1826 ; sonof Jonathan
and Ruth (Carter) Proctor ; grandson of Jonathan
and Martha (Graves) Proctor, and a descendant
of Robert (who settled in Concord, Mass., about
1643, and in Chelmsford, Mass., in 1654) and Jane
(Hildreth) Proctor. He was graduated at Hamil
ton college, A.B., 1844, A.M., 1847 ; was admitted
to the bar, and practised at Port Byron, N.Y. ,
1847-49, and at Dansville, N.Y., 1849-63. In 1863
he abandoned the practice of law to devote him
self to literature, becoming a regular contributor
to the Albany Law Journal in 1869. He is the
author of : The Bench and Bar of the State of
New York (1870); Lives of the New York State
Chancellors (1875) ; The Life and Times of Thomas
Addis Emmet (1876); Lawyer and Client (1879);
The Bench and Bar of King's County (1883) ; Tlie
Legal History of Albany and Schenectady Coun
ties (1884); and Early History of the Board of

[360]

PROCTOR

PROCTOR

Regents and the University of the State of Neip
York (1886). He revised and annotated JabezD.
Hammond's "Political History of the State of
New York," continuing it from 1844 to 1887, and
published many addresses, two notable ones being:
Aaron Burr's Political Career Defended (1885),
and John C. Spencer's Legal and Political Career
(1886). He died in Albany, N.Y., April 1, 1900.
PROCTOR, Mary, astronomer, was born iu
Dublin, Ireland ; daughter of Richard A. and
Mary (Mills) Proctor, and granddaughter of Wil
liam Proctor, a solicitor of Chelsea, England.
Her father (1837-1888), St. John's college, Cam
bridge, England, 1860, was a famous astronomer,
author and lecturer, and founded and edited
Knowledge, a scientific periodical, in 1881. Mary
Proctor received a liberal education, and as her
father's constant companion from childhood, be
came deeply interested in his books, beginning
to write on astronomical subjects under his direc
tion. The family removed to the United States
in 1886, settling in New York cit}r, and Miss Proc
tor continued her writing, making a specialty
of books for children, and eventually becoming
widely known as the "children's astronomer."
She made her first appearance as a lecturer at
the Chicago exposition in 1893, where she won
immediate popularity. She subsequently gave
annual courses of free lectures to the general
public in New York city under the auspices of
the board of education ; was lecturer in various
New York private schools, and conducted tours
throughout the principal cities of the United
States and Canada. She was a member of the
scientific expedition to Bodo, Norway, which
was organized to observe the total eclipse of the
sun, Aug. 8, 1896, and gave daily talks on as
tronomy on board the steahi yacht O7u'o, char
tered for the trip. She edited the scientific de
partment of Popular Astronomy; and was a
member of the American Association for the Ad
vancement of Science, and the National Scientific
club of Washington, D.C. She is the author of :
Stories of Starland (1898), and contributions to
several leading magazines and scientific publica
tions. PROCTOR, Redfield, cabinet officer, was born
in Proctorsville, Vt., June 1, 1831 ; son of Jabez
and Betsy (Parker) Proctor ; grandson of Leon
ard and Mary (Keep) Proctor, and of Isaac and
Bridget (Fletcher) Parker, and a direct descend
ant from Robert Proctor, one of four brothers
who came from London, England, to Salem,
Mass., in the ship Susan & Ellen in 1635. He
was made a freeman at Concord in 1643, and in
1654 settled in Chelmsford, from which town
Leonard Proctor, who had served as an officer in
the Revolutionary war, moved to Vermont in
1783, and was the first permanent settler of Proc

torsville. Redfield Proctor was graduated from
Dartmouth college, A.B., 1851, A.M., 1854, and
from the Albany Law School, LL.B., 1860. He
was married, May 26, 1858, to Emily J., daughter
of Salmon Fletcher and Sarah (Barlow) Dutton
of Cavendish, Vt. He practised law in Boston,
Mass., 1860-01, and in
1861 joined the Fed
eral army as quarter
master of the 3d Ver
mont regiment ; was
promoted major of
the 5th regiment in
September, 1861, and
colonel of the 15th
regiment of volun
teers in 1862. He
served as a brigade
and division quarter
master on the staff
of Gen. William F.
Smith, and was mus
tered out in 1863.
He engaged in farming and in the practice
of law ; was receiver of a marble company, and
on its reorganization in 1870 was elected man
ager, developing the business until it became
by far the largest marble-producing company
in the world. He was a representative in the
state legislature, 1867-68 and 1888 ; a member
and president pro tempore of the state senate,
1874-76 ; lieutenant-governor of the state, 1876-
78 ; governor, 1878-80, and a delegate-at-large to
the Republican national conventions of 1884, 1888
and 1896, being chairman of the Vermont delega
tion in 1888 and in 1896. In March, 1889, he was
appointed by President Harrison secretary of war
in his cabinet, and resigned, Nov. 1, 1891, having
been appointed by Governor Page to the U.S.
senate, to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna
tion of George F. Edmunds. On Oct. 18, 1892, he
was elected by the Vermont legislature to fill both
the unexpired and the full terms, and in 1898 was
re-elected for the term expiring March 3, 1905.
He served in the senate as chairman of the com
mittee on agriculture and forestry, and as a
member of the committees on fisheries, coast
defenses, military affairs, District of Columbia,
post offices, the Phillipines, and the select com
mittees on the University of the United States
and industrial expositions. His son, Fletcher
Dutton, succeeded him in' the presidency ofthe
Vermont Marble company in 1889 ; was a repre
sentative in the state legislature, 1890-91 and in
1900-01, when he was elected speaker of that
body, and was a member of the state senate in
1891. In 1902 Senator Proctor provided for the
2500 employees of the Vermont Marble company
a large and beautifully furnished building, known

[3011

PROSSER

PROVOOST

as the Industrial Young Men's Christian associa
tion, with all the conveniences of a club house,
amusement hall and educational institution, ded
icating it to the moral and educational upbuild
ing of the men employed in the marble works.
PROSSER, Charles Smith, educator and
geologist, was born in Columbus, N.Y., March
24, 1860 ; son of Smith and Emeline Amelia (Tut
tle) Prosser ; grandson, of William and Mary
(Herrick) Prosser, and of James and Rebecca
(Crandall) Tuttle, and a descendant of William
and Elizabeth Tuttle of St. Albans, England, who
came to America in the ship Planter and landed
at Boston about July 1, 1635. He was graduated
from Cornell university, B.S., 1883, M.S., 1886 ;
was a fellow in natural history at Cornell, 1884-
85 ; and instructor in paleontology there, 1885-
88, and assistant paleontologist on the U.S. geo
logical survey, 1888-92. He was married, Aug.
28, 1893, to Mary Frances, daughter of Thomas
and Mary Frances Wilson of Albany, N.Y. He
was professor of natural history at Washburn
college, Topeka, Kan., 1892-94: professor of
geology and paleontology at Union college,
Schenectady, N.Y., 1894-99 ; was elected associate
professor of historical geology in Ohio State uni
versity in 1899, and professor of geology in 1901.
He was assistant geologist on the U.S. Geological
survey, 1893-94 and frdm 1900 ; on the state
geological survey of Kansas, 1896 ; New York,
1895-99; Ohio from 1900, and chief of the Appal
achian division of the Maryland geological survey
from 1897. He was made a fellow of the geolog
ical Society of America and of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, and
a member of the Congres Geologique Interna
tional and other scientific societies. He pub
lished numerous papers and reports on the geol
ogy of Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, Pennsyl
vania, Maryland, New York and Ohio, and is the
author of : Tlie Devonian System of Eastern
Pennsylvania and New York (1895); The Classifi
cation of the Upper Palaeozoic Rocks of Central
Kansas (1895); The Upper Permian and Lower
Cretaceous of Kansas (1897); The Classification
and Distribution of the Hamilton and Chemung
Series of Central and Eastern New York (pt. I.,
1898 ; pt. II. , 1900) ; besides contributions to
scientific periodicals.
PROVOOST, Samuel, first bishop of New York
and 3d in succession in the American episcopate,
was born in New York city, Feb. 26, 1742 ; son of
John and Eve (Rutgers) Provoost ; grandson of
Samuel and Maria (Spratt) Provoost, and of Har-
manus and Catharine (Meyer) Rutgers ; great-
grandson of David and Catharine (Laurens) Pro
voost, and great -grandson of David Provoost
(1608-1557) of Amsterdam, who came to New
Netherlands, 1624 ; returned to Holland, 1626,

where in 1630 he married Margaretta, daughter
of Gillis Ten Waert, and came to New Amster
dam in 1634. Samuel Provoost's parents were
members of the Dutch Reformed church. He
was graduated at Kings (Columbia) college, New
York city, with its first class, A.B., 1758, A..M,
1761, and at St. Peter's college, Cambridge univer
sity, England, A.B., 1765. He was admitted
to the diaconate at the Chapel Royal of St.
James's Palace, Westminster, by the Bishop of
London, Feb. 23, 1766, and advanced to the priest
hood at King's Chapel, Whitehall, by the Bishop
of Whitehall, March 23, 1766. He was married at
Cambridge, England, June 6, 1766, to Maria,
daughter of Thomas Bonsfield of Lake Lands,
near Cork, Ireland ; returned to New York city,
and in December, 1766, became an assistant to
the Rev. Samuel Auchmuty, rector of Trinity
parish, which embraced at the time St. George's
and St. Paul's chapels. He revisited Ireland,
1769, and resigned from Trinity, May 21. 1771, re
tiring to a farm at East Camp, Columbia county,
N.Y. He declined to serve as delegate to the
Provincial congress and as chaplain of the con
stitutional convention which met in Kingston,
N.Y., in 1777, and the rectorship of various par
ishes. He lived in retirement until 1784 when he
accepted the rectorship of Trinity parish, and
returned to New York city, where he was ap
pointed chaplain of the Continental congress in
1785. He was elected bishop of the newly erected
diocese of New York, June 13, 1786, and with the
Rev. William White (q.v.) went to England for
consecration. They were consecrated at Lam
beth Palace, London, England, Feb. 4, 1787, by
Archbishop John Moore of Canterbury, Arch
bishop Markham of York, Bishop Moss of Bath
and Wells and Bishop Hinohcliffe of Peterbor
ough. Bishop Provoost's wife died in 1799. He
retained the rectorship of Trinity parish until
Dec. 22, 1800, when he resigned, and on Sept. 7,
1801, he resigned the bishopric of New York. He
was a regent of the University of the State of
New York, 1784^87 ; trustee of Columbia college,
1784-1801, and chairman of the board of trustees,
1795-1801. He received the degree S.T.D. from
the University of Pennsylvania in 1786, and was
the first chaplain of the U.S. senate in 1789. He
was learned in the ancient and modern lan
guages ; was a student of botany and an accom
plished master of belles-lettres, but published
nothing beyond his sermons. He took part in
the consecration of Bishops Claggett, Smith, Bass,
Jarvis, Hobart and Griswold. Bishop Provoost
was a personal friend of Washington, Adams,
Jay, Hamilton and others, a panel on the bronze
doors of Trinity church showing the Bishop re
ceiving Washington at the entrance of St. Paul's'
chapel immediately after his inauguration.

[362]

PRUDDEN

PRUYN

Trinity also contains a window to his memory,
and a portrait by Benjamin West. See " Centen
nial History of the Protestant Episcopal Church
of the Diocese of New York "(1886), and "History
of Trinity Parish," by Morgan Dix and Arthur
Lowndes (1900). He died in New York city,
Sept. 6, 1815.
PRUDDEN, Theophil Mitchell, pathologist,
was born in Middlebury, Conn., July 7, 1849 ; son
of the Rev. George Peter and Eliza Ann (John
son) Prudden ; grandson of Peter and Charity
(Davis) Prudden and of Ebenezer and Sally
(Mitchell) Johnson, and a descendant of the Rev.
Peter and Joanna (Boyse) Prudden, who emi
grated from England with John Davenport, and
was the first pastor of the church at Milford,
Conn., 1640-56. He was graduated from Yale,
Ph.B., 1872; was an instructor in chemistry at
Yale, 1872-74 ; and meantime studied medicine
at Yale, and in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York city, graduating at Yale,
M.D., 1875. He served as interne at the New
Haven, Conn., hospital, 1875-76 ; pursued ad
vanced studies in the Universities of Heidelberg,
Vienna and Berlin, 1877-78 ; and was assistant in
pathology and normal histology in the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New York city, 1878-82.
He was a lecturer on normal histology at Yale
Medical school, 1880-86 ; and director of the
laboratory of the A lumni Association of the Col
lege of Physicians and Sur-geons, 1882-91. In
1885 he studied the new methods of research in
bacteriology and the new cholera microbe with
Dr. Koch in Berlin, Garmany. He was profes
sor of pathology in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Columbia university, New York,
from 1892, and the director of the laboratories of
pathology, bacteriology and hygiene, clinical,
pathology and normal histology. He received
the, degree of LL.D. from Yale in 1897, and was
a member of the National Academy of Sciences ;
the Association of American Physicians ; the
New York Pathological society ; the New York
Academy of Medicine ; New York Academy of
Sciences : the Practitioners' society ; New York
Historical and Geographical societies, and other
organizations. He contributed articles on ex
ploration and travel to Harper's Monthly ; pub
lished several scientific monographs embodying
original research, and is the author of : Manned
of Normal Histology (1881) ; Story of the Bacteria
(1889); Dust and its Dangers (1891); Drinking
Water and Ice Supplies (1891); and Hand-book
of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, with
Francis Delafielcl (sixth edition, 1901).
PRUD'HOMME, John Francis Eugene, en
graver, was born at St. Thomas, W.I. , Oct. 4. 1800,
son of French immigrants. His parents brought
him to the United States in 1807, and settled in

New York city in 1809, where he was educated.
He studied art under Thomas Gimbrede, his
brother-in-law, in 1814, and began as a portrait
engraver in 1817, but owing to limited patronage
was obliged to practise art in a general way for
several years. He was employed by James Her
ring in 1831 to engrave the steel plates for " The
National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Ameri
cans." He was a bank note engraver in New
York, 1852-69, and an ornamental designer and
engraver in the bureau of engraving and print
ing at Washington, D.C, 1869-85. He was elected
a member of the National Academy of Design,
was its curator, 1834-53, and an instructor in its
life class. He illustrated several books of popular
authors of that day, and produced steel plates
from Trumbull's "Anthony Wayne," "Daniel
Morgan," and "Declaration of Independence;"
from Gilbert Stuart's " Henry Knox " and " Peter
Gansevoort ; " from Harding's " John Eager How
ard," Wood's "Mrs. D. P. Madison" and Weir's
" Winfield Scott." He was the oldest engraver
in America at the time of his death, which oc
curred in Washington, D.C, June 28, 1892.
PRUYN, John Van Schaick Lansing, repre
sentative, was born in Albany, N.Y., June 22,
1811 ; son of David and Hiberte (Lansing) Pruyn ;
grandson of Casparus and Catherine (Groesbeck)
Pruyn and of Christopher and Sarah (Van Schaick)
Lansing, and a descendant of Francis Pruyn,
called Frans Jansen, who emigrated from Hol
land to America with his wife, Aelt je, and settled
in Albany, N.Y., as early as 1665. He attended
private schools and was graduated from the
Albany academy in 1826 ; studied law under
James King of Albany and was admitted to the
bar Jan. 13, 1832. In 1833 he engaged in practice
in partnership with Henry H. Martin, and as
counsel in the James will case acquired promin
ence in. his profession. He was appointed an
examiner in chancery, March 27, 1833, and a
master, Feb. 10, 1836, by Governor Marcy, and
injunction master for the 3d circuit by Chancel
lor Walworth, Feb. 13,1836. He became counsel
to the Albany city bank in 1834, and subsequently
a director and vice-president ; a director of the
Mohawk and Hudson railroad and its counsel,
1835-53, and when the railroads between Albany
and Buffalo were consolidated as the New York
Central in 1853, he drew up the agreement and
conducted the transfer. He was the principal
counsel in the Hudson River Bridge case ; was
sole trustee of the estate of Harmanus Bleecker,
and the financial agent of the Sault Ste. Marie
canal. He practised in partnership with John
H. Reynolds, 1851-53. and in 1853 retired from
the law profession to become secretary, treasurer
and general counsel to the New York Central
railroad, which office he held, 1854-60. He was a

[363]

PRUYN

PRYOR

member of the New York senate in 1861-62, and
devoted his salary to the poor of Albany. He
was a Democratic representative from the four
teenth New York district in the 38th congress,
having been elected to complete the term of
Erastus Corning, resigned, and was re-elected to
the 40th congress, serving 1863-65 and 1867-69.
He was married first, Oct. 22, 1840, to Harriet
Corning, daughter of Thomas and Mary Rug
gles (Weld) Turner, and secondly, Sept. 7, 1865,
to Anna Fenn, daughter of the Hon. Amasa
Junius and Harriet Langdon (Roberts) Parker of
Albany, N.Y. He was a commissioner for the
building of the new state capitol, 1865-70, and on
July 7, 1869, laid the first stone. He was a regent
of the University of the State of New York, 1844-
77; succeeded Hon. GerritY. Lansing as chancel
lor, serving 1862-77 ; was president of Albany
Institute, 1857-77, founder and president of the
New York State board of charities, 1867-77 ;
president of the board of commissioners of the
state survey, 1876-77 ; a trustee of St. Stephen's
college at Annandale, N.Y., 1860-77 ; a member
of the Centennial commission, 1871-76, and of
the Association for the Codification of the Law
of Nations. He was a corresponding member of
the New York Historical society, honorary mem
ber of the Wisconsin Historical society ; a member
of the American Geographical and Statistical
society, of the Literary Fund society of London,
and of the Union club and the Century associa
tion of New York. He received the honorary
degree A.M. from Rutgers college in 1835. LL.D.
from Union college in 1845, and from the Uni
versity of Rochester in 1852. He died at Clifton
Springs, N.Y., Nov. 21, 1877.
PRUYN, Robert Hewson. diplomatist, was
born in Albany, N.Y., Feb. 14, 1815 ; son of Cas-
parus F. and Anne (Hewson) Pruyn ; grandson
of Francis C. and Cornelia (Dunbar) Pruyn and
of Robert and Elizabeth (Fryer) Hewson, and a
descendant of Francis Pruyn, the immigrant,
1665. He was prepared for college at Albany
academy, and was graduated at Rutgers, A.B.,
1833, A.M., 1836. He studied law in the office of
Abraham Van Vechten of Albany and was at
torney and counsellor for the corporation of
Albany, and a member of the municipal council,
1836-39. He was married, Nov. 9, 1841, to Jane
Ann, daughter to Gerrit Yates and Helen (Ten
Eyck) Lansing pf Albany, N.Y. He was judge-
advocate-general of the state, 1841-46 and 1851 ;
a member of the assembly 1848, 1849. 1850 and
1854, serving as speaker pro tempore in 1850,
and as speaker in 1854, and as adjutant-general
on the staff of Gov. Myron H. Clark in 1855.
He was appointed U.S. minister resident to Japan
by President Lincoln, Oct. 21, 1861, as successor
to Townsend Harris, resigned, and during his ad-

[364]

ministration he maintained that the Tycoon was
the real ruler of Japan and should be so recog
nized, in order that foreign intercourse could be
guaranteed without awaiting treaties ratified by
the Mikado. During his service in Japan he had
full power, and when the daimio of Chosiu fired
on the American merchant steamer Pembroke in
1863 he proceeded to use the U.S. navy to prevent
a repetition of the outrage. Commodore Mc-
Dougall in the Wyoming sank a brig and blew
up a steamer and then ran the gauntlet of Japanese
shore batteries, Straits of Simonosaki, and sub
sequently the Takiang, a chartered steamer,
carrying the guns and a crew from the U.S.S.
Jamestoivn, with the allied naval forces of Great
Britain, France and Holland, whose vessels had
been similarly treated, demolished the fortifica
tions of Chosiu and captured the guns. This
action of the allied powers was questioned, but
the prompt suppressing of outrages postponed
the intended dethronement of the Tycoon, en
abling him to observe his treaty stipulations, and
the incident cost the Japanese government an
indemnity of $3,000,000 and secured immediate
foreign intercourse. Mr. Pruyn returned to the
United States in 1865 ; was the Republican can
didate for lieutenant-governor of New York in
1866, and was made president of the state con
stitutional convention of 1872. He was a trustee
of Rutgers college : president of the board of
directors of the Dudley observatory ; vice-presi
dent of the board of trustees of the Albany
Medical college, and a member of the executive
committee of the State Normal school at Albany.
He received the degree of LL.D. from Williams
in 1865. He died in Albany, N.Y., Feb. 26, 1882.
PRYOR, Luke, senator, was born in Madison
county, Ala., July 5, 1820. His father was a
native of Virginia. He studied law under
Judge Daniel Coleman, and was admitted to
the bar in 1841, practising in Athens, Limestone
county, in partnership with E. J. Jones, R. C.
Brickell, and George S. Houston. He married
a daughter of Capt. John Harris of Limestone
county ; and represented the county in the Ala
bama legislature in 1855, in order to secure
privileges for the railroad from Nashville to
Montgomery, of which he was a projector. He
supported the Confederate States government,
1861-65, opposed the reconstruction measures of
the U.S. government, 1865-70, and was appointed
to the U.S. senate in January, 1880, by Governor
Cobb, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
George S. Houston, Dec. 31, 1879. When the
legislature met in November, 1800, he declined
to be a candidate to complete the unexpired term.
He was a Democratic representative from the
eighth Alabama district in the 48th congress,
1883-85. He died in Athens, Ala., Aug. 5, 1900.

PRYOR

PUGH

PRYOR, Roger Atkinson, jurist, was born in
Dinwiddie county, near Petersburg, Va., July 19,
1828 ; son of the Rev. Theodorick Bland and Lucy
E. (Atkinson) Pryor; grandson of Richard and
Anne (Bland) Pryor and of Roger and Agnes
(Poythress) Atkinson, and a direct descendant
of Henry Isham of Bermuda Hundreds, William
Randolph of Turkey Island, Va., Richard Bland,
the patriot, Samuel Pryor, who married Prudence
Thornton and settled in Caroline county, Va.,
1700, and Richard Bennett, colonial governor
of Virginia in 1652. He was graduated at Hamp
den Sidney college, valedictorian, in 1845. and at
the University of Virginia in 1848. He was
married Nov. 8, 1848, to Sara Agnes, daughter
of the Rev. Samuel Blair and Lucinda (Leftwich)
Rice of Charlotte county, Va. He was admitted
to the bar in 1849 and settled in practice in
Charlottesville ; subsequently edited the South
Side Democrat, Petersburg ; was attached to the
staff of the Washing
ton Union ; edited
the Enquirer at Rich
mond, Va., 1854 ; and
The South in Rich
mond, in which
he advocated states
rights, and the pub
lication of which was
discontinued on his
withdrawal from the
editorship. He after
ward served on the
staff of the Washing
ton States. While
junior editor of the
Washington Union
he wrote a notable article on the Anglo-Rus
sian war which was extensively copied and
translated abroad. He was a special envoy to
Greece in 1855, succeeding in adjusting the diffi
culties between the United States and that
country after others had failed ; and a Demo
cratic representative from the fourth Virginia
district in the 36th congress, 1859-61, having
been elected to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of William O. Goode. He was re-elected
in 1860 to the 37th congress, but owing to the
secession of Virginia, did not take his seat. He
was attached to Beauregard's staff at the time
of the firing on Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor,
April 12, 1861 ; and was appointed to fire the first
gun but declined to do so, giving as a reason that
Virginia, his state, had not yet seceded. He
also refused, on the same ground, to enter the
captured fort. He was a delegate from Virginia
in the provisional Confederate congress, where
he so vigorously opposed the proposed measure
offered by William L. Yancey to reopen the

$>yj*r yrTr-g*-*'-

slave trade as to defeat the bill. He was a repre
sentative in the 1st Confederate States congress
that met in Richmond, Va., Feb. 22, 1862, serving
as a member of the military committee. He
entered the Confederate army as colonel ; was
promoted brigadier-general, April 16, 1862; com
manded the 5th brigade in Longstreet's division
at Yorktown and Williamsburg, April-May, 1862 ;
in Anderson's division, Longstreet's right wing
at Seven Pines, May 31-June 1, and in the seven
days' battles before Richmond, June 25-July 1 ; in
Wilcox's division in the second battle of Manas
sas, Aug. 16-Sept. 2 ; and in Anderson's division
in the Maryland campaign, including Harper's
Ferry, Sept. 12-15, and Antietam (Sharpsburg),
Sept. 17, 1802, succeeding to the command of the
division when Gen. R. H. Anderson was wounded.
He resigned his commission owing to a misunder
standing with President Davis ; re-entered the
service as a private in Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's
cavalry ; was taken prisoner at Petersburg in
November, 1864, and confined at Fort Lafayette
and was released at the close of the war. He
accepted a position on the New York Daily News
conducted by Benjamin Wood ; studied law; was
admitted to the New York bar in 1866, and prac
tised in New York city, 1866-90. He was a dele
gate to the Democratic national convention of
1876, and was appointed judge of the court of
common pleas of New York by Gov. D. B. Hill
in 1890, being afterward elected to the full term
of fourteen years. In 1894 he was transferred to
the bench of the supreme court and held the
office until retired by the age limit in January,
1899, when he resumed the practice of law. His
decision in the case of the Sugar Trust was the
first blow received by trusts in the United States
at the hands of the courts, and his presentation
of the law left an appeal impossible. He received
the degree LL.D. from Hampden Sidney college;
was a member of the board of visitors of the
University of Virginia, and is the author of
many speeches and literary addresses.
PUGH, Evan, educator, was born in East Not
tingham, Pa., Feb. 29, 1828; son of Lewis and
Mary (Hutton) Pugh ; grandson of Jesse and
Elizabeth (Hudson) Pugh, and of Hiett and Sarah
(Pugh) Hutton, and a descendant of John and
Jane Pugh, who came from Wales to East Not
tingham, Pa., early in the 18th century. He at
tended the district school ; worked as a black
smith's apprentice, 1844-46 ; attended the Manual
Labor school at Whitestown, N.Y. ; taught ad is-
triet school in East Nottingham, and in 1850
took charge of Jordan Bank seminary, near Ox
ford, Pa., which he inherited and conducted
until 1853. He took a special course in natural
and mathematical science and in practical chem
istry in the universities of Leipsic, Gottingen,

[365]

PUGH

PULASKI

Heidelberg and Paris, 1853-57 ; received the de
gree Ph.D. at Gottingen in 1856 ; and took a
course in agricultural chemistry in the laboratory
of J. B. Lawes at Rothamstead, near London,
England, 1857-59, where he demonstrated that
plants do not assimilate free nitrogen. He was
president of the Farmer's High school near
Bellefonte, Pa., 1859-§4, which was chartered in
1854, and in 1862 obtained a congressional land
grant at the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania,
changing its name in 1874 to the Pennsylvania
State college. During his presidency he planned
and superintended the erection of college build
ings, secured endowments, and had special charge
of the practical investigations of the students in
chemistry, scientific agriculture, mineralogy and
geology. He was married, Feb. 4, 1864, to Re
becca Valentine of Bellefonte, Pa. He was a
member of various scientific societies in the
United States, and was elected a fellow of the
Chemical Society of England. He died in Belle
fonte, Pa., April 29, 1864.
PUGH, George Ellis, senator, was born in Cin
cinnati, Ohio, Nov. 28, 1822. He was graduated
at Miami university, A.B., 1840, A.M., 1843;
practised law in Cincinnati, 1344-46 ; served in
the Mexican war as captain in the 4th Ohio regi
ment and as aide to Gen. Joseph Lane ; was a
representative from Hamilton county in the Ohio
legislature, 1848-49 ; city solicitor, 1850 ; attorney-
general of the state, 1852-54 ; Democratic U.S.
senator, 1855-61, defeating Salmon P. Chase,
and while in the senate served on the committees
on public lands and the judiciary. He was de
feated for re-election in 1861 by Mr. Chase ; was a
delegate to the Democratic national convention of
1860, serving as chairman of the Ohio delegation
and supporting the candidacy of Stephen A. Doug
las ; and made an effective reply to William L.
Yancey on the question of slavery in the territo
ries. He was counsel for Clement L. Vallan-
digham in 1863, and urged his release from im
prisonment by military authority on the ground
that the civil courts of Ohio were operative. He
was the unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant-
governor on the Democratic ticket with C. L.
Vallandigham for governor in 1863, and for rep
resentative from the first district of Ohio in the
29th congress in 1864,'and was elected a delegate
to the state constitutional convention of 1872 but
refused to serve. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio,
July 19, 1876.
PUGH, James Lawrence, senator, was born in
Burke county, Ga., Dec. 12, 1820; son of Robert
and Mary (Tillman) Pugh. He removed to Ala
bama with his parents in 1824 ; studied law in
the office of John G. Shorter of Eufaula, Ala. ;
was admitted to the bar in 1841, and settled in
practice in Eufaula. He was a presidential elec-

[366]

tor on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket in 1848 and
on the Buchanan and Breckinridge ticket in 1856.
He was married, Dec. 1, 1846, to Sarah S.,
daughter of the Hon. John L. and Sarah (Boler)
Hunter of Barbour county, Ala. He was a Dem
ocratic representative from the second Alabama
district in the 36th congress, serving from Dec. 5,
1859, to Jan. 21, 1861, when the state seceded and
he retired, and was subsequently expelled.- He
joined the Eufaula Rifles and enlisted in the 1st
Alabama regiment as a private, serving a year at
Pensacola, and was a representative from Ala
bama in the 1st and 2d Confederate congresses,
serving from Feb. 22, 1862, to the close of the
Confederate government. He resumed the prac
tice of law in 1865 ; was president of the Demo
cratic state convention in 1874 ; a member of the
state constitutional convention of 1875, and a
presidential elector on the Tilden and Hendricks
ticket in 1876. He was elected to the U.S. senate
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of George
S. Houston and took his seat Dec. 6, 1880, the
term expiring March 3, ,1885. He was re-elected
for a second and third term, serving as U.S.
senator, 1880-97, and as chairman of the judiciary
committee of the senate in the 53d and 54th con
gresses. PULASKI, Count Casimir, soldier, was born
in Podalia, Poland, March 4, 1748 ; sonof Joseph
Pulaski, a nobleman, an able jurist, chief mag
istrate of Warech, and a founder of the celebra
ted Confederation of Bar, Feb. 29, 1768. Casimir
Pulaski served in
the guard of Duke
Charles of Courland,
and was in the Castle
of Mittau when that
city was besieged.
He was one of the
eight original asso
ciates of the Confed
eration of Bar ; was
taken prisoner with
300 other Poles in the
monastery of Bercli-
chef in 1759 and re
leased on condition
that he bear propo
sals for a reconcilia
tion to the chiefs of the Confederation. He joined
his father in Moldavia from whence he notified
the Russian ambassador that he should not respect
a parole extorted from him by fraud and vio
lence. He continued to operate against the Rus
sians with an independent command after the
arrest and death of his father; was elected com
mander-in-chief of the Polish forces in 1770, but
his success as a commander was followed by the in
tervention of Russia and Austria and the partition

e?»6*£fy<r«

PULLMAN

PULSIFER

of Poland, and his estates were confiscated, and
a price set upon his head. He escaped into Turkey
in 1772 found refuge in Paris in 1775 ; and became
interested in the efforts of the American colon
ists to acquire their independence, through his
acquaintance with Benjamin Franklin who
induced him to join the patriot army, and in
March, 1777, he was welcomed on the staff of
General Washington. He took part in the battle
of Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777, and for his masterly
aid in the retreat was appointed chief of dra
goons with the rank of brigadier-general, Sept.
15, 1777. By prompt action at Warren Tavern
he again saved the army from a surprise, and he
commanded the dragoons at the battle of Ger
mantown, O^t. 4, 1777. He co-operated with
Gen. Anthony Wayne during the winter of 1777-
78, and resigned his command in March, 1778,
upon learning of the dissatisfaction of the Ameri
can officers under him who objected to being
commanded by a foreigner who exacted such
strict discipline and who could not speak English
distinctly. Washington approved of a sugges
tion made by Pulaski to recruit a corps made up
of lancers, light infantry, deserters and prisoners
of war in Baltimore for special service, and con
gress authorized its acceptance. The corps,
known as Pulaski's Legion, did good service at
Little Egg Harbor, N.J., in September, 1778, and
was stationed during the winter of 1778-79 at
Minesink, N.J., where, becoming dissatisfied
with an inferior command, Pulaski decided to
return to Europe. General Washington, how
ever, prevailed upon him to remain, and ordered
him to Charleston, S.C, where he arrived Ma}' 8,
1779. He held the invested city against repeated
assaults until the arrival of re-enforcements on
May 13, and when Prevost retreated across the
Ashley, Pulaski followed and finally obliged the
British army to leave the state. He joined Gen.
John Mcintosh at Augusta,. Ga., in September,
1779, and moved on to Savannah by way of
Beaufort, S.C, where he opened communication
with the French fleet. During the siege he had
command ofthe entire cavalry, and in the assault
of Oct. 9, 1779, he received his mortal wound. Con
gress voted a monument to his memory, but failed
to carry the act into execution. The people of
Savannah, however, completed one, the corner
stone of which was laid by Lafayette in 1824 ;
and the monument was completed in 1855, on
Pulaski square, Savannah. He died on board the
brig Wasp, near Savannah, Ga., Oct. 11, 1779.
PULLMAN, George Mortimer, capitalist, was
born in Chautauqua county, N.Y., March 3, 1831;
son of James Lewis and Emily Caroline Pullman.
He attended the public schools irregularly ; en
gaged as a clerk and later as a cabinet maker,
and in 1853 contracted to move buildings along

the Erie canal, then being widened. In 1857 he
removed to Chicago, 111., where he engaged as a
contractor and builder. In 1858 he became in
terested in providing better accommodation for
travelers on the railroads, and in 1859 remodeled
two day coaches of the Chicago and Alton rail
road as sleeping cars at a cost of $4,000 each. The
enterprise was temporarily abandoned, owing to
the reluctance of the railroad companies to change
their methods. He engaged in merchandising in
the mineral regions of Colorado, 1859-63, during
which time he worked out the details of the
sleeping c;ir. He returned to Chicago in 1864,
and began the construction of sleeping and parlor
cars. He was married, June 13, 1867, -to Hattie,
daughter of J. Y. Sanger of Chicago. He built
the palace car " Pioneer " at a cost of $18,000,
which he placed on the Chicago and Alton rail
road at his own cost and venture, and subse
quently placed sleeping and palace cars on the
Michigan Central, and Chicago, Burlington and
Quincy railroads and on the Great Western rail
way of Canada. He next introduced the dining
car on the Union Pacific railroad, and continued
to develop his ideas for the safety and comfort
of travelers until the Pullman car became known
all over the world. He organized car works at
Atlanta, Ga., in 1866, at Chicago, 111., in 1867,
and later at San Francisco, Cal. In 1880 he
removed his establishment to Pullman, near
Chicago, where he established an industrial
town, built homes for his employees, supplied
the place with every modern convenience, laid
out beautiful streets, and erected public build
ings — the town, according to statistics, proving
to be one of the most healthful in the world. He
designed the vestibule car and established the
vestibuled trains in 1887, which were first run
upon the Pennsylvania trunk lines. He also en
gaged extensively in other enterprises, including
the Metropolitan Elevated railroad in New York
city, of which he was president ; the Eagleton
Wire Works of New York, of which he was
principal owner, and various oar manufactories.
He gave a church valued at $80,000 to the Uni
versalist congregation at Albion, N.Y., in 1895,
and in his will made thirteen bequests of $10,000
each to local charitable institutions in Chicago,
also directing his executors to set aside $1,200,000
for the founding and endowment of a free
manual training school at Pullman, 111. He was
a promoter of the Chicago Athseneum and its
president ; a director of the Relief and Aid
society, and a member of the board of councillors
of the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. He
died in Chicago, 111., Oct. 19, 1897.
PULSIFER, David, antiquary, was born in
Ipswich, Mass. , Sept. 22, 1802; son of Capt. David
and Sarah (Stanwood) Pulsifer, and a descendant

[367]

PUMPELLY

PURCELL

of Benedict Pulsifer, who settled in Ipswich,
Mass., in 1662, and married Susanna Waters of
Salem, Mass. He attended the public school, and
in 1817 was apprenticed to Isaac Cushing, book
binder, of Salem, where he developed a taste for
antiquarian research. He was an assistant to
Ichabod Tucker, clerk of the Essex county courts,
1822-30 ; clerk and bookkeeper for James Munroe
& Co., publishers and booksellers, Boston, after
1841 ; assistant in the offices of the clerk of courts
and register of deeds, Middlesex county, where
he gained a reputation for his skill in deciphering
seventeenth century handwriting, and tran
scribed the first volume of the "Massachusetts
Colony Records," for the American Antiquarian
society. He was copyist for Ephriam M. Wright
and N. B. Shurtleff in 1853, when they edited the
colonial records, completing them to 1688, and
copyist and subsequently editor ofthe " Plymouth
Colonial Records," compiling volumes IX. to XII.
(1859-61). He was clerk in the office of the
secretary of state until about 1882 ; librarian of
the New England Historic Genealogical society,
1849-51 ; its recording secretary in 1857, and a
frequent contributor to the early volumes of its
Register. He was married in 1867 to Lucy (Saf-
ford)Whaer, daughter of James Safford of China,
Maine. He was a fellow of the American Statis
tical association, 1848-94, its librarian, 1863-65,
and received the honorary degree A.M. from
Amherst college in 1863. He is the author of :
Inscriptions from the Burying Grounds of Salem,
Mass. (1837); A Guide to Boston and Vicinity
(1860), and an Account of the Battle of Bunker
Hill, with Gen. John Burgoyne's Account (1872);
and edited '¦ The Simple Cobbler of Agawam," by
Nathaniel Ward (1843); " A Political Epistle to
George Washington, Esq., Commander-in-Chief
of the Armies of the United States of America,"
by Rev. Charles H. Wharton (1881); and "The
Christian's A. B.C.,' an original manuscript writ
ten in the eighteenth century by an unknown
writer. He died in Augusta, Me., Aug. 9, 1894.
PUMPELLY, Raphael, geologist, was born in
Oswego, N.Y., Sept. 8, 1837 ; son of William and
Mary Hollenback (Welles) Pumpelly ; grandson
of John and Hannah (Bushnell) Pumpelly and
of George and Prudence (Talcot) Welles, and of
Huguenot descent and Italian origin on his
father's side. He attended Owego academy,
Russell's institute at New Haven, the polytech
nic school in Hanover, and the Royal Mining
school at Freiberg, Saxony, and traveled exten
sively in Europe, studying geology and metal
lurgy, 1854-60. He had charge of Arizona mines
during the Apache war of 1860 ; made an official
exploration of the island of Yesso, 1861-63, and
of the coal fields of northern China in 1864 for
the Chinese government. He also made unofficial

explorations in Corsica, 1854-60 ; through central,
western and northern China and Mongolia, 1863-
64, and across the Gobi desert into Siberia in
1865, and was professor of mining in the School
of Mining and Practical Geology, Harvard, 1866-
73. He was married, Oct. 20, 1869, to Eliza
Frances, daughter of Otis and Ann (Pope) Shep
ard of Dorchester, Mass. He conducted the geo
logical survey of the copper regions of Michigan,
1870-71 ; the geological survey of Missouri, 1871-
74 ; organized the division of economic geology
in the U.S. geological survey in 1879, and was
special agent of the tenth U.S. census, 1879-81.
He conducted an investigation of the soils from
a sanitary standpoint for the national board of
health, 1879-80 ; organized and conducted the
Northern Transcontinental survey for collecting
topographical and economic information in Da
kota, Montana and Washington territories, 1881-
84, and was chief of the Archaean division of the
U.S. geological survey, 1884-90, in directing the
mapping of western New England. He was
elected a member of the National Academy of
Sciences in 1872 ; was American vice-president
of the international geological congress at Wash
ington in 1891, and a member of various scientific
societies. He contributed to the American Jour
nal of Science, and to the transactions of other
scientific societies, and is the author of : Geolo
gical Researches in China, Mongolia and Japan
(1866); Across America and Asia (1869) ; Copper
Bearing Rocks, part II. of Vol. I. of the "Geolo
gical Survey of Micliigan " (1873) ; A Preliminary
Report on the Iron Ores and Coal Fields of Mis
souri with an atlas, for the report of the " Geolo
gical Survey of Missouri " (1873); Publications of
tlie Northern Transcontinental Survey (1882 and
1883) ; The Mining Industries of the United States
in Vol. XV. of the " Census Reports" (1886), and
Geology of the Green Mountains (1894).
PURCELL, John Baptist, R.C. archbishop,
was born at Mallow, county Cork, Ireland, Feb. 26,
1800 ; son of Edward and Johanna Purcell. He
came to Baltimore, Md., in 1818, entered Asbury
college where he later became a tutor, and also
tutored in a private family. He studied at Mount
St. Mary's college, Emmittsburg, Md., 1820-23,
and completed his theological course at the Sem
inary of Issy, St. Sulpice, Paris, France, 1824-26.
He was ordained priest, May 21, 1826; was
professor of moral philosophy in Mount St.
Mary's college, Md., 1827-28, also assisting the
president in the theological classes, and was
president of the college, 1828-33. He was ap
pointed bishop of Cincinnati, Feb. 25, 1833, as
successor to the Rt. Rev. Edward Fenwick (q.v.),
deceased, and was consecrated at Baltimore,
Md., Oct. 13, 1833. The diocese then embraced
the states of Ohio and Michigan, and the church

[868]

PURCELL

PURINTON

property of the diocese consisted of sixteen
churches valued at only $12,000. He was obliged
to borrow $300 to procure an outfit and pay
traveling expenses to Cincinnati. He set about
establishing parish
schools and acade
mies ; organized Ger
man congregations,
and built a convent
for the Ursulines.
During the first de
cade of his adminis
tration the Roman
Catholic population
of the diocese in
creased from 6000 to
70,000; the churches
fp|§; " <-'"' '" from sixteen to
seventy-six, and the
fcf' 7 /$. ? /&**££> priests to seventy-
¦ "' three. The diocese of
Detroit was set off in 1834, and that of Cleveland in
1847. He attended the third council of Baltimore
in April, 1837 ; visited Europe in 1838, and was
promoted archbishop of Cincinnati, July 19, 1850,
with four suffragan bishops. He received the
pallium from the hands of Pius IX in the private
chapel in Rome in 1851 ; presided over his first
provincial council in 1855, and the second in
1858 ; attended the Vatican council in 1869, where
he opposed the declaration of the infallibility of
the pope, but subscribed to the doctrine on its
definition, and in 1876 celebrated his golden
jubilee in Cincinnati. He founded the theolo
gical seminary of Mount St. Mary's of the West,
built St. Peter's
cathedral, and
established The
Catholic Tele
graph, to which
he contributed.
He placed the
financial affairs
of the diocese
in the hands of
his brother, the
Very Rev. Ed
ward Purcell,
who was his
vicar - general,
" and also en
trusted him
with the funds
of his diocesans,
who brought
their savings to
him for safe keeping and investment, never
questioning his ability as a financier. In 1879
it was discovered that the indebtedness of the

ST. PETER'S CATHEDRAL. CIN.O.

archbishop had reached nearly $4,000,000 ; the
property in which the investments were made
had rapidly declined in market value, and
could not be sold, and insolvency followed.
Vicar-General Purcell died heartbroken, and
although the matter was widely commented
on, no charge of dishonesty was made against
the archbishop, the fact that he had been twenty-
five years bishop of the diocese before he ac
cepted any part of his annual salary of $5000,
satisfying his creditors as to his personal disregard
of the use of money. He offered his resignation
in 1880, which was not accepted. He was, how
ever, given a coadjutor in the person of the Rt.
Rev. William Henry Elder (q.v.), bishop of
Natchez, and he retired to Brown county, Ohio,
where he spent the rest of his life. The Roman
Catholics in his diocese numbered more than
500,000, the priests 480, and the churches 500 at
his death. He published : The Roman Clergy
and Free Thought (1870); Lectures and Pastoral
Letters ; Diocesan Statutes, Acts and Decrees of
Three Provincial Councils held in Cincinnati, and
a series of school-books for parochial schools.
He died in Brown county, Ohio, July 4, 1883.
PURINTON, Daniel Boardman, educator, was
born in Preston county, Va., Feb. 15, 1850; son
of the Rev. Dr. Jesse M. and Nancy Alden
(Lyon) Purinton ; grandson of the Rev. Thomas
and Sabrina (Boardman) Purinton, and of Aaron
and Armilla (Alden) Lyon, and a descendant of
John Alden of the Mayfloiver. He prepared for
college at George's Creek academy, Pa., and was
graduated from the University of West Virginia
in 1873, where he was an instructor and professor,
1873-89, filling successively the chairs of logic,
mathematics and metaphysics. He was married,
July 6, 1876, to Florence A. , daughter of Prof. F. S.
and Harriet (Johnson) Lyon of Morgantown,
W. Va. He was vice-president of the university
and served as acting president, 1881-83. In 1890
he entered upon his duties as president and pro
fessor of intellectual and moral philosophy in
Denison university, Granville, Ohio, which in
cluded the presidency of Doane academy and
Shepardston college. In June, 1902, he accepted
the presidency of the West Virginia university.
He took the degree of Ph.D. from the University
of Nashville in 1891, and the honorary degree of
LL.D. from Denison university in 1887. He is
the author of : Contest of the Frogs, an extended
poem (1888); Christian Theism : Its Claims and
Sanctions (1889); and a number of songs for
which he composed music,
PURINTON, George Dana, biologist, was born
in Preston county, Va., Oct. 1, 1856 ; son of the
Rev. J. M. and Nancy Alden (Lyon) Purinton ;
grandson of the Rev. Thomas Purinton, lawyer
and physician, of Coleraine, Mass., and subse-

PURNELL

PURVIANCE

quently of Virginia, and a maternal descendant
of John Alden of the Mayflower. George D. Pur
inton received a liberal preparatory education ;
taught school in Virginia, and after serving as
principal of George's Creek academy, Pa., of the
Cherokee Male seminary and of the national high
school of the Cherokee Indians, Tahlequah, In
dian Territory, was graduated from the university
of Missouri, M.D., 1871, and from the West Vir
ginia university, A.B., 1879, A.M. 1882. In 1871
he was married to Helen B. Fordyce of Morgan-
town, W. Va. He was co-proprietor and joint
president of Broadus college, W. Va., 1879-80 ;
was subsequently superintendent of the Piedmont
schools, W. Va. , but resigned to become vice-
president and professor of physical sciences and
natural history in the University of Des Moines,
Iowa, and was president of the university, 1881-
82. He was made professor of chemistry and
physics in Furman university, S.C, in 1882, at
the same time serving as analytical chemist and
assayer to the trade and as official chemist to
various manufactories, and was subsequently
professor of chemistry and biology in Arkansas
Industrial university ; professor of chemistry,
and superintendent of agriculture, which latter
department he had founded. He was professor
of biology and director and curator of the museum
in the State University of Missouri, 1887-94. act
ing as organizer and director of the Agricultural
Experiment Station of Delaware, 1888. From
1894 till his death he practised medicine in St.
Louis. He received the honorary degree of Ph. D.
from the State University of West Virginia. He
is the author of : Systematic Descriptive Botany,
A Guide to the Botanical Laboratory ; Analytical
Chemistry and Plant Chemistry. He died at St.
Louis, Mo., March 27, 1897.
PURNELL, Thomas Richard, jurist, was born
in Wilmington, N.C, Aug. 10, 1846; son of
Thomas Richard and Eliza Ann (Dudley) Pur-
nell ; grandson of John and Sarah Purnell and of
Gov. Edward B. and Elizabeth (Ruffin) Dudley ;
great-grandson of John Purnell (1st), who set
tled in North Carolina in 1780, and a descendant
of Christopher Dudley, John Haywood, one of the
first settlers in Edgecomb county, N.C. (1675),
and Thomas Purnell, who came from England,
1634, and settled in Virginia or Maryland. He at
tended Hillsboro Military academy, and in 1864
served in the C. S. army as orderly to Gen. W.
H. C. Whitney at Wilmington, and in 1865 as
topographical engineer in the Army of Northern
Virginia with the rank of lieutenant. He was
paroled at Greensboro, N.C, May, 1865, and was
graduated at Trinity college, N.C, A.B., 1869,
A.M., 1872. He studied law under Col. Robert
Strange in Wilmington; was married, Nov. 11,
1870, to Adelia E., daughter of Dr. Alexander T.

and Lucinda B. (Blum) Zevely of Salem, N.C. ;
practised law in Baltimore, Md., 1870-71 ; Salem,
N.C, 1871-73 ; was state librarian at Raleigh,
1873-76 ; representative in the state legislature,
1876-77 ; state senator, 1883-84 ; Republican can
didate for presidential elector, 1884 and 1888 ;
candidate for attorney-general of the state, 1892 ;
for solicitor of the 4th judicial district, 1894;
was commissioner for the U.S. circuit court,
1877-97.; practised law in Raleigh, 1876-97, and
on May 5, 1897, succeeded Augustus Seymour,
deceased, as U.S. district judge for the eastern
district of North Carolina.
PURVES, George Tybout, clergyman and
author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 27,
1852 ; son of William and Anna (Kennedy) Purves.
He was graduated from the University of Penn
sylvania, A.B., 1872, A.M., 1875, and at Princeton
Theological seminary in 1876.- He was pastor of
the Presbyterian church at Wayne, Pa., 1877-80 ;
of the Boundary Avenue church, Baltimore, Md.,
1880-86 ; declined the chair of systematic theology
in McCormick Theological seminary, Chicago ;
the chair of church history in Princeton Theolo
gical seminary and the pastorate of the Collegiate
Reformed church in New York city in 1889 ; was
pastor of the First church, Pittsburg, Pa., 1886—
92 ; professor of New Testament literature and
Greek exegesis at Princeton Theological semin
ary, co-pastor of the First church, Princeton, and
preacher at Princeton university, 1892-1900, and
pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian church,
New York city, as successor to the Rev. Dr. John
Hall, 1900-01. He received the degree D.D. from
Washington and Jefferson college in 1888, and
from the University of Pennsylvania and Prince
ton university in 1894, and LL.D. from Lafayette
college in 1895. He was married to Rebecca
Bird, daughter of E. M. Sellers of Philadelphia,
Pa., and at Dr. Purves's death in 1901 she was
left with one son and six daughters. He is the
author of : The Testimony of Justin Martyr to
Early Christianity (1888); Christianity in the
Apostolic Age (1900), and sermons and numerous
articles on New Testament themes. He died in
New York city, Sept. 24, 1901.
PURVIANCE, Hugh Young, naval officer, was
born in Baltimore, Md., March 22, 1799. He at
tended St. Mary's college, Baltimore, and on Nov.
3, 1818, was warranted midshipman in the U.S.
navy. His midshipman service was on the frig
ates Congress and Franklin of the Pacific squad
ron, 1819-23, and on the North Carolina of the
Mediterranean squadron, 1824-27. He was pro
moted lieutenant, March 3, 1827 ; was an officer
on the sloop Falmouth of the West India squad
ron, 1828-30 ; on the sloop Peacock of the East
India squadron, 1833-34 ; on rendezvous at Balti
more, Md., 1836-37, and on the Brazil squadron,

[370]

PURVIS

PUTNAM

THE FRICiATe.
CONSTITUTION

where he commanded the brig Dolphin and the
sloop Fairfield, 1837-38, and during this service
he relieved an American schooner from the
French blookade at Salado, River Platte, for
which act he received complimentary recogni
tion from the U.S. government. He was on the
Brandywine of the Mediterranean squadron, 1841-
42 ; in com
mand of
the brig
Pioneer on
the coast
of Africa
in 1843,
and of the
5gH U.S. frigate
Constitu
tion in the
Mexican blockade in 1846. As commander, which
rank he attained March 7, 1849, he was on the re
ceiving-ship Consort at Baltimore, Md., 1850-51,
and the sloop Marion on thecoastof Africa, 1852-
55. As captain, to which rank he was promoted
Jan. 28, 1856, he commanded the frigate St. Law
rence in the blockade of Charleston and the south
ern coast in 1861, and captured and sunk the Con
federate privateer Petrel when just twelve hours
out. He also captured several other prizes and en
gaged his ship in the fight with the Merrimac,
March 9, 1862, and in the attack on Se wall's Point,
Hampden Roads. He was retired Deo. 21, 1861 ;
was promoted commodore on the retired list July
16, 1862 ; served as light-house inspector, 1863-65,
and was promoted rear-admiral on the retired
list Feb. 25, 1881. He died in Baltimore, Md.,
Oct. 21, 1882.
PURVIS, Robert, abolitionist, was born in
Charleston, S.C. Aug. 4, 1810; son of William
and Harriet (Badaracka) Purvis. His father, a
native of Northumberland, England, was a cotton
broker, and an abolitionist. His mother was the
daughter of Baron Judah Badaracka, a German
Jew, and his wife Dida, a Moor and East Indian.
He received a liberal education in Pennsylvania,
completing it at Amherst college. Benjamin
Lundy met him in 1830, and the two began an
antislavery crusade. He was married in 1831 to
Harriet D., daughter of James and Charlotte
Foster. He was one of the sixty founders of the
American Antislavery society at Philadelphia,
Pa., Dec. 4, 1833 ; signed its declaration of senti
ments, and was its vice-president and its last sur
vivor. He was also president of the Pennsylva
nia Antislavery society, and organizer and presi
dent of the so-called ' ' underground railroad " in
1838, of which his home was a station, giving his
personal attention to all fugitives en route to
Canada, although often at the peril of his life.
When John G. Whittier was his guest, the two

were mobbed in Pennsylvania Hall. He was inti
mately associated with William Lloyd Garrison,
whom he assisted in establishing and maintain
ing the Liberator, and he labored to have Presi
dent Lincoln place the civil war on an antislavery
basis in 1801. After the proclamation of emanci
pation he became the first vice-president of the
Woman Suffrage society. He was also identi
fied with the temperance cause, the labor move
ment, and the movement to reform political
methods in the city of Philadelphia. He was a
speaker of much force and eloquence and presid
ed at the semi-centennial anniversary of the
American Antislavery society in 1883. He died
in Philadelphia. Pa., April 15, 1898.
PURYEAR, Bennet, educator, was born in
Mecklenburg county, Va., July 23, 1826 ; son of
Thomas and Elizabeth (Marshall) Puryear ; grand
son of John and Mary (Hubbard) Puryear. and a
descendant of John and Anne (Bennet) Goode,
who came to Virginia from Berkshire, England,
in 1658, and settled at Whitby on the James,
naming it after the old home in England. He
was graduated with the highest honors at Ran
dolph-Macon college, A.B., 1847, A.M., 1850 ;
taught school in Monroe county, Ala., 1847-48;
was tutor in Richmond college, Va., 1850-51 ;
professor of natural sciences, 1851-58, and profes
sor of chemistry and geology at Randolph-Macon
college, 1858-66. He returned to the chair of
natural sciences at Richmond college in 1866 ;
was chairman of the faculty, 1869-75, with the
exception of four years (1885-88) , and professor of
chemistry, 1873-95. The honorary-degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Georgetown college,
Ky., and by Howard college, Ala., in 1878. He
was married, first, to Virginia C, daughter of
Nathaniel and Sallie (Massie) Ragland ; and
secondly, to Ella M., daughter of Leroy B. and
Elizabeth (Puryear) Wyles. He is the author of
many educational and political papers, including
those on The Virginia Debt and The Public School
in its Relation to the Negro. In December, 1902,
he was residing in Orange county, near Orange,
C.H., Virginia.
PUTNAM, Albigence Waldo, author, was born
in Belpre, Ohio, March 11, 1799 ; son of Aaron
Waldo and Charlotte (Loiing) Putnam ; grandson
of Israel and Sarah (Waldo) Putnam and of Col.
Daniel Loring of Ohio, and great-grandson of
Gen. Israel Putnam. He engaged in the practice
of law first in Mississippi, and after 1836 in Nash
ville, Tenn. He was president of the Tennessee
Historical society, contributed to its publication,
and is the author of : A History of Middle Ten
nessee (1859) : Life and Times of Gen. James
Robertson (1859), and Life of Gen. John Sevier
in Wheeler's "History of North Carolina." He
died in Nashville, Tenn., Jan. 20, 1869.

[371]

PUTNAM

PUTNAM

PUTNAM, Alfred Porter, clergyman and
author, was born at Danvers, Mass., Jan. 10,
1827 ; son of the Hon. Elias and Eunice (Ross)
Putnam ; grandson of Israel and Anna (Endicott)
Putnam, and of Adam Ross of Ipswich, a Bunker
Hill and Revolutionary soldier ; great-grandson
of Capt. Edmund Putnam, who commanded one
of the Danvers-Lexingtoft companies, April 19,
1775, and a descendant of John Putnam, John
Porter, Gov. John Endicott, Maj. William Ha-
thorne, and other leading settlers of Salem Vil
lage, now Danvers. He was a bank clerk in
Danvers ; a book-keeper in a Boston mercantile
house; attended the Pembroke, N.H., Andover,
Mass., and Springfield, Vt., academies; matricu
lated at Dartmouth in 1849, but changed to Brown
in 1850, and was graduated there A.B., 1852, and
from the Harvard Divinity school in 1855,
being sent while a student as delegate from Dan
vers to the first Republican convention in Massa
chusetts, held at Worcester in 1854. He was
appointed to preach by the Boston Association
of Ministers, and was pastor of the Mount Pleas
ant church (Unitarian), Roxbury, 1855-64 ; being
also elected president of the Unitarian Sunday-
school society in 1863. In 1862-63 he traveled
abroad with the Rev. Frederick Frothingham,
visiting the principal European countries, ascend
ing the Nile for a thousand miles, journeying by
caravan to Mount Sinai, Petra, Mount Hor and
Jerusalem, and sailing from Joppa to Constanti
nople. He was twice married; first, Jan. 10,
1856, to Louise P., daughter of Samuel and
Lydia (Proctor) Preston of Danvers, who died
June 12, 1860 ; and secondly, Dec. 27, 1865, to
Eliza King, daughter of Ephraim and Mary
(King) Buttrick of Cambridge. He was minister
of the First Unitarian church (Church of the
Saviour), Brooklyn, N.Y., 1864-86, and while
there started its flourishing mission school, and
also a third Unitarian church in the city. He
was one of the founders of the Brooklyn Union
for Christian Workers ; one of the editors of the
Liberal Christian, a Unitarian weekly ; director,
chairman of the executive committee, correspond
ing secretary, and a life member of the Long
Island Historical society, and after 1886 honorary
member of the Brooklyn New England society.
He visited Europe in 1883 for the benefit of his
health, and in 1886 resigned his pastorate to seek
recovery in the country, soon settling in Con
cord, Mass. A year later, he began to preach
in many places and to lecture before various
historical societies, at the MeadviUe Theological
school and at Tufts college, on subjects relating
to history and hymnology, the Bible, ethnic reli
gions and archaeology. In 1889 he established
the Danvers Historical society, of which he was
chosen president. In 1895 he removed to Danvers,

and in 1897 to Salem, Mass. He was made an
honorary member of the Peabody and Lexington
historical societies, a member of the American
Historical association, and of several patriotic
and kindred organizations. Brown conferred'
upon him the honorary degree of D.D. in 1871.
His bibliography, embracing about fifty titles,
and comprising books, pamphlets, and discourses,
includes the following : Memorial discourses on
Edward Everett (1865), William Lloyd Garrison
(1879), and Abiel Abbot Low (1893); Unitarian-
ism in Brooklyn (1869); The Unitarian Denomi
nation, Past and Present (1870); Singers and
Songs of the Liberal Faith (1874) ; Christianity
the Law of the Land (1876); Proceedings of the
Brooklyn Celebration of the Hundredth Birthday
of Dr. Channing (edited, 1880) ; A Unitarian
Oberlin (1888) ; Rebecca Nurse and Her Friends
(1892); Old Anti-Slavery Days (1893); and Gen.
Israel Putnam and Bunker Hill (1901). He is also
the author of many contributions to periodicals,
notably the Danvers Mirror, for which he wrote
(1876-1902) more than one hundred articles, his
torical, biographical, genealogical, and descrip
tive. PUTNAM, Eben, genealogist, was born in
Salem, Mass., Oct. 10, 1868 ; son of Frederic
Ward and Adelaide Martha (Edmands) Putnam ;
grandson of Eben and Elizabeth (Appleton) Put
nam and of William and Martha Adams (Tapley)
Edmands. He was prepared foi; college at Cam
bridge high school, but did not matriculate, and
in 1885 entered business life. He was married,
Aug. 17, 1890, to Florence, daughter of Frank
and Elizabeth Tucker of Boston, Mass. He was
manager of the Salem Press, and editor of the
Salem Press Historical Genealogical Record, and
its successors, Putnam's Historical Magazine and
Genealogical Quarterly Magazine. He was busi
ness manager of The International Monthly,
1899-1902, resigning in July, 1902, when he
became president and manager of the Research
Publication company of Boston. He was elected
a member of the Essex Institute and of the New
England Historic Genealogical society, in both of
which societies he was a member of the library
committee ; and of the New Brunswick Histori
cal society. He was a founder, secretary and
registrar, and member of the council of the Old
Planters' society ; member, secretary, and lieu
tenant-governor of the Society of Colonial Wars
in Vermont, and delegate to its general assembly,
1902 ; librarian of the Vermont Antiquarian
society, 1901-02, chairman of the executive com
mittee, and one of the editors of the Vermont
Antiquarian. He is the author of : History of the
Putnam Family in England and America (1892-
1901) ; Military and Naval Annals of Danvers
(1895); editor and part author of Osgood Gene-

[372]

PUTNAM

PUTNAM

alogy (1894) ; and of many genealogical mono
graphs, more or less complete, among which are
the published results of research in England re
garding the origin of the Endicott, Pillsbury,
Purringtori, Graves, Streeter, Tapley, and Weare
families, and many articles on records and record
searching, as well as on historical subjects of
local interest.
PUTNAM, Emily James, educator, was born
in Canandaigua, N.Y., April 15, 1865 ; daughter
of James Cosslett and Emily (Adams) Smith ;
granddaughter of Thomas and Alice (Cosslett)
Smith and of John and Margaret (Hamilton)
Adams, and a descendant of Henry Adams, who
settled at Braintree, Mass., in 1634. Her father
was a justice of the supreme court of the state
of New York. She was graduated at Bryn Mawr
college, Pa., 1889; was a fellow in Greek language
and literature, University of Chicago, 1893-94 ;
studied at Cambridge university, England, 1889-
90, and was dean of Barnard college, Columbia
university, 1894-1900. She resigned from Bar
nard, Feb. 1, 1900, having been married, April 27,
1899, to George Haven Putnam (q.v.). She is
the author of Selections from Lucian (1891).
PUTNAM, Frederic Ward, anthropologist, was
born in Salem, Mass., April 16, 1839 ; son of Eben
and Elizabeth Appleton Putnam ; grandson of
Eben and Elizabeth (Fiske) Putnam and of
Nathaniel and Elizabeth (Ward) Appleton ; great-
grandson of Joshua
Ward and of John
Fiske, and a descend
ant of John Put
nam, who emigrated
from Aston Abbotts,
Bucks, England, to
Salem, Mass., in 1640.
He received private
preparatory instruc
tion and was grad
uated from the
Lawrence Scientific
school, Harvard, S.B.,
1862. Very early in
life he displayed an
unusual aptness for
the study of natural history, arid in 1856 he was
made curator of ornithology of the Essex Insti
tute, Salem, and published his " List of the Birds
of Essex County." In this same year he became
a special student of zoology under Louis Agassiz
and was his assistant in charge of the collection
of fishes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Harvard, 1856-64. He was married, first, in
1864, to Adelaide Martha, daughter of William
M. Edmands of Charlestown, Mass., who died in
1879, and secondly, in 1882, to Esther Orne,
daughter of John L. Clarke of Chicago, 111. He

yfo* - I
¦^m'mm. (
ar "

was in charge of the museum of the Essex Insti
tute, Salem, 1864-67 ; superintendent of the East
India Marine Society Museum, 1867, and when
the two collections were merged as the Peabody
Academy of Sciences, was made director of
the academy. In 1875 he was made curator of
the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethno
logy at Harvard, and when the Peabody pro
fessorship of American archaeology and ethnology
was established, he was awarded the chair. He
was instructor at the School of Natural History
on Penikese Island in 1874, and in the same year
was appointed assistant on the Kentucky geolo
gical survey. He was state commissioner of
inland fisheries for Massachusetts, 1882-89, and
chief of the department of ethnology of the
World's Columbian exposition, 1891-94. In 1894
he was appointed curator of anthropology in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York
city. In 1901 the regents of the University of
California appointed him chairman of the
advisory committee on anthropology. In connec
tion with his zoological and anthropological work
he published over 300 papers. He prepared Vol
ume VII of the Reports of the U.S. geological
surveys west of the 100th meridian (archaeology);
and edited, for varying terms, the Proceedings of
the Essex Institute, tjie Reports of the Peabody
Academy, and the annual volumes of the Amer
ican Association for the Advancement of Science.
He edited the annual reports of the Peabody
Museum as well as all its publications after
1873. He was the originator and editor of the
Naturalists' Directory in 1865, and one of the
founders of the American Naturalist in 1867. His
researches in American archaeology began in 1857,
when he examined a shell-heap in Montreal. He
personally explored shell-heaps, burial mounds,
village sites and caves in various parts of North
America, as well as the ancient pueblos and
cliff-houses, and the later geological deposits in
California and in the Delaware Valley in con
nection with the antiquity of man in America.
He directed extensive explorations in the United
States, Mexico, Central and South America. He
served as president of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, of the Boston
Society of Natural History, and of the American
Folk-lore society; became a fellow of the National
Academy of Science, the American Philosophical
society, the Massachusetts Historical society, the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the
American Antiquarian society, and the anthro
pological societies of Washington, London, Paris.
and Brussels ; and in 1896 was decorated by the
French government with the Cross of the Legion
of Honor. The University of Pennsylvania gave
him the S.D. degree in 1894 and one of the first
four Drexel gold medals in 1903.

[373]

PUTNAM

PUTNAM

PUTNAM, George Haven, publisher, was born
in London, England, April 2, 1844 ; sonof George
Palmer and Victorine (Haven) Putnam. He
was brought to New York in 1847 and was a pupil
in the public and Columbia grammar schools of
New York city ; matriculated at Columbia col
lege in the class of 1864 ; studied in the College
of the Sorbonne, Paris, and the University of
Gottingen, 1861-62, and left Germany in August,
1862, to enter the 176th regiment, New York volun
teers, organized largely by the Young Men's
Christian association. He was promoted ser
geant, lieutenant, quarter-master and adjutant,
and commissioned major ; served in the Red
River campaign in Louisiana ; with Sheridan in
the Shenandoah Valley ; was a prisoner at Libby
and Danville, and with Emory in the last cam
paign in North Carolina. He was deputy col
lector of internal revenues under his father,
1865-66, and became a partner in his father's
publishing house in 1866, the firm becoming G.
P. Putnam & Son, and on the death of his father
in 1872, G. P. Putnam's Sons, George Haven,
John Bishop and Irving constituting the firm.
They established the Knickerbocker Press as the
manufacturing department of the publishing busi
ness in 1875. George H. Putnam was active in re
organizing the American Copyright league in
1887, originally organized by his father in 1851,
and was its secretary during the contest for inter
national copyright, resulting in the bill of March,
1891. This service secured for him the cross of
the Legion of Honor from France in 1891. He
received the honorary degree of A.M. from
Bowdoin in 1895, and that of Litt. D. from the
Western University of Pennsylvania in 1897. He
was married, first, in July, 1869, to Rebecca Kettell
Shepard of Boston, Mass., and after her death in
July, 1895, secondly, April 27, 1899, to Emily James,
daughter of Judge James C. Smith of Canan
daigua, N.Y. He was admitted to membership in
the Commonwealth club of New York, the Cen
tury association and the Authors and Aldine
clubs of New York, and was one of the founders
of the City and Reform clubs of New York. He
was also a member of the Swiss club of London,
and an honorary member of the National, Liberal
and Cobden clubs of London, England. He was
a founder of the Society for Political Education ;
a member of the executive committee of the
Civil Service Reform association ; and also a
member of the New York Free Trade club, the
National Free Trade league, and the Honest
Money league, 1876-78. He is the author of:
Authors and Publishers (1883); Questions of
Coypright (1891); Authors and Their Publications
in Ancient Times (1893); Tlie Artificial Mother
(1894), Books and Their Makers in tne Middle
Ages (1896).

[374]

PUTNAM, George Palmer, publisher, was
born in Brunswick, Maine, Feb. 7, 1814 ; son of
Henry (1778-1822) and Katherine Hunt (Palmer)
Putnam (1791-1869) ; grandson of Joseph' Pearce
Palmer; great-grandson of Gen. Joseph Palmer
of the Continental army (1742-1804), and a de
scendant of John Putnam, born at Aston Abbotts,
Bucks county, England, 1580 ; settled at Salem,
Mass., 1640. He attended school in Brunswick,
Maine, two years, and when eight years old went
to Boston, Mass., where he was helper in the carpet
store of his uncle, John P. Gulliver, 1822-26. In
1826 his mother removed to New York, where he
was a clerk in a book store of George W. Bleecker
for a short time. He became clerk for Jonathan
Leavitt in 1830, and in 1836 was made junior
partner in the firm of Wiley and Long, book im
porters, for whom he went to Europe in 1838 as
buyer, forming the first American book agency
in London. Soon after this the firm became
Wiley and Putnam. He was in London, 1837-47,
in charge of the English house, and in 1848 es
tablished the publishing and bookselling house of
G. P. Putnam, 155 Broadway. He was married
in June, 1841, to Victorine, daughter of Joseph
and Mary (Tuttle) Haven of Boston, Mass. He
published Irving's Works ; Edgar Allen Poe's
"Eureka;" James Russell Lowell's " The Fable
for Critics;" Bayard Taylor's "Views Afoot,"
and the first books of Cooper and Bryant in 1848.
He established Putnam's Monthly in 1853 ; organ
ized the copyright league in 1851, and admitted
as partner John W. Leslie in 1854, the firm becom
ing G. P. Putnam & Co. In 1861 he organized the
Loyal Publication society, which had /an impor
tant influence on public opinion at home and in
Europe, and in 1862 he retired temporarily from
the publishing business and accepted from Presi
dent Lincoln the collectorship of internal reve
nues for the eighth district of New York, serving
1862-66. He resumed the publishing business in
1866 with his son, George Haven Putnam, and
they established the house of G. P. Putnam &
Son, which in 1868 admitted another son, John
Bishop, and subsequently a third son, Irving, and
became G. P. Putnam & Sons, with a house in
Bedford St. , London, England. He was secretary
of the Publishers' association, a founder and
honorary superintendent of the Metropolitan Mu
seum of Art, and in 1864 was appointed chairman
of the American committee on art, Vienna ex
position , 1873. He received the honorary degree of
A.M. from Bowdoin college in 1853. He is the au
thor of : Chronology, An Introduction and Index
to Universal History, Biography and Useful
Knowledge (1833); Plea for International Copyright
(1837); The Tourist in Europe (1838); American
Facts (1840); American Book Circular (1843);
American Facts (1845); A Pocket Memorandum-

PUTNAM

PUTNAM

Book in France, Italy and Germany in 1847
(1848); Ten Years of the World's Progress ; Siq)-
plement 1850-1861 (1861). He died in New York
city, Dec. 20, 1872.
PUTNAM, Harvey, representative, was born
in Brattleboro, Vt. , Jan. 5, 1793 ; son of Asa and
Anna (Collins) Putnam : grandson of Josiah and
Lydia (Wheeler) Putnam, and a descendant of
John and Priscilla (Gould) Putnam, who emigra
ted from Buckinghamshire, England, in 1634, set
tling in Salem, Mass. He was left an orphan at
an early age, and in 1808 removed to Skaneateles,
NY., where he learned the trade of a saddler and
harnessmaker. He attended the village academy ,
studied law under Daniel Kellogg and Judge
Jewett, and was admitted to the bar in 1816. He
was married, Aug. 5, 1817, to Myra. daughter of
Stephen and Ablina (Simonds) Osborne, and
granddaughter of Col. Benjamin Simonds of
Williamstown, Mass. ' He practised in Manlius,
1816-17, and in Attica, N.Y., 1817-55, after 1847
in partnership with his son-in-law, John B. Skin
ner, 2d. He was a Whig representative from the
thirty-third New York district in the 25th con
gress, 1838-39, completing the term of William
Patterson, deceased ; was surrogate of Genesee
county, 1840-41 and of Wyoming county, 1841-42 ;
member of the state senate, 1843-46, serving
therein as a member of the court for the correc
tion of errors, and a Whig representative from
the thirty-second district in the 30th and 31st con
gresses, 1847-51, where he opposed compromise
measures. He died in Attica, N.Y., Sept. 20, 1855.
PUTNAM, Herbert, librarian, was born in New
York city, Sept. 20, 1861 ; son of George Palmer
and Victorine (Haven) Putnam. He was pre
pared for college in the private school of James
H. Morse ; was graduated at Harvard in. 1883,
and studied law
at Columbia college,
N.Y., 1883-84. He
was librarian of the
Minneapolis Athe
naeum, 1884-87, which
he organized in 1887
as the Minneapolis
Public library, serv
ing as its librarian,
1887-91, and in 1888
went to Europe in
the interest of the
library. He was ad
mitted to the Minne
sota bar in 1886 ;
was married, October,
1886, to Charlotte Elizabeth, daughter of Charles
W. Munroe of Cambridge, Mass. ; engaged in the
practice of law in Boston, Mass., 1892-95, and
was librarian of the Boston Public library, 1895-

Ul^r\-*&if\

99, succeeding Theodore F. Dwight. During his
administration the income of the library increased
from $190,000 to $263,000 : the departments were
reorganized, new ones established and several
improvements in equipment and arrangement
made as to the circulation of books. Dur
ing 1896-97 he was president of the Massachu
setts Library club ; in 1897 he represented the
United States as delegate to the International
library conference, and in 1898 he was elected
president of the American Library association.
He was appointed to succeed John, Russell
Young, deceased, as librarian of congress, Wash
ington, D.C, March 13, 1899. He received the
honorary degree of Litt.D. from Bowdoin college
in 1898.
PUTNAM, Israel, soldier, was bom in Salem,
Mass., Jan. 7, 1718; twelfth child of Joseph
(half brother of Edward) and Elizabeth (Porter)
Putnam; grandson of Thomas and Mary Verne
Putnam and of Israel and Elizabeth (Hathorne)
Porter, and great-grandson of John Porter, of
William Hathorne and of John and Priscilla
(Gould) Putnam, all immigrants from England
about 1630-1634, and settlers in Salem, Mass
achusetts Bay Colony. Israel's father died when he
was quite young, and his mother marrying Capt.
Thomas Perley of Boxford, he was brought up
on the farm of his stepfather, receiving a portion
of his father's farm near Salem, on reaching
his majority. In 1739 he was married to Han
nah, daughter of Joseph and Meliitable (Putnam)
Pope, and in company with his brother-in-law,
John Pope, he removed to Mortlake, Conn., and
settled on a farm of 514 acres, purchased from
Governor Belcher. He brought his wife and
child to this place in the autumn of 1740, and on
June 13, 1741, became sole owner of the estate,
which he at once
began to improve.
He planted a va
riety of both fruit
and shade trees
in orchards and
along the high
ways which he
laid out through
the place. His
success in farming,
as an orchardist,
and in sheep rais
ing made him the
leading citizen of the community, and he was an
early promoter of good neighborhood schools.
He was captain in the regiment of Col. Ephriam
Williams, raised to protect the northern frontier
from the invasion of the French in 1755, when he
joined the army of Gen. Phineas Lyman in the
expedition to Lake George and Crown Point,

Srfl-ruC. OF PLITNAn.

[3751

PUTNAM

PUTNAM

and was present at the disastrous defeat of the
Colonial army by Baron Dieskau in the woods
near Lake George, Sept. 8, 1755, followed by
the successful battle that resulted in the annihi
lation of the army of Dieskau, and the baronetcy
of William Johnson. Putnam displayed such
unusual skill in Indian warfare that he was made
an independent scout, and operated with the
rangers under Maj. Robert Rogers. After spend
ing the winter of 1755-56 at home, he joined
General Abercrombie at Fort Edward in the
spring, and his exploits in saving the powder
magazine during a fire in the fort, his rescue of a
party of soldiers by passing the rapids of Fort
Miller in a bateau, and his recapture of provisions
and military stores seized by the French, his
capture, torture, miraculous escape and final
exchange, form an important part of the history
of the French and Indian war. He was promoted
lieutenant-colonel and took part in command of
his regiment in the successful expeditions of
General Amherst against Ticonderoga and Crown
Point in 1759, and against Montreal in 1760. He
accompanied General Lyman to the West Indies
in 1762 ; and took part in the capture of Havana,
Aug. 13, 1762, and in 1764 was promoted colonel
and joined Bradstreet in his march to the relief
of Detroit besieged by Pontiac. He had spent
his winters at home, and in 1765 resumed his
farming operations, also conducting a profitable
inn in Mortlake Manor, which had been set off
from Pomfret in 1751. Colonel Putnam became
a member of the church, a selectman of the town,
deputy to the general assembly, and in the
winter of 1772-73 accompanied General Lyman
to inspect the lands on the Mississippi river near
Natchez given to the soldiers of Connecticut for
their services in the French and Indian war. He
was a Son of Liberty, having joined the order in
1765, and when General Gage was in Boston, he
visited him, and declared his allegiance to the
cause of the colonies. He heard the news of the
battle of Lexington while plowing in his fields,
and at once mounted his horse. After riding all
night he reached Cambridge, Mass., the next
morning, proceeding on the same day to Concord,
Mass., whence he sent a messenger back to Pom
fret to have the militia in readiness to meet the
emergency. The next week he returned home and
was appointed brigadier-general by the legisla
ture, having command of the militia of the
colony. He joined the patriot army at Cam
bridge, and commanded at the battle of Bunker
Hill, June 17, 1775, and on June 19, was made
major-general in the Continental army, and
placed in command of the division stationed at
Cambridge. He was ordered to New York to
assume chief command of the army, and on his
arrival, April 4, 1776, he proceeded to place the

city in a condition of defence, to this end declar
ing the inhabitants under martial law. Wash
ington arrived April 13, and continued the work
so efficiently begun by Putnam, who remained
second in command. On August 17, Putnam an
nounced to Washington the arrival of General
Howe's fleet off Sandy Hook, and on August 22,
15,000 royal troops crossed the narrows from
Staten Island to Gravesend, Long Island. On
August 24, he succeeded General Sullivan in com
mand of Brooklyn Heights, and his army was
defeated August 27, and forced to cross the East
River to New York, where his army of 5000 men
found temporary refuge. On the retreat to Har
lem, he commanded the rear guard, and after
distinguishing himself in the battle of Harlem
Heights, he was sent with a detachment to the
support of General McDougall at White Plains,
but arriving too late, crossed the Hudson River
to Fort Lee, where after the capture of Fort
Washington, Nov. 26, 1776, and the discovery of
the treachery of General Charles Lee, he was
placed in command of the troops in Philadelphia,
where he constructed fortifications and prepared
the city against threatened British attack. In
January, 1777, he went into winter quarters at
Princeton, N.J.,and in May, 1777, was transferred
to the command of the troops in the Highlands
of the Hudson river, with headquarters at Peeks-
kill, from which post he was forced by the
British to retreat to Fishkill in October, but re-
occupied Peekskill on the retirement of Sir
Henry Clinton to New York. His delay in com
plying with Washington's directions to reinforce
the army at Philadelphia "now threatened by
Howe and Clinton, cost him his command and a
severe reprimand from the commander-in-chief,
and he was placed on recruiting duty in Connecti
cut. He defended the state against the raids
of Governor Tryon, when Danbury was burned,
April 26, 1777, and during the winter of 1778-79,
made his escape from Tryon's cavalry, by dash
ing down the precipice at Greenwood. He com
manded the right wing of the American army
at the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, and
at West Point on the Hudson, July to December,
1779, and while on his return to Washington's
headquarters at Morristown after a visit to Pom
fret, he was stricken with paralysis at Hart
ford, Conn., and this disease closed his military
career. He married as his second wife, in 1767,
Deborah (Lathrop) Avery Gardner, widow of
John Gardner, and she accompanied him on most
of his campaigns, and died at his headquarters
in the Highlands in 1777. An equestrian statue
by J. Q. A.Ward was unveiled in Brooklyn, Conn.,
June 14, 1888. Lives of General Israel Putnam
have been written by David Humphreys (1790);
by O. W. B. Peabody in Sparks's "American

[376]

PUTNAM

PUTNAM

Biography"; by William Cutler (1846); by the
Rev. Duncan N. Taylor, D.D. (1876), and by Wil
liam Farrand Livington (1901) which gives much
new light on his private and military life. In the
election of names for a place in the Hall of Fame
for Great Americans, New York university, Oc
tober, 1900, his name in" Class N, Soldiers and
Sailors," received ten votes. He died in Brook
lyn, Conn., May 29, 1790.
PUTNAM, James Osborne, diplomatist, was
born in Attica, N.Y. , July 4, 1818 ; son of Harvey
and Myra (Osborne) Putnam, and a descendant,
in the eighth generation, of John and Priscilla
Putnam, who emigrated from Buckinghamshire,
England, in 1634, and settled in Salem, Mass. He
passed his freshman and sophomore years in Ham
ilton college, 1837-38, and entered the Yale junior
class of 1839, and was graduated as of that class
in 1865, receiving his A.M. degree the same year.
He studied law in his father's office ; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1842 ; practised in Buffalo,
N.Y., and was postmaster of that city, 1851-58.
He was married, Jan. 5, 1842, to Harriet Foster,
daughter of George and Harriet (Foster) Palmer
of Buffalo ; and secondly, March 15, 1855, to Kate
F., daughter of the Rev. Worthington and
Katherine (Green) Wright of Woodstock, Vt.
He was a member of the New York state senate,
1854-55, where he originated the bill that be
came a law, requiring the title of church property
to be vested in trustees. He was defeated as the
American party nominee for secretary of state
in 1857 ; was a presidential elector from the state-
at-large on the Lincoln and Hamlin ticket in
1860; U.S. consul af Havre, France, 1861-66;
U.S. minister to Belgium, 1880-82, and U.S.
delegate to the International Industrial Property
congress at Paris in 1881. He is the author of :
Orations, Speeches and Miscellanies (1880). In
1903 he still held the position of chancellor of
the Univei'sity of Buffalo, which he had occupied
for many years.
PUTNAM, Mary Traill Spence (Lowell),
author, was born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 3, 1810 ;
daughter of the Rev. Charles and Harriet Bracket
(Spence) Lowell ; granddaughter of Judge John
and Rebecca (Russell) Tyng Lowell, and of Keith
and Mary (Traill) Spence, and a descendant of
Percefall Lowle, who emigrated from Bristol,
England, to America, in the ship Jonathan in
1639, and settled in Newbury, Mass. She was a
sister of James Russell Lowell. She received a
liberal education, and was married, April 25, 1832,
to Samuel Raymond, son of Judge Samuel (1768-
1853) and Sarah (Gooll) Putnam of Salem, Mass.
Their son, William Lowell Putnam, of the 20th
Massachusetts regiment, was killed at the battle
of Bulls Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. She was emi
nent as a traveler, scholar and linguist ; contri

buted articles on Polish and Hungarian litera
ture, and the history of Hungary, published in
the North American Review, 1848-50, and in the
Christian Examiner, 1850-51 ; translated Fredrika
Bremer's " The Handmaid," from the Swedish
(1844), and is the author of : Records of an Ob
scure Man (1861); The Tragedy of Errors (1862);
The Tragedy of Success (1862), dramatic poems;
Memoir of William Lowell Putnam (1862) ; Fifteen
Days (1866) ; Memoir of the Rev. Charles Lowell
(1885). She died in Boston, Mass., June 1 , 1898.
PUTNAM, Rufus, soldier, was born in Sutton,
Mass., April 9, 1738 ; son of Elisha and Susanna
(Fuller) Putnam ; grandson of Edward (half-
brother of Joseph) and Mary (Hall) Putnam, and
of Jonathan and Susan (Trask) Fuller ; great-
grandson of Thomas Putnam, and great-grand
son of John and Priscilla (Gould) Putnam. His
grandfather, Edward Putnam, and Gen. Israel
Putnam's father, Joseph Putnam, were half
brothers. Rufus Putnam's father died in 1745
and Rufus was taken into the family of his grand
father, Jonathan Fuller, who resided at Danvers,
Mass., where he attended school two years.
When his mother was married to Capt. John
Sadler of Upton, he removed to the inn kept by
his stepfather, where he had no school privileges,
and when sixteen years old was apprenticed to a
millwright in North Brookfield, from that time
devoting his leisure to study. When nineteen
years old, he enlisted in Capt. Ebenezer Leonard's
company for service on the northorn frontier
against the French
and Indians, and
reaqjiing Fort Ed
ward in April, 1757,
was made a scout in
the company of Capt.
Israel Putnam. He
declined a lieuten
ant's commission in
1759 and returned to
Massachusetts, set
tling in New Brain
tree, where he fol
lowed the occupa
tions of millwright
and farmer. He was
married in April,
1761, to Elizabeth, daughter of William Ayers of
Brookfield ; she died, 1762. He married secondly,
Jan. 10, 1765, Persis, daughter of Zebulon Rice
of Westboro, and they made a new home in North
Brookfield. With Col. Israel Putnam and other
officers of the Colonial army, he explored lands
in East Florida granted by Parliament to Provin
cial officers and soldiers, and in January, 1773,
surveyed the supposed grant, which proved to be
of no value. He was made lieutenant-colonel of

)fl?uA* Qia^Xh^

[377]

PUTNAM

PUTNAM

Col. David Brewer's Worcester County regiment
on his return to Massachusetts in 1 775, joined the
American army at Roxbury, and was appointed
engineer to take charge of the works about
Boston. On the night of March 4-5, 1775, he con
structed the fortification on Prospect Hill, Dor
chester Heights, a masterly piece of engineering,
which compelled the evacuation of Boston,
March 17, 1776, saving Washington tlie necessity
of attacking with an inferior force the British
army entrenched in Boston. He also constructed
fortifications for the defence of Providence and
Newport, Rhode Island, in December, 1775. He
was transferred to New York when Gen. Israel
Putnam commanded that city, and planned its
defences. He was appointed chief engineer of the
Continental army with the rank of colonel, Aug.
11, 1776, and took part in the battle of Long
Island, Aug. 27, 1776, and in the retreats of the
army to Harlem and across into New Jersey. He
directed the construction of the temporary forti
fications that protected the rear of Washington's
army and prevented the enemy capturing the
baggage trains and stores. Congress, disap
pointed that New York had fallen into the pos
session of the British, and fearing for the safety
of Philadelphia, questioned the engineering skill
of Colonel Putnam and he resigned, Dec. 8, 1776.
Washington, however, stated that he was the
best engineer in the army, whether American or
French. Upon returning to Massachusetts Put
nam rejoined the army, Dec'17, 1776, as colonel
of the Sth Massachusetts regiment under General
Gates, and in the campaign that culminated in
the surrender of General Burgoyne's army ateSar-
atoga, Oct. 17, 1777, he bore a conspicuous part.
In March, 1778, he superintended the construction
of the defences of the Highlands of the Hudson
in the neighborhood of West Poini, building forts
Wyllis, Webb and Putnam, the last being named
for him by General McDougall. He also com
manded a, regiment in Gen. Anthony Wayne's
brigade, joining the American forces at Peekskill
in June, 1778, and was in active service from the
battles of Stony Point to the close of the cam
paign. He was transferred to Boston where he
obtained relief from the government for the
Massachusetts troops in 1780, and was engaged
from February to July, 1782, in adjusting the
claims of citizens of New York for damages
caused to their property by the war. He was
commissioned brigadier-general, Jan. 8, 1783, and
at the request of Washington reported a compre
hensive plan for fortifying the whole country,
which was submitted to congress but not acted
upon, owing to the opposition in that body to pre
paring for war in time of peace. He purchased the
confiscated property of Daniel Murray, an absen
tee, located at Rutland, Mass., in 1780, and made [3'

it his home. He was aide to Gen. Benjamin Lin
coln in quelling Shays's rebellion in 1787, and rep
resented his town in the general court of Massa
chusetts in 1787. He planned the settlement of
Ohio territory by a company of veteran soldiers
from New England in 1782, and in his plansmade
the absolute exclusion of slavery an inflexible
condition. He urged the matter upon President
Washington, 1782-87, as shown by his correspon
dence, and the President in turn urged the scheme
upon congress, but could get that body to take no
interest in it. Washington therefore secured the
appointment of Putnam by congress as surveyor of
the Northwest territory, and Putnam sent Gen.
Tupper as his deputy to examine the country in
the winter of 1785-86. The two veterans met at
Putnam's home, Rutland, Mass., Jan. 9, 1786, and
planned the meeting of the veteran- soldiers of
Massachusetts in Boston, March 1, 1786.. When
the Ohio company was organized in 1787, Putnam
was made the director of all their affairs. He
sent Samuel H. Parsons (q.v.) to congress in 1787
to negotiate the purchase, but when he retired
unsuccessful, Putnam sent Manasseh Cutler
(q.v.), who secured the territory, including the
provision to exclude slavery by the passage of the
ordinance, July 13, 1787, — the sum to be paid, as
fixed by the measures passed July 27, to be
$1,500,000, the veteran soldiers settling in the ter
ritory to surrender their claims for half pay. Gen
eral Putnam then organized his band of forty-

MARIETTA-I7as
eight men and made the journey to Ohio, reach
ing Marietta, April 7, 1788, where they made the
first permanent settlement in the eastern part of
the Northwest territory. The centennial of the
settlement was celebrated by the states carved
from the Northwest territory, April 7, 1888, when
Senator Hoar of Massachusetts delivered the ora
tion, in which he took occasion to give General
Putnam his rightful place in the history of the
settlement of the Northwest. General Putnam
was appointed judge of the supreme court of the
territory in 1789, and was commissioned brig-
•8]

PUTNAM

PYNCHON

adier-general, U.S.A., May 4, 1792, serving with
General Wayne in the operations to quell the
Indian trouble on the frontier. He was U.S.
commissioner to treat with the Indians, 1792-93,
which led to a treaty with eight Indian tribes
at Point Vincent, Sept. 27, 1792. He resigned
his commission in the army, Feb. 15, 1793, and
was surveyor-general of the United States, 1793-
1803 ; a founder of Muskingum academy, 1798 ;
a trustee of the Ohio university, 1804-24 ; a dele
gate to the Ohio constitutional convention of 1802,
where his determined opposition prevented by
one vote the introduction of a clause preserving
the rights of slaveholders within the state. He
was an organizer of the first bible society west of
the Alleghanies in 1812. He was the last living
officer of the Continental army. His manuscript
diary was placed in the library of Marietta col
lege, Ohio. A tablet placed on his house at Rut
land, Mass., by the Society of Sons of the Revolu
tion, was unveiled, Sept. 17, 1898, Senator George
Frisbie Hoar delivering the address, "Rufus
Putnam, Founder and Father of Ohio" (1898).
Senator Hoar also delivered the oration " Found
ing of the Northwest " at the Marietta Centennial
celebration, April 7,1888 (published 1895), and
the oration published in the " Evacuation Day
Memorial, City of Boston " (1901). General Rufus
Putnam died in Marietta, Ohio, May 4, 1824.
PUTNAM, William LeBaron, jurist, was born
in Bath, Maine, May 26, 1835 ; son of Dr. Israel
and Sarah Emery (Frost) Putnam ; grandson of
Israel Putnam of Sutton, Mass., and of William
Frost of. Topsham, Maine, and a descendant of
John Putnam of Salem, Mass., of Dr. Francis
LeBaron of Plymouth, Mass., of Anthony Emery
of Newbury, Mass., and afterward of Kittery,
Maine, and of George Soule of Plymouth, Mass.
He was graduated from Bowdoin, A.B., 1855,
A.M., 1858 ; was admitted to the bar in Decem
ber, 1857, settled in practice at Portland as the
copartner of George Evans (q.v.), and continued
to practise in Portland until he was appointed
U.S. circuit judge, building up an extensive pro
fessional business. He was mayor of Portland,
1869-70. He twice declined appointment as jus
tice of the supreme judicial court of Maine. In
September, 1887, he was appointed by President
Cleveland, with Thomas F. Bayard and James B.
Angell, plenipotentiary to negotiate with Great
Britain in the settlement of the rights of Ameri
can fishermen in the territorial waters of Canada
and Newfoundland. He was also the represen
tative selected by the President to sit on the
Bering Sea Claims commission under the treaty
with Great Britain of Feb. 8, 1896, and served,
1896-98. As Democratic candidate for governor
of Maine in 1888 he received the largest vote
ever given in that state to a gubernatorial candi

date strictly of that party. Although a Demo
crat, he was appointed by President Harrison
judge of the U.S. circuit court for the first cir
cuit, his commission issuing, March 17, 1892. He
received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Bow
doin college in 1884, and from Brown university
in 1893.
PYLE, Howard, artist, was born in Wilming
ton, Del., March 5, 1853; son of William and
Margaret Churchman (Painter) Pyle ; grandson
of Isaac Pyleand of William and Phoebe (Church
man) Painter. His progenitors upon both sides
were members of the Society of Friends, who
early settled in the province of Pennsylvania
under the proprietary government of William
Penn. Robert Pyle, his ancestor in direct descent,
came from Hornton in the parish of Bishop Can
ning, Wiltshire, where he married Ann, daughter
of William Globy of Hilperton. This colonist
emigrated in 1683-84 to America, where he held
considerable grants of land in eastern Pennsyl
vania, and where he was for several years a
member of the Provincial assembly, besides
being more or less identified with public affairs
of the early days of the province. Howard Pyle
studied art under Franz Van der Wielen (a gold
medalist of the School of Antwerp) , in Philadel
phia, Pa., 1869-72, and subsequently (1876-77) was
associated to some extent with the Art Students'
league of New York city. His early illustra
tions, short stories and poems appeared in the
leading New York periodicals in 1876-79. He
was married in 1881, to Anne, daughter of J.
Morton and Ann (Suplee) Poole of Wilmington,
Del. He devoted his art work almost entirely to
the production of illustrations which appeared in
periodicals and books. He is. the author of the
following works, which he himself illustrated :
Tlie Merry Adventures of Robin Hood of Notting
hamshire (1883); Within the Capes (1885, unillus-
trated); Pepper and Salt, or Seasoning for Young
Folk (1887); The Rose of Paradise (1887); The
Wonder Clock, or Four and Twenty Marvellous
Tales (1888); Otto of the Silver Hand (1888); A
Modern Aladdin (1891): Men of Iron, a Romance
of Chivalry (1892); Jack Ballister's Fortune (1894);
Twilight Land (1895); Tlie Garden Behind the
Moon (1895).
PYNCHON, John, colonist, was born in Spring
field, Essex county, England, in 1621 ; son of Col.
William (q.v.) and Anna (Andrew) Pynchon.
He was married, Oct. 30, 1644, to Amy, daughter
of Gov. George Wyllys of Hartford, Conn., and
when his father returned to England in 1652,
succeeded him as governor of the settlement at
Springfield,' Mass., acquired by him by purchase,
which included the greater part of the Connec
ticut river valley. He built the first brick house
in the Connecticut valley in 1660, which served
79]

PYNCHON

PYNE

as a fort against Indian invasion, laid out the
towns of Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Deer-
field, Northfield and Westfield ; served as colonel
of the 1st regiment of Hampshire County militia
in King Philip's war, 1675-76, and his influence
enabled him to make favorable treaties with the
Indians, including one with the Mohawks in 1680.
He was a deputy to the 'general court of Massa
chusetts, 1659-65 ; a commissioner to receive the
surrender of New York by the Dutch in 1664 ; an
assistant under the first Massachusetts Royal
charter, 1665-86, and councillor under the respec
tive governors, 1668-1703. He visited England
several times in the interest of his father's estate,
and left a large landed property. He died in
Springfield, Mass., Jan. 7, 1703.
PYNCHON, Thomas Ruggles, educator, was
born in New Haven, Conn., Jan. 19, 1823 ; son of "
William Henry Ruggles and Mary (Murdoch)
Pynchon ; grandson of Thomas Ruggles and
Rebecca Pynchon and of James and Mary Mur
doch, and a descend
ant of Col. William
and Anna (Andrew)
Pynchon, immigrants
to Massachusetts
from England in 1630.
He was fitted for
college at the Boston
Latin school ; gradu
ated at Trinity col
lege, Hartford, Conn.,
A.B., 1841, A.M.,
1844, and was a tutor
in classics there,
1843-47. He studied
theology ; was ad
mitted to the di
aconate, June 14, 1848, and to the priesthood,
July 25, 1849; was rector of St. Paul's, Stock-
bridge, and Trinity, Lenox, Mass., 1849-54; Sco-
vill professor of chemistry and natural sciences
at Trinity college, 1854-77 ; studied in Paris, and
made a geological tour through southern France,
Italy and Sicily with special reference to volcanic
action, including the ascent of Mount Etna
by night, 1855-56 ; was librarian of Trinity col
lege, 1857-82 ; chaplain, 1860-64 and 1866-67 ;
president, 1874-83 ; in 1877 became professor,
and in 1888 Brownell professor of moral phi
losophy. During his presidency he superin
tended the transfer of the college to its new site
and the erection of the new buildings. He
became an associate fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; founder and
vice-president of the American Metrological so
ciety, and a fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science and of the Geo
logical Society of France. He received the de

gree D.D. from St. Stephen's in 1865 and LL.D.
from Columbia in 1877. He is the author of :
A Treatise on Chemical Physics (1869), and An
Examination and Defense of Bishop Butler's
Analogy, and his Argument Extended (18S9).
PYNCHON, William, colonist, was born in
Springfield, Essex county, England, in 1590 ; son
of John and  •  (Orchard) Pynchon. -He
immigrated to America with his wife Anna,
daughter of William Andrew of Twiwell, North
amptonshire, England, in 1630, being of the
party with Governor Winthrop. He held valu
able patents from Charles I. of lands in Massa
chusetts, being made one of the eighteen assis
tants in March, 1629. He aided in organizing the
first church in Roxbury, entered into the fur
trade with the Indians and became treasurer of
the colony. His wife having died, he was married,
secondly, to Frances Sanford of Roxbury, Mass.,
and in 1636 removed with his family and a small
party to Agawam in the valley of the Connects
cut river, which place was renamed Springfield
in 1640, the name of his father's residence in
England. He was chief magistrate of the colony,
1636-52. He was deposed from his offices in the
colony by the legislature for alleged heretical
sentiments expressed in his book published in
England in 1650, and the edition was burned by
the sheriff in the presence of the faithful in Bos
ton, only three copies of the book being saved
from destruction. He refused to appear before
the legislature and the case was dropped. He
returned to England in September, 1652, in com
pany with his son-in-law, Henry Smith, and the
Rev. John Moxon, and devoted himself to theolo
gical writing. His works include : a revised edi
tion of Tlie Meritorious Price of Man's -Redemp
tion, or Christ's Satisfaction Discussed and
Explained, with a rejoinder to Rev. John Nor
ton's Answer (1655); The Jewish Synagogue (1652);
How the First Sabbath ivas Ordained (1654); and
The Covenant of Nature (1662). He died in
Wraisbury, England, Oct. 29, 1662.
PYNE, Hoses Taylor, educationist, was born
in New York city, Dec. 21, 1855 ; son of Percy
Rivington and Albertina (Shelton) Pyne. He
was graduated from the College of New Jersey,
A.B., 1877, A.M., 1880, and from the College of
the City of New York, LL.B., 1879, and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1880. He was married, June
2, 1880, to Margaretta Stockton and made his
home at " Drumthwacket," Princeton, N.J. He
was an officer and director in various banks, man
ufactories and railroads, and was largely inter
ested in educational advancement, serving as a
trustee of Princeton university from 1885, as a
trustee and chairman ofthe finance committee of
Lawrenceville School and as a trustee of St. Paul's
school, Concord, N.H.

QUACKENBOS

QUACKENBUSH

Q.

QUACKENBOS, George Payn, educator, was
born in New York city, Sept. 4, 1826 ; son of Dr.
George Clinton and Catharine (Payn) Quacken-
bos ; grandson of John (a contractor for supplies
for the American army during the Revolutionary
war) and Catherine (DeWitt) Quackenbos and of
Isaac Bunnell and Polly Payn of Fort Miller,
New York, and a descendant of Pieter Van
Quakkenbosch, who came to New Amsterdam
from Oestgeest, Holland, about 1670. He was
graduated from Columbia, A.B., 1843, A.M.,
1846 ; was married in 1846 to Louise, daughter of
Alexander and Mary Duncan of Forres, Scotland;
studied law, and became principal of the Henry
Street Grammar school, 1847, and of the Colle
giate school, N.Y., 1855. He was editor of the
Literary American in New York city, 1848-50.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Wesleyan university in 1863. He edited
Spiers's French Dictionary in 1850, and was the
author of many school books, including : First
Lessons in Composition (1851); Advanced Course
in Rhetoric and Composition (1854); School His
tory of the United States (1857); Natural Philo
sophy (1859) ; A Series of English Grammars
(1862-64) ; A Series of Arithmetics (1863-74) ;
Language Lessons (1876) ; American History
(1877), and Appleton's Elementary and Higher
Geographies (1880-81). He died in New London,
N.H., July 24, 1881.
QUACKENBOS, John Duncan, educator,
scientist and physician, was born in New York
city, April 22, 1848 ; son of George Payn and
Louise (Duncan) Quackenbos. He was graduated
from Columbia, A.B., 1868, A.M., 1871, and from
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, M.D.,
1871. He was married, June 28, 1871, to Laura
A. Pinckney, daughter of Theodore W. and Caro
line M. Pinckney of New York ; was tutor in
rhetoric and history at Columbia, 1870-84 ; ad
junct professor of the English language and
literature, 1884-91 ; professor of rhetoric, 1891-
94 ; resigned, and was elected professor emeritus
of rhetoric in 1894. He afterward devoted him
self to the practice of his profession, and became
widely known in America and abroad for his
original and successful applications of suggestive
therapeutics in mental and moral disease. He
was elected a member of the Geographical society
in 1883 ; of the New York Historical society in
1883 ; fellow of the New York Academy of Medi
cine in 1884 ; member of the New York Academy
of Sciences in 1890 ; fellow of the New Hamp
shire Medical society, 1896 ; member of the
American Association for 'the Advancement of
Science, 1899 ; member of the American Medical
association, 1900, and of the London Society

[381]

for Psychical Research, 1901. He became known
as a sportsman and naturalist ; brought to public
notice the presence of a new charr in New Eng
land waters, the Alpine trout of Lake Sunapee,
N.H., and was the first private importer of the
Loch Leven trout, 1887 ; became vice-president
of the Society for the Protection of New Hamp
shire Forests, and a member of the Association
for the Protection of the Adirondacks. He is the
author of some twenty standard works : Appleton's
School History of the World (1876); History of
Ancient Literature (1878) ; A History of the Eng
lish Language (1884) ; Appleton's Physical Geo
graphy (1887); Appleton's Physics (1891); Practical
Rhetoric (1896) ; Enemies and Evidences of Chris
tianity (1899) ; Hypnotism in Mental and Moral
Culture (1900) ; The Mutual Relationship in Hyp
notism (1901); Hypno-Suggestion in Trained Nurs
ing (1902) ; Suggestion and the Christian Minis
ter (1902) , and numerous medical and scientific
monographs. QUACKENBUSH, John Adam, representative,
was born in Schaghticoke, N.Y., Oct. 16, 1828,-
son of Harmon and Elizabeth (Baucus) Quacken-
bush ; and grandson of Jacob and Ann (Groesbeck)
Quackenbush and of John and Maria (Wetsel)
Baucus. He attended the district schools and the
academy at Stillwater, N.Y., and engaged in
business as a farmer and lumber merchant. He
was married, Sept. 29, 1852, to Harriet, daughter
of Josiah G. and Elizabeth (Kinney) Town of
Schaghticoke, N.Y. He was supervisor from
Schaghticoke, 1859-62 ; chairman of the board of
supervisors of Rensselaer county in 1862 : a mem
ber of the state assembly in 1863, sheriff of Rens-
selear county in 1873-76 ; a member of the Re
publican state central committee, 1887-94 ; a Re
publican representative from the eighteenth dis
trict in the 51st and 52d congresses, 1889-93, and
in 1892 was defeated by Charles D. Haines,
Democrat. QUACKENBUSH, Stephen Piatt, naval officer,
was born in Albany, N.Y., Jan. 23, 1823. He was
warranted midshipman in the U.S. navy, Feb.
15, 1840 ; was promoted passed midshipman, July
11,1846; master, March 1, 1855; lieutenant, Sept.
14, 1855, serving during the Mexican war in the
operations against Vera Cruz ; lieutenant-com
mander, July, 16, 1862 ; served on the blockading
squadron, 1861-62 ; in the Burnside expedition to
Roanoke Island, Elizabeth City and New Berne,
N.C, and engaged the Confederate batteries and
a regiment of flying infantry at Winton, N.C,
destroying that town. He was engaged on the
James river in the actions of Sewell's Point land
ing, Wilcox landing, and Malvern Hill, where he
commanded the Pequot and lost his right leg by

QUARLES

QUAY

a cannon shot. He covered the retreat of the
army at Harrison's landing, and in 1863, while in
command of the Unadilla, captured the Princess
Royal laden with materials for constructing a
new Confederate ironclad at Richmond. He was
given command of the Patapsco, and while drag-
ing for explosives in Charleston Harbor, his ship
was destroyed by a torpedo.- He was transferred
to the steamer Mingo, stationed off Georgetown,
S.C, and prevented the erection of a Confederate
fort at that place. He was promoted commander
in 1866, captain in 1871, commodore in 1880, and
was retired with the rank of rear-admiral in 1885.
He died in Washington, D.C, Feb. 4, 1890.
QUARLES, Joseph Very, senator, was born in
Kenosha, Wis., Dec. 16, 1843 ; son of Joseph Very
and Caroline (Bullen) Quarles ; and grandson of
Samuel and Lydia (Very) Quarles and of John
and Lucinda (Drake) Bullen. He attended the
University of Michigan, leaving in 1864 to enter
the U.S. army as a private in the 39th Wisconsin
volunteers. He was mustered out of service
with the rank of 1st lieutenant ; was graduated
from the University of Michigan in 1866 and was
admitted to the bar in 1868. He was married,
Sept. 25, 1868, to Carrie A. Saunders, daughter
of William S. and Sarah (Davis) Saunders of
Chicago, 111. He was district attorney of Ke
nosha county, 1870-76 ; was mayor of Kenosha,
1876-79 ; a representative in the state assembly
1879, and state senator, 1880-82. He removed to
Racine in 1882 and in 1888 to Milwaukee, where
he established the law firm of Quarles, Spence
and Quarles. He was elected U.S. senator in
1899, to succeed Senator John L. Mitchell, Demo
crat, for the term expiring March 3, 1905.
QUARLES, Ralph Petty, jurist, was born in
Benton, Ky., June 10. 1855 ; son of James M. and
Nancy Jane (Petty) Quarles, and grandson of
Samuel and Parthena (Hynds) Quarles and of
Ralph and Lucy (Embry) Petty. He was
graduated from the Paducah, Ky., high school
in 1876 ; was admitted to the bar in 1877, and
practised in Kentucky, 1877-88. He removed to
Blackfoot, Idaho, in 1888, and thence in 1889 to
Salmon City, Idaho, where he continued to prac
tise law. He was elected a justice of the state
supreme court in 1896, and became chief justice,
Jan. 7, 1901.
QUARTER, William, R. C bishop, was born
at Kellurine, Ireland, Jan. 24, 1806 ; son of
Michael and Anne (Bennet) Quarter. He at
tended private academies at Tullamore, Ireland,
and came to America,.AprillO,1822. He entered
the seminary of Mount St. Mary's college, Em7
mitsburg, Md., Sept. 8, 1822, and was professor
of Latin, Greek and mathematics there, 1823-29.
He was ordained priest, Sept. 19, 1829, and in
1833 was appointed pastor of St. Mary's church,

New York city. He was made bishop of the new
diocese of Chicago, estabished Nov. 28, 1843, and
was consecrated, March 10, 1844, by Bishop
Hughes, assisted by Bishops Fenwick of Boston,
and Whelan of
Richmond. He
assumed charge
of the new
diocese, May 5,
1844, and dur
ing his admin
istration the
Cathedral of the
Holy Name was
completed, and
c o n s e c r ated,
Oct. 5, 1845,
and a diocesan
seminary was
opened, July 4,
1846. He es
tablished nu-
merous schools cathedral of the holy name'
and built St. Francis Xavier's Convent of Our
Lady of Mercy and Academy for the Sisters of
Mercy. He died at Chicago, 111., April 10, 1848.
QUARTLEY, Arthur, artist, was born in Paris,
France, May 24, 1839 ; son of Frederick William
Quartley, a wood engraver. He removed to
London with his parents in 1841 ; attended school
at Westminster, and came to the United States
in 1852 with his father, who engaged as wood
engraver and landscape painter up to the time of
his death in New York city, April 5, 1874.
Arthur Quartley was a sign painter in New York
city, 1852-62 ; removed to Baltimore in 1862,
where he studied painting in his leisure hours,
and in 1873 opened a studio in Baltimore. He
returned to New York in 1875, and soon attracted
notice as a marine painter. He was elected an
associate of the National Academy of Design in
1879, and an academician in 1886. His principal
paintings include : Morning Effect, North River
(1877); From a North River Pier Head (1878);
Trinity from the River (1880); Queen's Birthday
(1883) ; Dignity and Impudence (1884). He
died in New York city, May 19, 1886.
QUAY, Matthew Stanley, senator, was born
in Dillsburg, Pa,, Sept. 30, 1833 ; son of the Rev.
Anderson Beaton and Catherine (McCain) Quay ;
grandson of Joseph, a soldier in the war of 1812,
and Asenath (Anderson) Quay ; great-grandson
of Capt. Patrick Anderson, a soldier in the
French and Indian and Revolutionary wars, and
great2-grandson of James Anderson, a native of
the Isle of Skye, who lived in a village of the
Delaware Indians in Chester county, Pa., in 1712.
His first paternal ancestor in America emigrated
from the Isle of Man to Canada about 1650, and

[882]

QUAY

QUEEN

from Canada to Pennsylvania about 1686. He
attended Beaver and Indiana academies ; was
graduated from Jefferson college, Pa., in 1850;
studied law with Judge James P. Sterrett in
1850, but soon removed to Texas, where he taught
school iu Colorado county, 1850-53. He returned
to his law studies at Pennsylvania under Col.
R. P. Roberts iri 1853. and was admitted to the
bar in 1854. He established himself in practice
in Beaver, Pa. ; was prothonotary of Beaver
county, 1856-61 ; enlisted as a private in the 10th
Pennsylvania reserves in 1861, and became
lieutenant-colonel and assistant commissary-gen
eral of the state. He was private secretary to
Gov. Andrew G. Curtin, and was commissioned
colonel of the 134th Pennsylvania regiment in
August, 1862, serving until Dec. 7, 1862, when he
was mustered out on account of ill health. He
took part in the assault on Marye's Heights as a
volunteer, Dec. 13, 1862, receiving the Congres
sional rhedal of honor for gallantry on the field ;
was military state agent at Washington, D.C,.
1862-63, and was major and chief of transporta
tion and telegraphs, and military secretary to
Governor Curtin, 1863-65. He was a Republican
representative in the state legislature, 1865-68 ;
secretary of the Republican state executive com
mittee in 1869 ; edited the Beaver Radical, 1869 ;
was recorder of Philadelphia, 1878 ; secretary
ofthe commonwealth, 1872-78 and 1879-82 ; dele
gate-at-large to the Republican national conven
tions, 1872, 1876, 1880, 1888, 1892, 1896 and 1900 ;
chairman of the Republican national committee
which conducted the campaign for the election of
Harrison. 1888, of the state committee, 1878-79,
1895 and 1902 ; state treasurer, 1885-87, and was
elected to the U.S. senate as a Republican in
1887 to succeed John I. Mitchell, and was re
elected in 1893. He was defeated for re-election
to the U.S. senate in 1899, by a deadlock ex
isting throughout the session of the legislature,
and after adjournment was appointed senator
ad interim by Governor Stone, but the appoint
ment was not recognized by the senate. Upon
the next meeting of the state legislature in
1900 he was elected U.S. senator for the term
ending March 3, 1905. He was married, Oct. 10,
1855, to Agnes, daughter of John Barclay of
Beaver, Pa., and of his sons, Andrew Gregg
Curtin was a graduate of the U.S. Military
academy and promoted a lieutenant in the 5th
U.S. cavalry and major and quarter-master,
U.S.A., and Richard Roberts engaged in busi
ness in Pittsburgh, Pa. He was indicted, Nov.
21, 1898, for conspiring to misuse funds of the
state and of the People's Bank of Philadelphia,
and on each of the six indictments named he was
acquitted without offering any evidence for the
defence, April 21, 1899.

QUAYLE, William Alfred, educator, was born
in Parkville, Mo., June 25, 1860 ; son of Thomas
and Elizabeth Quayle, natives of the Isle of Man.
He received his early education in Kansas and
was graduated from Baker university, A.B., 1885,
A.M., 1888. He was married in 1880 to Allie,
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Werter R. and Minerva
(Russell) Davis. He was tutor at Baker uni
versity, 1883-85 ; adjunct professor of ancient lan
guages, 1888-88 ; professor of the Greek language,
1888-91, and president of the institution, 1890-
94. He resigned in 1894 to become pastor of In
dependence Avenue Methodist Episcopal church,
Kansas City, Mo. ; became pastor of Merisiclian
Street church, Indianapolis, Ind., in 1897, and of
Grand Avenue church, Kansas City, Mo., in 1900.
He was a member of the general conference,
delegate to the ecumenical conference in London,
Eng., in 1901, and fraternal delegate to the
Wesleyan Methodist church in England and
Ireland in 1902. The degree of D.D. was con
ferred on him by DePauw university in 1891 ;
that of Ph.D. by Allegheny college in 1892. and
that of Litt.D. by Baker uuiversity in 1900. He
is the author of : Tlie Poet's Poet, and Other
Essays (1897); A Study in Current Social
Theories (1898); A Hero and Some Other Folk
(1900); The Blessed Life (1901); In God's Out-of
Doors (1902).
QUEEN, Walter W., naval officer, was born
in Washington, D.C, Oct. 6, 1824. He was war
ranted mipshipman, U.S. navy, Oct. 7, 1841, and
was attached to the Macedonian and Marion of
the West India squadron, 1842-43 ; the Perry of
the East India squadron, 1813-45, and the
Cumberland and Ohio during the Mexican war,
1846-47, taking part in the battles of Palo Alto
and Resaca de la Palma in May, 1846, and in the
attacks on Alvarado, Tampico, Tuxpan and Vera
Cruz. He was promoted past midshipman, Aug.
10, 1847, and was dismissed from the service for
engaging in a duel in 1848. He was reinstated
in 1853 : pro
moted master in
1855, and lieu
tenant, Sept. 16
1855. He was
detailed on spe
cial duty on
the steam sloop ¦¦ ^
Powhatan at ~^zt_
the reinforce-  ,
ment of Fort =sB==
Pickens. Fla. u's's' p°whata/m.
He commanded the second division of the mor
tar flotilla under Admiral Porter during the
bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip,
and during the attack on Vicksburg he ac
companied Flag-officer Farragut on the pas-

[383]

QGIGLEY

QUIMBY

sage of the batteries. He was appointed lieu
tenant-commander in 1862 ; was on ordnance
duty at Washington, 1862-63 ; was in charge of
the double ender Wyalusing of the North Atlan
tic blockading squadron, 1863-64, and on May 5,
1864, in company with the Sassacus, Mattabesitt
and Miami, steamed up Albemarle Sound to
give battle to the Confederate ram Albemarle
and the transports Bombshell and Cotton Plant.
After a severe engagement the Federal vessels
were all badly crippled, but the Albemarle was
obliged to steam into the Roanoke river, the
engagement thus defeating her plans to aid the
Confederate forces in an attack on New Berne.
He was promoted commander, July 25, 1866 : de
tailed on special duty at Hartford, Conn., and at
Washington, D.C, 1866-67, as a member of the
examining board. He commanded the Tuscarora
of the South Pacific and North Atlantic squad
rons, 1867-70; commanded the receiving ship and
rendezvous at Philadelphia, 1870-72, and was
stationed at the navy yard, Washington, D.C,
1873-74. He was commissioned captain, June 4,
1874 ; commanded the Saranac in the North
Pacific squadron, 1874-75, and the receiving ships
Worcester and Franklin at Norfolk, Va. , 1876-77.
He was captain in the Brooklyn navy yard,
1878-79 ; commanded the flag-ship Trenton of
the European station in 1380, and was detailed
on special duty in the bureau of yards and docks,
Washington, D.C, 1882-83. He was commission
ed commodore, Feb. 9, 1884 ; was a member of
the retiring board in 1885 ; was commandant at
the Washington navy yard, 1885-86 ; was com
missioned rear-admiral, Aug. 27, 1886, and was
retired, Oct. 6, 1886. He died at Washington,
D.C, Oct. 24, 1893
QUIGLEY, James Edward, R. C. bishop, was
born in Oshawa, Canada, Oct. 15, 1854; son of
James and Mary (Lacey) Quigley. He removed
with his parents to Lima, N.Y., in 1856, and was
graduated from St. Joseph's college, Buffalo, N. Y.,
in 1872. He attended the Seminary of Our Lady
of Angels, Niagara, N.Y. ; the University of Inns
bruck, Austrian Tyrol ; was graduated from the
College of the Propaganda, Rome, with the de
gree D.D., May 28, 1879, and ordained priest by
Cardinal Monaco della Valleta, April 13, 1879.
He was pastor of St. Vincent's church, Attica, N.
Y., 1879-84 ; of St. Joseph's cathedral, 1884-96 ; of
St. Bridget's church, Buffalo, 1897, and was con
secrated bishop at Buffalo, N.Y., Feb. 24, 1897, by
Archbishop Corrigan , assisted by Bishops McQuaid
and McDonnell. In 1902 his diocese contained a
Catholic population of 210,000 souls. He was ap
pointed archbishop of Chicago, Dec. 20, 1902, to
succeed Archbishop P. A. Feehan, who died July
12, 1902, and he immediately assumed jurisdiction
over the archdiocese.

QUIMBY, Isaac Ferdinand, soldier and edu
cator, was born in Morris county, near Morris
town, N.J., Jan. 29, 1821. He was graduated
from the U.S. Military academy in 1843, and
assigned to the 2d artillery. He was assistant
professor of mathematics at the U.S. Military
academy, 1845, and assistant professor of natural
and experimental philosophy, 1845-47. He was
promoted 2d lieutenant, Dec. 20, 1845 ; 1st lieu
tenant, March 3, 1847 ; served throughout the
war with Mexico, 1847-48 ; was quartermaster,
3d artillery, 1848-50 ; adjutant, 1850-51, and acting
assistant adjutant-general, 1st military depart
ment, 1850-52. He resigned his commission,
March 16, 1852, to accept the professorship of
mathematics and natural and experimental phil
osophy at the University of Rochester, N.Y.,
which chair he held until 1861. He was colonel
of the 13th regiment, New York state militia,
and in 1861 enlisted for 30 days' service, leading
his regiment through Baltimore, Md., to Wash
ington, D.C, immediately after the attack on
the 6th Massachusetts regiment in the streets of
Baltimore. His regiment re-enlisted as the 13th
New York volunteers, May 14, 1861 ; and he
commanded it in the Manassas campaign, form
ing part of Sherman's brigade, in the1 action of
Blackburn Ford, July 18, 1861, and in the battle
of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. He resigned, Aug. 4,
1861, and returned to his professorship at the
University of Rochester, but on March 17, 1862,
was commissioned brigadier-general of U.S. vol
unteers, and was placed in command of the
District of the Mississippi. He took part in the
northern Mississippi campaign of 1862-63, where
he was detailed to guard the western extremity
of the Memphis and Charleston railroad. He
commanded the seventh division, Army of the
Tennessee, sent to turn the right flank of the
Confederate army at Vicksburg by the Yazoo
Pass. He arrived at Fort Pemberton, March 23,
1863, and planned an attack, but orders from
General Grant caused his abandonment of the
attack and he returned to the Mississippi river,
April 14, 1863. He was ordered home on sick
leave, but hearing of Grant's proposed attack on
Vicksburg, he returned to the command of his
division, and engaged in the battle of Champion's
Hill, May 16, 1863, and in the assaults upon
Vicksburg, May 19-22, 1863. He was on sick
leave of absence, June-August, 1863, and com
manded the draft rendezvous at Elmira, N.Y.,
August-December, 1863. Ill health caused his
resignation, Dec. 31, 1863, but he continued to
serve as provost marshal of the 28th congressional
district, Jan. 21 to Oct. 15, 1865. He resumed his
chair at the University of Rochester, N.Y., in
1863. He was city surveyor of Rochester, 1886-
90 ; a trustee of the Soldiers' Home at Bath, N. Y.,
[384]

QUINB

QUINCY

and vice-president of that institution, 1879-86.
He was married to Elizabeth G., daughter of
Gen. John L. Gardner, U.S.A. He revised the
works of the Robinson course of mathematics, and
wrote the treatise on the calculus. He died in
Rochester, N.Y., Sept. 18, 1891.
QUINBY, Watson Fell, author, was born in
Brandy wine Springs, Del., Dec. 15, 1825 ; son of
Dr. John and Elizabeth Starr (Phillips) Quinby ;
grandson of Moses and Jane (Fell) Quinby, and of
William D. and Phebe (Starr) Phillips, and a de
scendant of John Quinby of Westchester county,
N.Y., member of the first New York assembly.
He matriculated at HaverforS college for the
junior class of 1842 and left in 1843 without
graduating, to enter Jefferson Medical college,
Philadelphia, where he was graduated in 1847.
He crossed the plains in 1849 with a party of
California pioneers and lived for some years in
mining camps in the mountains. He was mar
ried, Feb. 22, 1855, to Annie, daughter of James
and Mary (Foote) Giffenof New Castle Co., Del.,
and afterward practiced medicine in Wilming
ton, Del. He is the author of : Mongrelism (1876) ;
The Coming Kingdom (1878); Solomon's Seal
(1880); A Solution of the Circle (1885); Weights
and Measures (1885) ; Silver (1885); Greek Names
in America (1888) ; The Yard or the Metre, Which
Will Ye Choose f (1891).
QUINBY, William Emory, diplomatist and
journalist, was born at Brewer, Maine, Dec. 14,
1835 ; son of Daniel Franklin andArazina (Reed)
Quinby ; grandson of Benjamin Franklin and
Phoebe (Larrabee) Quinby, and of Samuel
Webb and Sarah (Kidder) Reed, and a descend
ant of William Quinby, who settled in Connecti
cut in 1650. He removed with his father to
Detroit, Mich., in 1850; attended the literary
department of Gregory's Commercial college,
Detroit ; was graduated from the University of
Michigan, A.B., 1858, A.M., 1861, and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1859. He was married,
in April, 1860, to Adeline Frazier. As a boy he
assisted his father in publishing the Literary
Miscellany, and in 1861 obtained employment
with the Detroit Free Press, becoming manag
ing-editor in 1863, and general manager, editor-
in-chief, and principal owner in 1872. He was
U.S. minister to The Netherlands, 1893-97. The
honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him
by the University of Michigan in 1896.
QUINCY, Josiah, patriot, was born in Boston, ¦
Mass., Feb. 23, 1744; son of Josiah and Hannah
(Sturgis) Quincy ; grandson of Edmund and
Dorothy (Flynt) Quincy ; great-grandson of Ed
mund and Elizabeth (Gookin) Eliot Quincy, and
great2-grandson of Edmund and Judith (Pares)
Quincy, the immigrants. He was graduated from
Harvard, A.B., 1763, A.M., 1766, when he de

livered his master's oration "Patriotism," his
first oration in English, in which he demonstra
ted unusual power as an orator. He studied law
under Oxenbridge Thaoher in Boston, and prac
tised in Boston, 1766-73. His political views
rendering him obnoxious to the supreme court
of the province, his
name was omitted in
the distribution of
the honors of the
gown. He was mar
ried in October, 1779,
to Abigail, daughter
of William Phillips.
On March 5, 1770, the
difficulties between
citizens of Boston and
the British soldiers,
known as the Boston
massacre, occurred,
and the citizens were
clamorous for ven
geance against Cap
tain Preston and the
though sympathizing

accused soldiers. Al-
with the citizens, Mr.
Quincy was selected by Captain Preston to de
fend his cause and that of the soldiers in the
courts, against the earnest remonstrance of his
father. This difficult task he shared with John
Adams, who joined him as elder counsel. The
trial began, Oct. 24, 1770, and concluded with the
acquittal of Captain Preston, Oct. 30, 1770.
Two of his men, however, were found guilty of
manslaughter and branded in the hand. The
popular resentment against Quincy and Adanis
was intense and publicly manifested whenever
they appeared in the streets of Boston. In 1773
illness necessitated a change of climate, and he
took passage by sea to Charleston, S.C, Feb. 8,
1773. On his return he journeyed through North
Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey and New York, being much benefited in
health. In November, 1773, the British tea ships
arrived in Boston Harbor, and the committee of
correspondence held a meeting at the Old South
Meeting house, Dec. 16, 1773, where Quincy and
Samuel Adams spoke against the obnoxious
measures of the British government. While the
speaking proceeded, forty or fifty men, disguised
as Indians, marched past the Meeting house to
take possession of the tea ships and cast three
hundred and forty chests of tea into the bay. As
they were passing, Mr. Quincy paused a moment
and then said : " I see the clouds which now rise
thick and fast upon our horizon, the thunders
roll, the lightnings play, and to that God who
rides on the whirlwind and directs the storm, I
commit my country." On Sept. 28, 1774, he em
barked on board the Boston Packet on a confi-

QUINCY

QUINCY

dential mission to London in behalf of the patriot
colonies. He arrived at London, Nov. 16, 1774,
and had conferences with Dr. Franklin, Jonathan
Williams, Jr., Lord North and Lord Dartmouth.
In his appeal for justice he was sustained by
Lords Chatham and Selden, and his influence in
the British councils was apparent. His health
again failed, and in obedience to the wishes of his
political Mends, but contrary to the advice of
his physician, he set sail for America, March 16,
1775. After being five weeks at sea, and when
the ship was three days from land, he dictated a
farewell letter to his family and nearest friends.
He is the author of the articles signed ' ' Hyperion "
(1767), and " Tertius and Nubibus," "Edward
Sexby," and " Marchmont Nedham " in Edes and
Gill's Gazette (1774-75); Draught of Instructions
to the Boston Representatives in May, 1772, and
Report of a Committee Chosen by the Inhabitants
of Petersham, 4th January, 1773 (1773); Observa
tions on the Act of Parliament commonly called
the Boston Port Bill, with Thoughts on Civil
Society and Standing Armies (1774). He died on
shipboard within sight of Boston, April 26, 1775.
QUINCY, Josiah, statesman, was born in
Boston, Mass., Feb. 4, 1772 ; son of Josiah and
Abigail (Phillips) Quincy. He attended Phillips
Andover academy, 1778-87, and was graduated
from Harvard, A.B., 1790, A.M., 1793. He studied
law under Col. Wil
liam Tudor of Boston ;
was admitted to the
bar in 1793, and prac
tised in Boston. He
was married, June 6,
1797, to Eliza Susan,
daughter of John and
Maria Sophia (Kem
per) Morton. In
1798, when the mis
understanding be
tween France and
the United States
had reached a point
where armed resist
ance seemed the only
alternative left to the American people, Quincy
delivered the 4th of July oration in the Old
South church, which gave him the Federalist
nomination for representative in the 7th con
gress in 1800. He was defeated by Dr. Wil
liam Eustis, the anti-Federal candidate, after
an exciting contest. He was a state senator,
1804-05 ; a representative in the 9th-13th con
gresses, 1805-15, and while in congress spoke
and voted against the embargo act, the war with
Great Britain and the admission of Louisiana as
a state. A committee of the house proposed a
law prohibiting the slave trade after Dec. 31, 1807,

and providing, among other penalties, that al
Negroes imported after that date, should be for
feited by traders violating this law. The anti-
slavery members of congress saw the danger of
committing the government to the policy of the
slave holders who maintained their right to hold
and sell men as property, and it was therefore
moved that the words "entitled to his or her
freedom" be substituted for "forfeited." Mr.
Quincy at first opposed the changing of the bill,
holding that only by forfeiture could the govern
ment get control of the Negroes and so dispose of
them in a manner for their own interest, but
when it came to the passage of the bill, he sup
ported the recommittal on the grounds that he
could not consent to an action which should allow
the sale of Negroes by the government. On Jan.
14, 1811, ho delivered his famous speech on the
admission of Louisiana, in which he stated that
if the bill were passed, the bonds of the Union
would be dissolved, and that the states that
originally composed it would be free from their
moral obligation and would not be bound to
maintain a Union with the proposed new states.
He held that this new territory could be absorbed
by a vote of the people, but not by that of a pass
ing congress. He believed that the purchase of
Louisiana — in view of the designs of Napoleon
and the advantage of a free opening of the Missis-.
sippi — would be accepted by the United States as
an addition to its possessions. But he clearly
foresaw the disasters that threatened the nation
by the precedent established by this unconstitu
tional act, which gave congress the authority to ,
multiply slave states without the consent of the
people, and made slavery national and freedom
sectional ; prophesying that it would finally
deluge the country with fratricidal blood. He
opposed the declaration of war with England in
1812, but upon the issuing of the proclamation
he supported the government. During his last
session in congress he delivered speeches against
the enlistment of minors and against the pro
posed invasion of Canada. He declined re-elec
tion in 1814.; was a member of the state house of
representatives, 1815-23 ; a member of the state
constitutional convention of 1820, and speaker of
the house in 1821. In December, 1822, he was
elected mayor of the city of Boston to succeed
John Phillips, May 1, 1823 ; and in this office,
1823-28, introduced reforms that completely re
constructed the city department. He established
the first house of correction in Boston ; a house
of reformation for juvenile offender's, and re
organized the police force and the fire depart
ment. During his administration the Faneuil
Hall Market was erected and the corner-stone of
Bunker Hill monument was laid by General
Lafayette, with Daniel Webster as orator, June

[386]

QUINCY

QUINN

.17, 1825. In 1828 he was defeated for re-election
by Harrison Grey Otis. On Jan. 29, 1829, he was
elected president of Harvard college to succeed
John Thornton Kirkland (q.v.), and at once ap
plied himself with his accustomed industry to
administering the affairs of
the college, in which he
introduced several improved
methods, advancing the dis
cipline of the college by re
fusing to protect the students
from the authority of the
courts of the commonwealth.
He delivered the address at the second centennial
celebration, Sept. 17,1830. During his presidency
the Dane professorship of law was founded in 1829,
Gore Hall was built, and the astronomical observa
tory was founded and equipped. He resigned the
presidency, Aug. 27, 1845, and on retiring to pri
vate life in 1845, devoted himself to his farm and
to literary pursuits. He took no active part in
politics in 1860, but favored tlie election of Mr.
Lincoln, of whom he was a great admirer. In
December, 1861, he sustained a severe injury to
his hip from which he never fully recovered. He
was a member and vice-president of the Ameri
can Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Massa
chusetts Historical society, and the American
Philosophical society. The honorary degree of
A.B. was conferred on him by Yale in 1792 ; that
of A.M. by the College of New Jersey in 1796,
and that of LL.D. by Harvard in 1824, of which
he was an overseer, 1810-29. He is the author of :
History of Harvard University (2 vols., 1840);
History of the Boston Athenaeum (1851); Muni
cipal History of the Town and City of Boston
from Sept. 17, 1630, to Sept. 17, 1880 (1852); Me
moir of J. Q. Adams (1858); and Speeches Deliv
ered in Congress, edited by his son, Edmund
(-1874), who also wrote his biography (1867).
His^ death called forth tributes from the press
and the two boards of the city government, the
overseers and faculty of Harvard, and the various
learned societies of which he was a member. His
statue, modeled by Thomas Ball, was erected in
front of the City Hall, Boston, and another, by
William Story, was placed in Saunders theatre,
Cambridge. He died in Quincy, Mass., July 1, 1864.
QUINCY, Josiah, politician, was born in
Quincy, Mass., Oct. 15, 1859; son of Josiah
Phillips and Helen Fanny (Huntington) Quincy ;
grandson of Josiah and Mary Jane (Miller)
Quincy and of Charles Phelps and Helen (Mills)
Huntington. He prepared for college at the
Adams academy, and was graduated from Har
vard, A.B., in 1880. He taught at the Adams
academy ; studied at the Harvard Law school ;
was admitted to the bar in 1883, but never en
gaged in the active practice of the law. He

became connected with the Independent move
ment against Mr. Blaine's candidacy for the
presidency in 1884, and soon after became an
active member of the Democratic party. He
was a representative in the state legislature,
1887-88 and 1890-91, and was the Democratic
candidate for the 51st congress in 1883, but was
defeated. He was secretary of the Democratic
state committee in 1890, chairman of its executive
committee in 1891, and chairman of the full com
mittee in 1892. He was elected the Massachusetts
member of the national Democratic committee
in 1892. He was appointed first assistant
secretary of state by President Cleveland in 1893,
but resigned the office after serving for six
months and returned to Boston. He was elected
mayor of Boston in 1895, and was re-elected in
1897, serving four years. While mayor he was
especially identified with the extension of public
baths and play-grounds, and with the specializ
ing of the administration of the city charities
under unpaid boards. He was married, Feb. 17,
1900, to Mrs. Ellen Tyler, widow of William R.
Tyler, and daughter of Dr. Franz Hugo Krebs of
Boston, Mass.
QUINLAN, John, R. C bishop, was born in
Cloyne, county Cork, Ireland, Oct. 19, 1826. He
came to the United States in 1844, and entered
the theological department of Mount St. Mary's
seminary, Emmitsburg, Md. He was ordained
priest, Aug. 30, 1852, and was placed in charge of
St. Mary's parish, Piqua, Ohio. In 1855 he was
appointed assistant pastor of St. Patrick's church,
Cincinnati, Ohio, also serving as president and
professor of philosophy and theology at Mount
St. Mary's college. In 1859 he was elected bishop
of the diocese of Mobile, and was consecrated at
New Orleans, La., Dec. 4, 1859, by Archbishop
Blanc, assisted by Bishop Elder of Natchez and
Bishop Coadjutor Wood of Philadelphia. In
1860 he went to Europe for the purpose of obtain
ing aid from the clergy, and of paying a visit to
the pope. He built St. Patrick's and St. Mary's
churches in Mobile, and many churches, schools,
convents and mission stations in different places.
He was present at the Vatican council in 1869,
and while visiting Rome in 1882, contracted the
fever of which he died at New Orleans, La.,
March 9, 1883.
QUINN, William, clergyman, was born in
Ballybofey, county Donegal, Ireland, May 21,
1820. He came to the United States in 1841 ; was
graduated from St. John's college, Fordham,
N.Y. , in 1845, and was ordained priest, Dec. 17,
1845. He served as assistant to the Rev. Michael
MoCarron, 1845-49, and as pastor of St. Peter's
church, Barclay street, New York city, 1849-73,
where he succeeded in paying off a debt of
$100,000, which was due to the poor of the parish

[387]

QUINT

QUINTARD

who had entrusted their savings to the church,
and in reducing the mortgage debt to $7000. He
was a member of the first provincial council held
by Archbishop Hughes in 1854 ; was delegate
apostolic to the second plenary council of Bal
timore, held by Archbishop
Spalding in 1866, and was one
of the pro-curators of the clergy
in the third New York synod,
September, 1868. On May 1.
1873, he succeeded the Very
Rev. William Storrs, deceased,
as pastor of St. Patrick's cathe
dral, New York city, and as
vicar-general of the diocese.
During the ab
sence of Cardinal
McCloskey in
1875 and 1878, he
-administered the
{affairs of the
•'archdiocese. He
¦ retained his office
¦ under Arch
bishop Corrigan,
and was in charge of the financial matters con
nected with the completion of the new St. Pat
rick's cathedral. In May, 1881, he was made
private chamberlain to the pope, and in December,
1881, domestic prelate. His name was proposed
as a successor to Archbishop Purcell of Cincin
nati. His health failed in 1886, and he died at
Paris, France, April 15, 1887.
QUINT, Alonzo Hall, clergyman, was born in
Barnstead, N.H., March 22, 1828 ; son of George
and Sally W. (Hall) Quint. He was graduated
from Dartmouth, A.B., 1846, A.M., 1849, and from
Andover Theological seminary in 1852. He was
licensed to preach in 1852 ; was ordained to the
ministry, Dec. 27, 1853 ; was married, Jan. 30,
1854, to Rebecca P. Putnam of Salem, Mass., and
was pastor ofthe Mather church, Roxbury, Mass.,
1853-63 ; chaplain of the 2nd Massachusetts volun
teers, 1861-64 ; pastor of the North church, New
Bedford, Mass., 1864-75 ; a representative in the
New Hampshire state legislature, 1881-83 ; pastor
of the Allston Congregational church, Boston,
1886-90 ; instructor in homiletics at Auburn
Theological seminary, N.Y., 1890-91, and at
Andover Theological seminary, 1892-94. He was
secretary of the National Council of Congrega
tional Churches, from Dover, 1871-83 ; moderator
of the National Council, 1892-95 ; secretary of the
Massachusetts General Association of Congrega
tional Churches, 1856-81 : was elected general
director of the American Congregational associa
tion in 1859, and was a member of the Massa
chusetts Historical society, 1859-80. He was a
trustee of Dartmouth college, 1870-96, and a

visitor of Andover Theological seminary, 1892-96.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Dartmouth in 1866. He was editor and
proprietor of the Congregational Quarterly, 1859-
76, and editor of the Congregational Yearbook
for many years. He contributed articles to the ,
Dover Inquirer, and is the author of : The Poto
mac and the Rapidan, or Army Notes from the
Failure at Winchester to the Re-enforcement of
Rosecrans (1864); Records of the Second Massa
chusetts Infantry 1861-65 (1867), and First Parish
in Dover, N.H. (1883). He died in Boston, Mass.,
Nov. 4, 1896.
QUINTARD, Charles Todd, second bishop of
Tennessee and 75th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Stamford, Conn., Dec.
22, 1824 ; son of Isaac Quintard. He attended
Trinity parish school, New York city ; studied
medicine under James R. Wood and Valentine
Mott, and was graduated from the medical depart
ment of the University of the City of New York,
M.D., in 1847. He established himself in practice
at Athens, Ga., and in 1851 was elected professor
of physiology^ and pathological anatomy in the
medical college, Memphis, Tenn., and with Dr.
Ayres P. Merrill edited the Memphis Medical
Recorder. Determining to enter the church, he
prepared under Bishop James Hervey Otey, and
was admitted to the diaconate in 1855, and ad
vanced to the priesthood in 1856. He was assist
ant at Calvary, Memphis, 1857-58 ; rector of the
Church of the Advent, Nashville, 1858-61, and in
1861 was chosen chaplain of the 1st Tennessee
regiment, serving both as chaplain and surgeon.
Upon the death of Bishop Otey, April 23, 1863,
he returned to his duties as rector of the Church
of the Advent. He was elected bishop of the
diocese of Tennessee, and was consecrated at St.
Luke's church, Philadelphia, Oct. 11, 1865, by
Bishops Hopkins, Burgess, and Atkinson, as
sisted by Bishops Odenheimer, Bedell, Stevens,
Coxe, and Fulford of Montreal, Canada. It was
through his untiring efforts, especially in Eng
land at the time of the Lambeth conference of
1867, that funds were secured to re-establish the
University of the South Sewanee, Tenn. He was
first president (vice-chancellor) of the University,
1867-72, and chairman of the board of trustees
and of the executive committees, 1867-98. He
re-organized the institution for girls founded by
Bishop Otey at Columbia, Tenn., besides inter
esting himself in general educational advance
ment throughout the state. The Rev. Thomas
Frank Gailor (q.v.) was elected his coadjutor,
April 20, 1893. He received the degree of D.D.
from Columbia in 1866 and from the University
of the South in 1878 and that of LL.D. from Cam
bridge, England, in 1867. He died in Meridian-
ville, Ala., Feb. 15, 1898.
[388]

QUINTON

QUITMAN

QUINTON, Amelia Stone, president of the
National Indian association, was born near Syra
cuse, N.Y., daughter of Jacob Thompson and
Mary (Bennett) Stone ; grand-daughter of Thomas
and Mary (Webb) Stone and of Asa and Chloe
(Grow) Bennett ; great granddaughter of Thomas
and Rachel (Marsh) Stone and of Darius and
Deborah (Palmer) Webb. She was educated at
Cortland-academy, taught for a year in a semi
nary in Madison, Ga., where she became the wife
of the Rev. James Franklin Swanson, upon whose
death she removed to Philadelphia where she
taught for Mary L. Bonney (afterward Mrs. Ram-
baut, q.v.). She was prominent in the evangelis
tic department ofthe new temperance movement;
addressed drawing-room and other meetings in
London and other English cities in 1877, and in
February, 1377, was married to Richard L.
Quinton, A.M., a lecturer in London colleges,
returning with him in the fall of 1878 to Phila
delphia. In March, 1879, she joined Miss Bonney
in work for the Indians in the United States,
which eventuated in the Women's National In
dian association. She was its general secretary
and organizer, 1879-87, its president, 1887-1903,
and editor of The Indian's Friend till 1902. Its
first two petitions to congress asked for the
faithful keeping of compacts with them ; its
third annual petition, circulated in 1881, asking
lands in severalty, citizenship,' and common
school education for them, led the popular move
ment which resulted in the passage of the Dawes
Severalty bill in 1887. She was a member of the
American Academy of Political and Social Sci
ence, the New Century club, and the Mayflower
society. QUITMAN, Frederick Henry, clergyman, was
born on the island of Westphalia, on the Rhine
river, Germany, Aug. 7, 1760. He graduated
in philosophy and theology at the University of
Halle, 1779, and was a private tutor of the chil
dren of the Prince of Waldeck, 1779-80. He was
ordained to the Lutheran ministry, Amsterdam,
Holland, 1781, and sent as a missionary to the
Dutch colony, Curagoa Islands, W.I. The insur
rection of 1795 caused him to remove to New
York, in order to return to Holland to enjoy a
life pension awaiting him. The needs of the
Lutheran church in the new republic determined
him to remain, and he was pastor of congrega
tions in Schoharie and Cobleskill, N.Y., where
colonies of German Palatinates had settled, and
after two years' service he became pastor of four
congregations at and near Rhinebeck, N.Y., serv
ing, 1798-1815. When his co-worker, the Rev. J. C.
Hartwick (q.v.) died, July 17. 1796, leaving a
large tract of land for the purposes of a Lutheran
seminary, Quitman favored its location at Rhine
beck, but other influences carried it to the present

town of Hartwick. He was an original trustee
of Hartwick seminary, 1816-28,. and for a time a
member of its faculty. Iu 1815 he resigned the
charge of two of the congregations, and in 1825
relinquished charge of all except St. Peter's,
Rhinebeck, retiring from ministerial duties in
1828. His wife, Elizabeth Hueck, born in 1768,
accompanied him to the West Indies and to the
United States, and died, Feb. 24, 1805, at Rhine
beck. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred
on him by Harvard in 1814. He edited a hymn
book (1817), and is the author of: A Treatise on
Magic (1810); Evangelical Catechism (1814), and
Sermons on the Reformation (1817). He died at
Rhinebeck, N.Y., June 26, 1832.
QUITMAN, John Anthony, soldier, was born
in Rhinebeck, N.Y., Sept. 1, 1799; son of the
Rev. Frederick Henry (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Hueck)
Quitman. He was graduated from Hartwick
seminary in 1816, and served as assistant to
Dr. E. L. Hazelius, in the literary department
of the seminary, 1816-18. He was a professor at
Mount Airy college, Germantown, Pa., 1818-19 ;
studied law with Piatt Brush of Chillicothe,
Ohio, and in 1821 engaged in practice at Natchez,
Miss. He was a representative in the Mississippi
legislature, 1825-28 ; chancellor of the state,
1828-34 ; state senator, 1834-36, and served as
president of the senate and acting governor of
the state, 1835-36. He raised a body of men to
assist the Texans in defeating the attacks of the
Mexicans in 1836, and upon the capture of Santa
Anna, returned to Natchez. He was appointed
major-general of state militia, and in 1846 was
commissioned brigadier-general in the U.S. army,
and joined General Taylor at Camargo. He led
the assault on Fort Tenerice, and into the heart
of the city ; led the assault at the seige of Vera
Cruz, March 9-29, 1847, and an expedition against
Alvarado, when he co-operated with a naval
force under Com. Matthew C Perry ; stormed
the works of Chapultepec and carried Belen
gate by assault, Sept. 13, 1847, and was brevetted
major-general and presented with a sword by
congress for gallantry at the capture of Puebla,
Oct. 12, 1847. He served as military gover
nor of the city of Mexico 1847-48, and on his
return home in 1850, was elected governor of
Mississippi. While serving as governor he was
prosecuted for complicity with the Lopez filibus
tering expedition. He resigned his office, and
upon his acquittal was re-nominated, but with
drew his name. At the Democratic national con
ventions of 1848 and 1856, he was prominently
named as a candidate for the vice-presidency.
He was a Democratic representative in the 34th
and 35th congresses, 1855-58. J. F. H. Claiborne
prepared his Life and Correspondence (1860). He
died in Natchez, Miss., July 17, 1858.

[389]

RAAB

RADEMACHER

R.

RAAB, Henry, educationist, was born in Wetz-
lar, Rhenish Prussia, June 20, 1837 ; son of Philip
and Justine (Kaiser) Raab. He was educated in
the public school and Royal gymnasium of his
native city, and for a time worked in the shops
of his father, who was a currier. He came to the
United States in 1853, and worked as a currier in
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1853-54 ; in St. Louis, Mo., 1854-
56, and in Belleville, 111., 1856, meanwhile giving
his leisure to a thorough mastery of the English
language. He taught in the Belleville public
schools, 1857-73 ; was superintendent of city
schools, 1873-82 and 1887-90, and state superin
tendent of public instruction, 1882-86 and 1890-
94. His life was devoted to the betterment of
the elementary schools and the advancement of
education both for teacher and pupil. He was
married, Jan. 14, 1859, to Mathilde. daughter of
Franz Wilhelm and Charlotte (von Pott) von
Lengerke.of Ankum, Germany. The degree of
LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University
of Wisconsin in 1892. He is the author of con
tributions to school journals an'd of annual re
ports of the Belleville schools, and of the depart
ment of public instruction. He died in Belleville,
111., March 13, 1901.
RABUN, William, governor of Georgia,- was
born in Halifax county, N.C, April 8, 1771 ; son
of Matthew Rabun, with whom he removed to
Wilkes county, Ga., in 1785, and settled in Han
cock county, Ga., in 1786. He received a limited
education ; was a representa
tive and senator in the Geor
gia legislature, and was pres
ident of the senate in 1817,
when Gov. David B. Mitchell
resigned, being ex officio gov
ernor of the state until the ap
pointment of Peter Early as
governor. Governor Early died in office in August,
1817, and Senator Rabun was elected governor in
November, 1817, filling the office until his death.
During the Seminole war in 1818 Governor Rabun
called out the militia, placing the state troops
under the command of General Gaines. Capt.
Obed Wright of the Chatham militia was ordered
to destroy the Indian villages of Hoponee and
Philemi in retaliation for outrages committed on
the whites of this neighborhood, and by mistake
he burned the Indian village of Chehaw and
. killed some ofthe inhabitants. General Jackson
demanded that Captain Wright be prosecuted
for murder and imprisoned and kept in irons
awaiting the pleasure of the President. In reply
Governor Rabun refused to acknowledge the
authority of the United States over the state
troops and added, "When the liberties of the

people of Georgia shall have been prostrated at
the feet of a military despotism, then, and not
till then, will your imperious doctrine be tamely
submitted to. You may rest assured that if the
savages continue their depredations on our un
protected frontier I shall think and act for myself
in that respect." Governor Rabun was a devout
Baptist and the Rev. Jesse Mercer by request of
the legislature, preached before that body a ser
mon on the occasion of his death. Rabun county,
Ga., was named in his honor. He died in Powel-
ton, Ga., Oct. 24, 1819.
RACE, John H., educator, was born in Pau-
pack, Pa., March 10, 1862 ; son of the Rev. James
Lee and Jane (Humble) Race ; grandson of the
Rev. Daniel and Eliza (Lee) Race. His father
came to America from Richmond, Yorkshire,
England, in 1858 and settled in Paupack, Pa.
John H. Race was a student at Wyoming semi
nary, Kingston, Pa., class of 1886, and was grad
uated from Princeton university, A.B., 1890,
A.M., 1893. He was married, June 25;- 1890, to.
Alice, daughter of the Rev.'Dr. Edward and Eliz
abeth (Mannering) Bannister of Petaluma, Cal.,
a graduate of Syracuse university, 1881, and a
teacher of art in Wyoming seminary, 1881-93.
He vvas ordained to the Methodist Episcopal min
istry in 1890, and was professor of Greek and
rhetoric at Wyoming seminary, 1890-94; pastor
ofthe Centenary M.E. church, Binghamton, NY.,
1894-98, and became president of Grant uni
versity, Chattanooga, Tenn., 1898. He received
. the honorary degree of D.D. from Syracuse uni
versity in 1899, and is the author of several conr
tributions to religious periodicals.
RADEMACHER, Joseph, R. C bishop, was
born in Westphalia, Mich., Dec. 3, 1840. He
studied for the priesthood in St. Michael's semi
nary, Pittsburg, Pa., and was ordained, Aug. 2,
1863, by Bishop Luers of Fort Wayne, Ind. He
was pastor of St. Francis's, Attica, Ind., 1863-69,
where he also attended St. Joseph's mission at
Marshfleld ; was pastor of St. Paul of the Cross,
Columbia city, 1869-76 ; of St. Mary's, Fort Wayne,
Ind., and chancellor of the diocese, 1877-80. He
was rector of St. Mary's, Lafayette, Ind., 1880-83 ;
was nominated to the see of Nashville, Tenn.,
April 21, 1883, and was consecrated in St. Mary's
cathedral, Nashville, Tenn., June 24, 1883, by
Archbishop Feehan of Chicago, 111., assisted by
Bishop Chatard and Bishop Borgess. He labored
successfully in that diocese until transferred to
the diocese of Fort Wayne, by pontifical letter
dated, July 14, 1893, to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of Bishop Joseph Dwenger (q.v.), Jan.
29, 1893. He resigned November, 1899, and died
at Fort Wayne, Ind., Jan. 12, 1900.

[390]

RADFORD

RAFINESQUE

RADFORD, William, naval officer, was born
in Fmcastle, Va., March 1, 1808; son of Harriet
Kennerly Radford and stepson of Gen. William
Clark (q.v.). He was warranted midshipman in
the U.S. navy, March 1, 1825 ; served on the
Brandywine, when that frigate carried the Mar
quis de Lafayette to France ; was attached to
the Mediterranean squadron, 1827-28, and to the
sloop Erie of the West India squadron, 1830-31.
He was promoted passed midshipman, June 4,
1831 ; served on the John Adams of the Mediter
ranean squadron in 1835 ; was promoted lieuten
ant, Feb. 9, 1837, and served on the Warren of
the Pacific squadron, 1845-47. He was stationed
on the western coast of Mexico, 1847-48 ; com
manded the party that cut out a Mexican war
vessel at Mazatlan in 1847, and was attached to
the store ship Lexington, 1852-53. He was pro
moted commander, Sept. 14, 1855 ; commanded
the Dacotah of the East India squadron, 1860-61 ;
was promoted captain, July 16, 1862, and com
modore, April 24, 1863. He commanded the
Cumberland in
1861, and was
on court-martial
duty at Old
Point Comfort,
when that ship
was attacked by
the ram Merri-
mac. He made
every effort to
reach his ship
before the fight
ing was over, but did not arrive at Newport News
until the Cumberland was sinking. He was exe
cutive officer at the Brooklyn navy yard, 1862-64 ;
commanded the New Ironsides, and the iron-clad
division of Admiral Porter's squadron at Fort
Fisher in December, 1864, and January, 1865.
His ability and services in these two attacks were
recognized and praised by Admiral Porter in his
report to the secretary of the navy. He com
manded the navy yard at Washington, D.C,
1866-68 ; was promoted rear-admiral, July 25,
1868 ; commanded the Mediterranean squadron,
1869-70, and was retired, March 1, 1870. He was
on special duty in Washington, D.C, 1871-72,
and died in that city, Jan. 8, 1890.
RAFINESQUE, Constantine Samuel, botanist,
was born in Galatz, a suburb of Constantinople,
Turkey, Oct. 22, 1783 ; son of a French merchant
from Marseilles. His mother was born in Greece,
but was of German parentage, her family name
being Schmaltz. In 1784 his parents visited the
ports of Asia and Africa, en route to Marseilles,
where Constantine spent his boyhood, becoming
devoted to the science of botany and filled with
a desire to travel. He began an herbarium at

U.S. SLOOP CUMBERLAND.

the age of eleven ; the following year published
" Notes on the Apennines," as seen from the back
of a mule on a journey from Leghorn to Genoa,
and through his own efforts acquired an exten
sive knowledge of classical and modern languages.
Upon the outbreak of the French Revolution,
with his brother Anthony, he came to Philadel
phia, Pa., 1802, where he first served as a
merchant's clerk, devoting his leisure to botany,
and subsequently traveled on foot through Penn
sylvania and Virginia, making a collection
of botanical specimens. In 1805 he set sail
for Sicily, where he established himself as a
merchant, and where he discovered the medicinal
squill, shipping 200 pounds before the Sicilians
discovered that he was not using it for dye. In
1815 his son, Charles Lin nseus, died and in the
same year his wife, Josephine Vaccaro, left
him, taking with her their only daughter,
Emily, who became a singer in Sicilian opera at
the theatre in Palermo. He then returned to the
United States, and on the voyage lost his entire
collection of valuable specimens, books and
manuscripts in the shipwreck on the coast of
Long Island. He traveled throughout the west
ern part of the country, and in 1818 became
professor of natural history and modern lan
guages in Transylvania univei'sity, Lexington,
Ky., receiving from there the honorary degree of
A.M. After an extensive lecture tour he
eventually settled in Philadelphia again, and
there became so absorbed in the discovery of new
genera and species, that the scientific value of
his work suffered from an undue proportion of
their description. He also devised the present
arrangement of coupon-bonds, which he called
the " divitial invention ; " projected many other
varied schemes which never materialized, such
as steam-ploughs, aquatic railroads, artificial
leather ; and founded and edited : The Atlantic
Journal and Friend of Knowledge, 1832-33 ; "An
nals,'' and other serials. He was awarded a gold
medal by the French Geological society, on which
was imprinted his only known portrait. His
writings include : Precis de decouvertes et ira-
vaux somiologigues entre 1S00 et 1814 (1814);
Analyse de la nature (1815); Antikon Botanikon
(1815-40); Ancient History, or Annals of Ken
tucky (1824); Medical Flora, etc., of the United
States (1828-30); Alsographia Americana (1838);
Genius and Spirit of the Hebrew Bible (1838), etc.
" The Complete Writings of C. S. Rafinesque on
Recent and Fossil Conchology " were edited by
William G. Binney and George W: Tryon, Jr.,
in 1864, and a review of his botanical writings by
Asa Gray, was published in SilUman's Journal
in 1841. He left an autobiography. His will,
discovered more than half a century after his
death, left his property, which consisted of in-

[391]

RAINES

RAINS

ventions and specimens, equally to his sister, his
daughter and the establishment of an orphan
school for girls, but the terms were never carried
out, as he died in absolute poverty, and his pos
sessions were sold to cancel debts. His body
was buried stealthily by a few of liis friends
in Ronaldson's cemetery, Philadelphia, but his
grave was not marked.. The date of his death is
Sept. 18,1842.
RAINES, John, representative, was born in
Canandaigua, N.Y., May 6, 1840; son of John
and Mary (Remington) Raines ; grandson of John
and Mary (Sadler) Raines, and of Thaddeus and
Betsy (Root) Remington, and a descendant of
William Raines of Ryton, Yorkshire, England.
He attended the public schools and taught for
three years, and was- graduated from the Albany
Law school in 1861. He established himself in
practice in Geneva, N.Y., and in 1861 raised a
company for the 85th New York volunteers ; was
made captain of the company, and served until
July, 1863. He was married, Sept. 18, 1862, to
Catherine A., daughter of Anson and Fanny
(Havens) Wheeler of Geneva, N.Y. He was a
Republican member of the state assembly, 1881-
82 and 1885 ; state senator, 1886-89 ; representa
tive from the twenty-ninth district of New York
in the 51st and 52d congresses, 1889-93, and a
state senator, 1894-1903. He was largely instru
mental in securing the passage by the New York
legislature of a law which he drew regulating
the sale of liquors, and imposing a high license,
which during its operation paid into the state
treasury nearly $4,000,000 annually and to locali
ties about $8,000,000 annually ; the law becom
ing known by his name.
RAINEY, Joseph H., representative, was bora
in Georgetown, S.C, June 21, 1832 ; son of slave
parents, who subsequently obtained freedom by
their industry. Although legally debarred from
attending school, he was well educated, and re
moved to Charleston, S.C, where he followed
the occupation of a barber until 1862, when,
forced to work on the Confederate fortifications,
he escaped to the West Indies, and remained
there until the close of the war. He returned to
Georgetown ; was elected a delegate to the state
constitutional convention, 1868, and was a state
senator in 1870, resigning to take his seat in the
41st congress, June 21, having been elected a
Republican representative in place of Benjamin
T. Whittemore, who was elected but not allowed
to take his seat. Mr. Rainey was re-elected to
the 42d-45th congresses, serving, 1870-79, his seat
in the 44th congress being contested by Samuel
Lee. He died in Georgetown, D.C, Aug. 1, 1887.
RAINS, Gabriel James, soldier, was born in
Craven county, N.C, in June, 1803 ; son of
Gabriel M. and Hester (Ambrose) Rains. He

was a brother of George Washington Rains
(q.v.) and of John Rains (1804-1834), who
graduated from University of North Carolina,
A.B., 1823, A.M., 1826 ; was a member of the
general assembly, and a lawyer in Alabama.
Gabriel was graduated at the U.S. military
academy, West Point, in 1827 ; was promoted
2d lieutenant, 7th infantry ; served in the West
on garrison, commissary, frontier, and recruiting
duty, 1827-39 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant, Jan.
28, 1834, and captain, Dec. 25, 1837, and engaged
in the Seminole war, 1839-42, being severely
wounded in the skirmish near Fort King, April
28, 1840, and brevetted major for gallantry in
that action. He served in garrison in Louisiana
and Florida, 1842-45 ; in the military occupation
of Texas, 1845-46, and was engaged in the defense
of Fort Brown, May 3-9, 1846, and in the battle
of Resaca de la Palma, May 9, 1846. He was
engaged in recruiting for General Scott's cam
paign, 1846-48 ; served in garrison at Jefferson
Barracks, Mo. , 1848 and 1851 ; in the Seminole war,
1849-50, and in garrison duty, 1850-52. He was
promoted major and transferred to the 4th infan
try, March 9, 1851 ; served on frontier duty on
the Pacific coast, 1853-60, and took part in the
expedition against the Yakama Indians in 1855.
He was promoted lieutenant-colonel and trans
ferred to the 5th infantry, June 5, 1860 ; was on a
leave of absence, 1860-61, and resigned from the
U.S. army, July 31, 1861, and joined the Confed
erate States army, receiving the. commission of
brigadier-general, Sept. 23, 1861. He commanded
a brigade in D. H. Hill's division at Williams
burg, May 5, 1862, and was severely wounded at
the battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1,1862,
where he received special commendation from
his division commander for his rapid and suc
cessful flank movement that turned the tide of
the battle in favor of the Confederates. He was
placed in charge of the bureau of conscription
of Richmond, Va., in December, 1862. He in
vented a peculiar friction primer to explode sub
terranean shells, which was used effectively in
the retreat from Williamsburg ; also organized
the system of torpedo protection for southern
harbors ; was made chief of the torpedo service,
June 17, 1864, and demonstrated that weak
maritime nations could be protected against the
most powerful. He was married to Mary Jane,
daughter of Maj. William (U.S.A.) and Eliza
Conway (Sevier) McClellan, and granddaughter
of Governor John and Catherine (Sherrill) Sevier.
Their daughter, Mrs. W. W. Smythe, gave data
for this sketch in 1903. After the war General
Rains resided first in Augusta, Ga., and subse
quently in Aiken, S.C, where he died, Aug. 6,
1881, from wounds received in Florida in 1840,
and considered fatal at the time.
[392]

RAINS

RAINSFORD

RAINS, George Washington, soldier, was
born in Craven county, N.C, in 1817 ; son of
Gabriel M. and Hester (Ambrose) Rains. His
parents removed to Alabama, and he was ap
pointed to the U.S. Military academy from that
state in 1838, and in 1842 was graduated third
in a class of 56, and promoted 2d lieutenant in
the corps of engineers. He served as assistant
engineer in the construction of Fort Warren,
Boston Harbor, Mass., 1842-43; in garrison at
Fort. Monroe, Va., 1843-44, and was transferred
to the 4th artillery, July 7, 1843. He was assis
tant professor of chemistry, mineralogy and
geology in the U.S. Military academy, 1844-46;
had charge of the quartermaster's depot at Point
Isabel, Texas, in 1846 ; was promoted 1st lieu
tenant, March 3, 1847 ; took part in the siege of
Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras,
Churubusco, Molino del Rey, the storming of
Chapultepec, and the assault and capture of the
City of Mexico. He was brevetted captain, Aug.
20, 1847, for Contreras and Churubusco, and major,
Sept. 13, 1847, for Chapultepec. He served as
aide-de-camp to General Scott and to Gen. Gideon
J. Pillow, 1847-48, and while at West Point where
Pillow was being court-martialed, he arranged
the model of the Valencia silver mine. He was
in garrison in New Orleans and on recruiting
service, 1848-49 ; in the Seminole war, Florida,
1849-50 ; in garrison at Forts Lafayette and
Columbus, N.Y. harbor, Fort Mackinac, Mich.,
and Fort Independence, Mass., 1850-54, and on
recruiting service at Fort Columbus, 1854-56.
He was promoted captain, Feb. 14, 1856, resigned
from, the service, Oct. 81, 1856, and became part
owner and president of the Washington iron
works and the Highland iron works at Newburg,
N.Y. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel
of artillery in the Confederate army in 1861, and
assigned to the equipment of powder mills at
Augusta, Ga., and had charge of these works,
producing most of the powder used by the Con
federate army, until the war ended. He was pro
fessor of chemistry and pharmacy in the medical
department of the University of Georgia, 1867-
84, dean of the faculty, 1884, and professor eme
ritus, 1884-94, and resumed business in Newburg,
N.Y., in J.894. He received the degree of LL.D.
from the University of Georgia in 1880, and that
of M.D. elsewhere. He obtained three patents
for improvements in portable steam engines, and
is the author of : Steam Portable Engines, a trea
tise (1860); Rudimentary Course of Analytical
and Applied Chemistry (1872); Chemical Qualita
tive Analysis (1879); History of the Confederate
Powder Works (1882) ; and numerous essays. He
died at Newburg, N.Y., March 21, 1898.
RAINS, James Edward, soldier, was born in
Wilson county, Tenn., April 10, 1833 ; son of the

Rev. John and Lucinda (Cartwright) Rains. He
was graduated from Yale in 1854; was admitted to
the bar, and practised in Nashville. He edited
the Daily Republican Banner in 1857 ; was city
attorney in 1858, and attorney-general for his
judicial district in 1860. He was married about
1860, to Ida, only daughter of H. T. Yeatman.
Mrs. Rains was residing in Nashville in 1903. In
1861 he joined the Confederate army as lieutenant-
colonel of the llth Tennessee regiment ; was pro
moted colonel, and commanded the 2d brigade,
1st division, department of East Tennessee. He
was ordered by Gen. J. D. Stevenson, division
commander, to cover the evacuation of Cumber
land Gap, June 14, 1862, and after effecting the
purpose, withdraw his two regiments and
marched toward Morristown. He was commis
sioned brigadier-general, Nov. 4, 1864 ; com
manded his brigade in McCown's division, Har
dee's corps, Bragg's Army ofthe Tennessee, in the
battle of Stone's river, and while leading a charge
against McCook's Federal corps, he was shot
through the heart, dying instantly, Dec. 31, 1862.
RAINSFORD, William Stephen, clergyman,
was born in Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 30, 1850 ; son of
the Rev. Marcus and Louisa (Dickson) Rainsford.
Ill health caused his early withdrawal from
school, and led to travel abroad for some time.
He became interested
in one of the first
efforts made in Eng
land to apply a thor
ough study to the
conditions of life in
East London. The
result of such study
was a visit to Canada,
in company with
Herbert Watney, his
brother-in-law, which
visit had for its object ,
the settling of eight
hundred emigrants
from the East of
London in the Do
minion. He then traveled extensively all over
the United States, among other journeys un
dertaking one from St. Paul, Minn., to Victo
ria, Vancouver's Island. This trip lasted many
months and was not without danger. His
party consisted of Herbert Watney and himself
and their two men. The country was wild and
absolutely unsettled, and the United States' re
lations with the Indians very much disturbed.
He returned to England in 1869, and was gradu
ated from St. John's college, Cambridge, in 1873 ;
was ordained deacon and priest in consecutive
years, and held during this time the curacy of
St. Giles's parish in Norwich. In 1876-78 he de-

/^ypu^6

RALPH

RALPH

voted himself entirely to evangelistic work in the
United States and Canada, conducting services
in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, New Or
leans, Louisville, Sandusky, Boston and New
York. He took charge of Holy Trinity church,
New York city, for three months during the
absence of Dr. Stephen H. Tyng, Jr., and while
there had full charge of the meetings in Dr. Tyng's
gospel tent, corner of 34th Street and Broadway.
In 1878 he returned to England, and married
Emily Alma, daughter of Frederick Green of 38
Princess Gardens, Loudon. From England he was
called to be assistant rector of the Cathedral of
St. James, Toronto, Canada, where he remained
until 1882, in which year he succeeded Dr.
Williams as rector of St. George's church, New
York, taking up his residence, Jan. 1, 1883.
All seats in the church were declared free, the
church was opened for private devotion at all
hours of the day, daily services were held and
frequent services on Sunday, and a large choir,
chiefly volunteers, was placed in the chancel,
alterations in the church being made to admit of
this change. The staff of the church became one
of the most efficient in the country, consisting of
four clergy, five deaconesses and two secretaries.
The Sunday school grew to a membership of
2000. In 1903 the communicants of St. George's
numbered over 8,000, the number of societies and
classes thirty-nine, the money raised during
twenty years of rectorship $2,254,543. The mem
bership of the church was unique ; living in tene
ments houses, 5400 ; in boarding houses, 1001 ;
in flats, apartments, hotels, 938 ; in private
houses, 589 ; out of town, 127 ; unclassified, 235 ;
total : 8290. The honorary degree of D.D. was
conferred by Trinity in 1887. He was baccalau
reate preacher at Harvard, Columbia and Chi
cago. He is the author of : Sermons Preached
at St. George's (1887): A Good Friday Meditation
(1901) The Reasonableness of Faith (1902) and
many sermons.
RALPH, Julian, author and journalist, was
born in New York city. May 27, 1853 ; son of Dr.
Joseph Edward and Selina (Mahoney) Ralph.
He was graduated from the public schools, ap
prenticed in the printing office of the Standard
at Red Bank, N. J., in 1868 ; at once began writing
short stories and humorous articles, and in 1870
became local editor of the paper. He founded
the Leader at Red Bank, 1871, became acting
editor of the Webster, Mass., Times in 1872, re
turned to New York to become a reporter on the
World under William Henry Hurlbert in 1872,
reported for the Daily Graphic, 1872-75, and
was continuously on the staff of the New York
Sun, 1875-95. He was married, May 15, 1876, to
Isabella, daughter of Thomas H. and Frances C
Mount of Chapel Hill, N.J. He started Chatter,

a literary weekly, in 1889, and after "its failure in
1900, made many important journeys for Har
per's Magazine. He devoted himself to the
United States and Canada, 1891-93, to Asia, 1894-
97, and through Russia to the border of Persia in
1897. He was Lon
don correspondent of
the New York Jour
nal in 1896-97, and
reported the Turko-
Greek war ; became
London correspond
ent of the New York
Herald an d the Brook
lyn Eagle, and in 1899
a member of the staff
of the London Daily
Mail, for which he
spent a year in the
British-Boer war. At
the command of Lord
Roberts, command
ing the British forces, he and Rudyard Kipling,
Percival Landon and H. E. Gwynne established
The Friend, the first daily newspaper ever pub
lished for the information and entertainment
of an army. It was established at Bloemfon-
tein, in the then Orange Free State. In 1889
he was elected a member of the Royal Geograph
ical society, and in 1900 he received the honorary
degree A.M. from Middlebury college, Vermont.
He returned to America in 1902, and in Decem
ber was appointed Eastern representative of the
Louisiana Purchase exposition of 1904. He is the
author of: Cuba (1882); Long Island of To-day
and The Sun's German Barber (1884); On Can
ada's Frontier (1892); Our Great West and
Chicago and the World's Fair (1893); Along the
Boivstring (1894); Dixie (1895); People We Pass
(1895); Alone in China (1896); An Angel in a
TFe6(1896); A Prince of Georgia (1897); Towards
Pretoria (1900) ; At Pretoria, called in America,
An American With Lord Roberts (1901); War's
Brighter Side (1901); The Millionairess (1902).
He died in New York city, Jan. 20. 1903.
RALPH, Lester, painter and illustrator, was
born in New York city, July 19, 1876 ; son of
Julian and Isabella (Mount) Ralph. Heattended
the Brooklyn High school and Adelphi academy ;
studied in the Art Students' League, and then
spent three years as a student in Paris and Rome,
1896-99. He illustrated scenes in the Turko-Greek
war for Harper's Magazine, and in the British-
Boer war for the London Black and White. He
made a number of paintings of South African war
scenes after his return to London, where he es
tablished his residence until 1902, when he re
turned to America and took up illustrating for
the leading magazines.

[394]

RALSTON

RAMSAY

RALSTON, James Grier, educator, was born
in Chester county, Pa., Deo. 28, 1815; son of
Samuel and Nancy Hays (Grier) Ralston ; grand
son of John and Christiana (King) Ralston, and a
descendant of John and Mary (McCummaok)
Ralston, who came from Ballymena parish,
county Antrim, Ireland, to " Craigs," or the Irish
settlement in Northampton county, Pa., about
1732. He was graduated at Washington college,
Pa., 1838; attended Princeton Theological semi
nary, 1839-40 ; was principal of Oxford Female
seminary, Chester County, Pa., 1841-45 ; was or
dained by the presbytery of New Castle, Dec. 17,
1845 ; founded, and was principal of Oakland Fe
male institute, Norristown, Pa., 1845-74 and 1877-
80. He was a student of natural history and chem
istry and the discoverer of a fluoride of alum
inum and calcium, the mineral being named
Ralstonite after the discoverer. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Lafayette college
in 1865, having served as trustee of that institu
tion, 1860-65 ; and the degree of D.D. from Wash
ington and Jefferson college in 1868. He died in
Norristown, Pa., Nov. 10, 1880.
RAMBAUT, Mary Lucinda Bonney, educator,
was born at , Hamilton, N.Y., June 8, 1816;
daughter of Benjamin and Lucinda (Wilder)
Bonney, and granddaughter of Benjamin Bonney
and of Abel Wilder, both of Chesterfield, Mass.,
and both soldiers in the Revolution. She ac
quired her education at Hamilton academy, and
at Troy Female seminary, graduating from the
latter in 1834, and taught at Jersey City, N.J.,
New York city, De Ruyter, N.Y., and at the
Troy Female seminary, successively, 1834-42.
She was a teacher at Beaufort and Roberville,
S.C, 1842-48, and in 1850, with the assistance of
Harriette Dillaye, opened the Chestnut Street
Female seminary, Philadelphia, Pa., which soon
became an important institution. It was re-

fRo/M-r view.
OGOM TZ .

moved in 1883 to Ogontz, near Philadelphia, the
estate formerly occupied by Jay Cooke (q.v.),
where it continued to increase in attendance and
influence. In 1879, with Mrs. Amelia S. Quinton
(q.v.), she was instrumental in forming the
Women's National Indian association which led
the popular movement for Indian citizenship, es-

[3951

tablished fifty missions among the Indians, made
loans, and provided many with homes and educa
tional advantages. In March, 1881, Miss Bonney
was elected president and in 1879 a first petition,
endorsed by 50,000 signatures, was sent to the
President and both houses of congress " to guard
the Indians in the enjoyment of all the rights
guaranteed to them by the faith of the nation."
A second petition with 100,000 signatures affixed
was sent in 1880 and a third in 1881. In 1880 she
resigned as senior principal of the Ogontz school
and in the same year was made a delegate to the
World's Missionary convention at London.
While in London, she was married to the Rev.
Dr. Thomas Rambaut (q.v.). A f ter her husband's
death she made her home with her brother in
Hamilton, N.Y., where she died, July 24, 1900.
RAMBAUT, Thomas, educator, was born in
Dublin, Ireland, Aug. 25, 1819. His parents were
Huguenots, and he attended the Huguenot
academy at Portarlington, Ireland, and was grad
uated from Trinity college, Dublin, Ireland, in
1839. He came to the United States in 1810, and
settled in Savannah, Ga., where he intended to
enter upon the study of law, but decided to study
for the ministry. He was principal of Beach
Island academy, D.C, 1842-43 ; was ordained to
the Baptist ministry, 1843, and was pastor of
churches at Robertsville, S.C, 1843-44, and at
Savannah, Ga., 1848-56. He was professor of
ancient languages at Cherokee Baptist college,
Cassville, Ga., 1856-63, and president of Cherokee
Baptist college, 1857-63. He was professor of
history and Roman literature in Georgia Military
institute, Marietta, Ga., 1863-64, and agent ofthe
Baptist Home Missionary society, preaching in
nearly every southern state, 1864-67. He was
president of William Jewell college, Liberty, Mo.,
1867-74, meantime filling the chair of philosophy
and theology, 1868-73 ; and traveled abroad, 1873-
74, visiting the principal European universities,
under the authority of the trustees of the college.
He was pastor of Baptist churches at Brooklyn,
N.Y., Newark, N.J., Albany, N.Y., and Franklin
Pa., 1874-84, and returned to Brooklyn, N.Y., in
1887. He was the general delegate of the Baptist
church in the United States to the World's Mis
sionary convention held at London, England, in
1888. The honorary degree of A.M. was con
ferred on him by Mercer university, Macon, Ga.,
in 1857 and that of LL.D. by Madison university,
New York, in 1860. He removed to Hamilton,
N.Y., in 1888, and died there, Oct. 15, 1890.
RAMSAY, David, delegate, was born in
Dunmore, Lancaster county, Pa., April 2, 1749;
son of James and Jane (Montgomery) Ramsay.
He was graduated from the College of New
Jersey, A.B., 1765, A.M., 1768 ; was a tutor in
Maryland, 1765-67, and was graduated M.B. from

RAMSAY

RAMSAY

the University of Pennsylvania in 1773. He be
gan practice in Cecil county, Md., but removed
to Charleston, S.C, in 1773, and in 1776 joined
the American army as surgeon and took part in
the defence of Savannah. He was a member of
the house of commons of South Carolina, 1776-83 ;
a member of the council of safety, where his
aggressive stand against British oppression and
their tory allies in the colonies so incensed the
enemy that when Charleston was captured, May
12, 1780, he was imprisoned at St. Augustine with
forty other hostages until exchanged in March,
1871. He was a delegate from South Carolina to
the Continental congress, 1782-84 and 1785-86, and
served as president pro tempore of that body dur
ing his last term. He was also a member of the
South Carolina senate, and its president seven
years. He was married to Frances, daughter of
John Witherspoon. and after her death, secondly,
Jan. 23, 1787, to Martha, daughter of Henry and
Eleanor (Ball) Laurens of Charleston, S.C. He
received his M.D. degree from the University of
Pennsylvania in 1780, and the honorary degree of
M.D. from Yale in 1789. His published works
include : Touch not, Taste not, Handle not (a ser
mon on tea, 1775) ; An Oration on American In
dependence (1778) ; History of the Revolution of
South Carolina from a British Province to an In
dependent State (1785) ; History of the American
Revolution (1789) ; Ore the Means of Preserving
Health in Charleston and its Vicinity, (1790) ;
Review of the Improvements, Progress and State
of Medicine in the Eighteenth Century (1802) ;
Life of George Washington (1807) ; History of
South Carolina from its Settlement in 1670 to the
Year 1808 (1809) ; Memoirs of Martha Laurens
Ramsay, with Extracts from her Diary (1811) ;
Eulogium on Dr. Benjamin Rush (1813) ; History
of the United States, 1607-1808, continued to the
treaty of Ghent by Samuel S. Smith and others
and published posthumously (1816-17) . This work
formed the first three volumes of " Universal
History Americanized" (12 vols., 1819). He met
death from a pistol shot at the hands of a maniac
to whose insanity he had testified as an expert in
court. He died in Charleson, S.C, May 8, 1815.
RAMSAY, Francis Munroe, naval officer, was
born in the District of Columbia, April 5, 1835 ;
son of Gen. George Douglas and Frances Whet-
croft (Munroe) Ramsay. He entered the navy
as a midshipman, Oct. 5, 1850, served on board
the Preble, 1851, and the St. Lawrence, Pacific
station, 1851-55 ; was graduated from the U.S.
Naval academy, June 20, 1856; served on the
Falmouth, Brazil squadron, 1857, and the Mer-
rimac, Pacific squadron, 1857-60. He was pro
moted acting master, June 24, 1857 ; master, Jan.
22, 1858 ; lieutenant. Jan. 23, 1858 ; lieutenant-
commander, July 16, 1862. He served on the

Saratoga, 1860-62 ; commanded the ironclad
Choctaw of the Mississippi squadron, 1863-64 ;
and took part in the engagements on the Yazoo
river in 1863, including Haines's Bluff, April 30-
May 1 ; Liverpool's
Landing in May, and
Milliken's Bend, June
7: He was in charge
of a battery at Vicks
burg, June 19-July
4, 1868 ; commanded
the 3d division of
the Mississippi fleet,
1863-64 ; served at
Trinity and Harri
sonburg, La., March,
1864 ; took part in
expeditions up the
Black, Ouachita,
Red and Atchafalaya
rivers in the spring
of 1864; was engaged at Simmsport, La., June
8, 1864 ; commanded the gunboat Unadilla of
the North Atlantic squadron, 1864-65 ; was pres
ent at the storming of Fort Fisher, and of
several Cape Fear river forts, including Fort
Anderson, and was in the James river flotilla
in the capture of Richmond, Va., in 1865. He
had charge of the department of gunnery at
the Naval academy, 1865-66 ; was promoted com
mander, July 25, 1866, and served on navigation
duty at the navy yard, Washington, D.C, 1866-
67 ; as fleet-captain and chief of staff of the South
Atlantic squadron on the flag-shipGzjern'ere,

[396]

THE BOM.BARDME7HT oi- FORT P15HER

1867-69, and as commander of the Guerriere,
June and July, 1869. He was married, June 9,
1869, to Anna, daughter of Patrick and Mary
(Powers) McMahon of Ireland. He served on
ordnance duty at the navy yard, Washington,
D.C, 1869-72 ; in the bureau of ordnance in 1872,
and as naval attache in Europe, 1872-73. He com
manded the Ossipee on the North Atlantic station,
1873-74 ; was at the Philadelphia naval asylum,
1875-76, inspector of ordnance in New York, 1876-
78 ; promoted captain, Dec. 1, 1877 ; commanded
the torpedo station, Newport, R.I., 1878-81; the
Trenton. European station, 1881 ; was superinten
dent, Naval academy, 1881-86 ; a member of the

RAMSAY

RAMSDELL

board of examiners, 1886-87, and commanded the
Boston on special service, 1887-89. He com
manded the New York navy yard and station,
1889 ; was promoted commodore, March 26, 1889 ;
chief of the bureau of navigation, 1889-97 ; was
promoted rear-admiral, April 11, 1894, and having
reached the age of sixty-two was placed on the
retired list, April 5, 1897, making his home in
Washington, D.C, where in March, 1903, he was
still residing.
RAMSAY, George Douglas, soldier, was born
in Dumfries, Va., Feb. 21, 1802; son of Andrew
and Catherine (Graham) Ramsay ; grandson of
Patrick and Elizabeth (Poythress) Ramsay and
of Richard and James (Brent) Graham. Patrick
Ramsay emigrated from Glasgow, Scotland, to
Virginia, and settled in Bristol Parish. He
returned to Scotland prior to the Revolution, and
after his death, in 1791, his widow brought her
- sons to Alexandria, Va., where they followed
mercantile pursuits. George Douglas Ramsay
was graduated from the U.S. Military academy,
and promoted 2d lieutenant, light artillery, July
1, 1820 ; was transferred to the 1st artillery on
re-organization of the army, June 1, 1821 ; and
promoted 1st lieutenant, March 1, 1826. He
served as adjutant of the 1st artillery, 1833-35 ;
as assistant ordnance officer at Washington
arsenal, D.C, in 1835, and was promoted captain
and transferred to the ordnance department,
Feb. 25, 1835, serving as commandant of the New
York, Washington, Frankford and Augusta
arsenals. He was married, Sept. 23, 1830, to
Frances Whetcroft, daughter of Thomas and
Frances (Whetcroft) Munroe of Washington,
D.C. ; his wife died, April 22, 1835. He was
married, secondly, June 28, 1838, to Eliza Rae,
daughter of Thomas Gales of Louisiana. He was
ordnance officer at Corpus Christi and Point
Isabel in the military occupation of Texas, 1845-
46, and in the battle of Monterey, Sept. 21-23,
1846, where he was brevetted major, for gallant
conduct. He was chief of ordnance of General
Taylor's army, 1847-48 ; commandant of the
Frankford, Fort Munroe, St. Louis and Wash
ington arsenals, 1848-61 ; and was promoted
major, April 22, 1861 ; lieutenant-colonel, Aug. 3,
.1861, and colonel, June 1, 1863. He commanded
the arsenal at Washington, D.C, 1861-63 ; served
as chief of ordnance of the U.S. army with head
quarters at Washington, 1863-64 ; was promoted
brigadier-general, and made chief of ordnance of
the U.S. army, Sept. 15, 1863, and retired by age
limit, Sept. 12, 1864. He was inspector of
arsenals, 1864-66 ; 'commanded the Washington
arsenal, 1866-70 ; was brevetted major-general,
U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful ser
vices, and was a member of the examining board.
He died in Washington, D.C, May 23, 1882.

RAMSAY, Nathaniel, soldier, was born in
Lancaster county, Pa., May 1, 1741 ; son of James
and Jane (Montgomery) Ramsay, James Ramsay
having emigrated from the north of Ireland, and
settled in Drumore, Lancaster county, Pa. , early in
the eighteenth century. He was graduated at the
College of New Jersey, A.B., 1707, A.M., 1771, and
was admitted to the bar in 1771. He signed the
declaration of the freemen of Maryland, was a
delegate from Cecil county to the Maryland con
vention of 1775, and a member of the committees
to promote the manufacture of saltpetre, and to
encourage manufactures of any kind. He was
appointed captain in Smallwood's Maryland
regiment, Jan. 14, 1776 ; joined the Continental
army in Philadelphia in July, taking part in the
battle of Long Island, Aug. 27 ; was promoted
lieutenant-colonel of the 3d regiment, Maryland
line, Dec. 10, 1776, and was stationed with the
army at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-
78. A.fter the retreat of Gen. Charles Lee at
Monmouth, June 28, 1778, where he commanded
a regiment, he was ordered to drive back the
advancing British troops, which he did, holding
his position with a remnant of his regiment
against the British dragoons until his men were
exhausted and he was left alone, wounded and
apparently dead. He was taken prisoner and did
not obtain an exchange until Dec. 14, 1780. He
was promoted lieutenant-colonel U.S.A., June 1,
1779 to date from Jan. 1, 1777, and was retired
Jan. 1, 1781. He practised law in Cecil county,
1781-83 ; in Baltimore, 1783-90 ; represented Mary
land in the Contintental congress, 1785-78 ; was
appointed U.S. marshal for Maryland, by Presi
dent Washington, serving 1790-98, and was U.S.
naval officer of the port of Baltimore, 1794-1817.
He was married first in 1771, to Margaret Jane,
sister of Charles Wilson Peale, the portrait paint
er, and secondly in 1792, to Charlotte, daughter of
Aquila and Sophia (White) Hall of Maryland.
He died in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 23, 1817.
RAMSDELL, George Allen, governor of New
Hampshire, was born in Milford, N.H., March 11,
1834 ; son of William and Maria A. (Moore)
Ramsdell ; grandson of William and Mary (South
ward) Ramsdell, and of Humphrey and Hannah
(Peabody) Moore, and a descendant of Abijah
Ramsdell, who emigrated from England to
America, and settled in Lynn, Mass. He at
tended Appleton academy, and Amherst college
for one year, and studied law in Manchester,
N.H. He was admitted to the bar in 1857 ; was
married in November, 1860, to Eliza D., daughter
of David and Margaret (Dinsmore) Wilson of
Deering, N.H. ; practised law in Peterboro, N.H.,
1857-63 ; and was clerk of the supreme court of
Hillsborough county, 1864-88, residing at Am
herst, 1864-66, and at Nashua, 1866-67. He

[397]

RAMSEUR

RAMSEY

resigned his clerkship and practised law, 1887-
91 ; represented Hillsborough county in the
New Hampshire legislature, 1870-72, where he
served on the judiciary and other important
committees ; was a member of the state consti
tutional convention in 1876,
and of the governor's council,
1891-9JJ. He declined a seat
on the supreme bench of the
state in 1893, and was Re
publican governor of New
Hampshire, 1897-99. He held
many local positions, includ
ing the presidency of the board of trustees of the
State Industrial School at Manchester, N.H. He
received the honorary degree of A.M. from Dart
mouth college in 1871. Governor Ramsdell died
in Nashua, N.H., Nov. 16, 1900.
RAMSEUR, Stephen Dodson, soldier, was
born in Lincolnton, N.C, May 31, 1837; sonof
Jocob A. and Lucy M. (Wilfong) Ramsenr. He
was a student at Davidson college, N.C, 1853-55 ;
was graduated at the U.S. Military academy,
fourteenth in a class of 41, in 1860, and was as
signed to the artillery. He served in garrison at
Fort Monroe, Va. , and at Washington, D.C, 1860-
61 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant, 4th artillery,
Feb. 1, 1861, and resigned from the U.S. army,
April 6, 1861, entering the Confederate service as
captain of artillery. Early in 1862 he reported
to Gen. John B. Magruder on the Peninsula with
the 10th North Carolina artillery, having been
promoted major. He was transferred to the 49th
North Carolina infanty as colonel, April 12, 1862,
which he commanded in Robert Ransom's brig
ade, Holmes's division, Magruder's command in
the seven days' battles before Richmond, June
25-July 1, 1862, where he was wounded. He was
promoted brigadier-general. Nov. 1, 1862, and
commanded the third brigade, composed of the
2d, 4th, llth and 30th North Carolina regiments
in D. H. Hill's division, Jackson's corps, in the
Chancellorsville campaign, and was again
wounded. He commanded his brigade in Rodes's
division, Ewell's 2d corps at Gettysburg, and
from the Wilderness to Cold Harbor, and was
promoted major-general, June 1, 1864. When
the second corps was transferred from Ewell to
Early, June 12, 1864, for the invasion of Mary
land and attack on Washington, Ramseur's di
vision was made up of the brigades of Lilley,
Johnston and Lewis. After engaging the enemy
at Harper's Ferry and Maryland Heights, he oc
cupied the centre of Early's line of battle at the
Monocacy crossing, July 9, 1864, where Gen.
Lew Wallace opposed the advance but was re
pulsed and driven south within the lines of de
fences of Washington. On July 13, when within
sight of the dome of the capitol, learning of

the advance of General Grant to the relief of the
Federal capitol, Early ordered his army to fall
back, which they did that night, crossing the
Potomac at White's Ford above Leesburg on the
morning of the 14th, entering the valley througli
Snicker's Gap and after crossing the Shenandoah,
awaiting the Federal army at Berryville. On
Aug. 7, 1864, Sheridan had assumed command
of the middle military division and of the Army
of the Shenandoah. Then followed the battles
of Cedarville, Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar
Creek, August-October, 1864. Meantime Ram
seur's division had been given the first position
in Early's army, and his command was made up
of the brigades of C. A. Battle, Phil Cook, Bryan
Grimes, and W. R. Ccx in the battle of Cedar.
Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864, where he was mortally
wounded. He died at Winchester, Oct. 20, 1864.
RAMSEY, Alexander, governor of Minnesota,
was born near Harrisburg, Pa., Sept 8, 1815 ; son
of Thomas and Elizabeth (Kelker) Ramsay,
and grandson of Alexander and Vera Frit (Cor
nelius) Ramsey, and of Henry and Elizabeth
(Greenawalt) Kelker.
He attended Lafay
ette college, 1834-35 ;
entered the regis
ter's office, Dauphin
county, as clerk in
1838 ; was admitted
to the bar in 1839, and
began practice in
Harrisburg. He was
secretary to the presi
dential electors in
1840; clerk of the
Pennsylvania house
of representatives in
1841 ; a Whig repre
sentative from the
Harrisburg district in the 28th and 29th con
gresses, 1843-47, and chairman of the Whig state
central committee in 1848. He was married
in 1845, to Anna Earl, daughter of Michael H.
Jenks of Newton, Pa. He was the first territorial
governor of Minnesota from April 2, 1849 to May
15, 1853, and between 1849 and 1858 made various
treaties with the Indian tribes in Minnesota,
procuring for the United States that portion of
land now contained in the .state of Minnesota.
He was mayor of St. Paul, 1855-57 ; second gov
ernor of the state of Minnesota from Jan. 21,
1860, to July 10, 1863, and U.S. senator, 1863-75,
serving on the committees on naval affairs, posts,
patents and pensions. He was secretary of war
in President Hayes's cabinet, 1879-81, and a
member and chairman of the Utah commission,
1881-86, resigning in 1886. He received the hon
orary degree of A.M. from Lafayette college in

[398]

RAMSEY

RANDALL

1865. He celebrated the eighty-seventh anniver
sary of his birth Sept. 8, 1902, at his home in St.
Paul, Minn., where he died, April 22, 1903.
RAMSEY, James Gettys McGrady, author,
was born in Knox county, Tenn., March 25, 1797 ;
son of Francis Alexander (177 — 1820) and Peggy
McKnitt (Alexander) (177 — 1805) Ramsey ; grand
son of Reynolds (172—1816) and Naomi (Alex
ander) (173—1813) Ramsey, and of John Mc
Knitt Alexander of North Carolina, a signer of
the Meoklenberg Declaration of Independence.
and great-grandson of  Ramsey who came
to America from the North of Ireland in 1730,
and settled where Adams county is now located.
His wife was lost overboard from the ship on
the voyage to America, and he lived with his
son Reynolds, who married Naomi, daughter of
Francis Alexander of Pennsylvania, and removed
to Rockbridge county, Va. Francis Alexander
Ramsey removed to Holston settlements, N.C,
1783, and became secretary of the proposed state
of Franklin, subsequently Tennessee. He built a
stone house in Knox county six miles northeast of
Knoxville, which was still standing in 1903. His
eldest son, J. G. McG. Ramsey, graduated at Wash
ington college, Term., A.B., 1815, receiving the
degree A.M. later ; was clerk and register of Knox
county, 1816-20 ; studied medicine in Knoxville,
and at the University of Pennsylvania, and was
married, March 1, 1821, to Margaret Barton (1802-
1889), daughter of Capt. John and Hannah (Bar
ton) Crozier. He practised in Knoxville, residing
in the fork of the Holston and French Broad
rivers, four and a half miles northeast of the
city. He was president of the Bank of Ten
nessee ; founder of the first historical society of
Tennessee ; president of the Charleston and Cin
cinnati railroad, projected in 1836 ; and finan
cial agent of the Confederate States, 1861-65.
He was the author of : Annals of Tennessee to
the End of the Eighteenth Century (Vol. I.
1853, new ed., 1860), and when his house was
burned by the Federal soldiers in 1863 his his
torical papers and MS. of Vol. II. of the Annals of
Tennessee, and MS. of History of Lebanon Church,
1791-1854, were lost. He died in Knoxville,
Tenn., April 41, 1884.
RANCK, George W., author, was born in
Louisville, Ky., Feb. 13, 1841 ; son of Solomon
and Sarah (Marman) Ranck ; grandson of Samuel,
2d. and Mary (Aultz) Ranck, and descendant of
Michael and Anna (Barbara) Ranck, Huguenots,
and adherents of the Moravian church, who
escaped from Holland in the English vessel Mor
ton House, and landed in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug.
24, 1728, helping to found the town of New Hol
land. George W. Ranck was a student at Ken
tucky university, 1864-68, at Harrodsburg, 1864-
65, and at Lexington, 1865-68 ; was tutor there

for some time and principal of its academy in
1868. He was editor of the Lexington Observer
and Reporter, 1868-71, and in 1871 became
owner of the paper. He was married in 1868,
to Helen, daughter of John and Mary E. Carty
of Lexington. He was one of the organizers of
the Kentucky Historical society at Frankfort,
1878; was a member of the Virginia Historical
society; the Massachusetts Historical society, and
of various other learned and patriotic organiza
tions; and delivered the historical address, " Cen
tennial of Lexington," at Morrison college, April
2, 1879. His death resulted from being struck by
a train, while examining the stone sills and under
ties of the first railroad built in Lexington, Ky.,
in quest of historical information for an article
he had in preparation. His publications are :
History of Lexington, Kentucky (1872); O'Hara
and His Elegies (1875); several chapters for His
tory of Lafayette Co., Ky. (1882) ; Guide to Lex
ington (1883); Girty, the White Indian (1886);
The Traveling Church (1891); Tlie Story of Bryan's
Station (1896) ; The Bivouac of the Dead and its
Author (1898) ; Boonesborough (1901). He died
in Lexington, Ky., Aug. 2, 1901.
RAND, Edward Sprague, floriculturist, was
born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 20, 1834 ; son of Ed
ward Sprague and Elizabeth (Arnold) Rand ;
grandson of Edward Sprague Rand (1782-1863),
a shipping merchant of Amsterdam, Holland,
and shipping merchant and banker of Newbury
port, Mass., and a descendant in the eighth
generation from Robert and Alice Rand, who
settled in Charlestown, Mass., in 1635. He was
graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1855, LL.B.,
1857, A.M., 1858 ; and engaged in business with
his father, residing in Dedham, Mass., where he
devoted his leisure to floriculture and literature.
He was assistant editor of Harris on Insects In
jurious to Vegetation in 1862, edited the floral
department of The Homestead, and assisted in the
preparation of a new edition of Dr. Jacob Bige-
low's " Florula Bostoniensis." He traveled exten
sively in the Southern states and in South Ameri
ca, and is the author of : Life Memoirs and other
Poems (1859); Flowers for tlie Parlor and Garden
(1863); Garden Flowers (1866) ; Bulbs (1866);
Seventy-five Popular Flowers and How to Culti
vate Them (1870); Tlie Rhododendron and Ameri
can Plants (1871); Window Gardener (1872); and
Complete Manual of Orchid Culture (1876). He
died in Para, Brazil, Sept. 28, 1897.
RANDALL, Alexander Williams, postmaster
general, was born in Ames, Montgomery county
N.Y., Oct. 31, 1819; son of Phineas Randall, a
native of Massachusetts. He received a colle
giate education, studied law and established him
self in practice in Waukesha, Wisconsin Territory,
in 1840. He was appointed postmaster of Wauke-

[399]

RANDALL

RANDALL

sha in 1840 ; was a member of the first convention
that met at Madison, Oct. 5, 1846, and framed a
constitution that the people failed to ratify in
April, 1S47; a representative in the state legislature
in 1855 ; an unsuccessful candidate for attorney-
general of the state the same
year, and judge of the second
circuit of the state supreme
court in 1856. He was gov
ernor of Wisconsin from Jan.
4, 1858, to Jan. 6, 1862. He
organized, equipped and sent
into the field eleven regi
ments of volunteers and mustered in sixteen regi
ments during his governorship. He was U.S.
minister to Italy, 1861-62 ; first assistant post
master-general, 1862-66, and postmaster-general,
1866-69. He died in Elmira, N.Y., July 25, 1872.
RANDALL, Emilius Oviatt, lawyer and his
torian, was bom at Richfield, Ohio, Oct. 28, 1850 ;
son of the Rev. Dr. David Austin and Harriet
(Oviatt) Randall ; grandson of Heman and Eunice
(Newton) Oviatt, and of James and Joanna (Pem
berton) Randall ; great-grandson of John Randall,
of Benjamin Oviatt and of Patrick Pemberton,
all Revolutionary soldiers ; and a direct descend
ant of Ebenezer Pemberton, one of the founders
and early pastors of the Old South church, Bos
ton. He prepared for college at Phillips' An
dover academy, 1869-70 ; and was graduated from
Cornell university, Ph.B., 1874. He was married
Oct. 28, 1874, to Mary A., daughter of John Howe
and Catherine (Granger) Coy of Ithaca, N.Y.
He engaged in mercantile business in Columbus ;
was editor of the Columbus Saturday Gazette,
1883 ; president of the Columbus board of trade,
1887 ; and a member of the school board, 1888.
He was admitted to the bar in 1890 ; was gradu
ated from Ohio State university LL.B. and LL.M.,
1892 ; and began the practice of law in Columbus.
He was made professor of law in the Ohio State
university in 1893, secretary of the Ohio State
Archaeological and Historical, society in 1894, and
official reporter of the Ohio supreme court in
1895, all of which positions he still held in 1903.
He became well-known as a lecturer, and writer,
and was elected a member of the American His
torical association, American Bar association and
other national and state organizations. He edited
the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly
from 1897 ; was associate editor of the Bench and
Bar of Ohio (2 vols., 1898) ; and editor of the
publications of the Ohio State Archaeological and
Historical society (7 vols., 1895-1902) and of four
teen volumes of Ohio state reports of the supreme
court decisions (1895, etseq.). He is the author
of : The House Handsome (1885); History of Blen-
nerhassett (1889) ; History of the Separatist So
ciety ofZoar (1899).

RANDALL, George M., soldier, was Born in
Ohio, Oct. 8, 1841. He entered the volunteer
army as a private in the 4th Pennsylvania in
fantry, April 20, 1861, and was discharged July
25, 1861 ; was appointed 2d lieutenant in the 4th
U.S. infantry, Oct. 24, 1861 ; was brevetted cap
tain U.S.A., Sept. 17, 1862, for gallant and meri
torious services at the battle of Antietam, Md. ;
was appointed 1st lieutenant in the 4th U.S. in
fantry, Nov. 6, 1862 ; and captain Sept. 23, 1865.
He was appointed major of the 14th N.Y. artil
lery, Aug. 16, 1864 : led his command in the first
division, 9th army corps, at the battles of Peters
burg and Richmond, and was brevetted lieu
tenant-colonel and colonel U.S.V., March 26,
1865, for gallantry in the attack on Fort Steed-
man, Va. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel
June 1, 1865, and honorably mustered out of the
volunteer service Aug. 26, 1865. He was brevetted
major U.S.A. April 2, 1865, for gallant and meri
torious conduct in front of Petersburg, Va. ; was
appointed captain U.S.A., Sept. 23, 1865. He was
without assignment from March 23, 1869, to Jan.
1, 1871, when he was assigned to the 23d U.S.'
infantry, and took part in the campaign against
the Indians. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel
U.S.A., Feb. 27, 1890, for gallant services in actions
against Indians at Turret Mountain, Arizona,
March 27, 1873, and at Diamond Butte, Arizona,
April 22, 1873 ; and colonel Feb. 27, 1890, for gal
lant services in action against the Indians near
Pinal, Arizona, March 8, 1874, and distinguished
services during the campaign against the Indians
in Arizona in 1874. He was appointed major of
4th U.S. infantry, Jan. 15, 1891 ; lieutenant-
colonel of the 8th U.S. infantry, March 1, 1894 ;
colonel of 17th U.S. infantry Aug. 8, 1898, and
was transferred to the 8th U.S. infantry, Sept.
16, 1898. He commanded a picked detachment
of the 8th infantry, which was sent to Alaska in
1897, soon after the outbreak of the gold fever,
and when the military department of the terri
tory of Alaska was created, he was appointed
brigadier-general U.S.V., Jan. 20, 1900, and
assigned to the command of the department,
which command he vacated March 5, 1901. On
Feb. 6, 1901, he was commissioned brigadier-
general U.S.A., and assigned to the department
of the Columbia with headquarters at Vancouver
barracks, Wash., which post he accepted March
5, 1901.
RANDALL, George Maxwell, first missionary
bishop of Colorado, and 77th in succession in the
American episcopate, was born in Warren, R.I.,
Nov. 23, 1810, son of Samuel and Martha (Max
well) Randall. He obtained employment in a
printing office, but later decided on a professional
life and was graduated from Brown university,
A.B., 1835, A.M., 1838, and from the General

[400]

RANDALL

RANDALL

Theological seminary, N.Y., in 1838. He was
ordered deacon July 17, 1838, and ordained priest
Nov. 2, 1839. He was married in May, 1839, to
Eliza, daughter of Lewis Hoar of Warren. He
was rector of the Church of the Ascension, Fall
River, Mass., 1838-44, and of the Church of the
Messiah, Boston, 1844-66. He was a member of
the school committee of Boston ; secretary of the
general convention, a member of the standing
committee of the diocese of Massachusetts, 1850-
65, and for many years edited the Christian Wit
ness, the representative organ of the church in
New England. He was elected missionary bishop
of Colorado with jurisdiction in adjacent terri
tories (Wyoming and New Mexico) in 1865, and
was consecrated Dec. 28, 1865, by Bishops Hop
kins, Smith and Eastburn, assisted by Bishops
Chase, Clark.Vail, and Staley of Honolulu. When
he entered upon the- charge of his episcopal
duties, there were but two parishes in the diocese,
and at the end of seven years' work, the par
ishes had increased to twenty-four, with twenty
churches and a theological school. He promoted
.good will toward the Indians and was closely
identified with the progress of civilization. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by
Brown university in 1856. He is the author of :
Why I am a Churchman, and Observation on
Confirmation (1868). He died in Denver, Colo
rado Territory, Sept. 28, 1873.
RANDALL, James Ryder, poet and journalist,
was born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 1, 1839; son of
John Killen and Ruth Maria (Hooper) Randall ;
grandson of John and Caroline Randall and of
Robert and Margaret Hooper ; great-grandson of
the celebrated Robert
Hooper, known as
"King" Hooper of
Marblehead, Mass.,
and a descendant ma
ternally of the people
of " Evangeline," the
French of Acadie,
who were driven from
Nova Scotia by the
British. He was ed
ucated by private tu
tors, and at George
town college, D.C,
1849-56 ; was em
ployed as a clerk in
a Baltimore book
store ; taught school in Florida, and removed to
Louisiana, where he became clerk to a shipping
merchant. He was professor of English and the
classics in Poydras college, Pointe Coupee parish,
La., 1859-61, and contributed poems to the New
Orleans Sunday Delta. His most famous poem,
"My Maryland" which he wrote after reading

(^ayh^iA\. (\c^AlaM.

the news of the passage of the Massachusetts vol
unteers through the streets of Baltimore, became
popular throughout the South and gained him an
international reputation. It was set to music by
Mrs. Hettie (Cary) Martin of Baltimore to the
German air " Tannebaum." He was married in
December, 1864, to Katherine, daughter of Mar
cus and Harriet Hammond, and removed to Au
gusta, Ga., where he became editor of the Con
stitutionalist and subsequently of the Chronicle,
of both of which papers he was the Washington
correspondent during the successive sessions of
congress. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con
ferred on him by the University of Notre Dame,
Ind., in 1899. Among his other poems are : Tlie
Cameo Bracelet ; The Lone Sentry ; Arlington ;
There's Life in the Old Land yet ; The Battle Cry
of the South ; Stonewall Jackson ; Eidolon ; At
Arlington ; John Pelham and Why the Robin's
Breast is Red.
RANDALL, Robert Richard, philanthropist,
was born in New Jersey about 1740 ; son of
Thomas Randall, a member of the committee of
100 chosen to control the affairs of the city of
New York in 1775. He went to sea as a boy and
became master of a ship. In 1771 he was a mem
ber of the marine society of New York for the re
lief of indigent masters of vessels, their widows
and orphan children. He was a member of the
chamber of commerce of the state of New York in
1780, and in 1790 he purchased from Baron Poel-
nitz the property above Canal street in New York
city known as Minthorn, consisting of twenty-
one acres of land. This, with four other lots of
land in New York city, and stocks amounting to
$10,000, he bequeathed to found a home for sailors
to be known as Sailors' Snug Harbor. On ac
count of lawsuits the property was not available
to his executors until 1831. Meanwhile, the
growth of the city made it advisable to locate
the home in a more quiet section, and Staten Is
land was selected and a site purchased near New
Brighton. In October, 1831, the corner stone of
the main building was laid, and the rents from
the lands in New York city produced a large
yearly income for the support of the institution.
In 1834 Randall's remains were removed to Sailors'
Snug Harbor, and in 1884 a heroic statue by St.
Gaudens was unveiled in front of the main build
ing. He died in New York city, June 5, 1801.
RANDALL, Samuel Jackson, representative,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 10, 1828 ; son
of Josiah and Ann (Worrell) Randall, and grand
son of Joseph Worrell, a well known political
leader of the Jefferson school. He attended the
University academy at Philadelphia, Pa., en
gaged in mercantile business, and devoted him
self to politics. He was a member of the city
council for four years, and of the state senate,

[401]

RANDOLPH

RANDOLPH

1858-59. In 1861 as a member of the first city
troop of Philadelphia, he went to the front for
three months, and in 1863, upon Lee's invasion of
Pennsylvania, he again served as captain of a
company, being promoted provost-marshal dur
ing the battle of Gettysburg. He was the Demo
cratic representative from the third district of
Pennsylvania in the 38th-51st congresses, 1863-90,
and during the 43d congress, when the force bill
was introduced, he led -the opposition and suc
ceeded in preventing its passage. He succeeded
Michael C. Kerr as speaker of the house in 1875,
and was re-elected by the 45th and 46th congresses,
1877-81. He was married to a daughter of Gen.
Aaron Ward of Sing Sing, N.Y. He died in
Washington, D.C, April 12, 189,0.
RANDOLPH, Alfred Magill, first bishop of
Southern Virginia and 132d in succession in the
American episcopate, was born at "The Mead
ows," the estate of John Magill near Winchester,
Va., Aug. 31, 1836 ; son of Robert Lee and Mary
Buckner Thruston (Magill) Randolph ; grandson
of Col. Robert and Eliza (Carter) Randolph and
of Col. Charles and Mary (Thruston) Magill, and
a descendant of William Randolph of Turkey
Island, Va. , who came from Warwickshire, Eng
land, arriving in Jamestown, Va., in 1674. He
was graduated from William and Mary college,
A.B., 1855, A.M., 1858, and from the Virginia The
ological seminary in 1858 ; was admitted to the
diaconate in 1858 and advanced to the priesthood
in 1860. He was married, April 27, 1859, to Sallie
Griffith, daughter of Dr. William and Eliza (Grif
fith) Hoxton of Alexandria, Va., and great-grand
daughter of the Rev. Dr. David Griffith (q.v.).
He was the rector of St. George's, Fredericksburg,
Va., 1862-63 ; chaplain in the Confederate army,
1862-65 ; rector of Christ church, Alexandria,
Va., 1866-67 ; of Emanuel church, Baltimore, Md.,
1867-83, and was elected bishop coadjutor of
Virginia in 1883. He was consecrated, Oct. 21,
1883, by Bishops Williams, Howe, Dudley, Perry,
Alexander Burgess and Peterkin. Upon the divi
sion of the diocese of Virginia in 1892 he became
the first bishop of the diocese of Southern Virginia
and made Norfolk the see city. He received the
degree of D.D. from William and Mary college in
1876 ; that of LL.D. from Washington and Lee
university in 1887 and that of D.C.L. from the
University of the South in 1902.
RANDOLPH, Beverly, governor of Virginia,
was born in Chatsworth, Henrico county, Va., in
1754 ; son of Col. Peter and Lucy (Boiling) Ran
dolph. His father was surveyor of customs of
North America in 1749 and a member of the Vir
ginia house of burgesses for many years. He was
graduated from the College of William and Mary
in 1771, and during the Revolution served as a
member of the general assembly of Virginia and

upheld the patriot cause. He was president of
the executive council of Virginia, 1787-88, and
succeeded Edmund Randolph as governor of the
state, serving, 1788-81. He was appointed a visi
tor of the College of William and Mary in 1784.
He died at Green Creek, Cumberland, Va. , in 1797.
RANDOLPH, Edmund (Jennings), cabinet
officer, was born in Williamsburg, Va., Aug. 10,
1753 ; son of John Randolph (1727-1784) king's
attorney, 1766-75. He was graduated at the Col
lege of William and Mary, and studied law with
his father. He remained in Virginia when his
father fled to England in 1775, and Washington
made him a member of his own family, and his
aide-de-camp, Aug. 15, 1775. On the sudden
death of his uncle Peyton he returned to Wil
liamsburg to care for the estate, and was married
to a daughter of R. C Nicholas. He was a
member of the committee of 1776, where he
assisted in passing the bill of rights, and in fram
ing the constitution for Virginia. He was elected
attorney-general of the state, under the new
constitution, and was also mayor of Williams
burg. He was a delegate to the Continental
congress, 1779-82, where he had a place in the
committee on foreign affairs. He resigned his
seat in 1782, and devoted himself to the care of
his estate inherited from his uncle, Peyton
Randolph, which was subject to the debts of his
father who died in England in 1783, which debts
he paid out of his practice of the law. He was
appointed a commissioner from Virginia to the
Annopolis convention, and as a member of that
body urged the calling by congress of a constitu
tional convention. He was governor of Virginia,
1786-88, and leader of the Virginia delegation to
the constitutional convention of 1787, when he
introduced the general plan of the instrument as
had been agreed upon, and prepared another plan
which he did not introduce, but which was
found among the papers of George Mason in 1887,
and brought to light by M. D. Conway. He op
posed a single executive, preferring an executive
commission ; opposed re-elegibility of the Pres
ident, and his holding pardoning power, the
vice-presidential office, and states having two .
senators irrespective of their population ; and
favored the giving of powers to the Federal gov
ernment sufficient to prevent any state front
carrying out a law declared by the supreme
court to be unconstitutional. It was this motion
that eliminated the word "slavery" from the
constitution. He refused to sign the instrument
as prepared, unless a second national convention
should act on it after it had been discussed by
the people. In the Virginia convention of 1788,
however, he advocated its ratification as necessary
to union, claiming that by so doing Virginia
could secure needed amendments. The clause of

[402]

RANDOLPH

RANDOLPH

Art. VI. on religious tests was added at his sug
gestion before the adoption. He resigned as
governor in 1788, and secured a seat in the as
sembly that he might take part in codifying the
laws of the state, the code published in 1794 being
the result. On Sept. 27, 1789, he was named by
President Washington as attorney-general in his
cabinet, and he served until Jan. 2, 1794, when he
succeeded Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state,
and was succeeded by William Bradford of Penn
sylvania, as attorney-general. He opposed the
signing of the Jay treaty unless the clause per
mitting the search of neutral ships was revoked,
and the President promised to withhold his signa
ture, but when Randolph was charged by Fau-
chet with being purchasable, in a dispatch of the
French minister to his home government, which
dispatch was intercepted and sent to the English
minister Hammond in Philadelphia, Washington
signed the treaty, and Randolph resigned his
portfolio, protesting his innocence, and followed
the recalled French minister to Newport, R.I.,
where he obtained from him a full retraction of
the false charge and wrote his " Vindication."
In the interim the President did not withhold
from his former secretary of state his personal
regard, visiting him at his house on several
occasions, and twice giving him the place of
honor at the executive table. In 1888 a dispatch
was found in Paris written by Fauchet which
conclusively disproved the charge of intrigue
made against Randolph. He resumed the practice
of law in Richmond, Va. An account was made
up against hirn of $49,000 for moneys placed
in his hands to defray the expenses of foreign in
tercourse, and as he was held responsible for all
moneys lost through accidents and other calami
ties, after repeated trials and arbitration, his
lands and slaves were sold, the government gain
ing, besides the debt and interest, about $7000.
He appeared as counsel for Aaron Burr in his
trial for treason in Richmond. He is the author
of: Democratic Societies (1795); Vindication of
Mr. Randolph's Resignation (1795); Political
Truth, or Animadversions on the Past and Present
State of .Public Affairs (1796), and History of
Virginia (MS. in possession of Virginia His
torical society). Moncure D. Conway published
" Omitted Chapters of History disclosed in the
Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph" (1888);
and an article published in Lippincott's Magazine
in September, 1887, entitled "A Suppressed
Statesman." His son, Peyton Randolph (1779-
1828) , married Maria Ward, and was the author
of: "Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of
Virginia" (6 vols., 1823-32). Edmund Randolph
died in Clarke county, Va.. Sept. 13. 1813.
RANDOLPH, George Wythe, cabinet officer,
was born at Monticello, Va., March 10, 1818 ; son

of Gov. Thomas Mann and Martha (Jefferson)
Randolph. He attended school at Cambridge,
Mass., while under the care of his brother-in-law,
Joseph Coolidge of
Boston, and in 1831
was warranted mid
shipman in the U.S.
navy. He was given
leave of absence in
1837, to attend the
University of Vir
ginia, where he
studied two years.
In 1839 he resigned
his commission in
the navy, and after
studying law, prac
tised in Richmond.
He was one of the
commissioners sent
by the state of Virginia to confer with Abraham
Lincoln at his home in Springfield, with the
hope of maintaining peace. He raised a com
pany of artillery at the time of the John Brown
raid, and the organization then known as the
Virginia Howitzer Battalion, Maj. George W.
Randolph, was attached to Magruder's force in
the battle of Big Bethel, Va., June 10, 1801. He
was commissioned brigadier-general, and com
manded a brigade in Magruder's army until
March 17, 1862, when President Davis appointed
him secretary of war in his cabinet to succeed
Judah P. Benjamin, transferred to the state
department. The question of the use of hidden
shells as charged against the Confederate troops
at the evaoution of Yorktown, led to his decision
that it was not admissible in civilized warfare
to take life with no other object than the destruc
tion of life, but that planting shells was ad
missible on the parapet of a fort to prevent its
capture or on the trail of a retreating army to
save the army. He resigned his seat in the
cabinet of President Davis, Nov. 17, 1862, and
returned to the army, but was forced to resign
and seek relief from a pulmonary complaint by
running the blockade and living in Southern
France. He returned to Virginia several years
after the close of the war, and died at Edgar Hill,
Va., April 10, 1878.
RANDOLPH, Harrison, educator, was born in
New Orleans, La., Dec. 8, 1871 ; son of John
Field and Virginia Dashiell (Bayard) Randolph ;
grandson of Edward and Margaret (Turnbull)
Randolph of Petersburg, Va., and of Samuel
John and Jane Winder (Dashiell) Bayard, and a
descendant of William Randolph of Turkey Is
land, Virginia (born in Warwickshire, England,
and came to America, arriving at Jamestown,
Va., in 1674); and of Peter Bayard of Bohemia

[403]

RANDOLPH

RANDOLPH

Manor, Cecil county, Maryland ; son of Samuel
and Anna (Stuyvesant) Bayard, born in Holland,
who came to New York with his uncle, Peter
Stuyvesant, in 1647. He was graduated from
the University of Virginia, A.B., A.M., 1892;
was instructor of mathematics in the university,
1890-95 ; professor of mathematics in the Uni
versity of Arkansas, 1885-97, and in 1897 was
elected president of the College of Charleston,
which position he still held in 1903. He received
the honorary degree of LL.D. from Washington
and Lee university, Lexington, Va., in 1899.
RANDOLPH, James Fitz, representative, was
born in Middlesex county, N.J., June 26, 1791;
a descendant of Edward Fitz Randolph, who
emigrated to America from England in 1630. He
received a common school education, served as
apprentice in a printing office, and was one of
the editors of the New Brunswick weekly
Fredonia, 1812-42. He was U.S. collector of in
ternal revenue, 1815-46 ; clerk of the court of
common pleas for Middlesex county, and a rep
resentative in the state legislature for two years.
He was a Democratic representative in the 20th,
21st and 22d congresses, 1828-33, having been
elected in 1828 to fill a vacancy caused by the
death of George Holcombe (q.v.). He died in
Jersey City, N.J., March 19, 1871.
RANDOLPH, John, statesman, was born in
Cawsons, Va., June 2, 1773 ; son of Richard of
Curies, and Frances (Bland) Randolph ; grand
son of Richard Randolph (1691-1748); great-grand
son of Col. William, the immigrant, and Mary
(Isham) Randolph of Turkey Island. William
Randolph, the immigrant, came from Warwick
shire, England, to Virginia in 1674. Richard
Randolph of Curies died in 1775, and Frances
(Bland) Randolph married secondly in 1788, St.
George Tucker (q.v.). John Randolph was in
structed by his mother and stepfather ; attended
Walker Murray's -school in Orange county ; the
grammar school of the College of William and
Mary ; the College of New Jersey, 1767-88 ; Colum
bia college, 1788-89 ; was present in New York,
April 30, 1789, at the inauguration of President
Washington, and studied law with his second cou
sin, Edmund Randolph (q.v.) in Philadelphia, also
attending lectures on anatomy and physiology.
In 1795 he returned to Virginia and made his
home at " Bizarre," the family mansion occupied
by his brother Richard, and where Richard died in
1796. He thus became the head of the house
hold, but does not appear to have practised law
except to the extent of defending in the Federal
courts his rights to his portion of the Randolph
estate. He opposed Patrick Henry as a candi-
7 date for representative in the'JJth congress, but
was defeated. When Henry died, June 6, 1799,
without taking his seat, Randolph was elected

and was a representative from Virginia in the
6th-12th congresses, 1799-1813, serving as chair
man of the committee on ways and means and
being a leader of the Republican party in the
house. He favored the reduction of the army
and spoke of the men making it up as "merce
naries and hirelings," which resulted in his being
insulted and jostled by two marine officers at the
theatre. In a note addressed to the President
asking for protection against such insults, he ad
dressed him as " President of the United States"
and signed himself "With respect, your fellow-
citizen, John Randolph." President Adams pre
sented the note to the house for its consideration
as " a breach of representative privilege." A
deadlock resulted and the question was left un
decided. Randolph was a powerful orator, and
opposed every public wrong, the Yazoo fraud
being passed in his absence. He defended Jeffer
son in the purchase of Louisiana, on constitutional
grounds ; and advocated an embargo, but soon
discovering his error, admitted his mistake and
voted against the measure. He favored James
Monroe as presidential candidate to succeed Mr.
Jefferson in 1808, and opposed the war of 1812
and the policy of President Madison, which made
an enemy of Monroe who had been chosen secre
tary of state. This cost him his re-election to
congress in 1812, and he retired to Roanoke. He
was, however, returned as a representative in the
i4th, 16th, 17th and 18th congresses, 1815-17 and
1819-25, and became the founder of a powerful
state rights party, and an ultra Anglomaniac.
He hated slavery and his duty to his creditors
was the only bar to the liberation of the slaves
owned by him, during his lifetime. He opposed
the Missouri compromise, and likewise the doc
trines of Calhoun, for whom he had no respect.
In December. 1824, he was elected to the United
States senate to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of Senator Barbour, and completed
his term, March 3, 1827. While in the senate
Clay challenged him for the use of offensive
language in a speech, and a duel followed, April
8, 1826, in which neither was hurt. He failed to
be re-elected to the U.S. senate. He was a
member of the state constitutional committee
of 1829, and as a reward for his support of Jack
son for the presidency in 1828, he was appointed
U.S. minister to Russia in 1830, but resigned in
1831 and returned to the United States. He
disagreed with the President on the question of
nullification in 1832, which doctrines he had at
first opposed. In 1833 he made preparations for
a second visit to Europe for the benefit of his
health, seriously threatened by consumption, but
only lived to reach Philadelphia. He was declared
of unsound mind when he made his last will,
executed in 1832, and a former will made in 1821,

[404]

RANDOLPH

RANDOLPH

liberating his slaves and providing for their
colonization, was sustained. He is the author
of: Letters to a Young Relative (1834). Hugh
A. Garland wrote : " Life of John Randolph" (2
vols., 1850), and Henry Adams, "John Ran
dolph" (American Statesmen Series, 1882). He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 24, 1833.
RANDOLPH, Joseph Fitz, representative, was
born in Monmouth county, N.J., in 1803. He
received a common school education ; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1825 ; practiced in Freehold,
and was appointed prosecuting attorney for Mon
mouth county. He was a Whig representative
from Freehold in the 25th congress, 1837-39,
and from New Brunswick in the 26th and 27th
congresses, 1839-43, serving as chairman of the
committee on Revolutionary claims. He was a
member of the state constitutional convention in
1844 ; judge of the supreme court of New Jersey,
1845-52 ; resumed the practice of his profession
in Trenton in 1852 ; was a member of the Peace
conference at Washington, D.C, in 1861, and
subsequently removed to Jersey City, N. J., where
he died, March 20, 1873.
RANDOLPH, Peyton, first president of con
gress, was born at Tazewell Hall, Williamsburg,
Va., in 1721 ; son of Sir John Randolph (1693-
1737), king's attorney, speaker of the house of
burgesses of Virginia and recorder of Norfolk,
and grandson of William Randolph, the immi
grant. He was graduated at the College of
William and Mary ; studied law at the Inner
Temple, London, England, and was appointed
king's attorney for Virginia in 1748, and the
same year represented Williamsburg in the house
of burgesses. He went to London in 1754, by
direction of the burgesses, without the consent
of Governor Dinwiddie, and obtained the re
moval of the pistole fee from all lands of less
than one hundred acres in extent. During
his absence the governor suspended the absent
attorney, and appointed George Wythe in his
place, who, however, accepted the office only to
hold it for the return of Randolph, who was
reinstated in 1754. He was chairman of the
committee appointed to revise the laws of Vir
ginia, and in 1758 was appointed a visitor of the
College of William and Mary. He drew up the
remonstrances of the burgesses against the pro
posed stamp act in 1764 ; was appointed speaker
of the house in 1766, and thereupon resigned his
office as king's attorney and was placed at the
head of all the important committees requiring
legal knowledge. He also served as chairman of
the committee of correspondence for May, 1773 ;
was president of the convention of August, 1774,
and was the first of the seven deputies appointed
to the proposed Continental congress by that
body. He issued the call to the citizens of

[405]

Williamsburg to assemble at their courthouse,
discuss the action of the convention and instruct
the deputies, and presided over the meeting, for
this action being named as one of the citizens of
Virginia to be attainted by Parliament. When
the Continental congress assembled in Philadel
phia, Sept. 5, 1774, he was unanimously elected
president of the first congress, which office he
held until Oct. 22, 1774, when he resigned and
was succeeded by Henry Middleton of South
Carolina. On Jan. 20, 1775, he called a conven
tion to meet at Richmond, Va., March 21, 1775,
and was elected a delegate to the convention,
Feb. 4, 1775. He prevented aggressive measures
on the part of the patriots when Lord Dunmore,
on April 20, 1775, removed the gunpowder from
the public magazine at Williamsburg, and '
througli the medium of his brother, John Ran
dolph (1727-1784), he obtained £300 from Lord
Dunmore to pay for the powder. He met with
the house of burgesses in May, 1775, and presided
until adjournment, when he returned to Philadel
phia, and was elected speaker of the second con
gress that assembled May 10. Owing to illness he
was obliged to resign, and John Hancock assumed
the presidency of congress, May 24, 1775. He
married a sister of Benjamin Harrison, governor
of Virginia, but left no children. His body rests
under the chapel of the College of William and
Mary. He died in Philadelphia, Pa. , Oct. 22, 1775.
RANDOLPH, Sarah Nicholas, author, was
born at Edge Hill, Charlottesville, Va., Oct. 12,
1839 ; daughter of Thomas Jefferson and Jane
Hollins (Nicholas) Randolph. She established a
school for young ladies at Edge Hill, which
became celebrated, and she was afterward
principal of Patapsco institute, -which was
transferred to Baltimore, and became the
Sarah Randolph school. She is the author of:
Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson (1871); The
Lord Will Provide (1872) ; Life of Stonewall
Jackson (1876) ; Martha Jefferson Randolph, in
Wister's "Famous Women of the Revolution"
(1876) ; Tlie Kentucky Resolutions in a New Light
(Nation, May 5, 1887) , and other articles. She
died in Baltimore, Md., April 25, 1892.
RANDOLPH, Theodore Frelinghuysen, gov
ernor of New Jersey, was born in New Bruns
wick, N.J., June 24, 1816 ; son of James Fitz
Randolph (q.v.). He attended the Rutgers
grammar school, and in 1840 removed to Vicks
burg, Miss., where he engaged in mercantile pur
suits. He was married in 1851 to Fanny F.,
daughter of N. D. Colman of Kentucky, and in
1852 returned to New Jersey, settling in Jersey
City. He became interested in the mining and
transportation of coal and of iron and ores, and
was for many years president of the Morris and
Essex railroad. He was a representative in the

RANDOLPH

RANEY

state legislature, 1859-61; was elected state senator
in 1862 to fill a vacancy, and was re-elected for
the full term, serving, 1862-65. He introduced a
bill providing for a state comptroller, and in 1865
removed to Morristown, N.J. He was governor
of New Jersey, 1869-72, and
during his administration the
State riparian commission
was established ; the Camden
and Amboy monopoly tax was
repealed ; the Morris Plains
lunatic asylum was con
structed, and on the anniver
sary of the battle of the Boyne, July 12, 1871 , he is
sued a proclamation, insuring the right of parade
to the Orangemen of New Jersey, giving them
state protection, and thus avoiding a riot similar to
the one that occurred in New York cit}' the same
day. He was U.S. senator from New Jersey,
1875-81. He was a delegate to the Democratic
national conventions of 1864-72 ; chairman of
the Democratic national committee ; a trustee
of Rutgers college, and one of the founders and
president of the Washington Headquarters asso
ciation of Morristown, N.J. He died in Morris
town, N.J.. Nov. 7, 1883.
RANDOLPH, Thomas Jefferson, literarian,
was born at Monticello, Va., Sept. 12, 1792 ; son of
Gov. Thomas Mann (q.v.) and Martha (Jefferson)
Randolph. He was sent to school in Philadel
phia, 1807-10, gained his further education in the
library of his grandfather, largely collected in
Europe, and was married in 1824, to Jane Hol-
lins, daughter of Gov. Wilson Cary Nicholas
(q.v.). He became literary executor of his
grandfather, as well as the superintendent of his
estates, from the proceeds of the cultivation of
which he discharged financial obligations of his
grandfather to the extent of $40,000, satisfying
every claim, besides supporting and educating his
own brothers and sisters and starting them in
life, and bringing up and giving the best advan
tages of education to his twelve children. He
was a representative in the state legislature,
and in 1832 introduced a bill for emancipation
on the post-natal plan suggested by Jefferson,
and secured the passage of the tax bill in 1842,
which placed the state on a firm financial basis.
He was also a member of the state constitu
tional convention of 1851-52, and for seven years
rector of the University of Virginia, having been
on its board of visitors for thirty-one years. His
antislavery views prevented his political advance
ment in Virginia. After the war he was influential
in securing the restoration of the financial and
agricultural prosperity of the state. He was
chairman of the Democratic national convention
at Baltimore in 1872. He is the author of : Life
and Correspondence of Tliomas Jefferson (4 vols.,

1829); Sixty Years Reminiscences of the Currency
of the United States (1842). He died at Edge
Hill, Albemarle city, Va., Oct. 8, 1875.
RANDOLPH, Thomas Mann, governor of
Virginia, was born at Tuckahoe, on James river,
Va., Oct. 1, 1768 ; son of Thomas Mann and Anne
(Cary) Randolph, and grandson of William Ran
dolph of Tuckahoe and of Col. Archibald Cary.
He was educated at Edinburgh university, 1785-
88, and by Sir John Leslie, who returned with
him and his brother to Virginia, and was a tutor
in his father's family. He visited Thomas Jeffer
son in Paris, and there met Martha Jefferson, to
whom he was married, Feb. 23, 1790, at Monti
cello, and continued his studies in Jefferson's
library at Monticello. He was a representative
from Virginia in the 8th and 9th congresses,
1803-07, and while in congress came in contact
with John Randolph of Roanoke, in debate, with
the result that preliminaries for a duel were ar
ranged, which was, however, prevented. While
in congress he resided with his wife in the White
House. He joined the army in 1812 as lieutenant
of light artillery ; was ordered to the Canada
frontier as captain in the 20th U.S. infantry ;
quarrelled with General Armstrong, and resigned
from the army, Feb. 6, 1815. He was elected
governor of Virginia in 1818, -serving, 1819-21.
He died at Monticello, Va., June 20, 1828.
RANEY, George Pettus, jurist, was born at
Apalachicola, Fla. , Oct. 11, 1845 ; son of David
Greenway and Frances Harriet (Jordan) Eaney ;
grandson of William and Rebecca (Abernathy)
Raney, and of Miles and Hariot (Pettus) Jordan.
He was educated in the schools of his native
town, and entered the University of Virginia in
1863 ; was in the Confederate army from Septem
ber, 1863, till the close of the civil war ; studied
law at the University of Virginia in 1866-67 ; was
addmitted to the bar in 1867, and practised his
profession at Apalachicola until he moved to
Tallahassee in the latter part of 1869. He was a
member of the Florida legislature, 1868-70 ; a
member of the Democratic state executive com
mittee, 1876-80 ; attorney-general of Florida, ,
1877-85 ; reporter of the decisions of the state
supreme court, 1877-85; associate justice of the
state supreme court, 1885-89, and chief justice,
1889-94, when he resigned and returned to the
practice of law at Tallahassee. He was a pres
idential elector, 1896 ; a member of the state leg
islature from Leon county, 1899-1902, and a
member of the Democratic national committee
for 1900-04. He was married twice : first, in
November, 1873, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of
Thompson Byrd and Sarah (Bailey) Lamar, who
died in 1900, and secondly, in November, 1901, to
Evelyn Byrd, daughter of Walker Anderson and
Elizabeth Page (Walker) Cameron.
[4061

RANKIN

RANKINE

RANKIN, Jeremiah Fames, educator, was
born in Thornton, N.H., Jan. 2, 1828 ; son of the
Rev. Andrew and Lois (Eames) Rankin ; grand
son of Andrew and Dolly (French) Rankin, and
of Col. Jeremiah and Persis (Williams) Eames ;
great-grandson of
James and Margaret
(Witherspoon) Ran
kin, and of Col. Wil
liam and Zilpah (Wil
der) Williams. His
great- grandfather,
James Rankin, a na
tive of Paisley, Scot
land, emigrated from
Glasgow to Salem,
Mass., 1776, and sub
sequently settled in
Thornton, and later
in Littleton, N.H.
He was graduated
from Middlebury col
lege, Vermont, A.B., 1848, A.M., 1851; taught
classics in New London, Conn., 1849-50 ; in War
ren county, Ky., 1848-49; at Middlebury, Vt.,
1850-51 ; at Sanbornton, N.H., 1851-52, and was
graduated at Andover Theological seminary in
1854. He was married, Nov. 28, 1854, to Mary
Howell, daughter of Cyrus and Adeline (Frink)
Birge of Middlebury, Vt. He was ordained to
the Congregational ministry, Feb. 27, 1855 ; was
pastor of Presbyterian churches at Potsdam,
N.Y., 1854-55 ; St. Albans, Vt., 1855-62 ; Lowell,
Mass., 1862-64; Charlestown, Mass., 1864-69,
and at Washington, D.C, 1869-84. serving as
chaplain of the district senate ; as trustee of
Howard university, Washington, 1870-78, and as
professor of homiletics and pastoral theology
there, 1878-84. He was pastor of Orange, N.J.,
1884-89, and in 1889 was elected president of
Howard university, accepting the office on Jan.
1, 1890; was a delegate to various Congrega
tional national unions in the United States and
Europe ; a corporate member of the A.B.CF.M. ;
a member of the Sons of the American Revolu
tion, and pf the Society of the Cincinnati, three
of his ancestors having served in the Revolution.
He received from Middlebury the honorary de
grees D.D., 1869, and LL.D., 1889. He statedly
contributed to the Bibliotheca Sacra, the Inde
pendent and other religious papers ; was editor of
Pilgrim Press ; contributor to Christian Thought ;
Our Day and Congregational Review, and wrote
the hymns : God be with you till we meet again ;
God and Home and Native Land ; Keep Your
Colors Flying ; Why Art Thou Silent, Bethlehem 9
and Droop Low To-day, Thou Banner Fair. He
is also the author of : Auld Scotch Mither, Ingle-
side Rhaims, and Other Poems in the Scotch Dia

lect (1873); Ingleside Rhymes (1887); Esther
Burr's Journal (1901); translations from the Ger
man in "German-English lyrics"; and the ser
mons: Subduing Kingdoms (1881); The Hotel of
God (1883); Atheism of the Heart (1884), and
Christ His Own Interpreter (1884).
RANKIN, William Brodshaw, educationist,
was born in Green count}', Tenn., Sept. 3, 1825;
son of Anthony and Margaret (Grey) Rankin ;
grandson of William and Sarah (Moore) Rankin,
natives of Pennsylvania who went to East Ten
nessee in 1780, and a descendant of one of three
brothers, James, John and Hugh Rankin, who
came from Ireland to Philadelphia in 1721; and
of John Grey who came from Scotland about 1800.
He was brought up on a farm and1 learned black
smithing. He was graduated at Amherst, A.B. ,
1852, A.M., 1855. ; was married at Amity, N.Y.,
Aug. 18, 1852, to Jane, daughter of Daniel and
Alletta (Edstill) Carpenter ; was principal of
Rhea academy, Greenville, Tenn., 1852-54; pres
ident of Greenville college, 1854-58 ; professor of
mathematics, Tusculum college, 1859-61 ; was
exiled in 1861, and lived in New York state, 1864-
66. He canvassed the state for Lincoln and
Johnson in 1864 ; was principal of the graded
schools of Wellsville, N.Y., 1864-66 ; returned to
Tennessee and was ordained Presbyterian min
ister in 1866 ; was president of Washington col
lege, Tennessee, 1866-74 ; aided in organizing the
public school system of Tennessee ; was superin
tendent of public instruction for Greene county ;
assisted Dr. Sears in the distribution of the
Peabody school fund and in establishing schools
for freedmen under the U.S. government, and
was district superintendent of the work of the
American Bible societ}' in Tennessee and Texas,
1874-98. He served as financial agent of Wash
ington college, 1898-1900, and on June 1, 1900,
became general secretary of the John C. Martin
educational fund. He made his residence in
Austin, Texas, and had his office in New York city.
He received the honorary degree of D.D. from
Washington college, Tennessee, 1893.
RANKINE, James, educator, was born in
Ayrshire, Scotland, Nov. 5, 1827 ; son of John
Rankine. He emigrated with his parents from
Scotland to New York, and settled in Canandaigua.
He was graduated from Union college, A.B.,
1846, A.M., 1849; was a tutor in Trinity college,
Hartford, Conn., 1843-51 ; librarian, 1849-52 ; ad
junct professor of mathematics. 1851-54, and pro
fessor of natural science tliere, 1852-54. He
studied at the Berkeley Divinity school in 1850 ;
was ordained to the P.E. ministry, and subse
quently stationed as rector at Windsor, Conn. ,
1850-54 ; at St. Paul's church, Owego, N.Y. , 1854-
61, and at St. Peter's church, Geneva, N.Y., 1861-
96. He was a trustee of Hobart college, 1860-76 ;
[407]

RANNEY

RANSOM

first rector of De Lance}' Divinity school, Geneva,
N.Y., 1861-96 ; president of Hobart college, Sept.
7, 1869-July 11, 1871 ; a trustee of Union college,
1876-80, and dean of Geneva, 1880-95. He was a
trustee of the General Theological seminary ; a
deputy to the general convention and federal
council, and a member of the ecclesiastical court
of western New York. He received the honorary
degree of A.M. from Trinity in 1848, and from
Hobart in 1857 ; the degree S.T.D. from Hobart
in 1863, and that of LL.D. from Union in 1895.
He died in Geneva, N.Y., Dec. 16, 1896.
RANNEY, Ambrose Arnold, representative,
was born in Townshend, Vt., April 17, 1821 ; son
of Dr. Waitstill R. and Phoebe (Atwood) Ran-
ney ; grandson of Waitstill and Abigail (Harlow)
Ranney and a descendant of Thomas Ranney
(born in Scotland, 1616, and one of the first set
tlers of Middletown, Conn.), and Mary (Hub
bard) Ranney. His father was a leading far
mer and physician of Windham county, and
lieutenant governor of Vermont for two terms.
Ambrose attended Townshend academy and was
graduated from Dartmouth college, N.H., in
1844. He was principal of Chester academy, 1844-
46 ; studied law with Andrew Tracy at Wood
stock, Vt. ; was admitted to the bar in 1848, and
after teaching in the Brimmer Street school for
some months, began practice in Boston. He was
city solicitor, 1855-57 ; a representative in the
state legislature in 1857, 1863 and 1864, and was a
Republican representative from the third district
in the 47th, 48th and 49th congresses, 1881-87,
serving as chairman of special committees on the
pan-electric schemes. He was married, Dec. 4,
1850 to Maria D., daughter of Addison and Maria
(Ingals) Fletcher, and his only son, Fletcher, be
came his law partner. He died in Boston, Mass.,
March 5, 1899.
RANSDELL, Joseph Eugene, representative,
was born in Alexandria, La., Oct. 7, 1858 ; son of
John H. and Amanda (Terrell) Ransdell. He
was graduated from Union college, Schenectady,
N.Y., in 1882 ; was admitted to the bar in June,
1883, and established himself in practice at Lake
Providence, La., where he also engaged exten
sively in cotton planting. He was married, Nov.
15, 1885, to Olive Irene Powell of Lake Providence.
He was district attorney of the eighth judicial
district of Louisiana, 1884-96 ; a member of the
levee board of the Fifth Louisiana levee district,
1896-99 ; a member of the convention that framed
the new constitution of the state in 1898, and was
elected Democratic representative in the 56th
congress to fill the unexpired term of Samuel T.
Baird who died, April 22, 1899. He was re-elected
to the 57th and 58th congresses, 1899-1905, serving
in 57th congress as a member of the committee
on rivers and harbors.

RANSOM, Epaphroditus, governor of Michi
gan, was born in Shelburne Falls, Hampshire
county, Mass., in February, 1797 ; son of Maj.
Ezekiel and  (Fletcher) Ransom and grand
son of General Fletcher of Vermont, an officer in
the Revolutionary war. He
removed with his parents
to Townshend, Windham
county, Vt.; worked on a
farm in the summer and
either attended or taught
school in the winter. He was
graduated from Chester acad
emy, Windham county, Vt.; studied law under
Judge Taft, at Townshend, and was graduated
from the law school at Northampton, Mass., in
1823. He practised in Windham county, and was
a representative in the state legislature for several
terms. In 1834 he removed to Michigan and set
tled in Kalamazoo, where he established himself
in practice with Charles E. Stuart. In 1836, upon
the admission of Michigan into the union, he was
appointed first judge ofthe second judicial circuit
and associate justice of the supreme court of the
state. He was promoted chief justice in 1843, and
was governor of the state, 1847. Failing to receive
a renomination, he retired to private life. He
was a representative in the state .legislature in
1853, and in 1857 removed to Kansas, where he
was receiver of the Osage land office. He died at
Fort Scott, Kan., in November, 1859.
RANSOM, George Marcellus, naval officer,
was born in Springfield, N.Y., Jan. 18, 1820. He
attended the public schools of New York and
Ohio ; was appointed to the U.S. navy as a mid
shipman from Ohio, July 25, 1839 ; served on the
Marion off the Brazil coast, 1839-42, and on the
Erie of the Pacific squadron, 1843-44. He was at
the naval school, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1845 ; was
promoted passed midshipman, July 2, 1845 ; was
stationed at the naval observatory, Washington,
D.C, 1845-46, and was engaged on the coast of
Mexico for seven months in 1847. He was again
stationed at the naval observatory, 1847-48 ;
served on the Portsmouth off the coast of Africa,
1848-50, and on the Relief, 1851-52. He was pro
moted master, June 28, 1853 ; served on the Michi
gan on the lakes, 1853-55; was promoted lieu
tenant, Feb. 21, 1854; served on the Perry, Dol
phin and Jamestown off the coast of Africa, 1855-
57 ; was on ordnance duty at Boston, Mass., 1857-
59, and was engaged on the Narraganseit and
Saranac on the Pacific station, 1860-61. He was
promoted lieutenant-commander, July 16, 1862 ;
commander, Jan. 2, 1862, and commanded the
Kineo of the Western Gulf blockading squadron
under Farragut in the Mississippi river during
its various encounters, March and April, 1862.
He served under Farragut at Forts Jackson and

[408]

RANSOM

RANSOM

St. Philip ; was in the engagement with the ram Richmond, being wounded at Malvern Hill, and

U.5.S. COLORAPO,

Manassas and attacked forces at Grand Gulf, also
those of Gen. John C. Breckinridge at Baton
Rouge, La., Aug. 5, 1862, and others. He com
manded the Mercedita on special service in the
West Indies, April to August, 1864 ; the Grand
Gulfoi the- North Atlantic blockading squadron,
and captured three steamers off the coast of North
Carolina, 1863-64. He had a general supervision
of the blockading vessels in the East Gulf squad
ron, and commanded the Muscoota and later the
Algonquin in a trial with the Winooski in Long
Island sound, January to March, 1866. He was
stationed at League Island, Pa., as executive,
1867--69 ; was promoted captain, March 2, 1870,
and commanded the 'iron-clad Terror ot the North
Atlantic fleet in 1870. He was executive of the
New York navy
yard, 1871-73 ;
commander of
the frigate Col
orado of the
North Atlantic
fleet, 1873-75,
and of the frig
ate Franklin on
S5--8 special service
from December,
1876, to March,
1877. He was promoted commodore, March 28,
1877 ; was in charge of the naval station at Port
Royal, S.C, 1878-79, and of the navy yard at
Boston, Mass., 1879-82. He was retired June 18,
1882, and died in September, 1889.
RANSOM, Matt Whitaker, senator, was born
in Warren county, N.C, Oct. 8, 1826; son of
Robert and Priscilla (Whitaker) Ransom ; grand
son of Seymour and Birchett (Green) Ransom,
and of Matthew Carey and Betsy Anne (Coffield)
Whitaker, and a grand-nephew of Nathaniel
Macon of North Carolina. He was graduated
from the University of North Carolina in 1847,
studied law and was admitted to the bar. He
settled in practice in Warrenton, N.C. ; was a
Whig presidential elector in 1852, and attorney-
general of North Carolina, 1852-55. He was mar
ried, Jan. 19, 1853, to Pattie, daughter of Joseph
and Lavinia (Roberts) Exum of. Northampton
county, N.C. He was a Democratic member of
the general assembly of the state, 1858-60, and a
peace commissioner from North Carolina to the
Provisional Congress of the Southern States at
Montgomery, Ala., in 1861. He opposed the war,
but supported the withdrawal of his state, and
entered the Confederate service as a private,
rising to the rank of major-general at Richmond
in 1865. He commanded the 35th N.C. regiment in
Ransom's brigade, Holmes's division in Magruder's
command in the seven days' battles before

[4091

Lieutenant-Colonel Petway, who succeeded to the
command of the regiment, being killed. He
commanded a brigade made up of the 24th, 25th,
35th and 49th regiments and Capt. James R.
Branch's Virginia battery in Walker's division of
Longstreet's corps, in the Maryland campaign,
serving under Jackson at Harper's Ferry and
under Longstreet at Antietam. He was trans
ferred with his brigade to North Carolina, where
he commanded the assaulting column that
captured Plymouth, April 20, 1864, and was
hurried to the defence of Petersburg, reaching
there just in time to assist in the defence of the
city, and being desperately wounded at Drewry's
Bluff, May 14, 1864. In the Appomatox cam
paign he commanded a brigade made up of the
24th, 25th, 35th, 49th and 56th North Carolina
regiments in Bushrod R. Johnson's division, R.
H. Anderson's corps, and in the final assault on
Battery IX between Fort Stedman and Fort Mc-
Gilvery in Gordan's attack at Fort Stedman,
March 25, 1865, he commanded a division com
posed of his own and Wallace's South Carolina
brigade, also commanding the same division at
Five Forks, April 1, 1865. After the surrender,
he took up his profession in Weldon in 1866. He
was a Democratic U.S. senator from North
Carolina, 1871-95 ; being chairman of the select
committee on the river front of Washington, in
the 47th and 48th congresses ; of the committee on
private land claims in the 49th, 50th, 51st and
52d congresses, and of the committe on commerce
in the 53d congress. He was U.S. minister to
Mexico, 1895-97, and in 1895 retired to private
life. He was a trustee of the University of North
Carolina, 1858-65, and received the degree LL.D.
from there in 1881.
RANSOM, Robert, soldier, was born in War
ren county, N.C, Feb. 12, 1828; son of Robert
and Priscilla (Whitaker) Ransom, and brother of
Matt W. Ransom (q.v.). He was graduated at
the U.S. Military academy, and assigned to the
1st dragoons, July 1, 1850; was at the cavalry
school, Carlisle, Pa., 1850-51, and was promoted
2d lieutenant, Oct. 9, 1851, while on frontier
service in New Mexico, 1851-54. He was married
in 1854 to Minnie Huntt of Washington, D.C,
adopted daughter of General Gibson, of the regular
army. He was assistant instructor of cavalry
tactics at West Point. 1854-55 ; was promoted 1st
lieutenant and transferred to the 1st U.S.
cavalry, March 3, 1855, and served as adjutant of
the regiment at Leavenworth, Kan., 1855-57,
being engaged in the Sioux expedition and in
quelling the Kansas disturbances. He was on
recruiting service, 1857-58 ; on frontier duty in
Arkansas, Kansas and Colorado, 1859-61 ; was
promoted captain, Jan. 31, 1861, and resigned

RANSOM

RANSOM

May 24, 1861, to join the Confederate States
army as captain of cavalry. He was promoted
colonel of the 1st North Carolina cavalry (9th
N.C troops) the same year; brigadier-general,
March 6, 1862, and major-general, May 26, 1863.
He defended his native state against the Federal
army under Burnside early in 1862 ; was trans
ferred to the defence of Richmond, and in the
seven days' battles ending July 1, 1862, com
manded a brigade in Holmes's division, Ma
gruder's command. When Lee's army made the
first movement into Maryland, his brigade in the
division of Gen. John G. Walker was ordered to
co-operate with Gen. T. J. Jackson in the capture
of Harper's Ferry. He commanded a division in
Longstreet's corps at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec.
13, 1862, and held the line on Marye's Heights
and the rock wall below it, his division being
actively engaged in the defence throughout the
entire battle. He commanded the troops with
Gen. D. H. Hill, left to defend Richmond during
Lee's Pennsylvania campaign in 1863 ; com
manded the department of Southwest Virginia
in November, 1863 ; took part in the defence of
Drewry's Bluff, May 16, 1864, where his infantry,
cavalry and artillery made the successful assault
on Butler's right, on the 16th, President Davis, in
his " Rise and Fall of the Confederacy," credit
ing him with having saved Pittsburg and Rich
mond. The war department then ordered his
division to the defence of Richmond on May 17,
and in June, 1864, in the command of the
cavalry he was with Early and Breckinridge in
the expedition to capture Washington, D.C. He
was subsequently given command of the depart
ment including South Carolina, Georgia and
Florida. He was express agent and city marshal
of Wilmington, N.C, 1866-67 ; a salesman of
railroad supplies through the southern states,
1868-74 ; a farmer in Virginia, 1874-78, and a
civil engineer employed by the U.S. government
in various river and harbor improvements in
North and South Carolina, 1878-92. He is the
author of : Ransom's Division at Fredericksburg,
in " Battles and Leaders of the Civil War" (Vol.
III.). He died in Newbeme, N.C, Jan. 14, 1893.
RANSOM, Thomas Edward Greenfield, soldier,
was born in Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834 ; son of
Col. Truman Bishop (q.v.) and Margaretta Mor
rison (Greenfield) Ransom. He was educated at
Newbury seminary and at Norwich university,
1848-51, completing the course in civil engineer
ing. He worked for some time with his cousin,
Benjamin F. Marsh (a graduate of Norwich,
1837), on the Rutland and Burlington railroad,
and removed to Peru, 111., in 1851, where he was
a civil engineer, 1851-54, and in the real estate
business, 1854-56, subsequently engaging in the
latter business in Chicago and in Fayette county,

Illinois. He recruited a company for the llth
Illinois regiment early in 1861 ; was commissioned
captain, April 26 ; major, in May, by a vote of
the company officers ; lieutenant-colonel, July
30 ; was wounded while leading a charge at
Charleston, Mo., Aug. 20 ; took part in the capture
of Fort Henry and in the assault upon Fort
Donelson, where he was again wounded ; was
appointed colonel to succeed W. H. L. Wallace ;
promoted brigadier-general, Feb. 15, 1862, and
though wounded in the head, he led his regiment
at Shiloh. He became chief of staff to Gen. J.
A. McClernand, and inspector-general of the
Army of the Tennessee in June, 1862. He was
appointed brigadier-general in January, 1863, and
commanded the 2d brigade, 6th division, 17th
corps in the Vicksburg campaign, his services in
rebuilding the bridge across the Big Black River
and his energy during the entire siege being
especially commended by General Grant. He
commanded a detachment of the 13th corps in
the expedition to the mouth of the Rio Grande,
Oct. 26, 1863 ; captured Fort Esperanza com
manding the entrance to Matagorda bay, Dec. 30,
and in the Red river campaign was seriously
wounded at Sabine Cross Roads (Mansfield),
April 8, 1864. He commanded the 4th division,
and succeeded Gen. G. M. Dodge to the com
mand of the 16th corps in the operations about
Atlanta, Ga., Aug. 19, 1864, General Dodge hav
ing been released from the command of the corps
by reason of wounds received that day. He was
brevetted major-general of volunteers, Sept. 1,
1864 ; continued in command of the 16th corps
until the divisions making it up were merged into
the 15th and 17th corps when he with his division
went with the 17th corps and in the absence of
Gen. Frank P. Blair assumed command about
Sept. 27. He led the corps in the pursuit of
Hood's army, part of the time in an ambulance,
and then on a stretcher until his fatal illness,
brought on by the overwork and exposure, forced
him to relinquish his command at Gaylesville,
Ala., and while being carried on a stretcher to
Rome, Ga., he died at a comfortable farm house in
which he was resting. He was buried in Rose Hill
cemetery, Chicago, 111., and shortly afterward his
mother received from President Lincoln his com
mission as major-general of volunteers, which had
been signed before his death, but was awaiting
the action of congress. He was unmarried. He
was an active member of the Methodist Episcopal
church, and took a leading part in the religious
services held in connection with the army. Gen
eral Howard in General Field orders No. 21, issued
from Cedartown, Ga., Nov. 1, 1864, bore testi
mony to his noble record, pure and elevated char
acter and enthusiasm in his country's cause. He
died near Rome, Ga., Oct. 29, 1864.

[410]

RANSOM

RANTOUL

*/¦ Ud. (I?6wikUf>Tsu.

RANSOM, Truman Bishop, soldier and educa
tor, was born in Woodstock, Vt., Sept. 20, 1802 ;
son of Lieut. Amasa and Abigail (Root) Ransom ;
grandson of George and Anna (Tiffany) Ransom,
and a descendant of Joseph Ransom, the immi
grant, who settled in
Lyme, Conn., early
in the eighteenth cen
tury. His father died
in 1812 and he learned
the trade of chair
maker and painter, at
which he worked,
1815-21, at South
Woodstock. His
mother was married,
Jan. 13, 1822, to Jacob
Kendall ; she died at
Norwich, Vt., Jan.
29, 1841. Ransom
was graduated from
the American Li ter-
ary, Scientific and Military academy (now Nor
wich Univei'sity, Northfield, Vt.), 1825, as civil
engineer with high standing as a mathemati
cian. He taught mathematics and music in
the institution (then located in Middletown,
Conn.) 1825-29; helped to establish a school of
a similar character in Orange, N.J., 1829-30 ;
a second one in Fayetteville, N.C, 1830, and
served for a time as instructor in mathematics in
the U.S. navy. He was married, Feb. 2, 1830, to
Margaretta Morrison Greenfield of Middletown,
Conn. Their son, Col. Dunbar R. Ransom (1831-
1897), Norwich university, .1851, was an officer in
the Federal army in the civil war, and Thomas
Edward Greenfield Ransom (q.v.) was another
son. In 1830 Truman B. Ransom became an as
sistant professor in Jefferson college, Washington,
Miss., a leading military college in the south,
and in August, 1832, on the death of President
John Holbrook, Capt. Alden Partridge was ap
pointed his successor, Professor Ransom being
given provisional charge of the institution until
the arrival of the new president. The views of
Captain Partridge on slavery and emoluments,
the compensation of assistants, the control to be
exercised by him, and his residence at the north
during a great portion of the year, were all ob
jectionable, and he remained only a few months
in charge of the college. Professor Ransom was
vice-president of Norwich university,1 and pro
fessor of natural and experimental philosophy,
mathematics and civil engineering, 1834-85 ;
president and professor of natural philosophy,
practical and military science, political economy,
¦ civil engineering and science of government, as
successor to Capt. Alden Partridge, 1843-46, serv
ing as a trustee, 1843-47 ; was major-general of

the Vermont militia, 1836-44 ; Democratic candi
date for representative in the 27th congress, 1840,
and for lieutenant-governor of Vermont, 1846.
He resigned the presidency of Norwich university
in 1846 to volunteer in the 6th U.S. regulars,
Col. Franklin Pierce, for service in the Mexican
war, and did valuable recruiting service in New
England. He was commissioned major of the
9th U.S. infantry, Feb. 16, 1847; promoted lieu
tenant-colonel and colonel, March 9, 1817 ; joined
General Scott at Puebla, Mexico, Aug. 6, 1847,
and was killed while leading an assault on the
west side of the hill crowning the fortress and
castle of Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847.
RANTOUL, Robert, reformer, was born in
Salem, Mass., Nov. 23, 1778; son of Robert and
Mary (Preston) Rantoul. His father, at the age
of sixteen, emigrated in 1769 from Kinrosshire,
Scotland, where the family had been domiciled
since 1300, and settled in Salem, Mass., out of
which port he commanded privateers and
merchantmen for William Gray and others, and
sailing at the age of thirty on a Mediterranean
voyage was lost at sea, with all on board, when
in command of the ship Iris. The son engaged
in business on his own account as a druggist at
Beverly, Mass., in 1796. He was married. June
4, 1801, to Joannah, daughter of John and Eliza
beth (Herrick) Lovett of Beverly, Mass. He
was a representative in the state legislature,
1809-20 and 1823-33, and state senator, 1821-23.
He was a member of the state constitutional con
ventions of 1820 and 1853, and during the war of
1812 he served in the militia and coast guard,
1812-15, after which he became a member of the
Massachusetts Peace society. He was an early
opponent of the habitual use of strong drink, and
became a life member of the Massachusetts Tem-
perence society in 1812. He also opposed the re
tention of capital punishment. He was an en
thusiastic student and writer of local history.
He was one of the founders of a charity school
at Beverly, which was the first Sunday School
iu America. For fifty consecutive years he filled
a number of parochial and town offices, writing
the yearly reports to the town of the poor de
partment, for half a century, He died in Bev
erly, Mass., Oct. 24, 1858.
RANTOUL, Robert, Jr., statesman, was born
in Beverly, Mass., Aug. 13, 1805; son of Robert
Rantoul, the reformer (q.v.). He was gradu
ated from Harvard, A.B., 182G, A.M., 1829;
studied law in Salem, Mass., and established
himself in practice there in 1829, removing
in 1830 to South Reading, Mass. He was
married, Aug. 3, 1831, to Jane E., daughter of
Peter and Deborah (Gage) Woodbury of Bever
ly, and removed in 1832 to Gloucester, Mass.
He was the Democratic representative from Glou-

[411]

RANTOUL

RAPHALL

cester in the state legislature, 1834-38 ; was a
member of the judiciary committee, and in 1836
of a special committee to revise the statute laws
of Massachusetts ; represented the state in the
first board of directors of the Western railroad,
1836-38, and in 1837 was appointed by Governor
Everett a member of the first Massachusetts
board of education, resigning in 1844. He re
moved to Boston, Mass., !n 1839, and soon became
prominent as an advocate and lawyer. He was
U.S. district attorney for Massachusetts, 1845-
1849. On the resignation of Daniel Webster from
the U.S. senate in 1850, Governor Briggs of
Massachusetts appointed Robert C. Winthrop to
fill the vacancy, but upon the meeting of the
state legislature in 1851, Mr. Rantoul was elected
and served until the 4th of March, when the term
ended. He was elected by the coalition a repre
sentative in the 33d congress, 1851-52. In 1851
he was counsel for Thomas Simms, the first
fugitive slave surrendered by Massachusetts. He
published a weekly journal in Gloucester in the
interest of the Jacksonian Democracy, 1832-38 ;
was editor of a "Workingmen's Library " and two
series of a " Common School Library '' and carried
the "Journeymen Bootmakers' Case" through
the courts, establishing the right of laborers to
combine for business purposes. He died in Wash
ington, D.C, and rests at Beverly, under a stone
which bears an epitaph from the pen of Sumner.
On his sudden death at the age of 47, Whittier
wrote elegiac verses which have been much ad
mired. The date of his death is Aug. 7, 1852.
RANTOUL, Robert Samuel, educator, was
born in Beverly, Mass., June 2, 1832; son of
Robert, Jr. (q.v.) and Jane E. (Woodbury) Ran
toul. He was graduated from Harvard college,
A.B., 1853, A.M. and LL.B., 1856; was admitted
to the Essex bar in 1856, and at once began prac
tice in Beverly and Salem. He was married, May
13, 1858, to Harriet Charlotte, daughter of David
Augustus and Harriet Charlotte (Price) Neal of
Salem, Mass. Captain Neal was a well known
merchant, and later president of the Eastern and
Illinois Central railroads. Mrs. Rantoul died,
May 20, 1899, leaving six sons and three
daughters. Mr. Rantoul was a representative
from Beverly in the state legislature of 1858, and
in 1884-85, from Salem, where he had resided
since 1858. He was collector of the port of
Salem and Beverly by appointment of Preisdetit
Lincoln, 1865-69 ; mayor of Salem, 1890-93 ; a
candidate for presidential elector on the Palmer
and Buckner ticket, 1896, and in 1896 became
president of the Essex Institute. He is the
author of : Centennial of American Independence,
an oration delivered in Stuttgart, Germany, July
4, 1876 ; and of an address to the English speaking
residents of Stuttgart on the anniversary of the

death of Freiligrath in 1877 ; The Two Hundred
and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Landing of John
Winthrop at Salem, an oration delivered before
the Essex Institute in 1880 ; of historical papers
in the Institute Collections, and of other contri
butions to local history and antiquarian research.
RAPALLO, Charles Antonio, jurist, was born
in New York city, Sept. 15, 1823 ; son of Antonio
and Elizabeth (Gould) Rapallo ; grandson of Ben
jamin Gould of Newburyport, Mass. , a captain
in the Revolutionary army at Lexington, and
elected to the first congress from Massachusetts.
Antonio Rapallo came from Rapallo, Italy, to the
United States early in the nineteenth .century,
his republican tendencies having brought him
into disfavor with his family and the Vatican,
and became a practising attorney and counselor at
law in New York city, having offices for many
years with John Anthon. Charles was brought up
under the personal direction of his father, who
supervised his education, teaching him the class
ics, the modern languages and the law. He was
admitted to the bar in 1844 ; practised in part
nership with Joseph Blunt, 1845-48 ; with Horace
F. Clark, 1848-68, and with James C. Spencer,
1868-70. He was married in 1852 to Helen,
daughter of Bradford Sumner of Boston, Mass.
He was elected an associate judge of the New
York court of appeals as a Democrat, serving
1870-84 ; was defeated as chief justice in 1880,
and re-elected associate judge for a second term
of fourteen years by both political parties in 1884.
He received the degree LL.D., Columbia, 1887.
He died in New York city, Dec. 28, 1887.
RAPHALL, Morris Jacob, clergyman, was
born in Stockholm, Sweden, in September, 1798.
He was educated in a Jewish college at Copen
hagen, Denmark ; learned the English language
in England, and made a tour through France,
Germany, Switzerland and Italy. He attended
the Univei'sity of Giessen, Germany, 1821-24,
and in 1825 returned to England, where he mar
ried and made his home. In 1832 he entered
public life as a lecturer, delivering a course on
post-Biblical history at Sussex Hall, Londou, and
elsewhere ; and established the weekly Hebrew
Review and Magazine of Rabbinical Literature,
the first Jewish periodical in England, which
was discontinued after seventy-eight numbers.
He acted for a time as secretary to the Rev. Dr.
Solomon Hirschel, chief rabbi of the German
congregations of the British Isles ; investigated
the persecutions of the Jews in Syria in 1840,
and was rabbi of the synagogue at Birmingham,
England, 1841-49. He was one of the founders
of the Hebrew National school ; immigrated to
the United States in 1849; was rabbi of the first
Anglo-German Jewish synagogue in New York
city, and subsequently of the congregation B'nai

[412]

RAPPE

RAU

Jeshurun in New York oity, where he labored
till his death, gaining a widespread reputation,
He received the degrees A.M. and Ph.D. from
the University of Giessen. He undertook with
other scholars an annotated translation of the
Scriptures, of which the volume on Genesis was
issued (1844) ; translated the Mishna with the
Rev. D. A. de Sola of London (1840), and many
Hebrew, German and French works into English.
He is the author of : Festivals of the Lord (1839) ;
Devotional Exercises for the Daughters of Israel
(1852); Post Biblical History Of the Jews (2 vols.,
1855; new ed., 1866); 2%e Path to Immortality
(1859). He died in New York city, June 23, 1868,
RAPPE, Louis Amadeus, R.C. bishop, was
born at Andrehem, Pas de Calais, St. Omer,
France, Feb. 2, 1801 ; son of Eloi and Marie
Antoinette (Noel) Rappe, who were peasants.
In 1821 he entered the college at Boulogne, and
after completing a classical course, made his
theological studies in the seminary of Arras, and
was ordained priest, March 14, 1829. He was
pastor at Wizme, 1829-34 ; chaplain of the Ursu-
line convent, Boulogne, 1834-40, and in 1840
came to Cincinnati, Ohio, with Bishop Purcell.
He was missionary in the Miami valley, 1841-47,
establishing churches in Maumee city and at
Toledo, and a branch of the Sisters of Notre
Dame at Toledo in 1846. When the diocese of
Cleveland was established, April 22, 1847, he was
named as its first bishop, and was consecrated,
Oct. 10, 1847, by Bishop Purcell, assisted by
Bishop Whelan of Wheeling. He began to build
the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in 1848,
and consecrated it in 1852. He introduced
various religious orders in his diocese and built
convents, asylums, schools and churches. He
attended the Vatican council at Rome in 1869,
and while there unfriendly members of his dio
cese accused him of wrong doing, and the pope
counseled his retirement, being misled by reports
which were soon found to be the result of a con
spiracy. He was not removed by the pope, but
resigned his bishopric, Aug. 22, 1870 ; retired to
St. Albans, Vt., and spent the rest of his life in
the diocese of Burlington, engaged in missionary
work in that diocese and in Canada. He was
subsequently offered another diocese, but de
clined. He died in St. Albans, Vt., Sept. 7, 1877.
RATHBUN, Richard, naturalist, was born in
Buffalo, N.Y., Jan. 25, 1852 ; son of Charles
Howland Rathbun ; grandson of Thomas and
Sarah (Howland) Rathbun, and a descendant
of John Rathbone, one of the original pur
chasers and settlers of Block Island, R.I. (about
1660). He became interested at an early age in
the geology of the vicinity of Buffalo, and made
extensive collections of fossils as curator of
paleontology of the Buffalo Society of Natural

Sciences, 1869-71. He entered Cornell university
in 1871, but remained only two years. While
there he began studies upon the fossils collected
on the Brazilian expedition of Charles Frederick
Hartt (q.v.), which were continued later at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass. He was assistant in zoology at the Boston
Society of Natural History, 1874-75, and during
the same period a volunteer zoological assistant
on the summer expeditions of the U.S. fish com
mission ; geologist on the Imperial geological
commission of Brazil, 1875-78 ; scientific assis
tant on the U.S. fish commission, 1878-96, being
in charge of the division of scientific inquiry
from 1887 ; assistant in zoology at Yale, 1879-80 ;
U.S. representative on the joint commission with
Great Britain relative to the preservation of the
fisheries in the boundary waters between the
United States and Canada, 1892-96 ; assistant
curator from 1880, and curator from 1683, of
the depart
ment of ma
rine inverte
brates in the
U.S. National
Museum. He
was appointed
assistant sec- samthsoaiiam iajstitution
retary of the Smithsonian Institution. Jan. 27,
1897, and his duties after 1899 included the
charge of the U.S. National Museum. He is the
author of numerous scientific papers. He re
ceived the honorary degrees of M.S. from the In
diana university in 1883, and D.Sc. from Bowdoin
college in 1894.
RAU, Charles, archaeologist, was born in
Verviers, Belgium, in 1826. He attended the _
university of Heidelberg ; came to the United
States in 1848 ; taught school in Belleville, 111. ,
and subsequently in New York city until 1875,
when he became curator in the U.S. National
Museum, Washington, D.C. He had charge of
the department of antiquities, 1875-87, and his
contributions to the publications of the Smith
sonian Institution, 1863-87, established his reputa
tion as a foremost American archaeologist. He
was a member of the' principal archaeological and
anthropological societies in Europe and America.
He bequeathed his library and collections to the
U.S. National Museum. He received the degree
Ph.D. from the University of Freiburg, Baden,
in 1882. He is the author of : Early Man in
Europe (1876); The Archaeological Collections of
the United Slates National Museum (1876); The
Palenque Tablet in the United States National
Museum (1879) ; Articles on Anthropological Sub
jects 1853-87 (1882), and at the time of his death
was engaged on an exhaustive archaeological
work. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 25, 1887.

[413]

RAUB

RAUCH

JOy-RoaO-

RAUB, Albert Newton, educator, was born
at Martinsville, Pa., March 28, 1840 ; son of
John and Mary (Miller) Raub. He was gradu
ated in the scientific course of the State Normal
school at Millersville, Pa., in 1860 ; was princi
pal of the public
schools of Bedford,
Pa., 1860-61; had
charge of the schools
of Cressona, Pa., 1861-
64 ; was superintend
ent of the Ashland,
Pa., public schools,
1834-66 ; professor of
English grammar and
literature in the State
Normal school at
Kutztown, Pa., 1866-
08 ; superintendent of
schools in Clinton
county and the city
schools of Lock Ha
ven, Pa., and principal of the Lock Haven
high schools, and of the Central Pennsylvania
State Normal school, which he was largely
instrumental in founding, 1877-84. In 1888 he
became -president of Delaware college, Newark,
Del. Iu 1865 be began his work as lecturer
before teachers' institutes and other assem
blies, which work became an important part
of his professional life. He received the hon
orary degree A.M. from the College of New
Jersey (Princeton) in 1866, that of Ph.D. from
Lafayette in 1879. and that of LL.D. from Ursi-
nus college in 1895. He was president of the
Pennsylvania State Teachers' association in 1871,
and in January, 1885, became editor and proprie
tor of the Educational Neius, a weekly. His
published works include series of grammars,
readers, and arithmetics ; also : Plain Educa
tional Talks (1869) ; School Management (18S2) ;
Studies in English and American Literature
(1882); Methods of Teaching (1883); A Practical
Rhetoric (1887) ; Helps in the Use of Good English
(1897). RAUCH, Friedrich August, educator, was
born in Kirchbracht, Hesse-Darmstadt, Ger
many, July 27, 1806 ; son of a clergyman. He
was graduated at the University of Marburg in
1827 ; took post graduate studies at the Univer
sity of Giessen, 1827-28 ; was assistant to his
uncle who conducted a literary institution in
Frankford, 1828-29 ; and taught in the Univer
sity of Heidelberg, 1829-30, and at the University
of Giessen, 1830-31. In 1831, being obliged to
leave the country owing to his free expression
of his political opinions, he came to the United
States and studied the English language. Mean
while he supported himself by giving lessons on

the piano and teaching the German language in
Lafayette college, 1833, and conducted a, classi
cal school in connection with the German Re
formed Theological seminary, York, Pa., 1832-34.
He was ordained to the German Reformed min
istry in 1832, and was professor of Biblical litera
ture in the seminary, 1832-41. He was married
in 1833 to a daughter of Laomi Moore of Morris
town. N.J. He removed his academy, with the
seminary, to Mercersburg, Pa., in 1834, and in
1835 the academy became Marshall college, of.
which he was first president, 1836-41. He re
ceived the degree Ph.D. from Heidelberg and the
honorary degree of D.D. elsewhere. He is the
author of : De Sophoclis Electra ; De Ressurec-
tion Mortuornm ; Psychology ; Tlie Inner Life,
and Commentary on Goethe's Faust. He died in
Mercersburg, Pa., March 2, 1841.
RAUCH, John Henry, physician, was born in
Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828 ; son of Bernhard
and Jane (Brown) Rauch, and a descendant of
the Rev. Christian Henry Rauch, a Reformed
Moravian clergyman, missionary to the Indians,
1741-42 ; a German Reformed clergyman in
Lebanon, Berks, Lancaster, and other counties,
1746, and a teacher and preacher in Lititz and
Warwick, Pa., 1749. He prepared for college at
Lebanon academy, and vvas graduated at the
University of Pennsylvania, M.D., in 1849. He
removed to Burlington, Iowa, in 1850, and as a
member of the Iowa State Medical society re
ported on the medical and economical botany
of the state in 1850. He was the first delegate
from Iowa to the American Medical association
in 1851. He assisted Professor Agassiz in the
collection of materials for Natural History of
the United States, from valuable collections
secured from the Upper Mississippi and Missouri
rivers, 1855-56, a description of which appeared
in Silliman's Journal of Natural Sciences. He
was an active member of the Iowa Historical
and Geological institute ; professor of materia
medica in Rush Medical college, Chicago, 111.,
1857-60 ; president of the Iowa State Medical
society, 1858, and an organizer and professor of
materia medica and medical botany in the Chi
cago College of Pharmacy, 1859-61. He was
brigade-surgeon in Hunter's and McDowell's
army in Virginia, 1861-62 ; assistant medical
director of the army of Virginia. 1862 ; of the
army in Louisiana, 1862-64 ; and at Detroit,
Mich., and in the Madison general hospital,
1864-65. He was mustered out with the brevet
rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1865 : settled in
Chicago, where he aided in reorganizing the
health service of the city in 1867, and was a
member of the board of health, and sanitary
superintendent, 1867-73. He visited the mining
regions of South America in 1870, in the hope

[414]

RAUM

RAVENEL

of bettering their sanitary condition. He was
president of the American Public Health asso
ciation in 1876 ; first president of the Illinois
state board of health, 1877, and its secretary,
1878-80. His interest in the yellow fever epi
demic of 1878-79 resulted in the formation of
the sanitary council of the Mississippi Valley,
and the establishment of the river-inspection
service of the national board of health in 1879,
and he also investigated the relation of small
pox to foreign immigration. He was a member
of the American Association for the Advance
ment of Science ; of the American Social Science
association, and one of the Agassiz memorial
committee. He is the author of : Intramural
Interments and their Influence on Health and
Epidemics (1866) ; Practical Recommendations
for the Exclusion and Prevention of Asiatic
Cholera in North America (1884); monographs
on sanitary science and preventive medicine,
and Reports of the Illinois state board of health.
He died in Chicago, 111., March 24, 1894.
RAUM, Green Berry, soldier and representa
tive, was born in Golconda, 111., Dec. 3, 1829 ; son of
John and Juliet C (Feild) Rauin ; grandson of
Melchoir and Mary (King) Rauin, and of Green
B. and Mary Elenor (Cogswell) Feild ; and great-
grandson of Conrad (who emigrated from Alsace
to Pennsylvania, landing at Philadelphia in
April, 1742) and Catherine (Weiser) Rahm, and
of Dr. Joseph (a native of Connecticut, and of
English descent) and Frances (Mitchel) Cogswell.
He was educated in the common schools and by
tutors, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. He
practised law in Golconda, 1853-56 ; in Kansas,
where he was a member of the free state party,
1856-57, and in 1857 located in Harrisburg, 111. He
was married, Oct. 16, 1851, to Maria, daughter of
Daniel and Elizabeth (Daily) Field of Golconda. He
was alternate delegate to the Democratic nationa
convention which met in Charleston, S.C, April
23, 1860, and in Baltimore, Md., June 18, 1860,1
and which nominated Stephen A. Douglas for
President ; made the first war speech in southern
Illinois, at Metropolis, after the fall of Fort
Sumter, April 23, 1861, and entered the Federal
volunteer army as major of the 56th Illinois
volunteers. He served under Gen. William S.
Rosecrans in the Army of the Mississippi, as
lieutenant-colonel, commanding the 56th Illinois
in the 2d brigade, 3d division, where he led a
successful bayonet charge in the battle of Corinth,
Oct. 4, 1862. He served under Grant in the
Army of the Mississippi as colonel of his regiment
and commanded the 2d brigade in the 7th divi
sion, 17th corps, in the Vicksburg campaign, May
1-July 4, 1863, and in the Chattanooga campaign,
Nov. 23-25, 1863, being severely wounded at
Missionary Ridge, Nov. 25, 1863. He took part

in the Atlantic campaign and held the line of
communication from Dalton to Acworthand from
Kingston to Rome, Ga. ; discovered and defeated
General Wheeler's raid, and re-inforced Resaca
at night against General Hood in October, 1864.
He was promoted brevet brigadier-general and
brigadier-general ; was on Sherman's march to
the sea, and with the assembling of his army
in South Carolina, and ended his military service
by commanding a brigade in the veteran corps
under General Hancock at Winchester, Va. He
resigned his commission, May 6, 1865, and en
gaged in railroading as first president and builder
of the Cairo and Vincennes railroad company in
1 866. He was a Republican representative from the
thirteenth Illinois district in the 40th congress,
1867-69. and defeated for the 41st congress in
1868 ; was president of the Illinois Republican
convention of 1866,- and temporary president of
the state convention of 1876, and a delegate to the
Republican national convention at Cincinnati,
Ohio, the same year. He was president of the
Illinois Republican convention in 1880, and a
delegate at-large to the Republican national con
vention, and was one of the "loyal 306" who
supported General Grant for the presidential
nomination. He served as U.S. commissioner of
internal revenue, 1876-83 ; practised law in
Washington, D.C, 1883-89; was U.S. commis
sioner of pensions, 1889-93, and subsequently
engaged in the practice of law in Chicago. He
is the author of : The Existing Conflict between
Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy
(1884); History of Illinois Republicanism (1900);
History of the War for the Union, and of official
reports on pensions and contributions to current
magazines. RAVENEL, Henry William, botanist, was
born in St. John's parish. Berkeley district, S.C,
May 19, 1814. He was graduated at South Caro
lina college, Columbia, S.C, A.B., 1832, A.M.,
1835 ; engaged in planting, 1832-53, and removed
to Aiken, S.C, in 1853. He made a study of the
phsenogams, mosses, lichens, algae and fungi of
South Carolina, and discovered a few new phasno-
gams. He was botanist of the government
commission sent to Texas to investigate the cattle
disease in 1869, and botanist to the department
of agriculture of South Carolina. He received
the degree LL.D. from the University of North
Carolina in 1886. His name is perpetuated in
the genus Ravenelia of the Uredineae and by
many species of cryptogams which he discovered.
He was agricultural editor of the Weekly News
and Courier ; published many botanical papers,
and is the author of : Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati,
(5 vols., 1853-60) ; and Fungi Americani Exsiccati,
with Mordecai C. Cooke of London (8 vols.,
1878-82). He died in Aiken, S.C, July 17, 1887.

[415]

RAVENEL

RAWLE

RAVENEL, St. Julien, chemist, was born in
Charleston, S.C, Dec. 15, 1819. He was gradu
ated at the Medical College of the State of South
Carolina in 1840 ; attended medical lectures in
Philadelphia, Pa., and in Paris, France, and
practised in Charleston, S.C. , 1840-52. He studied
natural history, microscopy and physiology,
under Louis Agassiz, 18t9-50, and after 1852
devoted himself to agricultural chemistry. He
established with Clement H. Stevens, the lime
works at Stoney Landing, on Cooper river, in
1856, and from the marl bluffs supplied the Con
federate States with most of the lime used during
the civil war. As surgeon to the Confederate army
he devoted himself to hospital practice, and be
came surgeon-in-chief of the Confederate hospital.
He designed the torpedo cigar boat Little David,
which did effective service during the investment
of Charleston, S.C, in 1863. He was director of
the Confederate laboratory at Columbia, S.C,
1861-65; discovered the value for agricultural
purposes of the phosphate deposits near Charles
ton in 1866, and advocated the use of the rich
rice lands for diversified crops. He died in
Charleston, S.C, March 16, 1882.
RAVENSCROFT, John Stark, first bishop of
North Carolina and 20th in succession in the
American episcopate, was born near Blanford,
Va., in 1772 ; son of Dr. John and  (Miller)
Ravenscroft ; grandson of Hugh Miller, and a
descendant of Scotch an
cestors. His parents re
turned to Scotland during
his infancy, and he at
tended school there, and in
the north of England until
January, 1789, when he re
turned to the United States.
He studied law in the Col
lege of William and Mary ;
went to Scotland in 1792 to
settle his father's estate,
and on his return rein-
money in an estate in Lunenburg
which he managed and where he
lived a wild and irreligious life. In 1810 he joined
a religious body known as the Republican Meth
odists, and in 1815, being moved to enter the
ministry, he applied to the Rt. Rev. Richard
Channing Moore, bishop of Virginia, for admis
sion to the diaconate and pursued his theological
studies under the direction of the bishop. He
labored meantime as a lay-reader in the parishes
of Cumberland and St. James ; was ordered
deacon, April 25, 1817, and advanced to the priest
hood, May 6, 1817, by Bishop Moore. He was
rector of St. James's church, Boydton, Mecklen
burg county, Va., 1817-1823 ; declined two calls
and was elected in 1823 first bishop of North Car-

vested his
county, Va.

olina, which diocese had been organized in 1817,
and he was consecrated in St. Paul's church,
Philadelphia, Pa., May 22, 1823, by Bishops
White, Kemp and Croes, assisted by Bishops
Bowen and Brownell. In addition to his duties
as bishop he assumed the rectorship of Christ
church, Raleigh, which afforded hirn a home and
salary enabling him to administer the affairs of a
diocese too poor to pay a bishop's salary. In
1828 his health began to fail, and he relinquished
the charge of Christ church, and assumed that of
St. John's church, Williamsborough. He at
tended the general convention of 1829 at Phila
delphia. He was married first, to a daughter of
Lewis Burwell of Mecklenburg county, and
secondly, to a Miss Buford of Lunenburg county,
Va. He received the degree D.D. from Columbia
college, from the College of William and Mary
and from the University of North Carolina, in
1823. He published several sermons and ad
dresses, which were collected together with sixty-
one additional sermons, as: "Sermons and Me
moir of the Life of Bishop John Stark Ravens
croft, edited by the Rev. Dr. J. M. Wainwright"
(2 vols., 1830). He died in Williamsborough,
N.C, March 5, 1830.
RAWLE, Francis, lawyer, was born at the
Freedom Iron Works, Mifflin county, Pa., Aug.
7, 1846 ; son of Francis William and Louisa (Hall)
Rawle ; grandson of William (q.v.) and Sarah
Coates (Burge) Rawle, and of Charles (a lawyer)
and Elizabeth (Coleman) Hall of Sunbury, Pa.;
great-grandson of Robert Coleman of Cornwall,
Pa., and a descendant of Francis Rawle and
Francis Rawle, Jr., of Cornwall, England, who
landed in Philadelphia, June 23, 1686. . His
father (1795-1881), University of Pennsylvania,
A.B., 1812, A.M., 1816, served as sergeant and
lieutenant. 1st Pennsylvania volunteers, in the
war of 1812 ; was one of the first civil engineers
employed in the construction of the Pennsylvania
road ; subsequently an iron master, and owner
of the Freedom Iron Works, Mifflin county, and
associate judge. Francis Rawle removed with
his parents in 1848 to Philadelphia ; attended
Phillips Exeter academy, N.H., 1863-65, and
was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1869, LL.B.,
1871, A.M., 1872, having spent the' year 1869-70
studying law in the office of William Henry
Rawle (q.v.). He was admitted to the Philadel
phia bar, Nov. 4, 1871, soon after becoming as
sociated in practice with Samuel Robb. He was
married, Nov. 25, 1873, to Margaretta, daughter
of James M. and Harriet Romeyn (Smith) Aert-
sen, and granddaughter of Jonathan Smith,
cashier of the Bank of the United States. She
died in 1894, leaving two sons. Mr. Rawle was
elected temporary secretary of the American Bar
association upon its organization at Saratoga,

[416]

RAWLE

RAWLE

1878, and in the same year became its treasurer,
serving as such until 1902, when he was elected
president. He prepared a new edition of Bouvier's
" Law Dictionary " with extensive original addi
tions (1883) , and another edition largely re-writ
ten (1898) ; and read a paper before the American
Bar association on Car Trust Securities (1885),
which was subsequently published and came into
general professional use. In 1887 he was appointed
a delegate of the American Bar association to
the London meeting of the Association for the
Reform and Codification of the Laws of Nations.
In 1899-1902 he was a member of the executive
committee of the latter association. He was
elected a member of the board of overseers of
Harvard university in 1890, and re-elected in
1896. He is the author of various articles in
legal periodicals.
RAWLE, William, jurist, was born in Phila
delphia, Pa., April 28, 1759; son of Francis and
Rebecca (Warner) Rawle ; grandson of William
and Margaret (Hodge) Rawle and of Edward
and Anna (Coleman) Warner; great-grandson of
Francis, and great2-grandson of Francis Rawle, a
member of the ancient lords of the manor of
Tresparrett, parish of St. Juliot, Cornwall, Eng
land, both of whom were Quakers who immi
grated to Pennsylvania in the ship Desire from
Plymouth, England, in 1686. His great-grand
father (1660-1727) founded "The Plymouth
Friends " settlement ; married a daughter of
Robert Turner; was one of the commissioners
under Penn ; judge of the Philadelphia county
courts ; justice of the peace and an alderman
of the city under its first charter, and pub
lished " Ways and Means for the Inhabitants of
Delaware to Become Rich," probably the first
book on political economy written in America.
William Rawle attended the Friends academy
at Philadelphia, and subsequently studied law
under Counsellor Kemp of New York city, and at
the Middle Temple, London. Returning to this
country in 1783, he was admitted to the bar and
began practice in Philadelphia, Pa. He married
in 1783 Sarah Coates, daughter of Samuel and
Beulah (Shoemaker) Burge. He was a represen
tative in the state assembly, 1789 ; U.S. district at
torney of Pennsylvania by appointment from Pres
ident Washington, 1791-1800. He was offered but
declined the attorney-generalship of the United
States ; participated as U.S. attorney in the sup
pression of the whisky insurrection, under the
President's orders, in October, 1794, and subse
quently conducted the prosecution of the ring
leaders. He was chancellor of the Associated
Members ofthe Bar of Philadelphia, 1822-27, and
of that organization's successor, the Law Asso
ciation of Philadelphia, 1827-36, and one of the
committee of three appointed by the legislature

to revise the civil code of Pennsylvania in 1830 ,
was a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania,
1796-1836; one of the founders in 1805 of the
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts ; re
ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from the
College of New Jersey, 1827, and from Dartmouth
college, 1828 ; was the first vice-president of the
Philadelphia Law academy, and in connection
withBenjamin Franklin founded and formed the
Society for Political Inquirers ; was for many
years between 1786 and 1825 the secretary, and af
terward director of the Library Company of Phil
adelphia. He was a fellow of the American Phil
osophical society ; founder of the Pennsylvania
Historical society in 1824, and its first president,
and was actively connected with various literary,
political and scientific associations. He trans
lated Plato's " Phaedrus," adding an original com
mentary, and is the author of ; An Address before
the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agricul
ture (1819); Two Addresses to the Associated
Members- of the Bar of Philadelphia (1824); A
View of the Constitution of the United States
(1825); The Study of Law (1832), and a Vindica
tion of the Rev. Mr. Heckewelder's History of
the Indian Nations, a Biogrophical Sketch of Sir
William Keith, and a Sketch of the Life of
Thomas Mifflin, the three latter being contribu
tions to the Historical Society publications ;
Essay on Angelic Influences (MS.), and also
reports of the civil code commission (1830). He
died in Philadelphia, April 12, 1836.
RAWLE, William, lawyer, was born in Phila
delphia, Pa., July 19, 1788 ; son of William,
jurist (q.v.), and Sarah Coates (Burge)' Rawle.
He was a student at the College of New Jersey,
but did not graduate ; was admitted to the Phila
delphia bar, where he practised, 1810-58 ; was
captain of the 2d troop of Philadelphia city
cavalry, 1812-14 ; reporter of the decisions of the
supreme court of Pennsylvania, 1814-35 ; U.S.
district attorney of Pennsylvania, and president
of the common council of Philadelphia, 1836-40.
He was married, Oct. 7, 1817, to Mary Anna,
daughter of Edward and Elizabeth (Chew) Tilgh-
man of Philadelphia, Pa. He was one of the
founders and vice-presidents of the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania ; a member of the
American Philosophical company ; secretary and
director of the Library company of Philadelphia,
continuously from 1825 to 1855, and a trustee of
the University of Pennsylvania, 1836-55. He is
the author of : Reports of the Supreme Court of
Pennsylvania (25 vols., 1818-33); Address before
Law Academy of Philadelphia (1835) ; Address
before the Trustees of Lafayette College (1836).
He died near Merion, Pa., Aug. 9, 1858.
RAWLE, William Brooke. See Brooke-
Rawle, William.

[417]

RAWLE

RAWLINS

RAWLE, William Henry, lawyer, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 31, 1823 ; son of Wil
liam, lawyer (q.v.) and Mary Anna (Tilghman)
Rawle. He was graduated at the University of
Pennsylvania, A.B., 1841, A.M., 1844; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1844, and engaged in prac
tice in Philadelphia. When his state was threat
ened by an invasion in 1862, he enlisted in the
artillery as a private, and again in 1863 as a
quartermaster. He was vice-provost of the Law
Academy of Philadelphia, 1865-73 ; vice-chancel
lor of the Law association. 1880-89, and a secre
tary and director of the Library Company of
Philadelphia for several years. He was married,
Sept. 13, 1849, to Mary Binney, daughter of Judge
John and Mary (Binney) Cadwalader of Phila
delphia ; and secondly, Oct., 7, 1869, to Emily,
daughter of Gen. Thomas and Maria C. (Gouver-
neur) Cadwalader of Trenton, N.J. He received
the degree of LL.D. from the University of
Pennsylvania in 1882. He published : Laio of
Covenants for Title (1852); John W. Smith's " Law
of Contracts" (third American ed., with notes,
1853) ; Joshua William's " Law of Real Property ''
(second American ed., 1857) ; Equity in Pennsyl
vania, including the Registrar's Book of Gov.
William Keith' s Court in Chancery (1868) ; Some
Contrasts in the Growth of Pennsylvania in
English Law (1881) : Oration at Unveiling of the
Monument Erected by the Bar of the United States
to Chief Justice Marshall (1884), and Tlie Case
of the Educated Unemployed (1885). He died in
Philadelphia, Pa.. April 19, 1889.
RAWLES, William A., educator, was born in
Remington, Ind., Dec. 4, 1863 ; son of Lycurgus
and Catherine (Oilar) Rawles ; grandson of John
and Matilda (Newell) Rawles, and of Henry and
Ruth (Darnell) Oilar. He attended the Reming
ton and Bloomington public schools, and was
graduated from Indiana university in 1884. He
was principal of the high school at Mitchell, Ind.,
1884-85 ; assistant in the preparatory department
of Indiana university, 1885-87 ; principal of the
Vincennes high school, 1887-89 ; principal of the
high school at Sedalia, Mo., 1889-92 and 1893-94 ;
serving as assistant in the St. Louis high school,
1892-93, and was instructor in history at the In
diana university, 1894-95 : in history and econ
omics, 1896-98 ; assistant professor of the same, ,
1899-1902, and assistant professor of political
economy from 1902. He was married, June 26,
1895, to Harriet McClure, daughter of Henry Mc
Clure and Emma (Robb) Post of St. Louis, Mo.
He received the degree of A.M. from Indiana
university, 1895, and Ph.D. from Columbia uni
versity, 1903 ; was a fellow in economics at Cor
nell, 1895-96 : scholar in administrative law,
Columbia, 1898-99 ; a member of the American
Historical association of Washington and of the

American Economic.association, and is the author
of : The Government of the People of the State of
Indiana (1897); and Centralizing Tendencies in
the Administration of Indiana (1903).
RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier and cabinet
officer, was born at East Galena, 111., Feb. 13,
1831 ; son of James Dawson Rawlins, a native of
Madison county, Ky., who removed to Missouri,
and from there to East Galena. He was a de
scendant of Robert Rawlings, an early settler of
Maryland. The family removed to Guildford,
111., where John Aaron Rawlins attended school
and helped on the farm and in burning charcoal.
He attended Mount Morris seminary, 1852-53 ;
studied law in Galena, 1854-55"; practised in
partnership with Isaac P. Stevens, his preceptor,
1855-56, and with David Sheean, 1858-61. He
was elected city attorney for Galena in 1857 ;
was a Democratic candidate for presidential
elector in 1860. and held a series of joint discus
sions with Allen C. Fuller, the Lincoln and
Hamlin candidate for elector from his district,
which gave him a local reputation as a public
speaker. On the firing on Fort Sumter in April,
1861, he aided in arousing the people of Illinois
to the clangers that threatened the Union and in
recruiting the 45th Illinois volunteers. He was
appointed aide-de-camp to General Grant, who
had been attracted to him by hearing him speak
at Galena in favor of maintaining the Union,
and although the youngest member of his staff,
was promoted assistant adjutant-general, with
the rank of captain, Sept. 15, 1861, at Cairo, his
commission dating from Aug. 31, 1861. The only
time he vvas absent from staff duty during the
entire war was in August and September, 1864,
when on sick leave. He was promoted rapidly,
being made major, April 14, 1862 ; lieutenant-
colonel, Nov. 1, 1862 ; brigadier-general of volun
teers, Aug. 11, 1863; brevet major-general of
volunteers, Feb. 24, 1865 ; brigadier-general,
U.S.A., and chief of staff, March 3, 1865, and
brevet major-general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865.
He was married first, June 5, 1856, to Emily,
daughter of Hiram Smith of Goshen, N.Y., and
secondly, in 1863, to Mary E., daughter of S. A.
Hurlburt of Danbury, Conn. General Grant
characterized him as " more nearly indispensable
to me than any
officer in the
service." He
was appointed
secretary of war
in President i
Grant's cabinet,
March 9. 1869,
and held the

LT'ABTMCNTS

[418]

office until his death from pulmonary consump
tion, contracted during the war. A popular sub-

RAWLINS

RAY

scription was started after his death for the ben
efit of his family, and $50,000 was raised. His
statue in bronze was erected in Washington. He
died in Washington, D.C, Sept. 9, 1869.
RAWLINS, Joseph Lafayette, representative,
was born in Salt Lake county, Utah Territory,
March 28, 1850 ; son of Joseph Sharp and Mary
(Frost) Rawlins ; grandson of James and Jane
(Sharp) Rawlins, and of John and Rachel (Pale)
Frost, and a descendant of Charles Rawlins, who
came to North Carolina from England, in its early
settlement. He completed a classical course in
the University of Indiana, but returned to Utah
before graduation. He was professor in the Uni
versity of Deseret, Salt Lake city, 1873-75, mean
while studying law ; was admitted to the bar in
1875, and settled in practice in Salt Lake city,
where he was married, Dec. 8, 1876, to Julia E.,
daughter of John S. and Elizabeth (Phillips) Davis.
He was elected a delegate in the 53d congress from
Utah Territory, as a Democrat, serving 1893-95 ;
was defeated for the 54th congress by the Hon.
Frank J. Cannon, and was elected to the U.S.
senate from Utah for the term 1897-1903.
RAWSON, Albert Leighton, author, was born
at Chester, Vt., Oct. 15, 1828; son of Adolphus
and Betsey (Armington) Rawson ; grandson of
Samuel Read and Philanda (Cleavland) Rawson,
and a descendant of Edward and Rachel (Peme)
Rawson. Edward Rawson emigrated from Gil-
lingham, Dorset county, England, to Arnerica in-
1636, and settled in Newbury, Mass., subsequently
removing to Boston, Mass. Albert L. Rawson
was educated under private tutors, and at Black
River academy, Ludlow, Vt. ; studied law under
William H. Seward, theology under "Elder"
Graves, and medicine under Professor Webster
of the Massachusetts Medical college. He visited
the far East four times, and in 1851-52, by repre
senting himself to be a Mohammedan medical
student, succeeded in accompanying the caravan
from Cairo to Mecca. He made important in
vestigations in the Indian mounds of the Missis
sippi valley, and in 1854-55 made similar research
in Central America. He was adopted as a
" brother " by the Adwan Bedouins of Moab.
He was one of the two founders of the Nobles of
the Mystic Shrine, a founder of the Theosophical
society in the United States, a life member of the
Society of the Rosy Cross, and a member of var
ious literary and scientific societies. He was mar
ried to Sarah Lord. He received the degrees D.D.
and LL.D. (1880), from Christ college, Oxford, Eng
land, and M.D. from the University of Sorbonne,
Paris. He illustrated books, including "The
Life Of Jesus " by Henry Ward Beecher (1871) ;
executed more than 3000 engravings, and painted
the portraits of Queen Victoria, Louis Napoleon,
Empress Eugenie and other celebrities. He con

tributed to magazines, wrote rituals for many
secret societies, and is the author of : Divine
Origin ofthe Holy Bible (1846); Stella and Other
Novels (1847); Vocabularies and Dictionaries of
Arabic, Persian and Turkish (1854); Bible Hand
book (1869) ; Ruins and Relics of the Orient (1870) ;
Bible Dictionaries (1870-75); Histories of all
Religions ( 1870) ; Statistics of Protestantism (1870);
Antiquities of the Orient (1871); Scarlet Books of
Free Masonry (1873); Vocabulary ofthe Bedouin
Languages of Syria and Egypt (187 '4); Diction
aries of Arabic, German and English (1876);
Vocabulary of Persian and Turkish Languages
(1877); History of the Quakers (1878); Chole
graphy of Palestine (1880); The Symposium of
Basra (1880) ; Historical and Archaeological In
troduction to the Holy Bible, with maps and
illustrations (1879, 1881,1882): Tlie Unseen World
(1888); The Archaic Library (Vols. I and II,
1893), and The History of Mysticism. In 1903 he
resided at Hillsdale Manor, N.J.
RAY, Anna Chapin, author, was born in West-
field, Mass., Jan. 3, 1865; daughter of Edward
Addison and Helen Maria (Chapin) Ray ; grand
daughter of Benjamin and Anne (Dodge) Ray,
and of Nathaniel and Fanny Bowen (Brown)
Chapin, and a descendant of Deacon Samuel
Chapin, who came from England to Roxbury,
Mass., in 1635. The Rays are Highland Scotch,
their date being still in dispute. She remov
ed with her parents to West Haven, Conn.,
1867; was graduated from Smith college, A.B. ,
1885, A.M., 1888, and became well known as a
writer for young people. Her published books
include : Half a Dozen Boys (1890); Half a Dozen
Girls (1891); Tlie Cadets of Flemming Hall (1892);
Margaret Davis' Tutor (1893); Dick (1896); How
Polly and Ned found Santa Claus (1898); Teddy,
Her Book (1898): Each Life Unfulfilled (1899);
Playground Toni (1900); Phebe: Her Profession
(1900); Teddy: Her Daughter (1901); Nathalie's
Chum (1902); Adam and the Queen of Sheba
(1903). She is also the author of a large number
of fugitive writings of a semi-essay character.
RAY, George Washington, jurist, was born in
Otselic, Chenango county, N.Y., Feb. 3, 1844. He
was brought up on his father's farm, and was edu
cated in the district school and-Norwich academy.
In 1861 he enlisted in the 90th New York volun
teers as a private, and served as brigade clerk in
the • 1st brigade, 1st division, 19th army corps,
1862-65. He was admitted to the bar in 1867,
and while practising his profession in Norwich,
N.Y., conducted a large farm. He served as
chairman of the Republican county and state
committees ; as a representative from the twenty-
first New York district in the 48th congress,
1883-85, and from the twenty-sixth district in the
52d-57th congresses, 1891-1903. He was chair-
[419]

RAY

RAYMOND

man of the committee on levees and improve
ments of the Mississippi in the 54th congress,
and of the judiciary committee in the 55th, 56th
and 57th congresses. He was a member of the
board of trustees of Norwich academy and Union
Free school ; declined the justiceship of the New
York supreme court in 1899, and on Sept. 13,
1902, was appointed by President Roosevelt U.S.
district judge for the northern district of New
York. RAY, James Brown, governor of Indiana, was
born in Jefferson county, Ky., Feb. 19, 1794. He
received a liberal education, studied law under
General Gano, Cincinnati, Ohio, and practised in
Brookville, Ind., 1818-25, and 1831-48. He was a
.^sfifSlrJ*^. member of the Indiana senate,
&$P**fstS^£s£K 1822-25, and president pro-
tempore of the senate, 1824-
I 25, succeeding Ratliff Boon.
When William Hendricks
(q.v.) resigned the governor
ship, Feb. 12, 1825, the duties
of acting-governor devolved
upon Mr. Ray. He was elected governor in 1825,
and re-elected in 1828, serving, 1825-31. During
his second administration the supreme court of the
state was re-organized, and in making appoint
ments to the bench he gave offence to his party
and was succeeded by Noah Noble (q.v.). While
governor he was appointed a U.S. commissioner
to negotiate a treaty of purchase with the Miami
and Pottawatamie Indians. His acceptance of
the position was in direct violation of the con
stitution of the state, and he was thus involved in
a controversy. He secured land from the Indians
to aid in building a wagon road from Lake
Michigan to the Ohio river, and state aid for
railroads. He was defeated for clerk of Marion
county in 1835, and for representative in the 25th
congress in 1836. He was married, Dec. 10, 1818,
to Mary Riddle of Cincinnati, Ohio, and secondly,
to Mrs. Esther Booker of Centreville, Ind. He
died in Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1848.
RAYMOND, Andrew Van Vranken, educator,
was born at Visscher's Ferry, Saratoga county,
N.Y., Aug. 8, 1854 ; son of the Rev. Henry A.
and Catherine M. (Miller) Raymond. He was
graduated at Union college, A.B., 1875, A.M.,
1878, and at the New Brunswick Theological
seminary, 1878. He was married, Sept. 24, 1879,
to Margaret M. Thomas of Middleville, N.Y. He
was pastor of First Reformed church, Paterson,
N. J., 1878-81 ; ofthe Trinity Reformed church,
Plainfield, N.J., 1881-87; of the Fourth Presby
terian church, Albany, N.Y.. 1887-94, and in
1894 was elected and inaugurated president of
Union university, Schenectady, N.Y. He received
the honorary degree of D.D. from Union in 1887,
and LL.D. from Williams in 1894.

RAYMOND, Benjamin, civil engineer; was
born in Richmond, Mass., Oct. 19, i774 ; son of
Paul and Rachel (Stevens) Raymond ; grandson
of Daniel and Elizabeth (Blackmer) Raymond of
Sharon, Conn., and of Zebulon and Miriam (Fel
lows) Stevens of Canaan, Conn., and a descend
ant of Capt. William (who settled at Beverly.
Mass., in 1652) and Hannah (Bishop) Raymond,
He attended school at Richmond, Mass., and
studied civil engineering at Rome, N.Y., with
Benjamin Wright, surveyor for the eastern half
of the Erie canal. He was married, first, Sept.
25, 1800, to Hannah, daughter of Thomas and
Martha (Butler) Wright of Wethersfield, Conn.
and Rome, N.Y., and secondly, March 7, 1809, to
her sister Cloe. Between 1798 and 1808, he was
the first surveyor of large portions of northern
New York state, and is said to have been the
earliest to advocate a canal between Lake Cham
plain and the St. Lawrence river, first, in a letter
written in 1801, and later, in 1823, in a report
which influenced the New York legislature to
authorize surveys. He was the founder in 1803
of Potsdam, N.Y., and in 1810 erected at his
own expense the first building of the St. "Law
rence academy, Potsdam, and paid the entire
salaries of some of its earlier instructors. For
several years following 1808 he was county
judge of St. Lawrence county, N.Y. He was
associate surveyor of the Chesapeake and Dela
ware canal in 1823, and died at St. Georges,
Delaware, Sept. 25, 1824.
RAYMOND, Benjamin Wright, pioneer, was
born at Rome, N.Y., Oct. 23, 1801. He attended
the district school, and a French academy in
Canada ; served as a clerk in a general store
several years, and subsequently engaged in busi
ness for himself, first in Rome and then in East
Bloomfield, N.Y. He was married, Jan. 12, 1834,
to Amelia, daughter of Reuben and Anna (Root)
Porter of East Bloomfield, N.Y. He removed to
Chicago, 111., in 1836, and was mayor of the city,
1840-46, devoting his entire salary to alleviating
the distress of laborers. He inaugurated the
system of wide streets, and secured Dearborn
Park and the lake front as a gift to Chicago.
He was influential in securing to the city the
Galena railroad, the first road built in Illinois ;
erected the first woolen mill in the state, and in
1864 organized the Elgin National watch com
pany and became its first president. He was one
of the organizers of the city of Lake Forest, 111. ;
a founder of Lake Forest university, and for
twenty-five years president of its board of trus
tees. He was also president of the Chicago
board of trade and the Fox River and Wisconsin
Central railroad, and a trustee of Beloit college,
and of Rockford Female seminary. He died in
Chicago, 111., April 5, 1883.

[420]

RAYMOND

RAYMOND

RAYMOND, Bradford Paul, educator, was
born near Stamford, Conn., April 22, 1846; son
of Lewis and Sally A. (Jones) Raymond ; grand
son of Gould and Olive (Stevens) Raymond, and
of Isaac and Lois (Curtis) Jones, and a descend
ant of Richard Raymond. He taught school in
Stamford, Conn., 1861-63, and in 1864 enlisted
in the 48th New York volunteer infantry, serving
until honorably discharged in September, 1865.
He attended Hamline university at Red Wing,
Minn., 1866-69, and was graduated at Lawrence
university, Appleton, Wis., A.B., 1870, A.M.,
1873, and at Boston university, Boston, Mass.,
B.D., 1874. He was married, Sept. 15, 1873, to
Lula A., daughter of the Rev. Justin O. and
Maria J. (Wellman) Rich of Red Wing, Minn.
He made a special study of philosophy at Boston
university, and under Lotze at Gottingen. He
also studied under Luthardt at Leipsic and
Ritschl at Gottingen, 1880-81. He was ordained
to the Methodist Episcopal ministry in 1874 ; was
pastor of the Allen Street church, New Bedford?
Mass., 1874-77 ; of the Chestnut Street church,
Providence, R.I., 1877-80, and of the Main Street
church, Nashua, N.H., 1881-83. He was president
of Lawrence
university, Ap
pleton, Wis.,
1883-89, and
of Wesleyan
university,Middletown,Conn. , from
1889. He re
ceived the
degree Ph.D.
D.D. from North-
LL.D. from Law-

LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY

from Boston university in 1881
western university in 1884
rence university in 1889, and D.D. from Yale in
1901. He is the author of : Christianity and the
Christ (1894).
RAYMOND, Evelyn Hunt, author, was born
at Watertown, N.Y. , Nov. 6, 1843; daughter of
Alvin and Charlotte (Hatch) Hunt. She at
tended private schools and Mount Holyoke college
in the class of 1861, but was not graduated. She
was married, Sept. 29, 1869, to John Bradford
Raymond, and made her home in Cornwall-on-
Hudson, New York, removing to Baltimore, Md.,
1897. Her published writings, chiefly juvenile
stories, include: Mixed Pickles (1892); Monica
(1893); Little Lady of the Horse (1894); The
Mushroom Cave (1895); A Cape May Diamond
(1896); The Little Red Schoolhouse (1897); Among
Tlie Lindens (1898); The Boys and Girls of
Brantham (1899); My Lady Barefoot (1899); A
Daughter of the West (1899); Reels and Spindles
(1900); The Story of Delight (1900); Divided
Skates (1900); Yankee Girl in Old California

(1901); A Pair of Them (1901); Daisies and Dig-
gleses (1901): A Daughter of the Forest (1901);
Jessica Trent (1902).
RAYMOND, George Lansing, educator and
author, was born at Chicago, 111., Sept. 3, 1839;
son of Benjamin Wright (q.v.) and Amelia
(Porter) Raymond. He was graduated at Phil
lips academy, Andover, Mass., 1858; at Williams
college, Mass., 1862, and at Princeton Theological
seminary, 1865. He studied in Europe, 1865-68,
and was pastor of the Presbyterian church,
Danby, Pa., 1870-74. He was married at Phila
delphia in 1872, to Mary Elizabeth Blake. He
was professor of oratory in Williams college,
1874-81, and in 1880 was elected professor of
oratory and esthetic criticism in the College of
New Jersey, Princeton, and in 1893, professor of
esthetics there. The peculiarity of the system
unfolded in his esthetic works lies in his develop
ing all the different arts from identical methods
of using forms borrowed from nature in order to
represent (in distinction from present) different
phases of thought and feeling. He received the
degree L. IT. D. from Rutgers college in 1883, and
from Williams college in 1889. He was a mem
ber of the Authors club ; a lecturer, and a vice-
president of the American Social Science associ
ation. Among his published works are : Colony
Ballads (1876); Ideals made Real (1877); the
Orator's Manual (1879) ; Modern Fishers of Men
(1879); A Life in Song (1886); Poetry and Repre
sentative Art (1886); Ballads of the Revolution
and Sketches in Song (1887) ; The Genesis of Art-
Form (1893), Tlie Speaker and The Writer (1893);
Art in Theory and Pictures in Verse (1894);
Rhythm and Harmony in Poetry and Music and
Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as Repre
sentative Arts (1895) ; Proportion and Harmony of
Line and Color in Painting, Sculpture and
Architecture (1899); The Representative Signifi
cance of Form and The Aztec God, and Other
Dramas (1900); Ballads and Other Poems (1901).
RAYMOND, Henry Jarvis, journalist, was
bom in Lima, Livingston county, N.Y., Jan. 24.
1820; son of Jarvis and Lavinia (Brockway)
Raymond ; grandson of Jonathan P. and Han
nah (Jarvis) Raymond, and a descendant of
Richard Raymond, mariner, of Salem, Mass.,
who moved to Norwalk, Conn., and then
to Saybrook, where he died in 1692. He
worked on his father's farm and was graduated
from the University of Vermont at the head of
his class, A.B., 1840, A.M., 1843, and studied law
in New York city. He taught in a young ladies'
seminary, and became a regular contributor to
the New Yorker, a weekly magazine conducted by
Horace Greeley. In 1841 Mr. Greeley established
the New York Tribune, and Raymond was ap
pointed assistant editor on a weekly salary of

[421]

RAYMOND

RAYMOND

eight dollars. He was a reporter and editorial
writer, and originated a system of reporting
lectures before shorthand was introduced. He
was married, Oct. 24, 1843, to Juliette, daughter
of John Warren aud Artemisia (Munson) Weaver,
of Winooski and Colechester, Vt., respectively,
and granddaughter of William Munson, an early
settler of Vermont. In the same year he joined
the editorial staff of the Courier and Enquirer
and carried on a discussion of Fourier's principles
of socialism with Mr. Greeley, the articles being
later published in pamphlet form. He was a
Whig member of the state assembly, 1849-51 ;
speaker of the house, 1850-51, and on Sept. 18,
1851, in connection with George Jones, a banker
in Albany, and E. B. Wesley, he established the
New York Times with a capital of $30,000, of
which Mr, Wesley furnished the greater part,
Mr. Raymond controlling a third interest. Tuis
paper so increased in circulation that at the end
of eight years its owners refused an offer of
$1,000,000 for the property. He was a delegate
to the Whig national convention of 1852 ; was
lieutenant-governor of New York, 1855-57 ; and
took a prominent part in the organization of the
Republican party, writing its "Declaration of
Principles." He refused to be a candidate for
governor in 1856 ; advocated tli9 nomination of
William H. Seward for President in 1860. and
supported President Lincoln in his active war
measures. He was re-elected to the state assembly
in 1860 ; chosen speaker in 1801, and in 1863 was
a candidate before the Republican caucus of the
state legislature for U.S. senator, but was de
feated by Edwin D. Morgan. He was a Repub
lican representative in the 39th congress, 1865-67 ;
refused the appointment as U.S. minister to
Austria tendered him by President Johnson in
1867 ; assisted in organizing the National Union
convention held at Philadelphia, Pa., in August,
1866, and wrote the address to the people of the
United States. The honorary degree of A.M.
was conferred on hirn by the College of New
Jersey in 184/". In 1864 he wrote a campaign
life of Abraham Lincoln under the title : History
ofthe Administration of President Lincoln, and
after the President's assassination he revised and
enlarged the work as Life and Public Services of
Abraham Lincoln with his State Papers, Speeches,
Letters, etc. (1865) . He is also the author of :
Political Lessons of the Revolution (1854), and
Letters to Mr. Yancey (1860). He died suddenly
of apoplexy in the hallway of his residence, in
New York city, June 18, 1809.
RAYMOND, Henry Warren, journalist, was
born in New York city, Sept. 10, 1847 ; son of
Henry Jarvis and Juliette (Weaver) Raymond.
He was graduated from Yale, A.B.. 1869, A.M.,
1872, and engaged in journalistic work ; graduated

from Columbia Law school in 1871, with the
degree of LL.B., was admitted to the bar in 1871,
and practised in New York, 1871-72, and Chicago,
1878-80. He was married, Sept. 29, 1875, to
Hiirriet White, daughter of James and Margaret
Eleanor (Wheeler) Allen of Brooklyn, N.Y. He
was a reporter and editor of the New York Times,
the New York Evening Post and the Brooklyn
Union; was literary and musical critic on the
Chicago Tribune, 1880-84, and in 1884, through
the generosity of George W. Childs, was enabled
to purchase the Telegraph of Germantown, Pa.
He was elected a member of the Sons of the
Revolution, and of the Military Order of Foreign
Wars ; was private secretary to Benjamin F.
Tracy, secretary of the navy, 1889-93, and ap
pointed solicitor of the state department, Feb
ruary, 1893, but failed of confirmation by
adjournment of the senate. He lectured exten
sively on naval matters and is the author of
articles on the Use of Nickel Steel in Armour
.(1398); Extracts from my Father's Diary, and
a series on the civil side of naval administration,
in the Army and Navy Journal (1900), "besides
numerous contributions to the leading periodicals^
RAYMOND, Jerome Hall, educator, was born
in Clinton. Iowa, March 10, 1869; son of Henry
and Virginia (Hall) Raymond. He was educated
in the Chicago public schools and worked as a
stenographer and typewriter in St. Paul. Minn.,
and Chicago, 111. He was graduated from the
Northwestern university, Evanston, 111., A;B.,
1892, A.M., 1893, and from the University of
Chicago, Ph.D., 1895. He was private secretary
to George M. Pullman, 1889-90, and to Frances
E. Willard while at the university, 1890-92 ; was
secretary to Bishop Thoburn in a tour around the
world, 1892-93, traveling extensively in Europe
and Asia ; secretary and lecturer on history,
Chicago Society for University Extension, 1893-
94 ; professor of history and political science,
Lawrence university, Wisconsin, and lecturer on
sociology and secretary, class study department,
University Extension division, University of
Chicago, 1894-95. He was married, Aug. 15,
1895, to Nettie Josephine, daughter of Rev. Eli
and Deborah (Meade) Hunt of Aurora, 111. He was
professor of sociology and secretary of the Uni
versity Extension department, University of Wis
consin, 1895-97 ; president and professor of eco
nomics and sociology, West Virginia university,
1897-1901, and in April, 1901, became associate pro
fessor of sociology in the University of Chicago.
RAYMOND, John Howard, educator, was born
in New York city, March 7, 1814; sonof Eliachim
and Mary (Carrington) Raymond ; grandson of
Nathaniel and Dolly (Wood) Raymond, and a
descendant of Richard Raymond, a mariner, who
settled in Salem, Mass., previous to 1634; re-

[422]

RAYMOND

RAYMOND

moved to Norwalk, Conn., in 1662, and from there
to Saybrook, Conn., in 1664. Heattended Colum
bia college for one year ; was graduated at Union,
A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835, and was admitted to the
bar in 1835, but never practised. He was grad
uated in theology at Madison university, Hamilton,
N.Y., in 1838; was a tutor in Hebrew there,
1837-39, and professor of rhetoric and English
literature, 1839-49. He was married, May 12,
1840, to Cornelia E. Morse of Eaton. N.Y. He
aided in establishing the University of Rochester
in 1850 ; was professor of history and belles-let
tres there, 1850-55, and organized and was
president of the Brooklyn Collegiate. and Poly
technic institute, N.Y., 1856-64. He accompanied
Henry Ward Beecher to Europe in 1863 ; orgnn-
ized Vassar college at Poughkeepsie in 1865, and

was its first president, and nmfessor of mental
and moral philosophy, 1865—78. He received the
degree LL.D. from the University of Rochester
in 1855. He is the author of several pamphlets
and sermons, and his " Life and Letters " were
prepared by Harriet Raymond Lloyd (1880). He
died in Poughkeepsie. N.Y., Aug. 14, 1878.
RAYMOND, John T., actor, was born in
Buffalo, N.Y., April 5, 1836 ; son of Irish parents
by the. name of O'Brien. He attended the public
school, engaged as a merchant's clerk, but deter
mined to become an actor. He changed his name
to Raymond, secured an engagement at the
theatre in Rochester, N.Y,, and there made his
debut as Lopez in " The Honey-moon," June 27,
1853, immediately scoring a reputation for farcical
roles. He appeared as Timothy Quaint in " The
Soldier's Daughter," at the Chestnut Street
theatre in Philadelphia in 1854 ; went to Halifax,
N.S., 1857, with Edward Askew Sothern, and
subsequently became a favorite in Savannah,
Mobile, New Orleans, and other southern cities.
Upon his return to New York city, he played in
the Winter Garden in support of Julia Dean
Hayne, and in 1861 joined Laura Keene's com
pany, making a notable success as AsaTrenohard
in "Our American Cousin," Sothern playing the
r61e of Lord Dundreary. In 1867, in the same
character, he appeared with Sothern (q.v.) in
England and in Paris, where his wife played
Florence Trenchard. He returned in October,
1868, to New York, where he re-opened the

Theatre Comique as Toby Twinkle in " All that
Glitters is not Gold ; " appeared as Graves in
"Money" at the California theatre, San Fran
cisco, Jan. 18, 1869, his wife taking the part of
Clara Douglas, and remained west until 1871. In
1874, at the Park theatre, New York city, he
made his first appearance in the character of
Col. Mulberry Sellers, in the dramatization of
Mark Twain's " The Gilded Age," in which role he
made a national reputation, although it failed to
meet with success in England in 1880. His other
role3 include : Risks in " Wolfert's Roost"; the
leading characters in "Fresh, the American";
" In Paradise " ; " For Congress " ("The Politi
cian"); "A Gold Mine," and "The Woman
Hater," the last-named play being performed by
him only a few times. He died suddenly at
Evansville, Ind., April 10, 1887.
RAYMOND, Rossiter Worthington, consult
ing engineer and author, was born in Cincinnati,
Ohio, April 27, 1810; son of Professor Robert
Raikes and Mary Ann (Pratt) Raymond. He
was graduated at the Brooklyn Polytechnic
institute in , 1858 ; and studied at the Royal
Mining academy, Freiberg, Saxony, and at the
Heidelberg and Munich universities, 1858-61. He
was aide-de-camp in the Union army, with the
rank of captain, 1861-64. In 1863 he married
Sarah Mellen, daughter of William R. Dwight
of Brooklyn, N.Y. He practised as consulting
mining engineer and metallurgist in New*York
city, 1864-68 ; was U.S. commissioner of mining
statistics, 1868-76 ; commissioner to the Vienna
exposition, 1873 ; professor of economic geology
at Lafayette college, Pa., 1870-81 ; an original
member (1871) of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers and president, 1872-75, and the
secretary from 1884. He was made an honorary
member of the Society of Civil Engineers in
France, and of several other technical societies.
He edited the American Journal of Mining, 1867-
68, and the same periodical under the name
Engineering and Mining Journal, 1868-90. He
was a state electric subway commissioner for
Brooklyn, N.Y., 1885-89. He is the author of:
Reports on the Mineral Resources of the United
States West of the Rocky Mountains (8 vols.,
1869-76); Die Leibgarde (1863), a German trans
lation of Mrs. John C. Fremont's " Story of the
Guard " ; The Children's Week (1871) ; Brave
Hearts (1873); The Man in the Moon and other
People (1874); The Book of Job (1878); TheMerry-
go- Round (1880) ; Camp and Cabin (1880) ; Two
Ghosts (1890) ; A Glossary of Mining and Metal
lurgical Terms (1881); Tlie Law of the Apex, and
other essays on mining law (1883-95); and Memo
rial of Alexander L. Holley (1883). He edited the
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining
Engineers (Vols. XII.-XXXIL, 1884 to 1902).

[423]

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READ

RAYNER, Isidor, representative, was born in
Baltimore, Md., April 11, 1850; son of William
S. and Amalie Rayner. He was graduated at the
University of Virginia and was admitted to the
Baltimore bar in 1871. He was a representative
in the Maryland legislature, 1879-80 ; chairman
of the Baltimore delegation ; state senator, 1887-
91 ; and a Democratic representative from the
fourth district of Maryland in the 50th, 52d,
and 53d congresses, 1887-89 and 1891-95, serving
on the committees of foreign affairs, coinage,
and commerce. He was elected attorney-general
of Maryland in 1900, and was the leading counsel
for Rear-Admiral Winfield Scott Schley in his
famous trial before the court of inquiry in No
vember, 1901.
RAYNER, Kenneth, representative, was born
in Bertie county, N.C, in 1808 ; son of the Rev.
Amos Rayner, a Baptist clergyman and a soldier
in the Revolutionary war. He was educated at
the Tarborough academy, was admitted to the
bar in 1829, but engaged in planting in Hertford
county, and was a member of the state constitu
tional convention of 1835. He was married in
1841, to Susan, daughter of Col. William Polk of
Raleigh, N.C, an officer of the Revolution. He
represented Hertford county in the state legisla
ture, 1835, 1836, 1838, 1839, 1846, 1848, and 1851 ;
was a Whig representative in the 26th, 27th, and
28th congresses, 1839-45 ; a presidential elector
for Taylor and Fillmore in 1849, and after the
close of the civil war removed to Mississippi. He
was a judge of the court of commissioners of
Alabama claims, 1874-76, and was solicitor of
the U.S. treasury, 1877-84. He is the author of :
The Life and Services of Andrew Johnson (1866).
He died in Washington, D.C, March 4, 1884.
REA, John, representative, was born in
Pennsylvania in 1755. He served in the Revo
lutionary war ; was a representative in- the
state legislature for several years ; was a Demo
cratic representative from the Chambersburg
district in the Sth, 9th, 10th and llth congresses,
1803-11 ; was defeated in 1810 for the 12th con
gress, and'was elected to the 13th congress, 1813-
15. He died in Chambersburg, Pa., Feb. 6, 1829.
READ, Daniel, educator, was born in Mari
etta, Ohio, June 24, 1805 ; son of Ezra Read of
Urbana, Ohio. He was graduated at Ohio uni
versity, A.B., 1824, A.M., 1827, and was married
to Alice Brice of Athens, Ohio. He was principal
of the preparatory department of Ohio univer
sity, 1824-35 ; was admitted to the bar in 1836 ;
was professor of ancient languages in Ohio uni
versity, 1836-38 ; of Latin and political economy,
1839-42 ; professor of languages in Indiana State
university, 1843-56 ; acting president of the uni
versity, 1853-54, and a member of the Indiana
state constitutional convention in 1851. He was

professor of mental philosophy, logic, rhetoric
and English literature in the University of Wis
consin, 1855-66, and president of the University
of the State of Missouri, 1866-76. He was a
government visitor to the U.S. military academy
in 1840, and received the degree LL.D. from
Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw) university, in
1853. He died in Keokuk, Iowa, Oct. 3, 1878.
READ, George, signer, was born in Cecil
county, Md., Sept. 18, 1733 ; son of John and Mary
(Howell) Read. Johu Read came from Ireland ear
ly in the eighteenth century, and settled in Cecil
county, where, with six associates, he founded and
laid out Charlestown. He spent his last years in
Newcastle county, Del. George attended the
schools of Chester and New London ; studied law
with John Moland of Philadelphia, Pa., and en
tered upon its practice at New Castle, Del., March
6, 1754. He was married in 1763 to Gertrude,
daughter of the Rev. George Ross of New Castle,
and sister of George Ross, the signer. He was
the first attorney-general for Delaware, 1763-75 ;
a member of the g meral assembly, 1765-77 ; a
delegate from Delaware to the Continental con
gress, 1774-77, and president of the convention
that framed the first constitution of the state of
Delaware in September, 1776. He voted against
the adoption of the Declaration of Independence,
July 4, 1776, but finally signed the instrument
and was its firm supporter. He declined the
presidency of the state in 1776, and was
elected its vice-president, becoming acting-presi
dent upon the capture of President John Mc-
Kinly in October, 1777, and serving until March,
1778. He was appointed justice of the court of
appeals in admiralty cases in 1782 ; was a dele
gate to the commercial convention held at
Annapolis, Md.., in 1786 ; president of the Dela
ware deputies to the United States constitutional
convention held at Philadelphia, and a signer of
the instrument. Sept. 17, 1787. He was elected
with Richard Bassett, U.S. senator from Delaware,
1789-93 ; drew the short term expiring, March 3,
1791 ; was elected for a full term, but resigned
in 1793 to take his seat as chief justice of the state
of Delaware, having been appointed by Gov.
Joshua Clayton, Sept. 18, 1793. He died in New
castle, Del., Sept. 21, 1798.
READ, George Campbell, naval officer, was
born in Ireland about 1787 ; came to the United
States with his parents in childhood, and was
warranted midshipman in the U.S. navy, April
2, 1804. He was promoted lieutenant, April 25,
1810 ; was 3d lieutenant on the Constitution in
the fight with the British frigate Guerriere, Aug.
19, 1812, and was honored by Capt. Isaac Hull, as
the officer to receive the sword of Capt. James
R. Dacres. He was lieutenant on the United
States in the capture of the Macedonian, Oct. 25,

[424]

W"

READ

READ

1812, and commanded the Chippewa of the flying
squadron under Com. Oliver H. Perry, 1813. He
was promoted commander, April 27, 1816, and
captain, March 3, 1825. He commanded the East
India squadron in 1840, the African squadron in
1846, and the Mediterranean squadron subse
quently. He was placed on the reserved list,
Sept. 13, 1855, was governor of the Naval asylum
at Philadelphia, Pa., 1861-62, and was promoted
rear-admiral on the retired list, July 16, 1862.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 22, 1862.
READ, Hollis, missionary, was born in New-
fane, Vt., Aug. 26, 1802. He was graduated from
Williams college, A.B., 1826, A.M., 1829; at
tended Princeton Theological seminar, 1826-
28 ; was a missionary at Bombay, India, 1830-35,
and an agent of the A.B.C. for F.M., 1835-37.
He preached in Babylon, L.I., 1837-38; Derby,
Conn., 1838-43 ; was agent of the American
Tract society, 1843-44, and pastor at New Pres
ton, Conn.," 1845-51. Hetanght school at Orange,
N.J., and was agent of the Society for the Con
version of the Jews, 1851-55 ; was stated supply
at Cranford, N.J., 1855-64, and was agent of the
Freedman's Relief association. He is the author
of: Journal in India (1835); Babajee the Chris
tian Brahmin (1837); The Hand of God in His
tory (1848-52); Memoirs and Sermons of W. J.
Armstrong, D.D. (1851); Palace of a Great King
(1855); Commerce and Christianity ('1856); India
and its People (1858); The Coming Crisis of the
World (1858); The Negro Problem Solved (1864);
Footprints of Satan (1866). He died in Somer
ville, N.J., April 7, 1887.
READ, Jacob, senator, was born in South Car
olina in 1752. He received a liberal education ;
studied law in England, 1773-76, and established
himself in practice in Charleston, S.C, in 1776.
He was appointed major of a regiment of South
Carolina volunteers, and was taken prisoner early
in the war and confined at St. Augustine, Fla.,
1778-82. He was a representative in the South
Carolina legislature ; a delegate to the Continen
tal congress, 1783-85 ; a Federalist U.S. senator,
1795-1801, and judge of the U.S. court for the
district of South Carolina, 1801-16. He died in
Charleston, S.C, July 17, 1816.
READ, John Joseph, naval officer, was born
in New Jersey, June 17,. 1842. He was appointed
a cadet in the U.S. Naval academy, Sept. 21,
1858, and was ordered into active service in May,
1861 ; promoted ensign, Nov. 25, 1862 ; lieutenant,
Feb. 22, 1864 ; lieutenant-colonel, July 25, 1866 ;
commander, Dec. 11, 1877 ; captain, April 27,
1893, and rear-admiral, Nov. 29, 1900. During
the civil war he served on the flagship Hartford,
West Gulf blockading squadron, under Admiral
Farragut, in the battles -from Southwest Pass to
Vicksburg, 1862 ; stationed with the South .

Atlantic blockading squadron, 1862-64 ; on the
steamer R. R. Cuyler, North Atlantic squadron,
1864-65 ; De Soto and Rhode Island, Atlantic
squadron, 1865-67; flagship Susquehanna, North
Atlantic squadron, 1867-68 ; Michigan on the
Lakes, 1869; GuerrUre, European station, 1870-72;
Richmond, North Pacific station, 1873-76, and
South Pacific station, 1876-77. He was in com
mand of the bureau of yards and docks, 1877-79 ;
lighthouse inspector, 1879-83, 1886-90, and 1892-
93 ; in command of the Michigan, 1883-86 ; of the
Iroquois, March, 1891-July, 1892 ; inspector, on
temporary duty at Newport, R.I., from May,
1893, until August, 1894, when he was assigned
to the command of the receiving ship Independ
ence. He commanded the flagship Olympia,
Asiatic squadron, 1895-97 ; was on waiting
orders, November, 1897-98 ; commanded the re
ceiving ship Richmond, League Island navy
yard, 1898-1900 ; and on April 1, 1900, was placed
in command of the U.S. navy yard at Ports
mouth, N.H.; his date of retirement by operation
of law being June 17, 1904.
READ, John Meredith, jurist, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., July 21, 1797 ; son of the Hon.
John and Martha (Meredith) Read. He was
graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,
A.B., 1812, A.M., 1816.; was admitted to the bar
in 1818, and established himself in practice in
Philadelphia. He was a representative in the
state legislature, 1822-24 ; city solicitor of Phila
delphia, 1824-27 ; member of the select council,
1827-30 ; U. S." attorney for the eastern district
of Pennsylvania, 1837-41 ; solicitor for the U.S.
treasury, 1841-45, and attorney-general of the
state in 1846. He was nominated by President
Polk as associate justice of the U.S. supreme
court, but owing to the opposition of the
Southern senators to his free-soil views, he re
quested the President to withdraw his name. He
advocated the annexation Of Texas, and sup
ported President Jackson in opposing the charter
for the Bank of the United States. In 1856 he
joined the Republican party, and delivered a
speech on the " Power of Congress over Slavery
in the Territories," which was used as a campaign
document during the canvass. He was elected
by the Republican party justice of the supreme
court of Pennsylvania in 1858, serving, 1858-72,
and as chief justice. 1872-73. He was proposed
as the Republican candidate for President in
1860, with Abraham Lincoln for vice-president,
but the arrangement was defeated by Simon
Cameron in the Republican state convention held
in Pennsylvaniain 1860. He received sixty votes
for the nomination for President at the Chicago
convention of 1860, but withdrew in favor of
Abraham Lincoln. He was made a member of
the American Philosophical society in 1863. He

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READ

READ

was twice married ; first, to Priscilla, daughter of
the Hon. John Marshall of Boston, and secondly,
to Amelia, daughter of Edward Thompson of
Philadelphia. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Brown university in
1860. He is the author of : Plan for the Admin
istration of 'the Girard Trust (1883) ; Views on
the Suspension of the. Writ of Habeas Corpus
(1863); The Law of Evidence (1864); Jefferson
Davis and his Complicity in the Assassination of
Abraham Lincoln (1866). He died in Philadel
phia, Pa., Nov. 29, 1874.
READ, John Meredith, diplomatist, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 21, 1837; son of John
Meredith Read (q.v.). He attended a military
school and Brown university ; was graduated
from the Albany Law school in 1859 ; studied
international law in
Europe, and was ad
mitted to the bar in
Philadelphia in 1859..
He removed to Al
bany, N.Y., in 1860,
and was adjutant-
general of the state,
with the rank of brig
adier-general, 1860-
66, receiving the
thanks of the war
department for his
efficiency in equip
ping and forwarding
New York volun
teers. He was U.S.
consul-general for France and Algeria, 1869-73,
and during the Franco-German war he was
acting consul-general for Germany, 1870-72.
General De Cissy, French minister of war, ap
pointed him president of a commission to con
sider the advisability of teaching the English
language to French soldiers. He was U.S. min
ister-resident to Greece, 1873-79, and in his
official position he secured the release of the
American ship Armenia, and obtained a revoca
tion of tlie order prohibiting the sale of the
Bible in Greece. During the Russo-Turkish war
he discovered a single port open in Russia to
foreign commerce, and his report to the U.S.
government led to sending a grain fleet from
New York to that port, resulting in great gains
to American commerce. He received the thanks
of the U.S. government for his effectual protec
tion of American citizens in Greece, and in 1881
was created a knight of the grand cross of the
Order of the Redeemer, the highest degree in the
gift of the Greek government, by King George.
He was president of the social science congress,
Albany, N.Y., in 1868 ; vice-president of the
social science congress, Plymouth, England, in

1872 ; a trustee of the Albany female academy
and of Cornell university, 1865-73. The honorary
degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Brown in
1866. He is the author of : Relation of Soil to
Plants and Animals (1860) ; First Annual Dis
course before the Delaware Historical Society
(1864) ; Historical Inquiry concerning Henry
Hudson (1866) ; and many articles on legal,
archaeological and historical subjects. He died
in Paris, France, Dec. 27, 1896.
READ, Opie, author, was born in Nashville,
Tenn., Dec. 22, 1852 ; son of Guilford and Eliza
beth (Wallace) Read ; grandson of James and
Lydia Read and of James and Elizabeth Wal
lace, and a descendant of the Reads and Wal
laces who settled in North Carolina and Virginia
early in. the seventeenth century. He attended
schools in Gallatin, Tenn., and engaged in news
paper work in Franklin, Ky. He removed to
Little Rock, Ark. ; was editor of the Arkansas
Gazette, 1878-81 ; was connected with the Cleve- ..
land Leader, 1881-83, and established the Arkan
sas Traveler, a humorous paper that gained him
a wide reputation in 1883. He conducted this
paper until 1891, when he removed to Chicago
and engaged in literary work. He was married,
June 30, 1880, to Ada, daughter of Lucinda and
Philo Benham of New York. He is the author
of : Len Gansett (1888) ; A Kentucky Colonel
(1889) ; Emmett Benlore (1891); A Tennessee
Judge (1893) ; Wives of the Prophet (1894); The
Jucklins (1895) ; My Young Master (1896) ; Ar
kansas Planter (1896) ; Bolanyo (1897) ; Waters
of Caney Fork (1899); The Starbucks (1902).
READ, Thomas, naval officer, was born in
Newcastle, Del., in 1740; son of Col. John (the
immigrant) and Mary (Howell) Read, and grand
son of Henry Read, an English gentleman. He
received a liberal education, and was appointed
commodore of the Pennsylvania navy, Oct. 23,
1775, being the first American naval officer to
receive that rank. He successfully defended tlie
entrance to the Delaware river, and was appoint
ed to the highest grade in the Continental navy,
June 7, 1776, and assigned to the command of
the 32-gun frigate George Washington, still on
the stocks on the Delaware river. While waiting
for his vessel to be launched and fitted for service,
he was appointed captain in the Continental army
by the committee of safety, and joined General
Washington before the army crossed the Dela
ware. He commanded a battery made up of
guns intended for his frigate, in the battle of
Trenton, and for his part in that battle received
the formal thanks of all the general officers who
took part. He subsequently resigned his com
mission and retired to his estate near Borden-
town, N.J., and in 1787 was induced by Robert
Morris to take command of the frigate Alliance,

[426]

READ

REAGAN

owned by the former. He made a voyage to the
China seas, for commercial purposes, over a course
that had never been sailed before, and reached
Canton in December, 1787, having been more
than six months on the way. He discovered two
islands, naming them "Morris "and "Alliance,"
which form part of the Caroline group, and made
the first out of season passage to China. He died
at White Hill, N.J., Oct. 26, 1788.
READ, Thomas Buchanan, artist and poet,
was born in Chester county, Pa., March 12, 1822.
After his father's death he was apprenticed to a
tailor, but, disliking the trade, he secretly made
his way to Philadelphia, where for a time he
was employed in a cigar manufactory, and in
1837 went to Cincinnati, Ohio. There he lived
with Shobal V. Clevenger (q.v.), the sculptor;
became a sign-painter, and at times went to
school. After spending a year in Dayton as
employee in a theatre, he returned to Cincinnati
and established himself as a portrait painter
through the kindness of Nicholas Longworth.
He was obliged, however, to earn a precari
ous living by sign-painting in various towns,
by cigar-making, and by giving readings and
dramatic performances. He removed to New
York city in 1841, and soon after to Boston,
Mass., where he began to devote himself to
literary pursuits, and contributed poems to the
Courier, 1843-44. He removed to Philadelphia,
Pa., in 1846; traveled abroad in 1850, and in
1853 returned to Italy, where he remained for
art-study in Florence and Rome until 1858, and
after many visits to Philadelphia and Cincinnati,
finally made Rome his permanent home. During
the civil war he recited his National war-songs
in the camps, and devoted the proceeds of his
public readings to the comfort of the wounded
soldiers. His paintings include: "The Spirit of
the Waterfall" ; " The Lost Pleiad " ; " The Star
of Bethlehem " ; " Undine " ; " Longfellow's Chil
dren " ; " Cleopatra and her Barge " ; " Sheridan's
Ride " ; portraits of Elizabeth Barrett Browning,
George M. Dallas, and Longfellow. He made
his reputation, however, chiefly by his patriotic
poetry, and is the author of : Poems (1847); Lays
and Ballads (1848) ; Tlie Pilgrims of the Great St.
Bernard, a serial romance in prose ; The New
Pastoral (1854) ; The House by the Sea (1856) ;
Sylvia, or tlie Lost Shepherd, and other Poems
(1857); A Voyage to Iceland (1857); Rural Poems
(London, 1857); Complete Poetical Works (1860);
The Wagoner of the Alleghanies (1862) ; Sheri
dan's Ride and A Summer Story (1865) ; The Good
Samaritan (1867); Poetical Works (3 vols., 1865;
1867). He died in New York city, May 11, 1872.
READY, Charles, representative, was born in
Ready ville, Tenn., Dec. 22, 1802. He was grad
uated from Greenville college, Tenn.; was ad

mitted to the bar, and began practice in Mur
freesboro. He was a Whig representative in the
state legislature in 1835 ; in the 33d, 84th and 35th
congresses, 1853-59, and was defeated as the In
dependent candidate for the 26th congress by
Robert Hatton in 1858. He was an active sup
porter of the Confederate States government ;
was identified with the organization of the judi
ciary of Tennessee, and by special permission
twice presided over its supreme court. He re
ceived the degree of A.M. from Nashville uni
versity, and was a trustee of the institution,
1847-78. He died in Murfreesboro, Tenn. , in 1878.
REAGAN, John Henninger, statesman, was
born iu Sevier county, Tenn., Oct. 8, 1818 ; son
of Timothy R. and Elizabeth (Lusk) Reagan ;
grandson of Richard and  (Shulz) Reagan
and of Joseph Lusk ; great-grandson of Timothy
Reagan, an Irishman, wdio was a soldier in
the American Revolution and was wounded at
Brandywine, and a descendant of English, Irish,
Welsh and German ancestry. He attended the
Southwestern college, Marysville, Tenn. ; Nancy
academy ; Boyd's Creek academy, and for two
years worked in a tanyard, on a farm, on board
a flatboat, managed a flouring and saw mill in
Tennessee, and was overseer of a large planta
tion in Mississippi. In 1838 he went to Texas,
joined the army of the republic, and took part in
battles with the Cherokee Indians, July 15-16,
1839. He was deputy surveyor of public lands,
1839-43 ; was elected captain of a company of
militia, and justice of the peace, and in 1846 was
elected probate judge and lieutenant-colonel of
Henderson county militia. He was temporarily
licensed to practice law in 1846, and regularly
licensed in 1848 ; was a representative in the
Texas legislature in 1847-48 ; judge of the 9th
judicial district of Texas, 1852-57 ; a Democratic
representative in the 85th, 36th congresses, 1857-
1861 ; presidential elector in 1860 ; a member of
the secession convention of Texas in 1861 ; a dele
gate to the provisional congress of the Confederate
States in 1861 ; postmaster-general of the Con
federate Statesv
1862-65, and sec
retary of the
ConfederateStates treasury
ad interim on
the resignation
of Secretary
Trenholm in
1865. He es
caped from Richmond with President Davis and
was made a prisoner of war, May 10, 1865, with
President Davis, Governor Lubbock, Col. Wil
liam Preston Johnston and Burton Harrison,
and was taken to Macon, Ga., thence to Hampton

[427

REAVIS

RECTOR

Roads, Va., and finally with Vice-President
Alexander H. Stephens to Fort Warren, Boston
harbor, where he was confined until October,
1865. He returned to Palestine, Texas, and
worked on his farm in order to support his family.
He declined the appointment of military governor
of Texas in 1867 from Governor Griffin ; resumed
his law practice, 1868 ; was a member of the state
constitutional convention of 1875, and chairman
of the judiciary committee. He was a represen
tative in the 44th-49th congresses, 1875-87, and re
signed before taking his seat in the 50th congress
to take that of U.S. senator, serving, 1887-91.
He resigned his seat in the senate in 1891 to
become chairman of the railroad commission of
Texas by appointment of Gov. James S. Hogg ;
was re-appointed in 1893, and by Governor C. A.
Culberson in 1895, and was elected to the same
position in 1896, serving 1897-1903. He retired
from public life in 1903, holding the unique dis
tinction of having served under three govern
ments without removing from the state of his
adoption, in each of which he was honored with
high public office.
REAVIS, James Bradley, jurist, was born in
Boone county, Mo., May 27, 1848; son of John
Newton and Elizabeth (Preston) Reavis ; grand
son of Marcus A. and Lucy (Bradly) Reavis and
of John and Jane (Ramey) Preston, and a des
cendant of a refugee, who landed with Ashley
Cooper's expedition at Albemarle Sound, N.C,
and adopted the name of Reavis, and in the
maternal line descended from the Lees of Lees-
burg, Va. He was a student at Kentucky uni
versity, 1868-71 ; was admitted to the bar at
Hannibal, Mo., in 1872; edited the Monroe City,
Mo., Appeal, 1872-74, and in the latter year re
moved to California. In 1880 he opened a law
office in Goldendale, Washington Territory. He
was a member of the upper house of the terri
torial legislature, 1888, and a regent of the
Territorial university, 1888-89. On the admission
of Washington as a state he was Democratic
candidate for justice of the supreme court and
was defeated. He was married, May 27, 1891, to
Minnie A. Freeman, daughter of Smith and
Martha (Butler) Freeman of Nashville, Tenn.
In 1896 he became chief-justice of the supreme
court of Washington.
REAVIS, Logan Uriah, editor and author, was
born in Sangamon Bottom, Mason county, 111.,
March 26, 1831. He attended the grammar and
high schools ; taught school 1851-55 ; was an edi
tor and part owner of the Gazette, which name he
changed to the Central Illinoian, Beardstown, 111. ,
1855-57; resided in Nebraska, 1857-60; repurchased
and edited The Central Illinoian, 1860-66, and
through lectures and otherwise, inaugurated a
movement looking to the removal of the national

capital to St. Louis, earning for himself the
sobriquet of "The Capital Mover," 1866-79.
He also began a movement, 1879, to promote im
migration to Missouri ; made two lecturing tours
of England to further the scheme, and in the
same interests published : The New Republic, or
the Transition Complete, with an Approaching
Change of National Empire, based upon the
Commercial and Industrial Expansion of the
Great West (1867) ; St. Louis the Future Great
City of the World (1867) ; and A Change of
National Empire, or Arguments for the Removal
of the National Capital from Washington to the
Mississippi Valley, with maps (1869). He also is
the author of : A Representative Life of Horace
Greeley, with an Introduction by Cassius M. Clay
(1872); Thoughts for the Young Men and Women
of America (1873); Life of Gen. William S.
Harney (1875), and Railway and River System
(1879). He died in St. Louis, Mo., April 25, 1889.
RECTOR, Henry Massey, governor of Ark
ansas, was born in St. Louis, Mo., May 1, 1816;
son of Elias and Fannie B. (Thruston) Rector;
grandson of John Rector, and of the Hon. John
Thruston of Kentucky, and great-grandson of
Frederick M. Rector,
who emigrated from
Wurtemburg, Sax
ony, and settled in
Fauquier county, Va. ,
during Lord Dun-
more's administra
tion, as a fief of
the British crown.
Henry spent his early
years as a laborer
in Missouri, attended
school in Louisville,
Ky., 1834-35, and in
1835 removed to Ar
kansas to look after
landed interests in
herited from his father. He was married in 1839
to Miss Field, and a second time to the daughter of
Albert Linde. He was teller of the State bank of
Arkansas, 1839-40 ; engaged in farming in Saline ¦
county, Ark., in 1841, and studied law.- He was
appointed U.S. marshal for the district of Ark
ansas by President Tyler, serving, 1842-45 ; was
elected to the state senate in 1848, and engaged
in the practice of law in Little Rock in 1854,
confining himself chiefly to criminal law. He
was elected a judge of the supreme court in 1859,
and governor of Arkansas as an Independent.
Democrat for a four years' term. He refused to
furnish Arkansas's quota of 750 men in response
to Lincoln's call in 1861, and seized the arsenal
at Little Rock and the Fort at Fort Smith, with
all arms, ammunition and stores. He was a

[428]

RECTOR

REDFIELD

member of the military board which raised and
equipped forty regiments for the Confederate
army in May, 1861, and in June, 1862, was forced
to retire from office because the convention of
1861 had omitted in its enactments to continue
the office of governor, and therefore, after a con
test, the state supreme court declared it vaoant.
He then joined the reserve corps of the Confed
erate army and served as a private until the close
of the war, having been refused a commissary or
quarter-master's position. He engaged in the
cotton business after the war, and was a member
of the state constitutional convention in 1868.
He died in Little Rock, Ark. . in August, 1899.
RECTOR, John Benjamin, jurist, was born
in Jackson county, Ala., Nov. 24, 1837. , He re
moved with his parents to Texas in 1847, prepared
for college and was graduated from Yale in 1859.
He was admitted to the bar ; established himself
in practice in Austin, Texas ; served throughout
the civil war in Terry's Texas Rangers, and in
1865 removed to Bastrop, Texas, and resumed
his law practice. He was attorney of the 2d
judicial district of Texas, 1866-67 ; judge of the
state court, 1871-76 ; engaged in private practice
in Austin, 1876-92, and was judge of the U.S.
court for the northern district of Texas, 1892-98.
He died in Austin, Texas, April 9, 1898.
REDDEN, Laura Catherine. See Searing,
Laura Catherine Redden.
REDFIELD, Anna Maria Treadwell, scientist,
was born in L'Orignal, Ontario, Jan. 17, 1800 ;
daughter of Nathaniel Hazard and Margaret
(Piatt) Treadwell, and granddaughter of Judge
Charles Piatt. Her father removed his family to
Plattsburgh, N.Y., in 1812, and she was graduated
at the seminary of Mrs. Emma Willard, Middle
bury, Vt., and took a post-graduate course under
direction of her uncle, the Rev. Dr. Henry Davis
(q.v.), president of Hamilton college. She was
married, Feb. 7, 1820, to Lewis H. Redfield, editor
of the Register, Onondaga Hollow, N.Y., and re
moved to Syracuse, N.Y., in 1829, when her hus
band consolidated the Register with the Syra
cuse Gazette. Mrs. Redfield made a large collec
tion of shells, minerals and botanical specimens
which she used in the preparation of her work,
illustrating nature in living forms and in papers
prepared for the use of students of nature in
Hamilton college, and by the Long Island and
Chicago historical societies. At the time she
resided in Syracuse, that city was the centre of
advanced thought, and she was actively inter
ested in the conventions held there in the in
terest of political economy, religion and educa
tion. Ingham university, Le Roy, N.Y., conferred
on her the degree of honor equivalent to master
of arts, never before accorded to any woman in
America. Her husband died, July 14, 1882, two

sons and four daughters surviving. Mrs. Redfield
is the author of : Zoological Science, or Nature
in Living Forms, which work Professor Agassiz
pronounced " would do credit to the majority of
college professors." She died in Syracuse, N.Yr.,
June 15, 1888.
REDFIELD, Isaac Fletcher, jurist, was born in
Wethersfield, Vt., April 10, 1804; son of Dr.
Peleg and Hannah (Parker) Redfield. His
parents removed to Coventry, Vt., in 1805, and
he was graduated from Dartmouth college, A.B.,
1825, A.M. 1828 ; was admitted to the bar in
Orleans county, Vt., in 1827, and established him
self in practice in Derby, and later in Windsor,
Vt. He was state's attorney for Orleans county,
1832-35 ; judge of the supreme court of Vermont,
1835-52 ; chief- judge, 1852-60, and professor of
medical jurisprudence at Dartmouth, 1857-61.
He removed to Boston in 1861, and was sent as
special counsel of the United States government
to adjust claims with Great Britain, and to re
cover property held on behalf of the Southern
Confederacy. He was twice married, first, Sept.
28, 1836, to Mary Ward Smith of Stanstead,
Vt., and secondly, May 4, 1842, to Catharine
Blanchard Clark of St. Johnsbury, Vt. The
degree of A.M. was conferred on him by the
University of Vermont in 1885, and that of LL.D.
by Trinity college in 1849, and by Dartmouth in
1855. He edited the American Law Register of
Philadelphia, 1862-76, and is the author of :
Practical Treatise on the Law of Railways (1857);
Law of Wills (3 parts, 1864-70) ; Practical Treatise
of Civil Pleading and Practice with Forms (1868);
The Law of Carriers and Bailments (1869), and
Leading American Railway Cases (2 vols., 1870).
He also edited Judge Joseph Story's "Equity
Pleadings " and " Conflict of Laws " and Greenleaf
" On Evidence." He died in Charlestown, Mass.,
March 23, 1876.
REDFIELD, William C, pioneer railroad pro
jector, was born at Middletown, Conn., March 26,
1789. He was a saddler and harness maker's
apprentice, 1803-10 ; engaged in the business,
1810-27, and in 1827 removed to New York city
and interested himself in steam navigation. He
introduced a line of large passenger barges towed
by a steamboat between New York and Albany ;
planned a steam railroad route to connect the
Hudson and Mississippi rivers, which was after
ward carried into operation by the New York
and Erie Railway company ; secured the charter
of the New York and Harlem railroad ; was
associated with James Brewster in the construc
tion of the Hartford and New Haven railroad,
and petitioned the common council of New York
city for permission to lay tracks for a street rail
road on Canal street. He became a student of
meteorology and geology, and was elected a

[429]

REDPATH

REDWAY

member of the American Association of Natural
ists and Geologists, and its president in 1843.
The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on
him by Yale college in 1839. He is the author of
" Atlantic Storms" and " Hurricanes and Storms
of the United States and West Indies," published
in the American Journal of Science (1831). He
died in New York city, Feb. 12, 1857.
REDPATH, James, journalist, editor and
author, was born in Berwick-on-Tweed, Northum-
berlandshire, England, Aug. 24, 1833. His father
was a school-master, and immigrated with his
family to the United States, settling in Michigan.
James obtained em
ployment on the Kal
amazoo Telegraph in
1850 ; was subse
quently employed as
a compositor on the
Advertiser, Detroit,
Mich., where he did
his first journalistic
work, and soon after
wrote a series of
sketches giving his
experience and ob
servations of under-
" ' / ''' ground life in Phila
delphia, which pro
duced a great sensa
tion. He wrote articles on life in city prisons, for
the New York Rambler: was employed on the New
York Tribune, and during the Kansas troubles in
1855 was the correspondent for that paper. He
made a careful study of the Free Soil movement
from the standpoint of the settlers, and aroused
the enmity of the opponents of that party, then
known as ' ' Border Ruffians," by whom his life was
threatened. In 1857 he made a tour of the south
on foot, studying the lives of the slaves by associa
ting with them, and his observations, known as
the "Berwick" letters, were published in the
Tribune. He favored the colonization of slaves in
Hayti, and to that end made visits to that country
in' 1859, and was appointed by the President of
Hayti emigration agent in the United States and
Haytian consu], in Philadelphia. He founded the
Haytian bureau of emigration in Boston and
New York, and published in the interests of the
movement a weekly newspaper called Pine and
Palm, having established himself in the book and
stationery business in Boston. He was war
correspondent for the New York Tribune and the
Boston Journal in the armies of the Cumberland
and Ohio, 1861-65, and in 1865 was superintendent
of the Freedman's bureau for the department in
cluding South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.
He organized the Redpath lyceum bureau in
Boston, Mass., in 1865, and for several years con

trolled the public lecture system for the whole
country. His letters from the distressed districts
of Ireland in 1879-81, created a considerable sen
sation. He made a lecturing tour of the United
States and published Redpath's Weekly, 1881 -82 ;
was editor of the North American Review, 1883 ;
editor of Belford's Magazine, 1884, and was an
advocate of the reforms advanced by Henry
George and Dr. McGlynn. He assisted Jefferson
Davis, in preparing the revised edition of "Rise
and Fall of the Confederate States of America "
(1881); and Mrs. Davis in compiling the memoirs
of her husband under the title " Jefferson
Davis Ex-President of the Confederate States of
America" (1891). He is the author of: Hand
Book to Kansas (1859); The Roving Editor, or
Talks with Slaves in the Southern States (1859);
Echoes of Harper' s Ferry (1860) ; Southern Notes
(1860); Guide to Hayti (1860); The John Brown
Invasion (1860); The Public Life of Captain John
Brown (1860); John Brown the Hero (1862); Talks
about Ireland (1881). His death, the result of an
accident, occurred in New York city , Feb. 10, 1891.
REDWAY, Jaques Wardlaw, geographer, was
born near Murfreesboro, Tenn., May 5, 1849; son
of John W. and Lady Alexandrina (Wardlaw)
Redway. His father and two brothers died in
the service of the Confederate States, and his
mother and sister did not long survive them. He
was placed in the family of a friend in the
northern states to be educated, but he ran away
and was employed on the Morning Post, Chicago,
and began to study medicine. He went across
the plains with » party of emigrants, who em
ployed him as a scout and mail rider, and he en
gaged in mining and engineering in Oregon,
California, Arizona and Mexico, 1870-81. , He
took a special course in chemistry at the Univer
sity of California, and studied also in Europe,
where he married Lilian Burnham Lascelle, then
residing in Dresden. He was instructor in chem
istry at the University of California. He also
traveled in South America, Europe, Asia and
Northern Africa, making extensive geographical
researches. In 1898 he became a lecturer on geog
raphy and political economy on the Institute staff
of the University of the State of New York.
A research concerning the first landing place of
Columbus won him a fellowship in the Royal
Geographical society. He edited: "Sir John
Mandeyille's Travels" (1899), and Kinglake's
" Eothen " (1899). He is the author of : Manual
of Geography (1887); joint author of Natural
Geographies (1898); author of Elementary Physi
cal Geography (1900); New Basis of Geography
(1901); Inquiry Concerning the First Landfall of
Columbus (1892); The Treeless Plains of North
America (1894); A Commercial Geography (190,2);
Stories in New York History (1903).

[430]

REDWOOD

REED

REDWOOD, Abraham, philanthropist, was
born on the island of Antigua. W.I., in 1710.
His father, son of Abraham and Mehetable (Lang-
ford) Redwood, who was born in Bristol. Eng
land, 1665, and owned a large sugar plantation
in Antigua, known as Cassada Garden, removed
to the New England colonies in 1712 ; lived in
Salem, Mass., and Newport, R.I., and died at
Salem in 1728. Abraham, Jr., attended the schools
of Philadelphia, and in 1727 settled on his father's
estate at Portsmouth, R.I., known as Redwood
farm, which came into his possession on the
death of his elder brother, Jonas Langford Red
wood. He there cultivated rare plants, shrubs
and trees. He was married about 1730 to Martha
Coggeshall of Newport. He gave £500 for the
purchase in London of standard books, and in
1750 the Redwood Library company, Newport,
was formed, and an edifice was built. During
the Revolutionaiy war a large number of the
volumes in the library were destroyed, but these
were afterward replaced. He also gave £500 to
the Society of Friends, of which he was a mem
ber for the establishment of a school in Newport,
and a like sum to found Friends school in Prov
idence, organized, 1784, long conducted by Augus
tine Jones (q.v.). His son. Jonas Langford, mar
ried Abigail Godfrey; their son, Abraham, be
came a benefactor of the Redwood library, and
his coat of arms and portrait are on the walls of
the library building. Abraham Redwood the
elder died in Newport, R.I., March 6. 1788.
REED, Elizabeth Armstrong, author, was
born in Winthrop, Maine, May 16, 1842 ; daughter
of Alyin and Sylvia (Morrell) Armstrong ; grand
daughter of William and Hannah (Legrow) Arm
strong, and of Benjamin and Elizabeth Morrell,
and a descendant of Captain William Armstrong,
who was born in Carlisle, England, April 20,
1739, and settled in Readfield, Maine, in 1774,
where some of the family still live. Her parents
were both prominent educators, and she studied
under private tutors and at home until 1860. She
was married, April 29, 1860, to Hiram Von Reed
of Harvard, 111. She was elected a member of
the International Congress of Orientalists : the
Royal Asiatic society ; the Victoria Institute,
and the Philosophical Society of Great Britain.
She was chairman of the Woman's Congress of
Philology held at Chicago, 111., in 1893. and (in
1903) was the only woman whose work had been
accepted by the Philosophical Society of Great
Britain. She is the author of : The Bible Trium
phant (1866) ; Hindu Literature, or the Ancient
Books of India (1891); Persian Literature, Ancient
and Modem (1893) ; Primitive Buddhism, its
Origin and Teachings (1896). In 1903 she was
doing active work upon important books of
reference.

REED, George Edward, educator, was born in
Brownville, Maine, March 28, 1846 ; son of the
Rev. George and Ann (Hellyer) Reed, who came
from England to America in 1838. His father
was a clergyman of the Wesleyan Methodist
church in England,
and his great-grand
mother was a class
leader under John
Wesley. His father
died in 1852, leaving
the family in strait
ened circumstances,
and they removed to
Lowell, Mass., where
George attended the
public schools. He
obtained employment
in a mill, and
worked on a farm,
and deciding to be
come a minister, he
entered the Wesleyan academy, Wilbraham,
Mass., in 1864, completed a three years' course in
half a year, was graduated from Wesleyan uni
versity, Middletown, Conn., in 1869, and studied
theology at Boston university in 1870, meanwhile
preaching at Clif tondale, Mass. He was married
in June, 1870, to Ella Frances Leffingwell of Nor
wich, Conn. He was pastor at Willimantic,
Conn., 1870-72 ; at Fall River. Mass., 1872-75 ; of
Hanson Place (1875-78, 1884-87) and Nostrand
Avenue churches (1881-84), Brooklyn, N.Y. ; at
Stamford, Conn., 1878-81, and of Trinity church,
New Haven, Conn., 1887-89. He was president of
Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., 1889-1903, suc
ceeding Dr. James Andrew McCauley (q.v.), re
signed. He deeded the president's house, valued
at $16,000, to the college, and during his adminis
tration the Dickinson school of law was estab
lished. He was state librarian of Pennsylvania,
1899-1902, when he resigned, not being in politi
cal accord with the state administration. The
honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred on him
by Wesleyan university in 1886, and that of
LL.D. by Lafayette college in 1889. He con
tributed largely to magazines and newspapers.
REED, Henry Hope, educator, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa.. July 11, 1808: son of Joseph
and Maria Ellis (Watmough) Reed. He was
graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,
A.B., 1825, A.M., 1828 ; was admitted to the bar
in 1829, and entered into practice in Philadel
phia. He was assistant professor of moral phil
osophy at the University of Pennsylvania, 1831-
34 ; professor of rhetoric and English literature,
1834-54, and vice-provost, 1845. He was elected
a member of the American Philosophical society
in 1838, and received the honorary degree of

[431]

REED

REED

LL.D. from the University of Vermont in 1846.
He was married to Elizabeth White, daughter of
Enos Bronson of Philadelphia. He assisted
Wordsworth in an arrangement of an American
edition of his poems in 1837, and wrote a preface
to the volume and an article on Wordsworth in
the New York Review in 1839. He also superin
tended the publication of an edition of Dr. Chris
topher Wordsworth's memoirs of the poet (2 vols. ,
1851). He edited Alexander Reed's " Dictionary
of the English Language" (1845); American re
prints of Thomas Arnold's " Lectures on Modern
History (1845); George F. Graham's "English
Synonyms" (1847); Lord Mahon's "History of
England" (2 vols., 1849), and the poetical works
of Thomas Gray, with a memoir (1850). He is
the author of : Lectures of English Literature
from Chaucer to Tennyson (1855); Lectures on
English History and Tragic Poetry as Illustrated
by Shakespeare (1855); Lectures on the History of
the American Union (1856), and Lectures on the
British Poets (2 vols., 1857). He sailed for Eng
land on the steamer Arctic, which was lost at sea,
Sept 27, 1854.
REED, James, clergyman, was born in Boston,
Mass., Dec. 8, 1834; son of Sampson and Cath
erine (Clark) Reed ; grandson of the Rev. Dr.
John and Hannah (Sampson) Reed, and of John
and Lydia (Sanderson) Clark, and a descendant
of William Reade of Weymouth, Mass., who
arrived from England in 1635. He was graduated
from Harvard, A.B., 1855, A.M., 1858, and was
married, Dec. 19, 1858, to Emily Elizabeth,
daughter of Francis Ripley of Brookline, Mass.
He entered the ministry of the New Church
(Swedenborgian), and was connected with the
Boston society of the New Jerusalem Church as
assistant minister, 1860-68, being made pastor in
1868. In 1894 he became president of the New
Church Theological seminary. He also served as
president of the Massachusetts Home for Intem
perate Women, and as a member of the Boston
school board. He edited the Neio Church Review
from 1894, and is the author of : Religion and
Life (1869); Man and Woman, Equal but Unlike
(1870); Swedenborg and the New Church (1880) .
REED, John, clergyman, was born in Framing
ham, Mass., Nov. 11, 1751 ; son of Solomon (a
' clergyman at Middleborough, Mass.) and Abigail
(Stoughton, or Houghton) Reed ; grandson of
William and Alice (Nash) Reed, and a descend
ant of William Reade of Weymouth, who came
from England about 1635. He was graduated
from Yale in 1772 ; was married in 1780 to Han
nah, daughter of Uriah and Anna (White) Samp
son of Middleborough, and practised law, 1773-
80. He was ordained to the Congregational
ministry in 1780, and was settled at the church
in West Bridgewater, 1780-1831. He represented

his district in the 4th, 5th and 6th congresses as
a Federalist, 1795-1801, and served for a time as
chaplain of the U.S. navy. He received the hon
orary degree of D.D. from Brown in 1803. He is
the author of : An Apology for the Rite of Infant
Baptism (1806), besides several ordination and
convention sermons (1787-1804). He died in
West Bridgewater, Mass., Feb. 17, 1831.
REED, John, representative, was born in
West Bridgewater, Mass., Sept. 2, 1781 ; son
of the Rev. Dr. John and Hannah (Sampson)
Reed. He was graduated from Brown uni
versity, A.B., 1803, A.M., 1806 ; was tutor in
languages at Brown, 1804-06 ; principal of the
academy at Bridgewater, Mass., 1806-07 ; studied
law with William Baylies, and engaged in prac
tice in Yarmouth, Mass. He was married in
1809 to Olive, daughter of Abiezer and Hepzibah
(Keith) Alger of West Bridgewater. He was a
Federalist representative in the 13th and 14th
congresses, 1813-17 ; a Whig representative in
the 17th-26th congresses, 1821-41, and lieutenant-
governor of Massachusetts, 1845-51. The honor
ary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by
Brown in 1845. He died in West Bridgewater,
Mass., Nov. 25, 1860.
REED, Joseph, statesman, was born in Tren
ton, N.J., Aug. 27, 1741 ; son of Andrew and
Theodosia (Bowers) Reed. His grandfather emi
grated from Carrickfergus, Ireland, and his
father, a prosperous storekeeper in Trenton,,
removed to Philadelphia, Pa., soon after 1741,
residing there till about 1752, when he returned
to Trenton. Joseph prepared for college in
Philadelphia, and was graduated from the Col
lege of New Jersey, A.B., 1757, A.M., 1760;
studied law with Robert Stockton, and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1762. He was a law student
at the Middle Temple, London, England, 1765-67,
and was deputy-secretary of New Jersey in 1767.
He was married in May, 1770, to Esther, daughter
of Dennis De Berdt of London, England. He
removed to Philadelphia in October, 1770, and
tliere continued the practice of law. In 1772,
upon the succession of the Earl of. Dartmouth
to the colonial office, Reed became his confiden
tial correspondent, and was of great assistance
to the colonists in informing the British ministry
of the actual condition of affairs in America.
He endeavored to persuade the British ministry
to adopt moderate measures toward the colonists
and advised that : " This country will be deluged
in blood before it will submit to any taxation
than by their own legislature." He was a mem
ber of the committee of correspondence for Phila
delphia in 1774 ; was president of the Pennsyl
vania provincial convention in January, 1775;
accompanied Washington to Boston in July,
1775, and accepted the post of aide and con-

[432]

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REED

fidential secretary to the commander-in-chief,
with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was
chairman of the Philadelphia committee of
safety, 1775-76, and was a member of the pro
vincial assembly, Jan.-Sept., 1776. In June,
1776, he was appointed adjutant-general of the
Continental army, with the rank of colonel,
and took an active part in the battles of Long
Island, Aug. 27, 1776 ; White Plains, Oct. 28,
1776, and Fort Washington, Nov. 16, 1776. In
1777 he was offered the appointment of briga
dier-general with the command of all the Ameri
can cavalry, and also the chief-justiceship of
Pennsylvania, both of which offices he refused.
He was present as a volunteer officer at the
battles of Brandywine, Germantown and Mon
mouth. He was elected a delegate from Pennsyl
vania to the Continental congress in September,
1777, but remained with the army until April 6,
1778, when he took his seat in the congress
assembled at York, Pa. He was chairman of a
committee to confer with Washington concern
ing the management of the campaign of 1778 ;
declined election to the Pennsylvania assembly
in October, 1777, but accepted the appointment
of president of the supreme executive council,
Dec. 1, 1778, and continued in office until 1781.
He aided in founding the University of Pennsyl
vania, of which he was a trustee, 1782-85 ; favored
the abolishment of the proprietary powers of the
Penn family, and in 1780 was instrumental in
suppressing the insubordination in the Pennsyl
vania line. He resumed his law practice in 1781;
was a member of the commission to settle the
boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and
Connecticut ; visited England for his health in
1784, and was again chosen a delegate to con
gress in 1785, but did not live to take his seat.
The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on
him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1766.
He was elected a member of the American Philo
sophical society in 1768, and served as a trustee
of the College of New Jersey, 1780-85. He is
the author of : Remarks on Governor Johnstone's
Speech in Parliament (1779), and Remarks on a
Late Publication in the Independent Gazetteer,
with an Address to the People of Pennsylvania
(1783). He died in Philadelphia, Pa. , March 5, 1785.
REED, Myrtle, author, was born at Norwood
Park, Chicago, III., Sept. 27,1874; daughter of
Hiram Von and Elizabeth (Armstrong) Reed ;
guanddaughter of Dyer and Huldah (Holdredge)
Reed and of Alvin O. and Sylvia (Murrell) Arm
strong; and great granddaughter of Capt. Dyer
Reed of the American Revolutionary army and
of Capt. William Armstrong, born in Carlisle,
England, April 20, 1739. She was graduated
from a Chicago high school in 1893, and became
known as a contributor of short stories, verse

and essays to periodicals. Her published books
are: Love Letters of a Musician (1899) ; Later
Love Letters of a Musician (1900); Tlie Spinster
Book (1901).
REED, Philip, senator, was born in Kent
county, Md. He was liberally educated, and
served as a captain in the Revolutionary army.
He was elected U.S. senator from Maryland by
the Democratic party to fill the unexpired term
of Robert Wright, resigned, and served, Dec. 20,
1806-March 3, 1807, and was re-elected for a full
term, serving 1807-13. At Mooreflelds, Md., Aug.
30, 1814, he was in command of the regiment of
Maryland guards that defeated the British sea
men under Sir Peter Parker. He was a Demo
cratic representative from Maryland in the 15th
congress, 1817-19, and successfully contested the
seat of his opponent, Jeremiah Causden. to the
17th congress, serving, March 20, 1822-March 3,
1823. He died at Huntingville, Md., Nov. 2, 1829.
REED, Thomas B., senator, was born in Ken
tucky. He practised law in Lexington, Ky., and
removed to Natchez, Miss., where he presented
the argument for the defence in the criminal case
of the state versus the Blennerhassetts in 1818.
He was attorney-general of the state, 1821-25 ;
was elected U.S. senator from Mississippi to com
plete the term of David Holmes who had re
signed in 1825, Powhatan Ellis having been ap
pointed by the governor, senator pro tempore,
and Reed took his seat, March 11, 1826, serving
until March 3, 1827. He was re-elected for the
term expiring March 3, 1833, but died while on
his way to Washington to take his seat, at Lex
ington, Ky. , Nov. 26, 1829.
REED, Thomas Brackett, representative, was
born in the ancestral home of the Reed family
for eight generations, in Portland, Maine, Oct. 18,
1839 ; son of Thomas
Brackett Reed. He
was assisted through
Bowdoin college by
the Congregational
church of which he
was a member, this
course having been
undertaken with a
view to his entering
the ministry. He
was graduated at
Bowdoin, A.B., 1860,
and when he de
cided upon studying
law, his first concern
was to repay the
money loaned by the society, which he did by
teaching in the Portland High school. 1860-63.
He removed to California in 1863, where he
completed his law studies and was admitted

iUirvyua 0, fl£eeo£_

REED

REEDER

to the bar early in 1865. He received appoint
ment as acting assistant paymaster in the U.S.
navy, April 19, 1864, and served in the Mississippi
squadron on various vessels up to Nov. 4, 1865,
when he was honorably discharged. He estab
lished himself in the practice of law in Portland ;
was a Republican representative in the state
legislature, 1868-69 ; state senator in 1870 ; at
torney-general of the state, 1870-72, and city
solicitor of Portland, 1874-77. He was a Repub
lican representative from Maine in the 45th-55th
congresses, 1877-99, serving as speaker of the
house during the 51st, 54th and 55th congresses.
He was the minority leader in the 52d and 53d
congresses ; chairman of the committee on ways
and means, and a vigorous opponent to the free
coinage of silver. As chairman of the judiciary
committee in the 47th congress he introduced and
secured the passage of the bill distributing the
balance of the Geneva award. As speaker of
the house in the 51st congress, he introduced a
measure, afterward known as the " Reed Rules,"
for completing a quorum by ordering recorded as
present on the roll-call the names of the opposi
tion present who refused to respond to the call.
In this course he reversed the practice of the
house and brought upon himself severe criticism,
including the characterization of " Czar." The
supreme court sustained his position, and the
house adopted the rule, Feb. 14, 1890. When by
change in the house he became merely the leader
of the minority, he as skilfully fought for mi
nority rights as he had before for the majority
rule, and on financial and tariff questions his
strength was acknowledged by the opposition and
applauded by his own party. His course secured
his re-election as speaker of the 54th and 55th
congresses, but he did not agree with the admin
istration of President McKinley on the questions
growing out of the war with Spain, and rather
than embarrass his party by joining those opposed
to the expansion policy, he resigned in August,
1899, and became a member of a prominent law
firm in New York city. He received the honor
ary degree of LL.D. from Colby university in
1885, and from Bowdoin college in 1890. He is
the author of: Reed's Rules (1894), and edited
" Modern Eloquence " (10 vols. 1901), being assisted
in this work by McCarthy, Rossiter and Bergh.
His last political utterance was a paper entitled
" What Shall We Do with the Tariff ? ", published
in the North American Review, December, 1902.
He died while on a visit to Washington, D.C,
Dec. 7, 1902.
REED, William Bradford, historian and dip
lomatist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 30,
1806 ; son of Joseph and Maria Ellis (Watmough)
Reed ; grandson of Joseph and Esther (De Berdt)
Reed, and great-grandson of Andrew and Theo

dosia (Bowers) Reed. He was graduated from
the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1822, A.M.,
1825 ; accompanied Joel R. Poinsett (q.v.) to Mex
ico, serving as his private secretary, 1825-27,
and established himself in the practice of law
in Philadelphia. He was a representative in
the state legislature, 1834-35 ; attorney-general
of Pennsylvania in 1838 ; state senator in 1841 ;
vice-provost of the law academy, Philadelphia,
1840-41, and professor of American history at the
University of Pennsylvania, 1850-56. He was
U.S. minister to China, 1857-58, and negotiated
the treaty of 1860, securing to the United States
all the advantages acquired by the allies from the
Chinese. He settled in New York city, and engaged
in journalistic and literary work. He was elected a
member of the American Philosophical society
in 1856, and of the Historical Society of Penn
sylvania. The honorary degree of LL.D. was
conferred on him by Harvard in 1860. He was
twice married : first, to Louisa Whelan of Balti
more, Md. ; and, secondly, to Mary Love, daughter
of Robert Ralston of Philadelphia. He contri
buted to the press of New York city; was American
correspondent of the London Times ; edited the
works of his brother, Henry Hope Reed, and is
the author of : Life and Correspondence of Joseph
Reed (2 vols., 1847); Life of Esther De Berdt,
afterwards Esther Reed (1853); President Reed of
Pennsylvania: a Reply to George Bancroft and
Others ; A Rejoinder to Mr. Bancroft's Historical
Essay, besides pamphlets on historical subjects.
He died in New York city, Feb. 18, 1876.
REED, William Shields, educator, was born
in West Nottingham, Pa., April 21, 1778 ; son of
Adam and Martha (Shields) Reid, who emigrated
from the North of Ireland to Pennsylvania. He
was graduated at the College of New Jersey,
A.B., 1802, A.M., 1805 ; taught in the Georgetown,
D.C, academy, 1802-04 ; was professor in Hamp
den-Sidney college, Va., 1804-06, and president
of the college, as successor to Dr. Archibald
Alexander, 1806-08. Having, while engaged in
teaching, taken a course in theology under Drs.
Balch and Hoge, he was licensed to preach by the
presbytery of Winchester in 1806, and removed
to Lynchburg, Va., 1808, where he opened a
school for young ladies, which he conducted until
1848. He organized a Presbyterian church in
Lynchburg, of which he was pastor, 1822-53. He
received the honorary degree D.D. from the Col
lege of New Jersey in 1834. He died in Lynch
burg, Va., June 23, 1853.
REEDER, Andrew Horatio, governor of Kan
sas, was born at Easton, Pa., July 12, 1807; son
of Absalom and Christina (Smith) Reeder ; grand
son of John and Hannah (Marchand) Reeder and
of Leonard and Regina (Hungesser) Smith, and
a descendant of John Reeder of Norwich, Eng-

[434]

REEDER

REESE

land, who settled at Newtown, Long Island, about
1650. He attended the aoademy at Lawrence-
ville, N.J., and practised law in Easton from
1828, attaining a high position at the Pennsylvania
bar, and as a campaign orator in Democratic
political meetings. He was married, Sept. 13,
•1831, to Fredericka Amalia, daughter of Chris
tian J. and Charlotte (Bauer) Hutter of Easton.
He was appointed by President Pierce, governor
of Kansas Territory in 1854, and although in
sympathy with the policy of the administration
regarding slavery, he expressed himself as satis
fied that the admission of the institution in
Kansas would result in lawlessness, and he was
removed from office in July, 1855. He claimed
to have been elected a Free State delegate from
Kansas to the 34th congress in 1855, but his elec
tion was successfully contested by John W.
Whitfield, the incumbent delegate ; and after
his election as U.S. senator under the Topeka
constitution, which congress refused to ratify,
Mr. Reeder returned to Easton, where he sup
ported John C. Fremont, the Republican candidate
for President. He was chairman of the Republi
can state delegation to the national convention at
Chicago in 1860 ; a candidate for Vice-President
before the convention, receiving the third highest
vote, and in 1861, after having secured the ap
pointment of Simon Cameron as secretary of
war, declined a commission as brigadier-general
in the U.S. army from President Lincoln. On
Sept. 23, 1901, his portrait was presented to the
county of Northampton, by his surviving son and
daughter, on the ground that he had no military
education except that gained by his service as
captain in the state militia at Easton. He, how
ever, sent three sons to the Union army. He was
chairman of the Republican state delegation to
the Republican national convention of 1864, which
re-nominated Lincoln for President, and served
as chairman of the commission to investigate
the charges against Surgeon-General Hammond
in 1864. He died in Easton, Pa., July 5, 1864.
REEDER, William Augustus, representative,
was born in Cumberland county, Pa., Aug. 28,
1849. He removed with his parents to Ipava,
Fulton county, 111., in 1853, attended the public
schools, and taught school in Illinois, 1863-71,
and in Beloit, Kan., 1871-79. He was married,
"Aug. 18, 1876, to Eunice H. Andrews of Beloit,
and removed to Logan, Kan., where he engaged
in banking. In 1890, in partnership with A. H.
Ellis and J. J. Wiltrout, he purchased an exten
sive tract of land on the Solomon river, and
established the largest irrigation farm in the
state of Kansas. He was a Republican repre
sentative from the sixth congressional district
of Kansas in the 56th, 57th and 58th congresses,
1899-1905.

REES, John Krom, astronomer, was born in
New York city, Oct. 27, 1851 ; son of Hans and
Lucinda (Krom) Rees ; grandson of Iver Jensen
and Lena Maria Rees and of Reuben and Mary
(Dubois) Krom, and a descendant of Louis Du
Bois (1660). He was graduated from Columbia
college, A.B., 1872, A.M., 1875, and from the
Columbia School of Mines, E.M., 1875. He was
assistant in mathematics at the School of Mines,
1873-76 ; was married Sept. 7, 1876, to Louise E.,
daughter of Nathaniel and Emma (Chambers)
Sands of New York city ; was professor of math
ematics and astronomy at Washington university,
St. Louis, Mo., 1876-81 ; was recalled to Columbia
as director of the observatory in 1881, and also
served as adjunct professor of geodesy and prac
tical astronomy, 1882-84 ; and professor, 1884-92,
being transferred to the chair of astronomy in
1892. He was chairman of the board of editors
of the School of Mines Quarterly, 1883-90. He
prepared with Prof. Harold Jacoby (q.v.) and
Dr. Herman S. Davis as assistants, an account of
the seven years' campaign (1893-1900) with the
Royal Observatory of Naples (M. Fergola, direc
tor), for the purpose of determining the varia
tions of latitude, and the constant of aberration,
the result of this work being published by the
New York Academy of Sciences as a volume of
the Annals of the Academy (1903) : and under
his general direction the measurements and re
duction of the C M. Rutherfurd star plates were
carried out by Professor Jacoby and the Observa
tory computing staff, and also published by the
Academy (1892-1903). In 1900 he completed ar
rangements for the mounting of a fixed telescope
at Helsingfors, Finland, adapted for photograph
ing star plates about the North Pole, according
to a plan suggested by Professor Jacoby. For
astronomical work done, the degree of Ph.D. was
conferred on him by Columbia in 1895. He was
president of the New York Academy of Sciences,
1894-96 ; secretary of the American Metrological
society, 1882-96, being made vice-president in
1896 ; vice-president of the American Mathemati
cal society, 1890-91 ; secretary of the University
Council of Columbia university, 1892-98 ; a fellow
of the Royal Astronomical society of London and
a member of the Astronomische Gesellschaft.
He received from the French government in
January, 1901, the decoration of the Legion of
Honor. REESE, William Brown, jurist and educator,
was born in Jefferson county, Tenn., Nov. 19,
1793 ; son of James Reese, a pioneer settler of
East Tennessee (then Washington county, N.C.)
and a representative in the legislature of the
proposed state of Franklin, 1785-87. William B.
Reese attended the preparatory school of the Rev.
Dr. Henderson, and Blount college, and was

[435]

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REEVE

i |

wwm

Ha-***

graduated from Greeneville college, Tenn., about
1814. He was admitted to the bar in 1817, and
practised at Knoxville, Tenn. He was president
of the East Tennes
see Historical society,
1830-59 ; chancellor
of the eastern district
• of Tennessee, 1831-35,
succeeding Nathan
Green, resigned, and
in 1835 was unani
mously elected by the
legislature a judge of
the supreme court,
serving on the bench
until 1847, when his
term expired, and he
became a candidate
for U.S. senator, but
was defeated by John
Bell. He became president of East Tennessee
university in 1850, as successor to President East-
brook, resigned, and Judge Reese resigned in
1853. He advocated the building of a canal to
one of the South Atlantic ports, and was in
terested in the introduction of railroads in his
native state. He received the honorary degree
of LL.D. from East Tennessee university, 1845.
He died near Knoxville, Tenn. , July 7, 1859.
REESE, William Smythe, educator, was born
in Pipestone, Mich., May 18, 1850 ; a descendant of
the Reeses and Rulisons of the Schoharie Valley,
N.Y. He attended the schools of Berrien county,
and was graduated from Otterbein university,
Westerville, Ohio, Ph.B., 1885, Ph.M., 1888. He
was married, June 11, 1874, to Amy M., daughter
of David and Mary Johnson of Westerville, Ohio,
and engaged in farming. He entered the min
istry of the United Brethren church, in 1886 ;
was ordained in 1888, and was pastor at Marion,
Ohio, and at Avalon, Mo. He was professor of
mathematics at Avalon college, 1887-89, and at
Western college, Toledo, Iowa, 1889-94 ; was
president of York college, Nebraska, 1894-97 ; was
elected president of Westfield college, Illinois, in
1897, serving as professor of mental and moral sci
ence there, 1897-1900, as professor of philosophy,
1900-02, and as professor of mathematics and ped
agogy from 1902. The honorary degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by York college in 1900.
REEVE, Charles McCormick, lawyer, was
born in Dansville, N.Y., Aug. 7, 1847 ; son of
Gen. Isaac V. D. and Elizabeth (Mann) Reeve ;
grandson of Isaac and Harriet (Howell) Reeve,
and of Joshua and Elizabeth (Hurlbert) Shepard,
and a descendant of James Reeve, who came to
Southold, L.I., in 1640, from England ; Ralph
Shepard, who came from Stepney Parish, Eng
land, in 1634, and settled in Massachusetts, and

Edward Howell, who came from England in
1635, and settled on Long Island, N.Y. Heat
tended Canandaigua academy, was graduated
from Yale, A.B., 1870, A.M., 1873, and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1872. He was married, June
4, 1873, to Christine, daughter of James and
Helen (Wetherbee) Lawrence, and established
himself in practice in Minneapolis. He was a
representative in the state legislature in 1890.;
was sent to Russia during the famine of 1892 as a
relief commissioner from Minnesota and Ne
braska, and was secretary of the World's Fair
commission, 1891-93. At the outbreak of the
Spanish-American war he was appointed colonel
of the 13th Minnesota volunteers, May 7, 1898 ;
was promoted brigadier-general, U.S.V., Aug. 13,
1898, for gallant and meritorious service in the
battle of Manila, and served as deputy provost-
marshal and 1st American chief-of-police of
Manila. He was appointed warden of the Min
nesota State prison, Dec. 1, 1899. He is the
author of How We Went, and What We Saw
(1890). REEVE, Tapping, jurist, was born in Brook-
haven, L.I., in October, 1744; son of the Rev.
Abner Reeve, a minister of Long Island, and
afterward of Vermont, who lived to be one
hundred and four years old, preaching his last
sermon when one hundred and two years of age.
He was graduated from the College of New
Jersey, A.B., 1763, A.M., 1766; taught school at
Elizabeth, N.J. , being joint headmaster of a
flourishing institution, 1763-67, and at the same
time was a tutor to Aaron and Sarah (children of
the Rev. Aaron) Burr. He was a tutor at the
College of New Jersey, 1767-70 ; married Sarah
Burr in 1771, when she was seventeen years of
age ; studied law with Judge Root, and in 1772
established himself in practice in Litchfield, Conn.
Owing to his wife's invalidism he could not take
up active service in the Revolutionary war,
although an ardent patriot. In December, 1776,
however, he was appointed by the Connecticut
assembly a member of the committee (as was
Oliver Ellsworth, his classmate at college) to go
through the state and rouse the people to aid the
desperate Continental army by enlistments. He
himself took a commission as an officer, and got
as far as New York with the new volunteers,
when the news of the battles of Trenton and
Princeton, and Washington's altered fortunes
reached him, and he immediately returned to his
invalid wife. In 1784 he founded a law school
in Litchfield, in which he was the only instructor
till 1798, when James Gduld became associated
with him, the school of Reeve and Gould becom
ing the most prominent of its kind in the country.
His wife died, March 30, 1797, leaving one son,
Aaron Burr Reeve, born Oct. 3, 1780 ; graduated

[436]

REEVES

REHN

at Yale. 1802 ; married Annabella Sheldon of New
York, Nov. 21, 1808 ; settled as a lawyer at Troy,
N.Y., and died there, Sept. 1, 1809, leaving a son,
Tapping Burr Reeve, who died at Litchfield,
Aug. 28, 1829, age 20 years, while a student at
Yale. Annabella Reeve, after the death of her
first husband, married David T. Burr of New
Haven, and removed to Richmond, Va. Judge
Reeve was married a second time in 1799, and
this wife, who survived him, had no children.
He was a judge of the superior court of Con
necticut, 1798-1814 ; chief justice of the supreme
court, 1814, and a Federalist representative in the
state legislature for several years. The honorary
degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Middle
bury college, Vt. , in 1808, and by the College of
New Jersey in 1813. He is the author of : The
Law of Baron and Femme (1816 ; 2d ed., 1846 ;
3ded., 1862); Law of Parent and Child (1816);
Law of Guardian and Ward (1816); Law of Mas
ter and Servant (1816 ; 2d ed., 1862); Treatise on
the Law of Descents in the United States of
America (1825), and Essays on the Legal Import
of the Terms, Heirs, Heirs of the Body Issue, Etc.
The best biographical sketch of him is found in the
funeral sermon preached over him by his pastor,
the Rev. Lyman Beecher, and published in the
Christian Spectator for 1887, pp. 62-71. He died
in Litchfield, Conn., Dec. 13, 1823.
REEVES, Walter, representative, was born
near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 1848 ; son of
Harrison and Maria (Leonard) Reeves ; grandson
of Samuel and Martha (Palmer) Reeves, and of
Benjamin and Mary Leonard. He removed to
Illinois in 1856, and engaged in farming, later
becoming a teacher. He was admitted to the
bar in 1875, and practised in the courts of
Illinois. He was married, June 27, 1876, to
Marietta M., daughter of Lucius and Catherine
(Warner) Cogswell of New Milford, Conn. He
was a Republican representative from the
eleventh district of Illinois in the 54th, 55th,
56th and 57th congresses, 1895-1903. As a mem
ber of the committee on rivers and harbors he
devoted his energies to the internal development
of the country. He also proposed and prepared
the legislation under which President McKinley
appointed the Isthmian Canal commission which
investigated the Panama and Nicaraguan routes
for the inter-oceanic canal. In the 57th congress
he was chairman of the committee on patents.
REHAN, Ada, actress, was born in Limerick,
Ireland, April 22, 1860 ; daughter of Thomas
and Harriet Crehan. She immigrated to the
United States with her parents in 1804, and set
tled in Brooklyn, N.Y., where she attended the
public schools until 1873. She made her first
public appearance on the stage in Newark, N.J. ,
in 1873, taking the part of an actress in the

company of Oliver Dond Byron, then producing
"Across the Continent." She succeeded so well
that her parents decided upon her adopting the
profession, which was followed by her older sisters
as well. She studied for one year, and then
played in support of Edwin Booth, Adelaide
Neilson, John McCullough, Mrs. D. P. Bowers,
John T. Raymond and Lawrence Barrett in the
roles of Ophelia, Desdemona, Celia, Olivia and
other Shakesperian characters, in Philadelphia,
Baltimore, Albany, and Louisville stock com
panies. She declined the offer of leading lady in
Edwin Booth's company to engage with Augus-
tin Daly in 1878, and in 1879 made her appear
ance under his management at Daly's theatre,
New York city, as Nelly Beers in " Love's Young
Dream" and as Lulu Ten Eyck in "Divorce."
She became very successful in such comedy roles
as Katherine in "The Taming of the Shrew,"
Rosalind in " As You Like It ; " the Countess Vera
in •' The Last Word ; " and the principal female
characters in " Cinderella at School ; " " Needles
and Pins ; " "A Wooden Spoon ; " "The Railroad
of Love ; " " After Business Hours ; " " Our Eng
lish Friends," and "The Country Girl." She
achieved remarkable success in Daly's company
in London and Paris, and remained under the one
manager until his death in 1899, when she retired
from the stage.
REHN, Frank Knox Morton, artist, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., April 12, 1848 ; son of Pro
fessor Isaac and Abigail Francis (Zelly) Rehn :
grandson of James and Susanna (Asy) Zelly, and
a descendant of immigrants from Holland. He
attended the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
under Christian Schussell, and engaged in por
trait, landscape, marine, still-life and figure
painting. He was married, Dec. 1, 1881, to Mar
garet Selby, daughter of George C and Margaret
(Rackliffe) Bower of Philadelphia, and removed to
New York city, where he opened a studio. He ex
hibited at the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts
and the National Academy of Design, New York
city, and was awarded the first prize for marine
painting at the St. Louis exposition in 1882 ; a prize
of $250 at a water-color competitive exhibition
held in New York in 1885, a gold medal at the prize
fund exhibition at New York in 1886, honorable
mention at the Paris exposition, 1900, and a silver
medal at the Pan-American, 1901, and South Caro
lina, 1902, expositions. He was made associate
National Academician, a member of the American
Water Color society, and of the New YorkWater
Color club. Among his most famous paintings
are : Tlie Turkish Harem ; Looking down on the
Sea from the Rocks at Magnolia, Mass. (1885);
Tlie Missing Vessel ; The Close of a Summer Day
(1887); Evening, Gloucester Harbor (1887); and
the Derelict (1892) .

[437]

REICHEL

REID

REICHEL, Charles Gotthold, Moravian bishop,
was born in Hermsdorf, Silesia, July 14, 1751 ;
son of the Rev. C R. Reichel, a Lutheran min
ister. He was educated in the Moravian college
at Nisby, and in the theological seminary at
Gradenfeld, Germany, and came to the United
States in 1784 to take charge of the boys' mili
tary boarding school at Nazareth, Pa., founded
by Francis Christian Lembke in 1759. Under
Reichel's administration the school was greatly
increased, and he resigned the principalship in
1801 to receive consecration to the episcopacy of
the Moravian church. He served as presiding
bishop of the southern district, residing in Salem,
N.C, until 1811, when he was transferred to the
northern district, and resided in Bethlehem, Pa.
He was present at the general synod at Herrn-
hut, Saxony, in 1818, after which he resigned his
appointment and continued to live in Germany.
He received the honorary degree of D.D. from
the Univei'sity of North Carolina in 1811. He
died at Niesky, Prussia, April 18, 1825.
REICHEL, Levin Theodore, Moravian bishop,
was born in Bethlehem, Pa., March 4, 1812 ; son
of Bishop Charles Gotthold Reichel (q.v.). He
went with his parents to Saxony in 1818 ; was
educated in the Moravian college at Nisby and in
the theological seminary in Gradenfeld, Germany,
and returned to the United States in 1834. He
taught for three years at Nazareth Hall, Pa.,
and subsequently in the theological seminary
at Bethlehem ; served as preacher in Schceneck,
Emmaus and Nazareth, and was principal of
Nazareth Hall, 1849-53. He was pastor at Lititz,
Pa., 1853-54, and served as president of the pro
vincial board of the southern district, 1854-57,
residing at Salem, N.C. He was president ofthe
general synod at Herrnhut in 1858, and was made
a member of the mission board, which position he
continued to hold throughout his life. He was
consecrated bishop, July 7, 1869, and as such
visited the West Indies and Labrador. He was
the founder and for several years editor of
Das Bruder Blatt, the pioneer German Moravian
publication in the United States, and is the
author of : History of Nazareth Hall (1855); Tlie
Moravians in North Carolina (1857); Missions-
Atlas der Bruder-Kirehe (1860), and an unfinish
ed history of the American branch of the Morav
ian church. He died near Herrnhut, Saxony,
May 23, 1878.
REICHEL, William Cornelius, author, was
born in Salem, N.C, May 9, 1824 ; son of the Rev.
G. Benjamin Reichel, principal of the Salem
Female academy, and grandson of Bishop Charles
Gotthold Reichel (q.v.). Heattended Nazareth
Hall, Pa., and was graduated from the Moravian
Theological seminary in 1844. He was tutor at
Nazareth Hall, 1844-48 ; taught school in Beth

lehem, Pa., 1848-58 ; was professor in the Morav
ian Theological seminary, 1858-62 ; principal of
Linden seminary, Lititz, Pa., 1862-68, and pro
fessor of Latin and natural sciences in the Young
Ladies' seminary, Bethlehem, Pa., 1868-76. He
was ordained to the diaconate in 1862, and to the
priesthood in May, 1864. He is the author of
many books on the early history of the Moravian
church, including: History of Nazareth Hall (1855);
History of the Bethlehem Female Seminary 1785-
1858 (1858); Moravianism in New York and Connec
ticut (1860) ; Memorials of the Moravian Church
(1870) ; Wyalusing and the Moravian Mission at
Friedenshuetten (1871); Names which the Lenni
Lennape or Delaware Indians give to Rivers,
Streams and Localities ivithin the States of Penn
sylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia,
with their Significations (1872); A Red Rose from
the Olden Time (1872); The Crown Inn near
Bethlehem, Pa., 1745 (1872) ; Tim Old Sun Inn at
Bethlhem, Pa., 1758 (1873); A Register of Mem
bers of the Moravian Church 1727 to 1754 (1873) ;
and a revised edition of John Heckewelder's
History of the Indian Nations (1876). He died in
Bethlehem. Pa., Oct. 15, 1876.
REID, David Settle, senator, was born in
Rockingham county, N.C, April 19, 1813 ; son of
Reuben Reid. He attended the public school;
was admitted to the bar in 1834, and opened a
law office in Wentworth. He was a member of
the state senate, 1835-42 ;
a Democratic representative
from the third North Carolina
district in the 28th and 29th .
congresses, 1843-47 ; was de
feated for governor of the
state in 1848, by Charles
Manly, Whig, and was gov
ernor for two terms, 1851-54, and was U.S. senator
from North Carolina, from Dec. 11, 1854, to March
3, 1859, serving as chairman of the committee on
patents and the patent office. He was a delegate
to the Peace convention that met in Washington,
D.C, in February, 1861. He married a daughter
ofthe Hon. Thomas Settle (q.v.). He died in
Wentworth, N.C, June 19, 1891.
REID, John Morrison, educator, was born in
New York city, May 30, 1820 ; son of John and
Jane (Morrison) Reid. He was graduated from
the University of the City of New York, A.B.,
1839, A.M., 1842, and was a teacher and principal
of the Mechanics' Institute school, New York
city, 1839-44. He entered the ministry of the
Methodist Episcopal church in 1844 ; was pastor
at Wolcottsville, Conn., 1844-45; New Hartford,
Conn., 1840; Jamaica, N.Y., 1847-49'; Birming
ham, Conn., 1849-50; Middletown, Conn., 1851-
52 ; Seventh street, N.Y., 1853-54 ; Brooklyn,
N.Y., 1855-56, and Bridgeport, Conn., 1857. He

[438]

REID

REID

was president of Genesee college, Lima, N.Y.,
1858-64 ; editor of the Western Christian Advo
cate, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1864-68 ; editor of the
Northwestern Christian Advocate, Chicago, 1868-
72 ; secretary of the Missionary Society of the
M. E. Church, 1872-88, and honorary secretary
1888-96 ; delegate to the general conference, 1856-
88, and to the Ecumenical Methodist conference,
London, England, 1881. He was married first,
Nov. 14, 1844, to Ann Mason of New York city ;
and secondly, May 3, 1848, to Caroline S. , daughter
of Thomas B. Fanton of Redding, Conn. He
received the degrees, A.M., from Wesleyan uni
versity in 1858, D.D., from the University of the
City of New York in 1858, and LL.D. from Syra
cuse university in 1881. He is the author of:
Missions and Missionary Society of the Methodist
Episcopal Church (2 vols., 1883) ; Doomed Relig
ions (1883), and many religious tracts and pamph
lets. He died in New York city, May 16, 1896.
REID, Robert Raymond, governor of Florida,
was born in Prince William parish, S.C, Sept. 8,
1789. He was educated at South Carolina college,
and in early life removed to Augusta, Ga. , where
he was admitted to the bar in 1810. He was
judge of the Georgia superior court, 1816-18 and
1823-25 ; a Democratic representative in the 15th
congress, completing the term of John Forsyth,
elected to the U.S. senate, and in the 16th and
17th congresses, serving from Feb. 18, 1819, to
March 3, 1823. He was mayor of Augusta, 1827-
30 ; judge of the superior court for the district
of East Florida, 1832-39 ; governor of the terri
tory of Florida, 1839-41, and presiding officer
of the state constitutional convention held at
St. Joseph, Fla., from Dec. 3, 1838, to Jan. 11,
1839. He was married in 1811 to Anna Marga
retta McLaws of Augusta, Ga. ; secondly, May 8,
1829, to Elizabeth Napier Delphia Virginia Ran
dolph of Columbia county, Ga. ; and thirdly,
Nov. 6, 1837, to Mary Martha, daughter of Capt.
James Smith of Camden county, Ga. He died
near Tallahassee, Fla., July 1, 1841.
REID, Sam Chester, author, was born in New-
York city, Oct. 21, 1818 ; son of Capt. Samuel
Chester (q.v.) and Mary (Jennings) Reid. He
shippedTiefore the mast in 1834, and was attached
to the U.S. survey of the Ohio river in 1838. He
settled in Natchez, Miss., in 1839 ; studied law
with Gen. John A. Quitman, and practised in
Natchez, 1841-44, where he was U.S. deputy
marshal. He removed to Louisiana in 1844, and
served during the war with Mexico in Capt. Ben
McCulloch's company of Texas Rangers, being
mentioned for meritorious services and dis
tinguished " gallantry at Monterey. He was a
member of the editorial staff of the New Orleans
Picayune in 1849, and was a delegate to the
national railroad convention at Memphis, Tenn.,

to decide upon a line to the Pacific. He declined
appointment of U.S. minister to Italy in 1857,
and during the civil war he was the Confederate
war correspondent for a number of southern
newspapers. He resumed his law practice in
1865, and was married in July, 1866, to Josephine
Rowen of Kentucky. In 1874 he established the
Mississippi Valley and Brazil steamship company
at St. Louis, Mo. He lectured in the principal
cities of the south on " The Restoration of South
ern Trade and Commerce," and is the author of :
The U.S. Bankrupt Laic of I84I, with a Synopsis
and Notes (1842) ; The Scouting Expeditions of
McCulloch's Texas Rangers (1847); The Battle of
Chickamauga, a Concise History of Events from
the Evacuation of Chattanooga (1863), and The
Daring Raid of Gen. John II. Morgan in Ohio,
His Capture and Wonderful Escape with Capt.
T. Henry Hines (1864). He edited : Tlie Case of
the Private- Armed Brig-of-War, General Arm
strong (1857), and Life and Times of Col. Aaron
Burr, a Vindication, which was never published,
the manuscript being destroyed by fire in 1850.
He died in Washington, D.C, Aug. 13, 1897.
REID, Samuel Chester, naval officer, was
born in Norwich, Conn., Aug. 25, 1783 ; second
son of Lieut. John and Rebecca (Chester) Reid,
and grandson of Lord John Reid of Glasgow,
Scotland, and of John Chester of Norwich. His
father was an officer
in the Royal navy :
was taken prisoner at
New London, Conn.,
in October, 1778, and
afterward resigned
his commission and
espoused the Ameri
can cause. Samuel
Chester Reid went to
sea in 1794, and en
tered the U.S. navy
as midshipman on
the sloop-of-war Bal
timore, under Com
modore Truxton . He
was married in New
York city, June 8, 1813, to Mary, daughter of
Capt. ¦ Nathan Jennings of Fairfield, Conn. He
was commissioned captain by President Mad
ison, and given command of the brigantine,
General Armstrong, fitted out as a privateer
and on Sept. 9, 1814, he ran the blockade of
British war-ships off Sandy Hook, New York
harbor. He arrived at the island of Fayal,
Azores, and while there, the British brig-of-war
Carnation, the frigate Rosa, and the ship-of-the-
line Plantagenet entered the bay. After a fruit
less effort to escape, Reid cleared his decks for
action, and was attacked by the British in small

[4391

REID

REID

boats, which he drove back. At midnight a
second attack was made, and after a hand to
hand flght, the British were repulsed with great
slaughter, and retreated in their boats. In forty
minutes, the British loss amounted to over 120
killedand 130 wounded. On Sept. 27, the Carna
tion weighed anchor and stood close in for the
General Armstrong, opening a heavy fire. This
fire was returned with wonderful effect, the
maintopmast of the Carnation going by the
board, the hull and rigging being much cut up,
and the vessel forced to retire. The British fleet
then determined to use its entire force against
the Armstrong, and finding further resistance
futile, Captain Reid set a fuse to his magazine
and with his crew went ashore. Captain Lloyd
perceiving the desertion of the Armstrong sent
two armed boats to seize her just as she blew up.
In the three engagements, the British loss was
210 killed and 140 wounded, while the American
loss was but two killed and seven wounded.
When Captain Lloyd demanded the American
crew from the governor of Fayal as prisoners of
war, Reid took refuge in a deserted convent,
about half a mile in the interior, fortified it, ran
up the American flag and the British fleet soon
left for New Orleans. The news of the battle
reached the United States in November, 1814,
and was received with great demonstrations.
The battle undoubtedly saved the newly acquired
territory of Louisiana from falling into the hands
of the British, for at this time the balance of the
British naval force was waiting at Jamaica for
the arrival of Lloyd's squadron to attack New
Orleans, but the delay caused by the encounter
with Captain Reid enabled General Jackson to
prepare the city for defence, and resulted in the
victory of Jan. 8, 1815. The battle of Fayal was
the last naval engagement of the war of 1812,
and on Nov. 15, 1814, Captain Reid with his
officers and crew were landed at St. Mary, Fla.
He received ovations at every city through which
he passed from Savannah to New York, state
legislatures passing resolutions of thanks for
gloriously maintaining the honor of the Ameri
can flag. New York state voted him a gold
sword, which was presented, Nov. 25, 1816, by
Governor Tompkins, and the citizens of New
York city presented him with a silver service.
He declined promotion to past captain in the
navy, but accepted the position of harbor master
of New York. He invented and erected the first
marine telegraph between the highlands of the
Navesink, N.J., and the Battery, New York
city ; re-organized and perfected regulations for
governing the pilots of New York, designating
the pilot boats by numerals ; published a national
code' of signals for all vessels belonging to the
United States, and established the lightship off

Sandy Hook. In 1826 he invented a new system
of land telegraphs by means of which he satis
factorily demonstrated that a message could be
sent from Washington to New Orleans in two
hours. A bill was before congress for its adop
tion, when it was superseded by Morse's inven
tion. Captain Reid also designed the United
States flag with thirteen stripes to represent the
thirteen original states, providing that the re
spective states be represented by a star in the
union of blue, and suggested that the stars be
formed into one grand star symbolizing the
national motto " E Pluribus Unum." The design
was accepted in a bill which became a law by
the signature of President Monroe, April 4, 1818.
The first flag, as designed by Captain Reid, was
made in silk by Mrs. Reid and her young friends,
each of whom embroidered her name in the
centre of- a star, and on April 13, 1818, it was
hoisted on the flag-staff of the National House
of Representatives. Captain Reid re-entered the
U.S. navy in 1842, and was retired in 1856. His
son was Sam Chester Reid (q.v.). One daughter,
Mary Isabel, married Count Luigi Palma di Ces-
nola (q.v.), and another, Louise Gouverneur,
married John Savage, the journalist (q.v.). He
died in New York city, Jan. 28, 1861, his last
words being " Soon I shall solve the great mystery
of life."
REID, Whitelaw, editor, was born near
Xenia, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1837 ; son of Robert Charl
ton and Marian (Ronalds) Reid, and a grandson
of James Reid, a Scotch covenanter, who emi
grated to America in 1783, and after residence
till 1800 in Western
Pennsylvania and
Fayette county, Ken
tucky, became a foun
der of the town of
Xenia, Ohio. White-
law Reid was gradu
ated at Miami uni
versity, A.B., 1856,
A.M., 1859; taught
school, 1856-58 ; ed
ited the Xenia News,
1858-59 ; was cor
respondent for the
Cincinnati Gazette
and Cleveland Herald
in Columbus, Ohio ;
city editor of the Cincinnati Gazette in 1861 ;
war correspondent, 1861-62 ; served as aide-
de-camp on the staffs of Thomas A. Morris
and W. S. Rosecrans in the two Western Vir
ginia campaigns, and was with Grant at the
battle of Shiloh. He was Washington and war
correspondent of the Gazette, 1862-68, and finally
one of its proprietors and editors ; served as

[440]

REID

REILLY

clerk of the military committee of the 37th con
gress, 1862-63 ; was librarian of the U.S. house
of representatives, 1863-66, and engaged in
cotton planting in Concordia Parish, La., 1866-
67. He became an editorial writer on the New
York Tribune by invitation from Horace Greeley
in 1868 ; managing editor in 1869, editor-in-chief
in 1872, artd chief proprietor on the death of
Mr. Greeley. He declined the office of U.S.
minister to Germany tendered by President
Hayes in 1877, and by President Garfield in
1881 ; served as U.S. minister to France by ap
pointment from President Harrison, 1889-92;
was chairman of the New York Republican
state convention in 1892, and the Republican
nominee for vice-president of the United States
on the ticket with Benjamin Harrison in 1892.
He was appointed by President McKinley special
ambassador of the United States to Queen Vic
toria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897 ; was a member
of the Peace commission to Paris, negotiating
the treaty with Spain in 1898, and special ambas
sador of the United States to the coronation of
Edward VII. of England in 1902. He was chosen
a life regent of the New York State university
by the legislature in 1876, and its vice chancellor
in 1902; was president of the Lotus club for four
teen years, and a member of the Century asso
ciation, the University, Grolier, Metropolitan,
Union League, Republican, Tuxedo and Riding
clubs, and of the Ohio, New England, St. An
drew's and American Geographical societies. Pie
was also a director of numerous financial and
charitable corporations, an honorary member of
the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New
York, and a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum.
He was married, April 26, 1881, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Darius Ogden and Jane Templeton
(Cunningham) Mills of New York. He is the
author of : After the War, a Southern Tour
(1867); Ohio in the Civil War (1868); Schools of
Journalism (1870); Newspaper Tendencies (.1874);
Town Hall Suggestions (1881); Two Speeches at
the Queen's Jubilee (1897); Some Consequences of
the Last Treaty of Paris (1899) ; Our New Duties
(1899); Later Aspects of Our New Duties (1899);
A Continental Union (1900); Our New Interests
(1900) ; Pi-oblems of Expansion (1900); a biogra
phical and memorial sketch of Horace Greeley,
and many other published speeches and contri
butions to periodical literature. He received the
honorary degree A.M. from the University of the
City of New York in 1872, and from Dartmouth
in 1873, and LL.D. from Miami in 1890, from
Princeton in 1899, from Yale at the Bi-Centen-
nial in 1901, and from the University of Cam
bridge, England, in 1902.
REID, William Thomas, educator, was born
near Jacksonville, 111., Nov. 8, 1843 ; son of George

Washington and Martha Elizabeth (Williams)
Reid, and grandson of Stephen Holland and
Mary (Prattler) Reid and of William White and
Lydia (Williams) Whitehurst Williams of Vir
ginia. From his father's death in 1850 until 1859
he worked on his grandfather's farm. He at
tended Illinois college, 1859-61, enlisted in the
68th Illinois volunteers as sergeant in April, 1861,
and served near Alexandria, Va. He w;as grad
uated from Harvard, A.B., 1868, A.M., 1872, and
was principal of the high school at Newport,
R.I., 1868-71, meanwhile studying law, which he
finally abandoned. He was married, Aug. 16,
1870, to Julia, daughter of Maro McLean and
Elizabeth (Lathrop) Reed, of Jacksonville, 111.
He was assistant to Dr. Francis Gardner, head
master of the Boston Latin school, 1871-73 ; super
intendent of the public schools of Brookline,
Mass., 1873-75, and principal of the Boys' high
school at San Francisco, Cal., 1875-81. He was
elected president of the University of California
at Berkeley in 1881, succeeding Dr. John LeConte,
and filled the office until 1885, when he resigned,
and founded and opened the Belmont School in
Belmont, San Mateo county, Cal.
REILLY, James B., representative, was born
in West Brunswig township, Schuylkill, Pa., Aug.
12, 1845. He was graduated from the Pottsville
high school in 1862 ; was admitted to the bar,
Jan. 11, 1869, and established himself in practice
in Pottsville. He was district attorney of Schuyl
kill county, 1871-75 ; a Democratic representative
in the 44th and 45th congresses, 1875-79 ; a
delegate to the Democratic national convention
in 1880 ; law judge of his county, 1881-83, and a
representative from the thirteenth district in the
51st, 52d and 53d congresses, 1889-95. He was
defeated for the 54th congress in 1894, by Charles
N. Brown, Republican.
REILLY, James William, soldier, was born in
Akron, Ohio, May 21, 1828 ; son of Thomas Reilly.
He attended Mt. St. Mary's college, Emmittsburg,
Md. ; was admitted to the bar, and in 1861 was
elected a representative from Columbiana county
in the Ohio legislature. He enlisted in the Ohio
volunteers ; was commissioned colonel, 104 Ohio ;
joined Gen. Lew Wallace's division at Covington,
Ky., Sept. 2, 1862, and with him marched to
Lexington. He served in the army of the Ohio
under Gen. H. G. Wright and later under General
Burnside, and in August, 1863, moved upon Knox
ville, Tenn.; fought at Cumberland Gap, Tenn.;
was ordered to organize and command the eastern
Tennessee recruits and formed them into the 1st
brigade, 3d division, 23d army corps. He fought
at the battle of Knoxville, Dec. 4, 1863 ; joined
in the pursuit of Longstreet, and remained in
eastern Tennessee until April, 1864, when under
Schofield, he marched to Dalton, Tenn. The

[441]

REILLY

REINHART

army of the Ohio participated in Sherman's march
to Atlanta, and July 30, 1864, during the opera
tions before Atlanta, Colonel Reilly was promoted
brigadier-general. When General Hood began
to threaten Sherman's communications, Schofield
was sent back with the 23d corps, and Nov. 30,
1864, at Franklin, Tenn., was attacked by Hood.
General Reilly 's brigade was in reserve and after
the Confederates had entered the fortifications
and routed some raw troops, Reilly charged, re
stored the Federal line, and captured 1000 pris
oners and twenty-two colors. From that point
the corps moved to Nashville where it joined
Thomas and participated in the battle of Decem
ber 15-16, General Reilly handling his brigade
with valor and coolness. He commanded the
third division in Cox's corps (the 23d) which he
led in the battle of Bentonville, N.C, March 18,
1865. He resigned his commission, April 20, 1865,
and practiced law in Wellsville, Ohio, where he
was still living in 1903.
REILY, James, diplomatist and soldier, was
born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1811. He was
graduated from Miami university, Ohio, A.B.,
1829, A.M., 1S32; was admitted to the bar, and
practised in Houston, Texas. He was a represen
tative from Harris county to the congress of the
Republic, 1840-41 ; minister to the United States
until the annexation of Texas, 1345, and com
manded a Texas volunteer regiment during the
Mexican war, 1846-47. He served as colonel of the
4th Texas cavalry, Confederate States army, par
ticipating in the invasion of New Mexico, 1862,
and was sent on a diplomatic mission to Mexico in
the same year. At Galveston, Texas, he was in
command of Gen. W. C. Scurry's and H. H.
Sibley's brigades, under Maj. -Gen. J. P. Magruder,
when three companies of the 42d Massachusetts
regiment, Col. Isaac S. Burrell, were taken prison
ers, Jan. 1, 1863, and he prevented the Federal
troops from taking possession of the city. His
brigade, concealed by the woods, delayed the
advance of General Grover from Red River to
Madame Porter's plantation, March 13, 1863,
previous to the capture of Port Hudson. While
leading his regiment with conspicuous gallantry
at Franklin, La., he was killed, April 13, 1863.
REINHART, Benjamin Franklin, artist, was
born near Waynesburg, Pa., Aug. 29, 1829. His
first paternal ancestor in America came from
' Loraine to Pennsylvania in 1704. He took les
sons in oil painting in Pittsburg, Pa., as early as
1844 ; attended the National Academy of Design
in New York city, 1847-50 ; studied in Rome,
Paris and Diisseldorf, 1850-53, making a specialty
of historical and genre painting ; opened a studio
in New York city in 1853 ; resided in England,
1860-68, where he painted portraits of royalty,
and celebrities; re-opened his studio in New

York city in 1868, and was elected an associate
of the National Academy in 1871. He first exhib
ited at the National Academy in 1847, and his
works, many of which were engraved, include:
Cleopatra (1865); Evangeline (1877); Pocahontas
(1877); Katrina Van Tassel (1878); Washington
receiving the Neivs of Arnold's Treason (1875) ;
Consolation (1875); After the Crucifixion (1875);
Nymphs of the Wood (1879)) ; Young Franklin
and Sir William Keith (1884) ; 27te .Regatta (1884);
Tlie Pride of the Village (1884); Capt. Kidd
and the Governor (1884), and Baby Mine (1884).
The subjects of his portraits include : The Princess
of Wales, the Duchess of Newcastle, the Count
ess of Portsmouth, Lady Vane Tempest, Lord
Brougham, John Phillip, R.A. , Thomas Carlyle,
Lord Tennyson, Mark Lemon, Charles O'Connor,
George M. Dallas, James Buchanan, Edwin M.
Stanton, Gen. Winfield Scott, John C Breckin
ridge, Stephen A. Douglas and Sam Houston.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa.. May 3, 1885.
REINHART, Charles Stanley, artist, was born
in Pittsburg, Pa., May 16, 1844; son of Aaron Grant-
ley and Catherine (McHenry) Reiuhart, and
nephew of Benjamin Franklin Reinhart (q.v.).
He attended Sewickley academy near Pittsburg ;
as a telegraph operator, in the transportation
department of the Army of the Potomac. 1861-64,
and clerk in a steel manufactory in Pittsburg,
1864-67. He studied at the Atelier Suisse, Paris,
in 1867, and at the Royal Academy, Munich, under
Echter and Otto, 1868-70, and settled in New
York city as an illustrator in 1870. He was
married, Nov.' 19, 1873, to Emilie, daughter of
Emil Varet of New York city. He was employed
by Harper and Brothers, 1871-77 ; worked in
dependently in New York, 1877-81, and opened a
studio in Paris in 1881, where he resided until
1891, when he returned to New York city. He
was a member of the National Academy of Design,
of the Society of American Artists, of the Ameri
can Water Color society, the New York Etching,
Players and Salmagundi clubs, and the Century
association. He received honorable mention at
the Paris Salon of 1887 for Washed Ashore, and
the first gold medal at the Academy of Fine Arts,
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1888 ; the first gold medal
and silver medals at the Paris Salon of 1889 ; first
honor at the exposition at Adelaide, Australia, in
1887, and two medals at the World's Columbian
exposition, Chicago, 111., in 1893. He was best
known as an illustrator in black and white, was
the pioneer in the modern style of designing for
books and magazine illustrations, and contributed
illustrations to both foreign and home publica
tions. His color work in oil includes : Clearing
Up (1875) ; Caught Napping (1875) ; Reconnoitring
(1876) ; Rebuke (1877) ; September Morning (1879);
Old Life Boat (1880); Coast of Normandy (1882);

[442]

REINKE

REMINGTON

In a Garden (1883); Mussel Fisher-woman (1884);
Flats at Villerville (1884) ; Sunday (1885); English
Garden (1886); Fisherman at Villerville (1886);
Rising Tide (1888) , purchased by Paris exposition
in 1889 ; Awaiting the Absent (1888), and his water
colors, Gathering Wood (1877); Close of Day
(1877) ; At the Ferry (1878) The Spanish Barber
(1884). He died in New York city, Aug. 30, 1896.
REINKE, Amadeus Abraham, Moravian
bishop, was born in Lancaster, Pa., March 11,
1822 ; son of Samuel Reinke, bishop at Bethlehem,
Pa. He was graduated at the Moravian Theolo-
gioal seminary at Bethlehem, Pa., was sent as a
missionary to Jamaica, West Indies, in 1844, and
later engaged in a missionary exploratory tour on
the Mosquito coast. He returned to the United
States and was pastor at Salem, N.C; Gracebam,
Md.; New Dorp, Staten Island; Philadelphia,
Pa., and. in New York city, 1865-88. He was a
delegate to the General Moravian Synod of the
World in Germany in 1869 ; was elected and con
secrated bishop in the Moravian church at the
synod in York, Pa., in 1870, and was president of
¦ the synod in Bethlehem, Pa., in 1888, where he
was chosen a member of the provincial executive
committee, and a delegate to the General Mora
vian Synod of the World, held in Herrnhut in
1889. He was the senior bishop of the Moravian
church in the United States at the time of his
death, which occurred in Herrnhut, Germany,
Aug. 12, 1889.
REINKE, Samuel, Moravian bishop, was born
in Lititz, Pa. , Aug. 12, 1791. He was graduated at
the Moravian Theological seminary at Nazareth,
Pa., in 1810, in its first class, and filled various
pastorates until 1858, when he was consecrated
bishop in the Moravian church. In 1860, having
become blind, he was forced to retire from active
duties. An operation partially restored his sight,
after which he occasionally preached and ordain
ed ministers, and in 1870 assisted in the con
secration of his son, Amadeus Abraham Reinke.
He died at Bethlehem, Pa., Jan. 21, 1875.
REMEY,. George Collier, naval officer, was
born in Burlington, Iowa, Aug. 10, 1841 ; son of
William Butler and Eliza Smith (Howland)
Remey, the former a native of Kentucky, the
latter a native of Vermont ; grandson of Natha
niel and Mathilda (Grigsby) Remey, and of Seth
and Harriet (Emmons) Howland. and a descend
ant of the Pilgrim, John Howland, of the May
flower, who landed at Plymouth, Mass., Decem
ber, 1620. He was graduated from the U.S. Naval
academy in 1859, and was attached to the Hart
ford, East India squadron, 1859-61. He was com
missioned lieutenant, Aug. 31, 1861, and served
on the gunboat Marblehead at the siege of York-
town, and operations on the York and the Pam-
unkey rivers succeeding ; was on the blockade

and engaged in the siege of Battery Wagner,
August and September, 1863 ; for a time during
this period commanded the Marblehead; com
manded the Naval battery on Morris Island ; tppk
part in the bombardment of Fort Sumter, where
he commanded the
second division of
boats in a night as
sault on the fort on
the night of Sept. 8,
1863, was taken pris
oner, and exchanged
Nov. 15, 1864. He
was promoted lieu
tenant commander,
June 25, 1865, and
was attached to the
steamer Mohongo,
Pacific squadron, the si? *'^'r/ ^o ''''
Naval academy, the /^^T^/C^*i-e^(^
sailing frigate Sa- /
bine, the Tehauntepec
and Nicaragua Ship Canal survey, the Naval
observatory, the flagships Worcester and Pow
hatan, and commanded the Frolic, 1865-73. He
was commissioned commander, Nov. 25, 1872. He
was married, July 8, 1873, to Mary Josephine,
daughter of Judge Charles Mason (q.v.). He
served in the bureau of yards and docks and on
other duty, 1874-76 ; commanded the Enterprise,
1877-78 ; was chief of staff on the flagship Lan
caster, European station, 1881-83, and was
stationed at the navy yard, Washington, D.C,
1884-86. He was promoted captain, Oct. 30,
1885 ; was captain of the navy yard, Norfolk,
Va., 1886-89 ; commanded the cruiser Charles
ton, 1889-92, Pacific and Asiatic squadrons ;
was captain of the navy yard, Portsmouth,
N.H., 1892-95, and commandant of same yard,
1896-98. He was promoted commodore, June
19, 1897 ; commanded the naval base, Key
West, Florida, during the Spanish war, and
afterward commanded the navy yard, Ports
mouth, N.H., 1898-1900. He was promoted rear-
admiral, Nov. 22, 1898 ; was commander-in-chief
of the Asiatic station, April, 1900, to March, 1902,
and in 1903 was chairman of the light house
board, and senior rear-admiral of the active list
of the navy, the date of his retirement being
Aug. 10, 1903.
REMINGTON, Eliphalet, manufacturer, was
born in Suffield, Conn., Oct. 27, 1793; son of
Eliphalet and Elizabeth (Kilbourn) Remington.
His father removed to Crane's Corners, Herkimer
county, N.Y., in 1800, where he manufactured
agricultural impliments, and established a forge.
Eliphalet worked in the shop and attained skill
in forging gun-barrels. He was married, May
12, 1814, to Abigail, daughter of William and

[443]

REMINGTON

REMSEN

Lucy Paddock. The manufactory was removed to
Ilion, N.Y., in 1828, and upon the death of his
father, he continued the business alone, in 1845
bringing out a contract awarded Ames & Co. of
Springfield, Mass., for several thousands of car
bines for the U.S. army. In 1857 he added
the manufacture of pistols, and in 1861 numer
ous government orders necessitated the enlarge
ment of his works. Under the pressure of
these demands his health broke down, and his
sons Philo and Samuel took his place in the
factory. He was president of the Ilion bank, and
was interested in the local affairs of the city.
He died in Ilion, N.Y., Aug. 12, 1861.
REMINGTON, Frederick, artist, was born in
Canton, N.Y., Oct. 4, 1861 ; son of Pierre and
Clara Remington ; grandson of Seth and 
(Cushing) Remington, and a descendant of John
and Mary Remington, who settled in Newbury
port, Mass., in 1634. He attended the Yale Art
school, and the Art Students' league in New
York city, and went to the far west, where he
established a ranch. He devoted himself to
drawing, using military and western subjects
entirely, and illustrating for the leading maga
zines, and also became well known as a painter,
sculptor and author. He was married, Oct. 1,
1883, to Eva Adelle, daughter of Lawton and
 (Hoyt) Calen. He was one of the first to
depart from the conventional methods of draw
ing a horse in motion. He made pictures of the
Geronimo war, the Yaqui war, the outbreak of
Sioux in '90, and the Spanish Cuban rebellion.
and went to Cuba as a newspaper artist during
the Santiago campaign. He was elected an as
sociate member of the National Academy of De
sign, and among his works in sculpture are : The
Broncho Buster, The Wounded Bunkie, The Buf
falo Signal, and T7ie Norther. He is the author of :
Pony Tracks ; Crooked Trails ; Frontier Sketches ;
Sundown Leflare (1899); Men with the Bark On
(1900) ; John Ermine of the Yellowstone (1902).
REMSEN, Ira, educator, was born in New
York city, Feb. 10, 1846 ; son of James Vander-
bilt and Rosanna (Secor) Remsen ; grandson of
Garret and Martha (Vanderbilt) Remsen and of
Theodore and Mary (Haring) Secor, and a descend
ant of Rem Jansen Vanderbeeck (came to this
country from the Netherlands in 1642, and set
tled first at Albany, N.Y., and shortly afterwards
at Wallabout (or Flatbush), Long Island), and of
John Haring (q.v.). He was a student at the
College of the City of New York, and was gradu
ated M.D. from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, 1867. He began the prac
tice of medicine but soon gave it up for the study
of chemistry. He went to Munich in 1867, where
he heard the lectures of Liebig, and worked under
Volhard, afterward professor of chemistry in the

University of Halle ; to Gottingen in 1868, where
he came in contact with Wohler, Hiibner and
Fittig, and received the degree Ph.D. in 1870;
and to Tubingen in 1870 as an assistant of Fittig,
holding the position
for two years. He
was professor of
chemistry and phy
sics in Williams col
lege, 1872-76 ; profes
sor of chemistry in
Johns Hopkins uni
versity, 1876-1901 ;
acting president,
1889-90, and upon the
resignation of Presi
dent Gilman in 1901,
he became president.
He was married,
April 5, 1875, to Bes
sie Hillyer, daughter
of William and Mary (Melius) Mallory of New
York city. In 1879 he founded and became editor
of the American Chemical Journal. He was made
a member of the National Academy of Sciences,
1882, and was elected foreign member of the Chem
ical Society of London, and honorary member of
the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. He
declined several attractive calls, among them one
to Chicago university, preferring to remain at
Johns Hopkins, where most of his work was done.
He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from
Columbia in 1893, from Princeton in 1896, from
Yale in 1901, and from Toronto in 1902. Among
his many published articles embodying the results
of original investigations in the field of pure
chemistry are : oxidation of substitution-products
of aromatic hydrocarbons ; investigations on the
sulphinides ; on the decomposition of diazo-com-
pounds by alcohols ; on chemical action in a
magnetic field ; on the sulphonphthaleins ; on
ozone and active oxygen ; on the nature and
structure of the double halides. His text-book
publications are : Principles of Theoretical
Chemistry (5 editions : also German and Italian
translations); Introduction to the Study of five
Compounds of Carbon (1885, many later editions) ,
of which there is an English edition by Macmillan
& Co., and German, Russian and Italian transla
tions ; Introduction to the Study of Chemistry
(1886, and many later editions), of which there is
an English edition, and German, French and
Japanese translations ; The Elements of Chemis
try (1887, 2d ed., 1891), reprinted by Macmillan
& Co., London, and translated into German and
Japanese ; Inorganic Chemistry, Advanced Course
(1889, 3d. ed., 1892), of which there is an English
edition by Macmillan & Co., and German and
Italian translations.

[444]

RENCHER

RENO

^7 "- /Ust*~*dLe^i^\

RENCHER, Abraham, statesman, was born
in Wake county, N.C, Aug. 12, 1798; son of
John Grant and Ann (Nelson) Rencher. His
father came to America from Ireland, and was
for many years high sheriff of Wake county, and
his mother was a near
relative of Lord Nel
son. He was gradu
ated from the Uni
versity of North Car
olina in 1822, received
the degree of A.M. in
1831, and having ob
tained a license he
formed a law co-part
nership with Francis
Lister Hawks (q.v.).
He made his home in
Pittsboro and soon
rose to distinction.
He was a Whig rep
resentative in the
21st-25th congresses, 1829-39, and in the 27th
congress, 1841-42, declining re-election to the
26th and 28th congresses on account of ill-
health. Under President Tyler's appointment
he served as U.S. minister to Portugal, 1843-47.
In 1852, as an elector on the Pierce and King
ticket, he made a brilliant and effective campaign
of the state. He declined the portfolio of the
navy offered by President Buchanan, and served
as governor of New Mexico, 1857-61. In 1836 he
was married to Louisa Mary, daughter of Col.
Edward (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Mallett) Jones,
granddaughter of Peter and Eunice (Curtis) Mal
lett and great-granddaughter of Jeremiah Curtis
of Stratford, Conn. They had four children:
John Grant and William Conway both served
in the Confederate army ; Sarah married Col.
Latham Anderson, U.S.A., and Eva married
Robert Winston of Franklinton, N.C Governor
Rencher died at Chapel Hill, N.C, July 6, 1883.
RENFROW, William Cary, governor of Okla
homa, was born in Smithfield, N.C, March 15,
1845 ; son of Perry and Lucinda (Atkinson) Ren
frew, and grandson of William Renfrow and of
Cary Atkinson. He served in the Confederate
army throughout the civil war, and at its close
removed to Jackson county, Ark., where he en
gaged in mercantile business. In 1889 he removed
to Norman, Oklahoma Territory, where he was
president of the Norman State bank. He was
appointed by President Cleveland governor of
Oklahoma Territory and served as such from
May 7, 1893, to May 24, 1897, when he resumed
his banking business in Norman.
RENO, Conrad, lawyer author, was born in
Mt. Vernon Arsenal, near Mobile, Ala., Dec. 28,
1859 ; son of Gen. Jesse Lee and Mary Bradley

Blanes (Cross) Reno. He attended the schools
of Baltimore, Md., Media, Pa., Lehigh university,
and the law department of Harvard, and was
graduated from Boston university, LL.B. in 1883.
He was admitted to the bar in 1883, and engaged
in practice in Boston. He was married, April
13, 1887, to Susan Moore, daughter of the Rev.
William T. and Maria (Dwight) Eustis of Spring
field, Mass. He is the author of the industrial
court bill, and the industrial partnership bill,
intended to reconcile the conflicting interests of
employees and stockholders of corporations, and
to avert strikes and lockouts, and of : State
Regulation of Wages (1891) ; Non-Residents and
Foreign Corporations (1892); Employers' Liabi
lity Acts (1896; 2nd ed., 1903); History of the
Judicial System of New England (1900), and con
tributions to legal and scientific periodicals.
RENO, Jesse Lee, soldier, was born in Wheel
ing, Va., June 20, 1823; son of Lewis Thomas
and Rebecca (Quinby) Reno ; grandson of Charles
and Francis (Laughlin) Reno, and a descendant
of John Renault who came to America about
1700. He was appointed to the U.S. Military
academy from Pennsylvania, and was graduated
there and brevetted 2d lieutenant of ordnance,
July 1, 1846. He served as assistant ordnance
officer at Watervliet arsenal, N.Y., in 1846 ; took
part in the Mexican war, being engaged with the
Howitzer battery at the siege of Vera Cruz, March
19-29, 1847, and in the battles of Cerro Gordo,
Contreras, Churubusco and Chapultepec. He
was promoted 2d lieutenant of ordnance, March
3,' 1847 : was brevetted 1st lieutenant, April 18,
1847, for gallant and meritorious service in the
battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico, and captain, Sept.
13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct
in the battle of Chapultepec, Mexico ; was on
special duty at Erie, Pa., in 1848, and assistant
professor of mathematics in the U.S. Military
academy from January to July, 1849. He was
secretary of the board for preparing a " System
of Instruction for Heavy Artillery," 1849-50 ; as
sistant to the ordnance board at Washington Ar
senal, D.C, 1851-53, and on topographical duty,
making a survey of the military road from the
mouth of the Big Sioux river to Mendota, Minn.,
1853-54. He was married, Nov. 1, 1853, to Mary
Bradley Blanes, daughter of Trueman and Eliza
(Blanes) Cross of Washington, D.C. He was
promoted first lieutenant of ordnance, March 3,
1853 ; served on coast survey duty, April to July,
1854 ; as assistant ordnance officer at Frankford
Arsenal, Pa., 1854-57; as chief of ordnance on
the Utah expedition, 1857-59, and in command
of the Mount Vernon Arsenal, Ala., from 1859
until its seizure by the Confederates in January,
1861. He was promoted captain of ordnance. July
1, 1860, for fourteen years' continuous service ;

[445]

RENWICK

RENWICK

commanded the arsenal at Leavenworth, Kan.,
February to December, 1861 ; was appointed
brigadier-general of volunteers, Nov. 12, 1861 ;
commanded a brigade in General Burnside's ex
pedition to North Carolina from December, 1861,
to April 1862, and participated in the capture of
Roanoke island with its garrison and armament,
Feb. 8, 1862, the combat %t Newbern, N.C, March
4, 1862, and the action at Camden, April 19, 1862.
He commanded a division in the department of
North Carolina, April to August, 1862 ; was en
gaged in the movement to Newport News and the
Rappahannock in August, 1862, and was promoted
major-general of volunteers, July 18, 1862. He
commanded the 9th corps in the Northern Vir
ginia campaign, August to September, 1862,
being engaged in the battles of Manassas and
Chantilly and in the battle of South Mountain in
the Maryland campaign, where he was killed
while leading his men. On Sept. 13, 1862, the
day after the Confederates forces evacuated
Frederick, Md., General Reno called upon Barbara
Fritchie, and received from her hands the large
cotton flag which she had frequently waved from
her attic window. This flag was brought to
Boston with General Reno's body a few days
afterward by his brother, Col. B. F. Reno, a
member of his staff, and delivered to General
Reno's widow, remaining in the possession of the
family until it was loaned for safe keeping to the
Massachusetts Commandary of the Loyal Legion
pf the United States. He died on South Moun
tain, Md., Sept., 14, 1862.
RENWICK, Edward Sabine, patent expert,
was born in New' York city, Jan. 3, 1823 ; son of
James (q.v.) and Margaret Anne (Brevoort) Ren-
wick. He was gradated at Columbia, A.B., 1839,
A.M., 1842 ; engaged in civil and mechanical en
gineering and became superintendent of large iron
works in Wilkesbarre, Pa. He was married,
June 4, 1862, to Alice, daughter of Henry and
Bridget (Seley) Brevoort of Lenox, Mass. He
engaged as an expert in the trials of patent cases

QRfTAT E/^TEf(N ,

in the U.S. courts 1839-97. In 1862, in consulta
tion with his brother, Henry B. Renwick, he re
paired the Great Eastern while afloat, replating a

fracture in the bilge eighty -two feet long and ten
feet wide in the greatest width, and twenty-seven
feet under water, which feat had been pronounced
impossible by other experts. He invented many
machines and mechanical devices, among them
a wrought-iron railway-chair for connecting the
ends of rails (1850); a steam cut-off for beam
engines (1856); a system of side propulsion for
steamers (1862), and many improvements in in
cubators and brooders (1877-86), besides being
the principal joint inventor of the original self-
binding reaping-machine (1851-53). Hewaselect-
ed a member of many scientific societies and of
several New York clubs. He is the author of :
The Thermostatic Incubator (1883), smxd Practical
Invention (1893).
RENWICK, Henry Brevoort, engineer, was
born in New York city, Sept. 4, 1817 ; son of Prof.
James and Margaret Anne (Brevoort) Renwick.
He was graduated from Columbia college in 1833 ;
followed commercial pursuits for a time, and
then practised civil and mechanical engineering.
He entered the service of the U.S. government
as an assistant engineer in 1837, served as first
assistant astronomer of the U.S. boundary com
mission, 1840-42 ; was appointed examiner in the
U.S. patent office in 1848, and the first U.S. in
spector of steam vessels at the port of New York
in 1853. He was married in June, 1852, to Mar
garet, daughter of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Mc
Pherson) Janney of Alexandria, Va. While civil
engineer in the government service he was en
gaged in many important works, including the
breakwaters at Sandy Hook and Egg harbor, and
the survey that settled the boundary line between
Maine and New Brunswick. He devoted himself
to consultation practice in the specialty of me
chanical engineering in whiqh he ranked as an
authority, and was engaged to testify in the suits
growing out of the invention of sewing machines,
the McCormick reaper and the Bell telephone.
He wrote with his father, The Life of John Ray
(1841) . He died in New York city, Jan. 27, 1895.
RENWICK, James, physicist, was born in Liver
pool, Eng., May 30, 1790 ; sonof William and Jen
nie (Jeffrey) Renwick, and grandson of James Ren
wick, who settled in New York city in 1783. and
of the Rev. Dr. Andrew Jeffrey, a Scotch clergy
man. He was graduated at Columbia college,
New York city, A.B., 1807, A.M., 1810; was an
instructor in natural and experimental philosophy
and chemistry in Columbia college, 1812, and was
married, Oct. 10, 1816, to Margaret Anne, daugh
ter of Henry and Sarah (Whetten) Brevoort. He
was professor of philosophy and chemistry at
•Columbia, 1820-53, and professor emeritus, 1853-
63. He entered the service of the United States
as topographical engineer with the rank of major
in 1814, devoting his summers to this work, and

[446]

RENWICK

RESTARICK

was appointed by the U.S. government one ofthe
commissioners for the survey of the northeast
boundary line between the United States and
New Brunswick in 1838. He was a trustee of
Columbia college, 1817-20, and received the de
gree LL.D. from there in 1829. He contributed
to the New York Review, the Whig Revieiv, and
the American Quarterly Review ; translated from
the French, Lallemand's " Treatise on Artillery "
(2 vols., 1820) , and edited with notes, American
editions of Parker's " Rudiments of Chemistry "
(1824); Lardner's "Popular Lectures on the
Steam Engine" (1828): Daniell's "Chemical
Philosophy" (2 vols., 1832), and Moseley's "Il
lustrations of Practical Mechanics" (1839). He
is the author of : Life of David. Rittenhouse (1839);
Life of Robert Fulton (1845), and Life of Count
Rumford (1848), in Sparks's " Library of Ameri
can Biography ; " Outlines of Natural Philosophy
(2 vols., 1822-23); Treatise on the Steam Engine
(1830); Elements of Mechanics (1832); Applica
tions of the Science of Mechanics to Practical
Purposes (1840) ; First Principles in Chemistry
(privately printed for the use of his classes, 1838);
Life of DeWitt Clinton with Selections of his
Letters (1840); Life of John Jay (with Henry B.
Renwick, 1841) ; Life of Alexander Hamilton
(1841); First Principles of Chemistry (1841); First
Principles of Natural Philosophy (1842). He
died in New York city, Jan. 12, 1863.
RENWICK, James, architect, was born in
New York city, Nov. 3, 1818 ; son of James (q.v.)
and Margaret Anne (Brevoort) Renwick. He
was graduated from Columbia college, A.B.,
1836, A.M., 1839: engaged in civil engineering on
the Erie railway, and became assistant engineer
on the Croton aqueduct, superintending the con
struction of the distributing reservoir, Fifth
avenue and Forty-Second street, now the site of
the-Ne w York Public library. He furnished a plan
for a fountain to be erected at the expense of the
property owners in Union Square, New York, and
another in the Bowling Green, both of which
were accepted ; was the successful competing
architect for Grace church, New York city, com
pleted in 1845 ; architect of Calvary P. E. church
and of the Church of the Puritans in New York
city; of the new building of the Smithsonian
Institution, and of the Corcoran art gallery,
in Washington, D.C; of St. Patrick's cathedral,
New York city, 1855-59, and of the two towers,
1887-88 ; of the group of buildings of Vassar col
lege, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ; of St. Ann's church,
Brooklyn ; of Booth's theatre, and the Young
Men's Christian Association building, New York
city ; of the restoration of the old Spanish cathe
dral at St. Augustine, Fla., and of many other
churches. He was married in April, 1850, to
Anna Lloyd, daughter of William H. and Anna

(Breck) Aspinwall of New York. During his
lifetime he made a collection of the paintings of
old masters, and at his death bequeathed seventy-

four painting's and other objects of art to the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, together with a
bust of himself, on condition that they should all
be placed in a special room and be known as the
James Renwick collection. The trustees declined
the gift in the December following his death,
as the condition was impracticable. He died in
New York city, June 23, 1895.
REPPLIER, Agnes, author, was born in Phil
adelphia, Pa., April 1, 1859 ; daughter of John
and Agnes (Mathias) Repplier, and granddaugh
ter of John and
Catharine (Alghaier)
Repplier and of Jacob
and Mary (Shorb)
Mathias. She at
tended the Sacred
Heart convent, Tor-
resdale, Pa., and
early engaged in lit
erature, contributing
essays to the Atlantic
Monthly, Scribner's,
Harpers', and other
magazines. She re
ceived the degree of
Litt. D. from the Ctejpr*^ V^*j^^>£ul^.
University of Penn
sylvania in 1902. She is the author of : Books
and Men (1888); Points of View (1891); Essays in
Miniature (1892); Essays in Idleness (1893); In
the Dozy Hours (1895); Varia (1897); Philadel
phia, Tlie Place and the People (1898); The Fire
side Sphinx (1902).
RESTARICK, Henry Bond, first American
missionary bishop of Honolulu and 210th in suc
cession in the American episcopate, was born in
Somerset, England, Dec. 26, 1854 ; son of Edwin
and Amelia Riall (Webb) Restarick. He at
tended King James Collegiate school, Bridge-
water, Eng., and was graduated at Griswold col
lege, Iowa, A. B., 1882. He was married, June 28,
1882, to May Lottie, daughter of Peter Baker of
Council Bluffs, Iowa. He was ordained deacon
at Council Bluffs, Iowa, 1881 ; priest at Daven
port, Iowa, 1882 ; had charge of Trinity church,

[447]

REVELS

REVERE

Muscatine, Iowa, 1881-82, and was rector of St.
Paul's church, San Diego. Cal., 1882-1902. He
was elected first bishop of the missionary district
of Honolulu by the House of Bishops assembled in
special session at the parish house of Christ
church, Cincinnati, April 17, 1902, and was con
secrated, July 2, 1902, by Bishops Nichols, Ken-
drick and Johnson, assisted by Bishop Jagger,
who preached the sermon. He is the author of :
Lay Readers (1894) ; Tlie Love of God, or Addresses
on the Last Seven Words (1897), and various
pamphlets and magazine articles.
REVELS, Hiram R., senator, was born in
Fayetteville, N.C, Sept. 1, 1822. He was the son
of free-born parents of mixed blood. Education
being denied him under the laws of North Caro
lina, he removed to Indiana in 1844, attended the
Friends seminary at Liberty and a theological
school in Ohio, and was ordained a minister in
the African Methodist Episcopal church. He
engaged in missionary work among the Negroes
¦of Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and Missouri, and in
1860 settled in Baltimore, Ohio, as a minister and
principal of a high school for Negro students.
He assisted in organizing colored regiments in
Maryland and Missouri, taught school in St.
Louis, 1863-64, and in 1864 went to Vicksburg
as chaplain of a colored regiment, assisting the
provost-marshal in establishing order and indus
try among the freed men. He accompanied the
army to Jackson, Miss., where he preached to the
emancipated slaves, organized several churches,
and engaged in similar work in Kansas and Mis
souri, 1865-67. He settled at Natchez, Miss., in
1868, was chosen presiding elder in the African
church, and served as a member of the city coun
cil and as state senator. On the reconstruction
of the state he was elected U.S. senator from
Mississippi with Adelbert Ames, and drew the
short term expiring, March 3, 1871. He took his
seat in the senate, Feb. 25, 1870, being the first
colored man to sit in that bodjr. He was presi
dent of the Alcorn Agricultural university, Rod
ney, Miss., 1871-83, and subsequently pastor of
churches at Holly Springs, Miss., and at Rich
mond, Ind. He died at Aberdeen, Miss., while ad
dressing the Mississippi conference, Jan. 15, 1901.
REVERE, Joseph Warren, soldier, was born
in Boston, Mass., May 17, 1812 ; son of John and
Lydia Le Baron (Goodwin) Revere, and grand
son of Paul (q.v.) and Rachel (Walker) Revere.
He entered the U.S. navy as a midshipman,
April 1, 1828 ; was promoted passed midshipman,
June 4, 1834, and lieutenant, Feb. 25, 1841. He
was married, Oct. 4, 1842, to Rosanna Duncan,
daughter of Benjamin Waldo Lamb. He took
part in the Mexican war, raised the first U.S.
flagon the north side of the bay of San Francisco,
and resigned from the U.S. navy, Sept. 20, 1850.

He entered the Mexican service as lieutenant-
colonel of artillery, and was knighted by Queen
Isabella of Spain for saving the lives of several
of her subjects. He entered the U.S. service as
colonel of the 7th New Jersey volunteers, Aug.
31, 1861 ; was promoted brigadier-general of
volunteers, Oct. 25, 1862, and led the 3d brigade,
Sickles's division, Stoneman's corps, in the battle
of Fredericksburg. He was transferred to the
command of the 2d brigade in the 2d division,
Sickles's corps, at Chancellorsville, where he was
censured by Gen. Joseph B. Carr, commanding
the division, and the command of the brigade
was given to J. Egbert Farnum of the 71st New
York volunteers. He was court-martialed and
dismissed from the service in May, 1863, but he
succeeded in re-opening the proceedings and ex
plaining the circumstances of his dismissal, and
on Sept. 10, 1864, President Lincoln accepted his
resignation from the army. He is the author of :
Keel and Saddle (1872). He died in Hoboken,
N.J., April 20, 1880.
REVERE, Paul, patriot, was born in Boston,
Mass., Jan. 1, 1735 ; son of Apollos and Deborah
(Hitchborne) Rivoire. His father, a native of
Riancaud, France, emigrated to the island of
Guernsey, and thence to Boston, Mass., in 1715,
where he engaged in business as a goldsmith in
1722, and changed his name to Paul Revere. The
son attended the North Grammar school, learned
the goldsmith's trade under his father, and be
came skilful as an engraver. He served in
General Winslow's expedition against Crown
Point in 1756, as 2nd lieutenant of artillery, and
was stationed at Fort William Henry on Lake
George, from May to November, 1756. Returning
to Boston he engaged in business as a gold-and-
silver-smith. He produced many excellent cop
perplate engravings, including representations of
the imposition and repeal of the stamp act, which
achieved immediate popularity ; illustrations of
the " Boston Massacre," " Landing of the British
Troops in Boston " (1774) , and " A Warm Place-
Hell," representing the seventeen members of
the house who voted to rescind the circular of
1768 to the provincial legislature. He also exe
cuted several portraits of colonial celebrities.
Many of his engravings appeared in the Royal
American Magazine, and he illustrated Capt.
James Cook's " New Voyage Round the World,
1768-71 " (1774). He was a member of the famous
Sons of Liberty, and was frequently commis
sioned to carry to New York and Philadelphia
the sentiments of Massachusetts, and to propose
uniting the colonies througli a Continental con
gress. He was a member of the guard of twenty-
five men appointed to watch the ship Dartmouth,
laden with tea, and to prevent the landing of any
of the cargo. A promise was obtained from the
[448]

REVERE

REX

"THE OLD /morth

owner of the Dartmouth, and of two other ships,
that the cargo would be sent back to England.
Governor Hutchinson upset this peaceful solution
by refusing the ships clearance papers, and after
a meeting held at the Old South Meeting house,
Dec. 16, 1773, a band of men disguised as Indians,
and led by Paul Revere, boarded the ships, and
destroyed three hundred and forty -two chests of
tea. He was sent to enlist the support of the
southern provinces; carried the "Suffolk Re
solves" to the Continental congress at Phila
delphia, and carried to Portsmouth, N.H., the
message that Parliament had forbidden the
further importation of gunpowder and military
stores. Acting on this intelligence, the " Sons of
Liberty " surprised the fort and removed- over
one hundred barrels of gunpowder and fifteen
cannon, Dec. 14, 1774. On April 18, 1775, Dr.
Joseph Warren learned that troops were gather
ing on Boston Common, and confided to Revere
his fears for the safety of John Hancock and
Samuel Adams, who
were at Lexington,
and for whose cap
ture and that of the
stores at Concord he
believed the expedi
tion organized. Re
vere at once volun
teered to warn the
patriots. Arrange
ments were made
with Robert New
man, sexton of the
North church, for
the displaying of
£^ two lights from the
® belfry, if the troops
departed by water, and of one if by land. He was
rowed across the Charles river and arrived safely
in Charlestown, where he waited until two signal
lights shone out from the belfry. He procured a
horse and started for Lexington by way of Med
ford, alarming the minute men along the route.
He delivered his message to Hancock and Adams
at the home of the Rev. Jonas Clark, and was
joined by William Dawes and Samuel Prescott.
When about half way to Concord, Revere and
Dawes were captured by British scouts, but in
the excitement that followed they were released,
Prescott managing to escape and to give timely
warning at Concord. On April 20, 1775, Revere
was employed as a trusted messenger for the
committee of safety. He repaired the cannon at
Castle William that had been broken by the
British ; and in July, 1776, he was commissioned
major of a regiment raised for town and harbor
defence, and lieutenant-colonel, Nov. 27, 1776.
He was a member of the unsuccessful expedition

""-^ji?:

to Castine, Maine, under Gen. Solomon Lovel,
June 26, 1779, and after the war he resumed his
trade in Boston, and established a foundry for
casting church-bells and bronze cannon. He en
graved and printed the first notes issued by
congress and by the Commonwealth of Mass
achusetts. He inaugurated the method of rolling
copper into large sheets, at Canton, Mass., and
made the plates for frigate Constitution, and for
Robert Fulton's steamboats. He assisted Gover
nor Samuel Adams in laying the cornerstone of
the Massachusetts state house, July 4, 1795, and
was a founder of the Charitable Mechanics as
sociation in 1795, and its first president, 1795-99.
He was twice married ; first, Aug. 17, 1737, to
Sarah Orne, and secondly, Nov. 10, 1773, to
Rachel Walker, both of Boston. He died in
Boston, Mass., May 10, 1818, and was buried in
the Granary burial ground.
REVERE, Paul Joseph, soldier, was born in
Boston, Mass., Sept. 10, 1832 ; son of Joseph War
ren and Mary (Robbins) Revere, and grandson
of Col. Paul and Rachel (Walker) Revere and of
Edward Hutchinson and Elizabeth (Murray)
Robbins. He was graduated at Harvard in 1852 ;
engaged in mercantile pursuits, made trips into
the mountain and lake regions, had the care of
an extensive wharf in Boston, and defended the
cause of laborers and women and children. He
was married in 1859 to Lucretia Watson, daughter
of the Rev. Dr. W. P. Lunt. He was commis
sioned major of the 20th Massachusetts volunteers,
July 1, 1861 ; was wounded and taken prisoner at
the battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, 1861, and with
his brother, Dr. E. H. R. Revere, was confined
in Henrico county prison from November, 1861,
to February, 1862, and held with six others as
hostages for a number of Confederate privateers
under sentence of death by the U.S. court. He
was paroled, Feb. 22, 1862, exchanged in May,
1862, and served in the Peninsular campaign until
August, 1862, when he was granted sick leave. He
was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and appointed
assistant inspector-general on the staff of Gen.
Edwin V. Sumner, Sept. 4, 1862 ; was severely
wounded at the battle of Antietam, and was an
invalid at home until April 14, 1863, when he was
promoted colonel of the 20th Massachusetts vol
unteers. He received a mortal wound at Gettys
burg, July 2, 1863, and was brevetted brigadier-
general of volunteers for his bravery in that
battle. He died at Westminster, July 4, 1863.
REX, Charles D., educator, was born in Bal
timore, Md., in 1856. He matriculated at St.
Charles college, Ellicott city, Md., Sept. 11, 1871,
was graduated in December, 1876, and was a
student at St. Mary's seminary, Baltimore, Md.,
1876-78. He also studied theology at the semi
nary of St. Sulpice, Paris, France, 1878-80, where

14491

REXFORD

REYNOLDS

he took the vows of the order and was ordained
priest in 1880. He continued his studies at Rome,
1880-82 ; was professor of classics at St. Charles
college, 1883-84 ; treasurer of St. John's seminary,
Brighton, in 1884, and later became professor of
dogmatic theology. He succeeded the Rev. Fr.
Hogan as superior of St. John's seminary in
1889, filling the office, 1889-94. He was president
of St. Charles college, 1894-96, and died at
Colorado Springs, Col., Feb. 22, 1897.
REXFORD, Eben Eugene, author, was born
in Johnsburg, N.Y., July 16, 1848 ; son of Jabez
Burrows and Rebecca (Wilcox) Rexford ; grand
son, of Rowell and Betsey Rexford and of Jacob
and Susanna Wilcox. He was a student at Law
rence university, Appleton. Wis.; contributed to
current periodicals from 1862, and was a mem
ber of the editorial staff of the Ladies' Home
Journal, Philadelphia, from 1890, conducting
the horticultural department. He also edited
the floral department of Home and Flowers,
Springfield, Ohio. He was married, Dec. 9, 1890,
to Mrs. Harriet Harsh, daughter of Carl and Anna
Bauman. He is the author of several well-known
song's, including " Silver Threads Among the
Gold" and " Only a Pansy Blossom." He is also
the author of : Brother and Lover, poem of the
war (1886, new ed., 1897); Home Floriculture
(1888, rev. and enl., 1903); John Fielding and
His Enemy (1888) ; Grandmother's Garden (1890) ;
Flowers, How to Grow Them (1898); The Swamp
Secret (1897); Into the Light (1899), and many
contributions to periodicals.
REYNOLDS, Alexander Welch, soldier, was
born in Clarke county, Va., in August, 1817.
He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy
and promoted 2d lieutenant, 1st infantry, July 1,
1838; served in the Florida war, 1838-40, and as
adjutant, 1840-41, and was on frontier and in
garrison duty in Iowa, Wisconsin, and Missouri,
1841-46. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, June
11, 1839, and assistant quartermaster with the
rank of captain, Aug. 5, 1847 ; served on quarter
master duty in Philadelphia, Pa. , 1847-48, and in
Mexico in 1848, and was promoted captain, March
15, 1848. He was engaged in convoying trains to
Forts Washita and Towson, Indian Territory,
and to Santa Fe, Mexico, 1848-52, and in settling
his accounts at Washington, D.C, 1852-55. A
deficiency could not be accounted for, and he
was dismissed from the service, Oct. 8, 1855.
He was reinstated as assistant quartermaster
with the rank of captain in 1857, served on
quartermaster duty, 1858-61, and having failed
to report for several months was dropped from
the army list, Oct. 4, 1861. He joined the Con
federate army as captain of infantry in 1861 ; was
appointed colonel of the 50th Virginia infantry
in July, 1861 ; commanded the 4th brigade, made

up of the 3d, 31st, 43rd and 59th Tennessee volun
teers and the 3rd Maryland battery in Gen. C. L.
Stevenson's division, Pemberton's Confederate
army, at Champion's Hill, Big Black Bridge, and
the siege of Vicksburg up to July 4, 1863 ; was
promoted brigadier-general, Sept. 14, 1863, and
commanded the 3d brigade, made up of the 58th
and 60th North Carolina regiments and the 54th
and 63d regiments, Virginia troops, in the divi
sion of C L. Stevenson, Hood's corps, in the
Atlanta campaign. He went to Egypt after the
close of the civil war, was appointed colonel of
staff in the Egyptian army, April 21, 1870, and
took a prominent part in the Abyssinian war.
He died in Alexandria, Egypt, May 26, 1876.
REYNOLDS, Daniel Harris, soldier, was born
near Centerburg, Ohio, Dec. 14, 1832 ; son of
Amos and Sophia (Houck) Reynolds, and a de
scendant of John Reynolds, who came to America
prior to 1771 and settled in Loudoun county, Va.
He was educated at the Ohio Wesleyan univer
sity ; removed to Somerville, Tenn., in 1857,
where he studied law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1858. He settled in practice at Lake
Village, Chicot county, Ark., in May, 1858, and
on March 25, 1861, was appointed captain in an
Arkansas regiment. He served in McCulloch's
division in the campaigns of Missouri and Arkan
sas, 1861-62 ; took part in the battle of Pea Ridge,
March 7-8, 1862, and in April was transferred
with Price's army to Tupelo, Miss., the head
quarters of General Beauregard, in command of
the Army of the Mississippi. On June 27, 1862,
General Bragg assumed command and began his
invasion of Kentucky. Captain Reynolds took
part in the battles of Iuka, Sept. 19 ; Corinth,
Oct. 3-4, and Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. He was
promoted brigadier-general, March 5, 1864, and
commanded his brigade in Cantey's and Wal
thall's division, Polk's corps, Army of the Missis
sippi, in the Atlanta campaign, and in Hood's
Army of Tennessee in the invasion of that state,
including the battle of Nashville, Dec. 15-16,
1864. He was several times wounded and his
leg was amputated. He surrendered with the
army of the West and returned to the practice
of law in Lake Village, Ark., from which place
he was a state senator, 1866-67. He was married,
Nov. 24, 1868, to Martha Jane, daughter of Jere
miah and Eleanor (Waddell) Wallace of Lake
Village, Ark., where he died, March 14, 1902.
REYNOLDS, Elmer Robert, ethnologist, was
born near Dansville, N.Y., July 30, 1846; son
of Dr. Allen Branch and Sarah Wanzer (Van
Amburg) Reynolds, and grandson of Allen Rey
nolds, of Colonel Warren's regiment, of the Con
necticut line, in the Revolutionary war. He
removed with his parents to New Lisbon, Wis.,
in 1848, where he received his primary educa-

[450]

REYNOLDS

REYNOLDS

tion. He studied medicine at the Columbian
university, Washington, D.C, and at the Na
tional College of Pharmacy. In 1861 he joined
the Federal army, serving in 'the 10th Wisconsin
light artillery, 1861-65. He entered the U.S.
navy as a school teacher in 1866, serving in the
Home station and in the Mediterranean squadron
until 1876. He was married, May 15, 1871, to
Dora, daughter of Conrad and Miranda Alt-
house of Ohio. He was a reporter on the Daily
Chronicle, Washington, D.C, in 1876, and
entered the civil service as examiner of pensions
in 1877. He made extensive explorations of the
aboriginal remains of Maryland and Virginia,
extended his research to the remote tributaries
of Chesapeake ba}', made a map of the Indian
towns of that region, and collected photographs
of the Pamunkey Indian tribe of Virginia. He
was lecturer on American archaeology at the
Catholic University of America, 1390-92. He
was knighted by King Humbert of Italy in 1887,
and received honors from Portugal, France, Den
mark ,and Germany. He was a founder of the
Anthropological society of Washington, D.C,
and its secretary, 1879-81 ; an honorary member
of the Trinity Historical society, Dallas, Texas,
American Academy of Science, the Society of
American Authors, British Society of Arts, and
of many other important literary and scientific
societies at home and abroad. He is the author
of several monographs on ethnology, botany and
geology. He received the degree Sci.D. from
Albertus Magnus university, Wichita, Kan., and
was made a member of the university senate in
1901, and professor in partibus.
REYNOLDS, Ignatius Aloysius, R.C. bishop,
was born at Bardstown, Ky., Aug. 22, 1798. His
parents removed from Maryland to Nelson county,
Ky., before his birth, and he was prepared for
the priesthood in St. Thomas Theological semi-
•nary at Bardstown, and at St. Mary's seminary,
Baltimore, Md.; was ordained priest at Balti
more, Md., Oct. 24, 1823, and was a professor in
St. Joseph's college, Bardstown, Ky., 1823-27,
and president of. the institution, 1827-30. He
was professor in St. Thomas Theological semi
nary and pastor of the Cathedral at Bardstown,
Ky., 1830-34, and during the cholera epidemic
of 1833, devoted himself to the care of the sick
and dying. He was rector of the only Roman
Catholic church in Louisville, Ky., 1834-40,
where he organized parochial schools and an
orphanage ; was in Europe, 1840-41, and was
vicar-general of the diocese of Bardstown, and
then of Louisville, under Bishop Flaget, 1842-44.
He was made successor to Bishop John England,
in the see of Charleston, S.C, in May, 1843, and
was consecrated in St. Peter's cathedral, Cincin
nati, Ohio, March 19, 1844, by Archbishop Pur

cell, assisted by Bishops Miles of Nashville, Tenn.,
and O'Connor of Pittsburg, Pa. He visited every
part of his diocese annually. In 1845 he visited
Europe to obtain pecuniary aid, and laid the
foundation of the Cathedral of St. Finbar in
Charleston in 1850, which he completed and con
secrated in 1854. He was a member of the sixth
council pf Baltimore in 1846, of the seventh in
1849, and of the first national plenary council in
1852. He edited the Works of Bishop England
(5 vols., 1849). He died in Charleston, S.C,
March 9, 1855.
REYNOLDS, John, governor of Illinois, was
born in Montgomery county, Pa., Feb. 26, 1788 ;
son of Robert and Margaret (Moore) Reynolds,
who emigrated from Ireland to the United States,
and settled in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1785. His
parents removed to
Tennessee during his
infancy and from
there to Kaskaskia,
III, in 1800. He la
bored on his father's
farm, attended col
lege in Tennessee,
and studied law under
John McCampbell in
Knoxville, Tenn.,
1810-12. He served
on the Illinois frontier
as a scout in the cam
paigns against the / • ¦
Indians, 1812-13, and
began the practice
of law in Cahokia, 111., in 1814, where he also
engaged in surveying and selling lands. He was
elected an associate judge of the state supreme
court in 1818, subsequently succeeding Chief-
Justice Phillips ; represented St. Clair county in
the Illinois legislature, 1826-29 ; was Democratic
governor of Illinois, 1830-34 ; commanded tho
Illinois militia during the Black Hawk war in
May and June, 1832 ; was a Democratic represen
tative from Illinois in the 23d congress to fill
the vacancy caused by the death of Charles Slade,
and in the 24th congress, serving from Dec. 1,
1834, to March 3, 1837. He was defeated for the
25th congress in 1836, and was re-elected to the
26th and 27th congresses, 1839-43. He was a
member of the state financial committee ap
pointed in 1838 to negotiate loans to carry on
public improvements ; visited England and the
continent of Europe in behalf of the project in
1839 ; was a representative in the state legisla
ture, 1846-48 and 1852-54, and speaker of the
house, 1852-54. He was an anti-Douglas delegate
to the Charleston convention in 1860, upported
John C Breckinridge for the presidency, and in
1861 urged upon the Democratic administration

[451]

REYNOLDS

REYNOLDS

W

the seizure of the treasure and arms in the
custom-house and arsenal at St. Louis, Mo. He
edited the Daily Eagle, Belleville, 111., for several
years, and is the author of : The Pioneer History
of Illinois (1848); John Kelly ; A Glance at the
Crystal Palace and Sketches of Travel (1854), and
My Own Times (1855). He died in Belleville, 111.,
May 8, 1865.
REYNOLDS, John Fulton, soldier, was born
in Lancaster, Pa., Sept. 20, 1820 ; son of John and
Lydia (Moore) Reynolds ; grandson of William
and Catharine Ferree (LeFevre) Reynolds and of
Samuel and  (Fulton) Moore. William Rey
nolds, a Scotch-Irish
Protestant, came to
America in 1762 : set
tled in Pennsylvania,
and served in the
Revolutionary war.
John Fulton Reynolds
was graduated at the
U.S. Military acad
emy and brevetted 2d
lieutenant in the 3d
artillery, July 1.1841;
was commissioned 2d
lieutenant, Oct. 23,
1841, and served in
garrison duty, 1841-
45 ; in the military
occupation of Texas, 1845-46, and in the war
with Mexico, 1846-47. He engaged in the de
fense of Fort Brown, Tex.; was brevetted cap
tain, Sept. 23, 1846, for gallantry at Monterey,
and major, Feb. 23, 1847, for Buena Vista. He
was promoted 1st lieutenant, June 18, 1846 ;
served in garrison duty, 1848-52 ; as quartermas
ter of the regiment, 1850-52, and as aide-de-camp
to Major-General Twiggs, 1852-53. He served in
garrison in New York and on the Pacific coast,
1854-56 ; was promoted captain, March 3, 1855,
and took part in the Rogue River expedition in
1856. He served in garrison and on frontier duty,
1856-58, in the Utah expedition and in the march
to the Columbia river, 1858-59, and was stationed
at Fort Vancouver, 1859-60. He was command
ant of cadets, and instructor in artillery, infantry
and cavalry tactics, at West Point, N.Y., 1860-61 ;
was promoted lieutenant-colonel and transferred
to the 14th infantry, May 14, 1861 ; was stationed
at Fort Trumbull, Conn., July to September,
1861, and was appointed brigadier-general of U.S.
volunteers, Aug. 20, 1861. He commanded the
1st brigade of the Pennsylvania reserve corps, on
the right of the lines before Washington, D.C,
1861-62, and in the seven days' battles before
Richmond, June 25-July 1st, commanded the 1st
brigade, 3d division, Fitz-John Porter's 5th corps.
In the second day's battle at Beaver Dam Creek

he had charge of the defenses and forces at and
above Mechanicsville, and so valiantly did his
brigade repulse D. H. Hill's attack, that the road
and hillside were strewn with dead and wounded
Confederates, and the main body of Hill's army
withdrew. The following day, Porter's corps
was ordered back to Gaines's Mill, and Reynolds
was assigned to an unimportant post ; but as soon
as he found that the rest of the fifth corps was
under fire, he hastened to their aid, and arrived
just in time to give General Griffin much needed
support. After severe fighting, Porter was dis
lodged and Reynolds was captured, June 28, 1862.
The civil authorities at Fredericksburg, Va.,
where Reynolds was very popular, interceded at
Richmond for his exchange, and Aug. 8, 1862, he
was exchan ged for Gen eral Barksdale. He joined
the army in northern Virginia and was given
command of the third division of Porter's corps,
the division containing his old brigade. On Aug.
22, 1862, he was temporarily assigned to Mc
Dowell's corps, and on Aug. 28, engaged General
Taliaferro near Gainesville, tried to assist King at
Groveton and hastened to Manassas. He became
engaged late in the afternoon of Aug. 29, and
fought valiantly on the left of the line. At the
request of Governor Curtin, he was assigned
to the command of the Pennsylvania volunteer
militia in September, 1862, during the first in
vasion of the state, thus missing the battle of
Antietam. He returned to the Army of the
Potomac, was promoted major-general of vol
unteers, Nov. 29, 1862, and succeeded General
Hooker in the command of the first corps. He
took part in the Rappahannock campaign, and at
Fredericksburg on Dec. 13, 1862, made the prin
cipal attack, ordering Meade's division, supported
by Gibbons, to the crest of the heights, a position
he was unable to hold because poorly supported.
After this battle, the command of the army was
offered to Reynolds, but he declined the position,
claiming that any commander would be ham
pered by orders from Washington. Hooker ac
cepted the command and moved to Chancel
lorsville, leaving Sedgwick and Reynolds at
Fredericksburg. On May 2, 1863, Reynolds was
ordered to join Hooker at Chancellorsville, but
his corps, was not engaged in the fight, and on
May 5, 1863, he urged Hooker to advance instead
of retreating. After Meade had succeeded to the
command of the army, he consulted with Rey
nolds in regard to massing the scattered corps at
Pipe Creek and bringing on a general engage
ment. On June 27, Reynolds had three corps at -
Middletown pass and South Mountain pass, and
started to move his troops in accordance with
Meade's plans. On July 1, while at the head of
the first and eleventh corps, he heard that Bu-
ford's cavalry was heavily engaged at Gettysburg,

[452]

REYNOLDS

REYNOLDS

He hurried forward with one small division, and
ordered the rest to follow. On reaohing the field,
he immediately put his division into action and
with Buford mapped out a plan of battle, and
when his reinforcements arrived, led Meredith's
" Iron Brigade " in an attempt to dislodge a Con
federate force in a wood. He struck heavy, suc
cessive blows, turned the enemy's right, captured
the commander and routed the brigade. Rey
nolds was killed by a sharp-shooter, while leading
the charge, but not before his quick decision in
selecting the field of battle had given the ad
vantage of position to the Federal army. The
members of his corps erected a bronze heroic
statue of him (executed by John Q. A. Ward)
on the field of battle, and his portrait by Alex
ander Laurie is in the library of the U.S. Mili
tary academy. The state of Pennsylvania placed
a granite shaft on the spot where he fell, and in
1884 the Reynolds' Memorial association unveiled
a bronze equestrian statuo of him by John Rogers
in Philadelphia, which statue was the gift of
Joseph E. Temple. See " Reynolds Memorial
Address "by Joseph G. Rosengarten (1880). He
was killed, at Gettysburg, Pa., July 1, 1863.
REYNOLDS, John Parker, agriculturist, was
born in Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1820 ; son of
John Parker and Laura Patience (Willson)
Reynolds ; grandson of Gilbert and Experience
(Hurd) Willson of Bennington county, Vt., and
great-grandson of Joseph Reynolds, a native of
Duchess county, N.Y., and a descendant of Jona
than Reynolds of Warren, R.I., who came to
America from Devonshire, England, in 1650. He
was graduated from Miami university, A.B. , 1838,
A.M., 1841, and from the Cincinnati Law college,
LL.B., 1840, and was admitted to the bar in 1841.
He was married, Nov. 3, 1842, to Eliza Ann,
daughter of William and Sarah Bebb of Hamil
ton, Ohio; practised law in Hamilton, 1841-48;
conducted a stock and fruit farm in Winnebago
county, 111., and subsequently in Marion county,
1850-60. He was secretary of the Illinois State
Agricultural society, Springfield, 111., 1860-68; its
president, 1871, and a member of its board of
directors for twenty-seven years ; president of
the Illinois state sanitary commission, 1862-65 ;
delegate to the Paris Universal exposition of 1867,
when he served on the jury of agricultural im
plements and establishments ; president of the
Illinois state board of agriculture, Chicago, 111.,
1871-73 ; secretary and director of the interstate
industrial exposition of Chicago, 1873-91 ; presi
dent of the Illinois state commission to the Cen
tennial exposition at Philadelphia, 1876 ; chief
state inspector of grain, 1877-82 ; and director-in-
chief of the Illinois state commission for the
World's Columbian exposition, 1891-93. He re
ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from Miami

university in 1896, and was a frequent contribu
tor to agricultural and scientific journals.
REYNOLDS, Joseph Jones, soldier, was born
in Flemingsburg, Ky., Jan. 4, 1822. He was ap
pointed to the U.S. Military academy from Indi
ana and was graduated from there and brevetted
2d lieutenant, 4th artillery, July 1, 1843. He took
part in the military occupation of Texas, 1845-46,
and was commissioned 2d lieutenant, 3d artillery,
May 11, 1846. He was assistant professor of
geography, history and ethics at the U.S. Military
academy, 1846-47 ; of natural and experimental
philosophy, 1847-49, and principal assistant pro
fessor of the same, 1849-55. He was promoted
1st lieutenant, 3d artillery, March 3, 1847 ; served
on frontier duty at Fort Washita, Indian Ty.,
1855-56, and resigned from the army, Feb. 28,
1857. He was professor of mechanics and engi
neering in Washington university, St. Louis, Mo.,
1836-60, and a merchant at Lafayette, Ind., 1860-
61. On April 27, 1861, he was commissioned
colonel of the 7th Indiana volunteers, placed in
command of Camp Morton at Indianapolis, Ind.,
was promoted brigadier-general of Indiana vol
unteers, May 10, 1861, and May 7 was commis
sioned brigadier-general of the U.S. volunteers.
He served in western Virginia under McClellan
and Rosecrans, and when in September, 1861,
Rosecrans marched against Wise, Reynolds was
left in command of the Cheat mountain district,
which he defended in two lively combats, Sept.
12 and 14, preventing the diversion of Rosecrans
from his campaign, and on Oct. 3, 1861, he at
tacked the Confederates at Greenbrier river. He
resigned his commission, Jan. 23, 1862, and until
the following November spent his time enlisting
troops in Indiana. He was commissioned colonel
of the 75th Indiana volunteers, Aug. 21, 1862 ;
and on Sept. 17, 1862, was promoted brigadier-
general, and attached to the Army of the Cum
berland. He was promoted major-general, Nov.
29, 1862, and in June, 1863, when Rosecrans dis
lodged Bragg at Tullahoma, Tenn., Reynolds'
division supported Col. J. T. Wilcler's mounted
infantry at Hoover's Gap and pushed Stewart
back to the main body. At Chickamauga, Ga. , he
commanded the 4th division, 14th (Thomas's)
corps, and at the opening of battle was placed on
a crest with three other divisions, and when Long-
street broke through the Union line, these four
divisions were cut off from the rest of the line
and were the only part of Rosecrans's command
to hold its ground in the face of Longstreet's
desperate attack. Reynolds was made chief of
staff of the Army of the Cumberland, Oct. 10,
1863, and in this capacity took part in the battle
of Chattanooga. In January, 1864, he was given
command of the defenses of New Orleans, La.,
and on July 7, 1864, was made commander of the

[453]

REYNOLDS

REYNOLDS

19th army corps. He commanded the Missis
sippi river from its mouth to Memphis, Tenn.,
October to November, 1864 ; the military division
of West Mississippi in November, 1864, the de
partment of Arkansas from November, 1864, to
April , 1866, and the 7th army corps from Novem
ber, 1864, to August, 1865. He was mustered out
of the volunteer service, §>ept. 1, 1866, having
been reappointed to the U.S. army as colonel of
the 26th infantry, July 28, 1866. He commanded
the sub-district of the Rio Grande. Tex., the dis
trict of Texas and the 5th military district, 1867^
68 ; was brevetted brigadier-general of the U.S.
arrnj', March 2, 1867, for Chickamauga and Mis
sion Ridge respectively, served as assistant com
missioner of the Freedmen's Bureau for Texas in
December, 1868, and January, 1869, and as a
member of the court of inquiry at Washington,
D.C. , January to February, 1869. He commanded
the 5th military district, 1869-70 ; the department
of Texas, 1870-72, was transferred to the 25th
infantry, Jan. 8, 1870, and to the 3d cavalry, Dec.
15, 1870, and commanded Fort McPherson, Neb.,
from March, 1872, to May, 1873, and from August,
1873, to February, 1874. He was a member of
the board of visitors to the U.S. Naval academy
in July, 1873, and of the court of inquiry at
Washington, D.C, February to May, 1874; in
command of Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo., and of the
district of South Platte, 1874-76, and of the Big
Horn expedition, February to April, 1876, and
was retired from active service for disability con
tracted in the line of duty, June 25, 1877. He
received the honorary degree A.M. from Wabash
college in 1853, and declined the nomination of
U.S. senator from Texas in 1871. He died in
Washington, D.C, Feb. 25, 1899.
REYNOLDS, Robert John, governor of Dela
ware, was born in Smyrna, Del., March 17, 1838 ;
son of Robert W. Reynolds, who was defeated by
four votes for governor of Delaware in 1862. He
was educated in the public schools of Fairfield,
N.Y., and engaged in farming in Petersburg,
Del., in 1861, making a specialty of the cultiva
tion of peaches. He was married in 1861 to
Lavinia L., daughter of William E. Riggs of
Newcastle county, Del. He was elected a mem
ber of the general assembly of Delaware, 1879-83,
served as state treasurer, 1879-83, and as chair
man of the Democratic state committee, 1883-87.
He was elected governor of Delaware by the
Democratic party, serving 1891-95. He was a
delegate to the Democratic national convention
of 1892, and resumed farming in 1895.
REYNOLDS, Thomas, governor of Missouri,
was born in Bracken county, Ky. , March 12, 1796.
He was admitted to the bar in 1817 ; removed to
Illinois, where he engaged in the practice of law
and was elected clerk of the state house of rep

resentatives. He was a representative in and
speaker of that body ; attorney-general of the
state, and chief-justice of the state supreme
court. He removed to Fay
ette, Howard county, Mo.,
in 1829 ; represented How
ard county in the state leg
islature, and was elected
speaker in 1832. He was a
circuit judge for several
years, and in 1840 was
elected governor of Missouri by the Democratic
party serving, 1841-44. He died by his own
hand at Jefferson City, Mo., Feb. 9, 1844.
REYNOLDS, William, naval officer, was born
in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1815 ; son of John
and Lydia (Moore) Reynolds. He was appointed
acting midshipman in the U.S. navy, Nov. 17,
1831 ; was stationed at the Naval school, Norfolk,
Va., 1836-67; promoted past midshipman, June
15, 1837 ; served on Capt. Charles Wilkes's explor
ing expedition, 1838-42, and was commissioned
lieutenant, Sept. 8, 1841. He was attached to
the Cumberland and Plymouth of the Mediter
ranean squadron, 1843-45 ; to the steamer Alle
ghany, on the Mississippi river, in the Gulf of
Mexico, at Brazil and in the Mediterranean,
1846-49 ; was on sick leave, 1850-57 ; naval store
keeper at Honolulu, in the Sandwich Islands,
1857-61 ; was returned to the active list, April
25, 1861 ; promoted commander, June 9, 1862,
and commanded the Vermont at Port Royal, S.C,
in November, 1862, and the New Hampshire, and
the naval depot at Port Royal, 1863-65. He was
promoted captain, July 25, 1866, commanded the
Lackawanna oi the North Pacific squadron, 1866-
69 ; served as senior officer of the ordnance board,
1869-70, and was promoted commodore, June 10,
1870. He was chief of the bureau of equipment,
1870-75 ; acting secretary of the navy, during
the temporary absence of Secretary Robeson,
1873-74; was promoted rear-admiral, Dec. 12,
1873. and commanded the Asiatic station on the
flagship Tennessee, 1875-77. In 1877 ill health
forced him to return to the United States, and
he was placed on the retired list, Dec. 10, 1877,
and died in Washington, D.C, Nov. 5, 1879.
REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman,
was born in Fayette county, Pa., March 4, 1812 ;
son of Col. George (a Revolutionary soldier) and
Mary (Babe) Reynolds. He was graduated at the
Theological seminary at Gettysburg, Pa., in 1828,
and at Jefferson college, Canonsburg, Pa., in
1832 ; was principal of the preparatory depart
ment of Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg. Pa.,
1833-35 ; financial agent of the college in 1835 ;
was licensed to preach by the Western Penn
sylvania Synod of the Lutheran church in 1835,
and ordained in 1836. He was pastor of the

[454]

REZE

RHEA

Lutheran congregation at Deerfield, N.J., 1835-
36, and professor of Latin in Pennsylvania col
lege, 1836-50. He was married in June, 1838,
to Anna Maria, daughter of John Swan. He was
the first president of Capitol university, Colum
bus, Ohio, 1850-53 ; principal of a female seminary,
Easton, Pa., and of a classical academy, Allen
town, Pa., 1853-57; president of Illinois State
university, 1857-60 ; principal of a female semi
nary in Chicago, 111. , 1860-64 ; was admitted to the
diaconate and ordained priest in the Protestant
Episcopal church by Bishop Whitehouse of Illi
nois in 1864, and was rector of various parishes
in the diocese of Illinois until his death. He
received the degree D.D. from Jefferson college
in 1850. He founded and became editor of the
Evangelical Magazine in 1840 ; edited the Lin-
naean Record and Journal in 1845, and established
and edited the Evangelical Review, 1849-62. He
was also the chief editor of the hymn book of
the general synod in 1850, and an active member
of its liturgical committee for several years. He
published American Literature, an address (1845) ;
The Captivi of Plautus, with introduction and
notes (1846); Inaugural Address as President of
Capitol University (1850); Historical Address
before the Historical Society of the Lutheran
Church (1848); Inaugural Address, as President
of Illinois State University (1858); and translated
with introduction and notes, History of New
Sweden, by Israel Acrelius (1874). He died in
Oak Park, 111., Sept. 5, 1876.
REZE, Frederic, R.C bishop, was born near
Vienenberg, diocese of Hildeshiem, Germany,
Feb. 6, 1791 ; son of John Gotf ried and Caroline
(Alrutz) Reese and was baptized John Frederic
Conrad Rese (Reese). Being left an orphan he was
apprenticed to a tailor, and subsequently engaged
in that trade until 1813, when he was drafted into
the military service of his country. He served
in the English Hanoverian campaigns, 1813-14,
being a dragoon under General Blucher at Water
loo. He was prepared for the priesthood in the
College of the Propaganda at Rome, and ordained
at Rome by Cardinal Zurla, prefect of the Pro
paganda in 1822, his name being thereafter
written Frederic Reze. He served on the African
mission, 1822-24, when ill-health forced him to
retire. He accompanied Bishop Edward D.
Fenwick to the United States in 1825, became
his secretary, and labored in the diocese of Cin
cinnati, devoting himself specially to the Ger
mans. He was sent to Europe by Bishop Fenwick
in 1827, to secure German priests and financial
aid, and returned in 1823 with several mission
aries, having been successful and instrumental
in founding the Leopoldine society in Vienna,
Austria, for helping poor missions in America.
He went on a mission to the Indians in Wiscon

sin and Michigan in 1830, having been appointed
vicar-general of these states ; became adminis
trator of the diocese of Cincinnati on the death
of Bishop Fenwick in 1832, and on Feb. 25, 1833,
was appointed the first bishop of the diocese of
Detroit, established, March 8, 1833. He was con
secrated at Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1833, by
Bishop Rosati, assisted by Bishop Flaget and
Coadjutor-Bishop David, and was the first bishop
of German birth in the United States. He at
tended the 2d provincial council of Baltimore in
1833, and during his bishopric founded St.
Philip's college in Detroit, established academies
there and at Green Bay, which he placed under
the order of the Poor Clares, and opened schools
for the Indians. He also introduced the Redemp-
torists into the United States. Although successful
in his work he met with innumerable difficulties
in his diocese, and becoming ill from a disease of
the brain he was called to Rome and given a
coadjutor in 1837, in the person of Peter Paul
Lefevre (q.v.). Bishop Reze continued to per
form some duties at Rome, 1837-49, and was
placed in the hospital of the Sisters of Charity,
at Lappenberg, Germany, in 1849. He died in
Hildesheim, Germany, Dec. 30, 1871.
RHEA, John, representative, was born in Ire
land, about 1753. He came to the United States
with his father, a Scotch-Irish Presbyterian min
ister in 1769 ; settled in Pennsylvania, and re
moved to eastern Tennessee, then a part of the
state of North Carolina, in 1778. He was gradu
ated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1780,
A.M. 1783, was a member of the Patriot force
in the battle of King's Mountain in October, 1780,
and was clerk of the county court of Sullivan
county in the proposed state of Franklin, and
subsequently in North Carolina, 1785-90, serving
in the North Carolina house of commons and
in the state convention that ratified the consti
tution of the United States, 1789. He was a del
egate from Sullivan county to the constitutional
convention of Tennessee, 1796, serving on the
committee that drafted the constitution of the
new state. He was attorney-general of Greene
county, 1796 ; a representative from Washington
district in the lower house of the Tennessee leg
islature and doorkeeper of the house, 1796-97, and
a legislation elector to select presidential electors
in 1796. He was a Democratic representative
from Washington district in the 8th-12th con
gresses, 1803-13, and from the first Tennessee dis
trict in the 13th, 15th, 16th, and 17th congresses,
1813-15 and 1817-23, serving for many years as
chairman of the committee on postoffices and
postroads. He was appointed U.S. commissioner
to treat with the Choctaw Nation in 1816 ; was
an intermediary between General Jackson and
President Monroe in the memorable oorrespond-

[4551

RHEA

RHEES

ence preceding the war in Florida, 1818, and is
the author of the ' ' Rhea Letter ' ' written to James
Monroe in 1831 during President Jackson's ad
ministration. He was actively connected with
the progress of higher education in Tennessee,
being appointed a charter trustee of Greeneville
college, 1794 ; of Washington college, 1795, and
of East Tennessee college, ,1807. He died in Suli-
van, Tenn., May 27, 1832.
RHEA, John S., representative, was born in
Russellville, Logan county, Ky., March 9, 1855.
He attended Bethel college, Russellville, and
Washington and Lee university, Lexington, Va.;
studied law ; was admitted to the bar in 1873,
and established himself in practice at Russell
ville. He was prosecuting attorney of Logan
county, 1878-84 ; Democratic presidential elec
tor in 1884 and 1888, and a delegate to the
Democratic national conventions of 1892 and
1896, proposing at the latter the name of Senator
J. C. S. Blackburn for presidential nominee.
He was Democratic representative from the third
Kentucky district in the 55th, 56th and 57th
congresses, 1897-1903, and was re-elected to the
58th congress in November, 1902, for the term
expiring in 1905.
RHEA, William Francis, representative, was
born in Washington county, Va., April 20, 1859 ;
son of Joseph W. and Elizabeth Rhea. He at
tended the Oldfield school ; worked on a farm,
and was a student in King college, Bristol, Tenn. ,
1875-78. He was married in November, 1878, to
Mary Chester, daughter of V. and Mary (Chester)
Keebler of Bristol, Va. He was admitted to the
bar in 1879 and began practice in Bristol ; was
judge of the county court of Washington county,
1881-85 ; state senator, 1885-89, and judge of the
city court of Bristol, 1890-95 when he resigned.
and resumed the practice of law in Bristol. He
was a Democratic representative from the ninth
district of Virginia in the 56th and 57th congresses,
1899-1903, and was a candidate for re-election to
the 58th congress, but was defeated by Campbell
Slemp. After the election Congressman Rhea
published the statement that if a certificate of
election should be issued by the Virginia state
board to himself based on the exclusion of the
votes of precincts Pattison and Mendota, he
he should decline to- accept it, believing that the
votes belonged to his opponent.
RHEES, Benjamin Rush, educator, was born
in Chicago, 111., Feb. 8, 1860 ; son of John Evans
and Annie (McCutchen) Rhees ; grandson of
Morgan John and Grace (Evans) Rhees, and of
William Moore and Eliza (St. John) McCutchen,
and a descendant of Morgan John Rhees, who
came to Philadelphia from Glamorganshire,
Wales, in 1794. He was graduated from Am
herst college in 1883, and from Hartford Theo

logical seminary in 1888. He was Walker in
structor in mathematics at Amherst, 1883-85 ;
pastor of the Middle Street Baptist church, Ports
mouth, N.H., 1889-92; associate professor of New
Testament interpretation at the Newton Theolo
gical Institution, Newton Centre, Mass., 1892-94;
full professor, 1894-1900, and in 1900 became
president of the University of Rochester, suc
ceeding David Jayne Hill (q.v.). He was mar
ried, July 6, 1899, to Harriet Chapin, daughter of
President L. Clark Seelye of Smith college. The
degree of A.M. was conferred on him in 1897 by
Amherst for special work and thesis ; the honor
ary degree of LL.D. by Amherst in 1900, and
that of D.D. by Colgate in 1901. He is the
author of : Tlie Life of Jesus of Nazareth, a
Study (1900) ; and many articles on biblical sub
jects in the leading journals and periodicals.
RHEES, William Jones, bibliographer, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., March 13, 1830; son
of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Margaret Grace
(Evans) Rhees, and grandson of the Rev. Morgan
John and Ann (Loxley) Rhees or Rhys, and of
Evan Rice and Grace
(Wallis) Evans. The
Rev. Morgan John
Rhys, a native of Gla
morganshire, Wales,
immigrated to the
United States in 1794,
and after residing
in Philadelphia, Pa.,
purchased, in connec
tion with Dr. Benja
min Rush, a large
tract of land in
Pennsylvania, which
he called Cambria,
and formed Cambria
county. He founded
Beulah as the capital of this tract, with a
number of Welsh colonists in 1798, but subse
quently settled in Somerset county, Pa., where
he served as judge, appointed by Governor
Mifflin. William Jones Rhees was graduated at
the Central High school, Philadelphia, Pa., A.B.,
1847, A.M., 1852 ; became a clerk and draughts
man in the office of the Holland Land company
at MeadviUe, Pa., in 1847, and a clerk in the cen
sus office in Washington, D.C, in 1850, where he
had charge of the division of social statistics and
miscellaneous printing until 1853. He served as
secretary of the executive committee of the United
States for the Industrial Exhibition in London,
1851 ; was private secretary to Professor Joseph
Henry of the Smithsonian Institution, 1853-88 ;
chief clerk of the Institution from 1853, and
at various times (1884-87) acting secretary of
the Institution. He was married, Nov. 13, 1856,

[456]

RHETT

RHIND

to Laura 0., daughter of Isaac and Mary A,
(Everett) Clarke of Washington, D.C. ; and
secondly, Sept. 20, 1866, to Romenia F. Ellis of
Boston, Mass. He was one of the three original
founders of the Young Men's Christian associa
tion, serving in all its offices from librarian to
president, and was a delegate to and secretary
of many national conventions. He was also one
of the founders of the Sons of the American
Revolution ; organized a lecture bureau in 1856
for the Y.M.C.A., securing the service of emi
nent speakers, and conducted Professor John
Tyndall's lecture tour of the United States in
1872. ¦ He was a trustee of the public schools of
Washington, 1862-68, 1873-74 and 1878-79, and
invented and patented the Rhees ruler and pencil-
case slate in 1868. He had charge of the publica
tions of the Smithsonian Institution ; edited The
Scientific Writings of James Smithson (1879),
.and is the author of : Manual of Public Libraries,
Institutions and Societies in the United States
.and British Provinces of North America (1859) ;
Guide to the Smithsonian Institution and Na
tional Museum (1859, and many later editions) ;
Manual of Public Schools of Washington (1863-
66) ; The Smithsonian Institution : Documents
Relative to its Origin and History (1879 and 1901);
James Smithson and his Bequest (1880) ; and
various Catalogues of Publications of the Smith
sonian Institution (1862-1903).
RHETT, Robert Barnwell, statesman, was
born in Beaufort, S.C, Dec. 14, 1800 ; son of
James and Marianna (Gough) Smith. He re
ceived an academic education ; was admitted to
the bar in 1824 ; was a representative from the
Beaufort district in
the state legislature
in 1826 ; attorney-gen
eral of the state in
1832, and in 1837 sub
stituted the surname
Rhett from a colonial
ancestor for his pat
ronymic Smith. He
was a States' Rights
representative from
the seventh district
of South Carolina in
the 25th-30th con
gresses, 1837-49, and
was elected to the
U.S. senate to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of John C. Cal
houn, serving from Jan. 6, 1851, to Aug. 31,
1852, and resigning during the vacation of con
gress from Aug. 31, to Dec. 6, 1852, on account
of the death of his wife. While in the senate
he urged the withdrawal of South Carolina
from the Union, even if the state stood alone

in the movement. He took no active part in
public affairs after his resignation until Decem
ber, 1860, when he was a member of the South
Carolina secession convention, and prepared the
declaration of her people in convention, giving
to the world her reasons for seceding. He was
chairman of the South Carolina delegation to
the congress of seceded states that met at Mont
gomery, Ala., Feb. 4, 1861, and was made chair
man of the committee appointed to frame a con
stitution for a permanent government. To this
instrument he proposed the amendments in rela
tion to the protective policy ; the presidential
term ; the modification of the removal from office
or civil service reform, and the mode provided
for future amendments. It was his casting vote
that elected Jefferson Davis provisional president
of the Confederate States, although he was per
sonally opposed to his candidacy, and he was
chairman of the committee to notify the presi
dent elect and to present him to the convention
for inauguration. He was chairman of the com
mittee on foreign affairs in the provisional con
gress, and favored the immediate demand from
foreign nations of recognition of the Confederate
States of America as an independent government,
in which he was opposed by the administration.
On the removal of the seat of government to
Richmond and the organization of the govern
ment under a permanent constitution, Feb. 22,
1862, he appears to have taken no part either in
the administrative or legislative departments. He
owned the Charleston Mercury, in which he advo
cated his extreme states' rights views, and his son,
Robert B. Rhett, Jr., conducted the paper during
the civil war. Senator Rhett removed to St.
James parish, La., from whence he was sent as
a delegate to tlie Democratic national conven
tion of 1868, apparently his last public act. He
died in St. James Parish, La., Sept. 14, 1876.
RHIND, Alexander Colden, naval officer, was
born in New York city, Oct. 31, 1821 ; son of
Charles and  (Colden) Rhind. He was war
ranted midshipman, U.S.N., Sept. 3, 1838; at
tended the naval school, Philadelphia, Pa., 1844-
45 ; was advanced to passed midshipman, July 2,
1845, and was attached to Commodore Conner's
squadron during the Mexican war, participating
in the capture of Alvarado and Tabasco. He was
commissioned master, April 20, 1853 ; lieutenant,
Feb. 17, 1854 ; commanded the E. B. Hall on the
South Atlantic blockading squadron, and on
April 29, 1862, captured and destroyed the bat
teries on the north and south Edisto ; engaged
in a shore fight at Seabrook's plantation, when
with his crew and a Pennsylvania company, he
defeated a mounted force of Confederates, for
which he received the thanks of the navy depart
ment ; was promoted lieutenant-commander,

[457]

RHOADS

RHODES

July 16, 1862, and commanded the Seneca on the
South Atlantic blockading squadron late in 1862.
He was promoted commander, Jan. 2, 1862, and
in Du Pont's attack on Charleston, S.C, April 7,
1863, he commanded the Keokuk, which made the
nearest approach to Fort Sumter, and was struck
ninety times, nineteen shots piercing her armor
at or below the water line, and several passing
through her two turrets and disabling the forward
gun early in the action. Rhind with difficulty
kept the ironclad afloat till the next morning,
when she sank at the lower anchorage. In this
engagement Commander Rhind was wounded.
He succeeded Capt. Charles Steedman to the
command of the double-ender gunboat Paul
Jones, and participated in several engagements
with Fort Wagner and in the boat attack on Fort
Sumter in July, 1863, being subsequently trans
ferred to the command of the Wabash, flagship
of the South At
lantic blockad
ing squadron.
He commanded
the steam gun
boat Agawam on
the North At-
i lantic blockad-
»~ing squadron,
1 1864; was on
duty in the
James river, May to October, 1864, and actively
engaged with the Confederate batteries at
Deep Bottom, for which he received the thanks
of the navy department, Sept. 7, 1864. On Dec.
23, 1865, with a crew of volunteers, he success
fully performed the perilous duty of navigat
ing the powder-ship Louisiana under the walls
of Fort Fisher, where it was exploded with
the expectation of destroying the fort. He
escaped with his crew to the Wilderness, and
steaming to a safe distance witnessed the harm
less explosion, after which the naval fleet stood
in toward the fort in close order of division, the
ironclads leading ; and after the guns were
silenced, the Confederate garrison took refuge in
their bombproofs. He commanded the receiving
ship Vermont at New York, 1866-67 ; the naval
rendezvous at New York in 1868 ; the U.S. navy
yard, New York, 1869-70; was promoted captain,
March 2, 1870, and commanded the Congress on
the European station, 1872-73. He served as
light-house inspector, 1876-79 ; was promoted
commodore, Sept. 30, 1876 ; was president of the
board of inspection, 1880-82; governor of the
Naval Asylum in 1883; was promoted rear-admiral,
Oct. 30, 1883, and retired, Oct. 31, 1883. He died
in New York city, Nov. 8, 1897.
RHOADS, James Evans, educator, was born
at Marple, Delaware county, Pa., Jan. 21, 1828;

u s.s. WABASH.

son of Joseph and Hannah (Evans) Rhoads. He
was educated at the Westtown school, Pa. ;
graduated in medicine at the University of Penn
sylvania in 1851, and for a short time had charge
of the Philadelphia dispensary. He was resident
physician of the Pennsylvania hospital, 1852-54,
and conducted a general practice in Germantown,
Philadelphia, 1854-62. In 1860 he married Mai-
garet W. Ely, of New Hope, Pa. After 1862 he
devoted himself to philanthropy and was for
many years secretary of the associated executive
committee on Indian affairs, and for several
years was president of the Indian Rights associa
tion. In 1876 he was appointed editor of the
Friends' Review, and served as the first president
of Bryn Mawr college, 1883-94. He also held
the professorship of ethics at Bryn Mawr, 1883-
94, and was president of the board of trustees
from 1883 until his death. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Union college in
1890. He died at Bryn Mawr, Pa., Jan. 2, 1895.
RHOADS, Samuel, delegate, was born in Phil
adelphia, Pa., in 1711 ; son of John Rhoads, and
grandson of John Rhoads who emigrated from
Derbyshire, England, and settled in Philadel
phia. He learned the carpenter's trade and be
came a builder. He was a member of the city
council in 1741 ; of the provincial assembly, 1761-
64 and 1771-74, and served as commissioner to
the Indians at Lancaster, Pa., and in the West.
He was a delegate to the Continental congress,
1774-75 ; was elected mayor of Philadelphia in
1774 ; was a founder and a member of the board
of managers of the Pennsylvania hospital, 1751-
81 ; a director of the Philadelphia library and an
early member of the American Philosophical so
ciety. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., April 7, 1784.
RHODES, James Ford, historian, was born in
Cleveland, Ohio, May 1, 1848 ; son of Daniel,.
Pomeroy and Sophia (TXmi) Rhodes! ITeattended
the public schools of Cleveland, Ohio ; was a
special student at the University of the City of
New York, 1865-66, and attended the University
of Chicago, 1866-67. In 1867-68 he studied in
Paris and Berlin, and later made a tour of in
spection of the iron and steel works of Germany
and Great Britain. Upon his return to Cleveland
in 1868, he engaged in the coal and iron industry.
He was married, Jan. 4, 1872, to Ann, daughter
of Jonathan F. and Maria Card of Cleveland.
He devoted his leisure time to historical research,
and in 1885 retired from business and engaged
entirely in literary pursuits. He was elected a
member of the Massachusetts Historical society
and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
and president of the American Historical asso
ciation in 1899. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Adelbert college, West
ern Reserve university in 1893, and by Harvard

[458]

RICAUD

RICE

and Yale in 1901. His History of the United
States from the Compromise of 1850 (4 vols., 1850-
64) was awarded the Loubat prize of 3000 marks
for' American history by the Berlin Academy of
Science in 1901 and new edition was issued in 1900.
RICAUD, James Barroll, jurist, was born in
Baltimore, Md., Feb. 11, 1808. He attended St.
Mary's college, Baltimore, Md., was admitted to
the bar, and established himself in practice at
Chestertown, Md. He was a representative in
the state legislature in 1834-36 ; state senator,
1836-44 ; presidential elector on the Harrison and
Tyler ticket in 1836, and on the Clay and Freling
huysen ticket in 1844, and a Native American
representative from- Maryland in the 34th and
35th congresses, 1855-59. He was re-elected to
the state senate in 1860, but resigned in 1864 on
being appointed judge of the circuit court. He
died at Chestertown, Md., Jan. 24, 1866.
RICE, Alexander Hamilton, governor of Mas
sachusetts, was born in Newton Lower Falls,
Mass., Aug. 30, 1818 ; son of Thomas and Lydia
(Smith) Rice. His father was a paper manufac
turer at Newton Lower Falls. He attended the
public schools of
Newton ; was gradu
ated from Union col
lege, Schenectady,
NY., A.B., 1844,
A.M., 1847, andbegan-
business in Boston,
Mass., with Wilkins,
Carter and Company,
as a paper dealer and
manufacturer, which
business developed
into the Rice, Kendall
Company. He was a
member of the Bos
ton school commit
tee ; a member of
the board of public institutions, and a mem
ber and president of the common council of Bos
ton. He was the first Republican mayor of the
city of Boston, 1856-57, and during his admin
istration the territory known as the Back Bay
district was developed, the City Hospital was
started and the Public Library building was
finished and dedicated. He was president of the
Boston board of trade for several years, and was
a Republican representative in the 36th-39th con
gresses, 1859-67, serving as chairman of the com
mittee on naval affairs, 1863-65. He was a dele
gate to the Philadelphia Loyalists' convention of
1866, and to the Republican national convention
of 1868. He was governor of the commonwealth
of- Massachusetts, 1876-78, inclusive. He was
twice married ; first, in 1844, to Augusta E.,
sister of Judge McKim of the Suffolk county

probate court, and secondly, to Angie Erickson
Powell of Rochester, N.Y. He was a member
of the American Archaeological society ; a fellow
of the American Geographical society of New
York ; a member of the American Historial asso
ciation ; a trustee of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, of the Boston Museum of Fine
Arts, of the Episcopal Theological school, Cam
bridge, and honorary chancellor of Union univer
sity, 1881. The honorary degree of LL.D. was
conferred on him by Harvard in 1876. He died
in Melrose, Mass., July 22, 1895.
RICE, Charles Allen Thorndike, journalist
and reformer, was born in Boston, Mass., June
18, 1851. He studied in Germany under the
supervision of his stepfather, Professor Koppler,
a well-known scholar of Darmstadt, and was
graduated from the University of Oxford, A.B.,
A.M. Returning to the United States, he studied
law at Columbia Law school, New York city.
In 1876, having inherited a large fortune, he pur
chased the North American Review and became
its editor, making the magazine non-partisan,
securing able contributions from authorities on
both sides of every political, religious, or social
question, and soon building up a large circula
tion. He organized and managed an expedition
to Central America for the purpose of unearthing
the buried antiquities of that country, which
work was begun by John L. Stephens (q.v.), and
carried on by Ephraim Squires. He enlisted the
assistance of Pierce Lorillard, who furnished
funds for the enterprise, and after securing the
co-operation of the French government, he sent
out, under the lead of M. Charnay, the expedi
tion, which was very successful. For his manage
ment of the enterprise, Mr. Rice was made an
officer of the Legion of Honor of France. In
1884 he founded Le Matin, conducted it on the
American plan and made it one of the leading
morning journals of Paris. He was the unsuc
cessful Republican candidate for representative
from New York city in the 50th congress in 1886,
and his defeat caused him to draft a ballot reform
bill. He was the first to recommend the Austra
lian system of voting in the United States ; de
clined the Republican nomination for mayor of
New York city in 1888, and in 1889 was ap
pointed by President Harrison, U.S. minister to
Russia, but died before sailing for St. Petersburg.
He wrote the introduction to the American edi
tion of Charnay's " Account of the Discoveries in
Central America " ; edited Reminiscences of Abra
ham Lincoln (1886), and contributed to " Ancient
Cities of the New World" (1887) . He died in New
York city, May 16, 1889.
RICE, David, clergyman, was born in Hanover
county, Va.. Dec. 29, 1733. He was graduated
from the College of New Jersey in 1761 ; studied

[459]

RICE

RICE

theology and was pastor of the Presbyterian
church at Hanover, Va., 1763-68, and pastor of
congregations in Bedford county, Va., 1768-83.
He removed to Kentucky in October, 1783, and
organized the first religious congregation in Mer
cer county, Ky., and the first school. He organ
ized and was chairman of the conference held
in 1785 for the purpose of instituting a regular
organization of the Presbyterian church in the
new territory ; was founder of Transylvania
academy, and a member of the state constitu
tional convention in 1792. He was married to
Mary, daughter of the Rev. Samuel Blair. He is
the author of : Essay on Baptism (1789) ; Lecture
on Divine Decrees (1791) ; Slavery Inconsistent
with Justice and Policy (1792); An Epistle to
the Citizens of Kentucky Professing Christianity
(1805) ; A Second Epistle (1808), and A Kentucky
Protest Against Slavery (1812) . He died in Green
county, Ky., June 18, 1816.
RICE, Edwin Wilbur, editor, was born in
Kingsborough, N.Y., July 24, 1831 ; son of Eben
ezer and Eliza Ann (Port) .Rice ; grandson of
Ebenezer and Martha (Throop) Rice, and a de
scendant of the Rices (Royces) of Massachusetts
Bay colony. He was graduated at Union college,
A.B., 1854, A.M., 1857; studied law, 1854-55, and
attended Union Theological seminary in New
York city, 1855-57. He was a student missionary
of the American Sunday-school union, 1853, and
subsequently of the American Tract society ;
taught school in Brooklyn, N.Y., 1857-58, mean
while declining the superintendency of colport-
age for the upper Mississippi valley ; was a
Sunday-school missionary at La Crosse, Wis.,
1859-60 ; ordained by the Presbyterian and Con
gregational convention of Wisconsin, Sept. 5,
1860, and was engaged in Sunday-school mission
work in St. Louis, Mo., and La Crosse, Wis., 1861-
64, and as superintendent of the American Sun
day-school union at Milwaukee, Wis., 1864-70.
He was assistant secretary of missions and assis
tant editor of the periodicals of the American
Sunday School union at Philadelphia, Pa., 1871-
77 ; editor of its periodicals, 1877-79, and of all
its periodicals and publications from 1879, and
chairman of its executive committee from 1880,
in which capacity he accomplished the liquida
tion of the society's debt, amounting to about
$250,000. He was married, Jan. 23, 1801, to
Margaret E., daughter of Richard and Eliza
(Williams) Williams of Potter, N.Y. ; and sec
ondly, Aug. 13, ,1868, to Mary, daughter of the
Rev. Alfred and Hannah Judd (Belden) Gardner
of New Britain, Conn. He received the honorary
degree of D.D. from Union college in 1884, and
on May 25, 1899, at the seventy-fifth anniversary
of the American Sunday-school union, was pre
sented with a silver loving cup in recognition of

his forty years of service. He edited the Sunday
School World and the Youths' World from 1871 •
a series of lesson papers from 1872 ; prepared the
Scholar's Handbooks on the International Lessons
(1873-89) ; edited the Union Companion and
Quarterly from 1875, Kennedy's "Four Gospels"
(1881), and Paxton Hood's " Great Revival of the
Eighteenth Century " (1882) . He is the author of
geographical and topographical articles in Philip
Schaff's "Bible Dictionary" (1880); Pictorial
Commentaries on Mark (1881); Historical Sketch
of Sunday Schools (1886); People's Commentary on
Matthew (1887; rev. ed., 1897) ; People's Lesson
Book on Matthew (1888) ; Stories of Great Painters
(1888) ; People's Commentary on Luke (1889) ;
People's Commentary on John (1891) ; Our Sixty-
six Sacred Books (1891); People's Dictionary of
the Bible (1893) ; People's Commentary on Acts
(1896); Handy Helps for Busy Workers (1899);.
Tlie Heavenly City (1899); History of Interna
tional Lessons for Thirty-three Years (1902),
and a History of the American Sunday School
Union. RICE, Elliott Warren, soldier, was born in
Pittsburg, Pa., Nov. 16, 1835. His parents re
moved to Martinsville, Ohio, and he attended the
Ohio university ; was admitted to J,he bar in
1856, and practised in Oskaloosa, Iowa, where
his brother, Samuel Allen Rice (q.v.), had located.
He enlisted in the 7th Iowa volunteers, Col. J. G.
Lauman, as a private in 1861, participating in the
battle of Belmont, Mo., Nov. 7, and was rapidly
promoted through the various ranks to colonel,
taking part at Shiloh, Corinth, Oct. 3-4, 1862, and.
in all the important battles of the southwest,
commanding his regiment in the 1st brigade, 2d
division, Army of West Tennessee. He was
promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, June 20,
1864, commanded the 1st brigade and for a time
the 2d division, 16th Army corps, in the Atlanta.
campaign, and the 1st brigade, Corse's 4th divi
sion, Logan's 15th corps, in Sherman's march
through Georgia and the Carolinas. He was
brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13,
1865, was mustered out of the service, Aug. 24,
1865, and resumed the practice of law in Oska
loosa, subsequently removing to Sioux City,
Iowa, where he died, June 22, 1887.
RICE, Harvey, educationist, was born in Con
way, Mass., June 11, 1800. His father was a
farmer, and in 1817 the son left the farm with
his parents' permission and devoted his earnings
to the preparation for college. He was graduated
from Williams college in 1824, and removed to
Cleveland, Ohio, where he re-opened St. Clair
academy as a classical school. He was admitted
to the bar in 1826, and practised law in Cleve
land, 1826-28, as a partner with his preceptor,
Reuben Wood. In 1828 he purchased the Inde-

[460]

RICE

RICE

/5^z2-z^-t^

/£*^e_=

pendent News Letter, changed the name to the
Cleveland Plain Dealer, and edited the paper,
1828-29. He was a Democratic representative
from Cuyahoga county in the state legislature,
1830-31 ; agent at Millersburg for the sale of
Western Reserve school lands in the Virginia
military district, completing in three years (1833-
36) the sale of 50,000
acres, and paying
nearly $150,000 to the
state treasury, as a
school fund for the
exclusive benefit of
the children of the
Western Reserve. He
was clerk of the court
of common pleas at
Cleveland, and of the
supreme court, 1833-
40 ; the unsuccessful
candidate for the 25th
and 26th congresses,
1836 and 18.38; state
senator, 1852-54, and
introduced the bill for a new system for the public
schools of Ohio, and the establishment of school
libraries. .He was a member of the city council in
1857, serving as chairman of the committee that
established the Cleveland Industrial school, and
the same year projected the Perry monument for
the public park. In 1862 he was a commissioner
to conduct the first draft made in the country.
In 1887 he erected, at his own expense, a monu
ment at Mission park, Williamstown, Mass., com
memorative of the origination by Samuel J. Mills
in 1806 of the American Board of Foreign Mis
sions ; and on July 22, 1898, the citizens of Cleve
land unveiled a bronze statue to the memory of Dr.
Rice as the " Father of the Ohio School System."
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Williams college in 1871. He was presi
dent of the Early Settlers' association of Cuya
hoga county at the time of his death. He is the
author of : Mount Vernon and Other Poems
(1858) ; Nature and Culture (1875) ; Pioneers of
the Western Reserve (1882); Select Poems (1885),
and Sketches of Western Life (1888) . He died in
Cleveland, Ohio, Nov. 7, 1891.
RICE, Henry Mower, senator, was born in
Waitsfield, Vt., Nov. 29, 1816; son of Edmund
and Ellen (Durkee) Rice ; grandson of Jedediah
and Jemima (Hastings) Rice and of Sylvanus and
Jemima (Willard) Hastings, and a descendant of
Edmund Rice, born in Berkhampstead, Hertford
shire, England, 1594, settled at Sudbury, Mass.,
1639 ; and died at Marlboro, 1663. Henry M. Rice
removed to Michigan in 1835, and was employed
on the survey of the Kalamazoo and Grand rivers,
and of the Sault Sainte Marie canal in 1837. In

1839 he went to Fort Snelling, Iowa Territory,
and was employed as post-sutler at Fort Atkin
son, 184-0-42. He became agent among the Win
nebago Indians for P. Chouteau, Jr., & Company,
of St. Louis, in 1843, and besides establishing trad
ing posts from Lake Superior to the Red River of
the North, procured the removal of the Chippewas
from Lake Superior to tlie Mississippi. He re
moved to Upper Town, Minn., and continued fur-
trading. He married, March 29, 1849, Matilda,
daughter of Gilbert and Rachel (Newbold)Whitall,
of Richmond, Va. He succeeded Henry H. Sibley
as a delegate in the 33d congress in 1853, and was
re-elected in 1854 to the 34th congress, serving from
Dec. 5, 1853, to March 3, 1857. During his first
term he secured the passage of an act authoriz
ing the people of Minnesota to form a state con
stitution. He was elected with James Shields,
the first U.S. senator from the state of Minnesota,
and drew the long term, serving from May 12,
1858, to March 3, 1863. During his senatorial
term he secured to the state an extensive grant
of lands which formed the basis of the railroad
system of Minnesota. He was treasurer of Ram
say county in 1878 ; was the founder of Bayfield,
Wis., and of Munising, Mich., and presented a
tract of land (Rice Park) to the city of St. Paul.
He died in San Antonio, Texas, Jan. 15, 1894.
RICE, James Clay, soldier, was born in Worth
ington, Mass., Dec. 27, 1829. He was graduated
at Yale, A.B., 1854, A.M., 1857; engaged in teach
ing in Natchez, Miss. , 1854-55 ; was admitted to
the Mississippi bar in 1855 ; prepared for admis
sion to the New York bar in the office of Thomas
Sedgwick in New York city in 1856, and in which
city he practised, 1857-61. He enlisted as a private
in the 39th New York volunteers (Garibaldi
Guards) and was promoted lieutenant and captain,
serving in the reserve division in the first battle
of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. On the organization
of the 44th New York volunteers he became its
lieutenant-colonel, and subsequently colonel. In
the seven days' battles before Richmond, under
McClellan, in the second battle of Bull Run,
Aug. 16-Sept. 2, 1862, and at Chancellorsville, he
commanded his regiment in the 3d brigade, 1st
division, 5th Army corps. He succeeded Col.
Strong Vincent to the command of 3d brigade,
1st division, 5th Army corps, at Gettysburg,
where on the second day he performed an im
portant service, by holding the extreme left of
the line against repeated attacks in the defence of
Round Top against a flank movement. For his
services at the battle of Gettysburg he was pro
moted brigadier-general of volunteers, Aug. 17,
1863. He served in the advance on Mine Run in
November, 1863, and in the Wilderness campaign,
May, 1864. He was killed in Warren's assault at
Spottsylvania, Va., May 11, 1864.

[461]

¦ .--^77?

RICE

RICE

RICE, John Holt, clergyman, was born at
New London, Bedford county, Va., Nov. 28,
1777 ; son of Benjamin and Catharine (Holt)
Rice ; grandson of the Rev. David (College of
New Jersey, 1761) and Mary (Blair) Rice, and a
descendant of Thomas Rice, who emigrated from
England and settled in Virginia at an early period.
He received his early education under Parson
Holt and the Rev. James Mitchel ; attended
Liberty Hall academy, Lexington, Va. ; engaged
in teaching a private school ; was a tutor in
Hampden-Sidney college, Va., 1796-99 and 1800-
04 ; studied medicine one year ; prepared for the
ministry under the Rev. Archibald Alexander,
and was licensed to preach by the presbytery of
Hanover, Sept. 12, 1803. He was pastor at Cub
Creek, Charlotte county, Va., 1804-12 ; of the
first separate Presbyterian church, Richmond,
Va., 1812-23 ; began the publication of Tlie
Christian Monitor in 1815 ; edited the Virginia
Evangelical and Literary Magazine, 1818-29 ; de
clined the presidency of the College of New
Jersey in 1822, and was professor in the Union
Theological seminary at Hampden-Sidney col
lege, 1824-31. He was a member of the Virginia
Bible society and a founder of the American Bible
society in 1816 ; attended the general assemblies
of the Presbyterian church in 1816, 1819, 1820,
1822 and 1827, serving as moderator in 1819, and
visited the northern states in the interests of the
seminary and on lecturing tours. He was mar
ried, July 9, 1802, to Anne Smith, daughter of
Major Morton of Virginia. He received the
honorary degree of D.D. from the College of
New Jersey in 1819, and is the author of : Memoir
of the Rev. James B. Taylor (1830) ; Historical
and Philosophical Considerations on Religion
addressed to James Madison (1832), and of nu
merous sermons and essays. William Maxwell
published his memoir in 1835. He died in Hamp
den-Sidney, Va., Sept. 3, 1831.
RICE, John Hovey, representative, was born
at Mount Vernon, Maine, Feb. 5, 1816 ; son of
Nathaniel and Jane (Swasey) Rice. He received
a common school education, and in 1832 was
clerk in the registry of deeds at Augusta, Maine,
where he subsequently engaged in mercantile
business and studied law. He served as aide-de
camp to General Bachelor in the " Aroostook
war" in 1838, growing out of the northeastern
boundary dispute with Great Britain, and was
deputy-sheriff of Kennebec county in 1840. He
removed to Piscataquis county, Maine, in 1843,
where he became interested in the mercantile
and lumbering business. He was married in
1847 to Grace Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Gilman
Moody and Dorah (Crosby) Burleigh of Dexter,
Maine ; she died in December, 1898, leaving three
children. He was admitted to the bar in 1848,

and began practice, and was county attorney,
1852-60. He was a delegate to the first Republi
can national convention at Philadelphia, Pa.,
June 17, 1856 ; a Republican representative from
the fourth Maine district in the 37th, 38th and
39th congresses, 1861-67, declining nomination to
the 40th congress, and customs collector, by
appointment of President Johnson, at the port
of Bangor, Maine, 1867-71. He resumed the
practice of law in Washington, D.C, with Ed
ward Jordan, 1872-84, and in the latter year
removed to New York city, where he was en
gaged in incorporation and law business, until
he retired in 1899, and then took residence in
Chicago, 111., where he was still living in 1903.
RICE, Luther, educationist, was born in
Northborough, Mass., March 25, 1783 ; son of
Amos and Sarah (Graves) Rice ; grandson of
Jacob and Hannah (Howe) Rice, and a descend
ant of Deacon Edmund Rice and of Edward, his
son, who settled in Sudbury, 1638, and incorpor
ated Marlborough, 1656, having been born in
Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire. His parents were
members of the Congregational church. He spent
six months in 1799 in Georgia, purchasing timber
for shipbuilding ; worked on his father's farm ;
prepared for college at Leicester academy,. 1804-
07, and was graduated from Williams college,
Mass., A.B., 1810, A.M., 1813, and from Andover
Theological seminary in 1812. While in college,
with Mills and Richards, he became interested in
foreign missions, and while at the seminary he
joined Judson, Nott, Mills, Newell and Richards
in the preparation of a memorial to the General
Association of Evangelical Ministers in Massa
chusetts, which resulted in the formation of the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions, and of kindred organizations in other
churches. He was ordained, Feb. 6, 1812, at
Salem, Mass. ; served as foreign missionary to
India, 1812-13, and with Mr. and Mrs. Adoniram
Judson, his companions, he embraced the Baptist
faith, and was baptized in Calcutta, Nov. 1, 1812.
Returning to Boston in 1813, he was dismissed
by the A. B.C. for F.M., and became agent to the
Baptist Missionary convention, 1813-26, traveling
over the United States in the cause of foreign
missions. In 1817 he conceived the idea of
founding a college in the city of Washington,
D.C, for the education of "gospel ministers"
for the Baptist church, and in connection with
the school of theology, he projected schools of
classical culture, science, philosophy and law.
In 1819, in company with Obadiah B. Brown,
Spencer H. Cone and Enoch Reynolds, he formed
a literary association for the purpose of buying
46| acres of land immediately adjoining the city
of Washington, for which they paid $7,000. The
construction of Columbian college building was

[462]

RICE

RICE

commenced in 1820, a charter was procured from
congress, Feb. 9, 1821, and the building was com
pleted in 1822. Mr. Rice was "a member of the
organized board of corporators ; treasurer of the
college, 1821-26, and a member of the board of
trustees, 1821-27. He declined the presidency of
Transylvania university, Lexington. Ky., and a
similar call to Georgetown college, Ky. The
degree A.M. was given him by Brown university
in 1814. He was unmarried. He died at the
house of his friend, Dr. Mays, while on a collect
ing tour through the South, and a marble slab
marks his grave in Point Pleasant churchyard,
Edgefield district, S.C. He died, Sept. 25, 1836.
RICE, Nathan Lewis, clergyman, was born in
Garrard county, Ky, Dec. 29, 1807 ; son of Gabriel
and Phebe (Garrett) Rice. He worked on his
father's farm ; taught school to prepare for col
lege ; matriculated at Centre college, Ky., 1825,
but did not graduate ; taught Latin in the pre
paratory department of Centre college, 1825-27,
and was licensed to preach in 1828 by the Tran
sylvania presbytery. He was a student in the
Princeton Theological seminary, 1829-31 ;¦ was
ordained by the presbytery of Louisville, Ky.,
June 8, 1833, and was pastor at Bardstown, Ky.,
and principal of a seminary for girls, 1833-41, at
the same time editing the Western Protestant.
He was stated' supply at Woodford and Paris, Ky.,
1841-44 ; pastor of the Central church, Cincinnati,
Ohio, and professor in the Theological seminary,
1845-53 ; pastor of the Second church, St. Louis,
Mo., 1853-58, meantime editing the St. Louis
Presbyterian and serving as moderator of the gen
eral assembly held at Nashville in 1855. He was
pastor of the North church, Chicago, 111., 1858-61,
and professor of didactic theology at the Chicago
Theological seminary, 1859-61 ; pastor of the Fifth
Avenue church, New York city, 1861-67 ; retired
to a farm near New Brunswick, N.J., 1867-68 ;
was president of Westminster college, Fulton,
Mo., 1869-74, and professor of didactic and polem
ic theology at the Danville Theological semin
ary, Ky., 1874-77. He received the honorary
degree of D.D. from Jefferson college in 1844.
He is the author of : Baptism : Universal Salva
tion (1845); Slavery (1845) ; Romanism the Enemy
of Free Institutions and of Christianity (1851);
The Signs of the Times (1855); Baptism: The
Design, Mode and Subjects (1855); Our Country
and the Church (1861) ; Preach the Word : a
Discourse (1862); Tlie Pulpit, its Relation to Our
National Crisis (1862), and Discourses (1862).
He died in Chatham, Ky., June 11, 1877.
RICE, Samuel Allen, soldier, was born in
Penn Yan, N.Y., Jan. 27,1828. His parents re
moved first to Pittsburg, Pa., and thence to
Martinville, Ohioi He was a student in the Ohio
university, and graduated at Union college, New

York, in 1849. He was admitted to the bar in
1852, and settled in practioe at Oskaloosa, Iowa,
becoming attorney for Mahaska county in 1853.
He was attorney-general of Iowa for two terms,
1856-60, and entered the Federal army as colonel
of the 33d Iowa volunteers, Aug. 10, 1862. He
was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers,
Aug. 4, 1863, for bravery at Helena, Ark., and
served in the department of Arkansas in com
mand of the 1st brigade, 3d division, army of
Gen. Frederick Steele,, during the campaigns of
1863-64, until wounded at Jenkins's Ferry, Ark.,
April 30, 1864. He died at Oskaloosa, July 6, 1864.
RICE, Samuel Farrow, jurist, was born in
Union district, S.C, June 2, 1816 ; son of Judge
William and  (Herndon) Rice. He was grad
uated at South Corolina college, studied law, and
was admitted to the bar in 1838, settling in the
same year in Talladega, Ala. , where he purchased
and edited (1838-44) a newspaper. He repre
sented Talladega in the legislature, 1840 and 1841,
and was made state printer in 1841. He was
unsuccessful candidate for representative in the
29th congress in 1844 and for the 30th congress
in 1846, was an elector on the Taylor and Fillmore
ticket in 1849 and was an unsuccessful candidate
for representative in the 51st congress in 1850.
In 1852 he removed to Montgomery, Ala.; was
associate justice of the supreme court, 1854^55
and chief-justice, 1855-58. He was a representa
tive in the state legislature in 1859, and a state
senator, 1861-65. He was married to the daughter
of Maj. P. E. Pearson. He died in Montgomeiy,
Ala., Jan. 3, 1890.
RICE, Wallace (de Groot Cecil), author,
editor and critic, was born in Hamilton, Canada,
Nov. 10, 1859 ; son of John Asaph and Margaret
Van Slycke (Culver) Rice ; grandson of Anson
and Lucy (Sherman) Rice, and of Lewis Halsey
and Ann Eliza (Sebring) Culver ; great-grand-
nephew of the Rev. Luther Rice (q.v.); great-
grandson of Isaac Sherman, Marlborough (Mass.)
Minute Men ; great-2-grandson of Amos Rice,
captain in the 6th Worcester County (Mass.)
volunteers ; of Thomas Sebring, captain in the
New Jersey line, and of Abraham Wood, clerk
of the Northborough (Mass.) Minute Men, of the
Revolutionary armies ; and a descendant of
Deacon Edmund Rice andTamazin, his wife, who
came from Berkhampstead, Herts, in 1638, and
settled in Sudbury, Mass. , to become one of the
first settlers of Marlborough, Mass., in 1656. His
parents were Americans temporarily residing in
Canada at the time of his birth, removing with
him to Chicago, 111., in 1861. He attended the
grammar school of Racine college, and entered
Harvard with the class of 1883, but was not
graduated. He was admitted to the Chicago bar
in November, 1884, and began practice. He
[463]

RICE

RICH

married, Aug. 8, 1889, Minna Hale Angier of
Chicago. In February, 1890, he entered upon
newspaper work, and later became a member of
the (literary) critical staff of the principal
Chicago periodicals : literary adviser to A. K.
McClurg & Co., and to the Fleming H. Revell
company of Chicago, and lecturer on contem
poraneous verse. He is the author of : Under
the Stars, and Other Songs of the Sea (with Bar
rett Eastman, 1898); Heroic Deeds (1898); Flying
Sands (1898); Ballads of Valor and Victory
(with Clinton Scollard, 1901) , and Animals (1901).
He is the editor of : Poems of Francis Brooks,
with Prefatory Memoir (1898) ; Poems of Rudyard
Kipling, with Introductory Essay (1899); The
Basia of Joannes Secundus, with Appreciation
(1901); The Younger Poets of the Old World
(1902) , and The Younger Poets of the New World
(1902). He wrote and read the Memorial Ode for
the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of
Racine college, which was celebrated, June 10,
1902, at Racine, Wis.
RICE, William North, educator, was born in
Marblehead, Mass., Nov. 21, 1845 ; son of William
and Caroline Laura (North) Rice, and grandson
of William and Jerusha (Warriner) Rice, and of
William and Laura (Hyde) North. He was
graduated from Wesleyan university, Middle-
town, Conn., A.B., 1865, and from the Sheffield
Scientific school, Yale university, Ph.D., 1867.
He was professor of geology and natural history
at Wesleyan university, 1867-84 ; traveled abroad
and studied at the University of Berlin, 1867-68 ;
was librarian of Wesleyan, 1868-69, and appoint
ed professor of geology in 1884. He joined the
New York East conference of the Methodist
Episcopal church in 1869 ; was assistant to the
U.S. fish commission at Portland, Maine, and
at Noank, Conn. , 1873-74 ; engaged in geological
and zoological investigation in Bermuda, 1876-
77, and was assistant geologist of the U.S. Geo
logical survey, 1891-92. He was married, April
12, 1870, to Elizabeth Wing, daughter of Loranus
and Elizabeth Ann (Fuller) Crowell of Lynn,
Mass. He was elected a member of the Con
necticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a fellow
of the American Association for the Advance
ment of Science, and of the Geological Society
of America ; was one of the original members of
the American Society of Naturalists, and in 1891
was its president. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Syracuse university in
1886. He was associate editor of the Alumni
Record of Wesleyan University, Middletown,
Conn. (1873) ; editor of Dana's "Revised Text
Book of Geology" (1897) ; and is the author of :
Geology of Bermuda (1884) ; Science Teaching in
the Schools (1889, 2d ed., 1894); Twenty-five Years
of Scientific Progress and other Essays (1894),

and many articles on geological, biological, edu
cational and religious subjects in scientific and
religious periodicals.
RICE, William Whitney, representative, was
born at Deerfield, Mass., March 7, 1826; son of
Benjamin and Lucy (Whitney) Rice ; grandson
of Caleb and Sally (Abbott) Rice and of Phine-
has and Bethiah (Barrett) Whitney, and a
descendant of John Whitney, who came to
America from England in 1635, and settled in
Watertown, Mass., and of Edmund Rice, 1638,
who settled in Sudbury, Mass. He was educated
at Gorham academy, Maine, and graduated from
Bowdoin college in 1846. He was preceptor at
the Leicester academy, Mass., 1847-51 ; studied
law in Worcester, Mass., with Emory Washburn
and George F. Hoar ; was admitted to the bar in
1854, and began practice in Worcester. He was
judge of insolvency for the county of Worcester
in 1858 ; mayor of the city in 1860 ; district-at
torney for the middle district of Massachusetts,
1869-74, and a member of the state legislature in
1875. He was elected a Republican representa
tive from Massachusetts to the 45th congress, as
successor to George F. Hoar, and re-elected to
the 46th-49th congresses, serving, 1877-87. He
then resumed the practice of law in Worcester,
Mass. He received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from Bowdoin college in 1886. He was married,
Nov. 21, 1855, to Cornelia A. Moen, daughter of
Augustus R. and Sophie A. Moen. She died in
Worcester, Mass., June 16, 1862. He was married
secondly, Sept. 28, 1875, to Alice Miller, daughter
of Henry W. and Nancy (Merrick) Miller of Wor
cester, Mass. She died in Washington, D.C, in
March, 1900, at the home of her sister, Mrs.
George F. Hoar. William Whitney Rice died in
Worcester, Mass., March 1, 1896.
RICH, Charles, representative, was born in
Warwick, Mass., Sept. 13, 1771 ; son of Thomas
Rich, who removed to Shoreham, Vt., with his
family, and erected saw and grist mills and
cleared^a farm. Charles enjoyed few school ad
vantages, but was a studious reader of all the
books procurable in his neighborhood. He was
married in 1791 to a daughter of Nicholas Wells.
He was a Democratic representative from Shore-.
ham in the Vermont legislature for eleven con
secutive terms ; county judge six years, and a
representative in the 13th congress, 1813-15, and
in the 15th. 16th, 17th, and 18th congresses, 1817-
24. Upon his death in 1824, Henry Olin (q.v.)
completed his term in the 18th congress. He
died in Shoreham, Vt., Oct. 15, 1824.
RICH, Isaac, philanthropist, was born at Well-
fleet, Mass., Oct. 24, 1801 ; son of Robert and
Eunice (Harding) Rich, and grandson of Reuben
and Hannah (Gross) Rich. Though born in hum
ble circumstances he was of a distinguished

[464]

RICH

RICHARDS

family, Richard, the first of his American ances
tors, having been a man of rank who married the
daughter of Thomas Roberts, governor of New
Hampshire. Richard's son John, brother-in-law
of Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration
of Independence, married Mary Treat, grand
daughter of Robert Treat, for thirty years gov
ernor of Connecticut. Isaac Rich was the oldest
of eleven children, and began life as a fisher boy.
Before attaining his majority he established him
self in Boston, where a kinswoman had married
the Hon. Lemuel Shaw, chief justice of the com
monwealth. He himself married Sarah Andrews,
of Boston. Though starting without capital, by
remarkable personal powers, diligence in busi
ness and fidelity to moral and religious principles,
he in later years came to be recognized even by
the federal government as standing at the head
of all mercantile houses in his line in the United
States. Under the influence of Dr. Wilbur Fisk,
he became the most generous patron of liberal
education that New England up to that time had
known. To the academy at Wilbraham and to
Wesleyan university and to the Boston Theologi
cal seminary, he gave at least $400,000. Then he
executed a will which bequeathed to Boston uni
versity, of which he was a chief founder, a larger
sum than at that time had ever been bequeathed
or given by any American for the promotion of
university education. He was a trustee of Wes
leyan university, 1849-72, and in 1868 erected its
library building at a cost of $40,000, besides con
tributing to the endowment fund more than
$100,000. He was a trustee and benefactor of
Wesleyan academy at Wilbraham, 1853-72, and
of the Boston Theological seminary from its be
ginning in 1866 to 1871. He was the first charter
member of the corporation of Boston university,
and first president of its board of trustees. To it
he gave generous sums at the outset, and at his
death the residue of his estate, officially estimated
at $1,700,000. Rich Hall, one of the principal
buildings of the university, was named in his
honor. He died in Boston, Jan. 13, 1872.4
RICH, John T., governor of Michigan, Fwas
born in Conneautville, Pa., April 23, 1841 ; son of
John Williams and Jerusha (Treadway) Rich ;
grandson of John and Esther
(Williams) Rich and of
Joseph and Elizabeth
I (Wright) Treadway, all of
Shoreham, Addison county,
Vt. His ancestors came from
Massachusetts to Vermont,
and are understood to have
been of English descent on both sides. His par
ents removed to Michigan in 1848, locating at
Elba, Lapeer county, where he was educated in
the public schools, and subsequently became a

farmer and lumber merchant. He was married,
March 12, 1863, to Lucretia M. daughter of
Samuel and Nancy (Lason) Winship of Atlas,
Genesee county, Mich., and had no children.
He was a member and chairman of the board
of supervisors of Lapeer county, 1808-71 ; a Re
publican representative in the state legislature,
1873-80 ; speaker of the house, 1877 and 1879, and
state senator, 1881-82. He resigned from the
senate, March 21, 1881, having been elected at
a special election on March 11, a representative
from the seventh district of Michigan to the 47th
congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resig
nation of Omar D. Conger, serving, 1881-83. He
was defeated for re-election in 1882 ; was com
missioner of railroads of Michigan, 1887-91 ; gov
ernor of Michigan, 1893-96 ; U.S. collector of
customs at the port of Detroit, 1898, and held
various positions of minor importance.
RICHARDS, Cornelia Holroyd (Bradley),
author, was born in Hudson, N.Y., Nov. 1, 1822 ;
daughter of George and Sarah (Brown) Bradley,
and a sister of Alice Bradley Haven (q.v.). She
was graduated at the Hampton Literary institute
in 1841 ; wrote under the pen name of Mrs. Man
ners; was married, Sept. 21, 1841, to the Rev,
William Carey Richards (q.v.), and is the author
of: At Home and Abroad, or How to Behave
(1853) ; Pleasure and Profit, or Lessons on the
Lord's Prayer (1853) ; Aspiration, an Autobio
graphy (1856) ; Sedgemoor, or Home Lessons (1857);
Hester and I, or Beware of Worldliness (1860);
Springs of Adion (1863) ; and Cousin Alice, a
memoir of her sister, Alice B. Haven (1871).
She died in Detroit, Mich., May 1, 1892.
RICHARDS, DeForest, governor of Wyo
ming, was born in Charlestown, N.H., Aug. 6,
1846 ; son of the Rev. Jonas DeForest Richards
(q.v.) and Harriet Bartlett (Jarvis) Richards,
and a descendant of the Richards family, who
landed at Cape Cod in 1630, and of the Jarvis
family, who settled in Massachusetts Bay colony
about 1640. He was graduated from Kimball
Union academy, Meriden, N.H., 1863 ; was a
student at Phillips Andover academy, 1863-64,
and removed to Camden, Wilcox county, Ala.,
where his father purchased a cotton plantation
and with his son engaged in planting and mer
chandising. He was elected a representative in
the state legislature under the reconstruction
measures, August, 1867 ; was sheriff of Wilcox
county, 1868-71 ; county treasurer, 1872-76, and
engaged in the tanning business and in manu
facturing shoes, 1876-78, and in merchandising,
1878-85. He was married at Englewood, N.J.,
June 1, 1871, to Elise J. Ingersoll, a native of
Camden, Ala., her father a native of Pittsfield,
Mass., and her mother a descendant of an old
Carolina family of Huguenot descent. In 1885

[465]

RICHARDS

RICHARDS

he removed to Chadron, Neb., and in 1886
organized and became vice-president of the First
National bank at Chadron and treasurer of Dawes
county. The same year he organized the First
National bank of Douglas, Wyo. , of which he
was made president. He removed to Douglas,
where he engaged in banking, mining and stock-
raising. He was a member of the Wyoming con
stitutional convention of 1#90 ; mayor of Douglas
one term ; commander of the Wyoming national
guard ; a state senator, 1892-93 ; Grand Master
of Masons, 1895-96, and governor of Wyoming,
1898-1902. RICHARDS, Ellen Henrietta, educator, was
born in Dunstable, Mass., Dec. 3, 1842 ; daughter
of Peter and Fanny Gould (Taylor) Swallow.
She was graduated from Vassar college, A.B.,
1870, A.M., 1873, and from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, S.B., 1873. She was
married, June 6, 1875, to Professor Robert Hallo-
well Richards (q.v.) She was instructor in the
Woman's laboratory at the Institute, 1876-84 ;
was appointed chemist of the Manufacturers'
Fire Insurance Co., was assistant chemist of the
State Board of health for ten years, and chemist
for ten years, and became interested in the
domestic application of chemical principles. She
was elected a member of the American Institute
of Mining Engineers (being for twenty years the
only woman member), and of other scientific
bodies. She is the author of : Chemistry of
Cooking and Cleaning (1882); First Lessons in
Minerals (1885) ; Food Materials and their Adult
erations (1886); Home Sanitation (1887); The
Cost of Living (1889); Air, Water and Food
(1900); Dietary Computer (1901).
RICHARDS, Jonas De Forest, educator, was
born in Hartford, Vt., Dec. 28, 1809 ; son of Joel
and Miriam (Smith) Richards, and grandson of
Jonas Richards. He was graduated at Dart
mouth, A.B., 1836, A.M., 1839, and at Andover
Theological seminary, 1840. He was married,
Aug. 9, 1843, to Harriet Bartlett, daughter of
William Jarvis of Weathersfield, Vt. He was
ordained, May 26, 1841, and was pastor at Charles
town, N.H., 1841-51; at Chester, Vt., 1853-57;
at Weathersfield, Vt., 1857-62, and principal of
the Female seminary, College Hill, Ohio, 1863-
65. He removed to Wilcox county, Ala., in
1865, where he was elected state senator, and
was interested in large cotton plantations. In
1869 he accepted the chair of natural sciences
and astronomy in the University of Alabama,
and became acting and alternate president of
that institution, preceding the administration
of William Russell Smith (q.v.). He died in
Mobile, Ala., Dec. 2, 1872.
RICHARDS, Joseph Havens Cowles, educa
tor, was born in Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1851 ;

son of the Rev. Henry Livingstone and Cynthia
(Cowles) Richards ; grandson of Dr. William
Samuel and Isabella (Mower) Richards of Gran
ville, Ohio, and of Rensselaer Watson and Laura
(Kilbourne) Cowles of Worthington, Ohio ; great-
grandson of Col. William Richards of New
London, Conn., who fought at Bunker Hill, and
died in 1831, and a descendant of John Richards,
first mentioned in the records of Eele River,
Plymouth, Mass., 1637. Being born shortly after
the conversion of his father (up to that time a
Protestant Episcopal clergyman of Columbus,
Ohio), to t;he Roman Catholic faith, Havens was
brought up in that faith ; attended the Catholic
schools of Jersey City, N.J., was a student at
Boston college, 1869-72 ; was admitted into the
Society of Jesus, 1872, and was graduated from
Woodstock college, Md. , 1878. He was professor
of physics at Georgetown college, 1878-83, and
studied theology at Woodstock college, Md.,
1883-87, being ordained priest in 1885. He was
president of Georgetown university. D.C, 1888-
98. after which he engaged in religious work in
Frederick, Md., Los Gatos, Cal., and other places.
RICHARDS, Laura Elizabeth, author, was
born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 27, 1850; daughter
of Dr. Samuel Gridley and Julia (Ward) Howe
(q.v.). She was named for Laura D. Bridgman
(q.v.). She was educated at private schools in.
Boston, and was married in 1871 to Henry Rich
ards of Gardiner, Maine, where she subsequently
made her home. She became widely known as a
writer of stories for the young, the titles of which
include: Sketches and Scraps (1881); Five Mice
in a Mousetrap (1883); The Joyous Story of Toto
(1885); Toto's Merry Winter (1887); Queen Hilde-
garde (1889); Captain January (1890); In My
Nursery (1890) ; Hildegarde's Holiday (1891); Hilde-
garde's Home (1892); Wlxen I was Your Age
(1898); Glimpses of the French Court (1893);
Melody (1893); Marie (1894); Nautilus (1895);
Jim of Hellas (1895); Five-Minute Stories (1895);
Hildegarde's Neighbors (1895); Narcissa (1896);
Some Say (1896); Isle Heron (1896); Tliree Mar
garets (1897); Hildegarde's Harvest (1897);
Rosin, the Beau (1898); Margaret Montfort
(1898) ; Love and Rocks (1898) ; Quicksilver Sue
(1899); Peggy (1899); Rita (1900); For Tommy
¦ (1900) ; Snow White (1900) ; Fernby House (1901);
Geoffrey Strong (1901); Mrs. Tree (1902); Tlie
Hurdy-gurdy (1902).
RICHARDS, Matthias Henry, educator, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 17, 1841 ; son of
the Rev. John William and Andora (Garber)
Richards. He was graduated from Pennsylvania
college, Gettysburg, A.B., 1860, A.M., 1863, B.D.,
1864 ; and was ordained to the Lutheran ministry
in 1864. He was married, June 14, 1866, to Sallie
M., daughter of the Hon. Moses McClean of

.[466]

RICHARDS

RICHARDS

Gettysburg ; she died, Dec. 12, 1898. He was a
tutor at Pennsylvania college, 1861-63 ; pastor at
South Easton, Pa., 1864-65 ; at Greenwich, N.J.,
1865-68 ; professor of English language and
literature at Muhlenberg college, Pa., 1868-73;
pastor at Indianapolis, Ind., 1873-76, and returned
to his professorship at Muhlenberg in 1876, serv
ing in that capacity, and as secretary of the
faculty1 till 1898. He was instructor and lecturer
at Chautauqua, Mount Gretna, Pa. ; was also
secretary of the Allentown school district for
fifteen years, and a member of the Pennsylvania
German society. The honorary degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by Pennsylvania college
in 1889. He was editor of Church Lesson Leaves
and The Helper, 1880-96 ; a member of the staff
of the Lutheran, 1884-98, and its associate editor,
1896-98 ; editor of the Church Messenger, 1886-
98. He died in Allentown. Pa., Dec. 11, 1898.
RICHARDS, Robert Hallowell, educator, was
born in Gardiner, Maine, Aug. 26, 1844 ; son of
Francis and Anne Hallowell (Gardiner) Richards;
grandson of John Richards and of Robert Hallo
well Gardiner. He was graduated from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B.S.,
1868 ; was assistant instructor there, 1868-71 ;
became professor of mineralogy in 1871, and later
professor of mining engineering and metallurgy.
He was married in 1875 to Ellen Henrietta,
daughter of Peter and Fanny Gould (Taylor)
Swallow. He introduced laboratory methods as
a means of learning mining and metallurgy, and
invented a jet aspirator for chemical and physical
laboratories in 1873 ; a prism for studio survey
ing in 1890 ; an ore separator for the Lake
Superior Copper mills in 1881 ; a separator for
Virginia iron ores in 1900. and a vortex classi
fier for separating ores. He was elected a
member of the American Institute of Mining
Engineers, and was its president in 1886. He
contributed largely to the Transactions of that
body and to the American Journal of Science,
and is the author of: Ore Dressing (1903).
RICHARDS, Thomas Addison, painter, was
born in London, Eng., Dec. 3, 1820; son of the
Rev. William Richards, and a brother of William
Carey Richards (q.v.). He came with his parents
to the United States and settled in Hudson, N.Y.,
1831, soon after removing to Georgia, where the
son received his early education. He studied art
in the National Academy of Design, New York
city, 1845-47, and was elected an associate of the
academy in 1848, and a national academician in
1851. He established a studio in New York city ;
served as the first director of the Cooper Union
School of Design for Women, 1858-60, and in
1867 was elected professor of art in the Univer
sity of the City of New York. He married Mary
Anthony of Providence, R.I., in 1857, who died

in 1894. He was corresponding secretary of
the National Academy of Design, 1852-1900, and
received the honorary degree A.M. from the
University of the City of New York in 1878.
He traveled extensively in the United States
and in Europe, and became well known as an
author and illustrator. He made many illustra
tions for Appleton's " Handbook of Travel," and
published: The American Artist (1838); Georgia
Illustrated (1842) ; Tlie Romance of American
Landscape (1854); Summer Stories of the South
(1852) , and Pictures and Painters (1870) . Among
his paintings are : Alastor, or the Spirit of Soli
tude (1854); The Indian's Paradise — a Dream of
the Happy Hunting Ground (1854) ; Live Oaks of
the South (1858); The French Broad River, N.C.
(1859); Sunnyside (1862); The River Rhine (1869);
Warwick Castle (1869) ; Chatsivorth, England
(1870) ; Lake Thun, Switzerland (1871); Italian
Lake Scene (1873) ; Lake in the Adirondacks
(1875); Lake Winnipiseogee (1876) ; Lake Brienz,
Switzerland (1879); Edisto River, S.C. (1886).
He died in Annapolis, Md., June 29, 1900.
RICHARDS, William Alford, governor of
Wyoming, was born at Hazel Green, Wis.,
March 9, 1849 ; son of Truman Perry and Elea
nor (Swinerton) Richards ; grandson of Daniel
and Ruth (Ticknor) Richards and of James and
Lucy (Carpenter) Swinerton, and a descendant of
John Richards of Eele River, Plymouth, 1632-
52; then of New London, Conn., 1652-87. He
attended the schools of his native place and
Galena, 111., and in 1885 removed to Wyoming,
where he engaged in stock raising. He was sur
veyor-general of Wyoming, 1889-93 ; governor,
1895-99, and on March 4, 1899, was appointed
assistant commissioner of the general land office,
Washington, D.C.
RICHARDS, William Carey, author, was born
in London, Eng., Nov. 24, 1818 ; son of the Rev.
William Richards, who immigrated to the United
States with his family in 1831, and became pastor
of the Baptist church in Hudson, N.Y. William,
who was a brother of Thomas Addison Richards
(q.v.), was graduated at Hamilton institution
(Colgate university) in 1840 ; and was married,
Sept. 21, 1841, to Cornelia Holroyd, daughter of
George and Sarah (Brown) Bradley of Hudson,
N.Y. He engaged in literary and educational
work in Georgia, 1840-49, and in Charleston,
S.C, 1849-51 ; edited the Orion and Tlie School
fellow, and was associated with the Southern
Quarterly Magazine. He became associate pastor
of the First Baptist church at Providence, R.I.,
in 1855 ; was ordained in July, 1855 ; was pastor
of the Brown Street Baptist church in Provi
dence, R.I., 1855-62, and engaged in lecturing on
physical science, 1862-65. He was pastor of the
Baptist church in Pittsfield, Mass., 1865-68 ; pro-

[467]

RICHARDS

RICHARDSON

fessor of chemistry in the Berkshire Medical col
lege for two years, and pastor at Chicago, 111.,
1876-77, resuming his scientific lecture work in
1877. He received the degree Ph.D. from Madi-.
son (Colgate) university in 1869. He was asso
ciated in the editorshipof the Chicago Standard,
1876-80, contributed frequently to magazines,
and is the author of : ^Shakespeare Calendar
(1850) ; Harry's Vacation, or Philosophy at Home
(1854); Electron (1858); Science in Song (1865);
Great in Goodness, a Memoir of George N.
Briggs, Governor of Massachusetts (1866) ; Baptist
Banquets (1881) ; The Lord is My Shepherd
(1884) ; Tlie Mountain Anthem (1885) ; Our Father
in Heaven (1886), and college and anniversary
poems. He died in Chicago, 111., May 19, 1892.
RICHARDS, William Trost, artist, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 14, 1833 ; son of Ben
jamin M. and Annie Richards. He was educated
in the common schools of Philadelphia ; studied
art under Paul Weber of Philadelphia, and in
Florence, Rome and
Paris, 1855-56. He
was married, June
6, 1856, to Anna,
daughter of Charles
French and Sarah
Ann (Maue) Matlack
of Philadelphia, Pa.,
and in the same year
opened a studio in
Philadelphia. He
visited Paris a second
time in 1867, where
he remained until
1878, when he opened
a studio in London,
England, and exhib
ited his works at the Royal academy and in the
Grosvenor Gallery. In 1880 he returned to Phila
delphia, Pa. , where he became an associate of the
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1860 ; an
honorary member of the National Academy of
Design in 1861, and of the American Water Color
society in 1875. He received a medal at the Cen
tennial exposition in 1876; the Temple silver medal
at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1885,
and a bronze medal at the Paris exposition of
1889. He belonged to the school of extreme pre-
Raphaelites during his early years, and his work
of that period shows a painstaking study of detail
in landscape. He devoted his later years to
marine painting, and is represented in the per
manent collections of the Metropolitan Museum
of Fine Arts, New York ; Corcoran Art Gallery,
Washington, D.C ; Metropolitan Museum, New
ark, N.J., and the Schaube Gallery, Hamburg,
Germany. His oil paintings include : Tulip
Trees (1859) ; Midsummer (1862); Woods in June

CwUluwi ffluvkawU-

(1864); Mid-Ocean (1869); On the Wissahickon
(1872); Sea and Sky (1875) ; Land's End (1880);
Old Ocean's Gray and Melancholy Waste (1885);
February (1887), and A Summer Sea (1887).
Among his water colors are : Cedars on the Sea
shore (1873) ; Paradise, Newport (1875) ; Sand-
Hills, Coast N.J. (1876); King Arthur's Castle,
Tintagel, Cornwall (1879) ; Mullion Gull Rock,
Tintagel, Cornwall (1882) ; The Unresting Sea
(1884) ; Cliffs of Moreh, Land's End (1885) ; A
Summer Afternoon (1886); Cliffs of St. Colomb
(1887), and A Break in the Storm (1887).
RICHARDSON, Abby Sage, author, was born
in Lowell, Mass. , Oct. 14, 1837 ; daughter of
William and Abigal Sage ; granddaughter of
William and Elizabeth (Ingalls) Sage, and a des
cendant of David (who emigrated from Wales in
1652 and settled in Middletown, Conn.) and Mary
(Willcox) Sage. She was taken to Manchester,
N.H., in 1842, receiving a liberal education in the
public schools. In 1847 she removed" to New
York city. During the earlier part of her career
she gave lectures on English literature and became
a well-known Shakespearean scholar. She was
married about 1860 to Daniel MacFarland, a law
yer, from whom she obtained a divorce in 1868.
In November, 1869, she was married to Albert
Deane Richardson (q.v.), then on his death bed.
Later in life she became prominent as a dram
atist, her works in this line being as follows :
Americans Abroad and A Woman's Silence,
adapted from the French of Sardou ; Prince and
Pauper, dramatized from Mark Twain's book, and
Tlie Colonial Girl and The Pride of Jennico, dram
atized in collaboration with Grace Livingston Fur-
niss. She contributed frequently to periodicals ;
edited Songs from the Old Dramatist (1872) ;
Old Love Letters ; or. Letters of Sentiment
written by Persons Eminent in English Literature
and History (1882) : Abelard and Heloise : A
Mediaeval Romance ; with the Letters of Heloise
(1883) ; and is the author of: Garnered Sheaves
(1871) , a collection of her husband's writings with
a memoir ; Stories from Old English Poetry (1871) ;
The History of Our Country (1875), and Famil
iar Talks on English Literature (1881). She
died while on a visit to Rome, Italy, Dec. 5, 1900.
RICHARDSON, Albert Deane, journalist, was
born in Franklin, Mass., Oct. 6, 1833 ; son of
Elisha and Harriet (Blake) Richardson, and
grandson of Timothy and Julia (Deane) Blake.
He was brought up on a farm and attended the
academy at Holliston, Mass., editing theacademy
paper and contributing both prose and verse to
the Waverly Magazine and other Boston publica
tions. He taught school two terms in Medway,
Mass. , and in 1851 went to Pittsburg, Pa. , where
he first taught a village school and subsequently
became a reporter on the Pittsburg Journal. He

[468]

RICHARDSON

RICHARDSON

also attempted some dramatic writing at this
time, several of his farces being purchased by
Barney Williams, and this departure brought him
an offer to go on the professional stage, which
he, however, refused. He removed to Cincinnati,
Ohio, in 1852, where he was a local editor on the
Sun ; went on a journalistic trip to Niagara Falls
in 1853, and there formed the acquaintance of
Junius Henri Browne, who became his life-long
friend. He was subsequently detailed to report
the celebrated " Matt Ward " trial in Kentucky,
the sale of his published report exceeding 20,000
copies ; was employed on the Cincinnati Unionist,
1854, and afterward edited the Cincinnati Colum
bian, declining its entire management in 1855.
He was married in April, 1855, to Mary Louise
Pease of Cincinnati. In 1857 he severed his con
nection with the Gazette and went to Kansas,
where he served as secretary of the territorial
legislature ; engaged in political life, and contri
buted regularly to the Boston Journal. He ac
companied Horace Greeley and Henry Villard to
Pike's Peak in 1859, and the same year revisited
New England and made an extended tour of the
southwestern territories, corresponding mean
while with the New York Sun and other news
papers. He subsequently made a second trip to
Pike's Peak as special correspondent of the
Tribune, in company with Col. Thomas W. Knox,
with whom he established and edited the Western
Mountaineer. He traveled through the Southern
states as secret correspondent of the Tribune,
1860-61 ; and afterward as a war correspondent.
On May 3, 1863, with Junius H. Browne, also of
the Tribune, and Colburn of the New York World,
he joined the party of thirty-four men who
attempted to pass the Vicksburg batteries on two
barges lashed to a steam-tug. He was taken pris
oner and confined at Salisbury, N.C, but finally
escaped, and after a journey of 400 miles arrived
in Tennessee in 1865. During his imprisonment
his wife and infant son had died and he himself
had contracted pneumonia, and was obliged to
visit California for the benefit of his health in the
spring of 1865 and again in 1869. He was mar
ried in November, 1869, while on his death-bed,
to Abby Sage. He is the author of : The Field,
the Dungeon and the Escape (1865) ; Beyond the
Mississippi (1866), and Personal History of Ulys
ses S. Grant (1868). See "Garnered Sheaves"
(1871), by Abby Sage Richardson (q.v.). Mr.
Richardson was shot and fatally wounded in the
Tribune office, New York city, by Daniel Mac--
Farland, Nov. 26, 1859, and died. Dec. 2, 1869.
RICHARDSON, Charles Francis, author, was
born in Hallowell, Maine, May 29, 1851 ; son of
Dr. Moses Charles and Mary Savary (Wingate)
Richardson ; grandson of Moses Davis and Sarah
(Collins) Richardson and of Francis and Martha

(Savary) Wingate, and a descendant of
William Richardson, who was born in England
about 1620 and settled in Newbury, Mass., about
1640. He was graduated from Dartmouth col
lege, A.B., 1871, A.M., 1874, and engaged in
journalism. He was an editor of the ' New York
Independent, 1872-78; of the Sunday School
Times in Philadelphia, Pa., 1878-80 ; and of Good
Literature in New York city, 1880-82 ; and was
elected professor of English language and liter
ature at Dartmouth college in 1882. He was
married, April 12, 1878, to Elizabeth Miner,
daughter of Jesse and Ellen Elizabeth (Miner)
Thomas of Wilkesbarre, Pa. The honorary de
gree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Union
college in 1895. He is the author of : A Primer of
American Literature (1878) ; Tlie College Book
(1878); Tlie Cross (1879) ; The Choice' of Books
(1881) ; American Literature, 1607-1885 (1886-
88) ; The End of the Beginning (1896).
RICHARDSON, Ernest Cushing, librarian.
was born in Woburn, Mass., Feb. 9, 1860 ; son of
James Cushing and Lydia Bartlett (Taylor)
Richardson ; grandson of Benjamin B. and Abigail
(Gushing) Richardson and of Philip and Nancy
(Le Baron) Taylor, and a descendant of Samuel
Richardson, one of the founders of Woburn,
Mass., in 1642. He was graduated from Amherst
college, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1883, and from the
Hartford Theological seminary in 1883. He was
librarian and associate professor at Hartford
Theological seminary, 1883-90, and was appointed
librarian of Princeton university in 1890. He
was married, June 30, 1891, to Grace Duncan,
daughter of Z. Stiles and Sarah (Duncan) Ely of
New York city. He was appointed a member of
the New Jersey State Library commission ; was
president of the New Jersey Library association,
and first vice-president of the American Library
association. The degree of Ph. D. was conferred
on him by Washington and Jefferson college in
1887, and that of A.M. by Princeton university in
1896. He was editor of the American chapter in
Berner's " Jahresberichte d. Geschichtswissen-
schaft," and is the author of : Bibliographical
Synopsis of the Ante-Nicene Fathers (1887) ; In
fluence of the Golden Legend on the Culture-His
tory of the Middle Ages (1887) ; Faust, and the
Clementine Recognitions (1894) ; In Praise of
Libraries (1900) ; Classification, Theoretical and
Practical (1901) ; and revised translations of
Eusebius's " Life of Constantine " (1890) ;
Jerome's and Gennadius's ' ¦ Lives of Illustrious
Men " (1892), and a critical edition of the same
(1896). RICHARDSON, Henry Hobson, architect, was
born in Priestley's Point, St. James parish. La.,
Sept. 29, 1838 ; son of Henry D. and Catherine
Caroline (Priestley) Richardson. He was gradu-

[469]

RICHARDSON

RICHARDSON

ated from Harvard, A.B., 1859, A.M., 1872, and
studied architecture in Paris, France. On his
return to the United States he formed a part
nership with Charles D. Gambrill in New York
city. On the death df his partner in 1876, he
removed to Brookline, Mass. Among the more
noted buildings designed by him are : The
church of the Unity, Springfield, Mass.; Brattle
Street church, Boston, 1871 ; Trinity church,
Boston, 1877 ; the Cheney buildings, Hartford,
Conn.; the Ames Memorial library, North Easton,
Mass.; the State capitol, Albany, N.Y., Sever and
Austin halls, Harvard university ; public libraries
at Woburn, Quincy, Maiden and Burlington,

tat Woburai
fUBLK HbrarY.

Mass., the stations along the Boston and Albany
railroad ; the Board of Trade building in Cincin
nati, Ohio, and the courthouse at Pittsburg, Pa.,
both left unfinished. He died in Brookline,
Mass., April 28, 1886.
RICHARDSON, Israel Bush, soldier, was
born in Fairfax, Vt., Dec. 26, 1815 ; a descendant
of Israel Putnam. He was graduated at the U.S.
Military academy in 1841 ; was promoted 2d lieu
tenant in the 3d infantry, Sept. 30, 1841, and
served in the Florida war, 1841-42 ; in garrison
and on frontier duty, 1842-45 ; in the military
occupation of Texas, 1845-46, and in the war
with Mexico, 1846-47. He was promoted 1st lieu
tenant, Sept. 21, 1846 ; engaged in the battles of
Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, siege of
Vera Cruz, battle of Cerro Gordo, skirmish of
Oka Laka, battles of Contreras and Churubusco,
the storming of Chapultepec, and the assault
and capture of the City of Mexico. He was brev
etted captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for gallant and mer
itorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and
Churubusco, and major, Sept. 18, 1847, for gallant
and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapul
tepec. He served in Mississippi, Texas and New
Mexico, 1848-54 ; was promoted captain, March 5,
1851, and resigned from the service, Sept. 30,
1855. He engaged in farming near Pontiac,
Mich., 1855-61, and in 1861 volunteered his ser
vices and was appointed brigadier-general of
U.S. volunteers, May 17, 1861. He was commis

sioned colonel of the 2d Michigan infantry, May
25, 1861, and commanded the regiment in the
defenses of Washington, May to July, 1861. He
commanded the 4th brigade, 1st division, Mc
Dowell's army, in the first battle of Bull Run, July
21, 1861, where he covered the retreat j com
manded the 1st division, 2d corps, Army of the
Potomac, in the Virginia Peninsular campaign,
and took part in the battle of Seven Pines, May
31-June 1, 1862 ; and the seven days' battles before
Richmond, June 25-July 1, 1862. He was pro
moted major-general of U. S. volunteers, July 4,
1862 ; and commanded the 1st division in the
Maryland campaign, taking part in the battle
of South Mountain (Boonsboro), Sept. 14, 1862 ;
and the battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg), Sept.
17, 1862, where he was mortally wounded and
carried to Pry's house, McClellan's headquarters.
He won the name of " fighting Dick ". He died
at Pry's house, Sharpsburg, Md., Nov. 3, 1862.
RICHARDSON, James Burchell, governor of
South Carolina, was born at the family mansion
in Craven (now Clarendon) county, S.C, Oct.
28, 1770 ; son of Gen. Richard and Dorothy
(Sinkler) Richardson ; and grandson of Charles
Richardson. Gen. Richard Richardson was chief
in command in a campaign against the Indians,
and afterward served in the war of the Revolu
tion. James B. Richardson was married to Ann
Cantey Sinkler. He engaged in planting and
was also a breeder and runner of thoroughbred
horses, his name being frequently mentioned in
this connection in the Turf Register. He was an
active politician, served in both houses of the
state legislature, being president of the senate,
and was governor of South Carolina, 1802-04. He
died at his mansion, April 28, 1836.
RICHARDSON, James Daniel, representative,
was born in Rutherford county, Tenn., March
10, 1843 ; son of John Watkins and Augusta Mary
(Starnes) Richardson ; grandson of James and
Mary (Watkins) Richardson, and of Daniel and
Harriet Starnes, and a descendant, on the pater
nal side, of Virginia ancestors. He attended the
public schools and Franklin college, but left the
latter institution in 1861 to enter the Confeder
ate army as a private ; was promoted adjutant
of the 43d Tennessee infantry regiment, and
served, 1862-65. He was married, Jan. 18, 1865,
to Alabama, daughter of Eldred Pippen of Greene
county, Ala. He studied law and established
himself in practice in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan.
1, 1867 ; was a representative and speaker in the
state legislature, 1871-72 ; state senator, 1873-74;
a delegate to the Democratic national conven
tions of 1876, 1896 and 1900, and permanent chair
man of the Kansas City convention of 1900. He
was chosen the Sovereign Grand Commander of
the Supreme Council, 33d degree of the Ancient

L470]

RICHARDSON

RICHARDSON

and Accepted Scottish Rite of Free Masonry,
for the Southern jurisdiction of the United States,
the Mother Council of the World. He was a
Democratic representative from the fifth Tenn
essee district in the 49th— 58th congresses, 1885-
1905, and became the leader of the minority in
the house of representatives, and a member of
the committee on ways and means in the 56th
and 57th congresses. He edited and compiled
"Messages and Papers of the Presidents."
RICHARDSON, John Manly, soldier, was
born at "Bloom Hill" Sumter district, S.C,
March 13, 1831 ; son of William Guignard and
Emma Corbet (Buford) Richardson and grand
son of Capt. William Richardson (q.v.) and of
William and Frances (June) Buford. He was a
student at the South Carolina Military academy,
at the University of Virginia, and was graduated
at Harvard university, Cambridge, Mass., B.S.,
1854, and served while at Harvard as assistant in
mathematics in the
Lawrence Scientific
school. He was mar
ried first to Levenia
Eugenia, daughter of
John Ragan King of
South Carolina, and
secondly to his cousin,
Elizabeth Buford
(Richardson) Gaddy,
widow of Dr. John T.
Gaddy and daughter
of the Rev. John
Smythe Richardson.
He was one of the
founders (1856) with
Col. Charles A. Mc-
Daniel, of the Bowdon Collegiate institute, Ga.,
and later became professor of mathematics in
the Hillsboro, N.C, Military academy, resigning
in 1861 to enter the Confederate States army.
He was commissioned major of the llth N.C.
volunteers, army of Northern Virginia, July 3,
1861, which regiment later became the 21st N.C.
infantry. He was forced to resign on account of
illness, January, 1862, and in February accepted
the superintendency and chair of mathematics
in the Georgia Military institute, Marietta. On
the restoration of his health in the fall of 1863 he
resigned his position and declining a professor
ship in the University of Alabama accepted
(Nov. 2, 1863) an appointment as officer on the
general staff of the Confederate States army.
He was so severely wounded at Winchester Sept.
19, 1864, as to necessitate the amputation of his
left leg. He was president of collegiate institutes
Bowdon, Ga., 1868-69; Carrollton, Ga., 1870-
77; Sulphur Springs, Tex., 1877-80; Leesburg,
Tex., 1880-85; and in 1886 took charge of the

SftyUAS lAi/.

institute at Daingerfleld, Tex., which position he
was soon compelled to resign on account of fail
ing health. He published two military works
during the civil war, and after retiring from
active educational work devoted much time to
writing for the periodical press on legal, social.
political, literary and scientific subjects. He
died in Daingerfleld, Tex., Feb. 4, 1898.
RICHARDSON, John Peter, governor of South
Carolina, was born at Hickory Hill, Sumter dis
trict, S.C, April 14, 1801 ; son of John Peter and
Floride (Peyre) Richardson ; grandson of Rich
ard Richardson (q.v.), and nephew of James B.
Richardson (governor of South Carolina, 1802-04) .
He was graduated at the College of South Caro
lina in 1819 and was admitted to the bar in 1821,
practising in Fulton, S.C, and also engaging in
planting. He was married to Juliana, daughter
of Charles and Elizabeth (Eveleigh) Richardson,
of Sumter, S.C. He represented his district as
an anti-nullifier in the state legislature, and was
also a judge of the circuit court. He was a state-
rights Democratic representative in the 24th con
gress, completing the term of Richard Manning,
deceased, and was re-elected to the 25th congress,
serving, 1836-39. He was governor of South
Carolina, 1840-42 ; a delegate to the Southern
convention at Nashville, June and November,
1850 ; president of the Southern Rights association
in 1851, and a member of the state conventions
of 1852 and 1860, voting against secession on the
first ballot. He died in Fulton, S.C. , Jan. 24, 1864.
RICHARDSON, John Smythe, jurist, was
born at "Bloom Hill," Sumter district, S.C,
April 11, 1777; sonof Capt. William (q.v.) and
Ann Magdalen (Guignard) Richardson. He was
educated in Charleston ; studied law under John
J. Pringle ; was ad
mitted to the bar in
1799, and settled in
practice in the Sum
ter district. He rep
resented Claremont
county in the state
legislature in 1810,
originating the gen
eral suffrage bill,
which later' became a
part of the state con
stitution, and served
as speaker of the
house in 1810, resign
ing to accept the
attorney - generalship
of the state. He was elected a law judge,
Dec. 18, 1818 ; declined the nomination of the
Republican party for representative in congress
in 1820 ; was president judge of the court of ap
peals of South Carolina, 1841-46, and of the court

[471]

RICHARDSON

RICHARDSON

of errors, 1846-50, succeeding David Johnson.
He was married about 1803, to Mrs. Elizabeth
Lucretia (Buford) Coutrier, widow of Thomas
Coutrier of Berkeley district, and daughter of
William and Frances (June) Buford of Williams
burg district, formerly of Virginia. After his
death his remains were taken to his home, Bloom
Hill, Sumter district, and laid at rest among his
ancestors. His widow d^ed in 1859, and was
buried by his side. He died in Charleston, S.C,
May 8, 1850.
RICHARDSON, John Smythe, representative,
was born at " Bloom Hill", Claremont county,
Sumter district, S.C, Feb. 29, 1828: son of the
Rev. John Smythe and Sophia (Hyatt) Richardson ;
grandson of Judge John Smythe (q.v.), and
Elizabeth (Buford) Coutrier Richardson and of
Capt, Charles Hyatt, a sea captain whose family
resided in Providence, R.I. He was graduated
from the College of South Carolina in 1850 ; was
married, Dec. 11, 1850, to Agnes Davison, daughter
of Davison and Catherine DuBose (McCray)
McDowell ; was admitted to the bar in 1852, and
settled in practice in Sumter, S.C. He also en
gaged in planting, and in 1861 entered the Con
federate army as captain of infantry, serving
under Col. J. B. Kershaw, until after the first
battle of Manassas, where he was wounded. He
was then transferred to the 23d South Carolina
regiment as adjutant, serving until the end of
the war, and surrendering with Johnston at
Greensboro, N.C He represented Sumter county
in the state legislature, 1865-76, and was appoint
ed agent of South Carolina in 1866, to apply for
and receive the land-scrip donated by congress.
He was a delegate to the Democratic national
convention of 1876 ; was defeated the same year
as the Democratic candidate for representative
in the 45th congress, and elected a representa
tive from the first South Carolina district to the
46th and 47th congresses, serving, 1879-83. He
was master in chancery for Sumter county, 1884-
93, and died at " Shady Side," near Sumter, S.C,
Feb. 24, 1894.
RICHARDSON, Joseph, representative, was
born in Billerica, Mass., Feb. 1, 1778 ; son of
Joseph and Martha (Chapman) Richardson ;
grandson of Samuel and Hannah (Walker) Rich
ardson, and a descendant of Thomas Richardson,
who emigrated from England with his brothers
Ezekiel and Samuel in the fleet with Winthrop
in 1630, and settled first in Charlestown, and then
in Woburn, Mass. He was graduated at Dart
mouth, A.B., 1802, A.M., 1805, studied theology
under Dr. Cumings, and was licensed to preach
by the Andover association in 1803. He taught
school in Charlestown, Mass., 1804-06; was or
dained to the Unitarian ministry, July 2, 1806 ;
was married, May 23, 1807, to Ann, daughter of

Dr. Benjamin and Silence (Stickney) Bowers
of Billerica, Mass., and was pastor of the First
Unitarian church in Hingham, Mass., 1806-71,
where he survived every person that was a mem
ber of his congregation at his settlement. The
Rev. Calvin
Lincoln was in
stalled as his
colleague in
1855, and the
church edifice,
built in 1681, is
probably the
oldest in the -r^s^^S! ^s,  V
United

States.

THE. OLD MEETING- HOUSE. HlrtCHAM .MAS6

He was a member of the state constitutional con
vention in 1820 ; represented Plymouth county in
the Massachusetts legislature, 1822-23 ; was a state
senator in 1823, 1824 and 1826, and served as
chairman of the committee on parishes in both
houses. He was a representative from Massa
chusetts in the 20th and 21st congresses, 1827-31 ;
declined re-election in 1830, and was succeeded
by John Quincy Adams. He received the hon
orary degree of A.M. from Brown university in
1817. He is the author of : The American Reader ;
Tlie Young Ladies' Selection of Elegant Extracts ;
A Narrative of the Proceedings in the North
Parish, with an Appendix (1807) ; Vindication of
the Proceedings of the First Church and Parish
of Hingham in settling Rev. Joseph Richardson
(1807) ; and A Sermon at the Close of Fifty Years.
He died in Hingham, Mass., Sept. 25, 1871.
RICHARDSON, Richard, patriot soldier, was
born in eastern Virginia, near Jamestown, in
1704 ; son of Charles' Richardson. He was a land
surveyor, emigrating to Sumter district, S.C, in
1725, where he conducted a plantation, com
manded the colonial militia in the district, and was
elected a member of the council of safety in 1775.
He was married first, to Elizabeth, daughter of
Joseph Cantey, and secondly to Dorothy, daughter
of James and Margaret Sinkler. Upon the re
volt among the loyalists of the state he used the
militia in restoring order, and for his services
received the thanks of the Provisional congress
and a commission as brigadier-general. He was
a delegate to the Provincial congress that framed
the constitution of South Carolina in 1776, and
while defending the city of Charleston against
the British under Clinton in 1780, was taken
prisoner, and sent to St. Augustine where he
withstood the alluring promises of Cornwallis,
conditioned on his espousing the cause of the
Royalists. He was held by the British a prisoner
of war a few months, when broken in health, he
was sent to his home to die. Colonel Tarleton
when on a raid through Carolina in 1781 burned
his house and opened his grave to be assured of
[472]

RICHARDSON

RICHARDSON

the patriot's death. His son, James B. Richard
son, was governor of South Carolina, 1802-04.
Richard Richardson died on his plantation near
Salisbury, S.C, in September, 1780.
RICHARDSON, William, patriot, was born in
eastern Virginia, July 13, 1743 ; son of Edward
(a sea-captain) and Elizabeth (Poinsett) Richard
son. His father, a native of England, married
and made his home in Virginia, continuing his
sea voyages. William removed to Charleston,
S.C, in early manhood, and engaged in business
with success. He was married to Ann Magdalen,
daughter of Gabriel and Frances (de Lessiline)
Guignard, refugees from France. Some years
later he removed from Charleston to his planta
tion " Bloom Hill" on the Wateree river, Sumter
district. He was a member of the committee to
carry into effect the Continental association,
and a member of the first provincial congress of
South Carolina. He was appointed captain in
the first regiment of riflemen and served until
the fall of Charleston in 1780, when he was cap
tured and paroled to his plantation, being ex
changed in May, 1781 . ' Upon exchange he was
appointed by Governor Rutledge, commissary-
general, and his plantation became the depot of
supplies for the state troops. He died at " Bloom
Hill," S.C, Feb. 17, 1786.
RICHARDSON, William, representative, was
born at Athens, Ala., in 1845; son of William
and Anne Maria (Davis) Richardson, and grand
son of Capt. Nicholas and Mary (Hargrove) Davis.
His father and maternal grandparents were na
tives of Virginia. William Richardson entered
the Confederate army as a private, 1861. rose to
the rank of captain, and was wounded in the
battles of Chickamauga, Shiloh and Murfrees
boro. He was admitted to the bar in 1865,
elected representative from the county of Lime
stone to the lower branch of the general assembly
of Alabama, and in 1867 began the practice of
law in Huntsville, Ala. On Dec- 18, 1872, he
married Elizabeth Benagh, daughter of Ambrose
B. Rucker of Lynchburg, Va. Mrs. Richardson
died, Oct. 24, 1891. Captain Richardson was
judge of the probate and county court of Madi
son" county, Ala., 1875-86 ; was nominated by
acclamation, July 3, 1900, and elected a Demo
cratic representative in congress from the eighth
Alabama district to fill the unexpired term of
Gen. Joseph Wheeler, resigned, and was re-elected
to the 57th and 58th congresses, 1901-05.
RICHARDSON, William Adams, cabinet
officer, was born in Tyngsboro, Mass., Nov. 2,
1821 ; son of the Hon. Daniel and Mary (Adams)
Richardson, and a descendant of Ezekiel Richard
son, the immigrant, 1630. He attended Groton
academy, and was graduated from Harvard,
A.B., 1843, A.M., 1846 ; studied law with his

brother Daniel in Lowell, Mass. ; was graduated
at the Harvard Law school, 1H46 ; was admitted
to the bar at Boston, Mass., July 8, 1848, and
began practice in partnership with his brother.
He was married in 1849 to Anna M. Marston of
Machiasport, Maine. He was associated with
Judge Joel Parker in
the revision of the
general statutes of
Massachusetts , 1850-
59; was judge of the
probate court for
Middlesex county,
Mass., 1856-58 ; judge
of probate and insol-
venc}- courts for Mid
dlesex county, 1858-
72 ; declined a com
mission as judge of
the superior court
of Massachusetts in
April, 1869, to accept
the assistant secre
taryship of the U.S. treasury, from President
Grant, and on March 17, 1873, succeeded Mr.
Boutwell as secretary of the treasury. During
his administration the Geneva award of $15,000,-
000 was transferred from London to Washington.
He resigned the treasurership in June, 1874, to
accept a seat on the bench of the U.S. court of
claims, and in 1885 he was appointed by President
Arthur, chief justice of the court. He formed a
plan for enlarging the jurisdiction of the pro
bate courts, which was passed by the Massachu
setts legislature ; was a law lecturer at George
town college and at Columbian university, and
was an overseer of Harvard, 1863-75. The honor
ary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by
Columbian in 1873 ; by Georgetown in 1881 ; by
Howard in 1882, and by Dartmouth in 1886. He
is the author of : Tlie Banking Laws of Massa
chusetts (1855) ; Supplement to the General
Statutes of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
(1860-62) ; Practical Information Concerning the
Debt of the United States (1872); National Bank
ing Laws (1872) ; and prepared and edited : A
Supplement to the Revised Statutes of the United
States (1881); History ofthe Court of Claims (1882-
85). He died in Washington, D.C, Oct. 19, 1896.
RICHARDSON, William Merchant, jurist,
was born in Pelham, N.H., Jan. 4, 1774; son of
Capt. Daniel and Mary (Merchant) Richardson.
He was graduated at Harvard in 1797, engaged
in teaching school in Leicester and Groton, Mass.,
and was married in 1798 to Betsey, daughter of
Peter Smith of Pelham. He studied law under
Judge Samuel Dana, with whom he practised in
Groton until 1812. He was a Federalist repre
sentative in the 12th and 13th congresses, serving

[473]

RICHARDSON

RICKARDS

from Jan. 22, 1812, to April 18, 1814, when he
resigned and removed to Portsmouth, N.H. He
became U.S. attorney for the district of New
Hampshire in 1814, and was appointed chief jus
tice of the supreme court of New Hampshire
by Governor Plumer, serving, 1816-38. He also
served as chairman of a commission to revise the
laws of the state in 1826, and received the degree
LL.D. from Dartmouth college in 1827. He is
the author of : The New Hampshire Justice (1824);
The Town Officer (1824) ; and was co-reporter of
the New Hampshire Superior Court Cases 1819-
44). He died in Chester, N.H., March 3, 1838.
RICHARDSON, Wilson Gaines, educator, was
borninMaysville,Ky., Dec. 9, 1825; son of Thomas
Gaines and Sarah (Perry) Richardson ; grandson
of Richard and Sarah (Gaines) Richardson and
of Capt. John and Elizabeth (Leathers) Perry of
Woodford county, Ky. His maternal grand
father was one of seven brothers, who went out
in one of Virginia's regiments and fought through
the Revolution. He was graduated from the
University of Alabama, A.B., 1844, A.M., 1847;
was tutor in ancient languages at the university,
1846-49 ; adjunct professor of ancient languages
and English literature, 1849-50 ; traveled in Eu
rope, 1851-54 and was professor of Latin and
French at the University of Mississippi, 1854-59,
and at Oakland college, Miss., 1859-62. He en
listed as a private in the Lamar rifles in the civil
war, was shot through the thigh at Gaines's Mill,
was appointed paymaster, C.S. navy by Presi
dent Davis, assigned to the ship Selma, was taken
prisoner in the battle of Mobile Bay and confined
for six months on Ship Island. He was principal
of the female institute at Oxford, Miss., 1865-66 ;
professor of ancient languages and French at
Davidson college, N.C, 1866-74; professor of
Latin and French at Central university, Ky. ,
1874-78 ; and professor of languages at Austin
college, Texas, 1878-81. He attended Princeton
Theological seminary, 1882-84 ; was licensed to
preach by the presbytery of New Brunswick,
N.J. , April 30, 1884, and was pastor at Staunton,
Tenn., 1884-86. He was married Feb. 4. 1857, to
Louisa Vinson, daughter of Dr. Robert Lewis and
Martha (Bush) Kennon of Jackson, Miss.; and
after her death was married, Feb. 10, 1876, to
Mrs. Anne Herring McAfee, at Harrisburg, Va.
The honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred on
him by Hiram college in 1876. He is the author
of : Catalogue of the Library of the University
of Alabama (1848) ; Latin Pronunciation in Amer
ican Colleges (1875) and revised and edited the
" Encyclopaedia of the New West" (1881). He
died at Staunton, Tenn., July 5, 1886.
RICHMAN, Irving Berdine, historian, was
born in Muscatine, Iowa, Oct. 27, 1861 ; son of
Dewitt Clinton and Mary (Berdine) Richman ;

grandson of Evert and Mary (Scott) Richman,
and of Jacob Cook and Matilda (Hawk) Berdine,
and a descendant of Holland ancestors on his
father's side and of English on his mother's. He
was graduated from the State University of Iowa
in 1883, and engaged in the practice of law in
Muscatine, Iowa, in 1885. He was married,
June 8, 1887, to Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph
Alexander and Cyrena (Bisbee) Green of Musca
tine, Iowa. In 1889 he was elected a representa
tive in the state legislature of Iowa, presided as
temporary chairman of the state convention that
nominated Horace Boies for governor, and in
1891 was re-elected to the legislature. He was
appointed by President Cleveland, U.S. consul-
general at St. Gall, Switzerland, serving as such,
1893-98. After his return to the United States
he began preparation for the writing of his nota
ble history of Rhode Island, James Bryce, M.P.,
having recommended this commonwealth as de
serving of special study and philosophical treat
ment. He is the author of : John Brown Among
the Quakers and Other Sketches (1894 and 1896);
Appenzell, A Swiss Study (London, 1895), and
Rhode Island : Its Making and Its Meaning : — A
Survey of the Annals of ihe Commonwealth from
its Settlement to the Death of Roger Williams,
1636-1683, with an introduction by James Bryce,
M.P., D.C.L. (1902), and contributions to the
Atlantic Monthly, Political Science Quarterly,
Harvard Law Review, and other periodicals.
RICHTER, Henry Joseph, R.C. bishop, was
born in Neuenkirchen, Oldenburg, Germany,
April 9, 1838 ; son of John Henry and Anna Maria
Elisabeth ( Albers) Richter. He emigrated to the
United States in 1854, and attended St. Paul's
school and Mt. St. Mary's seminary, Cincinnati,
Ohio ; was graduated from the American college
at Rome in 1865, and was ordained there, June
10, 1865, by Cardinal Patrizzi. He returned to
Cincinnati : was vice-president and professor of
dogma, philosophy and liturgy at Mt. St. Mary's
seminary, 1865-70, and rector at St. Laurence
and chaplain of the academy of Mt. St. Vincent,
1870-83. On the erection of the diocese of Grand
Rapids, May 19, 1882, he was chosen as its' first
bishop; was appointed, Jan. 30, 1883, and was
consecrated, April 22, 1883, by Coadjutor Bishop
Elder, assisted by Bishops Borgess of Detroit and
McCloskey of Louisville, Ky.
RICKARDS, John Ezra, governor of Montana.
was born in Delaware City, Del., July 23, 1848;
son of David Townsend and Mary Rickards, and
a descendant of Huguenots and Scots. Both his
grandparents were commissioned officers in the
Revolutionary war. John E. Rickards left the
public school at Middletown, Del., in 1862, and
became clerk in a store in Wilmington, Del. In
1870 he removed to Pueblo, Col, and thence to

1474]

RICKETTS

RICORD

San Francisco, Cal., 1879, where he engaged in
mercantile pursuits. In 1882 he took up real
estate and insurance and continued his mercantile
interests in Butte City, Mont., where his public
career began as an alderman. He was a member
of the city council of Butte,
1885-87 ; representative from
Silver Bow county in the
upper house of the territorial
legislature, 1887, and a mem
ber of the constitutional con
vention in 1889. He was the
first lieutenant-governor of
the state, 1889-93, and the election of two Repub
lican U.S. senators was due to his decision as
president of the joint convention of the two
houses, his action being afterward ratified by the
U.S. senate. He was governor of Montana, 1893-
97, and supervisor of census for the district of
Montana, 1900. He was a lay member of the
general conference of the Methodist Episcopal
church in 1888 and 1892. He was married first,
July 5, 1876, to Lizzie M., daughter of Benjamin
and Margaret Wilson of Newark, Del. She died
in San Francisco in 1881, and he married secondly,
in 1883, Mrs. Eliza A. (Ellis) Boucher of Canada.
He had nine children, and was residing in Butte,
Mont., in 1903.
RICKETTS, James Brewerton, soldier, was
born in New York city, June 21, 1817. He was
graduated from the U.S. Military academy in
1839 ; promoted 2nd lieutenant of 1st artillery,
July 1, 1839, and 1st lieutenant, April 21, 1842.
He served in the war with Mexico, 1846-48 ; en
gaged in the battle of Monterey, Sept. 20-25, 1846,
and held the Rinconada pass, during the battle
of Buena Vista, Feb. 22-23, 1847. He served in
Florida against the Seminoles in 1852 ; was pro
moted captain, Aug. 3, 1852, and served on
frontier and garrison duty, 1852-61 ; in the de
fence of Washington, D.C, April-July, 1861,
and was severely wounded and taken prisoner at
the battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21, 1861, and
held as prisoner of war, 1861-62. He was
brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U.S.A., July 21,
1861, for gallantry at Bull Run, and commissioned
brigadier-general, U.S.V. He joined in the
operations in the Shenandoah valley in June,
1862, and in the Northern Virginia campaign,
Aug.-Sept, 1862, commanding the 2nd division,
3d army corps, Army of Virginia, at Cedar Moun
tain, second battle of Bull Run, and in the
actions at Rappahannock station and Thorough
fare Gap, where his division was detached and
ordered to delay Longstreet's advance. He com
manded the 2nd division, 1st army corps, Army
of the Potomac, in the Maryland campaign, Sept.-
Nov. 1862, taking part in the battles of South
Mountain and ' Antietam. He was promoted

major, U.S.A., June 1, 1863, and commanded the
3d division, 6th army corps, under General Grant
in the Richmond campaign, March-July 1864, in
the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania,
Cold Harbor, and the siege of Petersburg. He
was brevetted colonel, U.S.A., for gallantry at
Cold Harbor, Va., June 3, 1864, and took part in
the defence of Maryland against General Early's
raid, commanding the 3d division, under Gen.
Lewis Wallace, at the battle of Monocacy. He
commanded the 6th army corps, Army of the
Shenandoah, at Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar
Creek, Va. , where he was severely wounded. He
was brevetted major-general of U.S. volunteers,
Aug. 1, 1864, for gallant conduct during the
rebellion, and particularly in the battles of the
campaign under General Grant ; the Monocacy
under General Wallace ; and Opequan, Fisher's
Hill and Cedar Creek, in the Shenandoah cam
paigns under General Sheridan. He was brevet
ted brigadier-general, U.S.A., March 13. 1865, for
Cedar Creek, and major-general, March 13, 1865,
for gallant and meritorious services in the field,
during the rebellion. He commanded a district
in the department of Virginia, 1865-66, and was
mustered out of volunteer service, April 30, 1866,
and retired from active service, Jan. 3, 1867, for
disability from wounds received in battle. He
died in Washington, D.C. Sept. 27, 1887.
RICORD, Frederick William, author, was
born in Guadeloupe, W.I., Oct. 7, 1819; son of
Dr. Jean Baptiste (1777-1837), a native of Paris,
France, who fled to Italy during the French
revolution, settled in Baltimore, Md., was grad
uated at the New York College of Physicians and
Surgeons in 1810, and in the same year married
Elizabeth Stryker (1788-1865), daughter of the
Rev. Peter Stryker of New Utrecht, L.I., and
was in the West Indies making botanical re
searches when Frederick William was born.
The son was a student at Hobart and Rutgers
colleges, studied medicine and law in Geneva,
N.Y., and removed with his mother to Newark,
N.J., in 1845, where he conducted a classical
school, 1847-59. He was also librarian of the New
ark Library association, 1849-69 ; a member of the
board of education of Newark, 1852-69, and its
president, 1867-69 ; state superintendent of the
public schools of New Jersey, 1860-63 ; sheriff of
Essex county, N.J., 1865-67; mayor of Newark,
N.J., 1870-73; associate judge of the county
court, 1875-79, and librarian of the New Jersey
Historical society for many years. The honorary
degree A.M. was conferred, upon him by Rutgers
in 1845, and by the College of New Jersey in
1861. He edited several volumes of The Colonial
Documents of New Jersey published by the his
torical society, and is the author of : History of
Rome (1852); An English Grammar (1853); Life
[475]

RIDDLE

RIDDLE

of Madame de Longueville, from the French of
Victor Cousin (1854) ; The Henriade, from the
French of Voltaire (1859); English Songs from
Foreign Tongues (18791 ; The Self -Tormentor, from
the Latin of Terentius, with more English Songs
(1885), and compiled the greater part of the
volume treating of New Jersey in "Memorial
History of New York." He had in manuscript at
his death another translation of Terentius, a col
lection of original poems, and more Songs from
Foreign Tongues, and had in preparation The
Governors of New Jersey and History of New
Jersey. He died in Newark, N.J., Aug. 12, 1897.
RIDDLE, Albert Gallatin, author and repre
sentative, was born in Monson, Mass., May 28,
1816 ; son of Thomas and Minerva (Merrick) Rid
dle. He removed with his parents to Geauga
county, Ohio, in 1817 ; received a common school
education, and was admitted to the bar in 1840.
He was married. Jan. 22, 1845, to Caroline C,
daughter of Judge Barton F. Avery of Chardon,
Ohio. Mr. Riddle practiced law at Chardon, was
prosecuting attorney of Geauga county, 1840-46 ;
a representative from Trumbull and Geauga
counties in the state legislature, 1848-50, and or
ganized the first Free Soil convention in the
state. He removed to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1850 ;
was prosecuting attorney in 1856 ; defended the
Oberlin slave rescuers in 1859, and was a Repub
lican representative from the nineteenth Ohio
district in the 37th congress, 1861-63, where he
advocated the arming of slaves, and the abolition
of slavery in the District of Columbia. He was
U.S. consul at Matanzas, 1863-64, and settled in
Washington, D.C, in 1864, where he practised law.
He was largely instrumental in restoring the
friendship of Secretary Chase and the President,
and in thus securing the re-nomination of Lincoln
in 1864. He was retained by the state department
to aid in the prosecution of John H. Surratt
for the murder of President Lincoln ; was law-
officer of the District of Columbia, 1877-99, and
was in charge of the law department of Howard
university for several years. He is the author
of: Students and Lawyers (1873); Bart Ridgely,
a Story of Northern Ohio (1873); The Portrait,
a Romance of Cuyahoga Valley (1874); Alice
Brand, a Tale of the Capitol(1875) ; Life, Charac
ter, and Public Services of James A. Garfield
(1880); The House of Ross (1881); Castle Gregory
(1882); Hart and his Bear (1883); The Sugar
Makers of the West Woods (1885); The Hunter of
the Chagrin (1882); Mark Loan, a Tale of the
Western Reserve (1883); Old Newberry, and the
Pioneers (1884); Speeches and Arguments (1886);
Life of Benjamin F. Wade (1886); The Tory's
Daughter (1888) ; Recollections of War Times
1860-65 (1895). He died in Washington, D.C,
May 15", 1902.

RIDDLE, David Hunter, educator, was born
in Martinsburg, Va., April 14; 1805 ; son of Wil
liam and Susanna (Nourse) Riddle ; grandson of
James Riddle (a native of Donegal, Ireland) and
of James and Sarah (Fouace) Nourse, and a des
cendant through his maternal grandfather from
a Huguenot family (Fouace) driven from Caen,
Normandy, in 1685. He was graduated from Jef
ferson college, Pennsylvania, 1823, and from
Princeton Theological seminary in 1828 ; was or
dained by the presbytery of Winchester, Dec. 4,
1828, and was pastor of the Kent Street church,
Winchester, Va., 1828-33; ofthe Third church,
Pittsburg, Pa. , 1883-57, and of the First Reformed
Dutch church, Jersey City, N.J., 1857-62. He
was president and professor of mental and moral
science at Jefferson college, 1862-65 ; professor of
mental and moral science, 1865-68 ; pastor at the
college church, Canonsburg, Pa., 1863-68, and
pastor at Martinsburg, W. Va., 1868-79. He was
married in 1828 to Elizabeth, daughter of the
Rev. Matthew and Mary (Blaine) Brown of Can
onsburg, Pa. The honorary degree of D.D. was
conferred on him by Marshall college, Penn
sylvania, in 1843, and that of LL.D. by Rutgers
college, New Jersey, in 1863. He died in Martins
burg, West Va., July 16, 1888.
RIDDLE, George, elocutionist, was born in
Charlestown, Mass., Sept. 22,1851 ; son of Edward
and Charlotte (Cutter) Riddle ; grandson of
James and Mary (Gray) Riddle and of Edward
and Elizabeth (Nutting) Cutter. He was pre
pared for college at the Chauncy Hall school in
Boston, and was graduated at Harvard in 1874.
He made his first appearance as a reader in Bos
ton in 1874, and his debut as an actor at Norwich,
Conn., in December,' 1874, as Romeo, which r61e
he played the following year in Boston, Mass.,
supported by Mrs. Thomas Barry and a stock
company. He afterward played Titus to the
Brutus of Edwin Booth ; was subsequently en
gaged as a member of the Boston Museum stock
company, which was followed by an engagement
as leading juvenile of a Montreal stock company,
and by a season at the Chestnut Street theatre,
Philadelphia, Pa. He was an instructor in elocu
tion at Harvard, 1878-81, and appeared in the
title role of " CEdipus Tyrannus" of Sophocles at
Harvard in May, 1881, which was the first pro
duction in the United States of a Greek play in the
original. He gave Shakespearean and other read
ings in the principal cities in the United States
after 1881, the most successful of which were
"Midsummer-Night's Dream" with Mendels
sohn's music, and "Hamlet " and '" Macbeth ".
He contributed to the newspaper press and the
Youth's Companion and edited : " George Riddle's
Readings" (1889), and "A Modern Reader and
Speaker" (1899).

1476]

RIDDLE

RIDDLEBERGER

RIDDLE, George Read, senator, was born in
Newcastle, Del., in 1817 ; a descendant of George
Read, the signer. He was educated at Delaware
college, studied engineering, and was engaged in
locating and constructing railroads and canals in
Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia,
1840-48. He was admitted to the Delaware bar
in 1848 ; settled in practice in Newcastle ; served
as deputy attorney-general of Newcastle county,
1848-50 ; was a commissioner to retrace Mason
and Dixon's line in 1849 ; a. Democratic represent
ative from Delaware in the 32d and 33d congresses,
1851-55, and was defeated for the 34th congress
in 1854. He was chairman of the committee on
engraving and of the special committee on the
Peruvian Guano question in the 32d and 38d
congresses. He was a delegate to the Demo
cratic national conventions of 1844, 1848 and
1856, and was elected to the U. S. senate in 1864,
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
James A. Bayard, serving from Feb. 2, 1864, until
his death in Washington, D.C, March 29, 1867.
RIDDLE, Matthew Brown, educator, was
born in Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 17, 1836; son of
David Hunter (q.v.) and Elizabeth Blaine
(Brown) Riddle ; grandson of the Rev. Matthew
(q.v.) and Mary (Blaine) Brown ; great-grandson
of Matthew Brown, a Revolutionary soldier, and
great2-grandson of John Brown, whose father,
John Brown of Priesthill, Scotland, the martyr
covenanter, known as tlie " Christian Carrier,"
was shot in 1685 by Graham of Claverhouse, at
Priesthill, in the presence of his wife and little
son, John. Mr. Riddle was graduated from
Jefferson college, A.B., 1852, A.M., 1855, and
from the New Brunswick Theological seminary
in 1859. He was adjunct professor of Greek at
Jefferson college, 1857-58 ; was licensed to
preach, May 26, 1859, and served during the civil
war as chaplain of the 2d regiment of New Jer
sey militia. He was married, Aug. 21, 1862, to
Anna M. Walther of Heidelberg, Germany. He
was pastor at Hoboken, N.J., 1862-65; Newark,
N.J., 1865-68; professor of New Testament ex
egesis at Hartford Theological seminary, 1871-87,
and professor of New Testament exegesis at
Western Theological seminary, Allegheny, Pa.,
from 1887. He was an original member of the
American Company for New Testament Revision
in 1871 and of the assembly's committee for re
vising the proof texts of Westminster Standards,
and also of the Committee for Revising the Con
fession of Faith (1890) . The honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred on him by Franklin and
Marshall college in 1870, and by the College of
New Jersey at the Sesqui-centennial celebration
in 1896, and that of LL.D. by the Western Uni
versity of Pennsylvania in 1894. He translated
and edited the epistles to the Romans, Galatians,

Ephesians and Colossians in the American edition
of Lange's Commentary (1809, new edit., 1886) ;
edited the gospels of Mark and Luke for the
American edition of Meyer's commentary ( 1884) ;
revised and edited Edward Robinson's " Greek
Harmony of the Gospels" (1885), and Robinson's
"English Harmony" (1886). He contributed to
Schaff's "Popular Illustrated Commentary on the
New Testament" (1878-83) ; and to Coxe's edi
tion of the "Ante-Nicene Fathers" (2 vols.), to
Schaff's " Nioene and Post-Nicene Fathers " (2
vols.), and with the Rev. John E. Todd, prepared
the notes on the International Sunday-School
Lessons for the Congregational Publishing society
of Boston, 1877-81 ; and from 1894 wrote on the
Lessons from the New Testament in the Sunday
School Times, Philadelphia. In 1903 he was one
of the two surviving members of the American
company who prepared the "Standard Edition
of the Revised NewTestament" (1901) ; the other
being Ex-President Timothy Dwight of Yale.
RIDDLEBERGER, Harrison Holt, senator,
was born in Edinburg, Va., Oct. 4, 1844 ; son of
Madison and Susan (Shryock) Riddleberger and
grandson of Jacob and Amelia (Heiskel) Shryock.
He studied under a private tutor, and in March,
1862, raised a company for the Confederate army
and entered the service as 2d lieutenant of in
fantry. He took part in the Richmond, Mary
land and Pennsylvania campaigns; was promoted
captain, and transferred to the cavalry ; was cap
tured, and held as a prisoner of war from July,
1864. He returned to Edinburg in April, 1865,
where he became editor of The Tenth Legion
Banner. He married Nov. 29, 1866, Emma V. ,
daughter of Peter and Elizabeth (Samuels) Belew
of Edinburg. He represented Shenandoah county
in the Virginia legislature, 1871-75. He was ad
mitted to the bar in 1875, and settled in practice
in Woodstock. He served as commonwealth's
attorney for Shenandoah county, 1876-80 ; was a
presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in
1876, and on the Readjuster ticket in 1880 ; a
member of the Virginia senate, 1876-81, where he
served as chairman of the committee on Federal
relations, and as a member of that on courts of
justice. He became editor of the Virginian, a
Republican newspaper, published in Woodstock
in 1881, having previously edited the Shenandoah
Democrat. He was elected to the United States
senate in 1881, and served in that body, 1883-89,
all of the time as chairman of the committee on
manufactures, and as a member of the committee
on naval affairs, on the District of Columbia and
on education and labor. He labored actively for
the rejection of the proposed extradition treaty
with Great Britain, for which he received resolu
tions of thanks from Irish societies of the United
States. He died in Woodstock, Va., Jan. 24, 1890.

[477]

RIDEING

RIDGELY

RIDEING, William Henry, editor, was born
in Liverpool, Eng., Feb. 17, 1853 ; son of William
and Emma Rideing. Losing both parents early
in boyhood, he joined relatives in Chicago, where
he remained until 1870. In 1870 he procured
temporary employment as secretary to Samuel
Bowles, editor of the Springfield (Mass.) Repub
lican, and held for long periods editorial posi
tions on the Newark (N.J.) Journal and the Boston
Journal. He was an assistant editor of the New
York Tribune from 1871-74, and for two years
(1875-77) was special correspondent of the New
York Times with the Wheeler exploring expedi
tion. In that capacity he traveled about 4,000
miles in the saddle through the then unsettled
regions of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and
Nevada. He became associate editor of the
Youth's Companion in 1881, a position which he
still retained in 1903, and in 1888 was made mana
ging editor of the North American Review without
interrupting his relations with the Companion.
He was married in March, 1887, to Margaret
Elinor, daughter of C. E. and Ellen Backus of
Worcester, Mass. He is the author of : American
Authors (1875); A Saddle in the Wild West (1879) ;
The Alpenstock (1879) ; Boys Coastwise (1884);
Young Folk's History of London (1884) ; A Little
Upstart, a novel (1885) ; Thackeray's London
(1885) ; Boyhood of Living Authors (1887) ; In the
Land of Lorna Doone (1895) ; The Captured Cru
sader (1896) ; Boyhood of Famous Authors (1897) ;
Boys in the Mountains and on the Plains ; At
Hawarden with Mr. Gladstone, and many con
tributions to periodicals.
RIDGAWAY, Henry Bascom, clergyman and
educator, was born in Talbot county, Md., Sept.
7, 1830 ; son of James and Mary (Jump) Ridga-
way, and grandson of Thomas Ridgaway and of
Alumleis Jump. He was graduated from Dick
inson college, Carlisle, Pa., A.B., 1849; admitted
to the Baltimore conference of the Methodist
Episcopal church, 1850, and was married, Feb. 22,
1855, to Rosamond, daughter of Merritt and Rosa
mond (Cushman) Caldwell of Carlisle, Pa. He
labored in Maryland ; was pastor of High Street
church, Baltimore, 1855-57 ; Portland, Maine,
1858^60 ; St. Paul's church, New York city and
vicinity, and in Cincinnati, 1860-80. He was
professor of historical theology in Garrett Bibli
cal institute, Evanston, 111., 1882-84, and held
the presidencs' and professorship of practical
theology there from 1884 until his death. He
received from Dickinson the degree of D.D. in
1868 and that of LL.D. in 1889. His travels in
cluded a trip to the Holy Land, 1873-74, and one
around the world in which he was accompanied
by his wife, 1892-93. The first is partly described
in The Lord's Land : A Narrative of Travels in
Sinai and Palestine (1876). His other publica

tions include the biographies of : Alfred Cookman
(1871); Bishop Edward S. Janes (1882); Bishop
Beverly Waugh (1883); Bishop Matthew Simpson
(1885). He died in Evanston, 111., March 30, 1895.
RIDGELEY, Charles Goodwin, naval officer,
was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1784. He was
warranted midshipman, U.S.N. , Oct. 19, 1799;
served in the Tripoli tan war under Preble, 1804-
05, and was the recipient of a sword and a vote
of thanks for gallantry. He was commissioned
lieutenant, Feb. 2, 1807 ; master commandant,
July 24, 1813, and captain, Feb. 28, 1815. He
commanded the brig Jefferson on Lake Ontario,
in 1814, and the Erie and Independence in the
Mediterranean squadron, 1815-17, and served as
flag officer of the West Indian squadron, 1827-30,
engaged in protecting the commerce of the Uni
ted States and in suppressing piracy. He com
manded the navy yard at Brooklyn, N.Y., 1832-
39, and was flag officer, Brazil squadron, 1840-42.
He died in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 8, 1848.
RIDGELY, Charles, governor of Maryland,
was born in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 6, 1760 ; son of
John and Achsah (Ridgely) Holliday Carman ;
grandson of Charles Carman of Reading, Eng
land, and of Col. Charles Ridgely. He was
baptized Charles Ridgely Carman, but was
adopted by his uncle, Capt. Charles Ridgely,
whose fortune he inherited in 1790, on condi
tion that he should assume his name. He was
married, Oct. 17, 1782, to Priscilla, daughter of
Caleb and Priscilla (Still) Dorsey of , Howard
county, Md. He was a member of the Maryland
senate, brigadier-general of the llth Maryland
brigade iu 1794, and governor of Maryland, 1815,
1816 and 1817. He was the owner of 400 slaves,
all of whom became free by the terms of his
will. He died at Hampton, Baltimore county,
Md., July 17, 1829.
RIDGELY, Daniel Boone, naval officer, was
born near Lexington, Ky., Aug. 1, 1813. He was
warranted midshipman, U.S.N. , April 1, 1828,
promoted passed midshipman, June 14, 1834, and
commissioned lieutenant, Sept. 10, 1840. He
served on the sloop Albany during the Mexican
war, and wit
nessed the bom
bardment and
capture of Vera
Cruz, and the
other Mexican
ports ; was at
tached to the
United States
naval observa
tory, Washing
ton, D.C, 1850- uss' p°whataai.
52 ; to the sloop Germantown in the West Indies in
1854 ; was promoted commander, Sept. 14, 1855 ;

[478]

RIDGELY

R1DPATH

commanded the Atalanta on the Paraguayan ex
pedition, 1857-58 ; the Santiago de Cuba in the
West Indies, 1861-63, where he was successful in
capturing several blockade runners : was pro
moted captain, July 16, 1862, and commanded the
Shenandoah in the bombardments of Fort Fisher,
December, 1864, and January, 1865. He com
manded the Powhatan of the Pacific squadron
from 1865, until transferred to the Lancaster in
1867. He was promoted commodore, July 25,
1866, and was a member of the board of naval
examiners at Philadelphia, Pa. , 1867-68. He died
in Philadelphia, Pa., May 5, 1868.
RIDGELY, Henry Moore, senator, was born
in Dover, Del., in 1778 ; son of Dr. Charles
Ridgely (1738-85). He was admitted to the bar,
and engaged in practice in Dover. He was mar
ried to Sally Ann, daughter of Gov. Cornelius P.
and Ruhamah (Marim) Comegys of Kent county,
Del. He was a Federalist representative from
Delaware in the 12th and 13th congresses, Nov. 4,
1811, to March 2, 1815, and was elected to the
U.S. senate to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of Nicholas Van Dyke, serving from Jan.
23, 1827, to March 3, 1829. He died in Dover,
Del., Aug. 7, 1847.
RIDGELY, Nicholas, jurist, was born in
Dover, Del., Sept. 30, 1762; son of Dr. Charles
Ridgely (1738-1785), a native of. Dover, who
practised medicine there, 1758-85 ; frequently sat
in the Delaware legislature after 1765 ; was pre
siding judge of the court of common pleas of
Kent county, and previous to the Revolutionary
war, of the quarter sessions, and was a delegate
to the convention that framed the state constitu
tion in 1776. Nicholas received a liberal educa
tion, and engaged in the practice of law in Dover,
1783-1801. He served as attorney-general of the
state, as a representative in the state legislature,
and as chancellor of the state of Delaware, 1801-
30. He died in Georgetown, Del., April 1, 1830.
RIDGWAY, Robert, ornithologist, was born in
Mount Carmel, 111. , July 2, 1850 ; son of David
and Henrietta James (Reed) Ridgway, and grand
son of Richard and Sarah Ridgway and of Joseph
and Eliza (Bell) Reed. He was educated, in
the public schools, and at an early age turned his
attention to natural history. He served as zoolo
gist to the U-. S. geological exploration of the
40th parallel under Clarence King in California,
Nevada, southern Idaho, and Utah, 1867-69 ; was
occupied chiefly with government work, 1869-80,
and was curator of the ornithological division of
the U. S. National museum from July 1, 1880.
He was married, Oct. 12, 1875, to Julia Evelyn,
daughter of Horace and Elizabeth (Nichols) Per
kins of New York city. He was one of the
founders of the American Ornithologists' union
;n 1883 ; its vice-president, 1883-98, and its pres

ident, 1899-1900. He received the degree M.S.,
from the Indiana State university in 1884 ; was a
member of the permanent ornithological com
mittee of the first international congress at
Vienna in 1885, and an honorary member of the
second congress Oruithologique International at
Budapest!) in 1891. He became a corresponding
member of the Zoological society of London, and
of the Academies of Science of New York, Dav
enport, la., and Chicago, 111.; a foreign member
of the British Ornithologists' union ; an honorary
member of the Nuttall Ornithological club of
Cambridge, Mass., the Brookville, Ind., Society of
Natural History, the Ridgway Ornithological
club of Chicago, 111., and a member of the com
mittee of patronage of the International Con
gress of Zoology at London. He published more
than 200 descriptive papers of new species and
races of American birds, many of which ap
peared in the "Proceedings of the U.S. Na
tional Museum " ; several catalogues of North
American and other birds contained in the mu
seum, and is the joint author with Professor
Spencer F. Baird and Dr. Thomas M. Brewer of :
A History of Northern American Birds (3 vols.,
1874) , and of Tlie Water Birds of North America
(2 vols., 1884), in which he wrote a large portion of
the technical parts. He also published : Report
on Ornithology of the Fortieth Parallel (1877) ; A
Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists (1886) ;
Manual of North American Birds (1887) ; The
Ornithology of Illinois (2 vols., 1889-1895), and
The Birds of North and Middle America (8 vols.,
1901). RIDPATH, John Clark, educator, was born in
Putnam county, Ind., April 26, 1840; son of
Abraham and Sarah (Matthews) Ridpath of
Montgomery county, Va. ; grandson of John and
Mary (Cox) Ridpath and of Anderson and Naomi
(Heavin) Matthews, and a descendant of the
Ridpaths of Berwick-on-Tweed and of Samuel
Matthews, colonial governor of Virginia. He at
tended the common schools ; engaged in teaching
school and in tutoring, to assist in defraying the
expense of a college education, and was graduated
from Indiana Asbury (DePauw) university, A.B.,
1863, A.M., 1866. He was married, Dec. 21, 1862,
to Hannah Roxana, daughter of Ebenezer and
Elizabeth (Sill) Smythe of Greencastle, Ind. He
was instructor in languages at the academy at
Thorntown, Ind., 1862-64; principal of the acad
emy, 1864-66 ; professor of languages in Baker
university, Baldwin city, Kan., in 1866, and prin
cipal of the public schools in Lawrenceburg, Ind.,
1867-69. He was professor of English literature
and normal instruction in Indiana Asbury uni
versity, 1869-71 ; professor of belles-lettres and
history, 1871-79, and vice-president, 1879-81. He
secured the DePauw endowment from Washing-

[479]

RIGGS

RIGGS

ton C. DePauw for the university, which adopted
its patron's name in 1882 ; continued tliere as
vice-president and professor of history and poli
tical economy, 1882-85, and from the latter year
until his death, devoted himself to literary work.
He was defeated as a Democratic candidate for
representative in congress from Indiana in 1896.
He received the degree LL.D. from Syracuse
university in 1880 ; was associate editor of the
" People's Cyclopedia ", 1879-95 ; edited the Arena
at Boston, Mass., 1897-98; was literary director
of the Jones Brothers Publishing company, 1898-
1900, and compiled the Library of Universal
Literature (1898). He is the author of : Aca
demic History of the United States (1874-75);
Grammar School History of the United States
(1876) ; Popular History of the United States
(1877) ; Inductive Grammar of the English Lan
guage (1879) ; Monograph on Alexander Hamilton
(1880) ; Life and Work of Garfield (1881); Cyclo
paedia of Universal History (4 vols., 1880-85) ;
Monograph on the Trial of Guiteau (1882) ;
Monograph on the Epoch of Integration (1883) ;
History of Texas (1884) ; Monograph on History
and Historical Study (1885) ; Life and Work of
W. C. De Pauw (unpublished, 1888) ; Great Races
of Mankind (4 vols., 1888-94) ; Monograph on
Beyond the Sierras (1888) ; Monograph on the True
Evolution (1889) ; Monograph on the Citizen Sol
dier (1890) ; Monograph on the Man in History
(1892) ; Monograph on the Suppression of the In
tellectual Life (1892) ; Christopher Columbus, the
Epoch, the Man, and the Work (unpublished, 1892);
Columbus and Columbia (1893) ; The Life and
Work of James G. Blaine (1893) ; Epic of Life, a
poem (1893) ; Famous Paintings of the World
(1894) ; Life and Memoirs of Bishop William
Taylor (1894-95) ; Napoleon Bonaparte (1895),
and Tlie Life and Times of William E. Gladstone.
He died in New York city, July 31, 1900.
RIGGS, Elias, linguist and missionary, was
born in New Providence, N.J., Nov. 19, 1810 ; son
of the Rev. Elias Riggs, College of New Jersey,
A.B., 1795, A.M., 1798, and pastor of the Presby
terian church at New Providence, N.J., 1807-25.
Elias, jr., was graduated at Amherst, A.B., 1829,
A.M. , 1832, and at Andover Theological seminary
in 1832. He was ordained to the Congregational
ministry, Sept. 20, 1832 ; and was a foreign mis
sionary at Athens, Greece, 1832-34; Argos, Greece,
1834-38 ; Smyrna, Turkey, 1838-53, and Constan
tinople, Turkey, 1853-56. He visited the United
States in 1856 ; served as instructor in sacred
literature at Union Theological seminary, 1857-
58 ; declined a professorship there, and returned
to Constantinople, where he worked, 1858-1901.
He was an expert linguist, and a member of the
committees that translated the Scriptures into
the Turkish language, the translation being pub

lished in 1878, and their revised work in 1886.
He received the degree D.D. from Hanover col
lege, Ind., in 1853, and LL.D. from Amherst in
1871. He is the author of : A Manual of Chaldee
Language, etc. (1832, rev. ed., 1858); The Young
Forester, a Brief Memoir of the Early Life of the
Swedish Missionary Fjelstedt (1840) ; Translation
of the Scriptures into the Modern Armenian Lan
guage (1853); Grammatical Notes on the Bulgarian
Language (1844) ; Grammar of the Modern Ar
menian Language with a Vocabulary (1847, 2d.
ed., 1856) ; Grammar of the Turkish Language
as ivritten in the Armenian Character (1871) ;
Translation of the Scriptures into the Bulgarian
Language (1871) ; Suggested Emendations of the
Authorized English Version of the Old Testament
(1873) ; A Harmony of the Gospels in Bulgarian
(1880) ; Suggested Modifications of the Revised
Version of the New Testament (1883) ; A Bible
Dictionary in Bulgarian (1884); and many minor
publications including, tracts, hymns, and col
lections of hymns in the Greek, Armenian and
Bulgarian languages. He died in Constantinople,
Turkey, Jan. 17, 1901.
RIGGS, John Davis Seaton, educator, was
born in Washington, Pa., Jan. 29, 1851; son of
Edward and Charlotte Ann (Seaton) Riggs, and
grandson of John and Mary (Phillips) Riggs, and
of George Clark and Esther (Shotwell) Smith
Seaton. His early education was received in the
public schools of Rockford, III. He was a student
at Shurtleff college from April, 1867, until De
cember, 1868 ; then attended the University of
Chicago, one term ; engaged in business at Rock
ford, 111., 1869-75; was graduated from the Uni
versity of Chicago, A.B., 1878, A.M., 1881, and was
principal of the commercial department of Salt
Lake academy, Utah, 1878-79. He was married,
Sept. 2, 1879, to Mary Esther, daughter of Osborn
and Amanda (Rice) Chaney of Rockford, III. He
was principal of the preparatory department of
the University of Chicago, 1879-86 ; joint princi
pal of the University academy, Chicago, 1886-87 ;
organized and was principal of the Granville
(Doane) academy, Denison university, Ohio, 1887-
96, and in the latter year was elected president of
Ottawa university, Kansas. He was madea mem
ber of the state board of education of Kansas ;
president of the Kansas College Presidents' as
sociation, and a corresponding member of the
Kansas State Historical society. The degree of
Ph.D. was conferred on him by the University of
South Dakota in 1890, upon the completion of a
course in general literature and the presentation
of a thesis on " Satire in Reform " , and the hon
orary degree of L.H.D. was conferred upon him
by Ewing college, Illinois, in 1901. He is the
author of: In Latinum (Caesar) (1890), and In
Latinum (Cicero) (1892).

[480]

RIGGS

RIIS

n*.r&J /t£J?0&c*.

-A.rU

RIGGS, Kate Douglas Wiggin, author, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa,, Sept. 28, 1859 : daughter
of Robert Noah and Helen (Dyer) Smith ; grand
daughter of Jones and Lydia (Knight) Dyer, and
of Noah and Hannah (Wheaton) Smith, all of
Maine. She spent
her childhood in Hol-
lis, Maine ; attended
Abbot academy, An
dover, Mass., and in
1S76 removed to Los
Angeles, Cal., where
she studied kinder-
gartening, and after
teaching in Santa
Barbara college for a
year, she organized
in San Francisco the
first free kindergar
tens for poor chil
dren on the Pacific
slope in 1878, and
in 1880, with her sister, Nora Archibald Smith,
started a training school in connection with them.
She was married in 1880 to Samuel Bradley Wig-
gin of San Francisco, and removed in 1888 to
New York city, where Mr. Wiggin died the fol
lowing year. In 1895 she was married to George
Christopher Riggs, but continued to write under
the name of Kate Douglas Wiggin. Her published
works include : The Birds' Christinas Carol (1886) ;
Kindergarten Chimes (1888); A Summer in a
Canon (1889) ; The Story of Patsy (1889) ; Timothy's
Quest (1890); Polly Oliver's Problem (1893); A
Cathedral Courtship and Penelope's English Ex
periences (1893); Tlie Village Watch- Tower (1895):
Marm Lisa (1896); Penelope's Progress (1898);
Penelope's Experiences in Ireland (1901); The
Diary of a Goose-Girl (1902). She also wrote in
collaboration with her sister, Tlie Story Hour
(1890); Children's Rights (1892), and The Repub
lic of Childhood (3 vols., 1895-96); and edited
with her two volumes of poetry for children and
young people, Golden Numbers and the Posy
Ring (1902). She also set to music Nine Love
Songs and a Carol (1896).
RIGGS, Stephen Return, missionary, was born
in Steubenville, Ohio, March 23, 1812; son of
Stephen and Anna (Baird) Riggs ; grandson of
Joseph and Hannah (Cook) Riggs and of Moses
Baird, and a descendant "of Edward Riggs, who
settled in Roxbury, Mass., in 1633. He was grad
uated at Jefferson college, Canonsburg, Pa.,
A.B., 1834; attended the Western Theological
seminary at Allegheny, Pa., 1835-36 ; was licensed
to preach by the presbytery of St,eubenville in
September, 1836, and ordained by the presbytery
of Chillicothe in April, 1837. He was married,
Feb. 16, 1837, to Mary Ann, daughter of Thomas

and Martha Arms (Taylor) Longley of Hawley,
Mass. He was sent as a missionary among the
Sioux Indians by the A.B.CF.M. in 1837, and
was stationed for a few months at the Lake Har
riet mission, near Fort Snelling. He associated
with the Rev. T. S. Williamson at Lac-qui-
Parle mission (1837-42), where he learned the
Dakota language, and started and conducted a
mission station at Traverse des Sioux (1843-46),
returning to Lac-qui-Parle in the latter year.
He was in charge of the Hazelwood mission near
the mouth of the Yellow Medicine river, 1854-62,
where he was aided by his son Alfred, a graduate
of Knox college. The Indian massacre under
Little Crow, Aug. 18, 1862, forced him to flee
with his family, and they reached St. Paul, Minn.
He received the degree D.D. from Beloit col
lege, and that of LL.D. from Washington and
Jefferson college in 1873. He published : The
Dakota First Reading Book (with Gideon H.
Pond, 1839); Wowapi Mitawa (1842); Dakota
Tawoonspe or Dakota Lessons (1850); Dakota
Vocabulary (1852); Tahkoo Wakan or the Gospel
among the Dakotas (1869); The Bible in Dakota,
with the Rev. T. S. Williamson (1879), and Mary
audi, or Forty years Among the Sioux (1880).
He also edited : A Grammar and Dictionary of
the Dakota Language, collected by the Members of
the Dakota Mission (1852, which became Vol.
IV of the Smithsonian Contributions; rev. ed.,
1883) ; and Hymns in the Dakota Language (1842),
with the Rev. J. P. Williamson (1863, rev. ed.).
He died in Beloit, Wis., Aug. 24, 1883.
RIIS, Jacob August, author, yvas born at Ribe,
Denmark, May 3, 1849 ; son of Niels Edward and
Caroline (Lunclholm) Riis. He was a student at
the Latin school in
his native place ;
learned the trade of
carpenter, and was
married, March 5,
1876, . to Elizabeth
Dorothea, daughter
of Niels Nielsen of
Herning, Denmark.
In 1870 he removed
to New York city,
where he was em
ployed as police re
porter on the Tribune
and the Sun, was in
strumental in estab
lishing small parks
and playgrounds and in improving the condition
of schools and tenement houses. He was secretary
of the New York Small Parks commission and
executive officer of the Good Government clubs.
His published works, which immediately at
tained large circulation, include : Hoiv the Other

[481]

RIKER

RILEY

Half Lives (1890); Tlie Children of the Poor
(1892); Nibsy's Christmas (1893); Out of Mulberry
Street (1898); A Ten Years' War (1900); Tlie
Making of an American (1901) ; The Battle with
the Slum (1903), and numerous contributions to
periodicals. RIKER, James; historian, was born in New
York city, May 11, 1822 ; soil of James and Eliza
beth (Van Arsdale) Riker ; grandson of Daniel
and Deborah (Leverick) Riker and of John and
Mary (Crawford) Van Arsdale, and a descendant
of Abraham and Grietie (Harmensen) Rycken
(or de Rycke). In 1638 Abraham Rycken emi
grated from Holland to New York, where he re
ceived an allotment of land from Governor Kieft,
and about 1642 he engaged in trade. James Riker
was educated in Cornelius institute ; was principal
of a public school in Harlem, N.Y. , 1850-58, and
was clerk in the office of the American Home
Missionary society, 1858-63. He was employed
in the U.S. revenue service, 1864-67, and from
1869 until his death resided in Waverly, N.Y.,
where in 1885 he established a librae and became
its librarian. He was elected to membership in
several historical and other societies, and is the
author of : A Brief History of the Riker Family
(1851); The Annals of Newtown (1852); Harlem:
its Origin and Early Annals (1881); Tlie Indian
History of Tioga County in the Gazetteer of Tioga
County (1888); A Dictionary of the First Settlers
of New Netherlands Prior to the Year 1700, in
preparation (1889) , and many historical pam
phlets. He died in Waverly, N.Y., July 15, 1889.
RILEY, Benjamin Franklin, clergyman and
educator, was born in Pineville, Ala., July 16,
1849 ; son of Enoch and Sophronia Irving (Autrey)
Riley, and grandson of Jeremiah and Jane Riley,
and of Alexander and Parthenia Autrey. He
was graduated from Erskine college, S.C, in
1871 ; attended the Southern Baptist Theological
seminary and Crozer seminary ; was ordained to
the Baptist ministry in 1872, and was pastor at
Carlowville, Ala., in 1876; Albany, Ga., 1877-79;
Opelika, Ala., 1879-84 ; editor of the Alabama
Baptist, 1885, and pastor at Livingston, Ala.,
1884-88. He was married, June 21, 1876, to
Emma, daughter of Dr. J. L. Shaw of Belleville,
Ala. He was president of Howard college, Ala.,
1888-93 ; professor of English literature at the
University of Georgia, 1893-1900, and pastor at
Houston, Texas, from 1900. He received the de
gree of D.D. from the University of Alabama in
1884, and from Erskine college in 1888 ; and was
made a fellow of the Society of Science, Letters
and Art, London, in recognition of his paper on
" The Difficulty of Preserving Pure English in
the United States," read before that body, July
19, 1898. His published works include : History
of Conecuh County, Ala. (1884); Alabama as It

Is (1888); History of Baptists of Alabama (1893);
History of Baptists of the Southern States East
of the Mississippi (1897); and numerous pamphlets
and contributions to periodicals.
RILEY, Bennett, soldier, was born in Alex
andria, Va., Nov. 27, 1787. He was appointed an
ensign of rifles in the U.S. army, Jan. 19, 1813;
was promoted lieutenant, March 12, 1813 ; served
throughout the war of 1812 ; was promoted cap
tain, Aug. 6, 1818 ; major, Sept. 26, 1837 ; lieu
tenant-colonel, Dec. 1, 1839, and brevetted colonel
for his services at Chakotta, in the Florida war,
June 2, 1840. He commanded the 2d infantry
at Vera Cruz, the 2d brigade of Twiggs's division
in the Mexican valley, and was brevetted briga
dier-general, U.S.A., April 18, 1847, for gallantry
at Cerro Gordo, and major-general, Aug. 20, 1847,
for Contreras. General Scott credited a certain
victory for the American army to the bravery he
displayed in battle. He was placed in command
of the Pacific department, with, headquarters at
Monterey, Cal., in 1848, and was military governor
of California from April to December, 1849, when
the state constitution was adopted and Peter H.
Burnett (q.v.) became governor. He was pro
moted colonel of the 1st U.S. infantry, Jan. 31,
1850, and died at Buffalo, N.Y., June 9, 1853.
RILEY, Charles Valentine, entomologist, was
born in London, Eng., Sept. 18, 1843. He attended
the College of St. Paul, Dieppe. France, 1854-57,'
and a private school at Bonn, Prussia, 1857-60.,
He emigrated to America in 1860, and settled in
Kankakee county,
111., where he ob
tained employment
on a stock farm. In
1863 he removed to
Chicago, 111., and be
came a reporter on
the Evening Journal,
and later on the
Prairie Farmer. He
was editor of the en
tomological depart
ment of the latter
paper, and became
well known among
the agriculturists of
the west. He en
listed with the 134th, Illinois volunteers in May,
1864, and served until November, 1864, when
he resumed his work with the Prairie Farmer.
He was appointed first state entomologist of Mis
souri in 1868. He was chief of the United States
entomological commission to study and solve the
problem of the extinction of the Rocky Mountain
grasshopper. After five years, having completed
the work, the commission was discontinued. He
was U.S. entomologist, 1878-79 and 1880-95, and

[482]

RILEY

RILEY

brought the division of entomology from an
obscure position to one of prominence in the de
partment of agriculture. He was married in
1878, to Emilie J. Gonzelman of St. Louis, Mo.
He was an honorary member of the London
Entomological society ; corresponding member
of the French, Berlin, Swiss and Belgian ento
mological societies ; president of the Academy of
Sciences of St. Louis, 1876-78 ; a fellow of the
American Philosophical society, the American
Pomological society, and the American Associa
tion for the Advancement of Science ; a member
of the American Agricultural society ; the Asso
ciation of Scientific Agriculturists, and the Philo
sophical and Anthropological societies of Wash
ington ; a founder and first president of the
Entomological society, Washington ; president
of the Association of Economic Entomologists,
and a member or officer of many other foreign
and domestic horticultural and agricultural
bodies. The French government awarded him
a gold medal in 1873, and the cross of the Legion
of Honor, July 14, 1889. He lectured before Cor
nell university ; the Kansas State Agricultural
society ; the Missouri State university ; Wash
ington university, St. Louis, and the Lowell
Institute, Boston. He received the honorary
degrees A.M. from the Kansas State Agricultural
college, 1872, and Ph.D. from Missouri State
university, 1873. He presented his collection of
115,000 mounted specimens to the entomological
department of the U.S. National Museum, of
which institution he was honorary curator of
insects. He is the author of : Reports on the
Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of the State
of Missouri (9 annual volumes, 1869-77) ; Potato
Pests (1876) ; The Locust Plague in the United
States (1877) ; and Annual Reports as entomolo
gist of the department of agriculture, besides
many articles, lectures and addresses in the lead
ing entomological and agricultural magazines.
He died in Washington, D.C, Sept. 14, 1895-
RILEY, Franklin Lafayette, historian, was
born near Hebron, Lawrence county, Miss., Aug.
24, 1868 ; son of Franklin Lafayette and Balsorah
(Weathersby) Riley ; grandson of Edward Miles
and Mary (Shows) Riley and of Edward Duncan
and Elmira (McDaniel) Weathersby, and a de
scendant of Edward Riley, who was born in
Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, about 1747. He
was graduated from Mississippi college, A.B.,
1889, A.M., 1891 ; began teaching at the Hebron
high school, 1889 ; and was married at Clinton,
Miss., July 15, 1891, to Fanny Townes, daughter
of Charles Henry Leigh of Cleburne, Texas. He
was a fellow at Johns Hopkins, 1895-96, receiving
his Ph.D. degree there in 1896 ; was president of
Hillman College for Young Women, 1896-97, and
became professor of history at the University of

Mississippi in 1897. He re-organized the Missis
sippi Historical society and organized the Univer
sity Historical society in 1898 ; became secretary
and treasurer of the former, and a member of
other similar organizations. His published works
include : Colonial Origin of New England Senates
(1896); School History of Mississippi (1900); Trans
ition from Spanish to American Control in Mis
sissippi (1900) ; Descriptive and Historical Sketch.
of Mississippi (1901); Extinct Towns and Villages
of Mississippi (1902). He edited five volumes of
the publications of the Mississippi Historical so
ciety, and contributed numerous historical articles
to periodicals.
RILEY, James Whitcomb, poet, was born in
Greenfield, Ind., in 1853; son of Reubin Alex
ander and Elizabeth (Marine) Riley. He was
educated in the public schools ; hopelessly studied
law in his father's office, then became a sign
painter. He joined
a traveling concert-
wagon as advertiser,
where he became
proficient in impro
vising songs, and in
1873 returned to
Greenfield, where he
commenced work on
a county paper, and
contributed verses to
Indianapolis papers,
most of which con
tributions were in the
Hoosier dialect. He
then went to Ander
son, Ind., and was on
the editorial staff of the Democrat, and while there
wrote a poem entitled " Leonainie," in imitation
of Edgar A. Poe, to which he signed that poet's
initials. The poem was published in the Dispatch
of Kokomo, Ind., with editorial claim that it had
been discovered on the fly-leaf of an old Ains- -
worth Dictionary. Reviewers at home and
abroad pronounced it genuine, and even when
the name of the real author was disclosed, many
critics maintained that it was Poe's. In conse
quence of this hoax, Mr. Riley lost his position
with the Anderson Democrat, but was soon
called to regular employment in the office of the
Indianapolis Journal. He became known as the
"Hoosier poet"; subsequently engaged as a
public reader, and published his first book under
the pen-name of "Ben j. F. Johnson of Boone."
He is the author of : The Old Sivimmin' -Hole and
'Leven More Poems (now Neighborly Poems)
(1883); ' The Boss Girl' and Other Sketches (1886) ;
Afterwhiles (1887); Character Sketches and Poems
(1887) ; Old-Fashioned Roses in England (1888) ;
Pipes o' Pan at Zekesbury (1889) ; Rhymes of

<^wu**Tw?OT*wfe I(tvci*|Q

[4831

RINEHART

RIORDAN

Childhood (1890) ; The Flying Islands of the
Night (1891) ; Green Fields and Running Brooks
(1892) ; Poems Here at Home (1892) ; An Old
Sweetheart of Mine, republished (1892); Arma-
zindy (1894) ; A Child-World (1896); Rubaiyatof
Doc Sif ers (1897) ; Home-Folks (1900) ; and The
Book of Joyous Children (1902). He was never
married. *
RINEHART, William Henry, sculptor, was
born near Union Bridge, Carroll county, Md.,
Sept. 13, 1825. He attended school, worked on
his father's farm, and later was employed as
assistant to a stonecutter in Carroll county. In
1844 he was apprenticed to a marble-cutter in
Baltimore, where his genius and application in
duced his employer to furnish him a studio on
his premises. In 1855 he went to Italy and on
his return in 1857, established a studio in Balti
more, but returned to Rome in 1858, from which
city he made occasional visits to America.
Among his best known figures are the bas-
reliefs in marble, Night and Morning ; a fountain
figure for the post office building at Washington,
D.C; two figures, Indian and Backwoodsman, to
support the clock in the Hall of Representatives,
Washington, D.C; Hero and Leander ; Indian
Girl; St. Cecilia ; Sleeping Babes ; Woman of Sa
maria ; Christ ; Angel of Resurrection ; Antigone ;
Nymph ; Clytie ; Atalanta ; Latona and her
Children ; Diana and Apollo ; Endymion, and
Rebecca. He also modelled the bronze statue,
Love Reconciled with Death, placed in Green-
mount cemetery, Baltimore, and completed the
bronze doors of the capitol at Washington left
unfinished by the death of Thomas Crawford.
His statue of Chief-Justice Roger B. Taney was
unveiled in Annapolis, Md., in 1872. He died in
Rome, Italy, Oct. 28, 1874.
RINGGOLD, Cadwalader, naval officer, was
born in Washington county, Md., Aug. 20, 1802 ;
son of the Hon. Samuel (q.v.) and Maria (Cad
walader) Ringgold. He was warranted midship
man in the U. S. navy, March 4, 1819 ; was at
tached to Commodore Porter's fleet in the West
Indies, 1823-24 ; was promoted lieutenant, May 17,
1828 ; commanded the brig Porpoise in Lieut.
Charles Wilkes's exploring expedition, 1838-42, in
the discovery of the Antarctic continent and in
the survey of the Pacific coast line of North
America and of the South Sea Islands ; was pro
moted commander, July 16, 1849 ; served in Cali
fornia, 1849-51, and in the bureau of construction
in the navy department, Washington, D.C, in
1852. He was given command of the North Pa
cific exploring expedition, but was forced to
return, owing to ill health, and was placed on the
reserve list, Sept. 13, 1855. He was promoted
captain, April 2, 1856; was returned to the active
list ; served in Washington, D.C, 1859-60, and

commanded the frigate Sabine in 1861. He
rescued a marine battalion and the crew of the
Governor off Hatteras, while accompanying Du-
Pont's expedition to Port Royal, October, 1861 ;
returned to the Brooklyn Navy yard for repairs,
and furnished from his frigate men for Lieutenant
Worden's crew for the iron-clad monitor, then
fitting out for Hampden Roads, Va. He was
promoted commodore, July 16, 1862 ; was placed
on the retired list, Aug. 20, 1864 ; was retired with
the rank of rear-admiral, July 25, 1866, and died
in New York city, April 29, 1867.
RINGGOLD, Samuel, representative, was born
in Chestertown, Md., Jan. 15, 1770 ; son of
Thomas and Mary (Galloway) Ringgold ; grand
son of Thomas and Anna Maria (Earle) Ringgold,
and of Samuel Galloway of Anne Arundel
county, Md., and a descendant of Thomas Ring
gold who settled in Kent county, Md., with his
sons John and James in 1650. He was educated
under private tutors ; was married, May 3, 1792, to
Maria, daughter of Gen. John Cadwalader of
Kent county. In 1792 he removed to his estate,
"Fountain Rock," in Washington county, Md.,
where he built one of the finest mansions in the
state, which became a part of the College of St.
James, and finally a preparatory school. He was
a state senator for several years, and a Demo
cratic representative from Maryland in the llth
congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resig
nation of Roger Nelson (q.v.), being re-elected to
the 12th, 13th, 15th and 16th congresses, serving,
1810-15 and 1817-21. He married secondly, at '
the White House, Washington, Marie Antoinette
Hay. He died in Frederick city, Md. , Oct. 18, 1829.
RIORDAN, Patrick William, R.C. archbishop,
was born in Chatham, New Brunswick, Aug.
27, 1841 ; son of Matthew and Mary Riordan.
He removed to Chicago, 111., with his parents in
1848, and was educated at the University of St.
Mary's of the Lake in that city and at the Uni
versity of Notre Dame, Ind. He was sent to the
American college at Rome, Italy, to fit for the
priesthood, but being attacked by the malaria,
studied afterwards in Paris and Lou vain, Belgium,
from the University of which city he graduated
in 1865. He was ordained priest at Mechlin,
Belgium, June 10, 1865, by Cardinal Engelbert
Stercks ; returned to Chicago, 111. , and was pro
fessor of ecclesiastical history and canon law and
of dogmatic theology in St. Mary's of the Lake
Theological seminary, 1865-68. He engaged in
missionary work as rector of the churoh at Wood
stock, 111. , in 1868, and of St. Mary's church in
Joliet, 111., 1868-71 ; was rector of St. James's
church, Chicago, 111., 1871-83, where he extended
the parochial schools under the charge of the
Sisters of Mercy, and received notice of his ap
pointment as titular bishop of " Cabasa" and

[484]

RIPLEY

RIPLEY

coadjutor with the right of succession to Arch
bishop Joseph S. Alemany of San Francisco, lie
was consecrated bishop in St. James's ohurch, Chi
cago, 111., Sept. 16, 1883, by Archbishop Feehan,
assisted by Bishops McCloskey of Louisville, Ky.,
and Chatard of Vincennes, Ind. ; participated in
the third plenary council of Baltimore ; succeeded
to the archbishopric, Dec. 28, 1884, and to the
Pallium, Sept. 20, 1885.
RIPLEY, Christopher Gore, jurist, was born
in Waltham, Mass., Sept. 6, 1822 ; son of the Rev.
Samuel (Harvard, 1804) and Sarah Alden (Brad
ford) Ripley ; grandson of the Rev. Dr. Ezra
(Harvard, 1776) and Phebe (Emerson) Ripley ;
great -grandson of the Rev. William and Phebe
Emerson, and a direct descendant of William
Ripley, who came from England, 1638, and of
Governor Bradford of Plymouth colony. He was
graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1841 ; studied
law at Harvard Law school, and in the office of
Franklin Dexter of Boston, and was admitted to
the bar. In 1856 he settled at Chatfield, Minn.,
and engaged in the real estate business with Ed
ward Dexter, the firm being Dexter & Ripley,
1856-59. In 1859-62 he practised law in partner
ship with Henry R. Wells. He was elected chief
justice of the supreme court of Minnesota in No
vember, 1869, serving from Jan. 7, 1870 to April
7, 1874, when he resigned by reason of a stroke
of paralysis. Soon after this he returned to
Massachusetts and made his home in Concord,
Mass., until his death, which occurred at Con
cord, in November, 1881.
RIPLEY, Eleazar Wheelock, soldier and rep
resentative, was born in Hanover, N.H. , April
15, 1782 ; son of Sylvanus Ripley, and grand-
nephew of John Wheelock (q.v.), founder of Dart
mouth college. His father (1750-1787) was
graduated in the first class from Dartmouth,
A.B., 1771, A.M., 1773 ; was tutor there, 1772-82 ;
Phillips professor of theology, 1782-87, and a
trustee, 1775-87. He was graduated from Dart
mouth, A.B., 1800 ; was admitted to the bar, and
began practice in Waterville, Maine. He was a
representative in the Massachusetts legislature,
1807-11, serving as speaker in 1811 ; removed to
Portland in 1812,- and in the same year was
elected a senator in the Massachusetts legislature.
In the war of 1812 he joined the army as lieu
tenant of the 21st infantry ; was promoted col
onel, March 12, 1813, taking part in the attack on
York (Toronto), Canada, April 27, 1813, where he
was three times wounded ; was on frontier duty
until April 14, 1814, when he was promoted brig
adier-general, and in command ofthe 2d brigade,
Gen. Jacob Brown's army, fought at the battle
of Chippewa, July 5, 1814, and at Niagara, July
25, where he was again wounded. For his dis
tinguished services in these engagements he was

brevetted major-general. He was prominent in
the defence and sortie of Fort Erie, Aug. 15 and
Sept. 17, 1814, being shot through the neck in
the latter attack, and for his gallantry was pre
sented by congress with a gold medal, inscribed
"Niagara, Chippewa, Erie." After the war he
was retained in the service, and superintended
the erection of fortifications in the south-west
until 1820, when he resigned, and took up the
practice of law at Jackson, La. He was subse
quently a member of the Louisiana senate ; a
Jackson Democratic representative from Louis
iana in the 24th and 25th congresses, serving
from 1835 until his death, which occurred the
day before his term expired. His son, who
served in the Texan army under Capt. James W.
Fannin (q.v. ) , was captured and put to death at
Goliad, Tex., March 27, 1836. General Ripley
published an oration, delivered, July 4, 1805. He
died in West Feliciana, La., March 2, 1839.
RIPLEY, George, literary critic, was born in
Greenfield, Mass., Oct. 3, 1802; son of Jerome
Ripley, a prominent merchant, a representative in
the state legislature and a justice of the court of
sessions. He was graduated from Harvard col
lege, A.B., 1823, A.M.,
1826, and from the ^tsmamm*
Harvard Divinity ¦ ¦-'" "^s.
school in 1826 ; was a jllllPt ••¦¦¦¦' \
tutor at Harvard,
1825-26, and was or
dained pastor of a
new religious society
in Boston, Mass., No
vember 8, 1826. He
was married in 1826
to Sophia Willard,
daughter of Francis
Dana of Cambridge,
and in 1828 was ap
pointed pastor of the
Unitarian church in
Purchase street, Boston, Mass. In 1831 he went
to Europe to study philosophy, returning to
Boston in 1835, and in 1841 he resigned his charge
and abandoned the ministry, devoting himself to
the study of philosophy, and becoming deeply
versed in the literature, theology and philosophy
of German literature. Immediately on leaving
the ministry, he began the Brook Farm experi
ment. The site chosen was a farm of 200 acres
near Roxbury, Mass., and the society was known
first as the " Brook Farm Institute of Education
and Agriculture," but was later incorporated
as the "Brook Farm Phalanx." The aim of
the society was to establish an agricultural,
literary and scientific school or college, where a
true religious and moral life could be lived.
Some of the members of the Phalanx were Eliza
[485]

My*-

RIPLEY

RIPLEY

Ostinelli, Henry D. Thoreau, Mrs. Abby Mor
ton Diaz, and W. F. Dwight. Part of the
youthful days of George William Curtis, Nath
aniel Hawthorne, and Charles A. Dana were
spent there. From 1841 to 1846 Ripley and his
friends carried on their plan of brotherhood and
co-operation, but finally public interest flagged,
a fire consumed one of thedargest buildings, the
land, proved unfertile and the scheme failed.
Ripley removed to Flatbush. L.I., where his
wife taught school, and in 1848 he went to New
York city, where he was employed by Mr. Gree
ley as literary critic on the Tribune, a position
then unknown in the newspaper world, and which
he held up to the time of his death. The hon
orary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by
Lawrence university, Wis., in 1874, and by the
University of Michigan in 1875. He edited Tlie
Dial in conjunction with Ralph Waldo Emerson
and Margaret Fuller in 1840. He was manuscript
reader for J. C. Derby & Co., 1853-54, and for
Harper & Brothers, 1854-57; co-editor with Charles
A. Dana of the "New American Cyclopedia"
and the "American Cyclopedia," published by
D. Appleton & Co., 1867-76 ; edited "Specimens
of Foreign Standard Literature " (15 vols., 1838),
popularly known among booksellers in 1840 as
" Ripley's Foreign Classics." His emolument as
royalty from the sale of the American Cyclopedia
is said to have aggregated §100,000. He is the
author of : Latest Forms of Infidelity (1840) , and
with Bayard Taylor, of Handbook of Literature
and Fine Arts (1852) . He died in New York city,
July 4, 1880.
RIPLEY, James Wolfe, soldier, was born in
Windham, Conn., Dec. 10, 1794. He was grad
uated from the U.S. Military academy, and pro
moted 2d lieutenant of artillery, June 1, 1814;
served during the war of 1812 ; in the defence of
Sacket Harbor, N.Y., 1814-15; was on garrison
duty, 1815-16 ; in the Seminole war, 181 7-18, and
as quartermaster up to 1821. He was promoted
1st lieutenant, April 20, 1818, and was assigned
to the 4th artillery, on the re-organization of the
army, June 1, 1821. He was boundary commis
sioner of the Florida Indians reservation, 1823-
24 ; on duty at the artillery school for practice,
Fort Monroe, Va., 1826-28 ; was promoted captain
of ordnance, May 30, 1832 ; was stationed in forts
in Charleston harbor, S.C, 1832-33 ; in command
of Kennebec arsenal, Maine, 1833-42, and was pro
moted major of ordnance, July 7, 1838. He was
superintendent of the Springfield armory, Mass.,
1841-54, and a member of the board of ordnance,
Feb. 10 to March 6, 1847. He was brevetted
lieutenant-colonel, May 30, 1848, for meritorious
conduct, particularly in the performance of his
duty in the prosecution of the war with Mexico ;
was promoted lieutenant-colonel of ordnance,

Dec. 31, 1854; was in command of the Water-
town arsenal, Mass., 1854-55; chief of ordnance
of the Pacific department, 1855-57 ; inspector of
arsenals, 1857-60, and absent on special duty to
Japan, 1860-61. He was promoted colonel and
chief of ordnance, U.S.A., April 3, 1861 ; was
brevetted brigadier-general, July 2, 1861; pro
moted brigadier-general and chief of ordnance,
Aug. 3, 1861, and was chief of ordnance at Wash
ington , D. C. , 1861-63. He was retired from active
service, Sept. 15, 1863, serving as inspector of
the armament of fortifications on the New Eng
land coast, 1863-70. He was brevetted major-
general, March 13, 1865, for long and faithful ser
vices. He died in Hartford, Conn., March 16, 1870.
RIPLEY, Roswell Sabine, soldier, was born in
Worthington, Ohio, March 14, 1823. He was
graduated from the U.S. Military academy, and
was brevetted 2d lieutenant of 3d artillery, July
1, 1843,.serving on garrison duty, 1843-45, and as
assistant professor of mathematics at the U.S.
Military academy, 1845-46 ; was promoted 2nd
lieutenant and assigned to the 2nd artillery,
March 26, 1846 ; served on the coast survey,
January-May, 1846 ; in the war with Mexico,
1846-48, taking part in the battle, of Monterey,
September 21-26, 1846 ; was promoted 1st lieuten
ant, March 3, 1847 ; took part in the siege of Vera
Cruz, March 9-29, 1847 ; was brevetted captain,
April 8, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct
at the battle of Cerro Gordo ; took part in the
battles of Contreras, Aug. 19-20, 1847 ; Churu
busco, Aug. 20, 1847 ; Molino Del Rey, Sept. 8,
1847, and in the assault and capture of the City
of Mexico, Sept. 13-14, 1847. He was brevetted
major, Sept. 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious
conduct in the battle of Chapultepec, Mex., and
was aide-de-camp to Gen. G. J. Pillow, 1847-48.
He took part in the Florida campaign against the
Seminole Indians, 1849-50 ; was on garrison duty,
1850-53, and resigned his commission in the
army, March 2, 1853. Pie entered the Confeder
ate army in 1861, was commissioned lieutenant-
colonel, commanded the artillery on Sullivan's .
Island, and directed the fire on Fort Sumter,
April 13, 1861. He was appointed brigadier-
general in April, 1861 ; was given command of
the Department of South Carolina and its coast
defences ; was in charge of the 2d military dis
trict of South Carolina, December, 1861-May,
1862 ; commanded the 5th brigade, Hill's division ,-
army of Northern Virginia, under Gen. Robert
E. Lee, in the seven days' battles before Rich
mond, in the battles of Mechanicsville, Gaines's
Mill and Malvern Hill, June 26- July 1,1862;
commanded a brigade, Hill's division, Jackson's
command, in the Maryland campaign, and was
wounded at Antietam, Sept. 16, 1862. He com
manded the first military district of South Caro-

[486]

RISLEY

RITCHIE

lina, and superintended the placing of the bat
teries on tlie banks of the Stone river for the
defence of Charleston, which enabled the Con
federates to cut off the retreat of and capture the
Federal gun-boat Isaac Smith ; severely damaged
the monitor Montauk, and repulsed the attack
made by the Federal fleet on Fort Sumter, April
7,1863. He joined Lee's army in Richmond, Va.,
Feb. 17, 1865, and continued with him until the
surrender of Appomattox Court House, April 9,
1865. After the war he resided in Paris for
several years, and on his return, engaged in bus
iness in Charleston, S.C He is the author of :
History of the Mexican War (2 vols., 1849). He
died in New York city, March 26, 1887.
RISLEY, John Ewing, diplomatist, was born
near Vincennes, Knox county, Ind., in 1843 ; son
of John and Susannah (Lenor) Risley ; grandson
of John and Elizabeth (Harrod) Risley ; great-
grandson of Col. John Harrod, one of the first
settlers in Kentucky,
and a descendant of
Richard Risley, who
came from England
in 1633 and settled at
what is now Hart
ford, Connecticut.
He received his early
education in his na
tive place and was
classically educated
at Wabash college,
Crawfordsville, and
by private tutors.
Removing to Terre
Haute, he was ad
mitted to the bar
and practised successfully. He was married to
Mary Caroline, a sister of Senator Daniel W.
Voorhees. In 1864 he removed to New York city
where he became well known as a corporation
lawyer and also for his arguments in the Alabama
claims cases, and other international courts. He
made his home in Summit, N.J., 1882-87, and in
New Rochelle, N.Y., after 1887. During the
presidential campaign of 1884 he was active
throughout New Jersey. In 1885 he was an un
successful candidate for U.S. district attorney,
and in 1892 failed to secure the nomination for
representative in congress. In March, 1893, he
was appointed by President Cleveland U.S. envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to
Denmark, which position he held until December,
1897, when he was succeeded byLaurits S. Swen-
son (q.v.).
RISLEY, Richard Voorhees, author, was born
in New York city, Nov. 8, 1874 ; son of John
Ewing and Mary Caroline (Voorhees) Risley.
His father (q.,v.) was U.S. minister to Denmark,

£ dvCi&y

ris-

1893-97, and his mother a sister of Daniel W.
Voorhees (q.v.), U.S. senator from Indiana. He
'attended school at New Rochelle, N.Y., and at
Bethlehem, Pa. He went abroad in 1891 and be
came attached to the American legation at Den
mark in 1893. He lived subsequently in Paris
and London, where he began his literary career.
In 1896 he returned to New York city, where he
continued his literary work. He is the author
of: The Sentimental Vikings (1897); Men's Trag
edies (1899); The Sledge (1900); Tlie Life of a
Woman (1902), and contributions to The Yellow
Book, London, and other periodicals.
RITCHIE, Alexander Hay, artist, was born in
Glasgow, Scotland, Jan. 14, 1822. He attended
the Royal Institution where he studied painting
under Sir William Allen, and in 1841 he emi
grated to Canada, and thence to the United
States, settling in New York city. He was
elected an associate of the National Academy of
Design in 1863, and an Academician in 1871, and
exhibited many paintings there. He became
noted as an engraver on steel in mezzotint and
stipple. Among his works in oil are : Mercy
Knocking at the Gate (1860); Fitting out Moses
for the Fair (1862); Death of Lincoln (1869);
Baby, who's that 9 (1871); and his mezzotints,
after his own paintings, include : Amos Kendall ;
Mercy's Dream (1850) ; Henry Clay (1848) ; Wash
ington and his Generals ; George Washington,
after a painting by Rothermel (1852); Lady
Washington's Reception Day, after Daniel Hun
tington, and On the March to the Sea, after Felix
O. C Darley (1868). He died in New Haven,
Conn., Sept. 19, 1895.
RITCHIE, David, representative, was born at
Canonsburg, Pa., Aug. 19, 1812; son of Craig
Ritchie. He was graduated from Jefferson col
lege, Pa., in 1829 ; was admitted to the bar in
1835 ; received the degree of J.U.D. from Heidel
berg university in 1837, and practised law at
Pittsburg, Pa., 1835-53 and 1860-67. He was a
Whig representative from Pennsylvania in the
33d and 34th congresses, and a Republican repre
sentative in the 35th congress, serving, 1853-59.
He was judge of the court of common pleas, Alle
gheny county, Pa., 1859-60. He died at Pitts
burg, Pa., Jan. 24, 1867.
RITCHIE, Robert, naval officer, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 21, 1798. He was war
ranted midshipman, U.S.N. , Feb. 1, 1814 ; cruised
in the Peacock of the Mediterranean squadron,
1814-18, and in the Guerriere oi the same squad
ron, 1819-20 ; served in Commodore Porter's fleet
in the West Indies, 1823-24, and was promoted
lieutenant, Jan. 13, 1825. He served in the West
India and Mediterranean squadrons, 1827-31 ;
commanded the Grampus on a cruise in the West
Indies, 1833-35, and was on various duty, 1835-
'1

RITNER

RITTENHOUSE

40. He was promoted commander, Sept. 8, 1841 ;
served on the Columbia of the Brazil squadron,
1845-47 ; at the Philadelphia navy yard, 1848-51,
and commanded the Raritan of the Pacific squad
ron in 1853. He was placed on the reserve list,
Sept. 13, 1855 ; promoted captain on. the active
list, Sept. 14, 1855, and was on leave of absence,
1855-59. He commanded the steam sloop Saranac
of the Pacific squadron, 1859-62, was placed on
the retired list, Dec. 21, 1861, and was promoted
commodore on the retired list, April 4, 1867. He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 6, 1870.
RITNER, Joseph, governor of Pennsylvania,
was born in Berks county, Pa., March 25, 1780;
son of John Ritner, who emigrated from Alsace
on the Rhine to America. He had few edu
cational advantages ; worked on a farm ; was
married in 1800 to Susan
Alter of Cumberland county ;
settled upon a farm in Wash
ington county, Pa., where he
had the use of a library of
German books, and rapidly
acquired a knowledge of po
litical and social science. He
represented Washington county in the state legis
lature, 1820-26 ; serving as speaker, 1824-26 ; was
defeated as the Whig and Anti-Masonic candidate
for governor of Pennsylvania in 1828 and 1832,
by George Wolf, and elected in 1835 for the term,
1835-39. He was an originator of the public
school system of Pennsylvania, and while gov
ernor actively supported all the measures of his
predecessor for its adoption, and proposed an
increase in the state appropriation for common
schools to $800,000, the legislature voting $700,000,
an increase of $500,000 on that obtained the pre
vious year. He was defeated for re-election by
David R. Porter in 1838, but before vacating the
office had Superintendent Burro wes prepare two
bills : one to consolidate and amend the several
acts relative to common schools, and the other to
provide for the establishment of teachers' insti
tutes, both of which bills were read to the legis
lature, but failed to pass. He was appointed
director of the mint at Philadelphia, Pa., by
President Taylor in 1848, and filled the office
until the President's death in 1850. He devoted
himself to the cause of education up to the close
of his life, serving when eighty years old on a
special board to consider the claims of state
normal schools. He was a delegate from Penn
sylvania to the Republican national convention
of 1856. He died in Carlisle, Pa., Oct. 16, 1869.
RITTENHOUSE, David, astronomer, was born
near Germantown, Pa., April 8, 1732 ; son of
Matthias and Elizabeth (William) Rittenhouse ;
grandson of Nicholas, the immigrant, 1690, and
Wilhelmina (Dewees) Rittenhouse, and of Evan

William of Wales, and (probably) great-grand
son of William Rittenhouse, the immigrant, prior
to 1674. Nicholas Rittenhouse settled at German-
town, Pa., established the first paper mill in the
United States, and removed to Norriton after 1732,
where David worked on his father's farm, and
there developed unusual mechanical genius, con
structing a perfectly modeled water-mill and
many ingenious clocks. In 1851 he built a
workshop in Norriton, where he made clocks
and mathematical instruments, devoting his
evenings to study, aided by Thomas Barton, a
school teacher in Norriton. In 1763 he was em
ployed by the Penn family to fix the " circle " or
boundary line between Pennsylvania and Mary
land, the chronometers which he used in this
transaction, and in subsequently determining the
boundary line between New York and New Jersey,
being either of his own manufacture or made
under his inspection by his brother, Benjamin
Rittenhouse. He married, Feb. 20, 1766, Eleanor,
daughter of Bernard Colston, a farmer of Norri
ton. Their daughter Elizabeth married Jonathan
D. Sergeant (q.v.). In 1767 he projected his
orrery. This instrument, for which he received
£300, became the property of the College of New
Jersey, and a duplicate orrery, made on a larger
scale, was purchased by the University of Penn
sylvania for £400. He was appointed, Jan. 7,
1769, with the Rev. Dr. William Smith (q.v.)
and eleven other members of the American
Philosophical society, to observe the transit of
Venus, June 3, from Norriton, Philadelphia, and
the lighthouse at Cape Heniopen. For this pur
pose Rittenhouse built and furnished an observa
tory at Norriton, the equal altitude instrument,
a transit telescope and a timepiece, being of
his own invention. He also observed the transit
of Mercury, Nov. 9, 1769, and that of the comet,
June 16-17, 1770, and ascertained the latitude
and longitude of Norriton and Philadelphia, to
which latter city he removed in 1770, where, in
addition to his regular occupation, he was engaged
in several experiments, among them one on the
Gymnotus Electricus, or Electric Eel. His wife
died in 1771, and he was married, secondly, in
December, 1772, to Hannah Jacobs of Philadel
phia. He was appointed a commissioner on the
navigation of the Schuykill in 1773, 1781 and
1784, and with Samuel Holland of New York,
commissioner to determine the boundary line
between New York and Pennsylvania in 1774,
which commission he resumed in 1786, the bound
ary line being finally completed by Andrew Elli-
cott, and accepted, Sept. 29, 1789. In the spring
of 1775 a petition to the state legislature was
made by the American Philosophical society for
aid in erecting an observatory, Mr. Rittenhouse
to be appointed " public astronomical observer,"
[488]

RITTER

RITTER

but the project was hindered by the turbulence
of the Revolutionary period. He served as en
gineer to the committee of safety, 1775 ; was a
member of the general assembly and vice-presi
dent and presiding officer of the committee of
safety in 1776 ; a justice of the peace, and a mem
ber of the state constitutional convention of
Sept. 28, 1776. He was state treasurer, 1777-89,
resigning in 1789, and was made a member of the
council of safety in 1777. He observed the tran
sit of Mercury in November, 1776, and two eclipses
of the sun in January, 1777, and June, 1778, re
spectively. He was one of the commissioners to
settle the territorial dispute between Pennsyl
vania and Virginia, 1779-84 ; held the chair of
astronomy in the University of Pennsylvania,
1779-82 ; was elected a trustee of the loan office
in 1780 ; determined the western and southern
boundaries of Pennsylvania in 1784-85, and in
December, 1785, was made a commissioner for
running the line between Massachusetts and New
York. He was appointed by President Washing
ton, March 26, 1791, to receive subscriptions in
Pennsylvania to the Bank of the United States ;
was one of the three "agents of information"
for the "opening and improving of certain roads,
rivers and navigable waters in Pennsylvania,"
and on April 14, 1792, was commissioned director
of the U.S. mint, which position he resigned,
June 30, 1795. He received the honorary degree
of A.M. from the University of Pennsylvania in
1767, of which university he served as trustee,
1779-80, 1782-91, and by re-election, 1791-96, and
as vice-provost, 1780-82. He also received the
degrees, A.M., 1772, and LL.D., 1788, from the
College of New Jersey. He was elected a mem
ber of the American Philosophical society, 1768 ;
its secretary, 1771 ; vice-president, 1790, and in
1791 succeeded Benjamin Franklin as president.
He was elected a fellow of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences in 1782, and an honorary
fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1795.
His name received six votes for a place in the
Hall of Fame for Great Americans in October,
1900. His scientific papers in the Transactions
of the American Philosophical society, include An
Oration on Astronomy (1775). His biography
was written by William Barton (1813), and by
James Renwick in Sparks's American Biography
(1834). He died in Philadelphia, June 26, 1796.
RITTER, Fanny Raymond, author, was born
in Leeds, England, in 1830 ; daughter of Richard
and Catherine Malone. She married, in 1867,
Frederic L. Ritter (q.v.). She was a mezzo-soprano
soloist, conducting a series of historical recitals,
1869-70; translated Louis Ehlert's " Letters on
Music to a Lady " (1870 ; London, 1871), andRobert
Schumann's "Music and Mnsicians" (London,
1877) , and is the author of : Woman as a Musician

(1876) ; Some Famous Songs (London, 1878) ;
Troubadours anil Minnesingers, and Haydn's
'•Seasons" (1881); Madrigals (1882), and Songs
and Ballads, poems (1887). She died in Pough
keepsie, NY., Oct. 26, 1890.
RITTER, Frederic Louis, musician, was born
in Ittenheim, near Strassburg, Alsace, June 22,
1828 ; a descendant of Spanish ancestors on the
paternal side, whose name was originally Cabal-
lero. He began the study of music under Hauser
in Strassburg and Hans M. Schletterer in Fene-
strange and Deux Ponts, continued in Paris,
France, under Georges Kastner, a relative of his
mother, in 1850, and under several of the best
masters in Germany, 1850-52, becoming professor
of music in the Protestant seminary of Fene-
strange at Lorraine in 1852 ; and conducting a
series of concerts at Bordeaux. He immigrated
to the United States with his sister in 1853, and
settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he awakened
an interest in musical matters and organized the
Cecilia Vocal society and the Philharmonic or
chestra, both of which produced works new to the
United States. He removed to New York city in
1861 ; was conductor of the Sacred Harmonic
society, 1862-69 ; of the Arion Choral society for
several years, and in 1867 organized and con
ducted at Steinway hall the first musical festival
ever held in that city. He was professor of music
in Vassar college, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1867-91,
and made his honie in Poughkeepsie from 1874
until his death. He was prominent as a com
poser, his instrumental works including several
symphonies and overtures for full orchestra, a
septet for flute, horn and string quintet, and
string quartets and compositions for the piano
and organ, many of which have been rendered by
the leading orchestras and musical clubs. Among
his sacred music are the 23d and 95th Psalms, for
female voices ; the 4th Psalm ; O Salutaris, and
an Ave Maria. His vocal compositions number
more than one hundred German songs. He re
ceived the degree of Mus. Doc. from the Univer
sity of the City of New York in 1878. He was
divorced from his first wife, the mother of his
two children, and was married secondly, in 1867,
to Fanny Raymond. He contributed articles on
musical topics to English, French and German
periodicals, and is the author of : A History of
Music in the Form of Lectures (1870-74, 2d ed.,
1876); Music in England (1883); Music in America
\(1883); Manual of Musical History, from the
Epoch of Ancient Greece to our Present Time
(1886): Musical Dictation (1888), and a Practical
Method for the Instruction of Chorus Classes.
He also edited the English edition of " Das Reich
der Tone," and compiled with the Rev. J. Ryland
Kendrick, The Woman's College Hymnal (1887).
He died in Antwerp, Holland, July 6, 1892.

[489]

RIVERS

RIXEY

RIVERS, Richard Henderson, educator, was
born in Montgomery county, Tenn., Sept. 11, 1814 ;
son of Edmund and Sarah (Henderson) Rivers.
His maternal grandfather was Samuel Hender
son, brother of Col. Richard Henderson, one of
the proprietors of the Transylvania colony, the
first settlement in Kentucky at Booneborough in
1775. His maternal grandmother was Betsy
Callaway, heroine of a capture by Indians in
1776, and rescued by Boone and others. He was
graduated from LaGrange college, Ala., 1835;
was assistant professor of languages in the col
lege, 1835-36, and professor, 1836-43. He was
married in June, 1836, to Martha Boiling Cox
Jones, daughter of W. S. Jones of Franklin
county, Ala., son of a Revolutionary soldier. He
held the presidency of Athens Female seminary,
1843-48 ; was professor of moral science in Cen
tenary college, Jackson, La., 1848-49, and its
president, 1849-54, resigning in 1854 to become
president of La Grange college. Upon the sus
pension of the latter institution during the civil
war, he was president of Centenary college,
Summerfield, Ala. , and in 1865 conducted a private
school for girls in Somerville, Tenn., and sub
sequently other schools of a similar character in
that vicinity until 1888, when he became pastor
of a Methodist Episcopal church in Louisville,
Ky. He received the honorary degree of D.D.
from La Grange in 1850 ; edited a volume of ser
mons (1872), and is the author of : Mental Philo
sophy (1860); Moral Philosophy (1866); Our
Young People (1880); Life of Bishop Robert
Paine (1884), and various articles in periodicals.
He died in Louisville, Ky., June 21, 1894.
RIVES, Amelie, see Troubetzkoy, Amelie,
Princess. RIVES, William Cabell, senator, was born in
Nelson county, Va., May 4, 1793 ; son of Robert
and Margaret Jordan (Cabell) Rives ; grandson
of William and Lucy (Shands) Rives and of Col.
William and Margaret (Jordan) Cabell, and a
descendant of the Rives family who emigrated
from Blandford, Eng., in the cavalier emigration
of 1649-59, and settled at or near Blandford,
Surrey county, Va. William was educated under
private tutors, entered Hampden-Sidney college
in 1807, and was graduated at William and Mary
college in 1809. He studied law under Thomas
Jefferson, 1809-11 ; served in the defence of
Virginia as aide-de-camp to Gen. John H. Cooke,
1814-15, and engaged in the practice of law in
Nelson county. He was a member of the state
constitutional convention in 1816 ; represented
Nelson county in the Virginia house of delegates,
1817-19, and was married, March 24, 1819, to
Judith Page, daughter of the Hon. Francis and
Jane Byrd (Wilson) Walker of Albemarle county,
Va. He removed to Albemarle county in 1821 ;

represented that county in the Virginia house of
delegates, 1822-23, and was an Anti-Federalist
representative from Virginia in the 18th, 19th
and 20th congresses, 1823-1829. He was a mem
ber of the board of visitors of the University of
Virginia, 1828-29, and U.S. minister to France by
appointment of President Jackson, from April 18,
1829, to Sept. 27, 1882, negotiating the indemnity
treaty of July 4, 1831. He was elected to the U.S.
senate from Virginia to fill the vacancy caused
by the resignation of Littleton W. Tazewell, and
served from Jan. 4, 1833, until 1834, when he
resigned, having refused to follow the instruc
tions of the Virginia legislature to vote to censure
President Jackson for removing government de
posits from the Bank of the United States. He
was re-elected to the U.S. senate in place of John
Tyler, resigned, March 14, 1836, and after serving
out that term, was returned for a full term of
six years, 1839-45. He joined the Whig party
in 1844 ; was appointed U.S. minister to France by
President Fillmore, serving, 1849-53, and in the
latter year retired to private life at " Castle Hill,"
Albemarle county. He was one of the five commis
sioners sent from Virginia to the Peace congress at
Washington, D.C, in February, 1861, and elected
chairman of the Virginia delegates chosen at
Richmond, April 17, 1861, to represent the state
of Virginia in the provisional congress at Mont
gomery, Ala., April 29, 1861. He represented his
district in the 2d Confederate congress, from
Feb. 22, 1864, to Feb. 22, 1865. He was made
president of the Virginia Historical society, 1847,
and received the degree LL.D. from the Uni
versity of Virginia. He is the author of : The
Life and Character of John Hampden (1845);
Ethics of Christianity (1855); The Life and
Times of James Madison (3 vols., 1859-69). He
died at " Castle Hill," Va., April 25, 1868.
RIXEY, John Franklin, representative, was
born in Culpeper.county, Va., Aug. 1. 1854 ; sonof
Presley M. and Mary H. Rixey. He attended the
public schools, Bethel academy, and the Uni
versity of Virginia, where he also studied law,
and was admitted to the bar in 1875. He en
gaged in practice at Culpeper, and served as
commonwealth's attorney for Culpeper county,
1879-91. He was married, Nov. 30, 1881, toEllie,
daughter of James and Fanny Barbour of Cul
peper. He was a Democratic representative
from the eighth Virginia district in the 55th,
56th and 57th congresses, 1897-1903, and was re
elected to the 58th congress in 1902 for the term
expiring 1905. In the 57th congress he advocated
the admission of Confederate as well as Union
soldiers to all soldiers' homes and institutions
maintained by the government, and government
aid to state homes for Confederate as well as
for Union soldiers.

[490]

ROACH

ROANE

ROACH, John, ship builder, was born in
Mitchellstown, county Cork', Ireland, Dec. 25,
1813 ; son of a small dealer in cloths, who failed
in business through endorsing notes for his
friends, in 1827. John landed in New York city
penniless in 1827, and finally obtained work from
James P. Allaire in the Howell Iron works in
New Jersey, where he remained for three years.
He removed to Illinois, where with $500 of his
savings he purchased some land which became
the site of the city of Peoria, but owing to the
failure of Mr. Allaire he lost the $1000 still due
him, and also lost possession of his land. He re
turned to New York, worked on marine engines
and shipwork till he had saved $1000, when with
three fellow-workmen he established an inde
pendent foundry in New York city, shortly after
ward becoming sole owner, and in four years he
had accumulated $30,000. He was married in New
Jersey in 1837 to Emeline Johnson. In 1856 an
explosion of a boiler destroyed his works, and
failing to recover insurance he was ruined. He
borrowed a small sum of money and rebuilt the
..Etna Iron Works, added to it by purchasing the
Morgan Iron Works in 1868, for which he paid
$400,000, the Neptune Works in 1868. the Franklin
Forge and the Allaire Works in 1870, and the
ship yards at Chester, Pa., owned by Rainer and
Sons, in 1871. He constructed the largest en
gines built in the United States, up to the time
of his death, also the first compound engines,
and after 1871 devoted himself almost exclusively
to shipbuilding, his plant at Chester, Pa., valued
at $2,000,000, being known as the Delaware River
Iron Ship-building and Engine Works, of which
he was the principal owner. He built sixty-three
iron vessels in twelve years, either for the U. S.
government or for private transportation com
panies. His government contracts included six
monitors ordered during President Grant's ad
ministration. The last vessels that he built for
the U.S. navy were the three cruisers Chicago,
Atlanta and Boston, and the despatch boat Dol
phin. The government refused to accept the
Dolphin in 1885, which act, together with the
financial crisis, forced him to make an assign
ment for the protection of his creditors and bonds
men, July 18, 1885. He constructed about 114
iron vessels for private concerns and foreign
governments, and also built the sectional dock at
Pensacola, Fla.., and the iron bridge over the
Harlem river at Third Avenue, New York city.
His son, John Baker Roach, succeeded to the man
agement of the Chester works, which were re
opened when the government accepted the
Dolphin. John Roach died in New York city,
Jan. 10, 1887.
ROACH, William Nathaniel, senator, was
born in Loudoun county, Va., Sept. 25, 1840.

He was a student at Georgetown college, Wash
ington, D.C. ; served as a clerk in the quarter
master's department in Washington, 1861-65,
and as cashier of the Citizens' National bank in
Washington, 1878-79, when he removed to Dako
ta Territory. There he took up a northwestern
mail contract between Grand Forks and Fort
Totten, and subsequently established a number of
overland mail routes. He .settled on a farm near
Larimore, Grand Forks county. He was mayor
of Larimore, 1883-87 ; a member of the territorial
legislature in 1885, being the only Democrat
in the assembly, and the unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for governor of North Dakota in 1889
and 1890. He was elected to the U.S. senate by
the joint votes of the Democrats and Indepen
dents assisted by ten Republican members, Feb.
20, 1893, after a protracted session of over one
month, and served, 1893-99. He was married first
to Mary Lieberman of Washington, D.C; sec
ondly, Feb. 8, 1899, to Mrs. V. E. Pollock of Ne
braska. He died in New York city, Sept. 7, 1902.
ROANE, Archibald, governor of Tennessee,
was born in Derry, Pa., in 1755 ; son of Andrew
and Margaret (Walker) Roane. Andrew Roane
was born in Grenshow, Ireland, of Scotch par
ents, immigrated to America with his brother,
the Rev. John Roane, in 1739,
and settled in Derry, Pa.
Archibald was educated by
his uncle, the Rev. John
Roane, 1768 ; studied law ; re- '
moved to Tennessee ; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1788 ; and
shortly afterward became ter
ritorial attorney-general for the district of Hamil
ton, and was elected a judge of the supreme court
in 1796. He was married to Ann, daughter of
David and Mary (Hamilton) Campbell of Washing
ton county, Va. He was a delegate to the state
constitutional convention of 1796, and was elected
governor of Tennessee, succeeding John Sevier,
and serving, 1801-04. He resumed practice in
Jonesboro in 1804 ; was judge of the second cir
cuit court, 1811-14, and a judge of the supreme
court of errors and appeals, 1815-18. He was
married to a Miss Campbell of Virginia. He died
at Jonesboro, Tenn., in 1818.
ROANE, John, representative, was born in
Virginia in 1754. He received a liberal educa
tion ; was a member of the state legislature for
several years ; a delegate to the state constitu
tional convention, Jan. 25, 1788, and a presiden
tial elector from the eighth Virginia district in
1789. He was a Democratic representative from
Virginia in the llth, 13th, 20th, 21st and 24th
congresses, 1809-15, 1827-31 and 1835-37. He
died at his home in Rumford Academy, King
William county, Va., Nov. 15, 1838.

[491]

ROANE

ROBBINS

ROANE, John Selden, governor of Arkansas,
was born in Wilson county, Tenn., Jan. 8, 1817.
He was graduated from Cumberland college, then
located at Princeton, Ky., and about 1885 removed
to Pine Bluff, Ark., and was a representative in
the state legislature for several years, serving as
speaker in 1844. He engaged in the war with
Mexico as lieutenant-colonel of Archibald Yell's
Arkansas cavalry, and served at Buena Vista,
where he commanded the regiment after Colonel
Yell was killed, Feb. 22, 1847, being commissioned
colonel, Feb. 28, 1847. A company in the regiment
was commanded by Albert Pike (q.v.), who sub
sequently wrote severe criticisms on Roane's con
duct in the Mexican war, and Colonel Roane
challenged him. They fought in Indian Territory
opposite Fort Smith in August, 1848, Roane's
friend, Henry M. Rector, acting as his second.
After exchanging shots twice, the difficulty was
settled, and afterward the two men were warm
friends. Roane was governor
of Arkansas, 1848-52. On the
outbreak of the civil war he
joined the Confederate army ;
was appointed brigadier-gen
eral, March 20, 1862, and on
April 8, 1862, upon the trans
fer of Van Dorn's army to Cor
inth, General Roane was left in charge of the state,
his force consisting of the scattered state militia,
badly organized and poorly armed, and the 5,000
Indians and half-breeds, under Gen. Albert Pike,
in the Indian Territory. On the arrival of Gen.
Thomas C. Hindman to take command of the
trans-Mississippi army, General Roane assumed
command of a brigade in Sharp's division, and
took part in the battle of Prairie Grove, Dec. 7,
1862. He died at Pine Bluff, Ark., April 7, 1869.
ROANE, William Harrison, senator, was born
in Virginia in 1788. He received a good educa
tion ; was twice a member of the Virginia execu
tive council ; a member of the house of delegates
of Virginia, and a representative from that state
in the 14th congress, 1815-17. He was elected
U.S. senator to complete the term of Richard
. Elliott Parker, who resigned to take his seat upon
the bench of the court of appeals of Virginia,
and he served, Sept. 4, 1837-March 3, 1841. He
died at Tree Hill, Va., May 11, 1845.
ROBB, Edward, representative, was born in
Brazeau, Mo., March 19, 1857 ; son of Dr. Lucius
F. and Lucinda (Shaner) Robb, and grandson of
William Robb and of Jacob and Elizabeth Shaner.
He was educated in the public schools, at Brazeau
academy, and at Fruitland Normal institute, and
was graduated from the Missouri State university,
LL.B., in 1879. He was admitted to the bar in
May of the latter year, and settled in practice in
Perryville, Mo. ; serving as prosecuting attorney

of Perry county, 1880-84, and as a representative
in the state legislature, 1884-88. He was married,
Nov. 13, 1889, to Maude, daughter of Judge T. J.
and Carrie (Arnold) Watkins of Eddy ville, Ky.
He was assistant attorney-general of the state,
1889-93, and a Democratic representative from
the thirteenth Missouri district in the 55th, 56th,
57th and 58th congresses, 1897-1905.
-ROBBINS, Asher, senator, was born "in
Wethersfield, Conn., Oct. 26, 1757. He was
graduated at Yale, A.B., 1782; was a tutor in
belles lettres in Rhode Island college, now Brown
university, 1782-90, and librarian, 1782-85. He
studied law under the Hon. William Channing,
attorney-general of Rhode Island ; was admitted
to the bar and practised in Providence until 1795,
and in Newport, R.I., 1795-1845. He was ap
pointed U.S. district attorney for Rhode Island
in 1812, represented Newport in the state assem
bly, 1818-25, and was elected to the U.S. senate
from Rhode Island as a Whig, Nov. 5, 1825, to
fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
James De Wolf. He was re-elected, Nov. 2, 1826,
and Jan. 19, 1833. In the session of the legisla
ture of October, 1833, his election was declared
null and void, and on Nov. 1 the grand com
mittee declared Elisha R. Potter elected, the
friends of Robbins refusing to vote because their
protest had not been considered. In the first.
session of the 23rd congress, 1833-34, Senator
Robbins successfully contested the right of Potter
to the seat. He served in the senate from Dec. 5,
1825, to March 3, 1839, when he resumed practice
in Newport, and again served in the general
assembly.- His son, Christopher Ellery Robbins,
was secretary of state of Rhode Island, 1849-51.
Senator Robbins received the degree LL.D. from
Brown in 1835. He published two addresses on
domestic industry, and a Fourth of July Oration
(1827). He died in Newport, R.I., Feb. 25, 1845.
ROBBINS, Gaston Ahi, representative, was
born in Goldsboro, N.C, Sept. 26, 1858; son of
Julius Alexander and Amanda (Alford) Robbins ;,
grandson of Ahi and Mary (Brown) Robbins,
and a descendant of William Robbins of Rowan
county, N.C, who removed to that county from
eastern Virginia in 1763. His father, a member
of the Selma bar, was killed in the Confederate
service near Mount Sterling, Ky., July 9, 1864,
and after his death the family moved to Robbins.
Farm, Randolph county, N.C He worked on
the farm ; attended Trinity college ; entered the
University of North Carolina in 1877, and was-
graduated in 1879. He studied law under Judges.
Dick and Dillard in Greensboro, N.C. ; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1880, and practiced in Selma,
Ala. , where he won recognition as a lawyer and
an orator. He was presidential elector on the
Cleveland and Hendricks ticket in 1884, and was

[492]

ROBBINS

ROBERT

a representative from the fourth district of Ala
bama in the 53d and 54th congresses, 1893-97.
During his first term in congress, he presented a
bill reducing the tax on cotton mill machinery,
which was enacted as a law. He was not a can
didate for re-election. He was married, Oct. 29,
1890, to Ira, daughter of John B. Alexander of
Dallas county, Ala. His bride died, Nov. 17, 1890.
He went to New York city in 1901, and engaged
in the practice of law. He died in the fire that
occurred in the Park Avenue hotel, Feb. 22, 1902.
ROBBINS, Horace Wolcott, artist and lawyer,
was born in Mobile, Ala., Oct. 21, 1842; son of
Horace W. and Mary Eldredge (Hyde) Robbins ;
grandson of Frederick and Eunice (Ames) Rob
bins of Wethersfield, Conn., and of Erastus and
Fannie (Bell) Hyde of Norwich, Conn., and
eighth in descent from John Robbins of Wethers
field, Conn., 1638. He removed to Baltimore,
Md., with his parents in 1848 ; was graduated at
Newton university, Baltimore, in 1860, and
studied landscape painting under James M. Hart
in New York city in 1861. He enlisted in the
22d New York regiment, and served three months
at Harper's Ferry in 1862 ; visited the West Indies
with Frederic E. Church in 1865, and completed
his art studies in Europe, 1865-67. He was mar
ried in Paris, France, Sept. 27, 1865, to Mary A.,
daughter of George D.,and Mary (Ayres) Phelps
of New York city, granddaughter of Gen. Noah
Phelps of Simsbury, Conn., and eleventh in de
scent from Edward Fuller of the Mayflower. He
devoted himself to landscape painting in New
York city until 1890 ; attended the Columbia
Law school in 1890 ; was admitted to the New
York bar in 1892, and engaged in practice in
New York. He was elected an associate of the
National Academy of Design in 1864 ; an acade
mician in 1878 ; was recording secretary of the
Academy, 1882-92, and vice-president, 1894-95 ;
was made a member of the Water-color society,
the American Fine Arts society, the New York
Etching club, and was president of the Artists'
Fund society, 1885-87. He was also elected a
trustee of the New York School of Applied De
sign for Women ; a life member of the New York
Historical society ; a fellow in perpetuity of the
Metropolitan Museum of Art ; a member of the
Century association (1863) ; the University club
(1879) ; the Association of the Bar of New York
city, and a trustee of the New York Dispensary.
As a manager (after 1885) he devoted consider
able time to the work of the New York House
of Refuge. His oil paintings include : Blue Hills
of Jamaica (1874) ; Passing Shower, Jamaica
(1875) ; Roadside Elms (1878) ; Harbor Islands,
Lake George (1878) ; Lake Katahdin, Maine (1882) ;
Early Autumn, Adirondacks (1883) ; Sunset on
the Tunxis (1885) ; Darkening in the Evening

Glory (1885). Among his water-colors are : After
the Rain, New England Elms, and New England
Homestead, purchased by the French govern
ment at the exhibition of 1878.
ROBERDEAU, Daniel, delegate, was born on
the island of St. Christopher, W.I., in 1727 ; son of
Isaac and Mary (Cunyngham) Roberdeau, Hu
guenot refugees from Rochelle, France. In boy
hood he removed to Philadelphia, Pa., with his
mother, where he became an importer of rum,
wines and West India produce. He was a mem
ber of the Pennsylvania assembly, 1756-60, and a
manager of tlie Pennsylvania hospital, 1756-58
and 1766-76. In 1775 he joined the Pennsyl
vania associators, was elected colonel of the 2d
battalion, and was president of the governing
board of the associators. He presided at a public
meeting held at the state house, Philadelphia,
May 20, 1776, and was associated with Col. John
Bayard in the fitting out of the Congress and
Chance as privateers. He was chosen a member
of the council of safety, June 30, 1775 ; was
elected 1st brigadier-general of Pennsylvania
troops, July 4, 1776, and joined the army under
Washington in New Jersey, and in the fall of
that year, being seized with an infectious fever
and unable to serve in the field, he advanced
from his private purse the sum of f 18 ,000. to
supply the outfits for the commissioners to Paris.
He was a delegate to the Continental congress,
1777-79, where he signed the articles of confeder
ation. He was granted leave of absence from
congress, April 11, 1778, to allow him to super
intend the working of a lead mine in Bedford
county, Pa., to procure lead for the army, and
built Fort Roberdeau as a protection against the
Indians. He was twice married ; first, on Oct. 3,
1761, to Mary, daughter of the Rev. David and
Mary (Hinman) Bostwick of New York, and se
condly, on Dec. 2, 1778, to Jane Milligan of Phil
adelphia. He was president of a meeting held,
May 24-25, 1779, at Philadelphia, for the purpose
of devising measures to reduce and counteract the
operations of monopolizers. He removed to
Alexandria, Va., in 1785, and to Winchester, Va.,
in 1794, where he died, Jan. 5, 1795.
ROBERT, Christopher Rhinelander, philan
thropist, was born at Brookhaven, Long Island,
N.Y., March 23, 1802 ; son of Dr. Daniel Robert.
He served a five years' clerkship in a mercantile
house in New York city, and then engaged in
business in New Orleans, La. He was married
in 1829 to Ann Maria Shaw (1802-1888),
daughter of William Shaw, a New York mer
chant. He was senior member of the firm of
Robert and Williams in New York city, 1830-62,
and was also president of a coal and iron com
pany, retiring from active business in 1863. He
was ruling elder of the Laight Street Presby-

[493]

ROBERT

ROBERT

terian church, New York city, 1834-62, and for
nearly thirty years was superintendent of one of
the largest Sunday-schools in the city. He gave
$4,400 to Hamilton college to aid beneficiary can
didates for the ministry, and a larger sum to Au
burn Theological seminary ; organized and gave
toward the support of several orphan asylums, a,
home for aged colored women, and other charit
able and religious institutions ; gave $296,000 to
the American college at Constantinople, which
institution was called Robert college in his honor,
and at his death he left to the college $125,000
and real estate valued at $40,000. He died in
Paris, France, Oct. 28, 1878.
ROBERT, Henry Martyn, military engineer
and author, was born in Robertville, S.C, May
2, 1837 ; son of the Rev. Joseph T. (q.v.) and Ad
eline (Lawton) Robert. He was appointed to the
U.S. Military academy from Ohio, 1853, and was
graduated in 1857,
fourth in a class of
thirty-eight and as
signed to the corps of
engineers. He was
acting assistant pro
fessor of mathematics
at the academy in
1856, and assistant
professor of natural
and experimental phi
losophy and instruc
tor in practical ¦ mili
tary engineering,
1857-58. He was com
missioned 2d lieu
tenant of engineers,
Dec. 13, 1858; served at West Point and in
Oregon and Washington Territory, 1857-1860 ; in
the exploration of a wagon road from Fort Dalles,
Oregon, to Salt Lake, Utah, 1859 ; in the defenses
of San Juan Island, of which he was the super
intending engineer, August to November, 1859 ;
and in command of an exploration for a wagon
road from Lewis River to Cowlitz Landing, via
Toutle Lake, Washington Territory, with a view
to providing an all-land route connecting Fort
Vancouver with Puget Sound, June to September,
1860. He was assistant engineer in the con
struction of the defenses of Washington, D.C,
April to October, 1861, and was promoted 1st
lieutenant, Aug. 3, 1861. He was superintending
engineer of the defenses of Philadelphia, 1861-62,
and of the construction of the defenses of New
Bedford, Mass., 1862-65, and was promoted cap
tain, March 3, 1863. He was in charge of the de
partment of practical military engineering, and
treasurer of the U.S. Military academy, 1865-67 ;
was promoted major, March 7, 1867, and served
as engineer on the staffs of Generals Halleck,

George H. Thomas, and Schofield, commanding
the military division of the Pacific, 1867-71. He
was engineer of the 13th lighthouse district, and
superintending engineer of river and harbor
improvements in Oregon and Washington Terri
tory, 1871-73 ; engineer of the Lake Michigan
light-houses, 1874-75, and of river and harbor
improvements on the lakes north of Milwaukee,
1875-83. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel,
Jan. 10, 1883; was superintending engineer of
fortifications and river and harbor improvements
on the Canada border, and on Delaware Bay and
its tributaries, 1885-90. He was also engineer of
the 4th light-house district in 1885. He was
engineer commissioner of the District of Co
lumbia, and member of the Rock Creek National
Park commission, 1890-91 ; in charge of river and
harbor improvements and fortifications, 1891-95 ;
promoted colonel, Feb. 3, 1895, was division en
gineer of the Northwest division, 1896-97 ; of the
Southwest division, 1895 and 1897-1901 ; president
of the board of engineers for fortifications, the
N.Y. Harbor Line board, the Board for Examina
tion of officers of U.S. Corps of Engineers for
Promotion, and the Board of Visitors to U.S.
Engineer School, 1895-1901 ; president of the
Philadelphia Harbor Line board, 1894-1901 ; and
of many special boards for designing river and
harbor improvements. He was appointed
brigadier-general, chief of engineers, U.S. army,
April 30, 1901, and was retired May 2, 1901, hav
ing reached the age limit. His most important
duty was as president of the Board of Engineers
for Fortifications, which had the designing of the
defenses of the coast, Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf, and
Lake.' After his retirement, at the request of
the city of Galveston, he served as a member of
a commission to design suitable works to protect
the city from storms from the Gulf, 1901-02. He
was married first, Dec. 17, 1860, to Helen Maria,
daughter of Ebenezer and Elizabeth (Fenner)
Thresher of Dayton, Ohio, who died Oct. 10, 1895 ;
and secondly, May 8, 1901, to Isabel Livingston,
daughter of William and Christina Hoagland of
Oswego, N.Y. He is the author of : Rules of
Order, a compendium of Parliamentary Law
(1876 ; rev. ed., 1893), and of Index to the Reports
of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, on River
and Harbor Improvements from !S66t to 1887,
(2 vols., 1881 and 1889).
ROBERT, Joseph Thomas, clergyman and
educator, was born near Robertville, Beaufort dis
trict, S.C, Nov. 28, 1807; son of James Jehu and
Charlotte Ann (Lawton) Robert ; grandson of
John and Elizabeth Smith (Dixon) Robert and
of Joseph and Sarah (Robert) Lawton ; and a
descendant of Pierre Robert (born in Switzerland,
1658), the first, pastor of the French Huguenot
colony which settled on the Santee River, S.C,
[494]

ROBERTS

ROBERTS

in 1685, shortly after the revocation of the Edict
of Nantes ; also a descendant of Thomas Smith,
(born at Exeter, England, 1648 ; died 1694), who
removed to South Carolina, 1671, and was made
landgrave and governor of South Carolina in
1693. Joseph T. Robert entered Columbian col
lege, Washington, D.C, in 1825 ; was graduated
from Brown university, A.B., 1828, A.M., 1831;
attended Yale Medical school, 1829-30, and was
graduated from the South Carolina Medical col
lege in 1831. He was married, Sept. 8, 1830, to
Adeline, daughter of Col. Alexander James and
Martha (Mosse) Lawton of Robertville, S.C. He
practised medicine in Robertville, 1831-32 ; fitted
for the Baptist ministry at Furman Theological
seminary, Greenville, S.C, 1832-34, and was
ordained in 1834. He was pastor of the church
at Robertville, 1834-39 ; at Covington, Ky., 1839-
42 ; at Lebanon, Ohio, 1S42-46 ; at Savannah, Ga.,
1847-50, and at Portsmouth and Zanesville, Ohio,
1851-58. He was professor of mathematics and
natural science in Burlington university, Iowa,
1858-63 ; professor of languages in Iowa State
university, 1863-67, and president of Burlington
university, 1869-70. He was principal of the
Augusta Institute for the Training of Colored
Ministers, at Augusta, Ga., 1S71-79, and from
1879 to 1884 was president of the Atlanta Baptist
seminary, with which the Augusta Institute was
incorporated in 1879. He received the degree of
LL.D. from Denison university in 1869. He died
in Atlanta, Ga., March 5,1884.
ROBERTS, Benjamin Stone, soldier, was born
. in Manchester, Vt., Nov. 18, 1810, son of Gen.
Martin and Betsey (Stone) Roberts ; grandson of
General Christopher and Mary (Purdy) Roberts
and of Luther and Oladine Stone, and a de
scendant of Peter and Sarah (Baker) Roberts.
Peter Roberts probably came from Wales in
1670, and lived in Providence, R.I. He was
graduated at the U.S. Military academy and
brevetted 2d lieutenant in the 1st dragoons, July
1, 1835. He was married Sept. 18, 1835, to Eliza
beth, daughter of Anson and Laura (Pierpont)
Sperry of Plattsburgh, N.Y.; served on frontier
duty in Iowa and Kansas, 1835-38 ; was com
missioned 2d lieutenant, 1st dragoons, May 31,
1836, 1st lieutenant, 1st dragoons, July 31, 1837,
and served on recruiting duty, 1838-39. He re
signed from the U.S. army, Jan. 28, 1839 ;
was chief engineer of the construction of the
Champlain and Odgensburg railroad, 1839-40 ;
assistant geologist of the state of New York in
1841, and aided Lieut. George W. Whistler in
constructing the Russian system of railways in
1842. He returned to the United States and
having fitted himself for law, was admitted to
the bar and settled in practice in Des Moines,
Iowa, in 1843. He was lieutenant-colonel of the

Iowa militia, 1844-46; was re-appointed to the
U.S. army as 1st lieutenant, Mounted Rifles,
May 27, 1846, and participated in all the prin
cipal engagements of the Mexican war, culminat
ing in the capture of the city of Mexico. He
was selected by General Quitman to raise the first
American flag over the "Halls of the Montezu-
mas," because of conspicuous gallantry displayed
by him in the storming of Chapultepec, before
the capture of the city by the U.S. troops. He
was promoted captain, Mounted Rifles, Feb. 16,
1847 ; brevetted major, Sept. 13, 1847, for Cha
pultepec, and lieutenant-colonel, Nov. 24, 1847,
for gallantry in the action at Matamoras and at
the pass at Galaxara, Nov. 23-24, 1847, and re
ceived a sword of honor from the legislature of
Iowa for his Mexican war service, Jan. 15, 1849.
He served on frontier duty in Kansas and Dakota
Territory, 1848-49, was on leave of absence, 1850-
52 ; and was employed in examining land titles
in the topographical bureau at Washington, D.C.
1852-53. He was on leave of absence and on
frontier duty in Texas and New Mexico, 1853-61,
was promoted major, May 13, 1861 ; transferred to
the 3d cavalry, Aug. 3, 1861 ; served in New
Mexico under General Canby, 1861-62, being en
gaged at Fort Craig, Valverde, Albuquerque and
Peralta ; and was brevetted colonel, Feb. 21, 1862,
for Valverde. He was promoted brigadier-gen
eral of volunteers July 16, 1862 ; and served as
inspector-general on General Pope's staff at Cedar
Mountain, Rappahannock Station, Sulphur
Springs and Second Bull Run. After the defeat
of Pope's army at Second Bull Run General Stone
preferred charges against Gen. Fitz John Porter
(q.v.) for disobedience of orders and acts of mis
behavior in the presence of the enemy. He com
manded an expedition against the Chippewa
Indians in the Mille-Lacs country in November,
1862 ; commanded successively the upper defenses
of Washington, D.C, an independent brigade
in Western Virginia and district of Iowa in 1863 ;
and served in Texas and Louisiana, 1864. He
was chief of cavalry, department ofthe Gulf from
October, 1864, to January, 1865 ; commanded the
district of West Tennessee and the cavalry divi
sion of the district of Tennessee in 1865, and was
brevetted brigadier-general U.S.A. and major-
general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, for Cedar
Mountain and Second Bull Run. He was mus
tered out of the volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866 ;
was promoted lieutenant:colonel, 3d cavalry,
July 28, 1866 ; served on frontier duty in New
Mexico, 1867-68, was instructor in military
science at Yale, 1868-70, and was retired from
active service on his own application, Dec. 15,
1870. He invented the Roberts breech-loading
rifle, and in 1870 organized a stock company to
manufacture the rifle, which was not financially

[495]

ROBERTS

ROBERTS

successful. He practised law in Washington,
D.C, from date of retirement to date of death.
He died in Washington, D.C, Jan. 29, 1875.
ROBERTS, Edmund, diplomatist, was born in
Portsmouth, N.H., June 29, 1784 ; son of Edmund
and Sarah (Griffiths) Roberts. His father died
when he was but two or three years old, and his
mother, when he was sixteen. He was offered an
appointment as midshipman in the U.S. navy in
1797, but his mother begged him never to leave her.
By his father's will, in the event of his mother's
death, he was to go to his uncle, Capt. Joshua
Roberts, a bachelor, at Buenos Ayres. He was
married, Sept. 11, 1808, to Katherine Whipple,
daughter of Woodbury and Sarah (Sherburne)
Langdon of Portsmouth, N.H., and upon the
death of his uncle the same year he became his
heir and an extensive owner of ships. Later he
lost heavily by the Spanish and French priva
teers. In 1827 he chartered the ship Mary Ann
and sailed for Zanzibar, meeting the Sultan of
Muscat there, and establishing a friendship that
afterward developed into treaty relations with
the United States. Making further voyages to
the ports of the Indian ocean, he studied the pos
sible openings to American trade. On his return
home, with the assistance of Levi Woodbury, sec
retary of the navy, his suggestions were brought
before congress, and in consequence the United
States ships Peacock and Boxer were sent out in
1832 to convey Mr. Roberts as special diplomatic
envoy to make treaties with Muscat, Siam and
Cochin China. His treaties with Siam and Mus
cat were duly ratified by congress, and in 1835
he was ordered to go out with the Peacock and
the companion ship Enterprise, to exchange the
ratifications made with Siam and Muscat, and
also with orders to go as far east as Japan, with
the hope of making successful treaties with that
nation. After the ratification of the treaties
with Muscat and Siam, he was taken ill off the
coast of China as the Peacock was en route to
Japan, and he died at Macao. A monument
was erecetd by the Americans in that place
over his grave ; and, later, a memorial window
in St. John's church, Portsmouth, N.H., was
presented by his granddaughter, Mrs. John V.
L. Pruyn of Albany, N.Y., to keep alive the
memory of the first American diplomatist in
Asia. His unfinished work was consummated
many years later by Commodore Matthew Perry
and Townsend Harris. The successes of his first
embassy during a voyage of twenty-six months
are detailed in his posthumous volume, Embassy
to Eastern Courts (1837); and an account of
the second embassy and of Mr. Roberts's*death is
given in " Voyage Around the World, Including
an Embassy to Muscat and Siam in 1835, 1836,
1837" (1838), by W. S. W. Ruschenberger, M.D.,

Si&tf^Ue^.

surgeon of the U.S. ship Peacock. Mrs. Roberts
died in 1829. Mr. Roberts left a family of eight
children, and of the daughters who survived
him, Katherine Whipple became the wife of
Rev. Dr. Andrew P. Peabody (q.v.), and Harriet
Langdon married Hon. Amasa J. Parker (q.v.).
He died at Macao, China, June 12, 1836.
ROBERTS, Ellis Henry, representative, was
born in Utica, N.Y., Sept. 30, 1327 ; son of Wat-
kin and G wen (Williams) Roberts, who emigrated
from Merionethshire, North Wales, in 1821. Ellis
learned the printer's trade by which he paid for
his support and ed
ucation ; attended
Whitestown semi
nary in 1847, and en
tered Yale as a sopho
more, graduating
with second honors,
A.B., 1850, A.M.,
1853. He was princi
pal of the Utica Free
academy and teacher
of Latin at Utica Fe
male seminary, and
was married, June 24,
1851, to Elizabeth,
daughter of David E.
and Ann (Lewis) Mor
ris of Utica. He was editor and part proprietor of
the Utica Morning Herald, 1851-54, and sole pro
prietor, 1854-93. He was elected a Republican
representative in the state assembly in 1866 ; was
a representative in the 42d and 43d congresses,
1871-75, and was a delegate to the Republican
national conventions of 1864, 1868 and 1876. In
1868 and 1873 he traveled extensively in Europe.
He was assistant treasurer of the United States
under appointment of President Harrison, 1889-
93 ; president of the Franklin National bank,
New York city, 1893-97, and was appointed by
President McKinley treasurer of the United
States, July 1, 1897, which office he still held in
1903. He was a trustee of Hamilton college,
1872-1900, received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from Hamilton in 1869, and from Yale in 1884. He
delivered a course of lectures at Cornell university
and Hamilton college in 1884, and addresses at
Syracuse university and Union college ; also on
financial topics before the American Bankers'
association, the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, and several State
Bankers' associations. He is the author of :
Government Revenue, Especially the American
System (1884); The Planting and Growth of the
Empire State (1887), and several letters and
lectures. ROBERTS, Ernest William, representative,
was born in East Madison, Maine, Nov. 22, 1858 ;

[496]

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ROBERTS

son of Orin P. and Eliza Varney (Dean) Roberts ;
grandson of Tristram and Betsy (Page) Roberts,
and of Samuel and Eliza( Varney)Dean, and a des
cendant of Thomas Roberts, who settled at Duer
Neck, N.H., about 1638, and  Dean, who settled
on the Maine coast about the middle of the 17th
century. He was graduated from the Highland
¦Military academy, Worcester, Mass., in 1877, and
at the law department of Boston university in
1881 ; was admitted to the bar in 1881, and set
tled in practice in Boston, Mass., making his
home in Chelsea. He was a member of the city
council of Chelsea, 1887-88 ; represented Chelsea
in the general court of Massachusetts, 1894-96,
and was a state senator, 1897—98. He was mar
ried, Nov. 13, 1881, to Nella Lue Allen of Albany,
N.Y., and a second time, Feb. 2, 1898, to Sara
M., daughter of Hiram B. and Sarah M. (Burgess)
Weeks of St. Albans, Vt. He was a Republican
representative from the seventh Massachusetts
district in the 56th and 57th congresses, 1899-
1903, and was re-elected to the 58th congress in
November, 1903, for the term expiring 1905.
ROBERTS, Howard, sculptor, was born in
Philadelphia^ Pa., April 9, 1843 ; son of Edward
Roberts, a Philadelphia merchant. He attended
the public schools ; studied art in the Penn
sylvania Academy of Fine Arts at Philadelphia,
at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, and under
Dumont and Gumery. He opened a studio in Phil
adelphia, Pa., and there produced the statuette
" Hester and Pearl," from Hawthorne's "Scarlet
Letter " (1872), which he exhibited at the Penn
sylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He was again
in Paris, 1873-76, where he modeled La Premiere
Pose (1876), which received a medal at the Phil
adelphia Centennial exposition. His life-sized
statue of Robert Fulton was installed in the hall
of statuary of the capitol at Washington, D.C, in
1883, as one of the two sculptured representatives
to which Pennsylvania was entitled in that col
lection. He was married, June 1, 1876, to Helen
Pauline Lewis. He was made a member of the
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1872.
Among his works not already mentioned are :
Hypatia (1870); Lucille, a bust (1873); Lot's
Wife, a statuette, and many ideal and portrait
busts. He died in Paris, France, in April, 1900.
ROBERTS, Jonathan, senator, was born at Up
per Merion, Montgomery county, Pa., Aug.16,1771;
son of the Hon. Jonathan and  (Thomas)
Roberts ; grandson of Mathew and Sarah (Wal
ter) Roberts, and of David and Anna (Noble)
Thomas, and a descendant of John and Elizabeth
(Owen) Roberts. John Roberts emigrated from
Pennychlawd, Denbighshire, Wales, to America
about 1682, and settled in Lower Merion, Mont
gomery county, Pa. He was educated in the
school of Lawrence Bathurst, 1776-81, labored on

the farm, 1781-85, and completed his education
under Edward Farris, 1785-86. He was appren
ticed to a wheelwright, 1787-91, returned to his
father's farm in 1791, and devoted his leisure to
study. He was a member of the Pennsylvania
assembly, 1798-99, and of the state senate, 1807-
10 ; was a representative in the 12th and 13th con
gresses, 1811-14, where he favored the prosecution
of the war of 1812, and for this action he was dis
owned by the Society of Friends. He was mar
ried in 1813 to Eliza H. Bushby of Washington,
D.C He was appointed to the U.S. senate to fill
the vacancy caused by the resignation of Michael
Lieb in 1814, and was re-elected in 1815, serving
till 1821. He took a, prominent part in the con
troversy gi-owing out of the bill to admit Maine
into the Union, and when that bill was reported
with an amendment admitting Missouri also, he
moved the further amendment that slavery should
be prohibited in Missouri. He vigorously op
posed the Missouri compromise, after the defeat
of the former amendment, but it was eventually
adopted. He was elected a representative in the
state legislature in 1823 ; was a member of the
canal commission, 1824-27 ; was an early and
active supporter of protective tariff, and a member
of the national protective conventions held at
Harrisburg, Pa., in 1827 and New York city in
1830. He was a delegate to the Whig national
convention at Harrisburg, Pa., Dec. 4, 1839, and
was appointed collector of customs for the port of
Philadelphia by President Tyler in April, 1841,
resigning in 1842, not being in sympathy with
the administration. He died in Philadelphia, Pa. ,
July 21, 1854.
ROBERTS, Oran Milo, governor of Texas, was
born in Laurens district, S.C, July 9, 1815. His
parents removed to St. Clair county, Ala., during
his early youth, and he was graduated at the
University of Alabama in 1836 and admitted to
the bar in 1838. He served in the Alabama legis
lature, 1839-40, removed to San Augustine county,
Texas, in 1841, and was district attorney in the
republic, 1844-45 ; district judge in the newly ad
mitted state, 1846-51 ; associate judge of the
supreme court of the state, 1857-61, and president
of the state secession convention of 1861. He re
cruited and was made colonel of the 9th Texas
regiment, which he commanded in the civil war
in Ector's brigade, Walker's division, and was
with Walker's reserve corps at the battle of Chat
tanooga and in the defence of Atlanta. He was
elected chief justice of the supreme court of
Texas in 1863, and resigned from the army, serv
ing on the bench, 1864-66. He was a delegate to
the reconstruction convention of 1866, serving as
chairman of the committee on judiciary, and
in 1866. on the meeting of the state legislature
under the reconstruction constitution, he was

[497]

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ROBERTS

elected U.S. senator, but congress declared the
reconstruction acts non-effective, and he did not
take his seat. He practised law and taught a law
school in Gilmore, Texas, 1868-74, and in 1874 he
was restored as chief justice of the supreme court
of Texas. He was re-elected under the constitu
tion of 1876, serving, 1874-78. In 1878 he was
elected governor of Texas,
and was re-elected in 1880,
serving, 1879-83. He was not
la candidate for re-election
| in 1882, and in 1883 he ac
cepted the professorship of
law in the newly organized
University of Texas at Aus
tin. He is the author of : Governor Roberts's
Texas (1881). He died in Austin, Texas, May 19,
1898. ROBERTS, Robert Richford, M.E. bishop, was
born in Frederick county, Md., Aug. 2, 1778 ; son
of Robert Morgan and Mary (Richford) Roberts :
grandson of Thomas Richford of Kent county,
Md. His paternal great-grandfather was a native
of Wales. He removed to Ligonier valley, West
moreland county, Pa., with his parents in 1785,
received a limited education and worked on a
farm until 1802. He united with the Method
ist Episcopal church in 1792, and in 1796 re
moved to Shenango, now Mercer, county, Pa.
He was married in 1798 to Elizabeth, daughter of
Thomas Oldham of York county, Pa. He was
licensed to preach in 1800, and was received on
trial in the itinerant ministry of the Methodist
Episcopal church by the Baltimore conference in
1802, and appointed to the Carlisle, Pa., circuit.
He was made deacon by Bishop Asbury, April 20,
1804, and elder, March 20, 1806, and served on
various circuits in Maryland, Pennsylvania and
Virginia until consecrated bishop in the Method
ist Episcopal church by Bishop William McKen-
dree, May 17, 1816. In 1819 he removed to Law
rence county, Ind., where he accomplished much
for the western missions. See his " Life " by the
Rev. Charles Elliott (1853). He died in Lawrence
county, Ind., March 26, 1843.
ROBERTS, Thomas Paschall, civil engineer,
was born in Carlisle, Pa., April 21, 1843 ; son of
William Milnor (q.v.) and Anna Barbara (Gib
son) Roberts. He attended the Pennsylvania
Agricultural college and later Dickinson college,
Carlisle, Pa. He served as engineer under his
father in the construction of the Dom Pedro II.
railway in Brazil, 1863-65, and was employed by
the U.S. government as assistant engineer on the
Ohio river improvement, 1866-70. He was mar
ried, June 8, 1870, to Juliet Emma, daughter of
James Monroe Christy, an attorney-at-law of
Pittsburg, Pa. He was assistant engineer of the
Montana division of the Northern Pacific railway,

1870-72 ; examined the navigation of the Missouri
river, including that portion of the river above
the Great Falls, and his report was printed by the
war department in 1874. He conducted the U.S.
government surveys of the Upper Monongahela
river in West Virginia in 1875, and was chief en
gineer of several railroads, 1876-84. He became
chief engineer of the Monongahela Navigation
company in 1884; conducted the surveys for- a..
ship canal to connect the Ohio river with Lake
Erie, via the Beaver and Mahoning rivers, in
1895, and was closely identified with river im
provements for several years. He was vice-pres
ident of the Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburg,
Pa., 1895 to 1901, president of" the Society of Engi
neers of Western Pennsylvania, and a member of
the Academy of Science. He is the author of:
Memoir of the Late Chief-Justice Gibson of Penn
sylvania (1890).
ROBERTS, William, clergyman, was born in
Llamerchymedd, Anglesea, Wales, Sept. 25, 1809 ;
son of Richard and Mary (Hughes) Roberts.
He completed his education at the Presbyterian
Collegiate institute, Dublin, Ireland, in 1831,
meanwhile assisting in founding the Welsh Pres
byterian church in that community. He was
licensed to preach in 1829 and supplied churches
in various parts of the principality until 1835,
when he established a preparatory academy for
young men at Holyhead, Wales. He was married
first, Jan. 16, 1835, to Mary, daughter of John
Evans of Abergele, Wales, who died, June 6, 1836 ;
and secondly, March 4, 1843, to Katharine, daugh
ter of Henry Parry. He was pastor of the Mo-
riah Welsh Presbyterian church, 1835-49 ; pastor
of the Countess of Huntingdon's chapel at Run
corn, England, 1849-55 ; of the Welsh Presby
terian church, New York city, 1855-68.; in
Scranton, Pa., 1869-75, and in Utica, NY., 1875-
87. He edited Y Traethodydd (The Essayist),
1867-71, and YCyfaill (The Friend) , 1871-84. He
was several times moderator of the general as
semblies of his church, and was prominent in
the organization of the Alliance of the Reformed
churches, representing his denomination at the
formation of the Alliance in New York city, 1873.
He received the honorary degree of D D. from the
University of the City of New York in 1865.
His biography was written in Welsh by E. C.
Evans (1890). He died in Utica, N.Y. , Oct. 2, 1887.
ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and
educator, was born near Aberystwith, Cardigan
shire, South Wales, Sept. 23, 1832. His mother is
said to have been related to the Welsh branch of
the Jonathan Edwards family. His maternal
uncle was president of Bala college, North Wales,
and his cousin, Thomas Charles Edwards, D.D.,
principal of the University college of Wales. He
left the Evans academy in Wales, March, 1849, and

[498]

ROBERTS

ROBERTS

came with his parents to the United States, land
ing in New York city in June of the same year.
His father, mother and two of their children
died of cholera soon after landing, leaving hiin
the eldest of six orphan children. He spent the
next two years in
business, meantime
keeping up his studies
and taking some over
sight of the younger
members of the fam
ily. At the expira
tion of that time he
entered Dr. D. H.
Pierson's preparatory
school at Elizabeth,
N.J., and in 1852, en
tered the sophomore
class in the College
of New Jersey (now
Princeton univer
sity). He was grad
uated with honors in 1855, and from the Prince
ton Theological seminary in 1858. He suc
ceeded in paying a large part of his college ex
penses by tutoring in Greek, mathematics and
the modern languages in Delaware college and
other places. He was married, Oct. 19, 1858, to
Mary Louise, daughter of Ezra Bourne and Mar
garet Douan Fuller of Trenton, N.J. He studied
law under Judge Patton in Pennsylvania for some
time. He was pastor of the First Presbyterian
church in Wilmington, Del., 1858-62 ; the First
Presbyterian church, Columbus, Ohio, 1862-64; the
Second Presbyterian church, 1864-66, and the
Westminster church, Elizabeth, N.J., 1866-81.
He was made trustee of the College of New Jersey
at Princeton in 1866, and was twenty years chair
man of the committee on the curriculum. He was
corresponding secretary of the Board of Home
Missions, 1881-86, president, 1881 ; senior secretary,
1892-98, and president of Lake Forest university,
Illinois, 1886-92. He declined the presidency of
Rutgers college in 1882, and the chair of didactic
theology in the Western Theological seminary,
Allegheny, Pa., in 1886. In 1898 he was elected
president of Centre college, Kentucky, and was
largely instrumental in bringing about a consoli
dation of Centre college and the Centre university
under the name of Central University of Ken
tucky, being the first president under the new
organization. He was moderator of the synod
of Columbus, 1864, and of the synod of New
Jersey, 1875, a delegate to the general Presby
terian council in Edinburgh, 1877, to the general
council in Belfast, 1884, and to the council in
Glasgow, 1896, and was moderator of the Presby
terian general assembly, 1889. He received the
degree of D.D. from Union college, 1871, and that

of LL. D. from the College of New Jersey (Prince
ton university) 1886. He is the author of: A
Translation of the Shorter Catechism into Welsh
(1864) ; Letters on Eminent Welsh Clergymen
(1868) ; Letters on Travels in Egypt and Pales
tine (published in England and the United States);
New Testament Conversions (1896) ; and various
special sermons, addresses and magazine contri
butions in English, Welsh and German.
ROBERTS, William Henry, librarian and
clergyman, was born at Holyhead, Wales, Jan. 31,
1844 ; son of the Rev. William (q.v.) and Katharine
(Parry) Roberts. He came to the United States
with his parents in 1855, and was graduated from
the College of the City of New York, A.B., 1863,
A.M., 1866. He was statistical clerk of the U.S.
treasury department, 1863-66, and assistant libra
rian of congress, 1866-71. He was married, June
11, 1867, to Sarah Esther, daughter of William
and Caroline A. McLean of Washington, D.C.
He was graduated at the Princeton Theolog-
. ioal seminary in 1873 ; ordained by the presby
tery of Elizabeth, N.J., Dec. 7, 1873, and pas-
ton at Cranford, N. J., 1873-77. He was librarian
of Princeton Thelogical seminary, 1877-86 ; pro
fessor of practical theology at Lane Theological
seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1886-93, where he was
also stated supply of the Second Presbyterian
church, 1889-90, and was pastor at Trenton, N.J.,
1894-98, in which latter year he removed to Phila
delphia, Pa. He served as clerk of the general
assembly of the Presbyterian church from 1884 ;
as American secretary of the Alliance of Reformed
Churches from 1888 ; was treasurer of the Cen
tenary fund, 1888, of the Anniversary Reunion
fund, 1895-96, and of the Twentieth Century
fund, 1900-02 ; moderator of the synod of Ohio,
1891, and president of the Pan-Presbyterian
council, Glasgow, Scotland, 1896. He received
the honorary degree of D.D. from the Western
University of Pennsylvania in 1884, and that of
L.L.D. from Miami university in 1887. He
edited the Catalogue of the Library of Princeton
Theological Seminary (1881) ; The Minutes of the
General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in
the United States (17 vols., 1884-1900), and Ad
dresses at the 250th Anniversary of the West
minster Assembly (1898) , and is the author of :
History of the Presbyterian Church (1888) ; Tlie
Presbyterian System (1895) ; Laws Relating to
Religious Corporations (1896) ; Manual for Rul
ing Elders (1897).
ROBERTS, William Milnor, civil engineer,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 12, 1810 ; son
of Thomas Paschall and Maria Louise (Baker)
Roberts ; grandson of Abraham and Rachel (Mil
nor) Roberts and of Hilary Baker, who, in the
performance of his duty as mayor of Philadelphia
among the sick and dead during the terrible epi-

[499]

ROBERTS

ROBERTSON

demic of yellow fever in 1793, lost his own life ;
and a descendant of Hugh Roberts (born in
Wales in 1645), who arrived in Philadelphia with
William Penn in 1682. He was a pupil of the
first school founded by the Franklin Institute ;
was chairman on the Union canal surveys in 1825 ;
superintendent of a division of the Lehigh canal,
1828-30 ; resident engineer of the Union railroad
and the Union canal feeder, 1830-31 ; chief engi
neer of the Alleghany Mountains Portage railroad,
1831-34, and constructed the first combined rail
road and passenger bridge in the United States
at Harrisburg, over the Susquehanna river, Pa.,
in 1836. Between the years 1835-57, he was chief
engineer of the Harrisburg and Lancaster rail
road ; the Cumberland Valley railroad ; the Pitts
burg and Connellsville railroad, 1S47-56 ; the
Bellefontaine and Indiana railroad ; the Alle
ghany Valley railroad ; the Iron Mountain railroad
of Missouri ; the Keokuk, Des Moines and Min
nesota railroad, and the Keokuk, Mt. Pleasant and
Muscatine railroad. He engineered the con.
struction of the Monongahela river slackwater
navigation, 1838-40 ; the Pennsylvania state canal,
the Erie canal, the Welland canal enlargement
and of the Sandy and Beaver canal, Ohio. He
was employed on the construction of the Dom
Pedro II railroad in Brazil, 1857-65 ; was asso
ciated with James B. Eads in the construction of
the bridge across the Missouri river at St. Louis,
Mo., 1868-70,; was chief engineer of the North
ern Pacific railroad, 1870-74 ; was a commis
sioner under appointment of President Grant to
report on the proposed improvements of the mouth
of the Mississippi ; and was chief of the commis
sion to examine the harbors and rivers of Brazil,
and report upon their improvement, 1879-81. He
married, Jan. 5, 1837, Anna Barbara, daughter
of Chief-Justice John Bannister Gibson of Carlisle,
Pa.- ' He was president ofthe American Society
of Civil Engineers ; fellow of the American
Geographical society, and a member of the Eng
lish Institute of Engineers. He died in Brazil,
S. A., July 14, 1882.
ROBERTS, William Randall, diplomatist,
was born in county Cork, Ireland, Feb. 6, 1830.
He received a classical education and came to
the United States in 1849, engaging in the dry
goods business in New York city, 1849-59, and
afterwards devoting himself to the study of the
social and political condition of his fellow coun
trymen in Ireland. He became president of the
Fenian Brotherhood in 1865, and in 1866 actively
promoted the raid into Canada led by O'Neil, for
which he was imprisoned by the U.S. govern
ment. He was a Democratic representative from
New York city in the 42d and 43d congresses,
1871-75 ; was a member of the New York board of
aldermen in 1877, and was the defeated candi

date for sheriff in 1879. He was appointed U.S.
minister to Chili by President Cleveland in 1885,
and in May, 1888, he was stricken by paralysis,
was brought back to New York in 1889, and re
mained a helpless invalid until his death, which
occurred in New York city, Aug. 9, 1897.
ROBERTSON, Beverly Holcombe, soldier, was
born in Amelia county, Va., June 5, 1827; son
of Dr. William Henry and Martha Maria (Hol
combe) Robertson, and grandson of James and
Anne (Archer) Robertson and of Philemon and
Martha (Hardaway) Holcombe. He was gradu
ated from the U.S. Military academy and bre
vetted 2d lieutenant, 2d dragoons, July 1, 1849,
serving at the Cavalry School for Practice, Car
lisle, Pa., 1849-50. He was promoted 2d lieuten
ant, July 25, 1850 ; served on frontier and scout
ing duty in New Mexico and Texas, 1850-53 ; in
Kansas, 1854-56 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant,
March 3, 1855, and engaged during the Sioux
expedition in the action at Blue Water, Neb.,
Sept. 3, 1855. He was married, March 26, 1855,
to Virginia Neville, daughter of Julius D. and
Neville (Christie) Johnston of St. Louis, Mo.,
who died, Sept. 23, 1869. He participated in the
Pawnee expedition, 1859 ; served at Fort Critten
den, Utah, as adjutant, 2d dragoons, from Aug.
20, 1860 to March 3, 1861 ; was promoted captain,
March 3, 1861, and on Aug. 8, 1861, was dismissed
from the U.S. service and entered the Confeder
ate States army. He was promoted brigadier-
general, June 3, 1862, and on June 17, 1862, when
General Jackson moved his troops from' Shenan
doah valley, after the battle of Port Republic,
Va., was left in command of the cavalry. In the
second battle of Bull Run, he commanded a bri
gade in Gen. James E. B. Stuart's cavalry divi
sion, co-operating with General Jackson. On
Dec. 16, 1862, with about 3300 men he engaged
15,000 men under Gen. John G. Foster at White
Hall, near Goldsboro, N.C, and after a fight of
four hours Foster was forced back with heavy
loss, Robertson's loss being 54 men. At Gettys
burg, July 1-3, 1863, he was ordered by General
Stuart to hold " Ashley's and Snicker's " gaps to
prevent Hooker from interrupting the march of
Lee's army. He intercepted the Federal advance
at Fairfield, and captured Major Samuel H.
Starr in command of the 6th U.S. Cavalry, who
was wounded, and also several of his staff. After
this victory Robertson was detailed to cover the
wagon trains of Lee's army, his brigade being
the last to cross the Potomac on its return to
Virginia. In the autumn of 1863 he assumed
command of the coast line between Charleston
and Savannah. On the morning of June 9, 1864,
he attacked, in their entrenchments on John's
Island, three brigades of Federals, who retreated
to their gunboats. For this fight both branches

[500]

ROBERTSON

ROBERTSON

of the South Carolina legislature passed a vote of
thanks in the fall of 1864, soon after meeting.
He subsequently took part in the en gage ments at
Little Britain, Tulafinny, Coosawhatchie and
Honey Hill or Pocotaligo. He engaged in the
protection of the rear of Gen. Joseph E. Johns
ton's army When pursued by Sherman through
the Carolinas, and surrendered with him at Dur
ham, N.C After the war, General Robertson
engaged for three years in farming in Amelia
county, Va. ; had charge of branch offices of the
Equitable Life Assurance company at Chicago
and Washington, D.C, 1873-84, and in 1884 en
gaged in real estate business in Washington,
D.C, where he was still in business in 1903.
ROBERTSON, Charles Franklin, 2d bishop
of Missouri and 89th in succession in the Ameri
can episcopate, was born in New York city,
March 2, 1835 ; son of James and Mary A. Robert
son. He was educated in private schools and
engaged with his father in business, which he
abandoned in 1855 to prepare for the ministry.
He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1859, A.M., 1862,
and at the General Theological seminary, New
York city, in 1862 ; was ordered deacon, June 29,
1862, and advanced to the priesthood, Oct. 23,
1862. He was married, Aug. 7, 1861, to Carrie R.
Brisbin of Sherburne, N.Y.; and secondly, in
September, 1865, to Rebecca Duane of Malone,
N.Y. He was rector of St. Mark's, Malone, 1862-
68, St. James's, Batavia, N.Y., in 1868, and was
the same year elected second bishop of Missouri.
He was consecrated in Grace church, New York
city, Oct. 25, 1868, by Bishops B. B. Smith, Mc-
Coskry and Johns, assisted by Bishops H. W.
Lee and Horatio Potter. He was vice-president
of the St. Louis Social Science association and
of the National Conference of Charities and Cor
rections, and a member of the Virginia, Mary
land, Southern Missouri and Wisconsin historical
societies. He received the degree D.D. from
Columbia in 1868, and from the University of the
South in 1883, and LL.D. from the University of
Missouri in 1883. He is the author of papers on
Historical Societies in Relation to Local Histori
cal Effort (1883) ; Tlie American Revolution and
the Mississippi Valley (1884) ; The Attempt to
separate the West from the American Union
(1885) , and Tlie Purchase of the Louisiana Terri
tory in its Influence on the American System
(1885). He died in St. Louis, Mo., May 1, 1886.
ROBERTSON, Edward White, representative,
was born near Nashville, Tenn., June 13, 1823;
grandson of James and Charlotte (Reeves) Robert
son. He removed to Iberville parish, La., with
his parents in 1825 ; attended the University of
Nashville, and studied law, 1845-46. He served
as orderly sergeant of 2d Louisiana volunteers
in the Mexican war in 1846 ; was a representative

in the state legislature, 18-17-49 and 1857-62, and
was graduated at the University of Louisiana,
LL.B. in 1850, settling in practice in Iberville
parish. In March, 1862, he entered the Confede
rate States army as captain of Louisiana infantry,
and was engaged in the Vicksburg campaign,
and in the siege of Vicksburg, after which he
saw no active service. He resumed practice at
Baton Rouge, La., in 1805 ; was a Democratic
representative in the 45th-47th congresses, 1877-
83, and in the 50th congress, March-August, 1887.
He died in Washington, D.C, Aug. 2, 1887.
ROBERTSON, George, jurist, was born in Mer
cer county, Ky., Nov. 18, 1790 ; son of Alexander
and Margaret (Robinson) Robertson ; grandson of
James Robertson, and great-grandson of James
Robertson, who emigrated from Coleraine, Ire
land, to America about 1737, and settled in Vir
ginia. His father removed to Mercer county,
Ky., in 1779 ; was a member of the Virginia con
vention to consider the United States constitu
tion and of the Virginia house of burgesses in
1788. George Robertson was fitted for college
under Joshua Fry ; attended Transylvania uni
versity, 1805-06, and was an assistant in the Rev.
Samuel Finley 's classical school at Lancaster, Ky. ,
1807-08. He studied law under Gen. Martin D.
Hardin at Frankfort and Samuel McKee of Lan
caster ; was admitted to the bar in 1809 ; was
married in November, 1809, to Eleanor, daughter
of Dr. Peter and Eleanor (Mcintosh) Bainbridge
of Lancaster, Ky., and settled in practice in Lan
caster. He was a representative from Kentucky
in the 15th and 16th congresses, 1817-21, serving
as chairman of the committee on public lands and
as a member of the committees on the judiciary
and internal improvements. He drew up and in- .
troduced the bill to establish a territorial govern
ment in Arkansas, to which John W. Taylor (q.v.)
offered the amendment interdicting slavery. - He
also introduced the system of selling public lands
to actual settlers in small lots at a cash price of
$1.25 per acre. He declined the office of attorney-
general of Kentucky and judge of the Fayette
circuit and also the chair of law in Transylvania
university in 1821. He represented Garrard
county in the state legislature, 1823-27, where he
opposed the relief act intended to make the de
preciated notes of the state banks legal tender.
He was speaker of the house in 1823, and 1825-27.
He declined the appointment of governor of Ar
kansas Territory offered by President Monroe, the
office of U.S. minister to Colombia in 1824, and of
that to Peru in 1828, and also the nomination for
governor of Kentucky in 1827. He was secretary
of the state of Kentucky in 1828 ; a justice of the
court of appeals of Kentucky in 1829, and chief
justice of the court of appeals, 1830-43, resuming
active practice at the bar in 1843 ; was professor

[501]

ROBERTSON

ROBERTSON

of law in Transylvania university, 1834-57 ; rep
resented Fayette county in the Kentucky legisla
ture in 1848 and 1851-53, and served a second
term as justice of the court of appeals for the
second district of Kentucky, 1864-71, part of the
time as acting chief justice. He received the
degree of LL.D. from Centre college in 1835 and
from Augusta college. Robertson county, Ky.,
was named in his honor. His published works
include : Introductory Lecture to the Law Class
(1836); Biographical Sketch of John Boyle (1838);
Scrap-Book on Law, Politics, Men and Times
(1856), and speeches, lectures, legal arguments
and addresses. His autobiography was published,
1876. He died in Lexington, Ky., May 16, 1874.
ROBERTSON, Harrison, journalist andauthor,
was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn. ; son of Thomas
and Elizabeth (Elliott) Robertson. He attended
Union university and the University of Virginia,
and after leaving college removed to Louisville,
Ky., where he engaged in journalism, becoming
connected with the Courier-Journal, of which he
was associate editor in 1903, and in the conduct
of which he made that paper's famous political
campaign against its party's Presidential ticket
and platform in 1896. He is the author of the
novels : If I Were a Man (1899); Red Blood and
Blue (1900); The Inlander (1901); The Opponents
(1902), and of several short stories and poems, the
best known of which are : How the Derby Was
Won, Aprille and Coquette.
ROBERTSON, James, pioneer, was born in
Brunswick county, Va., June 28, 1742 ; of Scotch-
Irish descent. In 1750 his parents removed to
Wake county, N.C, where he worked on his
father's farm, and was married in 1767 to Char
lotte Reeves (1751-
1843) of Virginia.
Having joined Daniel
Boone's third expedi
tion across the Alle
ghany mountains in
1769, he came upon a
valley in the pres
ent Watauga county,
N.C, which he con
jectured was a part
of Virginia, and
which seemed to him
a feasible location for
a settlement. Ac
cordingly he planted
corn ; returned home, and in the spring of 1770 con
ducted sixteen families to the valley, where they
continued to prosper, although, as it subsequently
appeared, they had taken possession of land be
longing to the Cherokees, from whom they were
obliged to obtain a lease. In 1772 Capt. John
Sevier (q.v.) of Virginia joined the settlement,

and in 1776 the fort which he had built was at
tacked by the Indians under their chief, Oconos-
tota, aided by the British. During the siege of
twenty days that followed Robertson served as
lieutenant under Sevier, and with a force of forty
men they succeeded in driving off the assailants.
For his conduct in this affair Lieutenant Robert
son was appointed by the governor of North Car
olina to defend Watauga county against further
assaults from Oconostota. On Dec. 25, 1779, he
made a second settlement on the present site of
Nashville, Tenn., which was soon augmented by
the Watauga settlers under Sevier, Robertson
acting as civil and military head of the combined
forces, £56 in number. These, however, were
soon greatly reduced by the attacks of the In
dians, desertion and starvation, and the 134 re
maining threatened to abandon the settlement.
Robertson sought out Daniel Boone in Kentucky,
from whom he obtained ammunition. On April
2, 1781, he defended the fort of Nashville against
1,000 Indians, in which attack he would have
been killed save for the heroic intervention of his
wife. He subsequently succeeded in thwarting
the British control of the Choctaws and Chicka-
saws, and effected terms of peace with the Chero
kees. From 1784 until 1796 he was compelled to
defend his settlement against Alexander McGilli-
vray, chief of the Creek Indians, who was aided
by the Spanish in Louisiana, and with his force
of about 500 men Robertson performed many
remarkable deeds of gallantry, stubbornly refus
ing all terms offered by the Spanish government
to aid in increasing the discontent of the settlers
of Tennessee by holding out the advantages of a
direct communication with the Mississippi through
their territory. He was appointed brigadier-
general, U.S. army by President Washington in
1790, and U.S. Indian commissioner. He died in
the Chickasaw region, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1814.
ROBERTSON, John, representative, was born
at "Belfield," near Petersburg, Va., in 1787. He
was a brother of Thomas Boiling Robertson (q.v.).
He was graduated at William and Mary college,
practised law in Richmond, and was attorney-
general of the state. He was a Whig representa
tive from Virginia in the 23d congress, complet
ing the term of Andrew Stevenson, and was re
elected to the 24th and 25th congresses, serving
from Dec. 8, 1834, to March 3, 1839. He was a
judge of the circuit court of Virginia for several
years, and sent by Virginia to dissuade the south
ern states from extreme measures, at the same
time John Tyler was despatched oh a similar
errand to President Buchanan. He was married
to Anne Trent. He is the author of : Riego, or
the Spanish Martyr, a tragedy (1872), and Opus-
cula, poems. He died at "Mount Athos," near
Lynchburg, Va., July 5, 1873.

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ROBERTSON, Morgan, author, was born in
Oswego, N.Y. , Sept. 30, 1861 ; son of Andrew and
Ruth (Glasford) Robertson, and a descendant of
William Chillingworth. He attended the com
mon schools and Cooper institute, New York city,
1866-77, followed the life of a sailor, 1877-86, vis
iting the maritime ports of the world, and in 1886
entered the jewelry business in New York city.
He was married, May 27, 1894, to Alice M., daugh
ter of William and Anna (Ross) Doyle of New
York. He is the author of : A Tale of a Halo
(1894); Spun Yarn (1898); Where Angels Fear to
Tread (1899); Masters of Men (1901) ; Shipmates
(1901) ; Sinful Peck (1903) ; Down to the Sea (1903) ,
and short stories of the sea for various periodicals.
ROBERTSON, Samuel Matthews, represen
tative, was born in Plaquemine, La., Jan. 1,
1852; son of Edward White Robertson (q.v.).
He attended the Collegiate institute of Baton
Rouge, and was graduated from the Louisiana
State university in 1874. He was admitted to
the bar in 1877 ; settled in practice in Baton
Rouge, and represented East Baton Rouge in
the Louisiana legislature, 1879-83. He was pro
fessor of natural history and commandant of
cadets in Louisiana State university and Agri
cultural and Mechanical college at Baton Rouge,
1880-87. He was elected a Democratic repre
sentative in the 50th congress from the sixth
Louisiana district, to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of his father in 1887, and was re-elected
to the 51st-58th congresses, 1889-1905.
ROBERTSON, Thomas Boiling, governor of
Louisiana, was born at " Belfield," near Peters
burg, Va., in 1773 ; son of William and Elizabeth
(Boiling) Robertson ; grandson of William Robert
son and of Thomas and Elizabeth (Gay) Boiling,
and a descendant of Poca
hontas. His father emigrated
from Edinburgh, Scotland,
and settled in Bristol parish,
Va. Thomas B. Robertson
was graduated at William
and Mary college ; was ad
mitted to the bar, and en
gaged in practice at Petersburg, removing to
Orleans territory in 1805, and soon after be
coming its attorney-general. He was appointed
secretary of the territory by President Jeffer
son, temporarily, Aug. 12, permanently, Nov.
18, 1807, and was recommissioned, Dec. 5, 1811.
He served as district attorney ex officio in
1808 ; was elected the first representative from
the state of Louisiana to the 12th congress
and re-elected to the 13th, 14th and 15th con
gresses, serving from Dec. 23, 1812, to the close
of the first session of the 15th congress, April 20,
1818, when he resigned, Thomas Butler com
pleting his term. He was governor of Louisiana,

1820-24, resigning in November of the latter year
to become U.S. judge for the district of Loui
siana, which position he held until a short time
before his death, when he returned to Virginia.
He was married to Lelia, daughter of Governor
Fulwar Skipwith of West Florida, and his wife,
who previous to her marriage was Miss Vander-
clooster, a Flemish countess. He visited Paris
during the last days of the Empire, and wrote
letters to his family which were published in the
Richmond Enquirer, and in book form entitled
Events in Paris (1816). Governor Robertson
died at White Sulphur Springs, Va., Nov. 5, 1828.
ROBERTSON, Thomas James, senator, was
born in Fairfield district, S.C, Aug. 3, 1823. His
ancestors were active Whigs in the Revolutionary
war. He was graduated at South Carolina col
lege in 1843, and began to study medicine, but
later engaged successfully in planting. He was
aide-de-camp to Governor Allston, 1857-58, re
mained a firm supporter of the Federal govern
ment during the civil war ; was a member of the
state constitutional convention, under the recon
struction acts of congress in 1865, and on the first
meeting of the legislature under the new consti
tution in 1868, was elected with F. A. Sawyer to
the U.S. senate, and drew the short term expiring
March 3, 1871. He was re-elected in 1870 for a
full term, serving from July 10, 1868, to March 3,
1877. He was chairman of the committee on
manufactures. He resumed planting in 1877, and
died at Columbia, S.C, Oct. 13, 1897.
ROBERTSON, Wyndham, governor of Vir
ginia, was born in Richmond. Va., Jan. 26, 1803 ;
son of William and Elizabeth (Boiling) Robert
son, and brother of Thomas Boiling (q.v.) and
John (q.v.) Robertson. He was graduated at
William and Mary college in 1821 ; admitted to
the bar in 1824, and settled in practice in Rich
mond. He visited London and Paris in 1827 ;
was senior member of the state council, 1830-36,
and prominent in matters of internal improve
ment in Virginia, succeeding to the office of
governor on the resignation of Littleton Waller
Tazewell, April 30, 1836, which office he filled
until March, 1837. He represented Richmond in
the state legislature, 1838-41 ;
engaged in agricultural pur
suits, 1812-57, and repre
sented Richmond in the house
of delegates, 1860-65. He re
sisted the proposal of South
Carolina to form a Southern
Confederacy, and after the
secession of the cotton states urged Virginia to
stand neutral. He was chairman of the anti-co
ercion committee, and presented the resolution
by which Virginia agreed to reject secession, but
declared her intention to fight with the southern

[5031

ROBESON

ROBIE

states if they were attacked. He was married to
Mary F. T. Smith. He is the author of : Pocha-
hontas alias Matoaka, and her Descendants
through her Marriage with John Rolfe (1887),
and a Vindication of the Course of Virginia
throughout the Slave Controversy (MS.). He died
in Washington county, Va., Feb. 11, 1888.
ROBESON, George Maxwell, cabinet officer,
was born at Oxford Furnace, in Belvidere, N.J.,
in 1829 ; son of William P. and Anna (Maxwell)
Robeson, and a descendant of Andrew Robeson,
surveyor-general of New Jersey in 1668. The
family is of Scotch descent. Andrew Robeson
was a graduate of Oxford university, and his son
Jonathan named the spot where in 1741 he planted
the first iron furnace in Morris county, N.J., for
that reason. He was graduated at the College of
New Jersey, A.B., 1847, A.M., 1850 ; studied law
under Chief-Justice Hornblower in Newark, and
was admitted to the bar in 1850. He settled in
practice in Newark, but shortly removed to Cam
den, N.J., where he was prosecutor of the pleas
for Camden county, 1858 ; was active in organiz
ing the state troops for service in the civil war,
and was commissioned brigadier-general by Gov
ernor Parker. He was attorney-general of New
Jersey, 1867-69, resigning, June 22, 1869, to accept
the portfolio of the navy in President Grant's
cabinet, and held the office from June 25, 1869, to
March 3, 1877, also serving as secretary of war
for a time in 1876 on the resignation of William
W. Belknap. His official conduct as secretary of
the navy was the subject of congressional inves
tigation in 1876 and 1878, but in both cases the
judiciary committee of the house found that the
charges against him were not sustained. He was
married, Jan. 23, 1872, to Mary Isabella (Ogston)
Aulick, a widow, with a son, Richmond Aulick
(Princeton, 1889). They had one daughter, Ethel
Maxwell. He was a Republican representative
from the first New Jersey district in the 46th and
47th congresses, 1879-83 ; was defeated in 1882
for the 48th congress, and in 1883 resumed the
practice of law in Trenton, N.J., where he died,
Sept. 27, 1897.
ROBESON, Henry Bellows, naval officer, was
born in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 5, 1842 ; son of
Dr. Abel Bellows and Susan (Taylor) Robeson ;
grandson of Maj. Jonas and Susan (Bellows)
Robeson and of the Rev. Dr. Nathaniel William
and Rebecca (Hine) Taylor, and a descendant of
William Robinson of Watertown and Lexington,
Mass., who died in March, 1698 ; of John Whit
ney, who settled in Watertown in 1635, and of
the Rev. Nathaniel Taylor (1722-1800) of New
Milford, Conn., and through him of Daniel Tay
lor, one of the first settlers of New Milford, about
1638. He was appointed acting midshipman in
the U.S. navy, Sept. 25, 1856 ; midshipman, June

15, 1860, and master, Sept. 19, 1861. He serVed
on blockade duty during the civil war ; was en
gaged in the attack on Fort McRae, Nov. 23,
1861, and in the defence of Charleston, April 7,
1863 : commanded the landing party from the
New Ironsides in the assault and capture of the
Confederate works on the lower part of Morris
Island, July 10, 1863, and took part in the bom
bardments of Forts Wagner, Sumter and Moul
trie. He was promoted lieutenant, July 16, 1862,
and was attached to the Colorado of the North
Atlantic blockading squadron, commanding the
landing party in the assault of Fort Fisher, Jan.

THE BOMBARDMENT °<* FORT FISHER

15, 1865. He was commissioned lieutenant-com
mander, July 25, 1866, and commander, Feb. 12,
1874, and was flag-lieutenant of the Asiatic
squadron, 1867-70. He was married, June 11,
1872, to Katherine, daughter of the Rev. John
Nelson and Mary (Nichols) Bellows of Walpole,
N.H. He commanded the U.S.S. Vandalia, 1876-
79 ; was stationed at the Naval academy, 1879-83,
and commanded the U.S.S. Constitution in 1883.
He was promoted captain, Aug. 25, 1887 ; com
modore, Feb. 1, 1898, and was placed on the re
tired list with the rank of rear-admiral, March
28, 1899. He was captain of the navy yard at
Portsmouth, N.H., 1895-98 ; was a member of
the advisory board for the construction of new
cruisers, 1888-89 : commanded the U.S.S. Chicago,
1889-91, and was supervisor of the harbor of New
York, 1891-93.
ROBIE, Frederick, governor of Maine, was
born in Gorham, Maine, Aug. 12, 1822 ; son of
the Hon. Toppan and Sarah Thaxter (Lincoln)
Robie ; grandson of Edward and Sarah (Webster)
Robie of Chester, N.H., and of John and Bethiah
(Thaxter) Lincoln. His first direct American
ancestor was Henry Robie of Dunbarton, Eng
land, who first settled in Exeter, N.H., in 1639,
and soon afterward in Hampton, N.H. His first
direct American ancestor on his mother's side
was Samuel Lincoln, who came from Old Hing
ham, England, and settled in New Hingham,
Mass., in the year 1637. It is generally supposed
that he was the first American ancestor of Pres
ident Abraham Lincoln. Frederick Robie was
graduated from Bowdoin college in 1841 ; taught
school in Georgia and Florida, and was graduated

[504]

ROBINS

ROBINSON

from Jefferson Medical college in 1844 ; practised
in Biddeford, Maine, 1844-55 ; in Waldoboro,
1855-58, and in Gorham, 1858-61. He was ap
pointed paymaster in the U.S. army in 1861 ;
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in 1865, and
served until July 20, 1866. He was a member of
the executive council of Maine, 1861, and three
subsequent terms; state senator, 1866-67 ; repre
sentative in the state legislature for ten terms,
serving as speaker in 1872 and 1876, and governor
of the state, 1883-87. He was
a member of the Republican
national convention in 1872 ;
member of the Republican
state committee for several
years ; commissioner to the
Paris exposition ; Worthy
Master of the Patrons of Hus
bandry of the State of Maine, 1882-90, and also
commander of the department of Maine, G.A.R.
He was the originator of the Western Maine Nor
mal school, Gorham, one of its principal build
ings being named Frederick Robie Hall in his
honor. He was twice married : first, Nov. 27,
1847, to Olevia M., daughter of Jonathan and
Mary Scammon (Emery) Priest of Biddeford,
Maine ; she died in November, 1898. He was
married, secondly, Jan. 10, 1900, to Martha E.,
daughter of Alvin and Sarah (Flag) Cressey of
Gorham, Maine.
ROBINS, Henry Ephraim, educator, was born
in Hartford, Conn., Sept. 30, 1827 ; sonof Gurdon
Caulkins and Julia (Savage) Robins; grandson of
Ephraim and Abigail (Caulkins) Robins and of
Timothy and Sarah (Collins) Savage, and a des
cendant of Nicholas Robbins, Duxbury, Mass.,
1638, and of Hugh Caulkins, Lynn, Mass., free
man in 1642. He prepared for college at Con
necticut Literary institution, Suffield ; engaged
in the book business and in private study until
1857 ; was a student at Fairmont Theological
seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, and was graduated
from the Newton Theological institution in 1861.
He was ordained at Hartford, Conn., Dec. 6,
1861 ; was associate pastor, Central Baptist church,
COL-BT U/WERMTY

Newport, R.I., 1862-63; pastor, 1863-67; pastor
First Baptist church, Rochester, N.Y., 1867-73 ;
president of Colby university, Waterville, Maine,

1873--82, and was elected professor of Christian
ethics at the Rochester Theological seminary in
1882. He was married, Aug. 11, 1864, to Martha
J., daughter of the Rev. Isaac and Ann (Parker)
Bird of Hartford, Ct.; she died in 1867. He was
married, secondly, Sept. 4, 1872, to Margaret,
daughter of Prof. John F. and Catherine Eliza
beth (Sayles) Richardson of Rochester, N.Y-
She died in 1873, and he was married, thirdly,
Aug. 7, 1878, to Cordelia Ewell, daughter of
Handel Gershom and Lydia C (Kingman) Nott
of New Haven, Conn. She died in 1888. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him
by the University of Rochester in 1868, and that
of LL.D. by Colby university in 1890: He is the
author of : Harmony of Ethics with Theology
(1891); The Christian Idea of Education, Dis
tinguished from the Secular Idea of Education
(1896); The Ethics ofthe Christian Life (in prep
aration, 1903).
ROBINSON, Benjamin Lincoln, botanist, was
born in Bloomington, 111., Nov. 8, 1864; son of
James Harvey and Latricia Maria (Drake) Robin
son ; grandson of Benjamin and Ruhama (Wood)
Robinson and of the Rev. Benjamin Bradner and
Melinda (Parsons) Drake, and a descendant in
theeighth generation through Isaac Robinson,
Plymouth, 1630, of Rev. John Robinson of Ley-
den, the leader of the Puritans. He attended the
Illinois State Normal school, and was graduated
from Harvard in 1887. He was married, June 29,
1887, to Margaret Louise, daughter of William
Henry and Mary Ann (McMahon) Casson of Henne
pin, 111. He studied at Strassburg and Bonn uni
versities, receiving the degree of Ph.D. from Strass
burg in 1889. He was appointed curator of the Gray
Herbarium in 1892, and Asa Gray professor of
systematic botany at Harvard university in 1900.
He was elected a fellow of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences ; a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science ; a
non-resident member of Washington Academy
of Sciences ; a member of the Botanical Society
of America, and served as its president in 1900.
He edited the later parts of the Synoptical Flora
of North America (1895-97), and Rhodora, the
journal of the New England Botanical club, and
wrote many papers on the classification of the
higher plants of North America and Mexico.
ROBINSON, Beverly, soldier, was born in
Virginia in 1723 ; son of John Robinson, who
was president of the Virginia council, 1734, and
speaker of the house of burgesses. He entered
the military service ; was appointed major, and
participated in the capture of Quebec under Gen
eral Wolfe, 1759. He married Susanna (1728-
1822), daughter of Frederick (1690-1751) Philipse,
and sister of Frederick Philipse (q.v.), who had
inherited from her father a vast amount of prop-

[505]

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

erty on the Hudson river. At the outbreak of
the Revolution Major Robinson removed to New
York, where he became colonel of the American
Loyal regiment, which he had himself raised,
and also commanded the corps of "guards and
pioneers." He was frequently engaged in the
service of the royalists, and his home, known as
the Beverly mansion, sheltered Andre while
carrying out Arnold's plans. Colonel Robinson
interceded for Andre's release through corres
pondence with Washington, and subsequently
for his life at the latter's headquarters. (The
Beverly mansion, containing many valuable
historical relics, was burned in 1892). At the
close of the Revolutionary war, Colonel Robinson
removed to New Brunswick, Canada, where he
refused a seat in the first colonial council, and
finally made his permanent home in Thornbury,
near Bath, England. His wife's property having
been confiscated, he was awarded £17,000 sterl
ing by the British government. Of his children,
Beverly (1755-1816) , a graduate of King's college,
1773, was lieutenant-colonel of his father's regi
ment ; Morris (1759-1815), served in the war of
the Revolution as » captain in the Queen's
Rangers; John (1761-1828), was a lieutenant in
the Loyal American regiment ; Sir Frederick
Phillipse (1763-1852), was temporarily in charge
of the government of Upper Canada, 1815-16 ;
became general of the British forces in the West
Indies, and also a Knight of the Grand Cross of
the Order of the Bath, and William Henry
(1766-1836), was head of the commissariat de
partment of the British army. Col. Beverly
Robinson died in Thornbury, England, in 1792.
ROBINSON, Charles, governor of Kansas, was
born in Hard wick, Mass., July 21, 1818 ; son of
Jonathan and Huldah (Woodward) Robinson,
and a direct descend
ant from John Robin
son the Pilgrim, and
through his paternal
grandmother, Phebe
Williams, a descend
ant in direct line from
Charlemagne and
Pepin. He attended
Hadley and Amherst
academies and also
Amherst college,
earning his living by
making school desks
_, ^j ( and by teaching
¦^0- — /oo^-t^a-A-CD school winters, and
after a varied medi
cal education received the degree of M.D. from
the Berkshire Medical college, Pittsfield, Mass.,
1843. He was married Thanksgiving day, 1843,
to Sarah, daughter of William Adams of West

Brookfield, Mass. Two children were born to
them — a boy and a girl, both dying in infancy.
He began practice at Belchertown, Mass., Sep
tember, 1843, where he also served on the
school committee, and took an interest in pub
lic affairs, and in 1845 he opened a hospital
for practice in Springfield, Mass., in association
with Dr. J. G. Holland. His wife died in .1846
and he joined his brother Cyrus in Fitchburg,
Mass., where he practised until 1849, when he
went overland to California as physician to the
Boston company. He arrived at Sacramento,
Aug. 12, 1849, where with others he kept a res
taurant ; continued his profession, and on Aug.
11, 1850, issued a manifesto denouncing the atti
tude of the courts, the gamblers and the specu
lators toward the settlers, and opposed the divis
ion of the territory into two states, one to be free
and one slave. In a subsequent riot he was shot,
imprisoned and charged with murder and other
crimes. During his confinement he was elected
to the legislature and after he was bailed, edited
the Settlers' and Miners' Tribune until he took his
seat in the legislature in 1851, when he worked
and voted for John C. Fremont for U.S. senator.
His case was subsequently dismissed and he was
exonerated by the legislature and by the district
court. He returned to Fitchburg, Mass., in 1851 ;
was married, Oct. 30, 1851, to Sara Tappan Doo-
little, daughter of Myron and Clarissa (Dwight)
Lawrence ; edited the Fitchburg News, and June
28, 1854, went to Kansas as confidential agent of
the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid society, settling
in Lawrence. In the struggle which was waged
against the pro-slavery party, he was made com
mander-in-chief of the Free-State party and as
such constructed forts and rifle pits, but at the
same time worked to secure the freedom of the
state under the forms of law. He was a member
of the Free-State convention, Aug. 14-15, 1855,
and of that at Topeka, Oct. 23, 1855, being twice
appointed chairman of the executive committee.
and was twice elected governor of Kansas under
the Topeka constitution which was rejected by
the U.S. senate. He resigned the office tempo
rarily in order to seek aid in the East, and on his
way to Boston was arrested at Lexington, Mo.,
on the charge of "usurping office and for high
treason," and imprisoned. His house was burned.
Mrs. Robinson (q.v.) continued the journey east,
and he was a prisoner at Lecompton from May
till September, 1856. Governor Shannon was re
called and Governor Geary appointed his succes
sor, and at Robinson's trial, Aug. 18-20, 1857, the
jury reported that " since there was no state of
Kansas, there could be no governor of state, and
therefore no usurpation of office." He was a
member of the Free-State convention at Grass
hopper Falls, Aug. 26, 1857 ; presided at the

[506]

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

convention at Lawrence, December 2, which re
pudiated the Lecompton constitution, and visited
Washington, D.C, in 1858 to urge before congress
favorable legislation in regard to railroad exten
sion in Kansas. He was elected governor of
Kansas under the Wyandotte constitution in
1859 ; the state was admitted into the Union,
Jan. 29, 1861, and Mr. Robinson was sworn into
office as governor, Feb. 9, 1861. The first legis
lature convened the last of March and on Apiil
15, 1861, President Lincoln called for 75,000 vol
unteers to put down the rebellion, but none were
allotted to Kansas. The governor, however, or
ganized the state militia and when the second
call was issued by the President, Kansas was
alotted 5006 men, and Governor Robinson fur
nished 10,639, by raising and mustering in the
1st, 2d, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, llth and 13th
infantry and the 6th cavalry between May 21,
1861 and Sept. 22, 1862 ; the 3d and 4th and the
12th (colored) being raised by Gen. James H.
Lane. The legislature, for the purpose of pro
viding and sustaining the volunteer force, au
thorized the governor, secretary of the state and
auditor, or a majority of them, to issue $150,000
of state bonds, bearing seven per cent, interest to
be sold at a minimum of 70° 0 and the state treas
urer was authorized to sell ten per cent war
bonds for $20,000 by which he realized $12,000.
The state bonds could not be sold at any price in
the market and an exchange was effected with
the secretary of the interior for Indian money
and 60°/o was realized by the state, although the
department paid 85°/0 of the face value, the differ
ence being absorbed in negotiating the sale, and
for this the state officers were impeached by a
committee of the legislature, Feb. 26, 1862, but
subsequently unanimously acquitted. In Jan
uary, 1863, Mr. Robinson was succeeded as gov
ernor by Thomas Carney. He remained in the
Republican party, was elected state senator in
1872, and served as state senator, 1875-79. He
followed the liberal wing of the party in the sup
port of Horace Greeley, and in 1866 became a
Democrat. He was the defeated candidate for
representative in the 50th congress in 1886 and
for governor of Kansas in 1890. He was one of
the founders of North (Free-State) college on Mt.
Oread in 1861, and with S. C. Pomeroy was ap
pointed trustee of the proposed state university,
Feb. 14, 1857, securing to the state the transfer
of the present university campus, and presenting
the university with 46 acres of land to extend
the campus. He served as a regent of the uni
versity, 1866-79 and- 1892-94, receiving from
there the degree of LL.D. in 1889. He also be
came superintendent of Haskell institute,' an In
dian school at Lawrence in 1887 ; was a member
of the Loyal Legion of Kansas, and president of

the State Historical society. He contributed to
newspapers and periodicals, and wrote The Kan
sas Conflict in the winter of 1891. He bequeathed
most of his fortune to the University of Kansas,
in whose chapel his bust was placed in February,
1898, the gift of the Kansas legislature, and on
Feb. 12, 1903, a joint resolution was introduced
in the legislature to place his bust in the rotunda
of the state capital. See : " Kansas, Its Exterior
and Interior Life " by Sara T. D. Robinson (1856).
The part that Governor Robinson took in secur
ing to Kansas peace and good government appears
to have been entirely free from partisanship and
selfishness ; his place in the history of that mem
orable conflict is becoming better established as
time goes by and there is little doubt that he will
in time be credited as the most helpful instru
ment in the adjudication of the Kansas trouble.
Governor Robinson died at his country home,
" Oakridge," near Lawrence, Kan., Aug. 17, 1894.
ROBINSON, Charles Seymour, clergyman and
author, was born in Bennington, Vt., March 31,
1829 ; son of Henry and Harriet (Haynes) Robin
son, and grandson of Jonathan (q.v.) and Mary
(Fassett) Robinson. He attended the Union
academy at Bennington ; was graduated from
Williams college, A.B., 1849, A.M., 1852; taught
school at Holyoke and Cambridge, Mass., 1849-
51 ; attended the Union (1851-52) and Princeton,
(1852-53) theological seminaries, and was or
dained to the ministry by the presbytery of
Troy, N.Y., April 19, 1855. He was stated sup
ply at Troy, N.Y., 1854-55 ; pastor tliere. 1855-
60 ; and was married, Nov. 4, 1858, to Harriet
R. Church of Troy, who died in 1895. He was
pastor of the First Presbyterian church, Brook
lyn, N.Y. , 1860-68 ; of the American chapel, and
a church of his own organization in Paris, France,
1868-71, and of the Madison Avenue church,
New York, 1871-90. He supplied pulpits at Bing
hamton, N.Y., and in New York city, 1888-89;
was pastor of the Thirteenth Street church,
New York city, 1890-92, and of the New York
church, New York city, 1892-98. The honorary
degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Hamil
ton college in 1867, and that of LL.D. by Lafay
ette college in 1885. He edited the Illustrated
Christian Weekly, 1876-77, and Every Thursday,
1890-91, and is the author of: Songs of the
Church (1862); Songs for the Sanctuary (1865);
Short Studies for Sunday School Teachers (1868):
Bethel and Fennel (1873); Church Work (1873);
Psalms and Hymns (1875); Calvary Songs for
Sunday Schools (1875); Spiritual Songs for
Church and Choir (1878); Studies in the New
Testament (1880); Spiritual Songs for Sunday
Schools (1881); Spiritual Songs for Social Meet
ings (1881); Studies of Neglected Texts (1883);
Laudes Domini (1884); Sermons in Songs (1885);

[507]

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

Sabbath Evening Sermons (1887); Tlie Pharaohs
of the Bondage and the Exodus (1887) ; and Simon
Peter, His Life and Times (2 vols., 1888). He
died in New York city, Feb. 1, 1899.
ROBINSON, Conway, jurist, was born in Rich
mond, Va., Sept. 15,1805; sonof John Robinson,
clerk of the superior court of Richmond, and
author of " Forms in the Courts of Law in Vir
ginia ; " and a descendant of John Robinson who
immigrated to Virginia, where his son Anthony
was a landed proprietor. He attended the schools
of Richmond, and was appointed deputy clerk of
the superior court, under his father. He attained
prominence as a lawyer ; was reporter of the
Virginia court of appeals, 1842-44 ; revised the
civil and criminal code of Virginia, 1846-49 ; was
a representative in the house of delegates in 1852,
and in 1860 removed to Washington, D.C, where
he' engaged in practice. He was chairman of
the executive committee of the Virginia Historical
society, and made several important historical
discoveries, finding in 1853 in the British Museum
a MS. journal of the first legislative assembly in
Virginia which met in 1619. He published a
new edition of his father's ' ' Forms in the Courts
of Law in Virginia " (1826) , and is the author of :
Law and Equity Practice in Virginia (3 vols. ,
(1832-39); Reports of the Virginia Court of Ap
peals (2 vols., 1842-44); The Principles and Prac
tice of Courts of Justice in England and the
United States (2 vols., 1855); Account of the
Discoveries of the West until 1519 ; and of Voy
ages to and along the Atlantic Coast of North
America from 1520 to 1573 (1848); History of the
High Court of Chancery, and Other Institutions
of England from the time of Caius Julius Caesar
until the Accession of William and Mary in 16S8-
89 (2 vols.; Vol. I., 1882). He died in Philadelphia,
Pa., Jan. 30, 18S4.
ROBINSON, Edward, educator and author,
was born in Southington, Conn., April 10, 1794.
He was brought up on his father's farm ; taught
school and was graduated with high honors from
Hamilton college in 1816, remaining as tutor
there 1817. He studied law at Hudson, N.Y.,
during the next year, but deciding to study for
the ministry-he went home, and while assisting
his father on the farm pursued his studies. He
was assistant instructor in sacred literature at
Andover Theological seminary, 1823-26, while
pursuing a course in Hebrew; studied in Halle and
Berlin, 1826-30 ; was professor extraordinary of
sacred literature at Andover, 1830-33 ; professor
of Greek and Oriental languages and literature,
University of the City of New York, 1832-33,
and professor of Biblical literature, Union Theo
logical seminary, 1837-63. He was twice married:
first, Sept. 3, 1818, to Eliza, daughter of Samuel
Kirtland. She died in 1819, andhemarriedsecond- [508]

ly, Aug. 7, 1828, Theresa Albertine Luise, daughter
of Prof. Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob of Halle.
In 1831 he established the Biblical Repository at
Andover, and conducted it, 1831-35. The hon
orary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him
by Dartmouth college in 1831, by Halle in 1842,
and that of LL.D. by Yale in 1844. He is the
author of a translation of : Winer's " Greek Gram
mar of the New Testament" (1825) ; a revision of
Calmet's " Dictionary of the Holy Bible " (1832) ;
A Greek Grammar (1833) ; Dictionary of the
Holy Bible (compiled, 1833); A Greek and Eng
lish Lexicon of the New Testament, (1836); a
translation from the Latin of Gesenius's " Hebrew
and English lexicon of the Old Testament " (1836);
Biblical Researches in Palestine (3 vols., 1838);
A Harmony of the Four Gospels in English
(1846); A Harmony of the Four Gospels in Greek
(1851); Later Biblical Researches in Palestine
(1856) ; Physical Geography of the Holy Land
(1865). His name was in Class G, Preachers and
Theologians, for a place in the Hall of Fame for'
Great Americans, but in the election of October,
1900, received no votes. He died in New York
city, Jan. 27, 1863.
ROBINSON, Edward, archaeologist, was born
in Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1858; son of Edwin
Augustus and Allen (Coburn) Robinson ; grand
son of Shadrach and Mary (Stavers) Robinson
and of Daniel Jennings and Eliza (Knowlton)
Coburn. He was graduated from Harvard in
1879, and spent the subsequent five years- abroad,
remaining fifteen months in Greece and continu
ing his studies at the University of Berlin. He
was married, Feb. 21, 1881, to Elizabeth, daughter
of Samuel and Louise Mathilde (Patch) Gould of
Boston, Mass. He was curator of classical . anti
quities, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 1885-1902 ;
lecturer on classical archaeology, Harvard, 1893-
94 and 1898 -1902, and in 1902 succeeded Gen. C.
G. Loring as director of the Museum. He was
engaged in the selection and arrangement of
collections in the Slater Memorial museum, Nor
wich, Conn., 1887-88 ; the selection and purchase
of casts for the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York, 1891-95, and with H. W. Kent
selected and arranged the collection of casts in
the Springfield (Mass.) Art museum, 1898-99.
He was secretary of the Art Commission of the
City of Boston, 1890T98 ; was made a member of
the council of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, and a member of the council of
the Archaeological Institute of America ; a cor
porate member of the American Oriental society;
corresponding member of the American Institute
of Architects, and a member of the American
Committee of the Egypt Exploration Fund of
London. He prepared the catalogues of Greek and
Roman casts and of Greek, Etruscan and Roman

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

vases, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and is the
author of : Did the Greeks Paint Their Sculp
tures 9 (Century, April, 1892); and Annual Re
ports of the Trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts.
ROBINSON, Ezekiel Gilman, educator, was
born in Attleborough, Mass., March 23, 1815 ; son
of Ezekiel and Cynthia (Slack) Robinson ; and a
lineal descendant of George Robinson, one of the
original purchasers from the Indians of the town
of Rehoboth. He was graduated from Brown
university, A.B. , 1838, A.M., 1841, and from the
Newton Theological institution in 1842 ; was or
dained to the Baptist ministry in November,
1842, and was pastor at Norfolk, Va., 1842-45,
being chaplain of the University of Virginia for
one year while in Norfolk. He was married, Feb.
21, 1844, to Harriet Richards Parker, daughter of
Charles and Catharine (Packard) Richards and
adopted daughter of Caleb Parker of Roxbury,
Mass. He was pastor at Cambridge, Mass., 1845-
46 ; professor at the Covington Theological insti
tution, 1846-49 ; pastor in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1849-
52 ; professor at Rochester Theological seminary,
1852-60 ; president of the seminary, 1860-72 ; pres
ident and professor of moral and intellectual phil
osophy at Brown university, 1872-89 ; professor

m

BROWN UNIVERSITY.
of apologetics and evidences of Christianity at
Crozer Theological seminary, 1889-94, and pro
fessor of ethics and apologetics at the University
of Chicago, 1892-94. He was president of the
American Baptist Missionary union, 1877-80 ; was
a lecturer on systematic divinity at the Andover
Theological seminary, 1882-83 : preacher at the
Yale Divinity school, and a trustee of Vassar
college, 1861-94. The honorary degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by Brown university in
1853 and that of LL.D. by Brown in 1872 and by
Harvard in 1886. He was editor of the Christian
Review, 1859-64 ; translated Neander's " Planting
and Training of the Christian Church " (1865) ;
and is the author of: Lectures on Preaching
(1883) ; Principle and Practice of Morality (1888) ,
and Christian Theology (1894). He died in Bos
ton, Mass., June 13, 1894.

ROBINSON, Frank Torrey, art critic, was
born in Salem, Mass. , July 16, 1845 ; of English
Quaker descent. His grandfather, who had im
migrated to America, was a soldier in the war of
1812. Frank Torrey Robinson attended the Har
vard and Warren schools in Charlestown, Mass.,
and in 1861 enlisted in the Sth Massachusetts vol
unteers, participating in the North Carolina and
Virginia campaigns. Returning to Boston, he
was employed for a year in the office of the
Advertiser; subsequently completed his studies
in Professor Spear's college, and after earning a
precarious living by work in a wholesale grocery
store, in a blacksmith shop and as a book-keeper,
he adopted journalism as his profession, becoming
local reporter for the Boston Journal, Advertiser
and the Bunker Hill Times. He was married in
1871 to Mary Jane Tufts of Somerville, Mass. He
began to make a specialty of art criticism in 1875 ;
edited the Boston Sunday Times, 1879-83 ; was
art director for the New England Manufacturers'
institute, 1883-86, editing their art catalogue and
an "Art Year Book," 1883; was afterward con
nected as art critic with the Boston Traveler and
Post; edited American Art, Boston, 1886-88, and
for several years served as literary curator of the
Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York city,
whose catalogues and handbooks he also edited.
In 1897 he traveled abroad, selecting in London
and Paris the pictures exhibited in the Jordan
Art gallery, 1898. He was a member of the Paint
and Clay club, Boston, serving as chairman of its
house committee in 1897. His publications in
clude : History of the 5th Regiment, Massachu
setts Volunteers ; Quaint New England ; Living
New England Artists (1888); Christmas Morning
(1890) , and Winds of the Seasons (1890) . He died
in Roxbury, Mass., June 3, 1898.
ROBINSON, George Dexter, governor of Massa
chusetts, was born in Lexington, Mass., Jan. 20,
1834 ; son of Charles and Mary (Davis) Robinson ;
grandson of Jacob and Hannah (Simonds) Robin
son and of Abel and Lavinia (Hosmer) Davis, and
a descendant of William Robinson, who was born
April 20, 1682, and of Joseph Hosmer, who
served as adjutant at Concord, April 19, 1775. He
was brought up on his father's farm ; attended
Lexington academy and Hopkins classical school,
and was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1856,
A.M., 1859. He was principal of the high school
at Chicopee, Mass., 1856-65 ; was admitted to the
bar in Cambridge, 1866, and began practice in
Chicopee. He was married, Nov. 24, 1859, to
Hannah E., daughter of William and Nancy
(Pierce) Stevens of Lexington, Mass. She died
Sept. 5, 1864, and on July 11, 1867, he married
Susan E., daughter of Joseph F. and Susan (Mulii-;
ken) Simonds of Lexington. He was a member,
of the general court of Massachusetts, 1874'; .a

[509]

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

^'^^8^

state senator, 1876, and a Republican represen
tative from the eleventh Massachusetts district
in the 45th, 46th, 47th congresses, 1877-83, and
re-elected from the
twelfth district to the
48th congress, but
resigned to become
'governor of Massa
chusetts. During his
administration, 1884-
87, he effected the
passage of several
. democratic measures,
¦ among them the
free school-book bill
and the compulsory
weekly payment of
wages by corpora
tions. He subse
quently practised law,
having an office at Springfield, but continuing to
make his home in Chicopee. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Amherst in 1884
and from Harvard in 1886. He died in Chicopee,
Mass., Feb. 22, 1896.
ROBINSON, Harriet Jane (Hanson), author,
was born in Boston, Mass. , Feb. 8, 1825 ; daughter
of William (1795-1831) and Harriet (Browne)
Hanson ; granddaughter of John and Sally
(Getchel) Hanson and of Seth Ingersoll (minute-
man) and Sarah (Godding) Browne, and a de
scendant of Thomas Hanson (died 1666) of Salmon
Falls, N.H., who was admitted freeman, 1661,
and whose widow, Mary, was killed by the In
dians in 1689, and of Nicholas and Elizabeth
Browne, who emigrated from Worcestershire,
Eng., and settled in Lynn Village, Mass., before
1638, and in Reading, Mass., 1644. Harriet J.
Hanson attended the public schools of Boston
and Lowell, Mass., was one of the group of
writers for the Lowell Offering, a magazine filled
entirely with the contributions of the factory
girls of Lowell, and also wrote for various
annuals and newspapers, including the Journal
and Courier, at that time under the editorship of
William Stevens Robinson (q.v.) to whom she
was married, Nov. 30, 1848. Of her four chil-
hren, Harriette R. Shattuck (q.v.) became an
author of reputation. She subsequently assisted
in the literary part of her husband's editorial
work ; was in sympathy with the anti-slavery
cause and with the political reforms of the day,
writing for the woman suffrage movement and
also speaking in its behalf before the Massachu
setts legislature and before the select committee
on woman suffrage of the U.S. senate, 1882, and
was a member of the National Woman Suffrage
association and of the International Council at
Washington, D.C, 1888. She was active in the

promotion of the General Federation of Women's
Clubs, 1890, serving on its constitutional com
mittee, and as a member of its advisory board,
and in 1898 became a member of the New Eng
land Historic Genealogical society. Her publica
tions include: " Warrington " Pen Portraits,
with memoir (1877) ; Massachusetts in the Woman
Suffrage Movement (1881-88); Captain Mary
Miller, a woman suffrage drama (1887) ; The New
Pandora, a classical drama (1889) ; Loom and
Spindle (1898). Mrs. Robinson was residing in
Maiden. Mass., in 1903.
ROBINSON, Horatio Nelson, mathematician,
was born in Hartwick, Otsego oounty, N.Y.,
Jan. 1, 1806. He obtained a common school
education, early displaying a taste for mathe
matics, and in 1822 he made the calculations for
an almanac. He attended the College of New
Jersey, Princeton, and was an instructor in
mathematics in the U.S. navy, 1825-35, after
which he devoted himself to teaching and to the
preparation of text-books. The honorary degree
of A.M. was conferred on him by the College of
New Jersey in 1836. He is the author of a series
of elementary mathematical text-books, includ
ing : Universal Key to the Science of Algebra
(1844) ; Elementary Treatise on Algebra (1846) ;
University Algebra (1847) ; Astronomy, University
Edition (1849), and Geometry and Trigonometry
(1850). He also wrote Treatise on Astronomy
(1850) ; Mathematical Recreations (1851) ; Con
cise Mathematical Operations. (1854) ; Treatise on
Surveying and Navigation (1857 ; revised and
edited by Oren Root, 1863) ; Analytical Geometry
and Conic Sections (1864) ; Differential and In
tegral Calculus (1861 ; edited by Isaac F. Quimby,
1868). He died in Elbridge, N.Y., Jan. 19, 1867.
ROBINSON, James C, representative, was
born in Edgar county, 111., in 1822. He received
a very limited education ; served as a private in
the Mexican war, 1846-47 ; studied law, and was
admitted to the bar in 1850. He was a Demo
cratic representative from Illinois in the 36th-
38th and 42d-43d congresses, 1859-65 and 1871-75.
He removed from Marshall to Springfield, 111.,
where he died, Nov. 3, 1886.
ROBINSON, James Harvey, historian, was
born in Bloomington, 111., June 29, 1863; son of
James Harvey and Latricia Maria (Drake) Robin
son ; grandson of Benjamin and Ruhama (Wood)
Robinson and of the Rev. Benjamin Bradnerand
Melinda (Parsons) Drake, and a descendant of
Isaac Robinson (son of Rev. John Robinson, the
Leyden pastor) , who settled in Plymouth in 1630,
and married Mary Hanford. He was graduated
from Harvard in 1887, and was married Sept. 1,
1877, to Grace Woodville, daughter of Charles
Edward Read of Bloomington, 111. He took post
graduate courses at Harvard and in Germany,

[510]

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

receiving the degree Ph.D. from Freiburg in
1890. He was lecturer on European history at the
University of Pennsylvania, 1891 ; associate pro
fessor, 1892-95, and in 1895 became professor of
history at Columbia university. He was also
acting dean of Barnard college, 1900-01. He was
an editor of the Annals of the American Acad
emy of Political and Social Science, 1891-95,
and is the author of : The German Bundesrath
(1891); Petrar'ch, the First Modern Scholar
and Man of Letters (with H. W. Rolfe, 1899) ;
An Introduction to the History of Western Eu
rope (1903), and also co-operated with others in
editing and publishing "Translations and Re
prints from the Original Sources of European
History." ROBINSON, James M., representative, was
born near FortWayne, Ind., May 31, 1861 ; son of
David A. and Isabella (Bowen) Robinson ; grand
son of James and Rebecca (Jacobs) Robinson and of
Robert and Sarah (Mercer) Bowen. Heattended
the public schools until 1876, when he obtained
employment in a shop, where he continued until
1881, meanwhile studying law. He was admitted
to the bar in 1882, and established himself in
practice in Fort Wayne. He was prosecuting-
attorney, 1888-92, and was a Democratic repre
sentative from the twelfth congressional district
of Indiana in the 55th, 56th and 57th congresses,
1897-1903, and was re-elected to the 58th con
gress for the term expiring in 1905. He was
married, Nov. 28, 1900, to Lily M., daughter of
Hugh M. and Ada S. Jones of Fort Wayne, Ind.
ROBINSON, James Sidney, soldier, was born
near Mansfield; Ohio, Oct. 14, 1827. He was
brought up on a farm, attended the common
schools, and at an early age learned the printer's
trade in Mansfield. He established and edited
the Weekly Republican at Canton, Ohio, 1847-65,
served as secretary of the first convention of the
Republican party in Ohio in 1856, and as clerk
of the Ohio house of representatives, 1856-58. He
enlisted as a private in. the 4th Ohio volunteers in
1861, was appointed captain a few days afterward,
and served under General McClellan in West Vir
ginia, taking part in the battle of Rich Mountain,
July 11, 1861. His enlistment of three months
having expired, he re-enlisted in October, 1861, as
major of the 82nd Ohio volunteers. He served in
Schenck's brigade, under General Fremont in the
Shenandoah valley ; was promoted lieutenant-col
onel in April, 1862, and May 7, 1862, accompanied
his brigade from Franklin, Va., to McDowell,
marching thirty-four miles in twenty-three hours,
rescuing General Milroy's brigade, and beating
an orderly retreat to Franklin. At the second
battle of Bull Run he fought in General Milroy's
unattached brigade, and when Colonel Cantwell
was wounded he assumed command of the regi

ment. He was promoted colonel and at Chancel
lorsville his regiment was not attached to any brig
ade or division, but was with the eleventh corps,
which received the brunt of Jackson's charge,
Robinson's regiment losing eighty -one men in the
attack. After Chancellorsville, his regiment was
attached to the second brigade of Carl Schurz's
division of the eleventh corps, which was march
ing with the first corps, under General Reynolds,
when the news that Buford was engaged caused
them to hurry forward and possess the field until
Hancock could come to their support. Colonel
Robinson was wounded at Gettysburg, and when
the eleventh and twelfth corps were sent west to
join General Thomas's army, Robinson had not
recovered from his wound and was not at Chatta
nooga ; but when Sherman started for Atlanta, the
eleventh and twelfth corps were merged into the
twentieth corps under General Hooker, and
Colonel Robinson was given command of the
third brigade, first division. He was promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers, Jan 12, 1865, was
brevetted major-general, March 13, and was mus
tered out, Aug. 31, 1865. He engaged in railroad
building in Ohio after the war, served as chair
man of the Republican state executive committee,
1877-79, and was state commissioner of railroads
and telegraphs in 1880. He was a Republican
representative from the 9th Ohio district in the
47th and 48th congresses, 1881-85, and secretary
of the state of Ohio, 1884-88. He died in Toledo,
Ohio, Jan. 14, 1892.
ROBINSON, John Bunyan, educator, was born
at Osceola, Ohio, April 11, 1834 ; son of Adin and
Jane (Anderson) Robinson ; grandson of William
and Eleanor (Wright) Robinson of Harpers Ferry,
Va., and of James and Margarette (Brownlee)
Anderson of Carlisle, Pa. He was graduated from.
Ohio Wesleyan university, A. B., 1860, A.M., 1863?
entered the Methodist ministry ; was principal
of Mt. Washington academy, 1860-64 ; president
of Willoughby college, 1864-69 ; president of
Fort Wayne college, 1869-71 ; president of New
Hampshire Conference Seminary and Female
college, 1871-77 ; president of Grand Prairie
Seminary and Commercial college, 1877-84 ;
president of Jennings Seminary and Normal col
lege, 1884-87, and thereafter engaged in the active
ministry. He was married, first, in December,
1860, to Emily Ada, daughter of Judge David H.
and Elizabeth (Reybourn) Morris. And secondly,
Sept. 11, 1896, to Sarah Narcissa, daughter of
Henry Watson and Sarah Ann (Older) Montross.
He received the honorary degree of D.D. from
De Pauw university and from Illinois Wesleyan
university in 1879 ; that of Ph.D. from the Uni
versity of Wooster in 1884, and that of LL.D.
from Taylor university in 1896. He is the author
of: Infidelity Answered (1875); Vines of Eshcol

[511]

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

(1876) ; The Serpent of Sugar Creek (1885) ;
Emeline, or Home, Sweet Home, in poetry (1876) ;
Preachers' Pilgrimage (1886; German Edition,
1888) ; Commencement Week (1880) ; The Ep-
worth League: — Its place in Methodism (1890);
Tlie New Woman, and other Poems (1896) .
ROBINSON, John Cleveland, soldier, was
born in Binghamton, N.Y., April 10, 1817. He
attended the U.S. Military academy, 1835-38,
leaving a year before graduation to study law.
He was commissioned 2d lieutenant, 5th U.S. in
fantry, Oct. 27,1839,
and in the Mexican
war served as regi
mental and brigade
quartermaster, 1845-
46 ; was promoted 1st
lieutenant, June 18,
1846, and took part
in the battles of Palo
Alto, Resaca de la
Palma and Monterey.
He was promoted
captain, Aug. 12,
1850 : served against
the hostile Indians
in Texas, 1853-54 ;
took part in the
Seminole Indian war in Florida, 1856-57, and
in the Utah expedition, 1857-58. He was in com
mand of Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Md., 1861, and
prevented its capture by the secessionists. He
was appointed colonel of the 1st Michigan volun
teers, September, 1861 ; promoted major of 2d
infantry, Feb. 20, 1862, and commissioned briga
dier-general of volunteers, April 28, 1862 ; com
manded a brigade at Newport News, and had
command of the troops in the neighborhood of
Portsmouth, Va., until May, 1862. He command
ed the 1st brigade, Kearny's division, then the
2d division, 1st army corps, Army of the Poto
mac ; was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U.S.A.,
July 1, 1863, for Gettysburg, and colonel, May 5,
1864, for the Wilderness. He commanded the
2d division, Sth army corps, and while leading a
charge at the battle of Spottsylvania, he was
wounded in the left knee, necessitating amputa
tion at the thigh. He was put in command of
the districts in New York state ; was brevetted
major-general of volunteers, June 27, 1864 ; briga
dier-general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for Spottsyl
vania, Va., and major-general, U.S.A., March 13,
1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the
field during the war. He was military com
mander and commissioner of the bureau of freed-
men in North Carolina in 1866 ; was promoted
colonel of 43d infantry, July 28, 1866, and was
honorably mustered out of the volunteer service,
Sept. 1, 1866. He commanded the Department

of the South in 1867, and the Department of the
Lakes, 1867-68, and was retired with the rank
of major-general, Q.S.A., May 6, 1869. He re
ceived the congressional medal of honor " for
most distinguished gallantry in the battle of
Laurel Hill, Va., May 8, 1864, placing himself at
the head of his leading brigade in a charge upon
the enemy's breastworks, where he was severely
wounded." He was lieutenant-governor of New
York, 1872-74 ; was commander-in-chief of the
Grand Army of the Republic, 1877-78, and presi
dent of the Society of the Army of the Potomac,
1887. He died in Binghamton, N.Y., Feb. 18, 1897.
ROBINSON, John McCraken, senator, was
born in Scott county, Ky., April 10, 1794 ; son of
Jonathan and Jane (Black) Robinson ; grandson
of George and Ann (Wiley) Robinson ; great-
grandson of Philip Robinson, and a descendant
of Thomas Robinson, who came to America prior
to 1730, and was among the earliest Scotch-Irish
settlers in Pennsylvania. About 1818 he removed
to Carmi, 111., where he was admitted to the bar
and began practice. He was married, Jan. 28,
1829, to Mary Brown Davidson, daughter of James
and Margaret (Hargraves) Ratcliffe of Carmi, 111.
In 1832 he was elected U.S. senator to fill the
unexpired term of John McLean, deceased, and
for a full term, serving from Jan. 4, 1832, to
March 3, 1843. On March 6, 1843, he became
judge of the supreme court of Illinois, serving
until his death, which occurred in Ottawa, 111.,
April 27, 1843.
ROBINSON, John Mitchell, jurist, was born
in Caroline county, Md., in 1828. He was gradu
ated from Dickinson college, Pa., in 1847; was
admitted to the bar in 1849, and began practice
in Queen Anne county in 1851. He was elected
deputy attorney-general for the county in Janu
ary, 1851 ; state attorney in November, 1851 ; was
judge of the circuit court, 1864-67 ; judge of the
court of appeals, 1867-93, and chief justice of
the court of appeals, 1893-96. He died in Anna
polis, Md., Jan. 14, 1896.
ROBINSON, John Staniford, governor of Ver
mont, was born in Bennington, Vt., Nov. 10,
1804 ; son of Nathan Robinson, and grandson of
Gov. Moses (q.v.) and Mary (Fay) Robinson.
He attended schools at Wind
ham and Hartford, Conn. ;
was graduated from Wil
liams college in 1824 ; studied
law with David Robinson in '
Bennington, and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1827.
He was a representative in
the state legislature for two terms ; was twice
elected state senator, and was several times the
Democratic candidate for representative in con
gress. He was married in October, 1.847, to Juli-

[5121

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

ette Sta'niford, widow of William Robinson, and
had no children. He was the candidate for gov
ernor of the state for 1851 and 1852, and was
elected in 1853, being the only Democratic gov
ernor of Vermont for over half a century. He
subsequently declined the district judgeship of
Vermont, and was chairman of the Vermont del
egation to the Democratic national convention of
1860, and died during its session at Charleston,
S.C, April 25, 1860.
ROBINSON, Jonathan, senator, was born in
Hardwick, Mass., Aug. 24, 1756; son of Samuel
(1707-1767) and Mercy (Leonard) Robinson ; grand
son of Samuel Robinson and of Moses Leonard ;
great-grandson of Samuel and Sarah (Manning)
Robinson and of Moses Newton, and great-grand
son of William and Elizabeth (Brigham) Robin
son. William Robinson, a kinsman of the Rev.
John Robinson of Leyden and one of the early
Cambridge colonists, died in 1693. Samuel the
first, a soldier in the French war and in the
American Revolution, in which his sons also par
ticipated, founded the settlement at Bennington,
Vt., in 1761. Jonathan Robinson was admitted
to the bar in 1796, and practised in Bennington,
Vt., where he was married to Mary, daughter of
John Fassett. He was town clerk, 1795-1801 ; a
representative in the state legislature, 1789-1802 ;
judge of the probate court of Vermont, 1795-98,
1800-01 and 1815-19 ; chief justice of the supreme
court of Vermont, 1801-07, and was elected to
the U.S. senate in 1807 to fill the vacancy caused
by the resignation of Israel Smith (q.v.), com
pleting the term, March 3, 1809, and was re-elected
in 1809 for the full term expiring March 3, 1815.
While in the senate he was a trusted adviser of
President Madison. He was judge of probate
four years, and a representative in the state
legislature in 1818. The honorary degree of
A.B. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in
1790, and that of A.M. by the same institution,
1803. He died in Bennington, Vt., Nov. 3, 1819.
ROBINSON, Lewis Wood, naval officer, was
born in Camden county, N.J. , March 7, 1840 ; son
of William and Anna (Wood) Robinson. He was
graduated from the Polytechnic College of Penn
sylvania in 1861, and in 1864 became a master of
mechanical engineering. He entered the U.S.
navy, Sept. 21, 1861, as 3d assistant engineer ; took
part at the capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip
and at the fall of New Orleans in April, 1862, and
at the attack on Vicksburg by Farragut, June,
1862, and July 30, 1863, was promoted 2d assistant
engineer. He was married, Sept. 5, 1865, to Mary
De A. Rupp of Philadelphia. On Oct. 11, 1866,
he was promoted first assistant engineer with
rank of lieutenant, and in 1874 the title was
changed to past assistant engineer. He was gen
eral superintendent of the bureau of machinery

at the Centennial Exposition in 1876. On Aug.
19, 1883, he was promoted chief engineer with
the rank of lieutenant commander, and was chief
of the department of machinery at the World's
Columbian Exposition, 1893. In 1894 he served
on the U.S. cruiser Atlanta and the flagship
Newark. He was promoted commander, March
21, 1895 ; was assigned to the battleship Indiana,
Aug. 13, 1896, and in 1897 was transferred to the
navy yard at Philadelphia. He was promoted
captain, June 6, 1898, and assigned to inspection
and recruiting duty ; was commissioned captain
in the line, March 3, 1900 ; was made inspector
of machinery, Feb. 21, 1900, and retired with the
rank of rear admiral, Sept. 21, 1901. He was a
member of the American Society of Naval Engi
neers and the Society of Naval Architects and
Marine Engineers. He died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
Feb. 16, 1903.
ROBINSON, Lucius, governor of New York,
was born in Windham, Greene county, N.Y.,
Nov. 4, 1810 ; son of Eli P. and Mary Robinson ;
grandson of Reuben Robinson, and a descendant
of John Robinson (1576-1625), the well-known
Pilgrim leader of England. He attended the
common schools and the Delaware academy,
Delhi, N.Y.; was admitted to the bar, 1832, and
began practice in Catskill, N.Y. He was mar
ried, Oct. 24, 1833, to Eunice, daughter of Bennet
Osborn. He was district attorney of Greene
county, 1837-40 ; practised in New York city,
1840-55, and served as master of chancery. New
York city, 1843-47. He was subsequently de
feated as the Democratic candidate for judge of
the superior court ; joined the newly organized
Republican party in 1856 ; removed to Elmira,
N.Y., 1855, and was an Independent Republican
member of the state assembly, 1859-60. He was
defeated as candidate for speaker, 1860 ; was
comptroller of the state,
1862-65, and was defeated
in 1865, being the Demo
cratic candidate for re-elec
tion, having returned to that
party at the close of the war.
He was also defeated as a
Democratic candidate for
representative in the 42d congress in 1870. He
was elected comptroller in 1875, resigning in 1876
upon being elected governor of New York, Nov.
7, 1876, and serving as governor, 1877-79. He
died in Elmira, N.Y., March 23, 1891.
ROBINSON, Moses, governor of Vermont,
was born in Hardwick, Mass., March 26, 1741;
son of Samuel and Mercy (Leonard) Robinson,
and brother of Jonathan Robinson (q.v.). He
attended Dartmouth college, and removed with
his father to Bennington, Vt., in 1761, where he
served as town clerk, 1762-71. He was commis-

[513]

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

sioned colonel of militia in 1777, and commanded
his regiment at the defeat of Fort Ticonderoga,
July 5, 1777 ; was a member of the council of
safety, and as such sent by Vermont to represent
the claims of the people before the Continental
congress ; a member of the governor's council,
1777-85, and chief justice of Vermont, 1778-84
and 1785-89. He was governor of Vermont, 1789-
90 ; was elected by the legislature of Vermont
with Stephen R. Bradley, the first U.S. senators,
and drew the long term, 1791-97, but resigned
in October, 1796, Isaac Tichenor completing his
term. While in the senate he opposed the Jay
treaty. In 1802 he was a member of the general
assembly. He was married, first, July 25, 1762,
to Mary, daughter of Stephen Fay, who died in
1801 ; and secondly, to Susannah, widow of Maj.
Artemas Howe of New Brunswick, and daughter
of Gen. Jonathan Warner of Hardwick, Mass.
The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred upon
him by Yale in 1789, and by Dartmouth in 1790.
He died in Bennington, Vt., May 26, 1813.
ROBINSON, Sara Tappan Doolittle, historian,
was born in Belchertown, Mass., July 12, 1827 ;
daughter of Myron and Clarissa (Dwight) Law
rence ; granddaughter of Benjamin and Sarah
(Warner) Lawrence and of Col. Henry and Ruth
(Rich) Dwight, and a
descendant of John
Dwight of Hatfield
and of John Dwight
of Dedham, Mass.
Her father was repre
sentative, senator,
and president of the
senate in the general
Court of Massachu
setts, 1838-40. She
was educated at the
Belchertown Classi
cal academy and at
the New. Salem acad
emy ; studied a year
with Miss Sophronia
Smith, and was married in Belchertown, Oct. 30,
1851, to Dr. Charles Robinson (q.v.), with whom
she shared the hardships and dangers incident to
the conflict in the territory between the two
political parties seeking to gain control of the
government in order to shape the policy of the
future state. She made the journey to New
England alone, to report the state of affairs to
Amos A. Lawrence and Dr. Edward Everett Hale
of the Emigrant Aid society, the rival govern
ment having placed her husband under arrest at
the outset of the journey. She carried the evi
dence of fraudulent voting on March 30, 1855,
taken before the congressional committee and
gave it to Gov. Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, who sent

>i*-?-*-,

¦^4>.^U^

it to Washington by Representative Cooper K.
Watson. She gave to the history of that-period
valuable information as to the true condition of
affairs in the territory and controverted many of
the statements made in the heat of political ex
citement by interested actors in the conflict.
Perhaps with the exception of her husband's .
"The Kansas Conflict " Mrs. Robinson's Kansas,
Its Interior and Exterior Life (1856) , gives the
most trustworthy, data of the early history of
Kansas extant, as it is manifestly conservative
and temperate in its statements. In 1903 Mrs.
Robinson was residing at " Oakridge," Lawrence,
Kansas. ROBINSON, Solon,, author, was born near
Tolland, Conn., Oct. 21, 1803. He worked on his
father's farm until 1817, his education being
limited to the winter months. He was then ap
prenticed to a carpenter, but was soon released
and became a peddler. His literary talents were
early manifested, and he became a contributor
to the Albany Cultivator and to other publica
tions, chiefly on agricultural subjects. He was
for several years the agricultural editor of the
New York Tribune. His publications include :
Hot Corn, or Life Scenes in New York (1853);
How to Live, or Domestic Economy Illustrated
(1860); Facts for Farmers (1864), and Mewonitoc
(1867) . In 1870 he purchased a farm in the vicinity
of Jacksonville, Fla., where he died, Nov. 3, 1880.
ROBINSON, Stillman Williams, mechanical
and civil engineer, was born in South Reading,
Vt., March 6, 1838 ; son of Ebepezer, Jr., and
Adeline Williams (Childs) Robinson ; grandson
of Ebenezer and Hannah (Ackley) Robinson,
and a great-grandson of James Robinson ; the
latter being a descendant of Jonathan and of
William Robinson (born in Cambridge, Mass.,
April 20, 1682). He was graduated from the
University of Michigan, C.E., 1863, having pre
viously served an apprenticeship in a machine
shop, 1855-59. He was assistant engineer on the
U.S. lake survey, 1863-66 ; instructor in civil
engineering at the University of Michigan, 1866-
67 ; assistant professor of mining engineering
and geodesy, 1867-70 ; professor of mechanical
engineering and physics at the : University of
Illinois, 1870-78, and at the Ohio State univer
sity, 1878-95, becoming professor emeritus in the
latter institution in 1899. He was inspector of
railroads for Ohio, 1880-84 ; served as consulting
civil and mechanical engineer in various works,
including bridges of the Santa F£ Railroad in
Kansas and Wyoming, in the mountings of the
Lick telescope ; and three awards were granted
on inventions of his at the Centennial of 1876,
and one at the Columbian exhibition of 1893.
He was elected a member of the American So
ciety of Mechanical Engineers ; the American
[514]

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

Society of Civil Engineers ; the Society of Naval
Architects and Marine Engineers ; a fellow of
the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, and the Society for the Promotion of
Engineering Education. The honorary degree
oi Sc.D. was conferred on him by the Ohio State
university in 1896. He was twice married : first,
Dec. 29, 1863, to Mary Elizabeth Holden of Mount-
holly, Vt., who died in 1885 ; and secondly, April
12, 1888, to Mary Haines of Ada, Ohio. He in
vented many appliances for various purposes
covered by some 40 patents, including several
machines used in shoe manufacture ; and is the
author of : Teeth of Gear Wheels and the Robin
son Templet Odontograph (1876) ; Railroad Econo
mics (1882) ; Strength of Wrought Iron Bridge
Members (1882) ; Compound Steam Pumping En
gines (part 1 rev., and part 2, 1884); Analytical
and Graphical Treatment; a college text book
on Principles of Mechanism (1896); and numer
ous articles on engineering and scientific sub
jects. ROBINSON, Stuart, clergyman, was born in
Strabane, county Tyrone, Ireland, Nov. 14, 1814 ;
son of James and Martha (Porter) Robinson. His
parents removed to New York city in 1815, and
later to Berkeley county, Va. , where his father
died while he was a
child. He was grad
uated from Amherst
college, A.B., 1836,
A.M., 1839; attended
the Union Theologi
cal seminary, Rich
mond, Va., 1836-37 ;
taught school, 1837-
39, and attended
Princeton Theologi
cal seminary, 1839-41.
He was married in
1841 to Mary E. Brig-
ham of Charleston,
who belonged to an
old and wealthy Vir
ginia family. He was ordained by the presby
tery of Greenbrier, Oct. 8, 1842 ; was pastor at
Kanawha, Salines, Va., 1841-47 ; Frankfort, Ky.,
1847-52; Baltimore, Md., 1852-56; professor of
church polity and pastoral theology at Danville
Theological seminary, Ky., 1856-57, and pastor of
the Second church, Louisville, 1858-81, except
the years 1862-65, which he spent in Canada. He
purchased The Presbyterian Herald and changed
its name to The True Presbyterian, and in 1862,
his loyalty being questioned, the paper was sup
pressed, and he removed to Canada. In 1866 he
resumed the publication of the paper, again
Changing its name to The Free Christian Common
wealth. In 1869 he was chosen moderator of the

f/jK^UT ft^i-

IAS.4.V-1*.

general assembly of the Southern Presbyterian
church ; was a delegate to the Pan-Presbyterian
alliance, held at Edinburgh in 1877, and secured
the adoption of a revised book of government and
discipline. The honorary degree of D.D. was
conferred on him by Centre college in 1853. He
is the author of : The Church of God as an Essen
tial Element of the Gospel (1858); Discourses of
Redemption (1866), and many discourses on slav
ery, some of which were published in a volume.
He died in Louisville, Ky., Oct. 5, 1881.
ROBINSON, William Callyhan, educator, was
born at Norwich, Conn., July 26, 1834; son of
John Adams and Mary Elizabeth (Callyhan)
Robinson; grandson of Elias and Anna (Allyn)
Robinson and of William and Betsy (Rogers)
Callyhan ; great-grandson of Andrew O'Calloghan
an emigrant from Ireland, and a descendant of
Elias Robinson of Ashford, Conn., a Revolution
ary soldier, and one of Washington's body-guard
on the retreat from Long Island. He attended
Norwich academy ; Williston seminary, East
Hampton, Mass. ; Providence Conference semi
nary, East Greenwich, R.I., Wesleyan university,
Middletown, Conn., and was graduated from
Dartmouth college, A.B., 1854, and from the Gen
eral Theological seminary of the P.E. church,
1857, being ordained in June of the same year.
He served as.missionary in Pittston, Pa., 1857-58 ;
was rector at St. Luke's, Scranton, 1859-62 ;
studied law with the Hon. H.B. Wright, Wilkes-
barre, 1862-64, and was admitted to the bar in 1864.
He practised law in New Haven, 1865-95 ; was
an instructor in elementary law at Yale college,
1869-72, and pi'ofessor of elementary and criminal
law and the law of real property, 1873-96 ; judge
of the city court, New Haven, 1869-71 ; and of
the court of common pleas, 1874-76 ; a member
of the state legislature, 1874, and Dean of the law
schools of the Catholic University of America,
Washington, D.C, from 1895. He was first mar
ried, July 2, 1857, to Anna Elizabeth, daughter of
Henry and Mary Magdalen (Jutau) Haviland of
New York city ; and secondly, March 31, 1891, to
Ultima Marie, daughter of Juan Henrico and
Ultima (Mermier) Smith of Ytabo, near Cardenas,
Cuba. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con
ferred upon him by Dartmouth in 1879 and that
of A.M. by Yale in 1881. Dr. Robinson was as
sociate editor ofthe Catholic World of New York,
1869-70, having become converted to the Catholic
faith in 1863, and is the author of Life of Eben
ezer Beriah Kelly (1855); Notes on Elementary
Law (1876); Elementary Law (1882); Clavis Re-
rum (1883); Law of Patents (3 vols., 1890); Fo
rensic Oratory (1893) ; Elements of American
Jurisprudence (1900); Elements of American Law
(1903), and contributions to the Catholic World
and the Catholic University Bulletin.

[515,]

ROBINSON

ROBINSON

ROBINSON, William Erigena, journalist, was
born in Unagh, county Tyrone, Ireland, May 6,
1814. His parents were north of Ireland Presby
terians. He attended the classical school at
Cookstown, and entered Belfast college in 1834,
but was forced by ill health to abandon his
studies, and in August, 1836, sailed for the United
States in the Ganges, arriving in New York city
about the first of the following November. He
supported himself by odds and ends of newspaper
work and continued his studies at the school ©f
the Rev. John J. Owen until 1837, when he ma
triculated at Yale. He was graduated, A.B., 1841,
A.M., 1844, and was for two years a student in
the Yale Law school. During his college course
he took the stump for General Harrison in 1840 ;
became a regular contributor to Horace Greeley's
Log Cabin, advocating both in prose and poetry,
Harrison's election ; founded the Yale Banner
and the Beta Chapter of the Psi Upsilon society
in 1841 ; contributed editorial articles to the New
Haven Daily Herald, and lectured before literary
associations in many cities. He was an ac
tive speaker during Clay's candidacy for Presi
dent ; was Washington correspondent of the
Tribune, 1844-48, using the pen name "Riche
lieu," and of other publications north and south
under different signatures. He was also edi
torially connected with the Buffalo Express, the
Tribune, the People, an Irish weekly, of which he
was one of the founders, and the Mercury, New
ark, N.J. Meanwhile lack of funds prevented
him from becoming one of the proprietors of the
Tribune, an opportunity offered him by Mr.
Greeley. In 1850 he was offered the consulate to
Belfast by Daniel Webster, and in 1852 he sup
ported the candidacy of General Scott. He was
married in 1853, to Helen A., daughter of George
Dougherty of Newark, N.J. She died in 1875,
leaving two sons and three daughters, of whom
John E. Robinson was a journalist of note. Mr.
Robinson was admitted to the New York bar,
1854 ; revisited Ireland in 1859 ; removed to
Brooklyn, 1862 ; was assessor of internal revenue
by appointment from President Lincoln, 1862-67 ;
was the defeated candidate for collector of taxes,
1865, and a Democratic representative from the
second New York district in the 40th, 47th and
48th congresses, 1867-69 and 1881-85, being influ
ential in his first term in changing the law as to
perpetual allegiance, and in 1880 introduced and
secured the passage of a bill compelling foreign
nations to give American citizens on arrest an
immediate hearing or discharge. He was editor
of the Irish World in 1871, and continued a regu
lar contributor to several publications until his
death. He received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from St. John's college, Fordham, N.Y., in 1890.
His loyalty to his native country was his most

marked characteristic, taking the form of many
generous efforts, such as the securing by act of
congress the sending of the relief -ship Macedonian
to Ireland during the famine of 1847. In 1848 he
was a member of the Irish directory, organized to
aid the Young Ireland Revolutionary party, and
also in 1856 of the Friends of Civil and Religious
Liberty. In addition to his congressional and
political speeches, he delivered before a collegiate
convention at Hamilton college-, July 30, 1851, an
oration on " The Celt and the Saxon," which was
published in the Tribune, and called forth much
criticism in Great Britain and Europe. He died
in Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 23, 1892.
ROBINSON, William Stevens, journalist and
parliamentarian, was born in Concord, Mass.,
Dec. 7, 1818 ; son of William (1776-1837) and
Martha (Cogswell) Robinson ; grandson of Jere
miah and Susannah (Cogswell) Robinson and of
Emerson and Eunice (Robinson) Cogswell, and a
descendant of John (1671-1749) and Mehitable
Robinson of Exeter, N.H., and of John Cogswell
who sailed from Bristol, England, May 23, 1635,
in the Angel Gabriel, went first to Ipswich, Mass. ,
and afterward settled in Chebacco (now Essex).
William S. Robinson attended the public schools ;
served an apprenticeship in the office of The Yeo
man's Gazette, Concord, Mass., 1835-39; was edi
tor and publisher of the same, 1839-42 ; assistant
editor of the Lowell Journal and Courier, 1842-
48, a Whig publication, and editor of the Boston
Daily Whig (afterward Tlie Republican) , 1848-49.
He was married, Nov. 30, 1848, to Harriet Jane
Hanson of Lowell, Mass. He edited and pub
lished the Lowell American, a Free-soil Demo
cratic newspaper, 1849-54 ; was a member of the
Massachusetts legislature, 1852-53, and secretary
of the state constitutional convention, 1853. He
contributed to the Springfield Republican under
the pen-name " Warrington," 1856-76, and to the
New York Tribune, 1857-69, his letters on public
men and events during the civil war period earn
ing for him the title of the " famous war corre
spondent." He was clerk of the committee on
the revision of the statutes, 1859 ; of the Massa
chusetts house of representatives, 1862-73, the
journals of that body being first published under
his supervision, and in 1871 and 1873 opposed by
his writings the gubernatorial candidacy of Gen.
B. F. Butler. His numerous legislative pam
phlets, reports and memorials include : Memorial
and Report on the Personal Liberty Bill (1861-67);
The Salary Grab, an Exposi of the Million Dollar
Congressional Theft (1873). He also published:
Warrington's Manual of Parliamentary Law
(1875). He was buried in Sleepy Hollow ceme
tery, Concord, Mass. See : " ' Warrington' Pen
Portraits " (1877), edited by Harriet H. Robinson
(q.v.). He died in Maiden, Mass., March 11, 1876.

[516]

ROBSON

ROCHE

ROBSON, Stuart, actor, was born in Annapo
lis, Md., March 4, 1836. On Jan. 5, 1852, he made
his first appearance on the stage at the Baltimore
Museum, Md., as one of a mob of boys in John E.
Owen's "A Glance at New York." Having de
cided to make comedy his forte, he filled several
desultory engagements, and subsequently ap
peared in various southern and western cities,
playing at Laura Keene's theatre, 1862-63 ; at the
Arch Street theatre, Philadelphia, Pa., with Mrs.
John Drew, 1863-66, and at Selwyn's theatre, Bos
ton, Mass., 1868-70. His first pronounced success
was in the r6Ie of Captain Crosstree in the bur
lesque "Black-Eyed Susan" in 1870, and in 1874
appeared in the Gaiety theatre, London, England,
as Hector in " Led Astray." He was afterward
associated with William H. Crane (q.v.) in " Our
Boarding-House," " A Comedy of Errors," "Merry
Wives of Windsor" and "The Henrietta." After
separating from Mr. Crane in 1889, he starred in
legitimate comedy, appearing in several new
plays and reviving " The Rivals," " She Stoops to
Conquer," "A Comedy of Errors," "Married
Life," "The Henrietta," and others. He was
married in 1894 to May Waldron of Hamilton,
Ont., who had been a member of Augustin Daly's
and Robson and Crane's companies, and who sub
sequently played the leading counter roles with
Mr. Robson. In 1898 he produced Augustus
Thomas's comedy, " The Meddler," with his own
company, which scored a success in New York
city and Boston, Mass.
ROCHAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste, Donatien de
Vimeure, count de, soldier, was born in Vend6me,
France, July 1, 1725. He attended the Jesuit col
lege at Blois, having been intended for the
church, but in 1742 he entered the French army
as cornet in the regiment of St. Simon, serving
with distinction in Germany, and in 1747 gaining
promotion to the rank of colonel. He succeeded
his father as governor of Vendome, June 1, 1749 ;
was created a knight of St. Louis ; was promoted
brigadier-general, serving in Germany, 1758-61,
'and became inspector-general of cavalry in 1769,
and lieutenant-general,' March 1, 1780. He was
appointed to the command of the army to sup
port the American patriots, increased it to 6000
men and embarked under the escort of Chevalier
de Ternay, with five ships of the line. May 2, 1780.
They arrived at Rhode Island, July 12, 1780, after
having defeated a British fleet off Bermuda, and
began at once to erect fortifications to prevent the
concerted attack threatened by Sir Henry Clinton
and Admiral Arbuthnot. He established his head
quarters at Newport, R.I. , and sent his son, Dona
tien, to Paris, to urge a reinforcement of money,
supplies and troops. On June 18, 1781, he marched
toward the Hudson river and defeated on Man
hattan Island a body of Clinton's army ; made a

feint toward New Jersey, and joined Washing
ton's army at Phillipsburg, N.Y., thus obliging
Clinton to abandon his reinforcement of Corn-
wallis and compelling the latter to retire from
Virginia. The siege of Yorktown was begun by
the allied forces, Sept. 29, 1781, and Rochambeau
led the two assaults, forcing Cornwallis to sur
render. In April, 1782, he marched against New
York, but the plan being abandoned he embarked
with his army at Delaware, Jan. 14, 1783, upon
the frigate Ameraude, and arrived at Brest in
March, 1783. He was deputy to the assembly of
the notables in 1788 ; was engaged in repressing
the riots in Alsace in 1790 ; was commissioned
field marshal, Dec. 28, 1791 ; refused the office of
secretary of war and was appointed to the com
mand of the Army of the North, but resigned,
June 15, 1792. He was taken prisoner at Paris
during the Reign of Terror in 1793, and in 1804
was created a grand officer of the Legion of Honor
by Napoleon. He was created a knight of the
Saint Esprit by Louis XVI., and was appointed
governor of Picardy and Artois. The U.S. con
gress presented him with two cannons, taken
from the British at Yorktown, and bearing his
escutcheon and an inscription, and also passed
resolutions commending his bravery, the services
he had rendered and the discipline he had main
tained in his army. A bronze statue was dedi
cated to his memory, May 24, 1902, in Lafayette
square, Washington, D.C, a replica of one dedi
cated at VendSme, France, in 1900. He died
in Rochambeau castle, Thore, near Vendome,
France, May 10, 1807.
ROCHE, James Jeffrey, editor and poet, was
born in Mountmellick, county Queens, Ireland,
May 31, 1847 ; son of Edward and Margaret
(Doyle) Roche. He emigrated with his parents
to Prince Edward Island in 1847, and attended
St. Dunstan's college,
Charlottetown. He
came to the United
States in May, 1866,
and was employed in
business in Boston,
Mass. He contrib
uted to various news
papers and maga
zines, and in June,
1883, joined the staff
of the Pilot as assist
ant editor under John
Boyle O'Reilly. In .
August, 1890, he sue- y^hAfyi^ /f2-o^_
ceeded Mr. O'Reilly ' ' '''
as editor-in-chief. He
was a member of the Metropolitan Park commis
sion, Boston, Mass., in 1893. He was the poet at
the unveiling of the "high-water mark 'monu-

1517]

ROCHESTER

ROCKEFELLER

ment on the field of Gettysburg, June 2, 1892 ; re
ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from the
University of Notre Dame, Indiana, in 1892, and
is the author of : Songs and Satires (1886) ; Life
of John Boyle O'Reilly (1891); The Story of the
Filibusters (1891); Ballads of the Blue Water
(1895); Her Majesty the King (1898) , and By- Ways
of War (1899).
ROCHESTER, Nathaniel, pioneer, was born in
Cople parish, Westmoreland county, Va., Feb. 21,
1752 ; a descendant of Nicholas Rochester, who
emigrated from Kent, England, in 1689 and set
tled in Westmoreland county, Va. He removed
to Granville county, N.C, with his mother and
step-father, Thomas ditcher, in 1763, and in 1768
obtained employment as a clerk in a mercantile
house in Hillsboro, N.C, becoming a partner in
1773. He was a member of the committee of
safety of Orange county in 1775 ; a member of the
first provincial convention of North Carolina ;
appointed paymaster, with the rank of major, of
the North Carolina line, and deputy commissary-
general of the Continental army, May 10, 1776,
but failing health caused his early resignation.
He was a delegate to the house of commons ; a
commissioner to superintend the manufacture
of arms at Hillsboro, and in 1778 engaged in busi
ness with Col. Thomas Hart. In 1783 they began
the manufacture of flour, rope and nails at Hagers-
town, Md. He was a representative in the Mary
land assembly ; postmaster of Hagerstown, and
judge of the county court. In 1808 he was presi
dential elector, voting for James Madison ; was
first president of the Hagerstown bank, and was
engaged in important mercantile transactions in
Kentucky and Maryland. He made large pur
chases of land in New York state, and removing
to Dansville, N. Y., in May, 1810, established a
paper mill there. In 1815 he removed to Bloom
field, N.Y., and in 1818 settled at the falls of the
Genesee river, and there founded the city of
Rochester. He was secretary of the convention to
urge the construction of the Erie canal ; the first
clerk of Monroe county ; member of the state
assembly, 1821 and 1822, and one of the organizers
of the Bank of Rochester, and its first president,
He died in Rochester, N.Y., May 17, 1831.
ROCHESTER, William Beatty, soldier, was
born in Angelica, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1826; son of
William Beatty Rochester (a lawyer and judge of
the 8th circuit of New York) and Amanda (Hop
kins) Rochester; grandson of Nathaniel Roches
ter, founder of the city that bears his name ;
great-grandson of Col. William Beatty of Fred
erick, Maryland, a soldier of the Revolution ;
and a descendant of Nicholas Rochester, who
emigrated from Kent, England, in 1689, and
settled in Westmoreland county, Va. He re
moved to California in 1851, where he resided

until 1859. He entered the U. S. army as ad
ditional paymaster, June 1, 1861, and was brevet-
fed lieutenant-colonel of volunteers, March 13,
1865, for faithful and meritorious services during
the war. He was married June 19, 1862, to
Anna L., daughter of Henry H. and Annie Town-
send Martin of Albany, N.Y. He was transferred
to the regular army as paymaster with the rank
of major, April 1, 1867 ; was promoted paymaster-
general with the rank of brigadier-general, Feb.
17, 1882, and w-as retired, Feb. 15, 1890, on reach
ing the age limit.
ROCKEFELLER, John Davidson, capitalist,
was born in Richford, N. Y., July 8, 1839 ; son of
William A. and Eliza (Davidson) Rockefeller.
His father was a farmer in Tioga county in very
straitened circumstances, and John worked on
the farm and attended the district schools .and
the Oswego academy. He was a student at a
commercial school in Cleveland, Ohio ; obtained
employment as clerk in the office of Hewitt and
Tuttle, subsequently acting as bookkeeper and
cashier, and in 1858 became a member of the firm
of Clark and Rockefeller. In 1860, Samuel Adams,
a porter for the firm, devised a new plan for re
fining petroleum, which interested Rockefeller,
and resulted in the formation of a new partner
ship under the name of Andrews, Clark and Co.
A small refinery was built and operated, which
was soon after combined with one owned by his
brother, William Rockefeller ; a warehouse was
opened in New York city for the sale of the
manufactured product, and in 1865, Henry M.
Flagler was admitted into the firm, which then
became William Rockefeller & Co. The Standard
Oil company was formed in 1870 with a capital
stock of $1,000,000, and with John D. Rockefeller
as its president. Rival refineries were bought
out and the company soon obtained a practical
monopoly of the refining business, forcing the
railroads to reduce the rates for carrying oil to
half the amount charged other refineries, and
establishing pipe lines throughout the United
States. In 1881 the Standard Oil trust was
formed, and after its dissolution in 1892, the Rocke
fellers devoted themselves to the control of their
various separate companies, John D. Rockefeller's
annual income being estimated at $35,000,000.
He was married in 1867 to Laura C Spell-
man, and they had four children, three of whom
were daughters. The son, John Davidson Rocke
feller, Jr., born in 1877, married in 1901 Abby
Green Aldrich. He was elected a trustee of the
General Education board, chartered by congress
in 1902, on the organization of the board of trus
tees in Washington, Jan. 29, 1903, and announced
his contribution of $100,000 per year for a term
of ten years to promote effective work under the
charter. John D. Rockefeller, Sr., devoted large
1518]

ROCKWELL

RODDEY

sums of money, to philanthropic, educational and
religious work, his chief benefactions being ex
tended to the University of Chicago ; the city of
Cleveland, Ohio, for public inprovements ; Vassar
college ; Barnard college ; the American Baptist
Missionary union ; the Baptist Home Missionary
society ; Mt. Holyoke college ; Brown uni
versity ; Denison university ; the endowment
of a chair of psychology at Columbia college ;
the new Horace Mann school in New York ; the
Rochester Theological seminary ; the Spellman
seminary, Atlanta, Ga., the Newton Theological
Institution ; Cornell university ; Bryn Mawr col
lege ; the Rockefeller Institute ' of Medical Re
search ; Wellesley college, and the Young Men's
Christian association.
ROCKWELL, Francis Williams, representa
tive, was born in Pittsfield, Mass., May 26, 1844 ;
son of Julius (q.v.) and Lucy Forbes (Walker)
Rockwell. He was graduated from Amherst col
lege, A.B., 1868, A. M., 1871, and from Harvard
Law school, LL.B. 1871. He was married, June 11,
1873, to Mary Gilbert, daughter of Henry Gilbert
and Mary Bullard Dowse Davis of Pittsfield, Mass.
He practised law in Pittsfield ; was a special jus
tice of the district court of Central Berkshire,
1873-75 ; a representative in the state legislature
in 1879 ; state senator, 1881-83, and a Republican
representative in the 48th congress, to fill a vac
ancy caused by the resignation of George D. Rob
inson, and in the 49th, 50th and 51st congresses,
serving, 1884-91. He was a member ofthe com
mittee on foreign affairs during the 50th and 51st
congresses, and of the committee on military af
fairs in the 51st congress.
ROCKWELL, Julius, senator, was born in Cole-
brook, Conn., April 26, 1805 ; son of Reuben and
Rebecca (Beebe) Rockwell, grandson of Samuel,
and a descendant of William Rockwell, Dorches
ter, Mass., 1630. He was graduated from Yale,
1826, A.M., 1829, LL.B., 1829 ; was admitted to the
bar, and began practice in Pittsfield, Mass., in
A.B. , 1830. He was a representative in the general
court of Massachusetts, 1834-37, serving as speaker
of the house, 1835-37. He was married, Nov. 22,
1836, to Lucy Forbes, daughter of Judge William
Perrinand Lucy (Adam) Walker of Lenox, Mass.,
and a member of the first board of bank com
missioners, 1839-41, being chairman, 1840-41. He
was a Whig representative in the 28th, 29th, 30th
¦and 31st .congresses, 1844-51 ; a delegate to the
state constitutional convention of 1853, and was
appointed to the U. S. senate to fill a vacancy
caused by the resignation of Ed ward E verett , June
15, 1854, and served until the election of Henry
Wilson, Feb. 10, 1855. He was the Republican
nominee for governor, 1855 ; a presidential elector
on the Fremont and Dayton ticket in 1856 ; a
representative in the general court of Massachu

setts in 1858, serving again as speaker of the
house, and was appointed a judge of the newly
established superior court of Massachusetts in
June, 1859, resigning in October, 1886, the senior
member of the court. In June, 1865, he removed
to Lenox, Mass., to occupy the Walker homestead,
left vacant by the death of his wife's mother,
where he died. May 19, 1884.
ROCKWOOD, Charles Greene, Jr., scientist,
was born in New York city, Jan. 11, 1843 ; son of
Charles Greene and Sarah (Smith) Rockwood ;
grandson of Ebenezer and Elizabeth Breese
(Hazard) Rockwood and of George Bridges Rod
ney and Joanua (Vermilye) Smith, and a de
scendant of Nicholas Rockwood of Dorchester and
Medfield, Mass. (1628-1680), who was born in
England, and was the seventh generation from
Roger Rokewood of Euston, Suffolk, Eng. (died
1482). He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1864,
Ph.D., 1866, A.M., 1867, and was married June.
13, 1867, to Hettie Hosford, daughter of Simeon
Parsons and Hettie Hosford (Smith) Smith of
New York city. He was professor of math
ematics and natural philosophy at Bowdoin col
lege, 1868-73 ; professor of mathematics and
astronomy at Rutgers college, 1873-77, and was
elected professor of mathematics at the College
of New Jersey, Princeton, in 1877. He was a
member of the Princeton eclipse expedition to
Colorado in 1878 ; a member and secretary of the
American Metrological society ; fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science ; a member of the New Jersey Historical
society ; the St. Nicholas Society of New York ;
the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New
Jersey ; the New Jersey Society of the Sons of
the Revolution ; the American Social Science
association ; the American Mathematical society,
and the National Geographic society. The hon
orary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by
Bowdoin in 1869, and by the College of New
Jersey in 1896. He made a. special study of
American earthquakes, and contributed articles
to the American Journal of Science and to the
reports of the Smithsonian Institution.
RODDEY, Philip Dale, soldier, was born at
Moulton, Lawrence county, Ala., in 1820. Pre
vious to the civil war he was engaged in the
shipping business, and was proprietor and captain
of a line of steamboats on the Tennessee river.
In 1861 he raised a company of scouts for the
Confederate service and afterward a cavalry
brigade at his own expense. He was commis
sioned brigadier-general, Aug. 31, 1863, and his
command formed a part of William T. Martin's
division, Wheeler's corps, at the battle of Chick
amauga, Sept. 19-20, 1863. In the Atlanta cam
paign of 1864, General Roddey held a command
of 600 men in Wheeler's corps, and during the
[519]

RODENBOUGH

RODES

siege of Atlanta, on July 29, 1864, his cavalry
brigade held in check at Newnaii a command of
raiders under General McCook, sent out by Gen
eral Sherman to destroy the one remaining line
of communication open to the Confederates
and to release at Andersonville 34,000 Federal
prisoners. These raiders were finally routed by
the combined forces of Generals Jackson and
Wheeler under the latter's command. In Wil
son's raid through Alabama to Georgia, March,
22-April 20, 1865, Roddey's brigade was driven
back on the road to Randolph, March 31, by Gen.
Emory Upton, and the following day, after Gen
eral Long's successful charge on Ebenezer Church,
Generals Forrest, Armstrong, Roddey and Adams
escaped with a number of men under cover of
darkness either by the Burnside and River roads
or by swimming the Alabama river. General
Roddey returned home in 1865, and in 1870 went
to England, making his permanent home in Lon
don, where he died in August, 1897.
RODENBOUGH, Theophilus Francis, soldier,
was born at Easton, Pa., Nov. 5, 1838; son of
Charles and Emily (Cauffman) Rodenbough ;
grandson of Henry and Margaret (Brown) Roden
bough and of Lawrence and Sarah (Shewell)
Cauffman, and a de
scendant of Joseph
Theophilus Cauffman
of Strasburg, Ger
many, who arrived
in Philadelphia, 1749.
He studied at private
schools and under
tutors, and attended
Lafayette college,
1850-51. He engaged
in mercantile busi
ness at Easton, Pa.,
1856-61, and on March
23, 1861, was commis
sioned 2d lieutenant,
2d U.S. dragoons ;
promoted 1st lieutenant, 2d cavalry, May 14, 1862,
and served in the Peninsular campaign (1862)
under General McClellan. He was promoted cap
tain, July 17, 1862 ; captured at the second Bull
Run, but was soon exchanged and took part in
Stoneman's raid in the Chancellorsville campaign
and in all cavalry engagements of the Gettysburg
campaign. At Gettysburg he commanded the 2d
U.S. cavalry, Merritt's brigade, Buford's division,
which later, under Sheridan, was commanded by
General Torbert. Captain Rodenbough was
present in engagements before Richmond (1864),
and participated in the Richmond and Trevilian
raids, being wounded, June 11. He also served,
commanding his regiment, in Sheridan's Army of
the Shenandoah, and 'was severely wounded,

losing his right arm while leading a charge at
.Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864. He was brevetted
major " for gallant and meritorious services " in
that engagement and at Trevilian Station, Va.,
lieutenant-colonel, March 12, 1865, " for gallant
and meritorious services during the war ; " colonel
"for gallant and meritorious services in the
battle of Todd's Tavern, Va.," and , brigadier-
general for similar conduct in the battle, of Cold
Harbor, Va. He was commissioned colonel,
U.S. V., April 29, 1865, commanding the 18th
Pennsylvania cavalry and district of Clarksburg,
W.Va., being by direction of the President
assigned to duty, with rank of brigadier-general,
in July, and was honorably mustered out of the
volunteer service, Oct. 31, 1865. He was com
missioned major, 42d U.S. infantry, July"18, 1866,
and Dec. 15, 1870, was retired with the full rank
of colonel, the command held when wounded,
receiving the congressional medal of honor for
distinguished gallantry in action at Trevilian
Station. He served at Forts Leavenworth and
Ellsworth, Kan., 1865-66 ; and at Madison Bar
racks, N.Y., 1867-68; was deputy governor of
the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D.C, 1869-70;
assistant inspector-general of the state of New
York, 1879-82 ; and chief of the bureau of elec
tions, city of New York, 1890-1901. He was
married Sept. 1, 1868, to Elinor Frances, daugh
ter of Passed Midshipman (U.S.N.) James and
Delia (Montgomery) Foster of Boston, Mass.
He was one of the founders (1879) and secretary
of the Military Service institution, and author
of : From Everglade to Canon with the Second
Dragoons (1875) ; Afghanistan and the Anglo-
Russian Dispute (1885) ; Uncle Sam's Medal of
Honor (1886) ; Autumn Leaves from Family
Trees (1892) ; Sabre and Bayonet (1897). He
edited Tlie Army of the United States (1896) ; and
the Journal of the Military Service Institution
(1880-89 and after 1901), and made a number of
contributions to leading periodicals.
RODES, Robert Emmett, soldier, was born
in Lynchburg, Va., March 29, 1829. He was
graduated from the Virginia Military institute,
1848, remaining tliere as professor until his com
mission as captain of the Mobile cadets in 1861.
He was subsequently promoted colonel and com
manded the 5th Alabama infantry, Ewell's 2nd
brigade, Army of the Potomac, in the first battle
of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, leading the advance.
He was promoted brigadier-general, Oct. 21, 1861;
and commanded a brigade in Hill's division, at
Williamsburg, Va., May 5, 1862. At Seven Pines,
when the signal for attack was given, Rodes's
brigade was stationed on the south of the road in
dense, marshy woods, and was engaged at the
second abatis, where it met a fearful fire; a
portion of his command being disastrously re-

[520]

RODGER

RODGERS

pulsed. General Rodes was badly wounded,
although he refused to surrender his command
to Col. J. B. Gordon until after the firing had
ceased. He rendered distinguished service in
the final advance at Gaines's Mills, June 27,
1862, and heroically
resisted General
Meade's brigade at
South Mountain,
Sept. 14, 1862, where
his brigade lost one-
third of its number.
At the battle of Chan
cellorsville his brig
ade headed the col
umn in the line of
battle on Orange
Plank road, with
Colston's forming the
second line, and A. P.
Hill's the third. At
the command of Gen
eral Jackson he led the assault on the evening of
May 2, 1863, completely demoralizing Hooker's
left, commanded by Howard, and for this service
was promoted major-general on the field. At the
battle of Gettysburg, July -1-3, 1863, he com
manded a division, consisting of five brigades
numbering 8000 men. Of these, 3000 were hors
de combat after the first day's fighting, and on
the second day, with General Early, he was
ordered to assault Cemetery Hill, but the attack
was not successful. During the battles of the
Wilderness General Rodes rendered most efficient
service, especially on May 12, 1864, when his
division, with that of Johnson, occupied the
left of the salient, on which fell the main task of
holding the enemy, in check, and where before
dawn raged the fiercest battle of the war. On
Early's march to Washington in the following
July, after McCausland's gallant attack on the
eastern bank of the Monocacy, he joined Ram-
seur in the pursuit of the enemy, capturing nearly
700 prisoners. At Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864, he
held the right of the line of battle under cover of
the woods. Upon the. advance of the enemy,
Rodes's and Gordon's divisions were ordered for
ward, and being reinforced by th,e arrival of
Battle's brigade, Rodes swept through the woods
and scattered the enemy, but in the very moment
of victory he fell while heroicallyleading the at
tack. He died on the battle field of Winchester,
Va., Sept. 19, 1864.
RODGER, James George, educator, was born
in Hammond, N.Y., July 4, 1852 ; son of Robert
and Ann (Waddell) Rodger ; grandson of William
and Margaret (Hill) Rodger and of Henry and
Elizabeth (Ferrier) Waddell, and a descendant of
the ancient Scottish clan of Rodger and of the

French Huguenot family of Waddell who fled to
England on account of religious persecutions.
He was graduated from Yale college, A.B., 1876 ;
lectured on geological subjects and taught until
1878 ; studied at the Harvard Divinity school,
1878-79; at the University of Leipzig, 1879-80,
and was graduated from Union Theological
seminary, New York city, in 1884. He was or
dained to the Presbyterian ministry May 20,
1884; was pastor at New Hamburg, N.Y., 1884-
85, and at New Haven, Conn., 1885-89. He was
married Oct. 22, 1885, to M. Anna, daughter of
Peter and Sarah (Foster) Waddell of Northum
berland, England. He continued his studies in
the Universities of Edinburgh and Berlin, 1889-
93; was pastor at Ogdensburg, N.Y., 1893-94;
president of the National Correspondence school,
Buffalo, N.Y., 1894-95, and of Benzonia college,
Mich., from 1895 until September, 1897, when he
resigned to lecture on " The Evidences of Christ
ianity from a Scientific Basis " and in 1901 was
made president of the Interstate college, Hum
phreys, Mo. He received the degree of Ph.D.
from Benzonia college for work done in the uni
versity of Edinburgh, 1896, and is the author of :
Adolphus, a religious drama (1897), and The
Gospel of Science (1900).
RODGERS, Christopher Raymond Perry,
naval officer, was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov.
14, 1819 ; son of Com. George Washington and
Anna Maria (Perry) Rodgers, and a nephew of
Com. Oliver H. Perry, U.S.N. He was warranted
midshipman in the U.S. navy, Oct. 5, 1833, and
had command of the schooner Phoenix during
the Seminole war in Florida, 1840-41. He was
promoted lieutenant, Sept. 4, 1844 ; was on block
ading duty in the Gulf of Mexico in 1847-48, and
took part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the cap
ture of Tabasco and Tuspan. He commanded the
steamer Bibb and the schooner Gallatin on the
U.S. coast survey, 1856-57 ; was promoted com
mander, Oct.
15, 1861 ; com
manded the Wa
bash as fleet-cap
tain under Rear-
Admiral Samuel
F. DuPont in the
battle of Port
Royal : directed
the fleet of gun
boats on the
coast south of Port Royal, and was in command of
the naval forces in the trenches at the capture of
Fort Pulaski. In March, 1862, he commanded an
expedition to St. Augustine and up the St. Marys
river; was fleet-captain, commanding the New
Ironsides in the attacks on the forts defending
Charleston, April 7, 1863, and in the later opera-
[521]

U S.S. WABASH.

R ODGERS

RODGERS

tions of the South Atlantic blockading squadron.
He commanded the Iroquois until 1866. He
was promoted captain, July 25, 1866 ; commanded
the Franklin in the Mediterranean, 1868-70 ; was
promoted commodore, Aug. 28, 1870 ; served as
chief of the bureau of yards and docks, 1872-74 ;
was promoted rear-admiral, June 14, 1874 ; was
superintendent of the U.S. Na>val academy, 1874-
78 and 1880-81, and commanded the naval forces
on the Pacific, 1878-80. He was retired, Nov. 14,
1881, and presided over the international meridian
conference at Washington in 1885. He died in
Washington, D.C, Jan. 8, 1892.
RODGERS, Frederick, naval officer, was born
in Maryland, Oct. 3, 1842 ; son of Robert Smith and
Sarah (Perry) Rodgers ; grandson of John (q.v.)
and Minerva (Denison) Rodgers and of Matthew
Calbraith and Jane Perry. He was graduated
from the U.S. Naval academy in 1861, and ap
pointed acting master in April, 1861. He served
throughout the civil war on blockading service ;
was promoted lieutenant, July 16, 1862 ; lieuten
ant-commander, July 25, 1866 ; commander, Feb.
4, 1875 ; captain, Feb. 28, 1890 ; commodore, Dec.
6, 1898, and rear-admiral, March 3, 1899. He was
president of the board of inspection and survey,
1897-1900, and senior squadron commander, Asi
atic squadron, on board the U.S.S. New York,
1901-02, his date of retirement being Oct. 3, 1904.
He married, Feb. 2, 1882, Sarah M., daughter of
John C. and Jane (Creed) Fall of San Francisco.
RODGERS, George Washington, naval officer,
was born in Harford county, Md., Feb. 22, 1787 ;
a brother of Com. John Rodgers (q.v.). His
father was an officer in the Revolution. He was
warranted a midshipman in the U.S. navy, April
2, 1804 ; was promoted lieutenant, April 24, 1810,
and assigned to duty on the sloopIFa.sp, being pres
ent at the engagement between the Wasp and the
Frolic, Oct. 18, 1812. He was included in the vote
of thanks passed by congress, and received asilver
medal. He was married to Anna Maria, daughter
of Christopher Raymond and Sarah (Alexander)
Perry. He was given command of the brig Fire
fly in the war with Algiers in 1815 ; was commis
sioned master-commandant, April 27, 1816, and
assigned to the command of the ship Peacock in
the Mediterranean, 1816-18. He was promoted
captain, March 3, 1825 ; was a member of the
board of examiners, 1828-30, and was promoted
commodore and commanded the Brazil squadron,
1830-32. He died in Buenos Ayres, May 21 , 1832.
RODGERS, George Washington, naval officer,
was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Oct. 30, 1822; sonof
George Washington and Anna Maria (Perry) Rod
gers. He was warranted midshipman in the U.S.
navy, April 30, 1836 ; promoted passed midship
man, July 1, 1842, and served in the Mexican war,
1846-48, as acting master on the steamer Colonel

THE FRIGATE.
,CC/NSTITUTIQlN,,

Harney and the frigate John Adams. He was a
member of the U.S. coast survey* 1849-50 ; was
promoted lieutenant, June 4, 1850 ; was assigned
to duty on the Germantown, 1851-53, and was
commandant of the U.S. Military academy, 1861—
62, where in April, 1861, he prevented the capture
of theCon-
stitution by
secession ists and
transferred the naval
academy to
Newport, R.I. He
was pro- =:
motedcom- *»
mander, Jan. 16, 1862 ; commanded the moni
tor Catskill in the attacks on Charleston in
October, 1862, and on April 7, 1863, steamed
almost under the walls of Fort Sumter. He
was appointed chief of staff to Admiral Dahl-
gren, July 4, 1863, and was distinguished for his
bravery in the silencing of Fort Sumter and the
batteries on Morris Island. He was killed by a
shot that pierced the pilot-house of the Catskill
in the attack on Fort Wagner, and died on board
his ship, Charleston Harbor, S.C, Aug. 17, 1863.
RODGERS, James Webb, author, was born in
Hillsborough, N.C, July 11, 1822. He was grad
uated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1841,
A.M., 1844 ; studied theology, and was ordained to
the priesthood of the P.E. church. He was mar
ried in 1849 to Cornelia Harris of Tennessee ; was
rector of St. Paul's parish, Franklin, Tenn., and
built Christ church, Holly Springs, Miss., St.
Thomas', Somerville, Tenn., and served under
Bishop Leonidas Polk in the Confederate army.
He removed to England in 1865 ; joined the
Roman Catholic church ; resided in New York
city, 1870-74; in Indianapolis, Ind., where he
edited the Central Catholic, 1874, and in Mem:
phis, Tenn, 1874-76. He practised law in Wash
ington, D.C, 1876-96; became a patent lawyer,
and was connected with the Pan-Electric Tele
phone company. He is the author of : Lafitte , or
the Greek Slave (1870) ; Madame Surratt, a Drama
in Five Acts (1879); Arlington and Other Poems
(1883), and Parthenon (1887). He died at Par
thenon Heights, Bladensburg, Md., Jan. 2, 1896.
RODGERS, John, clergyman, was born in
Boston, Mass., Aug. 5, 1727 ; son of Thomas and
Elizabeth Rodgers, who emigrated from London
derry, Ireland, to Boston, Mass., in 1721, and from
there to Philadelphia, Pa., in 1728. John attend
ed an academy in Chester county, Pa. , studied
theology under the Rev. Samuel Blair of Fagg's
Manor, and the Rev. Gilbert Tennent, and was
licensed to preach by the presbytery of New-

[522]

RODGERS

RODGERS

castle, Oct. 14, 1747. He engaged in missionary operated with the Enterprise in a battle with

work in Somerset county, Md.,in 1748 ; was or
dained, March, 16, 1749, and was installed pastor
at St. George's, March 16, 1749, preaching there
and at Middletown, until 1865, when he succeeded
to the pastorate of the Rev. David Bostwick's
church in New York city. He built a new church
edifice in 1767, and served until September, 1776,
when he removed his family for safety to Green
field, Conn. He was chaplain to Gen. William
Heath's brigade in April, 1776, and went to
Savannah, Ga., to spend the winter of 1776-77.
He was chaplain of the New York provincial
congress, the council of safety and the first state
legislature in 1777, all three of which convened
at Esopus, N.Y. ; preached in Esopus and Amenia,
N.Y. ; in Sharon and Danbury, Conn.; and in
Lamington, N.J., during the war, and in 1783
returned to his congregation in New York city,
where he found his house in ruins, and his
churches demolished, having been used as bar
racks for soldiers. During the process of rebuild
ing he was invited to hold his services in St.
Paul's and St. George's (Protestant Episcopal)
churches. His health forced him to retire from
active work in September, 1809. He was a trustee
of the College of New Jersey, 1765-1807 ; received
the degree D.D. from the University of Edinburgh
in 1768 ; was vice-chancellor of the University of
the State of New York, 1787-1811 ; moderator of
the first General Assembly of the Presbyterian
church at Philadelphia in 1789, and president of
the Missionary society organized in 1 796. He was
married, first, in September, 1752, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Col. Peter Bayard of Cecil county,
Md., and secondly, in 1764, to Mary, widow of Wil
liam Grant of Philadelphia. He published several
sermons. He died in New York city, May 7, 1811.
RODGERS, John, naval officer, was born in
Harford county, Md., July 11, 1771 ; a brother of
Com. George Washington Rodgers (q.v.). He
entered the merchant marine service in 1784, and
was made captain of a trading ship in 1789. He
entered the U.S. navy as lieutenant, March 9,
1798 ; was assigned to the Constellation, Captain
Truxton, and was present at the capture of
L'Insurgente off Nevis, W.I., Feb. 9, 1799. He
was put in command of the prize with eleven
men, and carried her successfully into port, sup
pressing an attempt made by the captured crew to
regain the vessel. He obtained a leave of absence;
purchased a vessel and went to Santo Dom
ingo, where he helped to suppress a slave insur
rection, saving many lives. He was promoted
captain, U.S.N. , March 5, 1799; was sent on
special dispatch duty to France in 1801 ; com
manded the John Adams off the coast of Tripoli,
1802-03, and in an attempt to run the blockade,
he captured the Moorish ship Meshonda. He co-

nine Tiipolitan gun-boats, and destroyed a Tii
politan corsair, July 21, 1803. On his return to
the United States in December, 1803, he was given
command of the Congress, and joined the squad
ron under Commodore Barron, off the Tiipolitan
coast. He succeeded Barron in command of the
squadron, May 22, 1805, and on June 3, 1805, he
obtained a treaty with Tripoli, and in December,
1805, procured a more favorable treaty with
Tunis. He was married in 1806, to Minerva
Denison (1784-1877). He was in command of
the gun-boats at New York, 1806-09 ; was assign
ed to the frigate President, and commanded the
home squadron on patrol duty, to prevent the
impressment of seamen by British vessels. While
on the outlook for the British frigate Guerrttre,
in the evening of May 16, 1811, he overtook a
vessel, which he supposed to be the Guerriere,
but whioh proved to be the Little Belt, a sloop of
war. In the encounter the British loss was 9
killed and 20 wounded, and the Little Belt was
badly crippled. This action further strained the
relations between the two countries, and Rodgers
was tried by a regular court, but was acquitted.
On June 18, 1812, war was declared against Great
Britain, and on June 21, Rodgers sailed in the
President in command of a squadron to intercept
the fleet of 100 British merchantmen bound to
England from Jamaica under convoy of British
men-of-war. On June 22, the fleet was discovered
and chase given. Rodgers hailed the British
frigate Belvidere, and after exchanging a broad
side, gave chase, but after a running fight of
eight hours the Belvidere escaped. Rodgers
returned to Boston after a ten weeks' cruise, with
six prizes. He made three other cruises, captur
ing in all twenty-three prizes. In June, 1814, he
commanded the sailors and marines in the de
fence of Baltimore, and had charge of the water
battery and the naval flotilla barges. He was
offered the secretaryship of the navy by President.
Monroe in 1818, which office he declined, but
served as acting secretary of the navy in 1823.
He was president of the board of naval commis
sioners, 1815-24 and 1827-37, and commanded
the Mediterranean squadron, 1824-27. He was
the senior officer of the U.S. navy at the time of
his death at Philadelphia. Pa., Aug. 1, 1838.
RODGERS, John, naval officer, was born in
Harford county, Md., Aug. 8, 1812; son of Com.
John and Minerva (Denison) Rodgers. He was
warranted midshipman in the U.S. navy, April,
1828; served on the Constellation, 1829-32; at
tended the naval school at Norfolk, Va., 1832-34;
was promoted passed midshipman in June, 1834,
and was a student at the University of Virginia,
1835-36. He was attached to the brig Dolphin,
on the Brazilian coast, 1836-39 ; commanded the

[523]

RODGERS

RODMAN

(/Xlrctpe*/-

schooner TFawe, off the coast of Florida in 1839; was
promoted lieutenant, Jan. 22, 1840 ; was attach
ed to the schooner Jefferson, and took part in the
war with the Seminoles in Florida, 1840-43. He
was engaged in sur
veying duty, 1849-52,
and made charts and
sailing directions of
the coast of Flor
ida ; commanded the
steamer John Han
cock in the U.S. ex
ploring and • survey
ing expedition in the
North Pacific and
China seas in 1852-
55 ; commanded the
Vincennes in the
Arctic ocean in 1855 ;
was commissioned
commander, Sept. 14,
1855, and served on special exploring duty until
1861. He was ordered to superintend the con
struction of the ironclad Benton at Cairo, 111.,
and in November, 1861, joined Du Ponfs ex
pedition to Port Royal and took part in the
capture of Fort Walker. He was in command of
the James river expedition in May, 1862 ; led the
attack on Fort Darling, May 15, 1862 ; was in
command of the Galena before Drewry's Bluff,
when two-thirds of her crew were killed ; was
commissioned captain, July 16, 1862, and com
manded the monitor Weehawken in 1863. He
engaged the Confederate ironclad Atlanta in
Warsaw Sound, Ga., June 17, 1863, and after a
fight that lasted fifteen minutes the Atlanta
struck her colors. He received a vote of thanks
from congress and was promoted commodore,
June 17, 1863 ; commanded the monitor Dictator
on special service, 1864-65, and in 1866 he was in
command of the monitor Monadnock, taking her
through the Straits of Magellan to San Francisco.
While stopping at Valparaiso, he strove to pre
vent the bombardment by the Spanish, proposing
armed interference to the British admiral, which
the latter refused. He was commandant of the
Boston navy yard, 1866-69 ; was commissioned
rear-admiral, Dec. 3, 1869, and commanded the
Asiatic squadron, 1870-72, landing a force in
Korea, and capturing five forts, after forty-eight
hours' marching. He was in command of the
Mare Island navy yard, 1873-77, and was super
intendent of the U.S. naval observatory at Wash
ington, 1877-82. He was president of the transit
of Venus commission ; was a corporate member
of the National Academy of Sciences, and suc
ceeded Prof. Joseph Henry as chairman of the
lighthouse board in 1878. He died in Washing
ton, D.C, May 5, 1882.

RODMAN, Isaac Peace, soldier, was born in
South Kingstown, R. I., Aug. 18, 1822, son of
Samuel Rodman, a woolen manufacturer, from
whom Isaac, after attending the common schools,
learned the business,
subsequently beconv
ing a partner of the
firm. He was mar
ried, to Sally, daugh
ter of Gov. L. H. Ar
nold (q.v.) and Sally
(Lyman) Arnold. He
was colonel of militia;
a member of the state.
legislature for several
years, and a state
senator in 1861, when
he resigned to raise a ,' '-' :¦¦'¦
company of volun
teers for the 2d
Rhode Island regi
ment, and of which he was chosen the captain.
For his gallantry at the battle of Bull Run,
July 21, 1861, he was promoted lieutenant col
onel, Oct. 25, and assigned to the 4th Rhode
Island volunteers, in which most of the 2d Rhode
Island re-enlisted. At the capture of Roanoke
Island, Feb. 8, 1862, he was colonel of the regi
ment in General Parke's brigade, and followed
the 25th and 27th Massachusetts regiments, mak
ing a demonstration through the swamp on the
enemy's left. At the battle of Newbern, March
14, Colonel Rodman's offer to charge through
an opening left in intrenchments for the railroad
to pass through, was accepted ; and the 8th Con
necticut and 5th Rhode Island regiments having
been ordered to his support, he passed the rifle-
pits, entered the intrenchments, moving toward
the right, and captured nine brass guns, driving
the enemy from his intrenched position between
the railroad and the river. For this brilliant
action, which was the culminating point of the
battle, and for his honorable part in the siege and
capture of Fort Macon, April 11-26, 1862, he was
promoted brigadier-general, April 28, 1862. He
was an invalid at his home, South Kingstown,
until September ; commanded the 4th division in
Reno's 9th army corps, in the Maryland campaign,
and on the morning of Sept. 13, 1862, he was
ordered to support Pleasanton's cavalry recon-
noitering the passes of Catoctin mountain, but
through some misunderstanding his division was
the last to arrive upon the summit on the after
noon of the 14th, and was straightway sent to
tlie support of Sturgis and Wilcox, who were beat
ing back the enemy on the left. At the battle
of Antietam immediately following, his division
being exposed to the direct fire of the Confeder
ate guns, he crossed the ford and, joined by

[52-f:]

RODMAN

RODNEY

Scammon's brigade, resisted the struggle made
by Toombs, who held the bridge. When the
general movement began, he went forward to
ward Sharpsburg, where he found the enemy
occupying ridges on his left front, so that he was
unable ,to keep his connection with Wilcox,
although he made good progress against stubborn
resistance, his movement becoming practically
by column of brigades. He directed Colonel
Harland to lead the right' against A. P. Hill's
division, disguised in Federal uniforms and
hidden in the cornfield, while he himself at
tempted to bring the left into position. In per
forming this duty,, he fell mortally wounded by
a minie rifle-ball, Sept. 17, 1862. He was conveyed
to the hospital near Sharpsburg, Va., and his wife,
father, and the family physician reached his bed
side before his death. He died, Sept. 29, 1863.
RODMAN, Thomas Jefferson, ordnance offi
cer, was born in Salem, Ind., July 30, 1815. He
was graduated from the U. S. Military academy
in 1841 and was breveted 2d lieutenant, and as
signed to the ordnance department, July 1, 1841.
He served at the Allegheny, Pa., arsenal, 1841-48 ;
was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 3, 1847, and
supervised the manufacture of cannon at Fort
Pitt foundry, Pittsburg, Pa., in 1847. He was ord
nance officer stationed at the depots at Camargo
and Point Isabel, Mexico, 1847 ; at Allegheny ar-
' senal, 1848-54 ; was in command of the Allegheny
arsenal, 1854-55 ; of Baton Rouge arsenal, La.,
1855-56, and was promoted captain July 1, 1855,
for fourteen years continuous service. He was
stationed at Allegheny arsenal, 1857-59 ; com
manded the Watertown arsenal, Mass., 1859-65;
superintended the casting of the first 15-inch Co-
lumbiad, the 12-inch rifled Rodman gun, and the
20-inch smooth bore, and supervised the casting
of all projectiles and ordnance, after an invention
of his own, 1864-65. He was promoted major,
June 1, 1863, and brevetted lieutenant-colonel,
colonel and brigadier general, U.S.A., March 13,
1865, for faithful, meritorious and distinguished
services in the ordnance department. He was in
command of Rock Island arsenal, III., of which
he superintended the construction, 1865-71 ; was
promoted lieutenant-colonel, May 7, 1867, and
was a member of ordnance and artillery boards,
1865-67. He died in Rock Island, 111., June 7, 1871.
RODNEYj Caesar, signer, was born at St. Jones's
Neck, Kent county, Del., Oct. 7, 1728; son of
Ctesar and  (Crawford) Rodney, and grandson
[ of William and Alice (Caesar) Rodney, who emi
grated from Bristol, England, settled first in
Philadelphia, and then in Dover, Del., William
held local offices, becoming justice of Newcastle
in 1707, and speaker of the first house of assembly.
He died in 1708. Caesar Rodney, the younger,
inherited a large estate, was sheriff of Kent

county, 1755-58 ; a justice of the peace, and judge
of the lower courts in 1758. He superintended
the printing of Delaware currency in 1759, and
was appointed a commissioner to provide for the
support of a company of militia raised for the
French and Indian war. He was elected repre
sentative in the colonial assembly several times
after 1762 ; was recorder of Kent county in 1764,
and a justice of the peace, 1764-66. In 1765 he
was sent as delegate to the stamp act congress
in New York and when the act was repealed, he
was appointed by the legislature of Delaware to
frame an address of thanks to the king. He was
register of bills in 1766, and in 1787 joined Thomas
McKean and George Read in forming a second
address to the King, setting forth the tyranny of
England and threatening armed resistance to the
tea act. He was superintendent of the loan office
in 1769 ; an associate justice, 1769-73 ; clerk of
the peace in 1770, and in 1772 was appointed a
commissioner to erect a state house and other
public buildings at Dover. He was chairman of
the committee of safety of Delaware, issuing a
call for the assembling of a convention at New
castle, Aug. 1, 1774, of which he was chairman,
and was a delegate to the Continental congress,
1774-84, serving as a member of its general com
mittee, appointed to make a statement of the
rights and grievances of the colonists. He was
also a signer of the Declaration of Independence
of July 4, 1776. He was appointed colonel of mil
itia in May, 1775, and brigadier-general in Sep
tember, 1775, and went to Morristown, N.J., in
1776, where he joined General Washington, but
returned to Delaware in 1777. He was chosen
judge of the admiralty, June 5, 1777, having
refused the appointment of judge of the newly
organized supreme court of Delaware. In
August, 1777, he collected
troops to prevent the British
from joining their fleet, and
in September, 1777, was
appointed major-general of
militia. He was elected a
delegate to the Continental
congress that met at Philadel
phia, Pa., July 2, 1778, but did not take his seat,
having been elected president of the "Delaware
State " in 1778, in which capacity he served till
1782. He died in Dover, Del., June 26, 1784.
RODNEY, Caesar Augustus, soldier and states
man, was born in Dover, Del., Jan. 4, 1772 ; son
of Col. Thomas and Elizabeth (Fisher) Rodney ;
grandson of William and Alice (Cesar) Rodney,
and a nephew of Caesar Rodney (q.v.). He was
brought up by his uncle, who made provision in
his will for his education ; was graduated from
the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1789, A.M.,
1792 ; was admitted to the bar in 1793, and estab-

[5251

RODNEY

ROE

lished himself in practice in Wilmington, Del.
He was married in 1791 to Susan, daughter of
John Hunn. He was a representative in the 8th
congress, 1803-05, serving on the committee on
ways and means, and on Dec. 4, 1804, was chosen
one of the managers to conduct the impeachment
trial of Judge Chase ; also, in 1805, conducting
the impeachment trials of three of the four judges
of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. He was
appointed attorney-general of the United States
in 1807, and held this office under Presidents Jef
ferson and Madison till 1811, when he returned to
his law practice at Wilmington. On the outbreak
of the war of 1812 he commanded a rifle corps in
Wilmington, Del., which was later changed to a
company of light artillery, of which he became
captain and which he commanded on the Cana
dian frontier. He was a member of the commit
tee of safety of Delaware in 1813 ; state senator
in 1815, and was appointed one of the commis
sioners sent to South America by President Mon
roe to report on the conditions of the Spanish-
American republics and the advisability of recog
nizing them as independent governments. He
'was a representative in the 17th congress, 1821-
22, taking his seat, Dec. 3, 1821, resigning, Jan. 24,
1822, to take his seat in the U.S. senate, and re
signing from the senate, Jan. 27, 1823. He was
the first Democrat to be sent to congress. He
was appointed U.S. minister plenipotentiary to
the United Provinces of La Plata, and arrived at
Buenos Ayres, Dec. 27, 1823, where he was received
with imposing ceremonies, but declining health
prevented his active participation in affairs. In
connection with John Graham he published :
Reports on the Present State of the United Prov
inces of South America (1819) . He died in Buenos
Ayres, S.A., June 10, 1824.
RODNEY, Caleb, governor of Delaware, was
born in Lewes, Del., April 29, 1767 ; son of John
and Ruth (Hunn) Rodney, and brother of Sena
tor Daniel Rodney (q.v.). He engaged in the
mercantile business in Lewes ; was speaker in the
state senate, and on the death of Governor John
Collins in April, 1822, he was chosen acting gov
ernor of Delaware, serving until 1823, when he
was succeeded by Samuel Paynter. He died in
Lewes, Del., April 29, 1840.
RODNEY, Daniel, senator, was born in Lewes,
Sussex county, Del., Sept. 10, 1764; son of John
and Ruth (Hunn) Rodney, and great-grandson of
William Rodney, the emigrant. He was master
of a coasting vessel when a youth, and was twice
captured by the British, and after the war he
settled in business in Lewes, and was married,
March 5, 1788, to Sarah, daughter of Maj. Henry
Fisher. He was judge of the court of common
pleas of Delaware for twelve years ; presidential
elector in 1809, and was governor of the state of

Delaware, 1814-17. In 1821 he received the four
electoral votes of Delaware for vice-president of
the United States ; was a representative in the
17th congress, to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of Caesar A. Rodney (q.v.), serving
from Dec. 2, 1822, to March 3, 1823, and was ap
pointed U.S. senator to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of Nicholas Van Dyke, serving from
Dec. 4, 1826, to Jan. 23, 1827, when a successor
was elected. He died in Lewes, Del., Sept. 2, 1846.
RODNEY, Thomas, delegate, was born in Sus
sex county, Del., June 4, 1744 ; son of Caesar and
 (Crawford) Rodney, and brother of Caesar
Rodney, the signer (q.v.). Thomas was a justice
of the peace in 1770 and 1784 ; a member of the
assembly held in 1774 for the purpose of electing
delegates to the first. Continental congress; a
member of the council of safety in 1775, and a
colonel of Delaware militia during the war. He
was married to Elizabeth Fisher. He was chief
justice of the Kent county court, 1778-79 ; regis
ter of wills, 1779-81, and a delegate to the Conti
nental congress, 1781-83 and 1785-87. He was
speaker of the state assembly in 1787 ; was super
intendent of the Kent county alms-house in 1802,
and in 1803 he was appointed U.S. judge for the
territory of Mississippi. The town of Rodney,
Jefferson county, Miss., in which he was a large
land owner, was named in his honor. He died in
Rodney, Miss., Jan. 2, 1811.
ROE, Charles Francis, soldier, was born in
New York city, May 1, 1848 ; son of Stephen
Romer and Josephine (Foster) Roe ; grandson of
Bentley and Elizabeth (Romer) Roe, and of
James Gardiner and Anna E.(Colson) Foster, and
a descendant of Stephen Roe, a Revolutionary
soldier, who settled in Ulster county, N.Y., 1782,
as conveyancer and school teacher. Charles
Francis Roe entered the U.S. Military academy
in 1864, and Jan. 15, 1868, was appointed 2d lieu
tenant in the 1st cavalry. He was transferred to
the 2d cavalry in 1870, and was mustered out of
the service, Dec. 28, 1870, owing to the reduction
of the army. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant,
2d cavalry, in 1871, and in 1876 led one ofthe
columns sent to the relief of General Custer.
He was married, July 29, 1874, to Katherine Bis
sell, daughter of John Banter and Elizabeth (Bis
sell) Bogert of Brooklyn, N.Y. He served as
adjutant of his regiment for nine years ; in 1880
was promoted 1st lieutenant ; resigned his com
mission, Jan. 31, 18S8, and engaged in real estate
business in New York city. In 1889 he' became the
first captain of troop A, 1st brigade, N. G.S.N. Y.,
which troop did effective work during the strikes
in Buffalo, N.Y., in 1892, and in Brooklyn, NY.,
in 1895. He was appointed major of the squad
ron, February, 1895, and was appointed major-
general in command of the N. G.S.N. Y. by

[526]

ROE

ROE

Governor Black on Feb. 9, 1898. He was com
missioned brigadier-general of volunteers by
President McKinley, June 10, 1898, and after
service in the war with Spain, resigned his com
mission in the volunteer service on Sept. 10, 1898.
He was elected a member of many clubs.
ROE, Edward Payson, author, was born in
Moodna, New Windsor, Orange county, N.Y.,
March 7, 1838 ; son of Peter, grandson of James,
great-grandson of Nathaniel, great2-grandson of
Nathaniel Roe, and great3-grandson of John
Rowe, who settled in Setauket, L.I., in 1660.
He attended Williams college, but did not gradu
ate ; studied at the . Auburn Theological semi
nary, 1861-62, and was ordained at Somers,
N.Y., by the North River presbytery in 1862.
He joined the Federal army as chaplain of
Harris's light cavalry, in which he served, 1862-
64 ; was hospital chaplain at Fort Monroe, 1864-
65, and was pastor of the Highland Falls Presby
terian church, 1866-74. He was married, Nov.
24, 1863, to Anna Paula Sands of New York.
He visited the ruins of the great Chicago fire,
and there collected the material for his first
novel, Barriers Burned Away (1872), which
first appeared as a serial in the New York Evan
gelist. On resigning his pastorate at Highland
Falls in 1874, he retired to Cornwall-on-the-Hud-
son, and gave his attention chiefly to writing
novels, which were widely circulated. The titles
of his books include : Play and Profit in my
Garden (1873); Wliat Can She Do 9 (1873); Open
ing of a Chestnut Burr (1874) ; From Jest to
Earnest (1875); Near to Nature's Heart (1876) ;
A Knight of tlie Nineteenth Century (1877) ; A
Face Illumined (1878); A Day of Fate (1880);
Success with Small Fruits (1880) ; Without a
Home (1881); His Sombre Rivals (1883); A Young
Girl's Wooing (1884) ; Nature's Serial Story (1884);
An Original Belle (1885); Driven Back to Eden
(1885); He Fell in Love with His Wife (1886) ;
The Earth . Trembled (1887), and Miss Low, a
story of southern life after the war, which was
completed after his death from his diary. He
died in Cornwall, N.Y., July 19, 1888.
ROE, Francis Asbury, naval officer, was born
in Elmira, N.Y., Oct. 4, 1823. He attended
Elmira academy ; was appointed acting mid
shipman, Oct. 19, 1841 ; warranted midshipman,
Feb. 3, 1842 : was made warrant officer on the
Yorktown, Sept. 3, 1844 ; was attached to the
Boston of the Gulf squadron during the Mexican
war, 1846-47, and when she was wrecked in the
Bahamas ; served on the Alleghany in 1847 ; was
promoted passsed midshipman, Aug. 10, 1847 ;
graduated at the U.S. Naval academy, July 12,
1848, and was detached from the Albany, Aug. 13,
1849. He was married in the following Septem
ber to Eliza J. Snyder. He was executive and

U. S.S." PENSACOLA -IS58.

watch officer on the mail steamer Georgia, New
York and West India line, 1850-52 ; on duty in
Bering sea, and was executive officer on the brig
Porpoise in the North Pacific exploring- expedi
tion, 1852-54, serving with distinction in a suc
cessful battle with thirteen heavily armored
pirate junks in Koulan Bay, China. He was
commanding and executive officer of the flag
ship Vincennes, Arctic exploring expedition, 1855;
was promoted master, Aug. 8, 1855, and lieuten
ant, Sept. 14, 1855. He served in the coast sur
vey of Georgia, 1856 ; cruised in the Macedonian,
Mediterranean station, 1858-59, and again until
July 14, 1860, when he became assistant inspector
of ordnance at the New- York navy yard, serving
until July 14, 1861, when he was assigned as
executive offi
cer to the Pen-
sacola, the
second vessel
in the first di
vision under
Capt. Theodo
ras Bailey ;
and on Aug.
24, 1862, led
the starboard
column of the fleet past Forts Jackson and St.
Philip. For his conduct on this occasion he was
especially commended by Com. Henry Morris,
and recommended for promotion. He was pro
moted lieutenant-commander, and assigned to
the gunboat Katahdin, Aug. 5, 1862, and the
same day was present at the battle of Baton
Rouge, commanding as senior officer three of
Farragut's gunboats, the shots from which were
directed by signals from the tower of the Loui
siana state capitol. Lieutenant-Commander Roe
was ordered north on account of ill health in
February, 1863, and on Sept. 4, 1863, was assigned
to the command of the " double ender " Sassacus,
North Atlantic blockading squadron, destroying
two English blockade runners during the Wil
mington blockade, and was engaged in the
defeat of the rebel ram Albemarle and her con
sort Bombshell in the North Carolina sounds,
May 5, 1864, receiving the thanks of the secre
tary of the navy and an advancement of " five
numbers in his grade for gallant and meritorious
conduct before the enemy." He was detached
from the Sassacus, July 20, 1864, on account of
illness ; took command of the steamer Michigan
on the lakes, Nov. 11, 1864, suppressing an insur
rection of miners at Marquette and at Houghton,
and causing the privateer Georgian to be cap
tured by English authorities at Collingwood,
Canada. He was promoted commander, July
25, 1866 ; and commanded the Madawaska ; and
subsequently the Tacony, as commander of the

[527]

ROEBLING

ROEBLING

Gulf division of Rear-Admlr,al Palmer's squad
ron at Vera Cruz, at the time of the execution
of Maximilian. He took General Santa Anna
from an American steamer and sent him out
of Mexico, and as negotiator between General
Juarez's forces and the imperial governor of
Vera Cruz, received the surrender of that city
from General Gomez in 1867, preserved order,
and established a provisional government. After
Mexican affairs were settled he was ordered to
Washington, D.C, where he received the thanks
and congratulations of President Johnson and
his cabinet. He was fleet-captain of the frigate
Delaware, Asiatic fleet, Admiral Rowan, 1867-71:
was promoted captain, April 1, 1872 ; was captain
of the Boston navy-yard, 1S72-73 ; cruised in the
Lancaster, Brazil station, as chief of staff, 1873-
75, and was on duty at the naval station, New
London, 1875-76. He was a member of the
board of examiners at the U.S. Naval academy,
1879, and was promoted commodore, Nov. 7,
1879. He served as president of various boards,
1880-83, and as governor of the U.S. Naval asy
lum, Philadelphia, 1883-84 ; was promoted rear-
admiral, Nov. 3, 1844, and having reached the
age limit was placed on the retired list, Oct. 4,
1885. He is the author of : Nov: I Duties and Dis
cipline (1864), and "Modern Culture," essays
published in the Naval Magazine. He died in
Washington, D.C, Dec. 28, 1901.
ROEBLING, John Augustus, civil engineer,
was born in Mulhausen, Prussia, June 12, 1806 ;
son of Polycarp and Amelia Roebling. He was
graduated from the Royal Polytechnic school,
Berlin, C.E., 1826, and was in the government
employ, 1826-29, as assistant on the construction
of military roads in Westphalia. He emigrated
to the United States in 1829, and settled- near
Pittsburg, Pa. , where he engaged in agriculture.
He became interested in the development of the
Western frontier, giving his attention to the
canal improvements and to slack water naviga
tion and railroad enterprises, and surveyed the
lines of the Pennsylvania railroad from Harris
burg to Pittsburg. He was married in 1836 to
Johanna, daughter of Ernest and Adelheid Hert-
ing of Saxonburg, Butler county, Pa. He then
became a manufacturer of iron and steel wire,
and had charge of the construction of the wood
en aqueduct across the Allegheny river at Pitts
burg, 1844-45 ; constructed the suspension bridge
over the Monongahela river at Pittsburg in 1846,
and four suspension bridges over the Delaware
and Hudson canal in 1848. He removed his wire
manufactory to Trenton, N.J., and in 1851 secured
the appointment as engineer to . build a bridge
across the Niagara river to connect the New York
Central railroad with the Canadian railway sys
tem. This suspension bridge, the first capable of

bearing the weight of railroad trains, was finish
ed in 1855. The span was 825 feet, and it was
supported by four 10-inch wire cables. In 1855
he built a wire cable bridge over the Allegheny
river at Pittsburg, and in 1856 contracted for
the bridge between Cincinnati and Covington,
finishing the work in 1867. On May 23, 1867, he
was appointed chief engineer ofthe construction
of the East River bridge between Brooklyn and

BROOKLYN BRIPfit.
New York ; prepared the plans for the structure,
and began the work of construction in 1869.
While engaged in fixing the location of the
Brooklyn tower, a ferry boat entering the slip
• dislodged the timbers on which he stood, causing
them to catch and crush his foot. The injury
resulted in lockjaw and caused his death. He is
the author of : Long and Short Span Railway
Bridges (1869). He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., July
22, 1869.
ROEBLING, Washington Augustus, civil en
gineer, was born inSaxenburg, Pa., May 26, 1837 ;
son of John Augustus and Johanna (Herting)
Roebling. He was graduated from the Rens
selaer Polytechnic institute, Troy, N.Y., C.E.,
1857, and engaged in professional work under
his father (q.v.). In 1861 he joined the Federal
army as a private in the 6th N.Y. artillery. In
1862 he was transferred to Gen. Irvin McDowell's
staff as an engineer, and was engaged in the con
struction of a suspension bridge across the Rap
pahannock river ; was transferred to Gen. John
Pope's staff, and built the suspension bridge
across the Shenandoah river at Harper's Ferry.
He served on balloon duty and on engineering
duty, 1863-64 ; was promoted major on the staff
of General Warren commanding the 5th corps,
April 20, 1884, and was brevetted colonel, March
13, 1865. He was married, Jan. 18, 1865, to
Emily, daughter of Sylvanus and Phoebe Warren
of Cold Spring, N.Y., and she died in Trenton,
N.J., March 1, 1903. He resigned his commis
sion in January, 1865, and assisted his father in
the construction of the Cincinnati and Covington
bridge across the Ohio river. In 1868 he studied
pneumatic foundations abroad, and in 1869, upon
the death of his father, lie was called to the sup
erintendence of the Brooklyn Bridge construction,
and to that end settled in Brooklyn, N.Y., and

[528]

ROGERS

ROGERS

personally supervised the sinking of the caissons.
During the fire in the Brooklyn caissons in Dec
ember, 1871, he was stricken with caisson fever,
but continued to carry on his work from the sick
room, in which he was greatly assisted by his
wife. In 1873 he was obliged to go abroad for liis
health, but on his return after several months re
sumed his position as chief engineer and carried
the work to its completion in 1883. The struc
ture when completed cost about $13,000,000 in
stead of the original estimate of $7,000,000 made
by his father, the increase being due to improve
ments in the construction and cost of real estate.
The total length of the bridge and approaches is
5,989 feet, and the middle span is 1,595 feet. Mr.
Roebling was vice-president of the John A. Roeb-
ling and Sons company, manufacturers of iron
and steel wire and wire rope, at Trenton, N.J.
He is the author of Military Suspension Bridge
(1863). ROGERS, Fairman, civil engineer, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 15, 1833 ; son of Evans
and Clara Augusta (Fairman) Rogers. He was
graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,
A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856 ; was lecturer on mechanics
¦at Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 1853-64 ; pro
fessor of civil engineering at the University of
Pennsylvania, 1856-71, and a trustee of the Uni
versity, 1871-86. He was a member of the 1st
troop of Philadelphia cavalry in 1861, and served
as a volunteer officer of U.S. engineers, during
the Antietam and Gettysburg campaigns. In
1863 he made a survey ofthe Potomac river north
ward from Blakiston Island, for the U.S. coast and
geodetic survey. He was a member and treasurer
of the National Academy of Sciences ; a member
of the American Philosophical society ; the
American Society of Civil Engineers, and of the
Pennsylvania Historical society. He was mar
ried in 1856 to Rebecca H., daughter of John F.
-Gilpin of Philadelphia. Among his important
scientific papers are : Combinations of Mechanism
representing Mental Processes (1874) ; Notes on
Grant's Difference Engine (1874) ; Terrestrial
Magnetism and the Magnetism of Iron Ships
(1883), and A Manual of Coaching (1899). He
died in Vienna, Austria, Aug. 24, 1900.
ROGERS, Henry Darwin, geologist, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 1, 1808 ; son of Patrick
Kerr and Hannah (Blythe) Rogers. He received
his education in Baltimore, Md., and Williams
burg, Va. ; was professor of chemistry and nat
ural philosophy at Dickinson college, Pa., 1830-
31, and studied science in London, England, in
1831. He lectured on geology at the Franklin
Institute, 1833-34, and was professor of geology
and mineralogy at the University of Pennsyl
vania, 1835-46. He made a geological and miner-
alogical survey of New Jersey, 1835-36 ; was in

charge of the geological survey of the state of
Pennsylvania, 1836-41 ; was employed as an ex
pert by several Ooal companies, 1841-51, and con
tinued his work on the survey of Pennsylvania,
1851-54. He removed to Edinburgh, Scotland,
and engaged in the
preparation of a final
report of the survey,
and in 1858 was ap
pointed professor of
natural history at the
Universit}^ of Glas
gow, where he re
mained until his
death. The honorary
degree of A.M. was
conferred on him by
the University of
Pennsylvania in 1834,
and that of LL.D. by
the University of
Dublin in 1857. He
was a member of the American Philosophical
society, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, the Geological society of London, a fel
low of the Royal society of Edinburgh, and presi
dent of the Philosophical society of Glasgow. He
edited The Messenger of Useful Knowledge (1830-
31); was one of the managers of the Edinburgh
New Philosophical Journal, and is the author of :
Description of the Geology of the Stale of New
Jersey (1840); Tlie Geology of Pennsylvania, a
Government Survey (2 vols., 1858); A Guide to a
Course of Lectures on Geology ; A Geological Map
of the United States and a Chart of the Arctic
Regions in the Physical Atlas, and A Geograph
ical Map of the United States, with William and
Alexander N. Johnson (1857). He died near
Glasgow, Scotland, May 29, 1866.
ROGERS, Henry Wade, jurist, was born in
Holland Patent, N.Y., Oct. 10, 1853. He was
graduated from the University of Michigan, A. B.,
1874, A.M., 1877. He was married in 1876 to
Emma, daughter of John Ogden and Sarah Jane
Winner of Pennington, N.J. He was admitted to
the bar in 1877 ; was Tappan professor of law at
the University of Michigan. 1882-85 ; professor of
law and professor of Roman law, 1885-90, and
dean of the law school, 1885-90. He was presi
dent of Northwestern university, 1890-1901, re
signing to become professor of law at Yale
university in September, 1901. He was chairman
of the section of legal education of the American
Bar association, 1893-94 ; chairman of the World's
Congress on Jurisprudence and Law Reform at
the World's Columbian exposition, Chicago, in
1893, and general chairman of the Saratoga Con
ference on the Foreign Policy of the United
States in 1898. The honorary degree of LL.D.

[529]

ROGERS

ROGERS

was conferred on him by Wesleyan university,
Conn., in 1890. He is the author of : Expert Tes
timony (1883) , and many articles in law and other
publications. ROGERS, Horatio, jurist, was born in Provi
dence, R.I., May 18, 1836; son of Horatio and
Susan (Curtis) Rogers ; grandson of David Curtis
of Worcester, Mass, and a descendant of James
Rogers, freeman, Newport, R.I., 1640. He was
graduated from Brown university in 1855 ; was
admitted to the bar in 1858, and practised in
Providence, R.I., 1858-73 and 1885-91. He was
justice of the police court in 1861, and served in
the civil war, rising from 1st lieutenant to major
of the 3d Rhode Island heavy artillery regiment,
serving as colonel of the llth and subsequently of
the 2d R.I. volunteers, and being brevetted brig
adier-general of U.S. volunteers, March 13, 1865.
He was attorney-general of Rhode Island, 1864-
67 and 1888-89 ; a member and president of the -
Providence common council ; a representative in
the state legislature, 1868-69 and 1874-76 ; was
elected associate justice of the supreme court of
Rhode Island, May 27, 1891, and was attached to
the appellate division in 1899. He resigned from
the bench, Feb. 17, 1903. He engaged in the
manufacture of cotton at Providence, 1873-85.
He was twice married ; first, on Jan. 28, 1861, to
Lucia, daughter of Resolved Waterman of Provi
dence ; and secondly, Oct. 6, 1869, to Emily Pris
cilla, daughter of Gov. James T. Smith of Provi
dence. He was president of the Rhode Island
Historical society, 1889-95 ; a member of the
American Antiquarian society, and of other
learned associations, and received the honorary
degree of LL.D. from Trinity college, Hartford,
Conn., in 1896. He edited, with copious notes,
the journal of Lieut, (afterward Major-General)
James H. Hadden of Burgoyne's army, as Hod
den's Journals and Orderly Books (1884), and is
the author of : Private Libraries of Providence
(1878); Mary Dyer of Rhode Island (1896) , and
many contributions to periodicals.
ROGERS, James BIythe, chemist, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 22, 1803 ; eldest son of Dr.
Patrick Kerr and Hannah (BIythe) Rogers, and
grandson of Robert and Sarah (Kerr) Rogers of
county Tyrone, Ireland. His father emigrated
from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1798 ; was
graduated, M.D., from the University of Penn
sylvania in 1802 ; practised in Philadelphia
and Baltimore, and was professor of natural
philosophy and mathematics at William aiid
Mary college, 1819-28. James B. Rogers at
tended William and Mary college ; studied medi
cine under Dr. Thomas E. Bond, and was gradu
ated from the University of Maryland, M.D., 1822.
He taught school in Baltimore ; practised medi
cine in Little Britain, Pa., for a short time, but

soon returned to Baltimore, and engaged in
business as superintendent of a chemical manu
factory. He was married in September, 1830, to
Rachel Smith of Baltimore. He was professor of
pure and applied chemistry at Washington Medi
cal college, Balti
more ; at the medical
department of Cin
cinnati college, 1835-
39, and in 1840 re
moved to Philadel
phia, Pa., where he
was assistant state
geologist under his
brother Henry, 1840- r ^ ^ ^
44; lecturer on chem- M»!iM$!i$!mi~ IwWMMm
istry at the Philadel
phia Medical institute
in 1841 ; professor of
general chemistry at
the Franklin Insti
tute, 1844-47, and pro
fessor of chemistry at the University of Pennsyl
vania, 1847-53. He lectured on pure and applied
chemistry at the Mechanics institute ; vvas a rep
resentative at the National Medical convention in
1847 ; a delegate to the National convention for
the revision of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia in 1850,
and with his brother Robert prepared the seventh
edition of Edward Turner's "Elements of
Chemistry " and William Gregory's " Outlines of
Organic Chemistry,'' published in one volume
(1840). He died' in Philadelphia, June 15, 1852.
ROGERS, John, educator, was born in Assing-
ton, England, in January, 1631 ; son of the Rev.
Nathaniel (1598-1656) and Margaret (Crane)
Rogers ; grandson of the Rev. John Rogers of
Dedham, England, and of Robert Crane, and a
descendant of John Rogers, the martyr. His
father brought his family to New England,
through the influence of Thomas Hooker, in 1636,
and preached at Ipswich, with the Rev. John
Norton as colleague, 1638-56. John Rogers was
graduated at Harvard college, A.B., 1649, A.M.,
1652 ; studied both medicine and divinity, and
preached at Ipswich, Mass., 1656-82. He also
engaged in medical practice there, and was mar
ried to Elizabeth, daughter of General Denison.
He entered into office as president of Harvard
college, April 10, 1682, succeeding Urian Oakes,
who died, July 25, 1681, but he was not inaugu
rated until Aug. 12, 1683, and served the col
lege until his death, Increase Mather becoming
his successor, June 11, 1685. The records of the
province of Massachusetts state that in December,
1705, the general court voted to have destroyed
two pamphlets sent them by John Rogers and
his son John. These are supposed to have related
to the opposition which the house was making to

[530]

ROGERS

ROGERS

mt/-

her Majesty's instructions to the governor in re
gard to his salary and other topics. John Rogers
died in Cambridge, Mass., July 2, 1684.
ROGERS, John, sculptor, was born in Salem,
Mass., Oct. 3Q, 1829 ; son of John and Sarah Ellen
(Derby) Rogers ; grandson of Daniel Denison
and Elizabeth (Bromfield) Rogers, and of John
and Eleanor (Coffin) Derby, and a descendant of
Nathaniel Rogers,
born at Haverhill,
England, about 1598,
who came to Boston
in 1633, and was pas
tor of a church in
Ipswich, Mass. ; also
of Mary Chilton of
the Mayflower. He
attended the public
schools of Boston ;
was employed in a
dry goods store, and
later in a machine
shop at Manchester,
N.H. He gave his
attention to model
ing in clay and executed several small groups.
In 1858 he visited Europe, and in 1859 he removed
to New York, where he established himself as a
sculptor. He was married, April 26, 1865, to
Harriet Moore, daughter of Charles Stephen and
Catherine (Jewett) Francis of New York. His
statuette groups, which made him famous, where
reproduced in a composition plaster of his own
invention and had a" large sale. During the civil
war he executed a series of statuettes illustrating
incidents of the conflict. These included : The
Slave Auction (1860) ; Picket Guard (1861 ) ; Union
Refugees (1863); Wounded Scout (1864); One
More Shot (1864); Taking the Oath and Drawing
Rations (1865); and The Council of War (1868).
Among his other groups are : Tlie Checker Play
ers (1859); The Charity Patient (1867); Coming
to the Parson (1870); a series of three groups
illustrating Irving's " Rip Van Winkle " (1870);
Going for the Cows (1873); Checkers up at the
Farm (1877); Ha! I like not that, from Othello
(1880); Is it so nominated in the bond 9 from the
Merchant of Venice (1880); Fetching the Doctor
(1881); Why Don't you Speak for Yourself \ Johnt
from Miles Standish (1885). He also executed
the equestrian statue of Gen. John F. Reynolds,
which stands before the city hall, Philadelphia;
a statue of Abraham Lincoln ; two large bronze
groups entitled : Ichabod Crane and the Headless
Horseman (1887), and The Landing ofthe Norse
men (1893), and many other small ones.
ROGERS, John Almanza Rowley, educator,
was born in Cornwall, Conn. , Nov. 12, 1828 ; son
of John C and Elizabeth (Hamlin), Rogers ;

£pL~gl£«

grandson of Deacon Noah and Lydia (Cornwell)
Rogers and of Benjamin and Deborah (Rowley)
Hamlin, and a direct lineal descendant of John
Rogers, burned at the stake in Smithfield, Lon
don, 1555. He prepared for college at Williams
academy in Stock-
bridge, Mass. ; was
graduated from Ober
lin college, A.B., 1851,
A.M., 1855; taught in
New York city, 1851-
53, and was graduated
from the Oberlin .
Theological seminary
in 1855, entering the
Congregational min
istry, and preached
in Roseville, 111.,
1855-58. He was mar
ried, Jan. 24, 1856, to
Elizabeth, daughter
of Norris and Eliza
Embree of Philadelphia, Pa. In 1868, under the
commission of the American Missionary society,
he went to Berea, Ky., where in a rude building
he opened a school with fifteen pupils, the num
ber increasing to ninety-six by the close of the
first term. His wife assisted him in his labors.
In September, 1858, he was made chairman of a
committee to draw up a constitution for the pro
posed Berea college. The school met with great
favor in the community and grew rapidly. The
question arising in a school debate as to whether
colored persons should be admitted to the school,
Mr. Rogers expressed his opinion in the affirma
tive, and in consequence most of the sons of
slave-holding parents withdrew from the school.
At the time Of John Brown's raid in 1859 it was
decided at a mass meeting of the citizens to " se
cure the removal from the state within ten days
of Rev. John G. Fee, Rev. J. A. R. Rogers and
such others as the committee think necessary for
public quiet and safety." Thereupon they left
the town and remained away until the close of
the war. In 1865 Professor Rogers returned and
the school was re-opened and colored students
were admitted, this being the first white institu
tion to take such action. Professor Rogers re
mained its principal until July, 1868, when E. H.
Fairchild (q.v.) was called to the presidency.
Professor Rogers remained at Berea college as
professor of Greek, 1868-78, and was a trustee
of the institution from its origin. On leaving
Kentucky, he went to Decatur, Ohio, where he
founded the Ohio Valley academy, and while re
siding there he was made examiner for Marietta
•college and Lane Theological seminary. In 1878
he removed to Shawano, Wis., where he was
pastor of the Presbyterian church till 1884, mean-

[531]

ROGERS

ROGERS

while serving as examiner for the University of
Wisconsin and Lake Forest university. He then
took service in the Catholic Apostolic church and
acted as evangelist for six years, making his
home in Philadelphia, and in 1890 became pastor
of the same church in Hartford, Conn., resigning
in 1893 because of failing health. He received
the degree D.D. from Berea in 1901. He is the
author of : Birth of Berea College : A Story of
Providence, with an introduction by Hamilton
Wright Mabie (1903).
ROGERS, John Henry, representative, was
born in Bertie county, N.C, Oct. 9, 1845 ; son of
Absalom and Harriet (Rice) Harrell Rogers, and
grandson of William and Peggy (Parker) Rogers
and of James and Celia (Yates) Rice. His grand
parents antedate the Revolution of 1776, and were
all North Carolinians. He served in the Con
federate army as a private, and later as 1st lieuten
ant in the 9th Mississippi infantry, 1863-65 ; was
graduated from the University of Mississippi in
1868 ; taught school, studied law and was ad
mitted to the bar of Mississippi. He removed to
Fort Smith, Ark., in 1869 ; was married, Oct. 9,
1873, to Mary Gray, daughter of Dr. Theodore
and Elizabeth (Sidney) Dunlop of Danville, Ky.;
was circuit judge of the state, 1877-83, and a
Democratic representative in the 48th-51st con
gresses, 1883-1891. He was chairman of the
Arkansas delegation to the Democratic national
convention in 1893, and was appointed U.S. judge
for the western district of Arkansas in 1S96. The
honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him
by Centre college, Danville, Ky., in 1895.
ROGERS, John Rankin, governor of Washing
ton, was born in Brunswick, Maine, Sept. 4,
1838 ; son of John and Margaret (Green) Rogers ;
grandson of John Rogers ; great-grandson of
Capt. John Rogers, a privateersman of 1812, and
a descendant of William and Dinah (Rankin)
Rogers, who emigrated from Londonderry, Ire
land, just prior to the Revolutionary war. He
was a clerk in a drug store in Boston, Mass.,
1852-56 ; engaged in "the drug business in Jack
son, Miss., 1856 ; taught school in Cumberland
county, 111., 1858-60 ; and was married in 1861
to Sarah L., daughter of Cyrus Greene of Neoga,
111. He was principally engaged in farming
from 1861-70. He was again in the drug busi
ness in Brunswick, Maine, 1870-75, removed to
Neoga, 111., and engaged in the same business for
one year. In 1876 he removed to Kansas and en
gaged in farming, and in 1878 became active in
organizing Farmers' Alliances. He edited the
Kansas Commoner at Newton, 1887-90, and in
1890 removed to Puyallup, Wash., where he was
elected a member of the state legislature 1893,
and held other offices. He was elected governor
of Washington in 1895, and was re-elected in

1899 for the term to expire in 1904. He is the
author of : The Irrepressible Conflict (1894) ; Look
ing Forward (1896); The Inalienable Rights of
Man (1898). He died at Puyallup, Wash., Dec.
26, 1901.
ROGERS, Moses, navigator, was born in New
London, Conn., in September, 1780. He assisted
Robert Fulton in his experiments with the steam
boat, and in 1808 THE CLERMONT,
commanded the
Clermont. He
was associated
with Robert L.
Stevens in the .
command of the ^f*"!™^
Phoenix, the first ocean-going steamer that made
the trip from New York to Philadelphiain June,
1809. He later commanded the steamer Savan
nah on her trial-trip from Charleston to Sa
vannah, for which vessel he had built a 90-horse
power low-pressure engine, which he placed in
the hull under the direction of William . Scar
borough (q.v.). He had as a passenger in this
trial-trip President Monroe. In the Savannah
Captain Rogers, with his brother Stephen as
engineer, made the first trip across the ocean in
a steam vessel, leaving Savannah, March 28. 1819,
and arriving at Liverpool, June 18, 1819, and sub
sequently visiting Copenhagen, St. Petersburg
and Norway. In the passage across the Atlantic,
her engines were used 14 of the 22 days consumed
in the passage, sails being used 8 days to save
fuel. He died in Cheraw, S.C, Sept. 15, 1822.
ROGERS, Randolph, sculptor, was born in
Waterloo, N.Y., July 6, 1825. He received a
common-school education and engaged in busi
ness in Ann Arbor, Mich., and in New York city
until 1848, when he went to Rome, Italy, to study
modelling with Lorenzo Bartolini. He opened a
studio in New York city in 1850, and in 1855 re
turned to Italy. Among his works are : Ruth
(1851); Nydia (1856) ; Boy Skating ; Isaac, a full-
length figure ; Isaac, an ideal bust (1865); mem
orial monuments for Cincinnati (1863-64), Provi
dence (1871), Detroit (1872), and Worcester,
Mass., (1874); Lost Pleiad (1875); Genius of
Connecticut, on the capitol at Hartford (1877),
and an equestrian group of Indians in bronze
(1881). He executed the statue of John Adams,
in Mt. Auburn cemetry (1857); the bas-reliefs on
the doors of the capitol at Washington, represent
ing scenes in the life of Columbus, which were
cast in bronze at Munich, in 1858 ; completed the
Washington monument at Richmond, by adding
the figures of Marshall, Mason, and Nelson ; the
Angel of the Resurrection ; and portrait statues of
Abraham Lincoln for Philadelphia, Pa. (1871),
and William H. Seward for New York city
(1876). He died in Rome, Italy, Jan. 15, 1892.

[532]

ROGERS

ROGERS

ROGERS, Robert Emple, chemist, was born
in Baltimore, Md., March 29, 1813 ; son of Pat
rick Kerr and Hannah (BIythe) Rogers, and
brother of William Barton Rogers (q.v.). His
early education was superintended by his father.
In 1826 he entered his brothers' school at Windsor,
Md.,. and in 1828 he matriculated at Dickinson
college, continuing his studies at William and
Mary college, 1828-31. In the summer of 1881 he
was employed in railway surveying in New Eng
land ; spent the following winter in New York
city, where he delivered four lectures on chemis
try ; resumed surveying near Boston, Mass., in
May, 1833, and in the fall entered the medical
department of the University of Pennsylvania,
from which he was graduated in 1836. Mean
while he constructed a galvanometer for his
brother James and assisted his brother Henry in
preparing models to illustrate the latter's lectures
on crystallography. He served as chemist to
the geological survey of Pennsylvania, 1836-42 ;
was acting instructor in chemistry in the Uni
versity of Virginia, 1841-42, and professor of gen
eral and applied chemistry and materia medica,
1842-52. He was married, March 13, 1843, to
Fanny Montgomery, daughter of Joseph S. Lewis
of Philadelphia, Pa. Upon the death of his
brother James in 1852 he became professor of
chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania and
dean of the medical faculty in 1856, and also
served as acting surgeon at the West Philadel
phia Military hospital, 1862-63. In January of
the latter year, as the result of a painful injury
received while demonstrating the operation of an
ironing machine in the hospital laundry, he was
obliged to suffer the amputation of his right
hand. Dr. Rogers's wife died, Feb. 21, 1863, and
he was married secondly, April 30, 1866, to Delia
Saunders of Providence, R.I. With Dr. H. R.
Linderman, he was appointed, May 10, 1872, by
Secretary of the Treasuiy Boutwell a committee
to examine the melter's and refiner's department
of the U.S. mint at Philadelphia, Pa., visiting
in this connection the San Francisco mint, 1873,
and the assay-office in New York city, 1874, and
lie executed several other government appoint
ments of a similar nature, including the annual
assay commissions, 1874-79. He was a chemist
to the gas-trust of Philadelphia, 1872-84, and in
1877 severed his connection with the University
of Pennsylvania to become professor of medical
chemistry and toxicology in the Jefferson Medical
college of Philadelphia, retaining the position
until a few months before his death, when he
was made professor emeritus. He was a fellow
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ; an
incorporator and member of the National Acad
emy of Sciences ; president of the Franklin insti
tute of Philadelphia, 1875-79, and a member of

various other scientific organizations, to whose
Proceedings he contributed. He also edited,
with James B. Rogers, " Elements of Chemistry "
(1846), and Charles G. Lehman's " Physiological
Chemistry" (2 vols., 1855). Lee: "Eulogy on
the Life and Character of Dr. Rogers" by J. W.
Holland, M.D. (1885). He died in Philadelphia.,
Pa., Sept. 6, 1884.
ROGERS, Robert William, orientalist, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 14, 1864; son of Dr.
Samuel and Mary (Osborne) Rogers ; grandson
of John and Esther (Rapp) Rogers and of Wil
liam and Ann (Kerr) Osborne. He attended the
Central High school in Philadelphia and the
University of Pennsylvania, 1882-84, and was
graduated from Johns Hopkins in 1887. He was
a graduate student at Johns Hopkins university,
the University of Pennsylvania, Haverford col
lege, and the Universities of Berlin and Leipzig ;
and was instructor in Greek and Hebrew at
Haverford, 1887-88. He was married, June 3,
1891, to Ida Virginia, daughter of Henry Zook
and Elizabeth ( Ascough) Ziegler of Philadelphia,
Pa. He was professor of English Bible and Sem
itic history at Dickinson college, Pa., 1890-92,
and was elected professor of Hebrew and Old
Testament exegesis at Drew Theological semin
ary, Madison, N.J., in 1893, and non-resident
lecturer at the Woman's college, Baltimore, Md. ,
in 1896. He was a member of the Society of
Biblical Archaeology, London ; the American
Oriental society ; the Society of Biblical Liter
ature and Exegesis ; the Oriental club of Phila
delphia ; the American Philosophical society ; a
member of the Eighth International Congress of
Orientalists in Stockholm and Christiana in 1889,
and a member and honorary secretary of the
Assyrian and Babylonian section of the Ninth
International congress in London in 1892 ; official
foreign delegate to the Tenth International con
gress at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1894, to the
Eleventh International congress at Paris in 1897,
and to the Thirteenth at Hamburg in 1902. The
degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. were conferred on him
by Haverford college in 1890 ; that of D.D. by
Wesleyan university in 1894, that of Ph.D. by
the University of Leipzig in 1895, and that of
LL.D. by Nebraska Wesleyan and Baker uni
versities in 1899. He is the author of : Two
Texts of Esarhaddon (1889); Catalogue of Man
uscripts, chiefly Oriental, in the library of
Haverford college (1890); Unpublished Inscrip
tions of Esarhaddon (1891); A Translation of
the Inscriptions of Sennacherib (1892); Outlines
ofthe History of Early Babylonia (1895), and A
History of Babylonia and Assyria (2 vols., 1900).
ROGERS, Thomas J., representative, was born
in Waterford, Ireland, in 1781. He was brought
to Easton, Pa., by his parents when three years

[533]

ROGERS

ROGERS

old, and later learned the printer's trade, and
edited a political newspaper. He was a Demo
cratic representative from Pennsylvania in the
15th congress in place of John Ross, resigned, and
served also in the 16th, 17th and 18th congresses,
1818-24. He resigned his seat in the 18th congress,
April 26, 1824, having been appointed recorder
of deeds for Northampton county, Pa., and was
succeeded in congress by George Wolf of Easton.
He was a trustee of Lafayette college, 1826-32 ;
was commissioned brigadier-general in the state
militia, and in 1831 was appointed U.S. naval
officer in Philadelphia. He is the author of : A
New American Biographical Dictionary : or Re
membrance of the Departed Heroes, Sages and
Statesmen of America (1823; 2d ed., 1839). He
died in Philadelphia, Pa. , Nov. 30, 1832.
ROGERS, William, educator, was born in
Newport, R.I., July 22, 1751 ; second son of Capt.
William and Sarah Rogers. He was the first stu
dent at Rhode Island college (Brown university)
where he was graduated, A.B., 1769, A.M., 1772.
He was principal of an academy at Newport, R.I.,
in 1770 ; was ordained to the Baptist ministry in
May, 1772, and was pastor of the First Baptist
church, Philadelphia, Pa., 1772-75 ; battalion
chaplain in the Continental army, 1776-78 ; brig
ade chaplain, 1778-81, and retired from the army
in 1781. He engaged in preaching, 1781-89, and
was professor of oratory and English literature
at the University of Pennsylvania, 1789-1811.
He was twice married ; first to a daughter of
William Gardner of Philadelphia, who died of
yellow fever, Oct. 10, 1793 ; and secondly, Jan. 15,
1795, to Sunannah, daughter of Joseph Marsh of
Philadelphia. He was vice-president of the Pen n-
sylvania Society for the Gradual Abolition of
Slavery in 1790, and a member of the Maryland
society in 1794 ; vice-president of the Philadel
phia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public
Prisons in 1797 ; chaplain of the Philadelphia
militia legion in 1805 ; senior chaplain ofthe New
England society of Philadelphia in 1816 ; a rep
resentative in the state legislature, 1816-17, and
vice-president of the Religious Historical society
of Philadelphia in 1819. The honorary degree of
A.M. was conferred on him by the University of
Pennsylvania in 1773 ; by Yale college in 1780
and by the College of New Jersey in 1786, and
that of D.D. by the University of Pennsylvania
in 1790. He was correspondent and editor of the
Evangelical Magazine of London in 1802 and is
the author of : A Circular Letter on Justification
(1785); An Introductory Prayer (1789); A Sermon
on the PJeath of the Rev. Oliver Hart (1796) ; Intro
ductory Prayer Occasioned by the Death of Gen
eral Washington (1800, and a circular letter on
Christian Missions. He died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
April 7, 1824.

ROGERS, William Augustus, astronomer,
was born in Waterford, Conn., Nov. 13, 1832; son
of David Potter and Mary Ann (Potter) Rogers ;
grandson of David and Mary (Potter) Rogers and
of George and Mary (Stillman) Potter,, and a de
scendant of James Rogers. He was graduated
from Brown university in 1857 ; was married,
July 15, 1857, to Rebecca Jane Titsworth ; was a
teaclier at Alfred academy, 1857-58 ; professor
of mathematics and astronomy there, 1858-70 ;
studied theoretical and applied mechanics at the
Sheffield Scientific school of Yale, 1866-67, and
astronomy at Harvard university, where he served
as assistant for six months. During the civil war
he served in the U.S. navy, 1864-65. He built
and equipped the observatory at Alfred and was
assistant at the Harvard observatory, 1870-77, and
assistant professor of astronomy at Harvard,
1877-86. In 1886 he was chosen professor of as
tronomy and physics at Colby university. Water
ville, Me. He made a. special study of the con
struction of comparators for the determination
of differences in length, which resulted in the
construction of the Rogers-Bond universal com
parator. In 1880 he went abroad to obtain au
thorized copies of the English and French stand
ards of lengths which were used as the bases of
comparison for the bars that he had constructed,
and that were adopted as standards of length by
all the important colleges, observatories and gov
ernment institutions. The honorary degree of
A.M. was conferred on him by Yale in 1880 ; that ,
that of Ph.D. by Alfred university in 1886 and '
that of LL.D. by Brown university in 1891. He
was elected a fellow of the Royal society of Lon
don in 1880 and later became an honorary fellow ;
a member of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science and its vice-president,
1882-83, presiding over the section in mathematics
and astronomy and in 1886 he was chosen presi
dent of the American Society of Microscopists.
He is the author of : Annals of Harvard College
Observatory (5 vols.), and Obscure Heat as an
Agent in Producing Expansion in Metals under
Air Contact (1894). He died in Waterville, Me.,
March 1, 1898.
ROGERS, William Barton, educator, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 7, 1804 ; son of Patrick
Kerr and Hannah (BIythe) Rogers ; grandson of
Robert and Sarah (Kerr) Rogers and of James
and Bessie (Bell) BIythe ; great-grandson of
Robert Rogers of Edergole, Ireland, andof James
Bell, a mathematical instrument-maker of Lon
donderry, England. Patrick Kerr Rogers (1776-
1828) having published articles in the Dublin
newspapers during the Irish Rebellion, hostile
to the government, sailed for America to escape
arrest, and arrived in Philadelphia, Pa., in Au
gust, 1798. He was graduated from the med-

[534]

ROGERS

ROGERS

ical school of the University of Pennsylvania,
1802 ; practised in Philadelphia and Baltimore,
and was professor of natural philosophy and
chemistry in William and Mary college, Virginia,
1819-28. William Barton Rogers removed with
his parents to Balti
more, Md., in 1812,
where he attended
the common schools
and was temporarily
employed in a mer
cantile house ; was
graduated from Wil
liam and Mary, 1822,
delivering an oration
at the third " Vir-
giniad," Jamestown,
Va., in May, 1822;
continued at the col
lege as acting profes
sor of mathematics
and as a post-graduate
student of the classics until October, 1825, and in
the fall of 1826 opened a school at Windsor, Md.,
with his brother James. He delivered two courses
of lectures before the Maryland institute at Balti
more, 1827, and in October, 1828, succeeded to his
father's professorship at William and Mary, hold
ing the position until 1835, when he was elected
to the chair of natural philosophy in the Univer
sity of Virginia, and also chairman of the faculty
in 1844. In the latter capacity, he prepared a
memorial to the legislature of Virginia in the
defence of the university and its ann ual appro
priation, and also the " Report "of the committee
of the house of delegates on schools and colleges
(Document No. 41 , Session of 1844-45) , a report
of the greatest interest and importance in the
history of American education. His admin
istration included the arduous period of " riot
ing" among the students, which was eventually
suppressed by the intervention of civil authority.
He served as state geologist, 1835-43. He was
married, June 20, 1849, to Emma, daughter of
James Savage (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Stillman)
Lincoln Savage of Boston, Mass. ; visited England
and Scotland, June-October, 1849 ; delivered a.
course of lectures on " phases ofthe atmosphere,"
before the Smithsonian Institution, 1852 ; re
signed from the University of Virginia in 1853,
and removed to his wife's former home at
"Sunny Hill," Lunenburg, Mass. He delivered
a course of lectures on the elementary laws of
physics before the Lowell Institute, 1856-57, and
also devoted much time to geological investiga
tions. As early as 1846 he had conceived a def
inite idea for a polytechnic school in Boston, and
in September, 1860, he submitted to the Com
mittee of Associated Institutions of Science and

Art, of which he was chairman, the plan which
later became the basis of the Massachusetts In
stitute of Technology. The organization was in
corporated, April 10, 1861, on condition that
$100,000 be secured as a guarantee fund at the
expiration of one year. Professor Rogers served
as chairman of the " committee of twenty "
appointed to frame a constitution and by-laws
for the Institute, Jan. 11, 1801-April 8, 1862,
and on April 19 was elected the first president
of the Institute. Meanwhile he served also as
state inspector of gas meters and gas, 1861-64,
and delivered a second course of lectures before
the Lowell Institute in 1862. In the year 1864
he visited Europe for the purpose of collecting
necessary machinery and apparatus for the
school which was opened for the preliminary
course, Feb. 20, 1865, and for regular courses,
Oct. 2, 1865, with about seventy students and a
faculty of ten members. In the same year the
free evening lectures of the Lowell Institute
were established in connection with the Institute
of Technology. In addition to his duties as pres
ident Professor Rogers also held the chair of
physics and geology until June 10, 1868. In
December, 1868, he was granted leave of absence
for one year on account of failing health, and re
moved to Philadelphia, Pa. His improvement
not being assured, he resigned from the presi
dency of the Institute, May 3, 1870, and was
succeeded by acting-president John D. Runkle
(q.v.). In 1874, after residence in various places,

he returned to Boston. Mass., and in 1878, upon
the resignation of Dr. Runkle, again assumed the
presidency of the Institute until Gen. Francis A.
Walker (q.v.) was appointed his successor, May
20, 1881. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con
ferred upon him by Hampden Sidney college in
1848, by William and Mary, 1857, and by Har
vard in 1866. He was chairman of the Associa
tion of American Geologists and Naturalists in
1847 and in 1848 chairman and joint president,
with W. C. Redfield, of its successor, the Ameri
can Association for the Advancement of Science,
serving a second time as president in 1876 ; cor
responding secretary of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, 1863-69 ; founder and first
[535]

ROGERS

ROLFE

president of the American Association for the
Promotion of Social Science, 1865 ; Massachusetts
commissioner to the Paris exposition of 1867 ;
president of the National Academy of Sciences,
1878 ; elected a foreign member of the Geo
graphical Society of London and of the Royal
Society of Northern Antiquaries in 1844, and was
a corresponding member of the British Associa
tion for the Advancement of Science. In addi
tion to his many important addresses, his pub
lications include numerous scientific articles in
the Farmers' Register and SilUman's Journal ;
Reports for the " Geology of tlie Virginias "
(1836-41); contributions to the Proceedings and
Transactions of various learned societies, and
documents relating to the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. His name was presented as
eligible for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great
Americans, New York university, and in the
election of October, 1900, received five votes. In
his complete bibliography see his "Life and
Letters," edited by his wife (2 vols., 1896). Dr.
Rogers and his brothers, James B. (q.v.), Henry
D. (q.v.) and Robert E. (q.v.), all attained dis
tinction in science and were known as "the
brothers Rogers." William Barton Rogers died
while delivering the diplomas to the graduating
class at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech
nology, Boston, Mass., May 30, 1882.
ROGERS, William Oscar, educator, was born
in New York city, April 12, 1825 ; son of Andrew
Yelverton and Jane (Phillips) Rogers ; grandson
of John and Martha Rogers and of Samuel and
Lina (Corwin) Phillips. He was prepared for
college at Collegiate Institute, Poughkeepsie,
N.Y. ; attended the University of the City of New
York, 1845-47, and Williams college, 1847-48,
but because of ill health was obliged to move
south. He taught English literature in an
academy in New Orleans, La., 1850-56, and was
superintendent of public schools in New Orleans
La., 1856-61. He was commissioned captain in
the Confederate army in September, 1863, and
was assigned to the commissary department
which was stationed first at Jackson, Miss., then
after its capture in Meridian, Miss., and for a
short time at Demopolis, Ala. Acting under
orders from the commissary general at Rich
mond, Va., his department surrendered with the
post at Meridian, Miss., upon the close of the war.
He was again superintendent of the New Orleans
schools, 1856-84 ; was also president of the Syl-
vester-Larned institute, 1870-75, and was director
of public schools, 1884-97. He was married first,
Nov. 24, 1858, to Mary Williams, daughter of
John and Clarinda (Glasgow) Martin of New
Orleans ; and secondly, Jan. 1, 1872, to Isabella,
widow of Samuel Osgood of Norwich, Conn.
He was one of the trustees designated by Paul [536]

Tulane to establish Tulane university ; was secre
tary and treasurer of the university, 1884-1901, and
acting president from July, 1899, until October,
1900, when he resigned and removed to Madison,
N.J. He was the editor and proprietor of the
Louisiana Journal of Education, 1879-88, and in
1884 received the degree of LL.D. from the Uni
versity of Ohio for services rendered in edu
cational work. One of the largest public schools
in New Orleans was named the William O. Rog
ers school in his honor.
ROHLFS, Anna Katharine Green, author, was
bom in Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 11, 1846 ; daughter
of James Wilson and Catherine Ann (Whitney)
Green ; grand-daughter of Richard and Sally
(Webb) Green and of Sellick and Betsy (Knapp)
Whitney, and a descendant of John Howland and
two other of the pilgrim fathers who came over
in the Mayflower. Her father was a lawyer and
an orator. She was graduated from the Ripley
Female college, Poultney, Vt., B.A., 1867, and
devoted herself to literature. She was married,
Nov. 25, 1884, to Charles Rohlfs of Brooklyn,
N.Y., a well-known designer of odd and artistic
furniture, and in 1903 they resided in Buffalo,
N.Y. Besides contributions to periodicals, she is
the author of : The Leavenworth Case (1878) ;
A Strange Disappearance (1879) ; The Sword of
Damocles (1881) ; The Defence of the Bride and
other Poems (1882) ; X. Y. Z. (1883) ; Hand and
Ring (1883) ; Tlie Mill Mystery (1886) ; Risifi's
Daughter (1886) ; 7 to 12 (1887) ; Behind Closed
Doors (1888) ; The Forsaken Inn (1890); Cynthia
Wakeham's Money (1892) ; Marked Personal
(1893); The Doctor, his Wife and the Clock
(1895); Dr. Izard (1895); That Affair Next Door
(1897); Lost Man's Lane (1898); Agatha Webb
(1899) ; The Circular Study (1900); One of My
Sons (1901); The Filigree Ball (1903).
ROLFE, William James, editor and author,
was born in Newburyport, Mass., Dec. 10, 1827;
son of John and Lydia Davis (Moulton) Rolfe ;
grandson of Samuel and Mary (Tucker) Rolfe
and of William and Jane (Todd) Moulton, and a
descendant (in the ninth generation) of Henry
Rolfe, an early settler of Newbury, Mass., who,
with his wife, Honour, came from Wiltshire, Eng
land, in 1635. He removed with his parents to
Lowell, Mass., in 1835, where he attended the
public schools ; and was a student at Amherst
college, 1845-48, in 1871 being enrolled as a gradu
ate of the class of 1849. He was an instructor
in Kirkwood academy, Md., in the winter of
1848-49 ; principal of Day's academy, Wrentham,
Mass., 1849-52; master of the Dorchester high
school, 1852-57, and subsequently of the high
schools in Lawrence (1857-61), Salem (1861-62),
and Cambridge, Mass. (1862-68), resigning in
order to give his entire attention to editorial and

ROLLINS

ROLLINS

literary work. He was associate editor of the
Popular Science News, 1869-93, and edited the
department of " Shakespeariana " in the Literary
World, 1881-89, and in the Critic (New York),
1890-98, after which time he was one of the staff
contributors to that
journal. He was
married, July 30,
1856, to Eliza Jane,
daughter of Joseph
and Eleanor (Grif
fiths) Carew of Dor
chester, Mass. , who
died, March 19, 1900,
leaving three sons :
John C. Rolfe, pro
fessor of Latin, Uni
versity of Pennsyl
vania ; George W.
6$, jfrrf^Cdt-  ! Rolfe, instructor in
Massachusetts Insti
tute of Technology,
and Charles J. Rolfe, a member of the Suffolk bar,
Cambridge, Mass. The honorary degree of A.M.
was conferred upon Mr. Rolfe by Harvard in
1859, and by Amherst in 1865, from which latter
college he also received the degree of Litt. D. in ¦
1887. His publications include : Handbook of
Latin Poetry, with J. H. Hanson (1865) ; Craik's
" English of Shakespeare " (1867) ; Cambridge
Course of Physics (with J. A. Gillet ; 6 vols., 1867-
69); a complete edition of Shakespeare's works
(40 vols., 1870-83); Satchel Guide to Europe (re
vised yearly from 1872) ; Selections from the
poems of Gray, Goldsmith, Milton, Wordsworth,
Browning, Scott, Tennyson and Byron (16 vols.,
1875-89) ; Mrs. Browning's Sonnets from the Por
tuguese (1886).; Tales of Chivalry, from Scott
(1887); Tales from English History (1888); Ma
caulay1 s Lays of Ancient Rome (with Dr. John C.
Rolfe; 1888); Fairy Tales (1889); Tales from
Scottish History (1891) ; Lamb's Tales from
Shakespeare (2 vols., 1892) ; complete edition of
Tennyson (12 vols., 1895-98; also the "Cam
bridge " ed. in one volume, 1899) ; Shakespeare
the Boy (1896) ; and contributions to literary,
educational, and scientific periodicals. In 1900-
02 he supervised the "New Century " edition of
Shakespeare (24 vols.), to which he contributed
a Life of Shakespeare, filling one volume. In
1903 he was engaged in a complete revision of
his own edition of Shakespeare.
ROLLINS, Alice Wellington, author, was
born in Boston , Mass. , June 12, 1847 ; daughter
of Ambrose and Lucy (Kent) Wellington ;
granddaughter of Benjamin Oliver and Mary
(Hastings) Wellington and of William and Ca
therine (Hutchins) Kent; great granddaughter
of Benjamin Wellington (born 1743), who was

the first Lexington man to meet the British on
their way to Concord and fought with his com
pany April 19, 1775 ; and a descendant of Roger
Wellington, who came from England about 1630,
and settled in Watertown in 1642, removing to
Lexington in 1705. She received a good educa
tion at home and abroad ; taught school in
Boston for several years, and was ^married, Jan.
12, 1876, to Daniel Michael Rollins, a prominent
New York merchant. She traveled abroad, re
sided in Brazil and devoted herself to literary
work. She is the author of: The Ring of Ame
thyst (1878); Tlie Story of a Ranch (1885); All
Sorts of Children (1886) ; Tlie Three Tetons (1887);
Uncle Tom's Tenement (1888) ; From Palm to
Glacier (1892) ; Dealing in Futures (1893); Apho
risms for the Year (1894) ; The Story of Azron
(1895); Little Page Fern (1895); The Finding
of the Gentian -(1895); Unfamiliar Quotations
(1895). She died in Bronxville, N.Y., Dec. 5, 1897.
ROLLINS, Edward Henry, senator, was born
in Somersworth (Rollinsford), N.H., Oct. 3, 1824 ;
son of Daniel and Mary (Plummer) Rollins ;
grandson of James and Lucy (Gerrish) Rollins
and of Ebenezer and Mehitabel (Warren) Plum
mer, and a descendant of Ichabod Rollins, the
patriot. He attended academies in Dover, N.H.,
and South Berwick, Maine. ; taught school, and
engaged in business as a merchant. He was
married, Feb. 13, 1849, to Ellen, daughter of
John and Nancy (Montgomery) West of Concord,
N.H. He was a representative in the state legis
lature, 1855-57 ; speaker of the house, 1856-57 ;
chairman of the Republican state committee
from its formation for several years ; chairman
of the state delegation to the Republican national
convention in 1860 ; a Republican representative
in the 37th-39th congresses, 1861-67 ; secretary
of the Union Pacific railroad company, 1869-71,
and its treasurer, 1871-77 ; and U.S. senator,
1877-83, serving as chairman of the committee
on manufactures. He was founder of the First
National bank, Concord, N.H., and was presi
dent of the Boston, Concord and Montreal rail
road company. He died in the Isle of Shoals,
N.H., July 31, 1889.
ROLLINS, Frank West, governor of New
Hampshire, was born in Concord, N.H., Feb. 24,
1860 ; son of Edward Henry
(q.v.) and Ellen (West) Rol
lins ; grandson of James and
Mary (Plummer) Rollins, and
of John and Nancy (Mont
gomery) West, and a de
scendant of Ichabod Rollins,
first probate judge of Straf
ford county, N.H. He was graduated from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1881, and
on Dec. 6, 1882, was married to Katherine W.,
[537]

•rv®

ROLLINS

ROMEYN

daughter of Francis E. Pecker of Concord. He en
gaged in banking in Concord ; was a Republican
state senator, 1895-97 ; president of the senate,
1895-99, and was governor of New Hampshire,
1899-1901. During his administration he inaugu
rated the Old Home Week custom, the governor
appointing one week in the Autumn of each year
to be set apart for the meeting and entertaining
of the scattered families at the old homes. He is
the author of : The Ring in the Cliff (1887) ; The
Twin Hussars (1890) ; Break o' Day Tales (1895) ;
Tlie Lady ofthe Violets (1898); Old Home Week
Speeches (1900).
ROLLINS, James Sidney, representative, was
born in Richmond, Ky., April 19, 1812 ; son of
Dr. Anthony Wayne and Sallie Harris (Rodes)
Rollins ; grandson of Henry Rollins, who emi
grated from county Tyrone, Ireland, to Pennsyl
vania previous to the Revolution, and of Judge
Robert Rodes of Madison county, Ky. He was
graduated at the University of Indiana, A.B.,
1830, and at Transylvania university, Kentucky,
LL.B., 1834, and settled in the practice of law in
Boone county, Mo., in 1834. He served on the
staff of Gen. Richard Gentry during the Black
Hawk war in 1832, and became editor of the Pa
triot, a Whig journal, at Columbia, Mo., in 1836.
He was married, June 6,-1837, to Mary E. Hick
man of Howland county, Mo. He represented
Boone county in the state legislature, 1838-43
and 1854-56; was a delegate to the Whig national
convention of 1844 ; served in the state senate,
1846-50, where he opposed the extension of slavery,
and was defeated as the Whig candidate for
governor of Missouri in 1848 and in 1857. He
was a member of the board of visitors for West
Point in 1850, and a presidential elector in 1852.
He was a Conservative Democratic representative
from the ninth Missouri district in the 37th and
38th congresses. July 4, 1861-March 3, 1865, in
troducing the bill that led to the construction of
the Union Pacific, the Kansas Pacific, and the
the Central Pacific railroads, and also voting for
the adoption of the thirteenth amendment to the

tion of a state agricultural -society.
again governor of the state, 1838-41

THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI.
constitution, although a large slave-holder at the
time. He was a representative in the Missouri
legislature, 1866-68 ; a member of the Missouri

senate, 1868-72 ; was a director of the Union
Pacific railroad company, 1S67-68 ; a member of
the board of curators of University of Missouri^
1847-49, and president of the board, 1869-86, and
was declared the father of the university by this
board in 1872. He received the honorary degree
of LL.D. He died in Columbia, Mo., Jan. 9, 1888.
ROMAN, Andrew Bienvenu, governor of Lou
isiana, was born in Opelousas, La., March 5, 1795,
of Creole parentage. He was brought up on his
father's sugar plantation in St. James parish and
was graduated at St. Mary's college, Baltimore,
Md., 1815. In 1816 he purchased a sugar planta
tion in St. James parish. He was a representa
tive for St. James in the Louisiana legislature
for several v'ears after 1818, and was speaker of
the house for four years. He was subsequently
parish judge until 1830, and governor of the state,
1831-35. As governor he was instrumental in the
founding of Jefferson college,
the clearing of the water
courses of the state for navi
gation, the draining of i
swamp lands and building
levees, the incorporation of
the New Orleans Chamber
of Commerce, and the forma- He was
a member
of the constitutional conventions of 1845 and 1852,
and of the secession convention of 1861. He was
one of the three provisional commissioners sent
to Washington in 1861 to effecta peaceable sep
aration of the states ; refused to take the oath of
allegiance to protect his property when Louisiana
fell into the hands of the Federal army, and after
the war was recorder of deeds and mortgages in
New Orleans. He died suddenly on Dumaine
street, New Orleans, Jan. 26, 1866.
ROMEYN, James, clergyman, was born in
Greenbush, N.Y., Sept. 30, 1797 ; son of the Rev.
James Van Campen (17 65-1840) and Susanna (Van
Vranken) Romeyn ; grandson of the Rev. Thomas
(1729-1794) and Susanna (Frelinguysen) Romeyn ;
great-grandson of Nicholas Romeyn ; great2-
grandson of John and Lammetje (Bougeart)
Romeyn of Hackensack and greats-grandson of
Claas Kuyper ( Janse) and Christiantje (Terhune)
Romeyn or Romaine, who came from Holland
about 1653. He graduated from Columbia, A.B.,
1816 ; and entered the ministry of the Reformed
Dutch church in 1819 ; preaching at Nassau, NY.,
1820-27; Six Mile Run, N.J., 1827-32; Hacken
sack, N.J., 1833-36; Catskill, N.Y., 1836-40;
Leeds, N.Y., 1842-44; and Bergen Neck, N.J.,
1844-50 ; (emeritus, 1852), when he retired from the
active ministry on account of ill health. In the
pulpit he was very rapid but forceful of speech,
reading from manuscript without the aid of

[538]

ROMEYN

RONCKENDORFF

glasses. Those manuscripts are now in existence
and are most remarkable for being written so
fine that it requiries the aid of a strong magnify
ing glass to decipher them. He was elected
professor of rhetoric at Rutgers college, but
declined ; received
from Columbia the
honorary degree of
S.T.D. in 1838, and
was a trustee of Rut
gers, 1840-48. He
was married to Jo
anna Bayard, daugh
ter of the Rev. John
Rodgers, pastor of the
First Presbyterian
church, Wall street,
New York, for twenty
years ; and grand
daughter of Col. John
Bayard. He is the
author of : Tlie Crisis,
sermon (1842) ; and Plea for the Evangelical
Press (1843). (See " A Manual of the Reformed
Dutch Church in America," by Rev. E. I. Cor
win, 1869.. Published by the Board of Publica
tion, Reformed Church in America). He died at
New Brunswick, N. J., Sept. 7, 1859.
ROMEYN, John Brodhead, clergyman, was
born in Marbletown, Ulster county, N.Y., Nov. 8,
1777; son of the Rev. Theodoric (or Dirck) Romeyn
(q.v.). He was graduated from Columbia college
in 1795 ; .was licensed to preach in 1798, and was
pastor of the Reformed Dutch church at Rhine
beck, N.Y., 1799-1803 ; of the Presbyterian church
in Schenectady, N.Y., in 1803 ; of the First Pres
byterian church in Albany, 1804-08, and of the
Cedar Street church, New York city, 1808-25.
He declined the presidency of Transylvania uni
versity and of Dickinson college ; was one of the
founders and a director of the Princeton Theolo
gical seminary, 1812-25 ; a trustee of the College
of New Jersey, 1809-25 ; and was moderator of
the general assembly of the Presbyterian church
in 1810. The honorary degree of A.M. was con
ferred on him by Union college in 1797, and that
of D.D. by the College of New Jersey in 1809.
He is the author of occasional discourses which
were collected and published (2 vols., 1816). He
died in New York city, Feb. 22, 1825.
ROMEYN, Theodore Bayard, clergyman, was
horn in Nassau, N.Y., Oct. 22, 1827 ; son of the
Rev. James (1797-1859) and Joanna Bayard (Rod
gers) Romeyn ; grandson of the Rev. James Van
Campen (1765-1840) and Susanna (Van Vranken)
Romeyn, and a descendant of Claas Janse, New
Amsterdam, about 1653. He was graduated from
Rutgers college. A.B., 1846, A.M., 1849, and from
the New Brunswick, N.J., Theological seminary

in 1849. He married Amelia A. Letson, daughter
of Johnson and Eliza Shaddleof New Brunswick.
He was ordained to the ministry in 1850, and was
pastor of Dutch Reformed churches in Bla wen-
burg and Hackensack, N.J., 1850-85. The hon
orary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by
Rutgers in 1809. He is the author of : Historical
Discourse on the Reopening and Dedication of the
1st Reformed church at Hackensack, N.J., May 2,
1869 (1870); Adaptation ofthe Reformed Church
in America to American Character (1876) ; be
sides many sermons, addresses and articles in
the religious press. He died in Hackensack,
N.J., Aug. 29, 1885.
ROMEYN, Theodoric (or Dirck), clergyman,
was born in Hackensack, N. J., June 12, 1744 ;
son of Nicholas, grandson of John, and great-
grandson of Claas Kuyper (Janse) Romeyn, or
Romaine, who emigrated from Rotterdam, Hol
land, 1653, and married Christiantje Terhune
Dirck Romeyn. He was graduated from the Col
lege of New Jersey in 1765 ; studied theology at
Queen's college, and was ordained to the minis
try of the Reformed Dutch church in 1766. He
was pastor of the Dutch churches at Hackensack
and Schraalenburgh, N.J., from May, 1776, to
about 1786, and in 1784 he declined the presi
dency of Rutgers college. He was one of the
founders of Union college ; was a trustee, 1795-
1803, and was professor of theology in the General
Synod of the Reformed Dutch church, 1797-1804.
He married Elizabeth Brodhead. He was con
sidered one of the most prominent American
theologians, and was widely quoted. The honor
ary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Rut
gers and by the College of New Jersey in 1789.
He died in Schenectady, N.Y., April 16, 1804.
RONCKENDORFF, William, naval officer, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 9, 1812. He was
warranted midshipman, Feb. 17, 1832 ; was pro
moted passed midshipman, June 23, 1838, and
lieutenant, June 28, 1843. He was attached to
the Brazil station, 1843-45, and in 1845 was made
bearer of despatches to Commodore Robert F.
Stockton, with whom he served on the Pacific
coast during the Mexican war. He served off the
African coast, suppressing the slave-trade, 1849-
52 ; engaged against Paraguay in 1859, and on
June 29, 1861, was promoted commander, attached
to the Gulf squadron. In the spring of 1862, as
commander of the San Jacinto, he was sent to
Hampton Roads to attack the Merrimac, if neces
sary. He sailed to Norfolk, took part in the attack
on Sewell's Point, and later did blockading duty
on the North Carolina and Virginia coasts. In
1863 he tracked the Alabama in the West Indies,
and in May was given command of the flagship of
the West Indian squadron. In 1865, in command
of the ironclad Monadnock, he patrolled the

[539]

RONDEL

ROOP

James river. He was transferred to the monitor
Tonawanda, later to the receiving ship at Phila
delphia, and Sept. 27, 1866, was promoted cap
tain. He was in charge of the ironclad fleet at
New Orleans, 1870-73 ; commanded the Canan
daigua, 1873-75 ; was commissioned commodore,
Sept. 12, 1874, and was retired, Nov. 9, 1874. He
died in New York, Nov. 27, 1891.
RONDEL, Frederic, painter, was born in Paris,
France, in 1826. He studied painting with Au-
guste Jugelet and Theodore Gudin ; came to the
United States, and in 1857 exhibited at the Na
tional Academy of Design, of which he became
an associate in 1860. He lived in Philadelphia,
where he conducted a popular art school. Among
his many works are : View from the Palisades,
Opposite Hastings, and Tank Vessels at Point
Breeze, Philadelphia, Penn. He died in New York
City, Nov. 22, 1892.
ROOD, Ogden Nicholas, physicist, was born in
Danbury, Conn., Feb. 3, 1831 ; son of the Rev.
Anson and Aleida Gouverneur (Ogden) Rood.
He was graduated from the College of New Jer
sey, A.B., 1852, A.M., 1855; attended the Shef
field Scientific school, Yale, and the Universities
of Munich and Berlin, 1854-58 ; was professor of
chemistry and physics at Troy university, 1858-
63, and was married in 1858, to Matilde Prunner
of Munich, Germany. He was professor of
physics at Columbia uniyersity, 1863-1902, and
made many important scientific discoveries, in
cluding the application of stereoscopic photo
graphy to the microscope, the making of quantita
tive experiments on color-contrast, and the meas
urement of the duration of flashes of lightning.
He was a member of the National Academy of
Sciences, 1865-1902 ; a member of the American
Philosophical society of Philadelphia ; of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences of Bos
ton, and a vice-president of the American Associa
tion for the Advancement of Science in 1867. He
is the author of : Modern Chromatics (1879) .
He died in New York city, Nov. 12, 1902.
ROOKER, Frederick Zadok, R.C. prelate, was
born in New York city, Sept. 19, 1861 ; son of
Myron Holly and Margaret (Coleman) Rooker,
and grandson of Zadok and Anne (Lanpher)
Rooker, and of John and Mary (Morgan) Cole
man. The first of his paternal ancestors came to
Connecticut from England iu 1645. He attended
Union college, 1880-83 ; studied at the Propa
ganda at Rome, Italy, and in 1888 was ordained
priest in Rome. He was vice-rector of the Amer
ican College at Rome, 1889-94 ; was sent to Wash
ington as a member of the apostolic delegation in
1894, and Jan. 1, 1895, was chosen secretary of
the delegation. He received the honorary de
gree of D.D. from Union college in 1895, and that
of Ph.D. and S.T.D. from the Propaganda at
Rome in 1885 and 1889 respectively.

ROONEY, John Jerome, poet, was born in
Binghamton, N.Y., March 19, 1866 ; son of John
J. and Ellen T. (Shanahan) Rooney ; grandson of
Michael and Anna (Greene) Rooney, and. of John
and Margaret (Donovan) Shanahan, who were
among the early settlers of Susquehanna county,
Pa., and Broome county, N.Y. ; all of Irish birth
or descent. After the death of his father in
1865, he removed with his family to Philadelphia,
Pa. ; in 1868 attended preparatory schools, and was
graduated from Mt. St. Mary's college, Emmits
burg, Md., at the head of his class, A.B. and
A.M., 1884. He was a member of the city staff
and a special article writer of the Philadel
phia Record, 1884-88 ; removed to New York
city, and was member of a customs brokerage and
forwarding house, 1889-95, and established an in
dependent firm in 1895 as Rooney & Spence; He
studied law at the New York Law school, and
was admitted to the New York bar, July 9, 1901,
engaging chiefly in customs and revenue cases
and estate practice. He is the author of a volume
of patriotic verse, containing the initial poem
The Men Behind the Guns, the poem that gave
currency to the phrase. This poem was published
first in the New York Sun, in the beginning of
the Spanish-American war. The volume also
contains, Hobson of Santiago ; Victor Blue ; Mc-
Elrath of Malate, and other verse (1898). He
became a director of the Catholic Club of the
City of New York, secretary of the Society of the
Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, and an officer in
numerous literary, social and patriotic organiza
tions. ROOP, Hervin Ulysses, educator, was born in
Highspire, Pa., Nov. 16, 1868 ; sonof Henry Jack
son and Justina Margaret (Backenstoe) Roop ;
grandson of Christian and Margaret Roop, and of
Henry and Fannie Backenstoe, and great-grand
son of the Rev. Jacob Roop. He attended the
Steelton, Pa., high school; was graduated from
Lebanon Valley college in 1892, and took a post
graduate course at the University of Wooster,
where he was graduated, Ph.D., 1895. He also
studied philosophy and pedagogy for two years at
the University of Pennsylvania and Cornell uni
versity. He was married, Aug. 26, 1897, to Emma
May, daughter of Bishop Ezekiel Boring and Susie
Jane Kephart of Baltimore, Md. He joined the
ministry of the United Brethren church in 1890 ;
was a teacher of the State Normal school and
Rittenhouse academy, 1892-96 ; was state super
intendent of the normal department of the Penn
sylvania State Sabbath School association, 1896-
97, during which time he organized the training
work for Sabbath-school teachers throughout the
state, and in 1897 was elected president of Leba
non Valley college, Annville, Pa., and professor
of philosophy. He is the author of frequent con
tributions to educational and religious journals.
[540]

ROOSA

ROOSEVELT

ROOSA, Daniel Bennett St. John, ophthal
mologist and otologist, was born in Bethel, N.Y.,
April 4, 1838 ; son of Charles Baker and Amelia
Elmer (Foster) Roosa ; grandson of John and
Dolly (Duryea) Roosa and of Jesse M. and Delia
(Heard) Foster ; and great-grandson of Lieut.
Isaac A. Roosa, Capt. George Duryea, Captain
Foster and General Heard, all officers in the Con
tinental army. He attended the district school ;
studied under a private tutor and at the academies
in Monticello, N. Y., and Honesdale, Pa., matricu
lated at Yale college in 1856, but was obliged to
leave on account of ill-health ; studied under a
tutor in Boston for one year, and was graduated
from the Medical department of the University of
the City of New York in 1860. He served in the
New York hospital as junior walker, senior
walker, and house surgeon, 1860-61 ; volunteered
as medical officer in 1861, and was appointed assist
ant surgeon of the 5th volunteer regiment, N.G.S.
N.Y., serving in the field four months. He
studied in Berlin and Vienna, devoting himself
especially to ophthalmology and otology, 1862-63,
and in June of the latter year again served in the
field as surgeon of the 12th N.Y. National Guards.
He later practised medicine in New York city ;
was professor of ophthalmology and otology in
the University of the City of New York, 1863-82,
and in the University of Vermont, 1875-76 and
1878-83. Upon the organization of the New York
Post-Graduate Medical school and hospital in
1882, he was elected president of the faculty and
professor of ophthalmology and otology. He was
first married, May 8, 1862, to Mary Hoyt, daughter
of Stephen M. and Elizabeth (Bowman) Blake of
New York city, who died in 1878 ; and secondly,
July, 1879, to Sarah E., former wife of Frank E.
Howe and daughter of Eder Vreelland and Eliza
beth (Workam) Haughwout of New York city.
He received the honorary degree of A.M. from
Yale in 1868 ; that of LL. D. from the University
of Vermont, 1881, and was a member of the coun
cil of the University of the City of New York,
1872-78. He was president of the International
Otological society, 1876 ; ofthe New York State
Medical society, 1879, and of other scientific
organizations ; a founder of the Manhattan Eye
and Ear hospital in 1869, and one of its surgeons.
He translated from the German : " Troltsch on
the Ear " ( 1863 ) , and " Stell wag on the Eye " (with
Hackey and Bull, (1867) ; and is the author of :
Drs. Vest-Pocket Medical Lexicon (1865 ; 2d ed. ,
1887); Treatise on the Ear (1866), translated into
German, and published in Berlin ; A Doctor's
Suggestions (1880) ; Tlie Old Hospital and Other
Papers (1886) ; On the Necessity of Wearing
Glasses (1899) ; Treatise on the Eye, a Clinical
Manual (1891); and frequent contributions to
periodicals.

ROOSEVELT, Edith Kermlt, wife of Presi
dent Roosevelt, was born in Norwich, Conn., Aug.
6, 1861 ; daughter of Charles and Gertrude Eliza
beth (Tyler) Carow ; granddaughter of Isaac and
Eliza (Mowatt) Carow, and of Daniel and Emily
(Lee) Tyler, and a descendant of Isaac Quereau
and Judith Quentin (Huguenots) who emigrated
from France after the revocation of the edict of
Nantes, first to Holland and then to New York
city, and of Job Tyler and Mary, his wife, who
emigrated from Shropshire, England, were ad
mitted to the town of Newport, R. I., 1638 (Colo
nial Records, Vol. 1., p. 92) and settled at Andover,
Mass., 1639. She was educated in New York
city, and was married Dec. 2, 1886, to Theodore
Roosevelt. They made their home at Sagamore
Hill, Oyster Bay, Long Island, N.Y. Following
are the names of their children : Theodore, Jr.,
born Sept. 13, 1887 ; Kermit, born Oct. 10, 1889 ;
Ethel Carow, born Aug. 10, 1891 ; Archibald Bul
loch, born April 9, 1894 ; Quentin, born Nov. 19,
189?. On the accession of her husband to the
Presidency she removed to the White House,
where her social duties were made secondary to
those of her household, and the home-life at Sag
amore Hill with its well ordered routine of study
and recreation in which the whole family joined,
was maintained.
ROOSEVELT, James Henry, philanthropist,
was born in New York city, Nov. 10, 1800 ; son of
James Christopher and Catherine(Byvank) Roose
velt. He was graduated from Columbia college,
A.B., 1819, A. M., 1822; and studied law, but
never practised, owing to delicate health. He
bequeathed §1,000,000 to found the hospital in
New York city that bears his name. The build
ing, was opened, Nov. 2, 1871, and the fund had
been so ably handled that $2,000,000 was avail
able for the purpose of the bequest. He died in
New York city, Nov. 30, 1863.
ROOSEVELT, James I., jurist, was born in
New York city, Dec. 14, 1795 ; son of James (or
Jacobus) J., and Mary (Van Schaick) Roosevelt ;
grandson of Jacobus and Armatje Bogard (or
Bogert) Roosevelt ; great-grandson of Johannes
and Heyltjes (Sjverts) Roosevelt ; great-grand
son of Nicholas and Heyltje Jans (Kunst) Roose
velt ; and great.-3grandson of Klaas Martensen
and Jannetje (Samuels or Thomas) Roosevelt,
New Amsterdam, 1649. His father was a com
missary of New York troops in the American
Revolution. He was graduated from Columbia
college in 1815, and practised law in partnership
with Peter Jay, 1818-30. He supported General
Jackson for President in 1828, and resided in
Paris, France, 1830-31. On his return to the
United States, he was married, May 30, 1831, to
Cornelia, daughter of Cornelius P. and Rhoda
(Savage) Van Ness of New York city ; resumed
[541]

ROOSEVELT

ROOSEVELT

his law practice, and was a member of the state as
sembly in 1835 and 1839-40 ; a Democratic repre
sentative in the 27th congress, 1841-43 ; studied
foreign law in England, Holland and France,
and was justice of the supreme court of the state
of New York, 1851-59. He was U.S. district at
torney for southern New York, by appointment
of President Buchanan, 1860-61, and served for a
time as judge of the state court of appeals. He
died in New York city, April 5, 1875.
ROOSEVELT, Nicholas, inventor, was born in
New York city, Dec. 27, 1767; son of Isaac Roose
velt ; grandson of Jacobus, and, through Johannes
and Nicholas, great3-grandson of Klass Marten-
sen Roosevelt, 1619. He received a good edu
cation, and devoted himself to mechanics. In
1783 he made the model of a paddle-wheel boat,
which is said to have been the first on record.
He engaged in manufacturing and inventing in
New York city, and constructed an atmospheric
machine for the Schuyler copper mines in New
Jersey ; the engines for the Philadelphia water
works, and contracted to supply the government
with copper, drawn and rolled, for six battle
ships. In 1797 he built the engines for a steam
boat, the motive-power having been planned by
Robert R. Livingston, but the experiment failed ;
and on Sept. 6, 1798, he invented a vertical wheel
which was the basis of the combination that
made steam navigation practicable. In 1802
Robert Fulton and Livingston adopted Roose
velt's vertical wheel, and a boat was launched in
1802. He was married, Nov. 15, 1808, to Lydia,
daughter of John Henry Latrobe of Washington,
D.C. He became associated with Fulton in the,
introduction of steamboats in Western waters in
1809, and in 1811 built and successfully navigated
the New Orleans down the Ohio and Mississippi
rivers. He retired to Skaneateles, N.Y., where
he died, July 30, 1854.
ROOSEVELT, Robert Barnwell, lawyer, was
born in New York city, Aug. 17, 1829 ; son of
Cornelius Van Schaick and Margaret (Barnhill)
Roosevelt ; grandson of James (or Jacobus) I.
and Mary (Van Schaick) Roosevelt, and a de
scendant of Klaas Martensen and Jannetje
(Samuels or Thomas) Van Roosevelt who came to
this country in August, 1649. He was admitted
to the bar in 1850, and practised in New York till
1871, when he retired. He vvas the organizer of
the War Democracy in New York ; president of
the Loyal National league ; a contributor to the
fund for fitting out the state militia for thirty
days' service, and accompanied the state militia
to Washington to help defend the national
capital. He was president of the New York As
sociation for the Protection of Game and of the
International association to unify the game laws
on the American continent. He presented a bill

to the state legislature for the creation of a fish
ery commission, and on its establishment in 1867
became an active member, serving for many years
as its president, which office he resigned in 1888.
He entered politics on the organization of the
Citizens' association to oppose the Tweed ring,
spoke at the meeting that founded the committee
of seventy, and was chairman of its executive
committee that elected Mayor Havemeyer and
destroyed the ring. He was vice-president of the
Reform club ; and with Charles S. Halpine, es
tablished and edited the New York Citizen, which
he continued to edit for some time after Mr.
Halpine's death. He was a Democratic repre
sentative in the 42d congress, 1871-73, where he
was the author of the bill originating the U.S.
fish commission. He was U.S. minister to the
Netherlands, 1888-90 ; treasurer of the Democra
tic national committee, 1892, and a member of
the board of aldermen of New York city. He
was one of the founders of the Union League
club, then a non-partisan body ; a commissioner
of the Brooklyn bridge ; president of the Sons of
the American Revolution, and a member of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science. He was chairman of the commission
formed for the protection of the soldiers during
the war with Spain, 1898 ; of the commission to
aid the Boers in their war with Great Britain in
1899-1901 ; a member of the committee to receive
the Duke Alexis, of the committee to celebrate
the Columbus Centennial, of the Dewey recep
tion committee, and of various other public com
mittees. He was married first, in October, 1850,
to Elizabeth, daughter of John F. Ellis of New
York city, and secondly, Aug. 18, 1888, to Marion
T. Fortescue, widowed daughter of John O'Shea,
Nenagh, Ireland. He is the author oi: Game
Fish of North America (1862); Game Birds of
America (1866); Superior Fishing (1865); Florida
and the Game Water Birds (1868); Five Acres
Too Much (1869); Progressive Petticoats (1871);
Fish Hatching and Fish Catching; Love and
Luck, an Idyl of the Great South Bay of Long
Island, and numerous contributions to periodical
literature. ROOSEVELT, Theodore, twenty-sixth Presi
dent of the United States, was born in New York
city, Oct. 27, 1858 ; son of Theodore (1831-1878)
and Martha (Bulloch) Roosevelt, grandson of
Cornelius Van Schaack and Margaret (Barnhill)
Roosevelt, great-grandson of James (or Jacobus)
John and Mary (Van Schaack) Roosevelt,and a
descendant in a direct line from Claes Martens-
zoon and Jannetje (Thomas) Van Rosevelt, who
came to New Amsterdam from Holland about
1651. He attended for a short time the Mc-
Mullen school, New York city, but was so frail
in health that he was unable to coutinue, and

L542]

7/ji*«Vie d3 o-^y-yiAre&r

ROOSEVELT

ROOSEVELT

jtft£*ze6c*£ /?cv3C*e£it~

was then placed under private instructors at
his home. He was tutored for college by Mr.
Cutler, subsequently the founder of the Cutler
school, and was graduated from Harvard in 1880.
He was married Sept. 23, 1880, to Alice, daughter
of George Cabot and
Caroline (Haskell)
Lee of Boston, Mass.
She died in 1883, leav
ing one daughter,
Alice Lee. He be
came a student in
the New York Law
school ; was a Repub
lican member of the
New York assemblj',
1882, 1883 and 1884;
was candidate of his
party for speaker of
the assembly in 1884 ;
chairman of the
committee on cities
and of a special committee known as the Roose
velt investigating committee. As a supporter
of the civil service reform, he introduced bills
which became laws affecting the government
of New York city and especially the patron
age exercised by the sheriff, county clerk and
register, which greatly reformed the conduct
of their respective offices. He was a delegate to
the Republican state convention of 1884 ; dele
gate-at-large from New York and chairman of
the New York delegation to the Republican
national convention that met at Chicago, June
3, 1884 ; purchased the Elk Horn and the Chimney
JButte ranches at Medora on the Little Missouri
river in North Dakota, where he lived, 1884-86.
He was a member of the New York state militia,
1884-88, serving in the 8th regiment, N.G.S.N.Y.,
as lieutenant, and for three years as captain.
He was married secondly, Dec. 2, 1886, to Edith
Kermit, daughter of Charles and Gertrude Eliza
beth (Tyler) Carow of New York city. He was
the unsuccessful Republican candidate for mayor
of New York city in 1886, when Abram S. Hewitt
was elected ; was in May, 1889, appointed on the
U.S. civil service commission in Washington,
D.C, by President Harrison and served as presi
dent of the commission. He was continued in
office by President Cleveland, but resigned in
May, 1895, to accept the position of police com
missioner of New York city in the administration
of Mayor Strong, and he was president of the
bi-partisan board, 1895-97. He was appointed
assistant secretary of the U.S. navy in April,
1897, by President McKinley, and on the declara
tion of the war with Spain in April, 1898, he re
signed to recruit the 1st U.S.V. cavalry, a regi
ment of " Rough Riders " made up mostly of his

acquaintances on the Western Plains, including
cowboys and miners, with some members of the
college athletic clubs of New York and Boston — •
men who could ride, shoot and live in the open.
He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, May 6,
1898, and was promoted to the rank of colonel
after the battle of La Quassina, San Juan, when
Col. Leonard Wood was promoted brigadier-
general and assigned to the governorship of
Santiago. When the war closed, the Republican
party of his native state nominated him their
candidate for governor and he was elected over
Van Wyck, Democrat, Kline, Prohibitionist, Han
ford, Social Labor, and Bacon, Citizen's ticket,
by a plurality of 17,786 votes in a total vote of
1,343,968. He served as governor of New York,
1899-1900. His administration as governor was
conspicuous in his thorough work in reforming
the canal boards ; instituting an improved system
of civil service, including the adoption of the
merit system in county offices, and in calling an
extra session of the legislature to secure the
passage of a bill he had recommended at the
general session, taking as real estate the value of
railroads and other franchises to use public streets,
in spite of the protests of corporations and Re
publican leaders. He was nominated Vice-
President ef the United States by the Republican
national convention that met at Philadelphia,
June, 1900, where he was forced by the demands
of the western delegates to accept the nomina
tion with William McKinley for President, and
he was elected Nov. 6, 1900. He was sworn into
office as the twenty-sixth President of the United
States, Sept. 14, 1901, by reason of the assassina
tion of President McKinley, Roosevelt being at
the time less than forty-three years old, the
youngest man in the history of the United States
to have attained the chief magistracy of the gov
ernment. In assuming the presidency, he re
appointed the entire cabinet of President Mc
Kinley as it existed at the time of his death, and
he announced that it should be his purpose to
carry out absolutely unbroken the political policy
worked out by his predecessor. The cabinet with
the changes during his administration, was as
follows ; John Hay of the District of Columbia,
secretary of state ; Lyman J. Gage of Illinois,
secretary of the treasury, who resigned in 1902,
and was succeeded by Leslie M. Shaw of Iowa ;
Elihu Root of New York, secretary of war ;
Ethan A. Hitchcock of Missouri, secretary of the
interior ; John D. Long of Massachusetts, secre
tary of the navy, who resigned in 1902 and was
. succeeded by William H. Moody of Massachu
setts ; James Wilson of Iowa, secretary of agri
culture ; Charles Emory Smith of Pennsylvania,
postmaster-general, who resigned in 1902 and was
succeeded by Henry C. Payne of Wisconsin ;

[543]

ROOSEVELT

ROOSEVELT

Philander C. Knox of Pennsylvania as attorney-
general, and George Bruce Cortelyou of New
York (former secretary to the President) secre
tary of commerce and agriculture, an executive
department newly created by congress in Feb
ruary, 1903, Mr. Cortelyou taking the oath of
office on February 18. . The diplomatic represen
tatives continued from McKinley's administra
tion were : Joseph H. Choate of New York, U.S.
ambassador to Great Britain ; Horace Porter of
New York, U.S. ambassador to France ; Robert
S. McCormick of Illinois, U.S. minister to
Austria until Jan. 8, 1903, when he was trans
ferred as U.S. ambassador to Russia ; Charle
magne Tower of Philadelphia, U.S., ambassador
to Russia, transferred Jan. 8, 1903, to Germany ;
Andrew D. White of New York, U.S. ambassador
to Germany, who resigned December, 1902;
George von L. Meyer of Massachusetts, U.S.
ambassador to Italy, and Bellamy Storer of Ohio,
U.S. minister to Spain, transferred December,
1902 to Austria as U.S. ambassador and being
succeeded at Madrid, Spain, by Arthur Sherburne
Hardy, late U.S. envoy to Switzerland.. A
vacancy occurred on the bench of the U.S.
supreme court by the resignation of Associate
Justice Horace Gray, and on Aug. 11, 1902,
President Roosevelt appointed Oliver Wendell
Holmes of Massachusetts, associate justice, and
on the resignation of Associate Justice George
Shiras, Jr., in 1903, he appointed Judge William
R. Day ofthe U.S. circuit court, associate justice.
His first message to congress followed the line of
policy foreshadowed in McKinley's last speech at
Buffalo, and as President, he made extended
journeys through the various states, the welcome
extended to him being alike generous and uni
versal in New England and in the Southern
states. It is safe to say that no President who
had reached the office through the Vice-Presi
dency began his administration under better
auspices or with less of partisan opposition and
criticism. His recommendations were acknow
ledged to be wise and conservative and while
congress did not adopt them all, it gave to each
careful consideration. His action in reference to
the coal strike of 1902 restored order and secured
a return of the miners to their work, and at the
same time made the working men feel that their
cause had not suffered from his counsel. In the
complications arising from the Venezuela diffi
culties in 1902-03, he maintained the Monroe
doctrine in all negotiations with the European
powers interested, and was honored by the gov
ernment of Venezuela in being named as an ac
ceptable arbitrator, which duty he gracefully
avoided by proposing the Hague tribunal as the
proper means for arriving at a peaceful solution.
Later when the European powers involved ob

jected to appearing before the Hague court, they
unanimously suggested the President of the
United States as a more satisfactory arbitrator,
a position which he declined, and U.S. Consul
Bowen arranged the term of settlement. When
the United States senate failed to act upon the
treaties providing for an Isthmian canal and to
secure reciprocity with Cuba, President Roosevelt
called an extraordinary session of the senate,
and the treaties were ratified, March 5, 1903.
He enjoyed high social, literary and academic
distinction before he became President, having
been elected a member of the Columbia Histori
cal society to which he contributed papers on the
Dutch colonies of New Amsterdam ; the National
Geographic society ; the Union League club
and the Century association of New York city ;
the Anthropological society of Washington, the
American Museum of Natural History of which
he was a trustee, as he was of the State Charities
Association, and of the Newsboys' Lodging House
of which his father was the organizer and a
liberal patron. He organized in 1887 and was the
first president of the Boone and Crockett club,
whose objects are the hunting of big game, ex
ploration, and preservation of game and forests,
holding the office until 1896. He instituted, Feb.
2, 1899, and was the first commander, ofthe Naval
and Military Order of the Spanish-American
War ; and became a member of the Rough Riders'
association, organized in Cuba before the dis-.
bandment of the 1st Regiment, U.S. Volunteers
Cavalry, and of the National Association o£ Span
ish-American War Veterans, incorporated Dec.
14, 1899. He was made an honorary member of
the Union League club of Chicago in 1902, and of
the Alpine club of London. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Columbia in 1899,
from Yale in October, 1901, and from Harvard in
1902, having been elected a member of the Har
vard University board of overseers in 1895. He
is the author of : History of the Naval War of
1812 (1882) ; Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
(1885) ; Life of Thomas H. Benton (1886) and
Life of Gouverneur Morris (1887) in the " Amer
ican Statesmen Series " ; Ranch Life and the
Hunting Trail ¦ (1888) ; Essays on Practical
Politics (1888) ; Tlie Winning of the West— The
Founding of the Alleghany Commomvealths,
1784-90 (Vol. I. and II. , 1889) ; History of New
York City (1890) ; The Wilderness Hunter (1893) ;
"The Boone and Crockett Club Series" edited
by Mr. Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell:
American Big Game Hunting (1893) ; Hunting in
Many Lands (1895) and The Trail and Camp Fire
(1896); Hero Tales from American History; 14
tales by Theodore Roosevelt and 12 by Henry
Cabot Lodge (1895) ; The Winning of the West
—Louisiana and the North West (Vols. III. and
[544]

ROOT

ROOT

IV., 1S93-96) ; American Ideals (1897) ; The Rough
Riders (1899) ; Oliver Cromwell (1900) ; The
Strenuous Life (1900), and Tlie Deer Family of
which he was part author (1902).
ROOT, Eleazer, educator, was born in Canaan,
N.Y., March .6, 1802; son of Dr. Eleazer Root,
He was graduated from Williams college, A.B.
1821, A.M., 1824; was tutor at Williams, 1822;
studied law at Hudson, N.Y., was admitted to
the bar, 1824, and practised in Hudson until 1830,
when he removed to Virginia for his health. He
was professor of languages at Hampden Sidney
college, Va., for a short time, established and for
several years conducted a private seminary, and
in 1845 removed to Waukesha, Wis., where he
founded Carroll college (chartered Jan. 31, 1846)
and was its president and professor of Latin and
and Greek, 1846-48. He was a delegate from
Waukesha to the second state constitutional con
vention of 1847-48, where he advocated public
schools and drew up Article X. (on Education) of
the constitution as adopted, providing for a state
superintendent of public instruction, the estab
lishment and maintenance of public schools, and
the establishment of a state university. He was
a charter member of the board of regents of the
University of Wisconsin, 1848-53, serving as first
president pro tempore of the board, 1848-50 ; was
the first state superintendent of public instruc
tion, 1849-52, a member of the state assembly,
1852, superintendent of schools in Fond du Lac
county, 1852-53, and then removed to western
Texas and was professor of languages in Guada
lupe county for four years, removing to Wiscon
sin shortly before the civil war. He was one of
the founders and promoters of the Wisconsin
Historical society ; was for a time a resident of
St. Louis, Mo. (about 1871) ; took orders in the
Protestant Episcopal church, and served as
rector of Trinity church, St. Augustine, Fla.,
1874-84. He died in St. Augustine, July 25, 1887.
ROOT, Elihu, cabinet officer, was born in
Clinton, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1845; son of Oren and
Nancy Whitney (Buttrick) Root, and brother of
Oren Root (q.v.). He attended the common
schools ; was graduated from Hamilton college in
1864 ; assisted his brother Oren, who was principal
of the academy at Rome, N.Y., in 1865; was
graduated from the law department of the Uni
versity of the City of New York in 1867 ; was ad
mitted to the bar, and practised in New York
city, first in partnership with John H. Strahan
and later with Judge Willard Bartlett. He was
married, Jan. 8, 1878, to Clara, daughter of Salem
H. Wales of New York city. He was by appoint
ment of President Arthur, U.S. attorney of the
southern district . of New York, 1883-85; was a
member of the county committee ; chairman of
the Republican county committee, 1886-87, and

delegate at large to the state constitutional con
vention of 1894, being chairman of its judiciary
committee. He was employed as counsel for
William M. Tweed on the exposure of the " Tweed
ring " frauds ; for Judge Hilton in the Stewart
will cases, and for
the Sugar trust and
various political liti
gations. He was ap
pointed secretary of
war by President Jlc- '
Kinley, Aug. 1, 1899,
as successor to Rus
sell A. Alger, and was
re-appointed, March
5, 1901, being con
tinued in the office
by President Roose
velt. He was made a
member of the execu
tive committee of the
Carnegie Institution,
Washington, D.C, in 1902. The honorary degree
of LL.D. vvas conferred on him by Hamilton col
lege in 1894, and by Yale in 1900.
ROOT, Erastus, representative, was born in
Hebron, Conn., March 16, 1773. He was grad
uated from Dartmouth college in 1793 ; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1796, and settled in practice
in Delhi, N.Y. He was a member of the state as
sembly, 1798-1802, and many terms subsequently ;
a Democratic representative in the 8th, llth, 14th
and 22d congresses, 1803-05, 1809-11, 1815-17 and
1831-33 ; state senator, 1812-15 ; a member of the
state assembly, 1818-22 and 1830 ; lieutenant-
governor of the state, 1823-25, and again state
senator, 1841-45. The honorary degree of A.M.
was conferred on him by Union college in 1823.
He is the author of : Addresses to the People
(1824). He died suddenly in New York city,
when en route for Washington, Dec. 24, 1846.
ROOT, George Frederick, composer, was born
in Sheffield, Berkshire county, Mass., Aug. 30,
1820 ; son of Frederick Ferdinand and Sarah
(Flint) Root, and grandson of Azariah Root and
of Col. Daniel Flint. In 1836 he was left with
the entire management of his father's farm and
family. Having learned to play several musical
instruments, he soon after went to Boston, where
he obtained employment with A. N. Johnson, a
prominent musician, who gave him lessons on
the piano and in voice culture. He became suc
cessful as a music teacher ; removed in 1 844 to
New York city, where he taught in a school
founded by Jacob Abbott (q.v.); and was mar
ried in 1845 to Mary Olive Woodman. He went
to Paris in 1850, studied singing under Alary and
began his career as a composer. He originated
the Normal musical institutes and was a member

[545]

ROOT

ROOT

of the faculty at the New York meeting in 1872.
He is the author of many songs which attained
great popularity, including: Hazel Dell (1853);
Rosalie, the Prairie Flower (1855); The First Gun
is Fired, May God Protect the Right (1861); Bat
tle Cry of Freedom (1861); Just Before the Battle,
Mother (186S); The Vacant Chair; Tramp, Tramp,
Tramp, the Boys are Marclidng (1864) ; The Old
Folks are Gone; A Hundred Years Ago ; Old Poto
mac Shore, and There's Music in the Air. Among
his cantatas are : The Flower Queen ; Daniel, and
T7ie Haymakers ; and he also wrote many Sunday-
school songs including: Tlie Shining Shore;
Jewels; Ring the Bells of Heaven; Knocking,
Knocking, Who is Tliere 9 He published : The
Young Ladies' Choir, and the Academy Vocalist,
and is the author of : The Story of a Musical Life.
He died at Bailey's Island, Maine, Aug. 6, 1895.
ROOT, Jesse, delegate, was born in Coventry,
Conn., Dec. 28, 1737 (or January,. 1737?); son of
Ebenezer and Sarah (Strong) Root, and grandson
of Thomas Root of Northampton. He was gradu
ated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1756,
A.M., 1759, studied theology with Dr. Samuel
Lockwood of Andover, and preached for two or
three years, leaving the ministry for financial
reasons. He was married in 1758 to Mary Banks
of Newark, N.J. He was admitted to the bar in
1763 and established himself in practice at Hart
ford, Conn. In 1775 he by his individual notes
aided to secure funds for the expedition against
Ticonderoga. In 1776 he organized a company of
volunteers at Hartford, receiving commission as
captain dated December 31 ; was made lieutenant-
colonel, shortly after joined Washington's army
at Peekskill, N.Y., and was subsequently made
adjutant-general. He was a delegate to the Con
tinental congress, 1778-83 ; a representative in
the state legislature ; state attorney, 1785-89 ;
judge of the superior court in 1789 and chief jus
tice of Connecticut, 1796-1807. He delivered the
address of welcome when Washington visited
Hartford in 1790. He was a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of
the Connecticut academy. The honorary degree
of A.M. was conferred on him by Yale college in
1766. He is the author of : Reports of Cases, Ad
judged in the Courts of Errors of Connecticut
(2 vols., 1798-1802). He died in Coventry, Conn.,
March 29, 1822.
ROOT, Joseph Moseley, representative, was
born at Brutus, Cayuga county, N.Y., Oct. 7,
1807; son of Edward and Sally (Cole) Root,
grandson of Joseph and Typhena (Moseley) Root,
and a descendant of John Roote, who emigrated
from Badby, Northamptonshire, England, in 1640,
and was one of the first settlers of Farmington.
He studied law at Auburn, N.Y., in 1829 was ad
mitted to the bar, and removed to Norwalk, Ohio..

On June 22, 1835, he married Mary Smyser,
daughter of John and Sarah (Ebert) Buckingham
of Norwalk. He became prosecuting attorney of
Huron county, and in 1840-42 was state senator:
He was a Whig representative from Ohio in the
29th, 30th, and 31st congresses, 1845-51, serving
as chairman of the committees on the post-office
and on expenditures in the treasury department.
His course as a member of the 29th congress vvas
signalized by uniform and unrelenting opposition
to the Mexican war. He was one of the number
known as "the immortal fourteen" who voted
against the declaratory act of the 13th and against
supplies to carry on the war. In the struggle for
the organization of the territories in congress, in
the winter of 1848 Mr. Root bore a prominent
part. He offered the resolution of Dec. 13, 1848,
excluding slavery from the proposed states of
New Mexico and California, which was passed by
a vote of 108 to 80. Because of the pro-slavery
tendencies of the Whig party, he left that party
and became a Free Soiler, and was one of the
leading advocates of the principles of the party
in Ohio. Subsequently he became a Republican
and was a presidential elector on the Lincoln
and Hamlin ticket in 1861, and a delegate to the
Philadelphia Loyalists' convention in 1866. Mr.
Root removed to Sandusky, Ohio, in 1849 and
died there April 7, 1879.
ROOT, Oren, educator, was born in Syracuse,
¦ N.Y., May 18, 1838; son of Oren' and Nancy
Whitney (Buttrick) Root ; grandson of Elihu
and Achsa (Pomeroy) Root, and of Horatio Gates
and Mary (Barnard) Buttrick, and a descendant
of Capt. James Root of Great Barrington, Mass.,
and of Major John Buttrick of Concord, Mass.
Oren Root, Sr. (1803-1885), graduate of Hamil
ton, 1833 (LL.D., University of Rochester, 1865),
was professor of mathematics, astronomy, min
eralogy and geology, 1849-81. Oren Root, Jr.,
was graduated from Hamilton in 1856 ; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1858, and practised in Mil
waukee, Wis., 1858-59. He was married, first,
Dec. 2, 1862, to Anna Julia, daughter of John
Higgins of Waterford, N.Y. ; she died in Sep
tember, 1865 ; secondly in May, 1867 ,to Ida Cecile,
daughter of John B. Gordon ; she died in Sep
tember, 1896; and thirdly, December 16, 1901, to
Anna, daughter of Chief-Justice R. D. Kay of
Carrollton, Mo. He was professor of English in
the State University of Missouri, 1866-71 ; pre
sident of Pritchett college, Glasgow, Mo., 1873-
76 ; entered the ministry of the Presbyterian
church, 1874 ; changed to that of the Dutch Re
formed church in 1890; became professor of
mathematics at Hamilton college in 1880, and
was pastor at Utica, N.Y., 1890-94. He received
the honorary degree of D.D. from Rutgers col
lege in 1891, and that of LL.D. from Union col-
[546]

ROPES

ROSE

lege in 1895. He was co-editor of The Columbian
Speaker (1874); TheFranklin Speaker (1875), and
The Hamilton Declamation Quarterly (1895); and
is the author of : Brief Elementary Trigonometry
(1899). ROPES, John Codman, author, was born in
St. Petersburg, Russia, April 28, 1886 ; son of
William and Mary Anne (Codman) Ropes. His
father was a Boston merchant, temporarily living
in St. Petersburg, and afterward in London,
1837-42. He studied at Chauncy Hall, Boston ;
was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1857, and
LL.B. 1861 ; and on Nov. 28, 1861, began practice
in Boston. He made five tours of Europe be
tween 1870 and 1884, collecting materials for his
life of Napoleon, and delivered a course of seven
lectures upon " Bonaparte and his Empire " before
the Lowell Institute in 1885. He was elected a
member of the Union club of Boston in 1864,
serving successively as its director, treasurer and
vice-president ; was made a companion of the
third class of the Loyal Legion of the United
States ; was president of the Bristow club of
Boston in 1876 ; a member of the board of visitors
to the U.S. Military academy, 1878 ; was elected
a member of the Massachusetts Historical so
ciety, 1880, and a fellow of the Royal Historical
society of London in 1888. He was also the
founder of the Military Historical Society of
Massachusetts. He received the honorary degree
of LL.D. from Harvard in 1897, and was an over
seer, 1868-76. He edited, with JohnC. Gray, the
American Law Review, 1866-70, and is the author
of : Likenesses to Julius Caesar (1877); The Army
Under Pope, in " Campaigns of the Civil War"
(1881); Campaign of Waterloo (1893 ; 3d ed., 1894),
and A Story of the Civil War (Part I., 1894 ; Part
II. , 1899). He bequeathed to the Military His
torical Society of Massachusetts his collection of
memorabilia of the Napoleonic regime. He died
in Boston, Mass., Oct. 28, 1899.
RORER, Sarah Tyson (Heston), educator and
author, was born in Richboro, Pa., Oct. 18, 1849 ;
daughter of Charles Tyson and Elizabeth (Sagers)
Heston ; granddaughter of William Penn Heston,
and a descendant of Col. Edward Heston of
Hestonville, Philadelphia. She was graduated
from East Aurora, N.Y., academy in 1869, and
in February, 1871, was married to William Albert
Rorer of Philadelphia, Pa. She -made a special
study of domestic science and became well known
as a writer on cookery and kindred subjects.
She was principal of the Philadelphia School of
Domestic Science, 1881-92 ; editor and partial
owner of Table Talk, 1886-92 ; editor and half
owner of Household News, 1893-97, and director
of the State Fair Domestic Science school, Spring
field, 111., 1899. In 1897 she accepted a position
on the staff of the Ladies' Home Journal. Her

published books, which reached a wide circula
tion, include: Mrs. Rorer' s Cook Book (1886);
Home Candy Making (1888); Canning and Pre
serving (1888); Hot Weather Dishes (1889); Sand
wiches (1896); Colonial Cookery (1896) ; How to
Use a Chafing Dish (1396); New Salads (1897);
Made Overs (1899) ; Bread and Bread Making
(1900) ; Good Cooking (1901); A Book on Diet
and Cookery (1902).
ROSATI, Joseph, R.C. bishop, was born at
Sora, Naples, Italy, Jan. 12, 1789 ; sonof John and
Vienna (Soresi) Rosati. He joined the Lazarist
order ; attended the seminary at Monte Citorio,
Rome, and was ordained, Feb. 10, 1811, at Rome.
He studied English, and accepted a call from
Bishop Dubourg of New Orleans, to come to
the United States, sailing from Bordeaux, France,
June 13, 1816, and arriving at Baltimore, Md.,
July 26, 1816. He preached in Louisville, Ky.,
1816-17 ; St. Louis, Mo., 1817-18, and removed to
the Barrens, Perry county, Mo., in 1818, where
he erected a building and founded a Lazarist
college in 1819, being chosen its first superior
and professor of logic and theology. The name
of the college was changed to St. Mary's. He
was superior of the Lazarists in the United
States, 1820-30, and was consecrated bishop co
adjutor of New Orleans, at Ascension parish,
by Bishop Dubourg, assisted by Bishops Sibourd
and Sedalia. He refused the bishopric of New
Orleans, March 14, 1820, and accepted the ap
pointment of bishop of the newly erected see of
St. Louis, March 20, 1827. He was administrator
of Louisiana, 1826-29 ; co-operated with the
Jesuits in the establishment of St. Louis univer
sity, and built a cathedral at St. Louis, which
was consecrated in October, 1834. He was a
member of the first four provincial councils of
Baltimore ; went to Rome in 1840, and was ap
pointed apostolic delegate to Hayti to reorganize
the Haytian church. He died in Rome, Italy,
Sept. 25, 1843.
ROSE, Chauncey, philanthropist, was born
in Wethersfield, Conn., Dec. 24, 1794. In 1817 he
settled in Terre Haute, Ind., which became his
permanent home, with the exception of the
years 1819-25, which he spent in Park county,
Ind., engaged in milling. By his successful mer
cantile interests in Terre Haute and by land in
vestments he became a man of wealth and influ
ence, organizing the Terre Haute and Indiana
polis railroad company. All of his New York
charities grew out of an act of justice, which
he considered due from him to his brother John,
a cotton broker of New York, who had left a
fortune of $900,000. This fortune, in danger of
being diverted, was rescued by Mr. Rose after
six years of litigation, the estate having then
increased to $1,600,000, and was distributed

[547]

ROSECRANS

ROSECRANS

among eighty-two of the charitable organiza
tions of New York city, each of which received
an amount ranging from $300 to $220,000. He also
presented his native town of Wethersfield with
$12,000 for the endowment of an academy. Mr.
Rose was especially interested in the promotion
of education, and his personal charities include :
$8,000 to the Indiana State,. Normal school, for a
library ; $60,000 for the endowment of two pro
fessorships in Wabash university, and $450,000
to establish and endow an industrial school in
Terre Haute, which was
founded in 1874, and in 1875
named in his honor the Rose
Polytechnic institute, Mr.
Rose serving as president
of its board of managers
until his death. By the
terms of his will this insti
tution was named as his residuary legatee. He
died in Terre Haute, Ind., Aug. 13, 1877.
ROSECRANS, Sylvester Horton, R. C bishop,
was born at Homer, Licking county, Ohio, Feb.
5, 1827 ; son of Crandall and Johanna Rosecrans,
and brother of Gen. William Starke Rosecrans,
He matriculated at Kenyon college in the class
of 1847, but having embraced the Roman Catholic
faith he left the college in 1845 to enter St. John's
college, Fordham, where he was graduated in
1846. He then went to Rome and was graduated
from the Propaganda with the degree of D. D.,
Sep. 4, 1851, and in the distribution of awards
on that day, he took premiums for sacred scrip
ture, dogmatic theology, ecclesiastical history
and Gregorian music. He was ordained, July 16,
1852, at Rome, by the Cardinal Vicar, and returned
to the United States. He was assistant pastor at
St. Peter's cathedral, Cincinnati, 1852-59, and pro
fessor at Mt. St. Mary's Seminary of the West and
at St. Gregory's preparatory seminary at Cedar
Point, 1859-62. He was elected titular bishop of
" Pompeiopolis " and auxiliary bishop of Cin
cinnati, and was consecrated March 25, 1862, by
Archbishop Purcell, assisted by Bishops Spauld
ing and Luers. He was translated to the see of
Columbus, on its establishment in 1868, becoming
its first bishop, March 3, 1868. He edited the
Catholic Telegraph for several years, and during
his bishoporic St. Mary's of the Spring academy,
connected with the Convent and Mother's House
of the Dominican sisters at Shepard, Franklin
county, Ohio, was founded ; St. Aloysius acad
emy, New Lexington, was erected, and St. Joseph's
cathedral was begun, being consecrated on the
day before he died. He died at Columbus, Ohio,
Oct. 21, 1878.
ROSECRANS, William Starke, soldier, was
born in Kingston, Ross county, Ohio, Sept. 6,
1819 ; son of Crandall and Johanna Rosecrans.

The family came from Amsterdam, Holland, and
settled in Wilkes Barre, Pa., the name beingorig-
inally spelled Rosenkrantz. Crandall Rosecrans
settled in Licking county, Ohio, and was a Metho
dist. William was graduated from, the U.. S. Mil
itary academy in 1842 and was assigned to the
engineer corps. He was converted to the Roman
Catholic faith while at West Point, and addressed .
a letter to his brother Sylvester Horton Rose
crans (q. v.) then a student in Kenyon college,
which determined his change of faith. Lieuten
ant Rosecrans served as assistant engineer in
the construction of the fortifications at Hampton
Roads,- Va., 1842-43 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant,
April 3, 1843, and
served as assistant
professor of engineer
ing at the U.S. Mil
itary academy, 1843-
44 and 1845-47 ; as
principal assistant
professor, 1846-47, and
as assistant professor
of natural and exper
imental philosophy,
1844-45. He superin
tended the repairs of
Fort Adams, R.I.,
1847-53, made surveys
ofthe Taunton river
and NewBedfordhar-
bor, Mass., 1852-53 ; superintended the improve
ment of Providence Harbor, R.I., and the repairs
of Goat Island light-house, Newport, R.I., 1852-53,
and of Washington navy yard, D.C, 1853^54. He
was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 3,1853, and re
signed his commission, April 1, 1854. He entered
civil life as a civil engineer and architect at Cin
cinnati, Ohio, in 1854 ; was superintendent ofthe
Cannel Coal company, Coal River, Va., 1855-57 ;
president of the Coal River Navigation company,
Va., 1856-57, and engaged in the manufacture of
kerosene oil at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1857-61. He
organized and drilled the home guard depart
ment of the Ohio as volunteer aide-de-camp to
Major-General McClellan, April-June, 1861 ; was
promoted colonel of staff and chief engineer,
June 9, 1861, and laid out Camp Dennison, near
Cincinnati. He .was appointed colonel of the 33d
Ohio volunteers, June 10, 1861, and was in com
mand of Camp Chase, June 10-20, 1861. He was
appointed brigadier-general, U.S.V., May 16, 1861,
and on June 23, 1861, entered western Virginia
in command of one of the three brigades under
McClellan. He captured General Pegram's camp
at Rich Mountain, July 11, 1861, and on July 22,
1861, succeeded McClellan as ranking officer in
the Western Virginia campaign and in November,
1871, the Department of Western Virginia was

/7^ &A #&>-e&rz<*1>

[548]

ROSECRANS

ROSENTHAL

formed and he was regularly assigned to the
command. He marched from Clarksburg against
Floyd in September, 1861, and this march led to
the combat of Carnifex Ferry, Sept. 10, 1861, and
the driving of Floyd from the district after mak
ing a slight resistance at Gauley Bridge, Nov. 1,
1861. He was promoted major-general. U.S.V.,
March 21, 1862, and on June 11, 1862, succeeded
General Pope to the command of the Army of the
Mississippi. He was in command of the Union
forces in the battle of Iuka, Miss., Sept. 19, 1862,
and after the battle he was put in command of
ths district of West Tennessee, with headquarters
at Corinth, Sept. "26, 1662, General Grant remov
ing his headquarters to Jackson, Tenn. He for
tified and successfully defended Corinth from
the assault by General Van Dorn, Sept. 3-4, 1862,
driving the Confederates back to Ripley, the
cavalry pursuing the retreating army for 60 miles,
when he was ordered back to Corinth by General
Grant in spite of his protests and assurances that
he could press the enemy, then thoroughly de
moralized, and capture Vicksburg. The Confed
erate loss was 1428 officers and men killed and
left for the Federal officers to bury ; probably
5000 wounded, 2268 prisoners captured ; 3300
stands of small arms ; 14 stands of colors ; 2 pieces
of artillery and a large quantity of equipments.
Rosecrans's loss was 355 killed, 1841 wounded and
324 captured or missing. He succeeded General
Buell in command of the department of the
Cumberland, Oct. 20 1862, and after securing a
thorough reorganization of the Army of the Cum
berland (Fourteenth Army Corps), on Dec. 26,
1862, he began his march toward Nashville, where
he expected to give battle to Gen. Braxton Bragg,
then at Murfreesboro on Stone's River. The battle
of Stone's River, Dec. 31, 1862-Jan. 3, 1863, fol
lowed, in which the Confederate loss in killed
and wounded was 9000 while Rosecrans lost about
an equal number ; but the field was held by the
Federals, Bragg falling back to Tullahoma. In
January, 1863, after the disaster of the Army of
the Potomac under Burnside, General Halleck
and Secretary Stanton favored the appointment
of Rosecrans to the command of that army, but
the President thought it injudicious to put an
other western man in command, and Hooker was
appointed. Rosecrans claimed that by holding
Bragg's army entrenched at its camp before Mur
freesboro he strengthened Grant at Vicksburg,
and it was not till June 24, 1863, when news from
Vicksburg indicated the speedy fall of that place,
that Rosecrans moved on Bragg's entrenched
army, and on July 4, he had possession of the
camps, and on July 7, Bragg was in full retreat
over the Cumberland mountains to Chattanooga.
Rosecrans skilfully jnanoeuvered the Confederate
army south of the Tennessee river and through

and beyond Chattanooga. Here instead of en
trenching, he kept up the pursuit while Bragg
was being re-enforced from Mississippi, and by
Longstreet from the Army of Northern Virginia.
Rosecrans, in time, had to fall back, and a battle
was fought on Sept. 19-20, 1863, when he was
badly defeated, abandoning Lookout Mountain
and Missionary Ridge and falling back on Chat
tanooga Sept. 21, 1863, which place he began to
fortify. His loss in killed, wounded and missing
was 16,179 against 17,804, by the Confederate
army. He was superseded by General Thomas
Oct. 23, 1863, and was awaiting orders Oct. 1863-
June, 1864. He was given command of the De
partment of the Missouri, Jan. 28, 1864, with
headquarters at St. Louis, Mo., and on Dec. 9,
1864, he was relieved of his commjand without
explanation, and was on leave of absence, 1865-67.
He was brevetted major-general, U.S. army,
March 13, 1865, for gallant and distinguished
services at the battle, of Stone's River, Tenn., and
was mustered out of the volunteer service, Jan.
15, 1866. He resigned his commission March 28,
1867, and was appointed U.S. minister to Mexico
July 27, 1868, and from 1869 to 1881 he engaged
in railway and industrial enterprises in Mexico.
He was elected president of the San Jose Mining
company in 1871 ; president of the Safety Powder
company of San Francisco in 1878, and was a
Democratic representative in the 47th and 48th
congresses, 1881-85, serving as chairman of the
committee on military affairs. He was register of
the U.S. treasury, 1885-93, and in February, 1889,
was restored to the rank and pay of brigadier-
general, U.S.A. and placed on the retired list. He
is the author of Battleof Corinth in "Battles and
Leaders ofthe Civil war." (Vol. II. pp. 737-57).
He died at Rosecrans, twelve miles from Los
Angeles, Cal., March 11, 1898, and his body was
conveyed to the Arlington National Cemetery,
Washington, D.C, for interment.
ROSENTHAL, Max, teacher and engraver, was
born in Turck, Russian Poland, Nov. 23, 1833.
He studied lithography, drawing and painting
under Thurwanger in Paris, France, 1847-49 ;
came to Philadelphia, Pa., in the latter year,
where he continued his studies, and subsequently
established himself as a lithographer and por
trait-painter, making the plates for " Wild Scenes
and Wild Horses," the first book illustrated en
tirely by chromo-lithography in the United
States. He was married, Nov. 2, 1858, to Caroline,
daughter of Abraham Rosenthal. During the
civil war he accompanied the Army of the Poto
mac as artist, reproducing nearly every encamp
ment, and was afterward engaged in book illus
trating until 1884, when he took up etching and
the production of mezzo-tints, principally of
the portraits of famous Americans, those of

[549]

ROSS

ROSS

Daniel Webster and Benjamin Franklin being
the largest and most important. Among his art
works are illustrations for several of Longfellow's
poems ; Storm Approaches (1884) , after a paint
ing by Henry Mosler ; a copy of La Rixe, after
an etching from Meissonier's painting ; the orig
inal etchings, Doris, the Shepherd's Maiden (1885),
and Marguerite (1886), and^tchings of the exte
rior and of the high altar of the Catholic cathe
dral, New York city (1887). He also added ten
engravings of unengraved portraits of Washing
ton to Washingtona, and in 1903 was completing
a large mezzo-tinto of Washington from the paint
ing by Trumbull in the city hall at Charleston,
S.C ROSS, Clinton, author, was born in Bingham
ton, N.Y., July 81, 1861 ; son of Erastus and Cor
nelia (Corbett) Ross ; grandson of Alfred and
Elizabeth (Drake) Ross, and of Cooper and Cor
nelia (Bayless) Corbett, and a descendant of the
Corbetts of Warwickshire, England, and the
Rosses of Scotland. He prepared for college at
Phillips Andover academy, and was graduated
from Yale in 1884, after which he travelled ex
tensively. In 1892 and 1895 he passed some
months on the reportorial staff of the New York
Evening Sun, but later devoted himself exclu
sively to the study of literature and the drama.
He is the author of : The Silent Workman (1886) ;
The Speculator (1888); Tlie Adventures of Three
Worthies (1891); Improbable Tales (1892); Two
Soldiers and a Politician (1892); The Countess
Bettina (1895); The Scarlet Coat (1896); The Pup
pet (1896); Chalmette (1897); The Meddling Hussy
(1896); A Trooper of the Empress (1898); Zuleka
(1898); Heroes of Our War with Spain (1898);
Battle Tales (1898); Men, Women and Comedies
(1903) ; The Tale of Many Gods (1903), and numer
ous magazine articles.
ROSS, Edmund Gibson, senator, was born in
Ashland, Ohio, Dec. 7, 1826 ; son of Sylvester F.
and Cynthia (Rice) Ross. He was apprenticed to
the trade of a printer at Huron, Ohio, in the
summer of 1838, and removed to Milwaukee,
Wis., in 1847, where he was employed as fore
man of the Milwaukee Sentinel job printing
rooms, 1852-56. He removed to Kansas in 1850 ;
was a soldier in the Free State army in the contro
versy that then opened, and was a member of the
state constitutional convention in 1859. He
edited the Kansas Tribune at Topeka, 1856-61, at
that time the only Free State organ in tlie
territory, all other Free State papers having been
destroyed. In 1862 he joined the Federal army
as a private, was made captain of a company, and
in 1863 was promoted major. He was appointed
U.S. senator from Kansas to fill the vacancy
caused by the death of James H. Lane. July 25,
1866, vvas elected at the succeeding winter

session of the state legislature, and served till
March 4, 1871. He voted for the acquittal of
President Johnson in the impeachment trial,
May 16, 1868, and this, as he fully foresaw at the
time, cost him political ostracism. He was the
defeated Democratic candidate for governor of
Kansas in 1880, and in 1882 removed to Albu
querque, New Mexico, where he engaged in the
newspaper business. He was appointed by Pres
ident Cleveland governor of the territory, serv
ing, 1885-89, and in the latter year he returned
to Albuquerque where he was still residing in 1903,
ROSS, Edward Alsworth, political economist
and sociologist, was born in Virden, 111., Dec. 12,
1866 ; son of William Carpenter and Rachel (Als
worth) Ross ; grandson of Carpenter Ross. He
was graduated from Coe college, Cedar Rapids,
Iowa, in 1886 ; was a student at the University of
Berlin, 1888-89, and at Johns Hopkins university,
in the department of history, politics and econ
omics, 1890-91, and took the degree of Ph.D. at
Johns Hopkins in 1891. He was married, June
16, 1892, to Rosamond Comstock, daughter of
Francis Simons of Washington, D.C. He was
professor of economics and social science at In
diana university, 1891-92 ; associate professor of
political economy and finance at Cornell univer-
versity, 1892-93 ; professor of economic theory
and finance at Leland Stanford Junior university,
1893-97, and professor of sociology, 1897-1900.
In November, 1900, his public expressions on cer
tain sociological questions not meeting the ap
proval of Mrs. Stanford, he was requested to re
sign. He was appointed lecturer on sociology in
the University of Nebraska in January, 1901, and
professor of sociology in April. He was also ap
pointed lecturer on sociology in Harvard univer
sity for the year 1901-02. During 1892-93 he was
secretary of the American Economic association,
and in 1900 he was chosen associate of the Insti-
tut International de Sociologie. He was made an
advisory editor of the American Journal of Soci
ology. He is the author of a monograph, Sinking
Funds (1892); a brochure, Honest Dollars (1896);
a volume, Social Control (1901), and numerous
contributions to the Political Science Quarterly,
the Quarterly Journal of Economics, the Annals
of the American Academy, the American Journal
of Sociology, and other periodicals.
ROSS, George, signer, was born in New Castle,
Del., in 1730 ; son of the Rev. George and Cath
erine (Van Gezel) Ross, and grandson of David
Ross of Scotland. His father (1679-1754) was
graduated from the University of Edinburgh in
1700, and studied theology there, but joined the
Church of England, and emigrating to America
in 1703 settled in New Castle, Del., becoming
pastor of the church there and at Chester, Del.
George was admitted to the bar in 1751, and set-

[5501

ROSS

ROSS

tied in practice at Lancaster, Pa. He was a mem
ber of the Pennsylvania assembly, 1768-70, and
prepared a declaration of rights after the dissolu
tion" of the Proprietary government. He was a
delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental
congress, 1774-77 ; was the last man of the Penn
sylvania delegation to sign the Declaration of
Independence, and ably contributed toward the
defence of the oolonies against the British. The
sum of £150 was voted by Lancaster county as a
testimony of their appreciation of his services in
the Continental congress, but he refused the gift.
He was judge of the court of admiralty for Penn
sylvania from April 14, 1779, until his death. He
is the author of a report urging vigorous action in
the prosecution of the defence of Philadelphia.
He died in Lancaster, Pa., July 16, 1779.
ROSS, Jack Ferrill, pioneer financier, was
born in Franklin county, N.C, Oct. 29, 1791 ; son
of the Hon. John (1754-1815) and Temperance
(Ferrill) (1760-1823) Ross. He attended the Uni
versity of North Carolina, and on May 20, 1813,
enlisted as third lieutenant in the 3d infantry ;
was promoted second lieutenant in February,
1814, and first lieutenant in July, 1814 ; saw active
service under General Jackson, and was sent to
Mobile in 1814 to pay off the troops. He was re
tained in 1815 as third lieutenant of light artil
lery, U.S.A., but resigned about April 15, 1817.
He was married, Feb. 11, 1817, to Anne Amelia,
daughter of Col. George Fisher of Rowan county,
N.C, who settled in southern Alabama. He re
moved to Alabama, and engaged as a mer
chant in St. Stephens. He was the first ter
ritorial and state treasurer of Alabama, 1818-22,
and was succeeded by John C. Perry ; was one of
the incorporators of the state bank at St. Ste
phens, Feb. 13, 1818, the second established in
the state, and was one of the superintendents
for taking stock subscriptions under the state
banking act of Dec. 21, 1820. He owned large
plantations in Clarke and Greene counties ; re
moved to Mobile, Ala., in 1824; was sheriff of
Mobile county; a representative in the Alabama
legislature, 1826-37 and 1835. and state senator in
1828. He died in Mobile, Ala., Oct. 12, 1837.
ROSS, James, senator, was born in York
county, Pa., July 12, 1762. He attended the " log
college " of the Rev. John McMillan, at Chartiers,
1780-82; taught Latin there, 1782-84; was ad
mitted to the bar in 1784, and established himself
in practice at Washington, Pa. He was a mem
ber of the state constitutional convention in 1789;
was elected to fill a vacancy in the U.S. senate
in April, 1794, the election of Albert Gallatin
having been declared void, Feb. 28, 1794, and took
his seat, April 24, 1794. He was re-elected in
1797, and served till March 3. 1803. During the
whisky insurrection In 1794, he calmed the agi

tation of an excited gathering of citizens at
Washington, Pa., in a powerful speech, and by
his personal appeals organized a party opposed
to the insurrection. He was appointed by Presi
dent Washington the chief of a commission to
consult with the insurrectionists, and succeeded
in ending the troubles. He was Washington's
counsel, and later became attorney in fact for
the management of his large estates in western
Pennsylvania. He was nominated in 1799 by the
Federalists for governor of the state, but was
defeated by Thomas McKean, anti-Federalist.
He was consul for a party of negro refugees, who
had escaped from their masters and fled to Phila
delphia, and although he won the case, his con
nection with it diminished his popularity and he
vvas again defeated for governor in 1808. He
died in Allegheny, Pa., Nov. 27, 1847.
ROSS, John, representative, was born in Sole-
bury, Bucks county, Pa., Feb. 34, 1770 ; son of
Thomas and Jane (Chapman) Ross, and grandson
of Thomas and Kesiah (Williamson) Ross. His
grandfather, a prominent Quaker preacher, was
born in 1708 in county Tyrone, Ireland, his an
cestors having been Scotch. In 1728, with his
sister Elizabeth, he came to America and settled
on a tract of 200 acres in Solebury Township,
conveyed to him by the Penns. In 1784, in com
pany with other Friends, he sailed for England
on a religious mission, and died at the home of
Lindley Murray, the grammarian, at Holdgate,
near York, in 1786. John Ross was married, Nov.
19, 1795, to Mary Jenkins of Jenkintown, who
was not a Quaker, and for this was disowned by
the Society of Friends. It was Mary (Jenkins)
Ross who presented the flag to General Washing
ton at Philadelphia in 1777. John Ross studied
law with his cousin, Thomas Ross of Westchester,
was admitted to the bar in 1792 and settled in
practice in Easton, Pa. He was elected to the
legislature, 1800 ; was defeated by Gen. Robert
Brown (q.v.) for representative congress in 1816;
and was elected to the llth, 14th and 15th con
gresses, serving 1809-11 and 1815-18, and resign
ing, Feb. 14, 1818, to become president-judge of
the seventh judicial district. In 1830 he was
transferred to the bench of the supreme court,
where he served until his death. He had niue
children : all of his sons were educated at Prince
ton, one of them, Thomas (Princeton 1825) being
a representative from Pennsylvania in the 31st
and 32d congresses, 1849-53. One of Judge Ross's
daughters, Camilla A., married Peter Ihrie(q.v.).
Judge Ross died in Easton, Pa., Jan. 31, 1834.
ROSS, Jonathan, senator, was born in Water
ford, Vt., April 30, 1826 ; son of Royal and Eliza
(Mason) Ross ; grandson of Jonathan and Lucy
(Stoddard) Ross, and of the Rev. Reuben and
Polly (Hibbard) Mason ; great-grandson of Roger

[551]

ROSS

ROSS

Ross of Templeton, Mass., reputed to have been
a Scotchman, and a descendant of Sampson
Mason. Jonathan Ross was born on the farm
cleared by his parental grandfather, and worked
on the farm till 1847. He attended the St. Johns
bury academy, and
was graduated from
Dartmouth college in
ltS51. He was mar
ried, Nov. 22, 1852, to
Eliza Ann, daughter
of Isaiah and Caro
line (Bugbee) Carpen
ter of Waterford, Vt,
who died, Jan. 15,
1886 ; and secondly,
July 4, 1887, to Helen
Augusta Daggett.
He was principal of
Chelsea and Crafts-
bury academies, Vt.,
1851-56 ; was ad
mitted to the bar in January, 1856, and prac
tised in St. Johnsbury, 1856-70. He was state
attorney for Caledonia county, 1862-63 ; a rep
resentative in the state legislature, 1865-67 ; state
senator in 1870, and a member of the state board
of education, 1866-70. He was judge of the
supreme court of Vermont, 1870-90 ; chief jus
tice, 1890-99 ; and was appointed U.S. senator by
Governor Edward C. Smith, Jan. 11, 1899, and
served in the vacancy caused by the death of
Justin S. Morrill until Oct. 18, 1900, when Wil
liam Paul Dillingham was elected to complete
the term. He was made chairman of the state
railroad commission of Vermont, Dec. 1, 1900.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Dartmouth in 1885.
ROSS, Lawrence Sullivan, governor of Texas,
was born in Bentonsport, Iowa, Sept. 27, 1838 ;
son of Capt. Shapley Prince and Katharine (Falk-
erson) Ross ; grandson of Shapley and Mary
(Prince) Ross ; great-grandson of Lawrence and
Susan (Oldham) Ross, and
a. descendant of Lawrence
Ross, born in Scotland, who
in his boyhood removed to
Virginia with his father,
attended school, and was
wounded and captured from
the schoolhouse by the In
dians with whom he lived until twenty-three years
old. He afterwards married Susan, daughter of
Gen. William Oldham. Lawrence S. Ross re
moved with his parents to Texas in 1839, attended
Baylor university, and was graduated from Wes
leyan university, Florence, Ala., in 1859. He
raised a company of 135 Indians and whites, and
enlisted under Capt. Earl Van Dorn in the expedi

tion against the Comanche Indians in 1858, dis
tinguishing himself at the battle of Wichita. He
was commissioned major of state militia and
commanded the Texas Frontier battalion in later
fights with the Comanches. He married.May 28,
1861, Lizzie, daughterof David R. and Sarah Ann
(Holt) Tinsley of Waco, Tex. In 1861 he enlisted
as a private in the Confederate army ; was pro
moted major of the 6th Texas cavalry in Septem
ber, 1861, and colonel in May, 1862. He was pro
moted brigadier-general in 1863 for his skill in
covering the retreat of Gen. Earl Van Dorn from
Corinth, Miss. ; commanded a brigade, Wheeler's
cavalry, Army of Tennessee, and later was in
command of the Texas cavalry, Army of the
West. After the war he returned to Texas and
engaged in farming. He was sheriff of McLen
nan county in 1875 ; a member of the state con
stitutional convention in 1875 ; state senator in
1881-86, and governor of Texas, succeeding John
Ireland, 1887-91. During his term of office the
new state capitol was completed in May, 1888.
He was president of the Agricultural and Me
chanical college of Texas, 1891-98. He died in
College Station, Tex., Jan. 4, 1898.
ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, was born in
Lewiston, 111. , July 18, 1823 ; son of Ossian M.
and Mary (Winans) Ross; brother of Lewis
Winans Ross (q.v.). He attended Illinois col
lege, 1841-42, was admitted to the bar in 1844,
and Nov. 13, 1845, was married to Catherine M.,
daughter of Reuben C. and Frances (Graves)
Simms of Virginia. On July 18, 1846, he enlisted
as a private in the 4th Illinois volunteers, for
service in the war with Mexico, was commis
sioned first-lieutenant, September, 1846, and com
manded his company at Vera Cruz and Cerro
Gordo. He was probate justice of Fulton county,
111., in 1847, clerk of Fulton county in 1849, and
in 1861 recruited a company for the civil war.
He was commissioned colonel of the 17th Illinois
volunteers, was engaged at Fredericktown, Mo.,
under General Fremont in October, 1861, and at
Belmont, Mo., under General McClernand, Nov.
7, 1861. He was attached to the 3d brigade, 1st
division, Grant's army, and fought atFort Henry,
Feb. 6, 1862, and at Fort Donelson, Feb. 15, 1862,
where he succeeded Colonel Morrison in the com
mand of the brigade. He was placed in command
of Fort Girardeau, Mo., and April 25, 1862, was
promoted brigadier-general. He was stationed
in southwestern Tennessee, later took part in the
operations about Vicksburg and was mustered
out in 1865. He was appointed collector of inter
nal revenue in 1867, in 1868 was unsuccessful Re
publican candidate for representative in the 41st
congress, removed to Iowa City, la., and engaged
in raising cattle, but in 1894 returned to Lewis-
ton, 111. He was a delegate to the Democratio

[552]

ROSS

ROSSER

national conventions of 1852 and 1856, and the
' Republican national convention of 1872. He died
in Lewistown, 111., Jan. 17, 1901.
ROSS, Lewis Winans, representative, was
born in Seneca Falls, N.Y., Deo. 8, 1812 ; son of
Ossian M. and Mary (Winans) Ross ; grandson of
Joseph and Abagail Ross, and a descendant of
Zebulon Ross, who came from Scotland early in
the eighteenth century. He removed to Illinois
with his parents, attended Illinois college, 1837,
and became a lawyer. He was married, June 13,
1839, to Frances M., daughter of Reuben C. and
Frances (Graves) Simms of Virginia. He was
a representative in the state legislature, 1840,
1841, 1844 and 1845 ; member of the state consti
tutional conventions, 1861 and 1870 ; and a Demo
cratic representative from Illinois in the 38th,
39th and 40th congresses, 1863-69, He died in
Lewistown, 111., Oct. 29, 1895.
ROSS, William Henry Harrison, governor of
Delaware, was born in Laurel, Sussex county,
Del., June 2, 1814 ; son of Caleb and Letitia (Lof-
land) Ross. He attended the common schools
and Claremont academy in Pennsylvania. He
visited Great Britain and
Ireland, 1836 ; was estab
lished in business in Adams
county, 111., 1837 ; in Laurel,
1837-45 ; removed to Seaford,
Del., in the latter year, and
was in command of a regi
ment of cavalry in the Mexi-
He was married, June 7, 1840,
to Elizabeth E., daughter of George K. Hall of
Middletown, Del., and they had three sons and
four daughters. He was a delegate from Dela
ware to the Democratic national conventions of
1844, 1848, 1856 and 1860 ; governor of Delaware,
1851-55, and subsequently again went abroad,
traveling extensively on the continent. He died
in Philadelphia. Pa., June 29, 1887.
ROSSER, Thomas Lafayette, soldier and
engineer, was born in Campbell county, Va.,
Oct. 15, 1836 ; son of John and Martha Melvina
(Johnson) Rosser ; grandson of Thomas and Nancy
(Twedy) Rosser and of Jonathan and Mahalah
(Hargrave) Johnson, and a descendant from
John Rosser, a Huguenot, and on the Johnson
side from English, Danish and .Scandinavian
ancestors. In 1849 he removed with his parents
to Texas and entered the U.S. Military academy
in 1856. He was to graduate in 1861, but the
entire class was ordered into the army on the
attack on Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, before
being graduated, and Rosser resigned to join the
Confederate army. He was commissioned 1st
lieutenant of artillery, was in the battle of Bull
Run, July 21, 1861, and was promoted captain in
the Washington artillery of New Orleans imme-

can war, 1846-47.

Qr/Urt&^jlkrzkfics#y>

diately after the battle. He fought in the Penin
sular campaign ; was wounded at Mechanicsville,
Va., June 26, 1862, and was promoted lieutenant-
colonel. He was transferred to the cavalry : pro
moted, colonel and given command of the 5th
Virginia cavalry of
Fitzhugh Lee's bri
gade under J. E. B.
Stuart. During Gen.
T. J. Jackson's ma
noeuvres on Pope's
left, Colonel Rosser
protected one flank ;
was engaged at the
second Bull Run, and
at South Mountain,
where he was sent by
General Stuart to
seize Fox's Gap on
Braddock road, and
after the death of
General Garland, he
assumed command of the brigade of infantry. He
was engaged in the operations around Fredericks
burg and Charlottesville ; fought at Gettysburg,
and on Oct. 15, 1863, was promoted brigadier-gen
eral and given command of the second brigade in
Wade Hampton's division. He was engaged in the
cavalry operations in the Wilderness and around
Richmond, fighting desperately at Trevilliaii sta
tion, where he was badly wounded in the leg.
He was promoted major-general, Sept. 12, 1864 ;
joined General Early in the Shenandoah valley on
Oct. 5, and took command of Fitzhugh Lee's di
vision, that officer having been incapacitated from
wounds received at the battle of Winchester.
Rosser skirmished successfully on Oct. 8 ; was de
feated at Tom's Brook by Sheridan the following
day, and on Oct. 17, attacked Custer in the rear of
his picket line. At Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864,
he led the attack on the Federal right ; was met
by a superior force, and with difficulty held his
own, but during the retreat of Early's army his
command retired in good order, and was left at
Fisher's Hill to act as a rear-guard. He held this
position until the following day and then fell
back to Stony Creek. He captured the strong
hold at New Creek with 8 pieces of artillery, 2000
prisoners, large quantities of military stores,
horses, and commissary supplies, September, 1864,
and did great damage to the B. & O. R. R., burn
ing the round house and shops at Piedmont. In
February, 1865, he crossed the Great North Moun
tain in a severe snow storm (still on crutches and
suffering from wounds received at Trevilliaii
station), captured Beverly with its garrison of
900 men, large stores and many cattle, and
brought them all back to Staunton, losing only
one officer (Colonel Cook), and five men. He

[553]

ROSSITER

ROTH

commanded a division in the Appomattox cam
paign ; refused to surrender, and charged through
the Union lines with two divisions of cavalry.
He escaped and attempted to reorganize the
Army of Virginia, but was captured at Hanover
OH.,Va., May 2, 1865. He was married, May
28, 1863, to Elizabeth Barbara, daughter of Will
iam Overton and Sarah Ann (Gregory) Winston
of Hanover county, Va. After the war he studied
law, and in 1870 became interested in railroading,
being chief engineer of the Eastern division of
the Northern Pacific railroad, 1871-81, and chief
engineer of the Canadian Pacific railroad, 1881-
83. In 1885 he retired to an estate in Virginia,
where he was living, June 10, 1898, when he was
commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers by
President McKinley. He served at Chickamauga
Park and Knoxville, commanding the 14th Min
nesota, 2d Ohio, and 1st Pennsylvania regiments
of volunteer infantry, and was engaged in drill
ing troops and equipping them for battle when
the war ended. He was honorably mustered
out, Nov. 31, 1898, and returned to his home in
Charlottesville, Va.
ROSSITER, Thomas Prichard, painter, was
born in New Haven, Conn., Sept. 29, 1817. He
attended the New Haven schools ; studied art
under Nathaniel Jocelyn, and in 1838 opened a
studio in New Haven. He studied in London
and Paris, 1840-41 ; painted in Rome, 1841-46,
and settled in New York city in 1846. He was
elected an Associate National Academician in
1840, and an Academician in 1849. He resided in
Paris, 1853-56, and again in New York city, 1856-
60. Among his more famous paintings are :
Miriam Dancing before the Hosts ; Jeremiah ;
Jews in Captivity ; Joan of Arc in Prison ; Wise
and Foolish Virgins; The Representative Mer
chants ; The Home of Washington, with Mignot
(1858); The Discoverers (1859), and The Life of
Christ, a series. He was awarded a gold medal .
at the Paris International exposition of 1855 for
his Venice in the 15th Century (1854), and a
medal of the third class at the Salon of 1855. He
died in Cold Spring, N.Y, May 17, 1871.
ROTCH, Abbott Lawrence, meteorologist, was
born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 6, 1861 ; son of Ben
jamin S. and Annie B. (Lawrence) Rotch ; grand
son of Joseph and Anne (Smith) Rotch, and of
Abbott and Katharine (Bigelow) Lawrence, and
a descendant of families of English ancestry,
prominent as merchants in Massachusetts, a
paternal ancestor having founded the town of
New Bedford, and his maternal grandfather that
of Lawrence. He was graduated at the Massa
chusetts Institute of Technology, S.B., 1884, and
in 1885 established at his own expense the Blue
Hill Meteorological Observatory, in Milton, Mass.
At this observatory, the entire expense of which

he assumed, he, with two or three assistants,
made important investigations in dynamic me
teorology. Here were executed the first measure
ments in the United States of the height and
velocity of clouds, and here, also, kites were first
used to lift self-re
cording instruments
into the upper air, a
method of investiga
tion now extensively
adopted in Europe.
As early as 1899 Mr.
Rotch experimented
with kites for wireless
telegraphy, using the
Marconi S3'stem, and
in 1901, when he
crossed the ocean to
lecture to the British
Association for the
Advancement of Sci
ence, he flew kites
daily from the deck of the steamer, thus ob
taining the first observations of the upper at
mosphere over the Atlantic. He was married,
Nov. 22, 1893, to Margaret Randolph, daughter
of Edward C. and Margaret (Randolph) Ander
son of Savannah, Ga. In 1891 he received the
honorary degree of A.M. from Harvard ; was a
member of the International Jury of Awards at
the Paris exposition in 1889, and was then made a
Chevalier of the Legion of Honor ; subsequently
he was American member of the International
committees on cloud nomenclature and scientific
aeronautics, and in 1902 received from the Ger
man Emperor the Royal Order of the Crown,
Third Class, for his co-operation in the interna
tional work of exploring the atmosphere.' He
took part in scientific expeditions to various parts
of the World, and was for ten years associate-
editor of the American Meteorological Journal.
He is the author of : Observations and Investiga
tions at Blue Hill, published in the Annals of
Harvard College Observatory after 1887 ; Sounding
the Ocean of Air (London, 1900), besides many
articles in scientific periodicals.
ROTH, Theophilus Buechle, educator, was
born in Prospect, Pa., Feb. 9, 1853 ; son of Lewis
and Lydia (Buechle) Roth ; grandson of David
and Mary (Althaus) Roth, and great-grandson of
John Roth (born in Brandenburg, Prussia, who
came to America, 1745), missionary among the
American Indians in Bradford county, Pa., and
at Gnaden Huetten, Ohio, and later pastor of the
Moravian church at York, Pa., where he died.
He was graduated at Thiel college, Greenville,
Pa., A.B., 1874, A.M., 1877, and entered the Lu
theran, ministry, 1878. He was married, Oct. 7,
1879, to Amalie, daughter of John G. and Bar-

[554]

ROTHERMEL

ROUARIE

bara (Maurer) Hoerlein, of Utica, N.Y. ln 1878
he founded the Church of the Redeemer in
Utica, N.Y., where he preached fifteen years.
He founded several other Lutheran churches in
central New York, and in 1893 became president
of Thiel college. He established The Young
Lutheran, a denominational paper, in 1885, and
was its editor. Susquehanna university conferred
on him the honorary degree of D.D. in 1895.
ROTHERMEL, Peter Frederick, artist, was
born in Nescopaok, Luzerne county, Pa., July
18, 1817. He attended the common schools, and
after attempting land-surveying and sign-paint
ing, began the study of drawing under John R.
Smith. He subsequently studied portrait-paint
ing under Bass Otis of Philadelphia, Pa. ; travel
ed in England and on the continent, 1856-59,
remaining nearly two years in Rome, and upon
his return to the United States, opened a studio
in Philadelphia, devoting himself chiefly to his
torical subjects. He was an honorary member
of the National Academy of Design ; a member of
the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and also
a director of the latter, 1847--55. His canvases
include : De Soto Discovering the Mississippi
(1844); Embarkation of Columbus, in the Penn
sylvania academy ; Christian Martyrs in the
Coliseum, a series illustrative of Prescott's
"History of the Conquest of Mexico" (about
1850); Tlie Virtuoso (1855); King Lear (1856);
Patrick Henry before the Virginia House of Bur
gesses ; three paintings of St. Paul ; Trial of Sir
Henry Vane ; Battle of Gettysburg ; Memorial
Hall, Philadelphia (1871) ; The Landsknecht (1876);
Bacchantes (1884); Columbus before Isabella;
two scenes, from " Macbeth," and Amy Robsart
Interceding for Leicester. He died in Grassland-
mere, Pa., Aug. 15. 1895.
ROTHROCK, Joseph Trimble, botanist, was
born in McVeytown, Mifflin county, Pa., April 9,
1839; son of Dr. Abraham and Phoebe (Brinton)
Rothrock ; grandson of Philip and Martha (Lo-
baugh) Rothrock, and of Joseph and Jane (Brin
ton) Trimble. He matriculated at the Lawrence
Scientific school, Harvard college, but on the
outbreak of the civil war, enlisted as a private
in the 131st regiment, Pennsylvania volunteer
infantry. He subsequently raised and was made
captain of company E, 20th regiment, Penn
sylvania volunteer cavalry ; was badly wounded
in the battle of Fredericksburg. Dec. 13, 1862,
and returning to Harvard college, was graduated
B.S., 1864. He soon after began the study of
medicine, but temporarily abandoned it to join
the exploring expedition under the Western
Union Extension Telegraph company in North
ern British Columbia, 1865-66. He was grad
uated from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D.,
1868, and was professor of botany in the Agricul

tural college, Pennsylvania, 1868-70. He was
married, May 27, 1869, to Martha Ellen, daughter
of Addison and Elizabeth (Shafer) May of West
Chester, Pa. He engaged in the practice of
medicine at Wilkesbarre, Pa., 1870-73, where he
assisted in the establishment of a hospital ; was
associated as surgeon and botanist with the
Wheeler geographical and geological expedition
operating under the direction of the U.S. En
gineer corps, west of the 100th meridan, 1873-76,
and contributed extensively to the articles in
Volume IX. of the Wheeler Report, having made
the greater part of the collection which it des
cribes. In 1876 he was elected to the chair of
botany in the University of Pennsylvania, and in
addition to his professorial duties, took an active
part as writer and speaker in the Forestry move
ment ; established the North Mountain school of
physical culture, Luzerne county, Pa., in 1876,
and served as Michaux lecturer in forestry by
appointment of the American Philosophical
society for fourteen years. Professor Rothrock
made an extended voyage through the West
Indies, 1890-91, contributing large additions
to the scientific collection of the University of
Pennsylvania, and in May, 1893, was appointed
commissioner of forestry for Pennsylvania by
Governor Pattison, making his home in West
Chester, and serving in this capacity during the
administrations of Governors Hastings and Stone.
For his photographs of Pennsylvania forest trees,
he received silver medals from the Exposition
Universelle, Paris, 1889, and the Columbian ex
position, Chicago, 1893. He was elected a mem
ber of the American Philosophical society, the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and
the Pennsylvania Historical society, and pres
ident of the Chester County Historical society.
He became a member of the editorial staff of
Forest Leaves in 1893, and is the author of : Flora
of Alaska (1867); Vacation Cruising (1884);
" Revision of North American Guarinese." in the
Proceedings of the American Academy; Penn
sylvania Forestry Reports (1895-97), and several
scientific papers.
ROUARIE, Armand Taffin, Marquis de la,
soldier, was born near Rennes, France, April 14,
1756. He was appointed a member of the king's
body guard, but owing to a duel he was dismissed,
and emigrated to the United States, May 10, 1777,
as Count Armand. He was commissioned colo
nel in the Continental army ; served under La
fayette in New Jersey ; was active in the fighting
in Winchester county, N.Y., and in Connecticut,
and served under Gen. Horatio Gates at Camden,
Aug. 16, 1780. He captured the force of Barre-
more near King's Bridge, Nov. 8, 1779. In 1780
his corps was joined to that of Pulaski, and he
took part in the operations in central New Jer-

[555]

ROUDEBUSH

ROUSSEAU

sey. He went to France on personal business
in 1781, and on his return brought a sup
ply of ammunition and clothing. He was a
witness at the court convened to inquire
as to the conduct of General Gates in 178'2,
and in his testimony he blamed Gates for
the defeat at Camden. He was promoted briga
dier-general, March 26, 1783 ; was made a mem
ber of the Society of the Cincinnati, and returned
to France at the close of the war. He died near
Lamballe, Brittany, Jan. 30, 1793.
ROUDEBUSH, George Shotwell, educator
and clergyman, was born in Goshen, Ohio, April
26, 1828 ; son of Daniel and Ruth (Shotwell)
Roudebush. He graduated at Jefferson college,
Pa., in 1854; taught at Fairview academy, La.,
1854-56 ; attended the Western Theological semi
nary, 1858-57 ; was married, Dec. 24, 1856, to Mar
garet Hughes, daughter of William and Eleanor
(Hughes) Moore of Canonsburg, Pa. ; taught in
the high school at Natchez, Miss., 1857-59 ; was
principal of Natchez institute, 1859-62 ; was
licensed by the presbytery of Mississippi in
August, 1860, and was ordained in 1862. He was
pastor at Woodville, Miss., 1861-64, and stated
supply in Adams county, 1864-66 ; again superin
tendent of Natchez institute, 1867-70 ; president
of Oakland college, Miss., 1870-73, and of the
Oakland institute, 1873-74. He was professor at
the Agricultural and Mechanical college, Miss.,
1880-83 ; Jackson high school, 1883-87, and in 1887
became the principal and proprietor of the Colle
giate academy at Madison, Miss. He received
the degree of D.D. from Mississippi university in
1880. In 1882 he published A Plea for the Higher
Education of the Women of Mississippi, which
led to the establishment by the state of a college
for girls in 1885, which in 1903 enrolled 600 pupils.
ROUND, William Marshall Fitts, penologist,
was born in Pawtucket, R.I., March 26, 1845 ;
grandson of Daniel and Sally (Marshall) Round,
and of Abijah and Betsy (Penno) Fitts. He
attended the public schools and the Harvard
Medical school, but did not graduate. He was
appointed U.S. commissioner to the World's fair,
held in Vienna, 1873, and had charge of the New
England department. He was married, April 25,
1877, to Ellen Miner, daughter of Jesse and Ellen
(Miner) Thomas of Wilkes Barre, Pa., and grand
daughter of the Hon. Charles Miner. He devoted
himself to literature, becoming a journalist and
author, and took an active interest in the subject
of prison reform. He was corresponding secre
tary of the Prison Association of New York ; was
one of the organizers and secretary of tlie National
Prison association, and United States delegate
to the prison congresses held in Rome, Paris and
Brussels. He organized the Burnham Industrial
farm for unruly boys at Canaan, N.Y. ; intro- [5!

duced the "Mill" system of awards, and was
elected corresponding secretary of the Prison
Association of New York in 1883. The honorary
degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Brown
university in 1892. In 1903 he was managing
editor of the Lend a Hand Record, in association
with Rev. Dr. Edward Everett Hale (q.v.), and
much interested in the international justice
movement, of which the " Record is the organ in
the United States. He is the author of : Achsah,
a New England Life Study (1876); Child Marion
Abroad (1876); Torn and Mended (1877) ; Hoi, the
Story of a Clodhopper (1878); Rosecroft (1880).
ROUQUETTE, Adrien Emmanuel, priest and
author, was born in New Orleans, La., Feb. 13,
1813 ; brother of Francois Dominique, author of
¦several poems and a history of the Choctaw In
dians, in both French and English. He spent his
early boyhood among the Indians on Bayou La-
combe ; attended the preparatory department of
Transylvania university, Kentucky ; the College
Royal of Paris, and that of Nantes, and was
graduated from the University of Rennes in 1833.
On his return to New Orleans, having resumed
his friendly relations with the Indians against
the wishes of his parents, he was again sent to
Paris to study law, which he subsequently aban
doned. For the purpose of uplifting the Choctaw
Indians he prepared for the priesthood of the
Roman Catholic church at Bayou Lacomb, where
he learned the Choctaw language and reduced it
to writing ; attended the seminary of Assumption
Parish ; was ordained sub-deacon in 1844, and
priest by Archbishop Blanc of New Orleans in
1845. He was attached to the cathedral in New
Orleans, La., as predicateur, 1845-58, and in 1859
established an Indian mission at the headsprings
of Bayou Lacomb, where he remained until
1886. He also established missions in St. Tam
many parish, and during the civil war he placed
the Indians under the protection of Catherine
Tegehkwitha, the Indian saint of Canada. He-
was a linguist of remarkable reputation, and is
the author of : Les Savanes, poesies Americaines
(1841), including Souvenir de Kentucky ; Wild
Flowers; Sacred Poetry (1848); La Thebaide
en Amerique (1852); L'Antoniade, poeme eremi-
tique (1860) ; Poemes Patriotiques (1860) ; Catherine
Tegehkwitha (1873); La Nouvelle Atald (1879), and
Critical Dialogue between Aboo and Caboo on a
New Book, or a Grandissime Ascension, edited by
E. Junius, a satire on George W. Cable's " Gran-
dissimes." He also translated the select poems
of Estelle Anna Lewis into French, and edited
Selections from the Poets of all Countries (1855).
He died in New Orleans, La., July 15, 1887.
ROUSSEAU, Lovell Harrison, soldier, was
born in Stanford, Lincoln county, Ky., Aug. 4,
1818. He studied law; removed to Bloomfield,
•6J

ROUSSEAU

ROUXEL

/-) mS ln
$~ljv-<^nr(r'U*s-Y'MM' joined

Ind.; was admitted to the bar in 1841, and was a
representative in the state legislature, 1844-45.
During the Mexican war, he raised a company of
which he was commissioned captain, June 22,
1846, and distinguished himself for bravery at
Buena Vista. He
was mustered out,
June 23, 1847 ; was
an Indiana state sen
ator, 1847-49 ; re
moved to Louisville,
Ky., in 1849, and was
a Kentucky state
Senator, 1860-01. He
recruited a brigade ;
was commissioned
colonel of the 5th
Kentucky volunteers,
Sept. 9, 1861,and cross
ing into Kentucky
Sherman's
army. A few days
later, he was ordered to advance to Nolin and select
a position for a large force, and this induced
Johnston to move from Columbus to Bowling
Green. Rousseau was promoted brigadier-gen
eral, Oct. 1, 1861, and at Shiloh commanded the
4th brigade of McCook's division, General Buell's
Army of the Ohio.- He arrived by transport
at daylight the second day (April 7, 1862),
and rendered valuable service in supporting Mc-
Clernand's division at a critical moment, moving
down the Corinth road and sweeping everything
before him. At Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862, he
commanded the 3d division, 1st corps, under Gen
eral McCook, and that same day was promoted
major-general, and transferred to the Army of
the Cumberland, having command of the 1st
division of Thomas's corps. At Stone's river
Rousseau was left in reserve in the rear, where at
daybreak of December 20, he gallantly repulsed
General Wheeler. When in the course of the
battle, Sheridan vvas compelled to fall back, Rous
seau brought up his reserves and maintained the
old line until, for lack of support on his flank, he
was obliged to fall back to where the Union line
was re-forming. Here he held his own until night,
when Bragg withdrew.. He subsequently took
part in the manoeuvres that forced Bragg out of
Tennessee, and was given command, November,
1863, of the Department of Tennessee. After
Sherman had started for Atlanta, Rousseau was
stationed at Nashville, to protect his rear, and
succeeded in keeping the Nashville and Chat
tanooga railroad intact, despite the raids of Gen.
Joseph Wheeler. On July 10, 1864, he was order
ed to leave Decat-ur, Ala., and with two brigades
of cavalry traveled 300 miles in nine days, came
within 100 miles of Johnston's rear, destroyed

the railroad and supplies, and joined Sherman
near Atlanta. He resigned his commission in the
army, Nov. 3, 1865, to become a Republican re
presentative from Kentucky in the 30th congress,
serving from Dec. 4, 1865, to July 12, 1866, when
he resigned his seat because of a censure passed
upon him by the house for assaulting Josiah B.
Grinnell of Iowa. He returned to his state, was
re-elected and served to the end of the term. He
was a, member of the committee on military
affairs, and was an official representative at the
funeral of General Scott. He vvas commissioned
brigadier-general, U.S.A., March 28, 1867, and
was sent to Alaska to receive that territory from
Russia, and to assume control of it. Some indis
creet actions on his part at New Orleans, led Gen
eral Sheridan to complain of him, but he was not
prevented from going to Alaska, whence he was
shortly recalled to testify in the impeachment
trial of President Johnson. He succeeded Gen.
Sheridan in command of the Department of the
Gulf, and died at New Orleans, La., Jan. 7, 1869.
ROUTT, John Long, governor of Colorado,
was born in Eddy ville, Caldwell county, Ky.,
April 25, 1826 ; son of John Routt, and grandson
of Daniel Routt, a veteran of the war of 1812.
His father died when he was very young, and in
1836 he removed with his
mother to Bloomington, 111.,
where he attended the dis
trict schools, and in 1860 1
became sheriff of McLean 1
county, ln 1862 he was
commissioned captain, 94th
Illinois volunteers, fighting
under Grant in the west, and performing danger
ous special service at Vicksburg ; and was mus
tered out in 1865. He was treasurer of .McLean
county, 1865-69, was U.S. marshal for the southern
district of Illinois, 1865-69, and was second assist
ant postmaster-general, 1871-75. He was mar
ried, first, in 1845, to Hester Woodson, who died
in 1872 ; and secondly ^in 1875, to Eliza Franklin
Pickerel. He was appointed governor of Colorado
Territory in February, 1875, which position he
held until Colorado was admitted to statehood in
1876, when he was chosen first governor of the
state. He declined re-nomination and devoted
his attention to business until, in 1883, he was
elected mayor of Denver, and he was again gov
ernor of Colorado, 1890-92.
ROUXEL, Gustave Augustin, R.C bishop,
was born at Redon, Hie et Vilaine, France, Feb. 2,
1840 ; son of James Rouxel and Scolastique
Brecha, his wife. He was graduated from the
Grand Seminary, Rennes, France, and in 1863
came to the United States, where he was ordain
ed priest, Oct. 4, 1863. He was assistant priest
at Opelousas, La., for six months ; pastor at La-

[557]

ROWAN

ROWE

fayette, La., 1864-72 ; administrator of the Cath
edral, New Orleans, 1872-88, and pastor of
Annunciation church, 1888-99. He was appoint
ed canon and vicar-general in 1878, and on April
9, 1899, was consecrated titular bishop of Curium
and auxiliary bishop of New Orleans.
ROWAN, John, senator, was born in York
county, Pa., in 1771; son of* William and 
(Cooper) Rowan. His father was a Revolutionary
soldier, and his mother of Quaker descent. In
1783 his parents removed to Louisville, Ky., and
in March, 1784, with five other families, made a
settlement at Long Falls, Green river, where
they were subject to frequent attacks from the
Shawnee Indians. After completing his prepara
tory education at Dr. Priestly 's classical school,
Bardstown, Ky., John Rowan studied law in
Louisville ; was admitted to the bar in 1795, and
began practice in Bardstown. He was a delegate
from Nelson county to the second state constitu
tional convention at Frankfort, Aug. 17, 1799;
secretary of state, 1804, and a representative
from Kentucky in the llth congress, taking his
seat Jan. 9, 1807, and serving till March 3, 1809.
He was a member of the state legislature from
Nelson county, 1813—17, and from Jefferson
county, 1822 and 1824, and acted as counsel for
John C. Hamilton, who was tried for the murder
of Dr. John P. Sanders in 1817, convicted on
circumstantial evidence, and hanged. In 1823
Mr. Rowan was appointed by the legislature,
with Henry Clay, a commissioner to defend the
occupying claimant laws of the state before the
U.S. supreme court. He was aU.S. senator from
Kentucky, 1825—31, defeating by his vote alone
the bill for appropriation for the extension of the
national road from Zanesville, Ohio, to Maysville,
Ky. , 1826 ; delivered a speech the same year ad
vocating the amendment of the judiciary system
of the United States, and another in 1828 on the
subject of imprisonment for debt, both of which
proved his convincing power as an orator. As
an advocate in criminal cases he had few equals.
He served as commissioner for carrying out the
treaty of 1839 with Mexico ; and a member ofthe
so-called "Relief" party upon the failure of the
Bank of Kentucky. He was chosen grand orator
of the grand lodge of Freemasons of Kentucky
in 1820, and was president of the Kentucky
Historical society, 1838- 43. His wife was a
daughter of Gen. William Lytle, an early pioneer
of Ohio. His son, John Rowan, Jr., was U.S.
minister to Naples, '1848-50. Senator Rowan
died in Louisville, Ky. , July 13, 1843.
ROWAN, Stephen Clegg, naval officer, was
born near Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1808. His
parents brought him to America when a child,
settling in Ohio, where he attended the public
schools and Miami university, 1 825-26. He was

warranted midshipman in the navy, Feb., 1826, and
on the Vincennes sailed around the world, 1827-30.
lie was promoted passed-midshipman, served on
the Vandalia during the Seminole war, and March
8, 1837, was commissioned lieutenant. He was.
executive officer of the Cyane, Pacific squadron,
during the war with Mexico, serving at Monterey,
San Diego, Mesa (where he was wounded), and
Mazatlan. He was promoted commander, Sept.
14, 1855, and in 1861, when he took command of
the Pawnee, sailed up the Potomac to protect
Washington, and June 1, 1861, assisted Com
mander Ward in his attack on the Confederates
at Acquia Creek. Later he was attached to
Commodore Stringham's fleet, which on Aug. 28,
1861, co-operated with General Butler in the
capture of Forts Clark and Hatteras on the North .
Carolina coast. On Feb. 10, 1862, he commanded
the fleet in the attack on Commodore Lynch's
Confederate gun-boats, and the capture of Eliz
abeth city. He succeeded Commodore Golds
borough in command of the entire fleet in the
North Carolina waters, and assisted General
Burnside in the capture of New Berne, March
12, and of Beaufort, April 25, 1862. He received
the thanks of congress, and was promoted captain
and commodore, July 16, 1862 ; was on board the
New Ironsides in the attacks on Forts Wagner
and Sumter, 1862-65; was promoted rear-admiral.
July 25, 1866; transferred to the Nadawasco, and
1866-67, was commandant of the Norfolk navy
yard. He commanded the Asiatic squadron,
1868-69 ; was promoted vice-admiral in 1870 ;
commanded the Brooklyn navy yard, 1872-76,
and was president of the board of naval examiners,
1879-81. In 1883 he was made chairman of the
U.S. light-house board, and in 1889 was retired
at his own request. He died in Washington,
D.C, March 31, 1890.
ROWE, Leo Stanton, political economist, was
born in McGregor, Iowa, Sept. 17, 1871 ; son of
Louis and Katherine (Raff) Rowe. He was grad
uated from the Philadelphia Central High school ;
entered the department of arts, University of
Pennsylvania, sophomore class, in 1887, and the
Wharton School of Finance and Economy in 1888,
and was graduated, Ph.B., 1890, and LL.B., 1892,
in the same year being admitted to the Philadel
phia bar. He studied in Paris and in the Uni
versity of Halle, 1892-96, receiving the degree of
Ph.D. from Halle. He was appointed instructor
in public law in the University of Pennsylvania
in 1896, and was made assistant professor in 1898.
He was elected vice-president of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science in 1899,
and its president in 1902, succeeding President
S. M. Lindsay, appointed commissioner of educa
tion in Porto Rico. On June 25, 1900, he was ap
pointed by President McKinley a member of the

[558]

ROWE

ROWLAND

commission to revise and codify the laws of Porto
Rico, and in April, 1901, Governor Allen appoint
ed him chairman of the Insular Code commission.
He returned to his chair of political science in
the University of Pennsylvania in February,
1902. He was elected a fellow of the Wharton
School of Finance and Economy : a member of
the International Law association ; of the Amer
ican Economical association, and corresponding
member of the Societe d'Anthropologique, Paris.
His many contributions to scientific journals in
clude : " Factors of Efficiency in Government"
(Public Opinion, 1895) ; "The Anti-Semitic Move
ment in America" (Citizen, 1895); "American
Political Ideas and Institutions" (published by
the Reform club, New York, 1897) ; " The Influ
ence of the War on Our Public Life " (Forum,
1899); " The Municipality and the Gas Supply "
(Annals of the American Academy, 1898); "So
cialistic Municipalities of Northern France " ( Yale
Review, 1899); "The Supreme Court and the In
sular Cases" (Annals, 1901); "Political Parties
in Porto Rico" (Annals, 1902); " The Establish
ment of Civil Government in the Philippines"
(Annals, 1902).
ROWE, Peter Trimble, first bishop of the mis
sionary district of Alaska and 177th in succession
in the American episcopate, was born in Meadow-
ville, Canada, Nov. 20, 1856 ; son of Peter and
Mary Rowe. He was graduated from Trinity
college, Toronto, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1882 ; was or
dered deacon by the Bishop of Algoma, Nov. 3,
1878, and advanced to the priesthood, Nov. 14,
1880. He was married, June 1, 1881, to Dora IL,
daughter of the Rev. John Carry, D.D., of Port
Perry, Canada. He was missionary to the Indians
at Garden River, Ontario, 1878-82, and was re
ceived into the American Church by Bishop Har
ris of Michigan in July, 1882. He was rector of
the mission of St. James, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.,
1882-95, and served as commissioner of schools for
Chippewa county, Mich., 1891-95. He was elected
the first missionary bishop of Alaska by the Gen
eral convention, 1895, and was consecrated, Nov.
30, 1895, in St.George's, New York city, by Bishops
Doane, Whitaker and Storkey, assisted by Bishops
Brewer, Potter, Walker, Davies and Brooke. He
made his residence at Sitka, and in 1903 had
eight clergy, sixteen lay readers, fourteen mis
sions, twelve church edifices, five women work
ers, and 2,259 baptised members in his missionary
district, which covered an area of 570,000 square
miles, with a population of 44,000 souls. He re
ceived the honorary degree of D.D. from Hobart
and Toronto in 1895.
ROWLAND, Henry Augustus, physicist, was
born in Honesdale, Pa., Nov. 27,1848; son of
the Rev. Dr. Henry Augustus and Harriet
(Heyer) Rowland ; grandson of the Rev. Henry

A. and Frances (Bliss) Rowland ; great-grandson
of the Rev. David Sherman and Mary (Spaulding)
Rowland, and a descendant of Jonathan Edwards,
and of the Rev. John Warham, first minister
of Windsor, Conn. He was graduated at the
Rensselaer Polytech
nic institute at Troy,
N.Y.,CE., 1870, and
became a surveyor iii
western New York.
He was instructor in
physics at Rensselaer,
1872-74, and in 1874
was made assistant
professor. He studied
at Berlin in 1875, and
in 1876 became pro
fessor of physics at
Johns Hopkins uni
versity. He made
many discoveries in
electrical and solar
science, and invented machines to aid him in his
work. A plite of polished metal, ruled with close,
parallel lines, possesses a refractory power very
much beyond that of the prism commonly used,
and the nearer these lines are to one another the
greater the power of the plate. Professor Rowland
invented a ruling engine capable of making 20,000
lines to the inch, the best achievement before that
being the engine of Lewis M. Rutherfurd (q.v.),
which ruled 17,000 lines to the inch. Professor
Rowland was married June 4, 1890, to Henrietta,
daughter of George Law and Helen (Davidge)
Harrison, of Baltimore, Md. He invented in
1897, the multiplex printing telegraph, by means
of which a telegram can be transmitted upon a
typewriter and reproduced in typewritten form at
the receiving end ; and he devised a means of mak
ing practical use of the force of Niagara for the
generation of electricity. In 1899 he conducted
a successful series of experiments to ascertain the
cause of the magnetism of the earth, and deter
mined to a nicety the value of an ohm, being a
permanent member of the International commis
sion for establishing electrical units. He received
the honorary degrees, Ph.D. from Johns Hop
kins in 1880, and LL.D. from Yale in 1883
and from Princeton in 1896 ; was made a
chevalier of the Legion of Honor for his services
at the Electrical congress at Paris in 1881, and in
1896 was advanced to the grade of officer, and later
made a corresponding member of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science. He
was one of twelve foreigners to be admitted to
membership in the Physical Society of London.
He was elected to membership in the National
Academy of Sciences in 1881, and in 1884 received
for his researches in light and heat the Rumford

[559]

ROWLAND

ROYCE

medal from the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, of which he was an associate, and in
1897 the Matteucci medal. He wrote many pam
phlets and monographs, among which are : On
Concave Gratings for Optical Purposes (1883) ;
On the Relative Wave Lengths at the Lines of the
Solar Spectrum (1886); On the Mechanical Equiv
alent of Heat (1880), and Photographs of the Nor
mal Solar Spectrum. He died in Baltimore, Md.,
April 16, 1901, and in accordance with his ex
pressed wish his ashes were deposited in the lab
oratory of Johns Hopkins university.
ROWLAND, Kate Mason, author, was born in
Virginia ; daughter of Major Isaac S. and Cath
erine Armstead (Mason) Rowland. She became
a member of the Virginia Historical society, the
Association for the Preservation of Virginia An
tiquities, the Confederate Memorial Literary
society, the United Daughters of the Confederacy,
and an honorary member of the Woman's Liter
ary club of Baltimore. She edited : The Poems
of Frank O. Ticknor, M.D. (1879), and is the
author of : The Life of George Mason, Including
His Speeches, Public Papers aud Correspondence
(2 vols., 1892), and The Life pf Charles Carroll of
Carrollton, with His Correspondence and Public
Papers (2 vols., 1898).
ROYCE, Homer Elihu, jurist, was born in
Berkshire, Vt., June 14, 1819 ; son of Elihu Mar
vin and Sophronia (Parker) Royce ; grandson of
Stephen and Minerva (Marvin) Royce and of
James and Mary (Peck) Parker. He attended
the academies at St. Albans and Enosburg,
Vt., and was admitted to the bar in 1844. He
was state's attorney for Franklin county, 1846-47,
and at the same time was a representative from
Berkshire in the state legislature, serving as
chairman of the railroad committee. He was
married, Jan. 23, 1851, to Mary, daughter of
Charles and Mary (Dunbar) Edmunds of Boston,
Mass. He represented Franklin county in the
state senate, 1849-51, and was a Republican rep
resentative in the 35th and 36th congresses, 1857-
61. He served as a state senator again in 1861
and in 1868, and was justice of the supreme court,
1870-91, being chief justice, 1880-91. He received
from the University of Vermont the degrees
A.M., 1851 and LL.D., 1882. He died at St.
Albans, Vt., April 24, 1891.
ROYCE, Josiah, philosopher, was born in
Grass Valley, Nevada county, Cal., Nov. 20, 1855 ;
son of Josiah and Sarah Eleanor (Bayliss) Royce ;
who were both born in England — the former at
Ridlington, Rutlandshire, and the latter at Strat-
ford-on-Avon. He attended the common schools;
was graduated from the University of California,
A.B., 1875; continued his studies in Leipzig
and Gottingen, 1875-76, and was a fellow of
Johns Hopkins university, 1876-78, receiving the

degree of Ph.D. in the latter year. Ho was an
assistant professor of English literature and
logic in the University of California, 1878-82, and
associated with Harvard college as instructor in
philosophy, 1882-84 ; assistant professor of the
same, 1885-92, and in the latter year was ap
pointed professor of the history of philosophy.
He was married Oct. 2, 1880, to Katherine,
daughter of Edward Francis and Eliza (Clement)
Head of Brookline, Mass. Professor Royce de
livered a course of lectures before the Twentieth
Century club in 1898, and in 1899 the Gifford
lectures on natural theology at the University of
Aberdeen, Scotland, which university conferred
upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1900. He also
received the same degree from Johns Hopkins in
1902. He is the author of : A Primer of Logical
Analysis (1881) ; The Religious Aspect of Cali
fornia (1885) ; California, in the " American Com
monwealth " series (1886) ; Tlie Feud of Oakfield
Creek, a novel (1887) ; The Spirit of Modern Phil
osophy (1892) ; The Conception of God, with
comments by S. E. Mezer, J. LeConte and G. H.
Howison (1895) ; Studies of Good and Evil (1898);
The World and tlie Individual (1900); The Con
ception of Immortality (1900). In 1903 he wrote
an introduction to the new four- volume edition
of John Fiske's " Cosmic Philosophy."
ROYCE, Stephen, governor of Vermont, was
born in Tinmouth, Vt., Aug. 12, 1787; son of
Stephen and Minerva (Marvin) Royce ; grandson
of Maj. Stephen Royce of the Continental army,
and of Dr. Ebenezer (surgeon in the Continental
army) and Sarah (Adams)
Marvin, and a descendant of
William Parker who came
from England in 1633, and
of Matthew Marvin who
came to America in 1635 and
was one of the original pro
prietors of Norfolk, Conn.
He attended the common school at Tinmouth, an
academy at Middlebury, and was graduated
from Middlebury college in 1807. He taught
school and studied law under his uncle, Ebenezer
Marvin, and practised at Berkshire, Vt., 1809-11 ;
at Sheldon, Vt., 1811-17, and at St. Albans, 1817-
68. He was a representative from Sheldon tdthe
state legislature, 1815-16, and from St. Albans,
1822-24 ; was a delegate to the state constitutional
convention in 1823 ; a member of the committee
appointed in 1816 to report on the constitutional
amendment for choosing both presidential elec
tors and representatives in congress by the dis
trict system ; was state's attorney for Franklin
county, 1816-18 ; county judge, 1825-26 ; judge
ofthe supreme court, 1829-47 and chief justice,
1847-52. He was elected by the Whigs, governor
of Vermont in 1854 ; was re-elected in 1855, and

L560]

RUCKER

RUCKSTUHL

in 1856 retired to private life. He was never
married. He died in East Berkshire, Vt., Nov.
11, 1868.
RUCKER, Daniel Henry, soldier, was born at
Belleville, N.J., April 28, 1812 ; son of John An
thony and Sarah (Macomb) Rucker ; grandson of
John Peter and Janet (Marshall) Rucker. In
1820 he removed with his parents to Grosse Isle,
Mich., where he attended school. He entered
the U.S. army, being commissioned second lieu
tenant, 1st dragoons, Oct. 13, 1837 ; was promoted
1st lieutenant, Oct. 8, 1844, and captain, Feb. 7,
1847. In the Mexican war he commanded a
squadron at Buena Vista and was brevetted major,
- Feb. 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious services
there. He was transferred to the quartermaster's
department in 1849, and declined the position of
major of the 6th cavalry. He was married in
,1850 to Jane Curtis. On Aug. 3, 1861, he was pro
moted major in the quartermaster's department,
and colonel and aide-de-camp to General McClel
lan, Sept. 28, 1861. He was appointed brigadier-
general of volunteers, May 23, 1863, and was
stationed at Washington during the war ; was
brevetted lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and briga
dier-general, U.S.A., for diligent and faithfulserv-
ice during the war, and on March 14, 1865, was
brevetted major-general of volunteers and major-
general, U.S.A., for faithful and meritorious serv
ices during the war. He was promoted colonel
and appointed quartermaster-general, July 28,
1866. He subsequently served at various posts,
and Feb. 13, 1882, was promoted brigadier-general
and quartermaster-general of the army. Ten
days later, February 23, he was retired from the
army after forty years of service.
RUCKER, William W., representative, was
born near Covington, Va., Feb. 1, 1855; son of
William P. and Margaret A. (Scott) Rucker.
He removed with his parents to western Virginia,
at the outbreak of the civil war, and in 1873
removed to Chariton county, Mo., where he taught
school, 1873-75, and was admitted to the bar in
1876. He was married, May 20, 1880, to Fannie
Applegate of Keytesville, Mo. He was prosecut
ing attorney of Chariton county, 1886-92 ; circuit
judge of the twelfth judicial circuit, 1892-99, and
a Democratic representative from the second
district of Missouri in the 56th, 57th and 58th
congresses, 1899-1905.
RUCKSTUHL, Frederic Wellington, sculptor,
was born at Breitenbach, Alsace, May 22, 1853 ;
son of John and Louise Ruckstuhl. In 1685 a
branch of the Huguenot family by the name of
Ruxtiel, driven out of France, settled first in
Switzerland and then in Alsace, the name be
coming corrupted to Ruckstuhl. In 1855 Frederic
Wellington Ruckstuhl came with his parents to
the United States, and the family settled in Sfe

Louis, Mo. He was engaged in theological prep
aration until 1878, when he determined to de
vote himself to the study of sculpture, and
attended a night class in art, winning the prize
for the Blair monument at St. Louis in 1883.
In the same year he
made a brief visit to
Paris ; returned to
St. Louis to secure
enough commission
for further study
abroad, and was 'a
student in the princi
pal schools of Paris,
especially under Mer-
cie and Tholenaar,
1885-88 ; exhibiting
in the latter year in
the Paris Salon, his
life-size nude female
figure called ' ' Even
ing," which won
' ' Honorable Mention." He subsequently entered
upon a second three years' course of study in
Paris, exhibiting his statue of Evening, which
he had in the meantime put into marble, and his
group called " Mercury Amusing Himself " in the
Salon of 1891. The former work was again dis
played at the exhibition of the Society of Amer
ican Artists in 1893 ; in the same year received a
grand medal at the Columbian exposition at
Chicago, and is now in the Metropolitan Museum
of Art, New York. The latter group was cast
into bronze, became the property of the city of
St. Louis, and was placed in Portland Place.
In December, 1892, Mr. Ruckstuhl settled in New
York city, where he became active in the art
movement of the country. He was a member of
the Fine Arts jury of the Atlanta International
exposition, 1895 ; served for three years as first
secretary ofthe National Sculpture society, which
society he had founded, and in 1898 as secretary
of its committee in charge of the erection of the
Dewey arch in New York city ; superintended
the sculpture decorations of the Court of Appeals
of New York city, finished in 1900, and traveled
extensively in Europe and in Egypt for the benefit
of his health in 1900-01. He was appointed chief
of sculpture for the St. Louis World's Fair, but
subsequently resigned ; was made a member of
the National Institute of Arts and Letters and
the National Arts club ; second vice-president of
the Architectural league, and also of the Munici
pal Art society of New York city in 1903. His
principal works of sculpture in addition to those
already mentioned, include the heroic bronzes :
Victory, on soldiers' and sailors' monument,
Jamaica, Long Island ; Solon, Library of Con
gress, Washington, D.C, where his colossal gran-

[561]

RUFFIN

RUGER

ite heads, Franklin, Goethe and Macaulay form
a part of the facade ; the equestrian statue of
Brig.-Gen. John F. Hartranft, Capitol Hill, Har
risburg, Pa. ; the colossal marbles : Wisdom and
Force, New York Appellate Court, New York city;
the bronze group of Gloria Victis, for the Confed
erate monument, Baltimore, Md. ; the Quadriga
for the dome of the government building, Buffalo
exposition, and the group The Army, on the
Dewey arch. Among his busts may be men
tioned that of John Russell Young.
RUFFIN, Thomas, jurist, was born in King
and Queen county, Va., at the home of his mater
nal grandfather, Nov. 17, 1787 ; son of Sterling
and Alice (Roane) Ruffin of Essex county, Va.,
and grandson of Thomas Roane of Newington,
Va. He was prepared for college by Marcus
George, principal of Warrenton (N.C) Male
academy, and was graduated at the College of
New Jersey in 1805. He was a law student under
David Robertson in Petersburg, Va., 1806-07, and
in 1807 removed with his parents to Rockingham
county, N.C, where he continued his law studies
under Judge Archibald D. Murphy (q.v.), and
was admitted to the bar in 1808. He was mar
ried, Dec. 9, 1809, to Ann, daughter of William
Kirkland of Hillsborough, and made that place
his home. He was a representative from Hills
borough in the house of commons of North
Carolina, 1813-15 and 1816, and was speaker in
1816 ; judge of the superior court, 1817, resigning
in 1818 ; was reporter of the decisions of the
supreme court for one or two terms, and practised
law with eminent success, 1818-25. He was judge
of the superior court, 1825-28, resigning in 1828,
on being elected president of the State bank of
North Carolina. In 1829 he removed to Raleigh,
and was solicited to accept the candidacy for
U.S. senator to complete the term of Senator John
Branch, appointed secretary of the navy, but de
clined, and was elected judge of the state sup
reme court upon the death of Chief-Justice
Taylor. In 1833, upon the death of Chief-Justice
Henderson, he became chief justice, serving un
til 1852, when he resigned, and was succeeded by
Frederick Nash. Upon the death of Chief -Justice
Nash, Dec. 5, 1858, Judge Ruffin was almost unan-
, imously re-elected chief justice by the legisla
ture of North Carolina, and served until the
autumn of 1859, when failing health compelled
his retirement to his estate on Haw river, in
Alamance county. He opposed secession, but at
the meeting of the state convention of 1861, voted
for the measure when he found opposition useless.
He was a delegate to the Confederate States
provisional congressthat assembled at Richmond,
Va., July 20, 1861, having previously served as a
member of the Peace conference at Washington,
in February, where his efforts on behalf of peace

were recorded by General Scott and President
Buchanan. After the war, his estate having been
desolated by an army encampment, he again took
up his residence in Hillsborough. He was a
trustee of the University of North Carolina,
1813-31 and 1842-68 ; president of the State
Agricultural society, 1854-60, and received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from the University
in 1834. His opinions while on the bench were
largely used by the bar of North Carolina, and
even the U.S. supreme court, as authoritative.
His son, Col. Thomas Ruffin, who occupied a
seat on the supreme bench of North Carolina,
died May 23, 1889. Judge Thomas Ruffin, Sr.,
died in Hillsborough, N.C, Jan. 15, 1870.
RUFFNER, Henry, educator, was born in the
valley of Virginia, in the section which became
Page county, Jan. 19, 1789 ; sonof Col. David and
Ann Ruffner. Colonel Ruffner removed to the
Great Kanawha valley, and established the first
salt manufactory in that region. Henry Ruffner
was graduated from Washington college, Lexing
ton, Va., A.B., 1817, and was an instructor in Mer
cer academy, Charlestown, 1817-19. He became
a professor in Washington college, 1819 ; studied
theology with President George A. Baxter, and
was licensed by the presbytery of Lexington. He
was professor of languages in Washington col
lege, 1819-30 and 1835-37, and professor of math
ematics, 1830-35. He was president of the col
lege, professor of moral philosophy, and ex-officio
rector of the board of trustees, 1836-48. During
his administration of the college he also served
as acting pastor at Timber Ridge, Fairfield and
New Monmouth. After his resignation in 1848, he
retired to a mountain farm in Kanawha county,
for the benefit of his health, preached to the
mountaineers, and was subsequently made pastor
of the church at Maiden, Va., serving until 1860.
He received the honorary degree of D.D. from
the College of New Jersey, 1838, and that of
LL.D. from Washington college, 1849. He is the
author of : Discourse upon the Duration of Future
Punishment (1823); Inaugural Address (1837);
Judith Bensaddi, a Romance (1840) ; Ruffner Pam
phlet, an anti-slavery address (1847); and The
Fathers of the Desert, or An Account of the Origin
and Practice of Monkery (2 vols., 1850). He died
in Maiden, Va., Dec. 17, 1861.
RUGER, Thomas Howard, soldier, was born
in Lima, Livingston county, N.Y., April 2, 1833 ;
son of Thomas Jefferson and Maria (Hutchins)
Ruger ; grandson of Francis and Jane (Jewell)
Ruger, and of Benjamin and Jerusha (Bradley)
Hutchins. He attended school at Janesville,
Wis., 1844-50, and was graduated from the U.S.
Military academy as brevet 2d lieutenant of the
corps of engineers in 1854. He was assistant en
gineer upon the repairs and construction of the

[562]

RUGER

RUGGLES

^S*vllPX

defences of the approaches to New Orleans, La.,
1854-55 ; resigned his commission in the U.S.
army, April 1, 1855, and practised law in Janes-
ville, Wis., 1855-61. He was married, Oct. 6,
1857, to Helen Lydia, daughter of Henry Rice
and Eliza, (Gardner)
Moore of Beloit, Wis.
He was appointed
lieutenant-colonel of
the 3d Wisconsin
volunteers, June 29,
1861 ; colonel, Sept.
1, 1861 ; commanded
his regiment in the
operations in Mary
land and the Shenan
doah valley, 1861-
62 ; being engaged at
Winchester, Va., May
Pf/ j, >/? 25, 1862 ; Cedar Mouu-
<JA#i. ft /X^U^-e^ tain, Antietam, and
the march to Fal
mouth, Va., 1862. He was promoted brigadier-
general, U.S.V., Nov. 29, 1862; commanded the
3d brigade, 1st division, 12th army corps, Army
of the Potomac, in the Rappahannock campaign,
December, 1862-June, 1863, and in the Pennsyl
vania campaign, June-July, 1863, taking part in
the battles of Chancellorsville, May 2-4, 1863. He
succeeded Gen. Alpheus S. Williams to the com
mand of the 1st division, 12th army corps, Army
of the Potomac, during the battle of Gettysburg,
July 1-3, 1863 ; took part in the march to War
renton, Va. ; was engaged in suppressing the draft
riots in New York city, August-September, 1863 ;
commanded the 2d brigade, 1st division, 20th
army corps, Sherman's army, in the invasion of
Georgia, May 4-Nov. 8, 1864 ; taking part in the
battles of Resaca and New Hope Church ; the ac
tion of Kulp House and battle of Peach Tree
Creek, and in the siege and occupation of Atlanta.
He commanded a division of tlie 23d army corps
in the Tennessee campaign ; was brevetted
major-general, U.S.V., Nov. 30, 1864, " for gal
lant and meritorious services in the battle of
Franklin, Tenn.; " was engaged in organizing the
1st division, 23d army corps, at Nashville, Tenn.,
1864-65 ; commanded the division in the opera
tions in North Carolina, February- June, 1865,
taking part in the battle of Kinston (Wise's
Fork), N.C, March 10, 1865, and commanded the
department of North Carolina, 1865-66. He was
honorably mustered out of volunteer service,
Sept. 1, 1866, and was reappointed in the U.S.
army, with the rank of colonel, July 28, 1866.
He commanded the 33d infantry regiment at
Macon, Ga., 1866-67, and was brevetted brigadier-
general, U.S.A., March 2, 1867, for gallant and
meritorious services in the battle of Gettysburg,

Pa. He was provisional governor of Georgia,
January-July, 1868 ; was transferred to the 18th
infantry, March 15, 1869 ; was superintendent of
the U.S. Military academy, 1871-76 ; was in com
mand of the department of the South, 1876-78,
and commanded posts in the south and west.
He was in command of the U.S. Infantry and
Cavalry school, July 1, 1885, to April 14, 1886 ;
was promoted brigadier-general, March 19, 1886 ;
was in temporary command of the department of
the Missouri, April-May, 1886, and later com
manded the department of Dakota, the division
of the Pacific and the departments of California
and of the East. He was promoted major-gen
eral, Feb. 8, 1895, and was retired, April 2, 1897.
In 1903 he was residing in Stamford, Conn.
RUGER, William Crawford, jurist, was born
at Bridgewater, N.Y., Jan, 30, 1824 ; son of John
and Sophia (Brown) Ruger ; grandson of Francis
and Jane Ruger and of Oliver and Desire Brown,
and a descendant of Francis Ruger, who is sup
posed to have been of Holland Dutch descent.
He attended Bridgewater academy, and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1845. He was a delegate
to the Democratic state convention, known as
the Hunker convention, in 1849. He removed
to Syracuse in 1853, and was married on May 2,
1860, to Harriet, daughter of Erastus S. Prosser
of Buffalo, N.Y. He was an unsuccessful Demo
cratic candidate for representative in congress in
1863 and 1865 ; was a delegate to the Democratio
national convention in 1872, that endorsed the
nomination of Greeley and Brown, and vvas a dele
gate to the Democratic state convention of 1877.
He was first president of the Onondaga Bar asso
ciation in 1875, and in 1876 was first president of
the State Bar association. He was counsel for
the defendants in the " canal-ring " cases, and in
1882 was elected chief judge of the New York
court of appeals, which position he held until his
death in Syracuse, N.Y., Jan. 14, 1892.
RUGGLES, Benjamin, senator, was born in
Windham county, Conn., 1783. He paid his
school tuition by teaching ; was admitted to the
bar ; removed to Ohio, and began practice in
Marietta, afterward removing to St. Clairsville.
He served as president judge of the court of com
mon pleas for the third judicial circuit of Ohio,
1810-15 ; was elected U.S. senator from Ohio as a
Democrat, serving by re-election three terms,
1815-33, and was a presidential elector-at-large
from Ohio, voting for William H. Harrison in
1837. He died in St. Clairsville, O., Sept. 2, 1857.
RUGGLES, Charles Herman, jurist, was born
in New Milford, Conn., Feb. 10, 1789; son of
Joseph (a Revolutionary soldier) and Mercy
(Warner) Ruggles : grandson of Lazarus (an
officer of the Revolutionary army) and Hannah
(Bostwick) Ruggles, and a descendant of the

[563]

RUGGLES

RUGGLES

Rev. Benjamin and Mercy (Woodbridge) Ruggles
of Suffield, Conn. He received a liberal educa
tion ; studied and practised law at Kingston,
N.Y., was a member of the state legislature in
1820 ; a representative from New York in the 17th
congress, 1821-23, and
circuit judge and
vice-chancellor of the
second state judicial
district, 1833-46. He
resigned on account
of ill-health in 1846,
having meanwhile re
moved to Poughkeep
sie, N.Y. He was a
member of the state
constitutional con
vention of 1846, serv
ing as chairman of
its judiciary com
mittee ; was judge
of the court of ap
peals, 1847-53 ; chief justice, 1851 ; re-elected
judge of the court of appeals in 1853 upon the
expiration of his original term, and served until
Aug. 30, 1855, when he resigned and retired to
private life. He was married, first, to Gertrude
Beekman of Kingston, N.Y., and secondly, in
May, 1850, to Mary Crooke (Broom) Livingston.
He received the honorary degree of LL.D: from
Rutgers college, New Brunswick, N.J. , 1848. He
died in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., June 16, 1865.
RUGGLES, Daniel, soldier, was born in Barre,
Mass., Jan. 31, 1810. - He was graduated from
the U.S. Military academy as brevet 2nd lieu
tenant, 5th infantry, July 1, 1833, and served on
frontier and recruiting duty, 1833-39 ; was pro
moted 2nd lieutenant, Feb. 18, 1836, and 1st
lieutenant, July 7, 1838. He served in the Florida
war, 1839-40 ; on frontier .and recruiting duty,
1S40-45 ; in military occupation- of Texas,' 1845-
46, and in the- war with Mexico, 1847-48. He
was promoted captain of the 5th infantry, June
18, 1846, and took part in the siege of Vera Cruz,
capture of 'San Antonio, battle of Molino del Rey,
and the assault and capture of the Citjr of Mexico.
He was brevetted major, Aug. 20, 1847, for gal
lant conduct in the battles of Contreras and
Churubusco, Mex., and lieutenant-colonel, Sept.
13, 1847, for Chapultepec. He was on frontier
duty in Mississippi and Texas ; served on the
Utah expedition, 1858-59, and resigned his com
mission, May 7, 1861. He joined the Confederate
army ; was appointed colonel of Virginia volun
teers, April 22, 1861 ; brigadier-general, April 23,
1861, and was appointed brigadier-general C.S.A.,
Aug. 9, 1861. He was stationed at Pensacola,
Fla., 1861-62; commanded the 1st division, 2nd
army corps, Army of the Mississippi, in the battle

of Shiloh, and the 2nd division, Breckinridge"s
force, at the battle of Baton Rouge, La., Aug. 5,
1862. He succeeded Breckinridge in the com
mand of the Confederate forces at Port Hudson,
then engaged in erecting the works that proved
a formidable obstacle to the Federal operations
on the Mississippi. He was promoted major-
general in 1863 ; commanded the Department of
the Mississippi, and vvas commissary-general of
prisoners in 1865. He retired to his estate near
Palafox, Texas, after the war, and died at Fred
ericksburg, Va., June 1, 1897.
RUGGLES, George David, soldier, was born
at Newburgh, N.Y., Sept. 11, 1833 ; son of David
and Sarah (Colden) Ruggles ; grandson of Joseph
and Mercy (Warner) Ruggles and of David and
Gertrude (Wynkoop) Colden, and a descendant
of colonial governors Thomas Dudley of Massa
chusetts, William Leete of Connecticut and Cad-
wallacler Colden of New York. His first ances
tor in America vvas John Ruggles of Nasing,
Essex, England, who came to Roxbury, MassacKu-
setts Bay colony, 1635. George D. Ruggles was
graduated at the U.S. Military academy, July 1,
1855 ; was assigned to duty as 2d lieutenant,
2nd infantry, and served in the Chippewa and
Sioux Indian country. He vvas adjutant of his
regiment, 1857-61, and acting adjutant-general
of the Department of the West, 1858. He was
promoted 1st lieutenant, May 21, 1861, and was
assigned to Gen. Robert Patterson's army, in
which he served as acting adjutant-general of
brigade, being appointed assistant a'djutant-gen-
eral with brevet rank of captain in July, 1861.
He was commissioned assistant adjutant-general
with the rank of captain, Aug. 3, 1861, and as
signed to duty in the war department, charged
with the organization of volunteer , forces when
there was little precedent of law or regulation to
guide him in his important work. The quarter
masters' and subsistence- departments were. not
authorized to pay any expenses of soldiers prior
to mustering in, which expenses had to be met by
the several states. About the time that their
funds were exhausted, Captain Ruggles appealed
to congress and succeeded in obtaining an appro
priation of twenty millions of dollars for "col
lecting, organizing and drilling volunteers." The
volunteer bureau having been completely organ
ized under his direction, in one year after its
conception he was assigned to duty as chief of
staff and adjutant-general of the Army of Vir
ginia, with the rank of colonel of volunteers,
June 28, 1862, and was promoted to the rank of
major in the regular service, July 17,1862. He
took part in the actions at Cedar Mountain, the
two days' fight on the Rappahannock, the battle
of Waterloo Bridge, the second battle of Bull
Run and the battle of Chantilly. When General

[564]

RUGGLES

RUGGLES

McClellan took command of the army after Pope's
disastrous campaign,- Colonel Ruggles became his
assistant chief of staff, and he served in that
position throughout the Maryland campaign, in
cluding the battles of South Mountain and
Antietam and the skirmish at Snicker's Gap.
Shortly after the retirement of General McClellan
from the army, Colonel Ruggles was ordered by
Secretary Stanton to duty in his office at Wash
ington. Later he assisted in organizing the con
scription bureau, and was in the west on special
duty. In the winter of 1864-65, upon the applica
tion of General Meade, he became adjutant-gen
eral of the Army of the Potomac, and remained
in that position until the disbandment of the
army, June 30, 1865. In this last campaign, he
was in the three days' engagement at Hatcher's
Run, siege of Petersburg, and the pursuit of Gen
eral R. E. Lee, and was present at the surrender
of the Army of Northern Virginia, at Appomat
tox. He received the brevets of lieutenant-colonel
and colonel, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for.gallant
and meritorious services during the war, of
brigadier-general, U.S.A.-, " for gallant and meri
torious services during the campaign terminating
with the surrender of the insurgent army of
northern Virginia," and brigadier-general of
volunteers, April 9, 1865, for gallant and merito
rious services in the events leading to the sur
render of Lee's army. For special service ren
dered March 25, 1865, he received the verbal thanks
of General Meade and President Lincoln. After
the war, he served as adjutant-general of the
divisions ofthe Atlantic and the Pacific and of the
departments of the Lakes, the East, the Platte,
Dakota, Texas and California. He was married,
Jan. 8, 1868, to Alma Hammond, daughter of
Stephen Satterlee and Alma (Hammond) LTiom-
niedieu. Of his children : Capt. Colden L'Hom-
medieu was graduated at the U.S. Military
academy, an honor man in the class of 1890 ;
Charles Herman was graduated at the Rensselaer
Polytechnic institute, Troy, N.Y., in 1892 ;Alma
Hammond L'Hommedieu was graduated at Rad-
cliffe college in 1900 ; and Francis Augustus was
graduated at Sheffield Scientific school, Yale, in
1900 ; was commissioned in the army as lieutenant
of cavalry, Feb. 2, 1901, and was ordered to duty in
the Philippines. General Ruggles was promoted
lieutenant-colonel, June 15, 1880, colonel, June
7, 1889, adjutant-general of the army with the
rank of brigadier-general, Nov. 6, 1893, and was
retired by operation of law, Sept. 11, 1897. His
total actual services in the army covered, up to
that time, a period of forty-six years. He was
appointed in 1898, by President McKinley, to the
command of the Soldiers' Home at Washington,
D.C. His tour of duty there expired Jan. 10,
1903.

RUGGLES, John, senator, was born in West-
borough, Mass., Oct. 8, 1789. He was graduated
at Brown, 1813 ; taught school in Kentucky, 1813-
14 ; studied law ; was admitted to the bur, and
practised in Skowhegan, 1815-17, and in Thomas-
ton, 1817-74. He was a member of the lower
house of the Maine legislature, 1823-31, serving
as speaker, 1825-29 and 1831 ; was judge of the
court of common pleas, succeeding Samuel E.
Smith, resigned, 1831-34, and U.S. senator from
Maine, elected as a Democrat to fill the unexpired
term of Peleg Sprague, resigned, serving from
Feb. 6, 1835, to March 3, 1841. While in congress
he was the originator of a reorganization of the
patent office, and after its reorganization was
granted the first patent, July 28, 1830, for a loco
motive steam engine. He died in Thomaston,
Maine, June 20, 1874.
RUGGLES, Nathaniel, representative, was born
in Roxbury, Mass., Nov. 15, 1761 ; son of Capt.
Joseph and Rebecca Ruggles. He was graduated
from Harvard college, A. B., 1781, A.M., 1784, and
practised law in Roxbury, where he became
prominent in town affairs. He was appointed
judge of the general sessions of the peace, 1807 ;
chief-justice, 1808, and was a Federalist repre
sentative from the Norfolk district in the 13th,
14th and 15th congresses, 1813-19. He served as
past-master of the Washington Lodge of Free
Masons. . He died in Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 19, 1819.
RUGGLES, Samuel Bulkley, lawyer, was born
at New Milford, Conn., April 11, 1800 ; son of
Philo and Ellen (Bulkley) Ruggles. and grandson
of Capt. Lazarus and Hannah (Bostwiok) Rug-

( Hubbell) Bulkley.

gles, and of Joseph and
He was graduated
from Yale in 1814 ;
studied law with his
father ; was admitted
to the bar in 1821,
and practised in New
York city. He was ,
married to Mary. Ro
salie, daughter of
John Rathbone of
New York city. He
was a member of
the assembly in 1838,
serving as chairman
of the committee on
ways and means ;
was influential in se
curing the enlargement of the Erie canal, being
as prominent in that movement as DeWitt Clin
ton in its construction. He was a canal com
missioner, 1840-42 and 1858 ; an Erie railway
commissioner, and a director of the road, 1833-39.
He was a delegate from the United States to the
International Statistical congresses held in Ber-

[565]

RUGGLES

RUMFORD

lin in 1863, and at The Hague in 1869 ; was U.S.
commissioner to the Paris exposition of 1867, and
a delegate to tlie International Monetary confer
ence at Paris in that year. He presented the
perpetual use of Gramercy park, New York
city, to the neighboring property-holders, having
previously laid out and named the park. He
was also instrumental in locating and erecting a
fence around Union square, in front of his resi
dence, and he named Lexington avenue and
Irving place. He was a trustee of the Astor
library for many years ; a trustee of Columbia
college, 1836-81, and a member of the Chamber
of Commerce of the State of New York. The
honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him
by Yale in 1859. ' He is the author of : Report
upon Finances and Internal Improvements (1838) ;
Vindication of Canal Policy (1849); Defence of
Improvement of Navigable Waters by the Gen
eral Government (1852); Law of Burial (1858);
Report on State of Canals inl858 ( 1859) ; Reports
on the Statistical Congress at Berlin (1863); The
Monetary Conference at Paris (1837); The Statis
tical Congress at The Hague (1871); Report to
the Chairman of the Committee on Canals (1873);
and A Consolidated Table of National Progress in
Clieapening Food (1880). A memorial of Mr.
Ruggles was printed and distributed by the Cham
ber of Commerce of New York in 1881. He died
on Fire Island, L.I.; N.Y,, Aug. 28, 1881.
RUGGLES, Timothy, jurist, was born in Roch
ester, Mass., Oct. 20, 1711 ; son of the Rev. Tim
othy and Mary (White) Ruggles ; grandson of
Capt. Samuel Ruggles of Roxbury and Martha
Woodbridge, his wife, who was a granddaughter
of Governor Thomas Dudley. He vvas graduated
from Harvard in 1732 ; studied law, and estab
lished himself in practice iu Rochester. In 1735
he married Mrs. Bathsheba Newcomb, widow of
Williani Newcomb and the daughter of the Hon.
Melatiah Bourne of Sandwich. He removed to
Sandwich, Mass., in 1740, and there remained,
with increasing reputation and a constantly in
creasing list of clients, till 1753, when he removed
to Hardwick. He vvas an impressive pleader, his
eloquence enhanced by his majestic presence.
His services were in constant demand in adjoin
ing counties, where his principal antagonist was
Col. James Otis, then at the height of his fame.
At the time of his settlement in Hardwick he had
accumulated a liberal fortune, and entered upon
a style of living commensurate'with his standing
and affluence. He was appointed judge of the
court of common pleas in 1756, and from 1762 to
the Revolution he was chief-justice of that court,
and served as a special justice of the provincial
superior court, 1762-75. He was repeatedly elect
ed a representative in the general court of Massa
chusetts, and while the armies were in winter

quarters was speaker of the house, 1762-63. He
was commissioned colonel in the provincial forces
under Sir William Johnson, and was second in
command at the battle of Lake George in 1755,
where he distinguished himself for courage, cool
ness and ability. In 1758 he commanded the
third division of the provincial troops under
Abercrombie in the attack on Ticonderoga. He
served as brigadier-general under Amherst inthe
campaign of 1759-60. In 1763 he was appointed
by the Crown "surveyor-general of the King's
forests," as a reward in a measure for his military
services in the French and Indian war. He was
a delegate to the first colonial (or Stamp Act)
congress of 1765, which met in New York,
October 7, and was elected its president, but re
fused to sanction the addresses sent by that body
to Great Britain, for which he was publicly cen
sured by the general court of Massachusetts. He
was led by a sense of duty " in the halls of legis
lature and on the platform to declare against re
bellion and bloodshed." He was appointed man
damus councillor, Aug. 16, 1774, and in 1775 left
Boston for Nova Scotia with the British troops
and accompanied Lord Howe to Staten Island.
His estates were confiscated, and in 1779 he re
ceived a grant of 10,000 acres of land in Wilmot,
Nova Scotia, where he engaged in agriculture.
His daughter Mary married Dr. John Green of
Green Hill, Worcester, Mass. Judge Ruggles
died in Wilmot, Nova Scotia, Aug. 4, 1795.
RULISON, Nelson Somerville, second bishop
of Central Pennsylvania and 136th in succession
in the American episcopate, was born in Car
thage, Jefferson county, N.Y., April 24, 1842.
He attended Wesleyan academy, Gouverneur,
N.Y., and was graduated from the General Theo- ,
logical seminary, New York city, in 1866. He
was ordered deacon in Grace church, Utica,
N.Y., May 27, 1866, by Bishop Coxe, and ordained
priest in the Church of the Annunciation, New
York city, Nov. 30, 1866, by Bishop Horatio Pot
ter. He was curate of the Church of the An
nunciation. 1866-67 ; rector of Zion church,
Morris, N.Y., 1867-70; St. John's, Jersey city,
N.J., 1870-76, and St. Paul's, Cleveland, Ohio,
1876-84. He was elected bishop coadjutor of
Central Pennsylvania in 1884, and was conse
crated at St. Paul's, Oct. 28, 1884, by Bishops
Lee, Bedell and Stevens, assisted by Bishops
Howe, McLaren, Harris, Potter and Whitehead.
He succeeded to the bishopric on the death of
Bishop Howe, July 31, 1895. The honorary de
gree of D.D. was conferred on him by Kenyon
college, Ohio, in 1879. He is the author of :
History of St. Paul's Church, Cleveland, Ohio
(1877). He died at Bad Nauheim, Germany,
Sept. 1, 1897.
RUMFORD, Count. See Thompson, Benjamin.

[566]

RUMPLE

RUNKLE

RUMPLE, Jethro, clergyman, was born in
Cabarrus county, N.C, March 10, 1827. He was
graduated from Davidson college in 1850, and
studied at the Columbian Theological seminary,
1851-56. He was licensed by the Concord presby-
' tery, July 31, 1854, was ordained in 1857, and
was installed in Mecklenburg county, N.C He
was married, Oct. 13, 1857, to Jane E., daughter
of Watson W. and Melinda Wharton of Greens
boro, N.C. In 1861 lie was called to Salisbury,
N.C, where he was still pastor of the First Pres
byterian church in 1903. He became trustee of
Davidson college in 1858, and director and trustee
of Union Theological seminary in Virginia, 1863 ;
was elected a commissioner to several general
assemblies, and to many important positions in
the Synod and Presbytery. In 1882 he received
the degree D.D. from" the University of North
Carolina. He is the author of : History of Rowan
County, N.C. (1881), and History of First Fifty
Years of Davidson College (1888).
RUMSEY, Benjamin, delegate, was born at
Bohemia Manor, Cecil county, Md., 1730 ; son of
William, and grandson of Charles Rumsey of
Wales, who came to Charleston, S.C, in 1665;
removed to New York and thence to Philadel
phia, eventually locating, prior to 1678, at the
head of Bohemia river, Cecil county, Md. Wil
liam Rumsey was a surveyor, collector of cus
toms, and a large landholder. He laid out
Fredericktown, Md. Benjamin Rumsey was a
member of the Maryland convention, Dec. 29,
1775, serving on the committee that drafted in
structions for the deputies of the province in
congress, and in the following January on the
committee appointed to draw up resolutions for
" raising, clothing, and victualing the provincial
forces." He was also a member of the council
of safety, 1776, and a delegate to the Continental
congress, 1776-78. The date of his death could
not be ascertained.
RUMSEY, James, inventor, was born in Bo
hemia Manor, Cecil county, Md., in 1743 ;- son of
William, grandson of Charles, and brother of
Benjamin Rumsey (q.v.). He was a civil and
mechanical engineer, and became superintendent
of a mill owned by the Potomac company at
Shepherdstown, Va., where he suggested many
novel views in mechanics. Watts's new steam
engine was especially interesting to Rumsey, and
, he conceived the idea of having a boat propelled
by an engine. He made his own patterns, moulds
and castings, and in 1784 exhibited a boat intended
for navigating rivers, which was seen by Washing
ton, Sept. 7, 1784. He received an exclusive right to
navigate the waters of Maryland and Virginia for
ten years from the legislatures of each state,
1784. and 1785. He built a boat propelled by a
steam pump, taking in water at the bow and

forcing it out at the stern. This boat he experi
mented with on the Potomac in March, 1786. The
Rumsey society was formed in Philadelphia in
1788 to aid him in his work, and later he went to
England, expecting to build a boat that would
cross the Atlantic in fifteen days. A society
similar to the Rumsey society was formed there,
and in 1792 he navigated a steam-boat on the
Thames, and was intending to experiment with
more models when he died. The legislature of
Kentucky, in acknowledgment of his contribu
tions to the science of steam navigation, pre
sented his son, Edward Rumsey, in 1889, with a
gold medal. He is the author of : A Short Trea
tise on the Application of Steam (1788). He died
in London, England, Dec. 23, 1792.
RUNKLE, Benjamin Piatt, soldier and clergy
man, was born in West Liberty, Ohio, Sept. 3,
1837 ; son of Ralph E. and Hannah Isabella (Piatt)
Runkle ; grandson of Jacob and Euphemia Run
kle and of Benjamin Marshall and Elizabeth
(Barnett) Piatt, and a descendant of Adam Run
kle, who was descended from the Lords of Run-
kel of Hesse Nassau, Germany, and of Col. Jacob
Piatt of the Continental army, who was a de
scendant of John Piatt, a Huguenot emigrant.
He was graduated at Miami university, Oxford,
Ohio, A.B., 1857 ; was admitted to the bar in
1859, and practised law in Cincinnati, 1859-61.
He was commissioned captain, 13th Ohio volun
teers, April 19, 1861 ; was promoted major, Nov.
8, 1861 ; honorably mustered out, Aug. 18, 1862 ;
commissioned colonel, 45th Ohio volunteers, Aug.
19, 1862, and again honorably mustered out, July
21, 1864. He served in the West Virginia cam
paign, 1861, under Rosecrans ; in the Shiloh cam
paign under Buell (in which he was severely
wounded and left for dead on the field), in the
campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee under
Gilmore and Burnside, and in the Atlanta cam
paign under Schofield and Sherman. He was
commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the veteran
reserve corps, Aug. 22, 1864 ; was commissioned
major 45th infantry, U.S.A., July 28, 1866 ; was
honorably mustered out of the volunteer service,
Oct. 5, 1866, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel,
U.S.A., for gallant and meritorious services in
the battle of Shiloh, March 2, 1867, and on the
same day was brevetted colonel for gallant and
meritorious services during the war. He was
brevetted colonel, brigadier-general and major-
general for meritorious services, Nov. 8, 1868,
and was retired, Dec. 15, 1870, because of wounds
received in duty. He was editor of the Urbana,
Ohio, Union, 1873-75 ; attended Bexley Hall, the
theological seminary of Kenyon college at Gam-
bier, Ohio, 1879-80 ; was professor of military
science and tactics in Milner Hall, Kenyon col
lege, 1879-80, and was admitted to the diaconate

[567]

RUNKLE

RUNYON

of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1880 ; serv
ing in parishes in Galena, Ohio, Midland, Mich.,
Minneapolis, Minn., and Greencastle, Ind., 1880-
85. In 1888 he became manager of Belford's
Magazine. He was married, Feb. 10, 1894, to
Lalla Leins, daughter of Andrew and Anna
R. Trimble (McDowell) McMicken and grand
daughter of Gen. Joseph J. and Sallie Allen
(MoCue) McDowell. In 1895 he resigned the
diaconate. He was professor of military science
and tactics in Miami university, 1900-01 ; in Uni
versity of Maine, 1901-02, and in 1902 accepted
a like position in Peekskill Military academy.
He was a founder of the Sigma Chi fraternity,
of which he was grand counsel, 1895-97 ; a trustee
of Miami university, 1863-72, and received the
degree of L.H.D. from Miami in 1900.
RUNKLE, Bertha, author, was born in Berke
ley Heights, N.J., in March, 1879; daughter of
Cornelius and Lucia (Gilbert) Runkle ; grand
daughter of Daniel and Sarah (Gordon) Runkle
and of Arad and Mary (Fowler) Gilbert, and a
descendant of Peregrine White, of Major John
Willard, of Gen. Zephaniah Curtis, of Vermont,
and of a long line of Revolutionary ancestors. She
attended private schools in New York, 1885-94,
continuing her studies, especially of history, lit
erature, and languages with her mother, and
with private tutors. She wrote some verse which
attracted attention, her Song of the Sons of Esau
being included in Charles Dudley Warner's " Li
brary of American Literature " and in E. C. Sted-
man's "American Anthology." Miss Runkle is
the author of one or two magazine stories and of
The Helmet of Navarre (1901), a novel, which
had a remarkable sale.
RUNKLE, John Daniel, mathematician, was
born at Root, Montgomery county, N.Y., Oct. 11,
1822;' sonof Daniel and Sarah (Gordon) Runkle.
He attended the
public schools and
academies at Cana-
joharie, Ames and
Cortland, N.Y., and
was graduated at the
Lawrence Scientific
school, Harvard uni
versity, in 1851. He
was employed on the
American Ephemeris
and Nautical Alma
nac, 1849-84. He was
married, April 19,
1862, to Catharine
Robbins, daughter of
William and Lucy
(Taylor) Bird of Dorchester, Mass. Upon the
opening of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech
nology in 1865, he was made professor of math-

fflLsAtfCU^J^C.

[5681

ematics, and in 1868, when illness obliged Pres
ident Rogers to resign, Professor Runkle was
made acting president of the corporation, and in
1870 became president of the Institute. He im
proved the laboratory work in all branches, and
in 1871 held the first summer school of mining.
He established the Lowell school of practical
design, laboratories of mining engineering, met
allurgy, mechanical engineering and mechanic
arts, and a preparatory school of mechanic arts,
which latter was transferred to the city of Bos
ton. He resigned the presidency of the Institute
in 1878 ; travelled abroad, 1878-80, and was
Walker professor of mathematics, 1880-1902, and
professor emeritus until his death. He resided in
Brookline, Mass., and in recognition of the. part
he took in introducing manual training in that
town, one of the grammar schools was given his
name. He was elected a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received from
Harvard the honorary degree of A.M. in 1851 ;
from Hamilton that of Ph.D. in 1869, and from
Wesle3'an that of LL.D. in 1871. He founded and
edited the Mathematical Monthly, 1858-61, and
wrote : New Tables for Determining the Values of
Coefficients in the Perturbative Function of Plan
etary Motion (1855) ; Manual Element in Educa
tion (1876); Report on Industrial Education
(1883), and Analytic Geometry (1888). He died
at Southwest Harbor, Maine, July 8, 1902.
RUNNELS, Hardin R., governor of Texas, was
born in Mississippi. In 1841 he removed to Bowie
county, Texas, where he started a cotton planta
tion. He represented his county in the state
legislature, 1847-55, being speaker of the house,
1853-54 ; was re-elected to
the legislature in 1855, and
owing to a strong Know-
nothing agitation, was on
short notice elected lieuten
ant-governor in the same
year. He declined his seat
in the legislature, served as
lieutenant-governor, and in 1857 defeated -Sam
Houston for the governorship by a large majority.
He was defeated by General Houston in 1859, and
served in the secession convention of 1861 and
the constitutional convention of 1866. He died
in Bowie county, Texas, in 1873.
RUNYON, Theodore, jurist, was born at
Somerville, N.J., Oct. 25, 1822; sonof Abraham
(1801-1892) and Mary (Runyan) Runyon : grand
son of Ephraim (1769-1856) and Elizabeth
(Coriell) (1770-1860) Runyon; great-grandson of
John (1743-1792) and Violet (Layton) (1743-1782)
Runyon ; great-2grandson of Reune (1707-1776)
and Rachel (Drake) (1711-1784) Runyon ; great-
grandson of Vincent and Mary Ronnion and
great4-grandson of Vincent Rongnion, a Huguenot,

RUPP

RUSBY

who emigrated from Poiters, France, and was
married in the Province of New Jersey, July 17,
1668, to Ann, daughter of John Boutcher of Hart-
fordshire, England. Theodore Runyon was
graduated from Yale in 1842 ; was admitted to
the bar in 1846, and
began practice in
Newark, N.J. He
vvas city attorney,
1853-56 ; city counsel,
1856 ; and iu 1861 was
a presidential elector
on the Douglas and
Johnson ticket. He
was brigadier-general
of the state militia,
1857-69 ; was mus
tered into the U.S.
service as brigadier-
general of volunteers
in 1861, and assigned
to the command of'
the fourth division of the Army of Northeast
ern Virginia. His troops built Fort Runyon,
but did not leave Washington, D.C. In Au
gust, 1861, he resigned his commission; was
subsequently brevetted major-general of the
state militia, and promoted to that rank in 1869.
He was married Jan. 21, 1864, to Clementine,
daughter of William D. and Sarah (Ostrander)
Bruen of New York. He was elected mayor of
Newark, N.J., in 1864, and in 1865 was the un
successful Democratio candidate for governor.
He was chancellor of New Jersey, 1873-87 ;
practised law for six years ; was appointed U.S.
minister to Germany in 1893 to succeed William
Walter Phelps ; and was advanced to the position
of ambassador extraordinary and minister pleni
potentiary in 1894. He received the honorary
degree of A.M. from Yale in 1862, and that of
LL.D. from Rutgers in 1875, from Wesleyan,
1867, and from Yale, 1882. He died in Berlin,
Germany, Jan. 27, 1896.
RUPP, Israel Daniel, historian, was born in
Cumberland county, Pa., July 10, 1803. His boy
hood was spent upon a farm, and he was mainly
self-educated, early evincing a remarkable talent
for languages. He became a school teacher, and
from 1827 devoted himself to the collecting of
historical materials, principally for his "History
of the Germans of Philadelphia," which was in
complete and unpublished at the time of his
death. In addition to his numerous translations
and his county histories of Pennsylvania, he is
the author of : Geographical Catechisms of Penn
sylvania (1836) ; Events in Indian History (1842) ;
History of the Religious Denominations of the
United States (1844); Collection of Names of
Thirty Thousand German and Other Immigrants

to Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776 (1856), and
Genealogy of the Descendants of John Jonas Rupp
(1874). lie died in Philadelphia, May 31, 1878.
RUPPERT, Jacob, Jr., representative, was born
in New York city, Aug. 5, 1867 ; son of Jacob and
Anna (Gillig) Ruppert, natives of New York city ;
grandson of Franz and Wilhelmina (Zindel) Rup
pert, and of George and Anna (Dorn) Gillig of
Germany. He attended the Columbia grammar
school, and engaged in business as a brewer in
New York city. He was a member of the 7th
regiment, N.G.S.N.Y.; was appointed aide-de
camp with the rank of colonel on the staff of
Governor Hill, and later served as senior aide on
the staff of Governor Flower. He was a Democratic
representative from the fifteenth congressional
district of New York in the 56th-57th congresses,
1899-1903, and from the sixteenth district in the ¦
58th congress, 1903-05, serving on the committees
on militia, and immigration and naturalization.
RUSBY, Henry Hurd, botanist, was born in
Franklin, N.J., April 26, 1855 ; son of John and
Abigail (Holmes) Rusby, and grandson of Leon
ard and Elizabeth (Redman) Rusby and of
Hugh and Eliza (Dow) Holmes. He attended the
state normal school at Westfield, Mass., 1872-74,
and the Centenary Collegiate institute, Hacketts
town, N.J., in 1875 ; taught school for several
, years, and was graduated from the University of
the City of New York, M.D., 1884, being awarded
a medal by the Centennial exhibition in 1876 for
a herbarium of the plants of Essex county, N.J. As
agent for the Smithsonian Institution, he made
botanical explorations in New Mexico and Ari
zona, 1880-81, and again in 1883, and in 1885 he
started on an exploring tour in the interest of
medical botany in South America, crossing the
continent, discovering several hundred new
species and genera of plants and birds, and return
ing in 1887, On Oct. 5, 1887, he was married to
Margaretta Saunier, daughter of Samuel and
Eliza (Saunier) Hanna of Franklin, N.J., and a
descendant of Pierre Paul Saunier, associate of
the botanist Michaux, and who inherited Mi-
chaux's American estate. He was made- profes
sor of botany, physiology and materia medica in.
the New York College of Pharmacy in 1888. In
1897 he became professor of materia medica in
the Bellevue Hospital Medical college, and was
retained when that college and the University
Medical college consolidated as the University
and Bellevue Hospital Medical college. In 1893
he explored along the lower Orinoco river. He was
a member of the committee for the seventh and
eighth decennial revision of the U.S. Pharmaco
poeia (1893 and 1903) , and chairman of the commis
sion ofthe Pan-American Medical congress for the
study of the American medicinal flora. He was
elected a corresponding member of the Pharma-

[569]

RUSCHENBERGER

RUSH

ceutical Society of Great Britain in 1894, and an
honorary member of the Institute Medico Na-
cional of Mexico in 1897. He was influential in
securing the establishment of the New York
Botanical garden, and was made a member of its
board of managers and one of its scientific di
rectors. He was vice-president of the Torrey
Botanical club in 1903. He is the author of :
Essentials of Pharmacognosy (1895); Morphology
and Histology of Plants (1899); Materia Medica
of Buck's Reference Handbook of the Medical
Sciences (8 vols., beginning in 1899); Coca at
Home and Abroad (1888); five pamphlets on the
flora of Bolivia (1893-1901); History of the New
York College of Pharmacy (1895).
RUSCHENBERGER, William S. W., naval
surgeon, was born in Cumberland county, N.J.,
Sept. 4, 1807. He attended the schools of Phila
delphia and New York city, and was appointed
surgeon's mate in the U.S. navy, Aug. 10, 1826.
He was graduated from the University of Penn
sylvania, M.D., 1830 ; was promoted surgeon,
Aug. 4, 1831 ; was fleet surgeon in the East India
squadron, 1835-37 ; was attached to the naval
rendezvous at Philadelphia, 1840-42, and served
in the naval hospital, Brooklyn, 1843-47, where he
established the laboratory for supplying unadulter
ated drugs to the service. He was fleet surgeon
of the East India squadron, 1847-50 ; of the Pa
cific squadron, 1854-57, and of the Mediterranean
squadron, 1860-61. In 1861 he was appointed
surgeon of the Boston Navy yard, and served
throughout the war ; was on special service in
Philadelphia, 1865-70 ; was senior officer of the
medical corps, 1866-69, and was retired, Sept. 4,
1869. He was commissioned medical director on
the retired list, March 3, 1871 ; was president of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila
delphia, 1870-82, and president of the Col
lege of Physicians of Philadelphia, 1879-83.
He edited the American edition of Mrs.
Somerville's "Physical Geography" (1850), and
is the author of : Three Years in the Pa
cific (1834); A Voyage Round the World, 1835-
37 (1838); Elements of Natural History (2 vols.,
1850); A Lexicon of Terms used in Natural His
tory (1850) ; A Notice of the Origin, Progress and
Present Condition of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia (1852); Notes and Com
mentaries During Voyages to Brazil and China,
I848 (1854), and numerous articles on naval rank
and organization, 1845-50. He died in Philadel
phia. Pa., March 24, 1895.
RUSH, Benjamin, signer, was born near Po
quessing Creek, Pa., in 1741; son of John and
Susan Hall (Harvey) Rush ; grandson of James
and Rachel (Peart) Rush, and of Joseph Hall of
Tacony, Pa. ; great-grandson of William Rush,
who came to America in 1683, and of Bryan Peart

of Poquessing Creek ; and great2-grandson of John
Rush, who commanded a troop of horse under
Cromwell, became a Quaker at the close of the
war in 1660, married Susanna Lucas, and in 1683
emigrated to Pennsylvania, settling at Byberry,
near Philadelphia, where he died in May, 1699.
Upon the death of his father in 1752, Benjamin
Rush was left to the care of his uncle, Samuel
Finley (q.v.), by whom he was prepared for college
in his Nottingham, Md., classical school. He was
graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.,
1760, A.M., 1763 ; studied medicine under Dr. John
Redman of Philadelphia, and was graduated from
the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, M. D. , 1768.
He spent a year hearing medical lectures in
London and Paris, and returning to Philadelphia
in 1769, was professor of chemistry in the Phila
delphia Medical college. , He was a member of
the provisional conference of Pennsylvania, and
chairman of the committee appointed to report to
congress " that it was expedient to declare inde
pendence." He was surgeon to the Pennsylvania
navy, 1775-76, and signed the Declaration of In
dependence of July 4, 1776. He was married in
1776 to Julia, daughter of Richard Stockton, and
their son, Dr. William Rush (1801-64) married
Elizabeth Fox, daughter of Hugh Roberts of
Philadelphia county. Benjamin Rush was ap
pointed surgeon-general of the middle depart
ment of the Continental army in April, 1777, be
coming physician-general in July, 1777. He was
in attendance on the army at the battles of Tren
ton, Princeton, Brandywine and Germantown,
and during the winter at Valley Forge. He re
signed his office in February, 1778, and returned
to Philadelphia, where he resumed his practice
and professorship. He vvas surgeon to the Penn
sylvania hospital, 1784-1813 ; port physician of
Philadelphia, 1790-93, and in an address to the
legislature of Pennsylvania in 1786 favored the
establishment of a system of free schools, one at
least in every township, three colleges, one at
Carlisle, one at Lancaster, and one at Philadel
phia, "the university to furnish masters for the
colleges, and the colleges to furnish masters for
the free schools.'' This led to the establishment
of Dickinson college, char
tered in 1783, of which he vvas
the acknowledged founder.
He was also the founder of
the Philadelphia dispensary,
and a censor of the College of
Physicians. He was a mem
ber of the state convention
that ratified the constitution of the United States
in 1787, and a member of the committee that
formed the state constitution the same year. He
was professor of the theory and practice of medi
cine at the medical department of the University

[570]

RUSH

RUSH

of Pennsylvania, 1789-91 ; professor of clinical
practice, 1797-1813, and professor of clinical prac
tice and the practice of physic, 1797-1813. He was
treasurer of the U.S. mint, 1799-1813 ; succeeded
Benjamin Franklin as president of the Pennsyl
vania Society for the Abolition of Slavery ; was
president of the Philadelphia Medical society ;
vice-president and founder of the Philadelphia
Bible society, and an originator of the American
Philosophical society, and vice-president, 1800.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Yale in 1812. He is the author of : Medi
cal Inquiries and Observations (5 vols., 1789-98);
Essays on the Mode of Education Proper to a Re
public (1786); Account of the Philadelphia Society
for the Establishment of Charity Schools (1796) :
Essays, Literary, Moral and Philosophical (1798,
2d ed., 1806); Sixteen Introductory Lectures
(1811) ;Diseases of the Mind (1812, 5th ed., 1835),
and of many essays on slavery, temperance and
medical topics. In the selection of names for
the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, New York
university, in October, 1900, his name, in Class
L, Physicians and Surgeons, received forty-two
votes, the highest number in the class, in which
no name secured a place, fifty-one votes being
necessary to place the name in the Hall. He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., April 19, 1813.
RUSH, Christopher, A.M.E.Z. bishop, was
born in Craven county, N.C, in 1777, a slave of
pure African descent. He was taken to New
York in 1798 ; vvas afterward emancipated, and
licensed to preach by the M.E. church, 1815. He
was one of the principal organizers of the African
Methodist Episcopal Zion church in New York
city in 1820, and was elected a bishop of that
church in 1828, and each successive fourth year
thereafter up to the time of his death. He pub
lished : History of the African Methodist Episcopal
Zion Church in the United States. He died in New
York city, July 16, 1873.
RUSH, Jacob, jurist, was born near Philadel
phia, Pa., in December, 1746 ; son of John and
Susan (Hall) Harvey Rush, and brother of Ben
jamin Rush, the signer. He was graduated from
the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1765, A.M.,
1768 ; practised law in Philadelphia ; was a
justice of the supreme court ; judge of the court
of errors and appeals, 1784-1806, and president of
the city court of common pleas, 1800-20. He
defended Benedict Arnold against the charges of
Gov. Joseph Reed in 1779. The honorary degree
of LL.D. was conferred on him by the College of
New Jersey in 1804. He is the author of : Resolve in
Committee Chamber, Dec. 6, 1774 (1774); Charges
on Moral and Religious Subjects (1803) ; Character
of Christ (1806), and Christian Baptism (1819).
He was married to a Miss Rench. He died in
Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 5, 1820.

RUSH, James, physician, was born in Philadel
phia, Pa. , March 1, 1786; son of Benjamin (q.v.) and
Julia (Stockton) Rush. He was graduated from
the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1805, A.M.,
1808, and from the University of Pennsylvania,
M.D., 1809. He studied in Edinburgh, and estab
lished himself in practice in Philadelphia. He
was professor of the theory and practice of
medicine at the Jefferson Medical college, Pa.,
and later engaged in scientific and literary pur
suits. He was married to Phoebe Ann Ridgeway
(1797-1857), an heiress of Philadelphia. He be
queathed $1,000,000 to the Philadelphia library
company to erect the Ridgeway branch, on the
unique condition that a reissue of his publications
be sold at cost five times within the succeeding
fifty years, and that the library should exclude
all newspapers. He is the author of : Philosophy
of the Human Voice (1827); Hamlet, a Dramatic
Prelude in Five Acts (1834); Analysis of the
Human Intellect (2 vols., 1865), and Rhymes of
Contrast on Wisdom and Folly (1869). He died
in Philadelphia, Pa., May 26, 1869.
RUSH, Richard, cabinet officer, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 29, 1780; son of Ben
jamin (q.v.) and Julia (Stockton) Rush, and
grandson of Richard Stockton, the signer. He
was graduated from the College of New Jersey,
A.B., 1797, A.M., 1800; studied law under Wil
liam Lewis; was admitted to the bar in December,
1800, and established himself in practice in Phil
adelphia. He was married in 1809, to Catherine
Eliza, daughter of Dr. James Murray of Anna
polis, Md. He vvas solicitor of the guardians of
the poor in 1810, and attorney-general of the
state in 1811 ; comptroller of the treasury in
November, 1811, and U.S. attorney -general, 1814-
17. He served as secretary of state in 1817 prior
to the arrival of Secretary John Quincy Adams
from England, and was appointed U.S. minister
plenipotentiary to England in 1817, serving till
1825, and negotiating several important treaties.
He was appointed secretary of the treasury by
President Adams in 1825, and was a candidate
for Vice-President in 1828. He was a commis
sioner to adjust the boundary between Ohio and
Michigan in 1835 ; a commissioner sent to Eng
land to obtain the legacy left by James Smithson
(q.v.) to found the Smithsonian Institution, and
returned with the full amount $508,318.46 in
August, 1838. He was U.S. minister plenipoten
tiary to France, 1847-51, and, acting under in
structions from the U.S. government, was the
first of the foreign ministers to recognize the
new republic in 1848. He was a fellow of the
American Philosophical society ; a regent of the
Smithsonian Institution, and is the author of:
Codification of the Laics of the United States
(5 vols., 1815); Narrative of a Residence at the

[5711

RUSH

RUSK

Court of London (Vol. I. from 1817 till 1825,
1833 ; Vol. II. from 1819-1825, 1845); Washington
in Domestic Life (1857) ; Occasional Productions,
Political, Diplomatic and Miscellaneous, includ
ing a Glance at the Court of Louis Philippe and
the French Revolution of 1848 (1860). He died
in Philadelphia, Pa., July 30, 1859. .
RUSH, William, sculptor, was born in Phil
adelphia, Pa., July 4, 1756. He served an appren
ticeship to Edward Cutbush, a wood-carver, and
became proficient in the art. He served in the
patriot army during the Revolutionary war, and
as a member of the city council for several years.
He made a specialty of figure-heads for ships,
and modelled many figures and portrait-busts in
clay. Among his ship carvings are : " Genius of
the United States ' for the frigate United States ;
"Nature" for the frigate Constellation; "The
Indian Trader " for the ship William Penn ; " The
River God " for the ship Ganges, and busts and
figures of Voltaire, Rousseau, Franklin and Penn
for various vessels. Among his statues are :
Exhortation ; Praise ; Cherubim ; Winter ; Agri
culture, and Christ on the Cross. His statue of
Washington (1814) was purchased by the city of
Philadelphia. His portrait-busts include that of
General Lafayette (1824). He died in Philadel
phia, Pa., Jan. 17, 1833.
RUSK, Harry Welles, representative, was
born at Baltimore, Md., Oct. 17, 1852; son of
Jacob K. and Catharine Olivia (Lane) Rusk ;
grandson of George and Mary (Krebs) Rusk and
of Samuel and Martha (Ryan) Lane, and a de
scendant of David Rusk, who was a member of
Captain Cox's voluntary company of Maryland,
who served during the American Revolution. He
was graduated at Baltimore City college, A.B.,
1866, and at Maryland University Law school,
LL.B., 1872. He was a member of the Maryland
house of delegates, 1876-78, and 1880-81 and of
the state senate, 1884-86. He was married, Dec.
16, 1880, to Belle W., daughter of John Q. and
Elizabeth (Morrow) Adams of Baltimore, Md.
He was elected a representative from the third
Maryland district to the 49th congress to fill the
unexpired term of William H. Cole, deceased,
and was re-elected to the 50th-54th congresses,
1887-97, serving as chairman of the committee
on accounts during the last session of the 54th
congress. RUSK, Jeremiah McLain, cabinet officer, was
born in Morgan county, Ohio, June 17, 1830 ; son
of Daniel and Jane (Fakner) Rusk. He attended
the common schools, and after his father's death
in 1845, began driving a stage between Zanesville
and Newark, Ohio. He moved to Bad Axe, Wis.,
in 1853, where he became a farmer, and continued
his business as a stage-driver. He was chosen
sheriff in 1855, coroner in 1857, and was a member

of the state assembly, 1862. He was commis
sioned major of the 25th Wisconsin volunteers;
Sept. 14, 1863, and after some service against the
Indians in Minnesota, took part in the siege of
Vicksburg. He succeeded to the command of
the regiment, and in 1864 participated in Sher
man's excursion to Meridian, Miss., marched to
Atlanta in the 2d brigade, 4th division, 16th
corps, under General Dodge, Army of the Ten
nessee, and when Hood attacked McPherson at
Atlanta, Rusk was on the right of the line, and
in that engagement lost heavily. On the march
from Atlanta, he was in the 2d brigade, 1st divi
sion, 17th corps ; was mustered out in June, 1S65,
and later was brevetted brigadier-general of
volunteers for bravery at Salkahatchie, where he
led the attacking column. He was state bank
comptroller of Wisconsin, 1866-70, and was Repub
lican representative from the seventh district
of Wisconsin in the 42d, 43d and 44th congresses,
1871-77, being chairman of the committee on
invalid pensions during the 43d congress. Dur
ing the administration of President Garfield, he
declined appointments as U.S. minister to Para
guay and Uruguay. He was
governor of Wisconsin, 1882-
89, and was a candidate for
the Republican presidential
nomination in the national
convention of 1888. In 1889
he was appointed secretary
of agriculture in President
Harrison's cabinet, » position he held until the
close of the administration. He was married in
1849, to Mary Martin, who died in 1858 ; and
secondly, to Elizabeth Johnson, who survived
him. He died in Viroqua, Wis., Nov. 21, 1893.
RUSK, Thomas Jefferson, senator, was born in
Camden, Pendleton district, S.C, Dec. 5, 1803, of
Irish descent, his father being a stone mason. He
was educated under the direction and personal
instruction of John C. Calhoun ; was admitted to
the bar, and began practice in Georgia, where he
married a granddaughter of Gen. Ben Cleveland,
(q.v.), removing to Nacogdoches, Texas, early
in 1835. He was a member of the convention
that declared Texas an independent republic,
March 2, 1836, and a signer of its declaration ;
was first secretary of war of the republic ; served
with distinction as adjutant-general in the battle
of San Jacinto, April 21, 1836, and was appointed
brigadier-general in command of the army, May
5, 1836, during General Sam Houston's absence,
Colonel M. B. Lamar succeeding him as secre
tary of war. General Rusk ratified and signed
the treaty with Filisola, May 25, 1836, and to him
belongs the honor of sparing the lives of Santa
Anna and his chief lieutenant. He was elected a
delegate to the convention at Washington, D.C,
[572]

RUSS

RUSSELL

and by that convention again appointed secretary
of war in November, 1836, resigning after a
short time ; was in command of various expedi
tions against the Indians ; a member of the
Texan legislature, and chief-justice of the su
preme court, 1838-42. He was elected major-
general of militia, 1843 ; was a delegate to and
president of the convention that effected the
annexation of Texas to the United States, Dec.
29, 1845, and in the same year elected a U.S.
senator. He took his seat, March 6, 1846, and
served by two re-elections until his death by his
own hand during a temporary condition of in
sanity, caused by the loss of his wife. While in
the senate he was chairman of the committee on
post-offices and post-roads, and was elected pres
ident pro tempore of the senate, March 14,1857,
in special session. He was succeeded as senator
by James Pinckney Henderson, who took his
seat, March 1, 1858, died the following June 4,
and was succeeded by Matthias Ward, who in
turn was succeeded, Jan. 4, 1860, by Lewis T.
Wigfall, elected by the legislature to complete
the term, March 3, 1863. Senator Wigfall left
the senate to join the Confederate government,
soon after taking his seat. Senator Rusk died at
Nacogdoches, Tex., July 29, 1857.
RUSS, John Denison, humanitarian, was born
in Chebacco (Essex), Mass., Sept. 1, 1801 ; sonof
Dr. Parker and Elizabeth (Cogswell) Russ ;
grandson of Jonathan (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Wise)
Cogswell ; great2-grandson of the Rev. John
Wise (q.v.), and a descendant of John Leverett
(q.v.), educator. Dr. Parker Russ died when his
son was a few years old, leaving him a considerable
fortune, and his wife married, secondly, the Rev.
Paul Park, and removed to Preston, Conn. John
D. Russ was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1823,
A.M., 1825, meanwhile studying medicine at
Bowdoin college, and in Baltimore, Md., and
Boston, Mass. He practised in the hospitals in
London and on the continent, 1826, and estab
lished himself in New York city on his return.
In June, 1827, he was appointed to take charge
of the brig Statesman, sailing from Boston, and
freighted with medical and other stores for the
suffering Greek patriots. He remained in Greece
three years ; founded a hospital at Poros, and
projected a still larger one at Hexamelia,
Isthmus of Corinth, but illness compelled him to
leave the completion of the work to others. As
a result of his labors in support of the independ
ence of the Greeks, the Turks placed a price of
20,000 piastres on his head. He returned to the
United States in 1830, visiting Malta, Sicily, Italy,
and France, en route. During the subsequent
cholera epidemic in New York city he was as
sistant-physician at the hospital at Corlear's
Hook, N.J. ; was secretary of the contemplated [5'

asylum for the blind in New York city, for which
a charter had been obtained in 1829, and in order
to excite an interest in the proposed organiza
tion, successfully commenced the instruction of
three blind boys from the Alms House, the first
attempt of the kind in the United States. He
was soon after invited to organize the Institution
for the Blind in Boston, but declined, devoting
himself gratuitously to the work already under
taken, and inventing, in 1832, a better style of
maps than those in use in European schools aiid
a new phonetic alphabet of raised characters.
His various inventions and improvements in the
system then existing for the education of the
blind came into universal use. He resigned the
superintendency, and on his return from a, third
voyage to Europe, devoted his energies to the
improvement of prison discipline, the amelior
ation of prisoners and the support of convicts
after their discharge. He assisted in the organ
ization of the New York Prison association, 1843,
serving as its corresponding secretary for many
years, and subsequently as vice-president ; was
also instrumental in establishing the board of
Ten Governors for oversight of the penitentiary
and workhouse on Blackwell's Island ; was a
member of the board of education of New York
city, 1848-51, and promoter of The Juvenile asy
lum, its secretary, and superintendent, 1851-58.
He was married, first, in 1830, to an English lady,
a widow, who died in 1860 ; and secondly, in
April, 1872, to Elsie, daughter of James Birdsell
of Ohio. Dr. Russ died at Hillside Cottage,
Pompton, N.J., March 1, 1881.
RUSSELL, Addison Peale, author, was born
at Wilmington, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1826 ; son of Charles
and Mary (McNabb) Russell ; grandson of Wil
liam and Jane (Sewell) Russell, and of John and
Catharine (Warnock) McNabb. His grandfather,
William Russell, was a soldier of the American
Revolution. His early education was limited to
attendance at the common schools of his native
village, and apprenticeship to a printer in the
office of the Gazette at Zanesville, Ohio, 1842-45.
In 1845 he became editor and publisher of the
News, a Whig journal issued from Hillsborough,
Ohio, and in 1847 he removed to Lebanon, Ohio,
where he was connected with the Western Star,
1847-50. He was clerk of the Ohio senate in
1850 ; an editor and half owner of the Clinton
Republican, Wilmington, 1852-62 ; representative
in the state legislature, 1856-58 ; secretary of
state, 1858-62, and financial agent for the state
in New York city, 1862-68. Later he became a
member of the Authors club, and received the
degree of Litt. Doc. from Ohio university at
Athens in 1898. He was unmarried. He is the
author of : Half Tints ; Table D'Hote and Draw
ing-Room (1867); Library Notes (1875; rev. ed.,
¦3]

RUSSELL

RUSSELL

1879) ; Thomas Corwin: A Sketch (1831); Charac
teristics (1884) ; A Club of One (1887); In a Club
Corner (1890), and Sub- Caelum : A Sky-Built
Human TFoWd(1893).
RUSSELL, Benjamin, journalist, was born in
Boston, Mass., Sept. 13, 1761 ; son of John Rus
sell. In August, 1775, he was apprenticed to
Isaiah Thomas of Worcester, publisher of the
Massachusetts Spy, and in 1780 he substituted in
the Continental army for his employer, who had
been drafted. He joined the army at West Point,
and was one of the guard at the execution of
Major Andre. At the expiration of his service he
returned to Worcester, was released from his in
denture, and in March 24, 1784, with William War
den, began publishing the Massachusetts Centinel.
In 1785 he became sole owner and editor, changed
the name of the paper to the Columbian Centinel,
and continued to edit and publish it for forty-
four years. During the crisis that followed the
treaty of Versailles, and through the trying times
of Shays's rebellion, when other papers were
stirring up sedition, Russell stood for nationalism,
and gave the administration of Washington his
unlimited support. He made a specialty of local
news, which he gathered on street-corners and
in public meetings, and to procure foreign news
he visited every vessel that came to Boston.
During the exile of Louis Philippe and other
noblemen to this country, Mr. Russell made life7
long friendships. ,He received an atlas from
Louis Philippe, which later proved a great aid
when he was editing the war news from Europe.
In 1795 he started the Boston Gazette. He retired
from the Centinel in 1828 and from the Gazette in
1830. The Centinel is considered the best type
of the early political newspaper of the United
States. The most eminent Federalist statesmen
and writers contributed to its columns and
it wielded no little influence in the early his
tory of New England. It was united with the
New England Paladium in 1830 and with the
Boston Gazette in 1836. In 1840 it became
merged in the Daily Advertiser. Mr. Russell was
a member of the state senate, of the governor's
.council, and of the constitutional convention of
.1820. He published all the laws and official
documents of the first congress, 1789-91, intend
ing that the work should be gratuitous, but a few
years later, when the treasury could afford to
pay, he was presented with $7,000. He died in
Boston, Mass., Jan. 4, 1845.
RUSSELL, Charles Addison, representative,
was born in Worcester, Mass., March 2, 1852 ;'son
of Isaiah Dunster and Nancy (Wentworth) Rus
sell ; grandson of Moses and Betsy (Dunster)
Russell, and of Jason and Mary (Meriam) Russell,
and a descendant of Henry Dunster (q.v.), first
president of Harvard college. He was graduated

from Yale college, 1873, and was city editor ofthe
Worcester Press until 1879, when he became con
nected with the Spy. He was married in May;
1879, to Ella Frances, daughter of Sabin L. and
Deborah (Mitchell) Sayles of Killingly, Conn.
He engaged in business as a wool merchant ; was
aide-de-camp with the rank of colonel on Gover
nor Bigelow's staff, 1881-82 ; a representative in
the state legislature in 1883 ; secretary of state of
Connecticut, 1885-86, and a Republican repre
sentative from the third district of Connecticut
in the 50th-56th congresses, 1887-1901. He died
in Killingly, Conn., Oct. 23, 1902.
RUSSELL, Daniel Lindsay, governor of North
Carolina, was born in Brunswick county, N.C,
Aug. 7, 1845 ; son of Daniel Lindsay and Caroline
Elizabeth (Sanders) Russell, and grandson of
Thomas and Abiah (Ward) Russell, and of David
Ward and Alice
(Mitchell) Sanders,
and a descendant of
the Rev. David Lind
say, who came from
Glasgow, Scotland,
about 1658, and set
tled on the Rappahan
nock river in Vir
ginia, and of Gen.
William Russell, who
came to Virginia in
1710 with Gover
nor Spots wood. His
father was a Whig
representative in the
state legislature for
several terms, andhis grandfather, the Hon. David
Ward Sanders of Onslow county, was a member
of the state constitutional convention of 1835, and
a member of Gov. William A. Graham's council,
1845-49. He was a student at the Bingham
school ; attended the University of North 'Caro
lina, 1860-61 ; was captain in the Confederate
army ; was a representative in the state legisla
ture, 1864-66, thus being twice elected before he
was twenty-one, and was admitted to the bar in
1866. He was married, Aug. 16, 1869, to Sarah
Amanda, daughter of Isaac Newton and Sarah
Caroline (Burns) Sanders of Onslow county, N.C.
He was judge of the superior court for the 4th
judicial circuit, 1868-74 ; a representative from
Brunswick county in the state legislature, 1876-
77, and a National Greenback representative in
the 46th congress, 1879-81. He resumed the
practice of law at Wilmington in 1881, and in
1896 was elected governor of North Carolina by
the Republicans by a plurality of nearly 9000,
serving, 1897-1901. His administration was mark
ed by a conservative but independent course,
and at its close he resumed the practice of law.

[574]

RUSSELL

RUSSELL

RUSSELL, David, representative, was born in
Masachusetts in 1800 ; a descendant of Richard Rus-
sell(1612-74),who immigrated to the United States,
1640, and was treasurer of Massachusetts, 1614-74,
through James (1640-1709), judge and treasurer
of Massachusetts, 1680-86, and Chambers (1713-
67; Harvard, 1781), judge of the Massachusetts
superior court of admiralty. He attended the
common schools, and was admitted to the bar in
Salem, N.Y., where he began practice. He was
a member of the New York assembly from Wash
ington county, 1816 and 1830 ; U.S. district attor
ney for northern New York, and a Whig repre
sentative in the 24th, 25th and 20th congresses,
1835-41, serving as chairman of the committee
on claims. In the latter year he returned to the
practice of law in Salem, N.Y. , where he died,
Nov. 24, 1861.
RUSSELL, David Allen, soldier, was born in
Salem, N.Y., Dec. 10, 1820 ; son of David Russell
(q.v.). He was graduated from the U.S. Military
academy, and promoted brevet 3d lieutenant,
1st infantry, July 1, 1845 ; was promoted 2d
lieutenant, 4th infantry, Sept. 21, 1840 ; was
brevetted 1st lieutenant, Aug. 15, 1847, " for gal
lant and meritorious conduct in the several affairs
with guerilleros, at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge
and Cerro Gordo, Mexico ; "' was promoted 1st
lieutenant, Jan 1, 1848 ; was on frontier, garrison
and recruiting service, 1848-54 ; was promoted
captain, June 22, 1854 ; engaged in the combat
with the Indians on Tappinish river, Simcoe
valley, Ore., Oct. 6-8, 1855; in the hostilities in
Washington Territory, 1856 ; and remained on
duty in Oregon and Calif ornia until Nov. 27, 1861,
when he was called to the defences of Washing
ton, March 10„ 1862, and assigned to the com
mand of the 7th Massachusetts volunteers,
Jan. 31, 1862. He was ordered to the Peninsula,
March 10, 1862, and assigned to Devens's brigade,
Couch's division, Keyes's 4th corps, in the siege
of Yorktown, the battles of Williamsburg and
Fair Oaks and the seven days' battles around Rich
mond, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, for
gallant and meritorious services, July 1, 1862, and
promoted major of the 8th U.S. infantry, Aug. 9,
1862, the regiment being attached to Couch's di
vision, Franklin's 4th corps, in the Antietam
campaign. He was promoted brigadier-general,
U.S. volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862, and in the Rappa
hannock campaign commanded the 3d brigade,
Brooks's division, Smith's 6th corps, under Gen
eral Burnside, and was engaged in the battle of
Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. At the battle of
Salem Heights, May 4, 1863, when Sedgwick,
commanding the corps, fell back, it devolved
upon General Russell to withdraw the picket
line, and he crossed the river in safety, although
troops and bridges were shelled by the enemy's 15'

artillery. Early in June General Russell's bri
gade, with that of Ames, was detailed under
Pleasanton to obtain information as to the ene
my's position, and he crossed Kelly's Ford, pro
ceeded to Brandy Station and thence to Culpeper,
and participated in the combat at Beverly Ford,
June 9, 1863. The 6th corps arrived at Gettys
burg, July 2, 1863, after a long march from Man
chester, and with the Sth corps succeeded in
checking and finally repulsing the opposing Con
federate force about sunset. For his gallant and
meritorious conduct at Gettysburg, General Rus
sell was brevetted colonel, U.S.A. lie engaged
in the pursuit of Lee to Warrenton, Va. , and with
his division alone brilliantly assaulted the Rappa
hannock redoubts, Nov. 7, 1863, facing the con
tinuous and destructive fire of the enemy, and
broke over the parapet. Sergt. Otis O. Roberts,
company H, of the 6th Maine, captured the colors,
and Col. Emory Upton's brigade, advanced to the
head of the pontoon-bridges, cutting off the ene-
.my's retreat and capturing more than 1600 pris
oners, 8 colors, all the guns, and 2000 stands of
small-arms. General Russell, accompanied by one
company of each of the regiments engaged, was
ordered formally to present the captured flags at
headquarters. He was then ordered by General
Meade to present the flags to the war department
of Washington, Sergeant Otis to accompany him,
and was also offered a leave of absence on account
of the wound which he had received during the
assault. In three days he returned from Wash
ington, reporting that Secretary Stanton had been
too busy to receive him, and that consequently
he had sent the flags to the war departmen t. Gen
eral Russell was soon after compelled to go to the
hospital for treatment, which detained him more
than sixty days, and it required the combined in
fluence of Generals Meade, Sedgwick and Wright
to prevent his being mustered out of service.
On May 10, 1864. with General Upton, he com
manded a selected column of the 6th corps, and
carried the works near Spottsylvania, one of the
few Federal victories in the Wilderness campaign.
In the battle of Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864, he
commanded the 1st division of the 6th corps, and
held the left of the line of battle. His division
met with severe losses and he was wounded, but
refused to leave the field during the day. He
commanded the 1st division in the Army of the
Shenandoah, and at the battle of Winchester,
when the Federal center, weakened by Emory's
19th corps, was being driven back by Rodes, he
led his division into the breach, striking the flank
of the Confederates who were pursuing Grover,
and thus restored the lines and checked the ene
my's advance, but received a mortal wound, and
was brevetted major-general, U.S.A., on the
field. He died at Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864.
'5J

RUSSELL

RUSSELL

RUSSELL, Henry Benajah, journalist and au
thor, was born at Russell, Mass., March 9, 1859 ;
son of Edwin Armstrong and Sarah Louise
(Tinker) Russell ; grandson of Abel and Emeline
(Loomis) , and of David Parks and Mary Elizabeth
(Hamilton) Tinker ; great4-grandson of William
Russell, who came from England to New Haven,
Conn., before 1700; and a descendant of Joseph
Loomis, Windsor, Conn., 1639; Thomas Tinker,
Mayflower passenger, 1620, and John Hamilton,
Sudbury, Mass. , an original settler of Bradford.
He was graduated from the Connecticut Literary
institute, Suffield, Conn. , 1877 ; from Amherst,
1881; was a reporter on the Springfield, Mass.,
Republican, 1881-82, and editor of the Meriden,
Conn., Press-Recorder, 1882-84. He was married,
Sept. 25, 1885, to Louisa Annette, daughter of
Silas W. Clark of Suffield, Conn. He was a special
writer on the New York Sun, 1884-88 ; editorial
writer oir the Providence Journal, 1888-90,
and associate editor of the Hartford Post, 1890-
97. He is the author of : Life of William Mc
Kinley (1896); International Monetary Confer
ences (1898); Illustrated History of Our War
with Spain (1899), and of contributions to various
periodicals. RUSSELL, Isaac Franklin, jurist, was born in
Hamden, Conn., Aug. 25, 1857 ; son of the Rev.
William Henry and Susan Voorhies (Hiller) Rus
sell. His father was for fifty years a Methodist
preacher in the New York East conference. He
prepared for college at Southold academy, L.I. ,
N.Y.; was graduated from New York university
with highest honors. A.B., 1875, LL.B., 1877, and
A.M., 1878; and from Yale, LL.M., 1879, and
D.C.L., 1880. He was admitted to the bar in 1878 ;
was lecturer on Roman law at New York univer
sity, 1880-81, and in 1881 became professor of law
and political science there, being also engaged in
the active practice of law. He was married in
Brooklyn, N.Y., July 8, 1886, to Ruth, daughter
of Walter M. Ferriss of Bay Ridge, Long Island,
N.Y. He was lecturer to the women's law class
in the university, 1892-1902 ; a member of the
Brooklyn institute, the Long Island Historical
society, the American Geographical society, and
an occasional preacher in Methodist, Congre
gational and Reformed churches in New York
and Brooklyn. Dickinson college conferred upon
him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1893. His
works include : Lectures on Law for Women
(1892); Outline Study of Laiv (3 vols., 1894, 1895,
1900), and contributions to the Methodist Re
view (1896-97); Yale Law Review (1897); The
American Lawyer (1898); Albany Law Journal
(1899); Law Notes (1900).
RUSSELL, Israel Cook, geologist, was born
in Garrattsville, N.Y., Dec. 10, 1852 ; son of
Barnabas and Louisa Sherman (Cook) Russell ;

grandson of Joseph and Rachel (Leggett) Russell
and of Israel and Edith (Sherman) Cook, and a des
cendant of Ralph Russell, who emigrated to Massa
chusetts from Monmouthshire, England, 1650,
and established the first iron works in America
at Taunton, Mass., in 1652 ; and of Joseph Rus
sell, the founder of New Bedford, Mass. He was
graduated from the University of the City of New
York, B.S. and C.E., 1872; M.S., 1875; received
later the degree LL.D. , and attended the Columbia
School of Mines, 1872-74. He was photographer
of the United States expedition to Queenstown,
New Zealand, to observe the transit of Venus,
1874-75 ; assistant in geology, School of Mines,
Columbia college, 1875-77 ; assistant geologist
with Professor J. J. Stevenson, 1878 ; assistant
geologist, 1879, and geologist of the U.S. geolo
gical survey, 1880-92 ; in 1889 ascended the
Yukon river, and in 1890 led an exploring expe
dition to Mount St. Elias, Alaska, renewing the
, attempt to climb the mountain the next summer.
In 1892 he became professor of geology at the
University of Michigan. He was married, Nov.
27, 1886, to Julia Augusta, daughter of John
Dwight and Susan (Hathorne) Olmsted. He was
sent to Martinique and St. Vincent in May, 1902,
by the National Geographic society to make a
study of the volcanic eruptions of that month.
He was elected a member or fellow of numerous
scientific societies, and is the author of many
geological treatises and other scientific articles
published in periodicals, and of Lake Lahontan
(1885) ; The Newark System (1892); Lakes of
North America (1895); Glaciers of North America
(1897); Volcanoes of North America (1897); Rivers
of North America (1898);' A View' of the World in
1900 (1900); North America (1903).
RUSSELL, James Earl, pedagogist, was born
at Hamden, Delaware county, N.Y., July 1, 1864;
son of Charles and Sarah (McFarlane) Russell,
and grandson of James Russell, a native of Scot
land. He was graduated from Cornell in 1887 ;
taught in Hill school, Pottstown, Pa., 1887-89;
and on June 19, 1889, was married to Agnes,
daughter of William Fletcher of Delhi. He was
principal of Cascadilla school, Ithaoa, N.Y.,
1890-93, and was European commissioner of the
regents of the University of the State of New
York, and also European agent of the Bureau of
Education, Washington, D.C, 1893-95. At the
same time he studied at the Universities of Jena,
Leipzig and Berlin, and received the degree of
Ph.D. from Leipzig in 1895. He was professor
of philosophy and pedagogy, University of Colo
rado, 1895-97 ; and in 1897 became professor of
the history of education in Teachers' college,
Columbia university, being appointed also dean
of Teachers' college in January, 1898. His pub
lished writings include ; The Extension of Uni-

1576]

RUSSELL

RUSSELL

versity Teaching in England and America (1895 ;
translated into German, 1895) ; German Higher
Schools ; Tlie History, Organization and Methods
of Secondary Education in Germany (1899), and
many contributions to educational periodicals.
RUSSELL, John Edwards, politician, was
born in Greenfield, Mass., Jan. 20, 1834; sonof
John and Juliana (Witmer) Russell ; grandson of
John and Electa (Edwards) Russell, and of
Abram and Barbara (Everly) Witmer, and a des
cendant of John Russell, who immigrated to
Boston in 1634, and later settled in Hadley,
Mass., and of his son, Philip, whose brother, the
Rev. John Russell, concealed the regicide judges
for some years in his house at Hadley. Mr.
Russell attended no college, but studied with
private instructors under his father's supervision.
He was married, March 18, 1856, to Caroline,
adopted daughter of John and Zibiah (Bigelow)
Nelson of Leicester, Mass., and in 1858, with his
wife he traveled in South and Central America.
For four years he lived in Nicaragua, studying
the early history of Central America. He returned
to the United States in 1864, and became inter
ested with Benjamin Holladay in mail transporta
tion west of the Mississippi, and in steamship
lines from San Francisco to the north, but in
1867 retired from business life and settled on a
small estate in Leicester, Mass. , belonging to his
wife. He interested himself in travel, study and
agiiculture, and from 1880 to 1886 was secretary
of the state board of agriculture, lecturing to
farmers' gatherings in all parts of the state. He
was a Democratic representative from the tenth
Massachusetts district in the 50th congress, 1887-
89, served on the committees on foreign affairs
and on pensions, and identified himself with the
incipient free-trade movement. He refused a
re-nomination to congress, but took an active
part in the presidential campaign of 1888. In
1889-90 he traveled in Egypt, Asia Minor and
Greece, refused the Democratic nomination for
governor of Massachusetts, but presided at the
state convention and was active in the campaign.
He was a delegate-at-large to the Democratic
national convention at Chicago in 1892 that nom
inated Cleveland and Stevenson ; participated
in the following campaign, and later declined the
navy portfolio and the embassy to Italy. He
visited Spain in 1893, and that fall was Demo
cratic candidate for governor. He was appointed
by President Cleveland in 1895 one of the three
persons authorized by an act of congress to con
fer with a similar commission appointed by the
Dominion of Canada, to make inquiry and report
on the feasibility of a canal for ocean commerce
between the Atlantic and the Great Lakes. Mr.
Russell was elected secretary of the commission,
and made their report which was the basis of

congressional action. The commission served
without compensation.
RUSSELL, John Henry, naval officer, was
born in Frederick city, Md., July 4, 1837. He
was warranted midshipman, Sept. 10, 1841 ; was
attached to the sloop Cyane of the Pacific squad
ron, 1841-43 : and served on the St. Mary's in
the Gulf of Mexico, 1844-47, taking part in the
capture of Corpus Christi, and in the blockade
and capture of Vera Cruz. He was promoted
passed midshipman, Aug. 10, 1847, and was
graduated from the U.S. Naval academy in 1848.
He was assigned to the North Pacific exploring
expedition, 1853-56, as acting lieutenant and
navigator, where he secured an official audience
for the American and British envoys with the
Chinese authorities. He was promoted master,
Sept. 14, and lieutenant, Sept. 15, 1855, and was
on ordnance duty in the Washington navy yard
1860-61. He was sent to the Norfolk navy yard,
April 28, 1861, to prevent the Confederates from
capturing the vessels stationed there ; was attach
ed to the frigate, Colorado off Pensacola, Fla., the
same year, and on Sept. 14, commanded a night
expedition composed of 100 men in four boats,
which cut out and destroyed the Confederate
armed schooner Judah, moored to a wharf at the
Pensacola navy yard under protection of a battery
of columbiads. For this service Lieutenant Rus
sell received thanks from President Lincoln,
from the state of Maryland, and from the navy
department. He commanded the steamer Ken
nebec, in Admiral Farragut's squadron ;took part
in the bombardment Of the forts below New
Orleans, and was commissioned lieutenant-com
mander, July 16, 1862. He was on ordnance duty
at Washington, D.C, in 1864; commanded the
sloop Cyane of the Pacific squadron, 1864-65 ;
was promoted commander, Jan. 28, 1867 ; com
manded the
steamer Ossipee,
1869-71, and res
cued the passen
gers and crew
of the Pacific
mail steamer
Continental dur
ing a gale in ".S.S. °ssipee.
September, 1869. He was promoted captain, Feb.
12, 1874, and while in command of the sloop Ply
mouth in 1875, he saved the vessels of the North
Atlantic squadron from an epidemic of yellow
fever at Key West. He commanded the steamer
Powhatan, on special service, 1876-77 ; was pro
moted commodore, Oct. 30, 1883 ; was in com
mand of the Mare Island navy yard. 1883-86 ; was
promoted rear admiral, March 4, 1886, and was
retired at his own request, Aug. 27, 1886. He
died in Washington, D.C, April 1, 1897.

[577]

RUSSELL

RUSSELL

RUSSELL, Jonathan, diplomat, was born at
Providence, R.I., Feb. 27, 1771 ; son of Jonathan
and Abigail Russell. He was graduated at Rhode
Island college, A.B., 1791, A.M., 1794; studied
law and entered business. He became greatly
interested in politics ; was charge d'affaires in
Paris, 1810-11 ; in London, 1811-12, and on Jan.
8, 1814, was appointed to negotiate a treaty of
peace with Great Britain at Gflient. He was min
ister plenipotentiary to Sweden, 1814-18, and
upon his return to the United States he made his
home in Mendon, Mass., and was a Democratic
representative from Massachusetts in the 17th
and 18th congresses, 1821-25. Mr. Russell was
twice married ; first, on April 3, 1794, to Sylvia
Amidon, who died, July 10, 1811, and secondly,
on April 2, 1817, to Lydia, daughter of Barney
Smith. Mr. Russell by both marriages had eight
children; one of them, Jonathan Russell, was con
sul at Manila several years. He received from
Brown the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1817, and
is the author of several addresses and orations
that have been preserved. He died in Milton,
Mass., Feb. 17, 1832.
RUSSELL, William, representative, was born
in Ireland. He immigrated to the United States,
and settled at West Union, Adams county, Ohio.
He vvas a representative in the state legislature,
1809-10 and 1811-13 ; state senator, 1819-21 ; a
Jackson Democratic representative from the fifth
district of Ohio in the 20th, 21st and 22d con
gresses, 1827-33, and was defeated in 1832 as a
candidate for the 23d congress. He removed to
Portsmouth, and was a Whig representative from
the seventh Ohio district in the 27th congress,
1841-43. He died at Portsmouth, O. , Oct. 2, 1845.
RUSSELL, William Augustus, representative,
was born at Wells River, Vt. , April 22, 1831 ; son of
William and Almira (Heath) Russell, and a de
scendant of English ancestry. He removed with
his parents at an early age to Franklin, NIL, where
he attended the academy ; worked in Peabody &
Daniels' paper mill during vacation until 1847;
attended a private school in Lowell, Mass., 1847-
48 ; worked in his father's paper mill at Franklin,
N.H. , 1848-51, becoming a partner in 1850, and
removed the mills to Lawrence, Mass., assuming
entire control of the business, which he extended
by leasing two mills in Belfast, Me., in 1856;
purchasing another mill at Lawrence in 1861, and
establishing in 1869 a wood-pulp mill, the first of
its kind, in Franklin, N.H. He purchased the
Fisher and Aiken paper mills in Franklin in 1879,
and located large mills at Bellows Falls, Vt. , pur
chasing the entire water power and building a
dam. He extended his interests in paper mills to
other points in Maine and to St. Anthony's Falls,
Minn., and on the organization of the Interna
tional Paper company in 1897 became a director 15'

and president of the company, resigning in No
vember, 1898, on account of failing health. He
was a Republican alderman of Lawrence, Mass.,
in 1867 ; a representative in the state legislature
in 1868 ; a delegate to the Republican national.
conventions of 1868 and 1876, and a Republican
representative from the seventh Massachusetts
district in the 46th and 47th congresses, 1879-83,
and from the eighth district in. the 48th congress,
1883-85, declining re-election in 1884, and serving
in the 46th congress on the committee on com
merce and on a sub-committee to investigate the
decline of American commerce, his report result
ing in a change of the state laws in relation to
the taxation of property in ships, and on the com
mittee on ways and means in the 47th and 48th
congresses as a protectionist. He was married,
first, Feb. 1, 1859, to Elizabeth Haven, daughter
of William A. Hall of Bradford. She died, Dec.
18, 1866, leaving three daughters ; and he was
married, secondly, June 25, 1872, to his first wife's
sister, Frances Spafford Hall, by whom he had
two sons, William A. , Jr. , and Richard Spafford,
and one daughter, Elizabeth H. Mr. Russell made
his winter home in Boston, Mass., from 1885, and
died there, Jan. 10, 1899.
RUSSELL, William Eustis, governor of Mas
sachusetts, was born in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 6,
1857 ; son of Charles Theodore and Sarah Eliza
beth (Ballister) Russell; grandson of Charles and
Persis (Hastings) Russell, and of Joseph and
Sarah (Yendell) Bal
lister, and a descend
ant of William and
Martha Russell, who
were in Cambridge in
1645. He was gradu
ated from Harvard,
A.B., 1877, and from
Boston university,
summa cum laude,
LL.B., 1879, and en
tered his father's law
office. He was a
member of the Cam
bridge common coun- Y^W <? )K ' ^ Of)
cil, 1881-83 ; of the V\5 « t/A W/visXiL-.
board of aldermen,
1883-84, and was mayor of Cambridge, 1884-
87. He was married, June 3, 1885, to . Margaret
Manning, daughter of Joshua A. and Sarah
(Hodges) Swan of Cambridge, Mass. In 1888 and
1889 he was the unsuccessful Democratic candi
date for governor of Massachusetts, but was
elected in 1890, serving by re-election until 1893.
and being the youngest governor ever elected in
Massachusetts. He became very popular, and
was prominently mentioned as a candidate for
President of the United States. He attended the
'8]

RUTER

RUTHERFOORD

Democratic national convention at Chicago, 111.,
in 1896, identifying himself with the gold faction
of that convention, and is supposed to have in
jured his health by overwork at that time. He
received the degree of LL.D. from Williams col
lege in 1891. He died near St. Adelaide de Pabos,
Quebec, July 16, 1896.
RUTER, Martin, clergyman, was born in
Charlton, Worcester county, Mass., April 3, 1785.
His father was a Revolutionary soldier ; he at
tended the common schools ; was licensed to
preach in 1800, and was admitted to the New
York conference of the M.E. church in June,
1801. He was an itinerant preacher in New Eng
land and at Montreal, Canada, prior to 1810 ; was
married, first, in June, 1805, to Sibyl Robertson
of Chesterfield, N.H., who died in March, 1808 ;
and, secondly, in April, 1809, to Ruth Young of
Concord, N.H. He vvas stationed in Philadelphia,
Pa., 1816-17 ; was principal of Wesleyan academy,
New Market, Mass., 1818-20, and agent of the
Book Concern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1820-27. He
was a delegate to the general conferences at
Baltimore, Md., in 1808, 1816, 1820 and 1824; pres
ident of Augusta college, Ky., 1827-32 ; secretary
of the general conference at Pittsburg, Pa., 1828 ;
pastor in Pittsburg, 1832-33 ; a delegate to the
Pittsburg conference of 1833, and president of
Allegheny college, 1833-37. He was a delegate
to the Pittsburg conference at Washington, D.C,
1834, and to the general conference at Cincinnati,
1836, and in 1837 became superintendent of Meth
odist missions in Texas. In this capacity he
served one year, riding thousands of miles on
horseback, preaching every day, and often three
times a day, and planting societies in every part
of the state. The honorary degree of D.D. was
conferred upon him by Transylvania college, Ky.,
in 1820. Ruter Hall, Allegheny college, and Ru-
tersville, Tex., were named for him, and a college
was founded at Rutersville in his honor. He is
the author of : Collection of Miscellaneous Pieces ;
Explanatory Notes on the Ninth Chapter of Ro
mans; Sketch of Calvin's Life and Doctrine;
Letters on Calvin and Calvinism (1815-16); He
brew Grammar ; History of Martyrs. ; Ecclesiasti
cal History ; various text-books, and left in MS.:
Plea for Africa as a Field for Missionary Labor,
and a Life of Bishop Asbury. He died on his
way home in Washington, D.C, May 16, 1838.
RUTGERS, Henry (or Hendrick) , patriot, vvas
born in New York city, Oct. 7, 1745 ; son of
Hendrick (1712-1779) and Catharine (de Pey-
ster) Rutgers ; grandson of Capt. Harman and
Catharina (Meyer) Rutgers and of Johannes de
Peyster, who settled in New York about 1642-
45, and a descendant of Rutger Jacobsen Van
Schoenderwoerdt, who embarked from Holland
on the yacht Rensselaersivyck, in 1636, for Fort

Orange (Albany) N.Y. ; was married to Tryntje
Jansse Van Breesteede of New Amsterdam, 1646,
and was a magistrate in 1655. Henry Rutgers's
ancestors engaged chiefly iu the brewery business.
He was graduated from King's college in 1760 ;
and devoted his attention to the management of
his estate. He was appointed a lieutenant in the
Colonial militia in 1775 ; a lieutenant in Malcom's
regiment in 1776, and in the battle of White
Plains commanded his company and succeeded
Malcom as colonel. During the occupation of
New York city by the British, his house was used
as a barrack and military hospital, and the
Rutgers brewery was used as a hospital kitchen,
and subsequently as a repository of naval stores.
He was major of the New York militia, 1788 ;
colonel, 1790 ; a member of the New York state
assembly in 1784, 1800-02 aud 1807 ; a presidential
elector from the sixth district in 1809, elector-at-
large in 1819, and elector from the first district
in 1821. In 1811 he assisted in raising funds for
building the first Tammany Hall. He presided
over a meeting held June 24, 1812, and contributed
to the defence of the city against an expected
attack by the British. He was a member of the
correspondence committee appointed to devise a
plan for checking the spread of slavery, 1819.
He vvas a regent of the University of the State of
New York, 1802-26 ; a trustee of the College of
New Jersey, 1804-17 ; gave $5,000 toward the re-
establishment of Queen's college, N.J., and
changed the name to Rutgers, Dec. 5, 1825, and

Q.UEt/\IS COLLEGE
contributed sites of land on the East River, in
Chatham Square, and in other parts of the city
for the erection of schools and churches. He
was elected president of the Public School society
to succeed De Witt Clinton, 1828. He never
married. He died in New York, Feb. 17, 1830.
RUTHERFOORD, John, governor of Virginia,
was born in Richmond, Va., Dec. 6, 1792'; son of
Thomas and Mary (Winston) Rutherfoord. His
father was a native of Kircaldy, Scotland, who
came to America in 1784 as a merchant, with a
letter of introduction to Washington from Sir
Edward Neversham, a member of parliament for

[579]

RUTHERFORD

RUTHERFORD

the county of Dublin, settled in Richmond, and
became a large real estate owner ; he also wrote
extensively for the press on matters connected
with commerce and the tariff. John Rutherfoord
was graduated from the College of New Jersey,
A.B.,1810, A.M., 1813; studied law, butabandoned
it, and was president of the Virginia Mutual Assur
ance company of Richmond for many years. He
was married, April 24, 1816, to Emily Anne Coles.
He was the first captain of the Fayette artillery
and became colonel of the regiment. He was a
Whig representative in the state legislature, being
elected in 1826 from Richmond ; in 1839 was ap
pointed a councillor, and in 1840 was elected
lieutenant-governor of the state on the Democra
tic ticket. Upon the resignation of Gov. Thomas
Gilmer in 1841, and the expiration of the term of
John M. Patton as senior councillor and Gilmer's
successor, he succeeded on March 31 to the office
of acting governor and held it till 1842. He was
influential in procuring the appointment of Gen.
Robert E. Lee to the- position of commander-
in-chief of the Virginia forces in 1861. He died
at Richmond, Va., Aug. 3, 1866.
RUTHERFORD, Griffith, soldier, was born in
Ireland about 1731. He settled in Locke Settle
ment, west of Salisbury, N.C; was a delegate to
the provincial congresses of 1775 ; a member of
the council of safety ; was appointed brigadier-
general, June 22, 1776, and co-operated with Col.
Andrew Williamson against the Cherokees and
Tories on the frontier, compelling them to sur
render much of their lands. He was in command
of 700 North Carolina troops, including the com
mand of Col. W. R. Davie, in June 1780, and
crossed the Tuckasuge Ford of the Catawba river
to attack Colonel Moore, who commanded 1,100
Tories at Ramseur's Mills on the edge of the
present town of Lincolnton, N.C, but Col. Francis
Locke, who was to meet him, advanced more
rapidly and drove Moore out of the place.
Rutherford arrived less than one hour after the
retreat, and with Colonel Davie pursued the
fleeing Tories, capturing many. He then passed
down the Catawba valley opposite Hanging Rock,
where he surprised and captured a detachment
of Tories and their stores, July 20, 1780. He
joined Gates's army in the battle of Camden, S.C,
Aug. 16, 1780, where he was captured, carried to
Charleston, and imprisoned there, and subsequent
ly at St. Augustine, Fla. He was exchanged June
22, 1781, and commanded the brigade of militia
that took possession of the city of Wilming
ton, N.C, when the British evacuated. He rep
resented Rowan county for several terms in the
state senate previous to 1786, and was appointed
president of the legislative council of the newly
created territory of Tennessee, in August, 1794.
He died in Tennessee about 1800.

RUTHERFORD, Mildred, educator, was born
at Athens, Ga., July 16, 1851 ; daughter of Pro
fessor Williams and Laura Battaille (Cobb)
Rutherford ; granddaughter of' Williams and
Eliza (Boy kin) Rutherford, and of John Addison
and Sarah (Robinson) Cobb, and a descendant
from Robert (b. 1734) and Dorothy Ann (Brooks)
Rutherford ; from Thomas Reed Rootes of Fred
ericksburg, Va. ; from John Lewis of the Vir
ginia House of Burgesses, and from Augustine
Warner, Virginia House of Burgesses, 1675, and
member of the Royal Council, 1680. Her mother
was a sister of Gens. Howell and T. R. R. Cobb
of the Confederate army, and her father was a
soldier in the Confederate army, 1861-65. Mildred
Rutherford was graduated from Lucy Cobb

LUtV COBB INSTITUTE..

Institute in 1868 ; was principal of the Institute,
1880-95 ; and teacher of literature there, from
1880. Her published writings, chiefly text
books, include : English Authors (1888) ; American
Authors (1894); Bible Questions on Old Testament
History (1894); That School Girl (1896); French
and German Authors (1902).
RUTHERFORD, Williams, educator, was born
at Midway, near MilledgeviUe, Ga., Sept. 3, 1818 ;
son of Williams and Eliza (Boykin) Rutherford ;
grandson of Col. John and Mary (Hubert) Ruth
erford and of Maj. Frank Boykin ; great-grand
son of Benjamin Hubert, a Huguenot, who immi
grated to the United States in 1746 and married
Mrs. Mary Williams, and a descendant of Robert
Rutherford, who settled on the Nottaway river,
Va.. and married Dorothy Ann Brooks. Williams
Rutherford attended a preparatory school at
MilledgeviUe, and was graduated from Franklin
college (University of Georgia), Athens, Ga.,
A.B., 1838, A.M., 1841. He engaged as a planter
on Flint river and in teaching school until 1856 ;
was professor of mathematics in Franklin college,
1856-86, and upon his resignation in the latter
year was made professor emeritus. He was mar
ried, March 23, 1841, to Laura Battaile, daughter
of John and Sarah Robinson (Rootes) Cobb, and
sister of Gens. Howell (q.v.) and Thomas R. R.
(q.v.) Cobb. Of their children: John C. Ruth
erford was a lawyer, and Mary Ann (Rutherford)

[580]

RUTHERFURD

RUTLEDGE

Lipscomb (q.v.) and Mildred Rutherford (q.v.)
were prominent educators. Professor Rutherford
is the author of : Church Members' Guide for
Baptist Churches ; Family Government, in manu
script, and many articles for church papers. He
died at Athens, Ga., Aug. 21, 1896.
RUTHERFURD, John, senator, was born in
New York city, Sept. 20, 1760 ; son of Walter and
Catherine (Alexander) Rutherfurd, and grandson
of James Alexander of Perth Amboy, N.J., and
of Sir John Rutherfurd of Edgerston, Roxburgh
shire, Scotland, who came to America in 1756.
His father, an English soldier, took part in the
Canadian campaign under Sir Jeffrey Amherst,
and settled in New York city. John was gradu
ated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1776,
A.M., 1779, and practised law in New York- city
until 1787. He was married in October, 1782, to
Helena, daughter of Lewis Morris, 3d, of West
chester, N.Y.; she died at Edgerston, N.J., Oct.
6, 1840. He was clerk of the vestry of Trinity
church, and in 1787 removed to Tranquility, Sus
sex county, N.J. He was a representative in the
state legislature ; presidential elector from the
second congressional district in 1788, and was
elected to the U.S. senate in 1791, serving till
1798, when he resigned. He was a commissioner
with Simeon DeWitt and Gouverneur Morris to
lay out the city of New York from 1801. He was
president of the board of proprietors of eastern
New Jersey ; a member of the New York and
New Jersey boundary commission in 1826, and of
the joint commission to settle the boundary ques
tion between New York and New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, 1829-33. He died at Edgerston,
now Rutherfurd, N.J., Feb. 23, 1840.
RUTHERFURD, Lewis Morris, physicist, was
born in Morrisania, N.Y., Nov. 25, 1816; son of
Robert Walter and Sabina (Morris) Rutherfurd ;
grandson of John and Helena (Morris) Ruther
furd, and of Lewis and Ann (Elliott) Morris, and
a descendant of Maj. Walter Rutherford of the
British army, who changed the name to Ruther
furd, -and was married to Catharine, daughter of
James Alexander, and sister of Gen. William
Alexander of the Patriot army. He vvas gradu
ated from Williams college in 1834 ; was admitted
to the bar in 1837, and became a partner of Peter
A- Jay, and in 1843 of Hamilton Fish. He retired
from active practice in 1849 and devoted himself
to scientific study. He made a specialty of as-
stronomical photography, and published a paper
in the American Journal of Science on the spec
tra of stars, moon and planets, which was the
first attempt at a spectral classification of the
stars. He invented the star spectroscope, and in
1864 constructed a corrected object glass for mak
ing negatives of the heavenly bodies, and he im
proved the lens in 1868. He also constructed an

[581]

instrument for the measurement of astronomical
photographs. In 1870 he invented an engine that
ruled 17,000 lines to the inch on a metallic sheet,
this being the best one produced until the inven
tion of Henry Augustus Rowland (q.v.) about
ten years later. By means of the plates thus
ruled he made a photograph of the solar spectrum.
He was one of the American delegates to the
International Meridian conference, held in Wash
ington in October, 1885, and framed the resolu
tion expressing the conclusions of the conference.
He was appointed the representative of the Na
tional Academy of Sciences to the International
Meridian Conference on Astronomical Photo
graphy in 1887, but failing health caused him to
decline the honor. He vvas married to Margaret
Stuyvesant Chanler. He was a trustee of Colum
bia college, 1858-84, and presented that institu
tion with his astronomical instruments, valued at
$12,000, in December, 1883, and with all his nega
tives, with funds for their measurements, in No
vember, 1890. "The Rutherfurd Photographic
Measures of the Group of the Pleiades " was pub
lished before the time of his death. He was one
of the founders of the Academy of Science in
1803 ; an associate of the Royal Astronomical
society ; a member of the American Astronomi
cal society, and a fellow of the Royal society of
London. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con
ferred on him by Columbia in 1887 and by Wil
liams in 1889. He died in Tranquility, Sussex
county, N.J., May 3, 1892.
RUTHRAUFF, John Moshelm, educator, was
born in Stark county, Ohio, Jan. 13, 1846. He
served in the U.S. army one hundred days in
1864 ; was graduated at Wittenberg college, Ohio,
A.B., 1871, A.M., 1874, D.D., 1900 ; was pastor of
Lutheran churches at Louisville, Ky., 1872-74;
Circleville, Ohio, 1874-70 and 1880-85 ; Washing-
tonville, Ohio, 1876-80,' and Dixon, Ohio, 1885-95;
president and professor of history and philosophy,
Carthage college, 111., 1895-1901, and served" as
president and professor of theism and ethics, Wit
tenberg college, 1901-02, succeeding the Rev. Dr.
Samuel A. Ort (q.v.) resigned. He was married,
May 28, 1879, to Sarah E., daughter of John and
Mary A. Morrison. He was president of the
synod, both in Ohio and Illinois ; president of Rock
assembly, 111., 1888-95, and five times delegate to
the general synod. He died suddenly at his home
in Springfield, Ohio, May 6, 1903.
RUTLEDGE, Edward, statesman, was born in
Charleston, S.C, Nov. 33, 1749; son of Dr. John
Rutledge. He studied law at Temple bar, Lon
don, 1769-73, and established himself in practice
in Charleston. He was married in 1773 to Har
riet, daughter of Henry Middleton. He was a
delegate to the Continental congress, 1774-77 ; a
signer of the Declaration of Independence ; a

RUTLEDGE

RUTLEDGE

member of the first board of war, and with John
Adams and Benjamin Franklin met Lord Howe
on Staten Island, Sept. 11, 1776, in order to effect
a reconciliation. He was re-elected to the Conti
nental congress in 1779, but was disabled by sick
ness and could not attend. He was appointed
captain of a company of artillery, and took part
in skirmishes at Port Royal in 1779 ; was pro
moted lieutenant-colonel, and was detailed to
secure assistance for the army of Benjamin
Lincoln, which was cut off from supplies during
the investment of Charleston, but was taken
prisoner and confined at St. Augustine, 1780-81.
He was a representative in the legislature of 1782
that met at Jackson borough to pass a bill con
demning all Tories to punishment. He returned
to Charleston on its evacuation and resumed his
professional duties. He was a representative in
the state legislature ; a member of the state con
stitutional convention of 1790 ; declined the office
of associate justice of the U.S. supreme court in
1794, and was elected governor of South Carolina
in 1798, but did not complete his term. He died
in Charleston, S.C, Jan. 23, 1800.
RUTLEDGE, Edward, educator, was born in
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1797 ; son of Hugh
Rutledge and grandson of Dr. John Rutledge.
He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1817, A.M.,
1820, and was ordained to the ministry of the
Protestant Episcopal church, at Christ Church,
Middletown, Conn. , Nov. 17, 1819. He was assist
ant professor of moral philosophy at the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania, 1828-36, and was elected
president of Transylvania university in 1836, but
died before assuming the office. He is the author
of : The Family Altar (1822), and History of the
Church of England ( 1825) . He died in Savannah,
Ga., March 13, 1836.
RUTLEDGE, Francis Huger, first bishop of
Florida and 53rd in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Charleston, S.C, April
11, 1799 ; son of Hugh Rutledge, and grand
son of Dr. John Rutledge. He was graduated
from Yale college, A.B., in 1820, and entered
the General Theological seminary, New York
city, class of 1823, but did not graduate. He was
ordered deacon in 1823 ; advanced to the priest
hood, Nov. 20, 1825 ; was rector of a church
on Sullivan's Island, S.C, 1827-39; of Trinity
church, St. Augustine, Fla., 1839-45; and of St.
John's, Tallahassee, Fla. , 1845-51. He was elected
bishop of the newly-created diocese of Florida,
and was consecrated Oct. 15, 1851, by Bishops
Gadsden, Elliott, and Cobbs. The honorary
degree of M.A. was conferred on him by the
College of South Carolina, and that of S.T.D.
by Hobart college, 1844. He died in Tallahassee,
Fla., Nov. 6, 1866.
RUTLEDGE, John, chief justice, was born in

Charleston, S.C, in 1739; son of Dr. John Rut
ledge, who emigrated from Ireland in 1735,
married a Miss Hexe, and died in 1749, at Char
leston. He studied law at the Temple, London,
returned to Charles
ton in 1761, estab
lished a practice, and
was married in 1763,
to Elizabeth Grimke.
He was attorney -gen
eral pro tempore, in
1764, a delegate to
the Continental con
gress, 1774-77 and
1782-83; a member of
the provincial con
vention of 1774 ;
chairman of the com
mittee that framed
the constitution of
1776 ; and on March
27, 1776, was elected president of the provin
cial government and commander-in-chief of
the militia. He advocated the fortification of
Charleston against the threatened invasion by
Sir Henry Clinton and Commodore Parker ; held
the post on Sullivan's Island, contrary to the
advice of Gen. Charles Lee, and planned the suc
cessful defence of Charleston. He resigned his
office in March, 1778, as he did not approve ofthe
changes made in the state constitution, but was
again chosen governor by the unanimous vote of
the legislature in 1779. He commanded the
militia against Gen. Augustine Provost, in May,
1779, and when Charleston was captured May 12,
1779, by Sir Henry Clinton, he left the city with
his council and took refuge in North Carolina,
and used every effort to relieve the city by co
operating with Generals Gates and Greene in
reorganizing the army. His term of office ended
in 1782, and he was succeeded by Governor
Matthews. He was elected state chancellor,
March 21, 1784; was a delegate to the Philadel
phia convention that adopted the Federal con
stitution ; was a member of the state convention
that ratified the constitution.; a delegate from
South Carolina in the national convention to
elect a president and vice-president in 1789, and
received six electoral votes. On Sept. 26, 1789,
he was appointed an associate justice of the
supreme court of the United States, serving
1789-91 ; was chief justice of South Carolina,
1791-95 ; and was appointed chief justice of the
United States supreme court by President
Washington in 1795. He presided at the August
term of the court, but on Dec. 15, 1795, the
senate refused to confirm the nomination. His
mind failed in December, 1795, and he died at.
Charleston, S.C, July 23, 1800.

[582]

RUTLEDGE

RYAN

RUTLEDGE, John, Jr., representative, was born
in Charleston, S.C. in 1766; son of John Rut
ledge (q.v.), with whom hestudied law. He was
admitted to the bar ; practised in Charleston, and
was a Federalist representative from South
Carolina in the 5th, 6th and 7th congresses,
serving from May 15, 1797, to March 3, 1803. He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 1, 1819.
RYAN, Abram Joseph, poet-priest, was born
in Norfolk, Va., Aug. 15, 1839. He was ordained
a R.C. priest in 1861, and served as chaplain in
the Confederate army, 1861-65. He became
priest in the archdiocese of New Orleans, La., in
1865, where he edited the Star, a Roman Catholic
weekly ; was transferred to Knoxville, Tenn.,
and subsequent^ to Augusta, Ga., where he
founded and edited the Banner of the South, a
political and religious weekly. He was pastor
of St. Mary's church in Mobile, Ala., 1868-80,
traveling and lecturing to raise money for the
cathedral in Mobile ; and in 1880 removed to
Baltimore, Mel., with the intention of making a
lecture tour. He delivered his first lecture :
" Some Aspects of Modern Civilization " in Balti
more,, and in return for the hospitality he had
enjoyed at Loyola college gave $300, the proceeds
of a public reading, to the Jesuit fathers to found
a medal for poetry in the college. His lecture
tour not proving successful, and being in feeble
health he received permission to retire from all
parochial duty in October, 1881 ; settled in Biloxi,
Miss. , and devoted himself to literary work. He
is the author of : Poems, Patriotic, Religious and
Miscellaneous (1880), including: The Conquered
Banner; The Lost Cause ; The Sword of Lee ; The
Flag of Erin, poems ; the epic, Their Story Run
neth Thus, and at the time of his death he had in
preparation a Life of Christ. He died in Louis
ville, Ky., April 22, 1886.
' RYAN, Edward George, jurist, was born at
Newcastle House, county Meath, Ireland, Nov.
13, 1810. He was liberally educated ; began the
study of theology, but abandoned it for that of
the law, and ifiimigrated to the United States in
1830, completing his law course in New York city,
where he was admitted to the bar, 1836. In the
same year he began practice in Chicago, 111. ;
edited the Tribune, 1839-41, and practised in
Racine, Wis., 1842-48. He was a delegate to the
state constitutional convention that assembled
Oct. 5 and adjourned Dec. 16, 1846. and to the
Democratic national convention that met at
Baltimore, Md., May 22, 1848, and served as
chairman of a special committee of the Democra
tic state convention, 1862, that framed an address
to the people, subsequently published as the
"Ryan Address." He removed to Milwaukee
in 1848 ; was city attorney, 1870-72 ; was appoint
ed chief justice of the supreme court of Wiscon

sin to succeed Luther S. Dixon, June 17. 1874, and
was elected to the office in April, 1875, serving
until his death, which occurred in Milwaukee,
Wis., Oct. 19, 1880.
RYAN, James, R.C. bishop, was born in
Thurles, county Tipperary, Ireland, June 17, 1848.
He came to the United States at an early age ;
prepared for the priesthood in the seminaries of
St. Thomas and St. Joseph, Bardstown, Ky.; was
ordained, Dec. 24, 1871, at Louisville, Ky.; was
professor at St. Joseph's seminary, and subse
quently missionary pastor in Kentucky until
1878, and in Illinois, 1878-88. He was appointed
bishop of Alton, 111., and was consecrated May 1,
1888, by Bishop Spalding of Peoria, assisted by
Bishops McCloskey and Janssen.
RYAN, John, Jesuit clergyman and educator,
was born in Ireland, June 24, 1810. He was edu
cated in the Catholic schools of his native coun
try, at that time decried by the government, and
determining to enter the priesthood, he came to
America and joined the Society of Jesus at Bards
town, Ky., Sept. 7, 1839, where he served his no
vitiate and was ordained priest in 1845. He joined
the Jesuit colony in New York city, where he
helped to conduct the School of the Holy Name
of Jesus, first in basements of churches and
then in a building on Third avenue between Elev
enth and Twelfth streets. He was the second
president of the school, 1847-50, and having
through strenuous efforts and against great oppo
sition secured a plot of ground on West Fifteenth
street as the site for a Jesuit college, he was in
strumental in founding the College of St. Francis
Xavier, opened in 1850, and he was the first pres
ident under the'new name, 1849-55. He died in
New York city in 1861.
RYAN, Patrick John, archbishop, vvas born in
Thurles, county Tipperary, Ireland, Feb. 20, 1831 ;
son of Jeremiah and Mary Ryan. He attended
the Christian Brothers' school at Thurles ; a pri
vate school in Dublin until 1847 ; was graduated
from Carlow college in 1.852, and ordained sub-
deacon, and in the same year came to the United
States. He was professor of English literature in
Carondolet Theological seminary, St. Louis, Mo.,
1852-53 ; ordained deacon in 1853, and priest,
Sept. 8, 1853, by Archbishop Kenrick, being ap
pointed assistant rector of the St. Louis cathedral
and secretary of the archbishop. In 1856 he was
made rector, remaining in that position until
1860, when he assumed charge of the Parish ofthe
Annunciation in St. Louis, serving also during
the civil war as chaplain to the Gratiot Street
Military prison and hospital, and declining a com
mission as chaplain in the army. After the war
he was appointed rector of St. John's church, St
Louis, and while on a visit in Europe, in 1867-68;
at the invitation of Pope Pius IX., delivered in the

[583]

RYAN

RYAN

latter year the English course of Lenten lectures
in Rome. He was appointed vicar-general upon
his return to St. Louis in 1868, and was adminis
trator of the diocese during Archbishop Kenrick's
absence while attending the Vatican council ;
was consecrated Bishop of Tricomia (Palestine)
i. p. i., and coadjutor to the archbishop of St.
Louis, April 14, 1872, by Archbishop Kenrick,
assisted by Bishops Feehan* and Melcher ; pro
moted archbishop coadjutor, and translated to
the titular see of Salamis (Greece) , Jan. 6, 1884,
and transferred as archbishop to Philadelphia,

«ATHEPRA(. OF^5T. PETER*-. ST. PAUL-.

June 8, 1884. In 1877 he delivered > on invitation,
two lectures before the legislature of Missouri ; in
1879 he preached at the dedication of the New
York cathedral ; and in 1885 preached on the occa
sion of the bestowal of the pallium on Archbishop
Corrigan. In November, 1883, he visited Rome
to participate in the deliberations of the Ameri
can archbishops before the Third plenary council
of Baltimore, and preached the opening sermon
of the council in November, 1884, as well as the
centennial sermon of the establishment of the
Catholic hierarchy of the United States in 1889 ;
was chosen orator by Cardinal Gibbons, when the
latter received the cardinal's hat in 1886 ; preached
the sermon at the laying of the corner-stone of
the National Irish Church of Patrick in Rome,
1888, and delivered the address to his holiness
Leo XIII. , on presenting him with a copy of the
constitution of the United States, the gift of
President Grover Cleveland, on the occasion of
the Pope's Episcopal jubilee in 1888. The sil
ver jubilee of Archbishop Ryan's elevation to the
see of Philadelphia was celebrated by the Cath
olic Province of the Archdiocese of that city with
elaborate ceremony in 1897. His published lec
tures include : What Catholics do not Believe
(1877); The Causes of Modern Religious Skepti
cism (1883); Agnosticism (1895). In 1902 Arch
bishop Ryan dedicated the new R.C chapel of
St. Maron in Philadelphia, the house of worship
for the Maronites, who are permitted to use their
ancient liturgy in the Cyro-Chaldaic tongue.
Archbishop Ryan received the honorary degree'of

LL.D. from the University of New York in 1864,
and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1886,
and was closely identified as one of the trustees
with the promotion of the American Catholic
university at Washington, D.C A jubilee cele
bration in honor of the fiftieth anniversary of
Archbishop Ryan's ordination was arranged for
Sept. 8, 1903, by the clergy of the archdiocese.
RYAN, Stephen Vincent, R.C. bishop, was
born in Almonte, Ontario, Jan. 1. 1825 ; son of
Martin and Catherine (McCarthy) Ryan. He re
moved with his parents' at an early age to Potts
ville, Pa. ; attended St. Charles seminary, Phila
delphia, 1840-44, joining the Lazarist order at
Cape Girardeau, Mo., in the latter year, and after
continuing his theological studies at the semi
nary of St. Mary's of the Barrens, Mo. , was or
dained priest by Archbishop P. R. Kenrick, June
24, 1849. From 1851 to 1857 he was engaged as pro
fessor and prefect at St. Mary's ; as professor at
Cape Girardeau, and as president of the College of
St. Vincent. In 1857, on the anniversary of his or
dination, he was made visitor of the Vincentian
Fathers, making his home in St. Louis. Mo., and
subsequently in Germantown, Pa. , to which city
the headquarters of the community were trans
ferred largely through his influence. ' He wascon-
secrated second bishop of the diocese of Buffalo in
St. Joseph's cathedral, Buffalo, N.Y., Nov. 8, 1868,
by Archbishop McCloskey of New York, assisted
by Bishops Loughlin, McQuaid • and Conroy.
During his administration the diocese more than
doubled the number of its churches and chapels,
and also the number of its priests. Bishop Ryan
bequeathed his property to the Roman Catholic
church. He died in Buffalo, N.Y., April 10, 1896.
RYAN, Thomas, musician, was born in Temple
Moor. Ireland, in 1827 ; son of Michael and Ellen
(Armstrong) Ryan. His father was a bandmas
ter in the British army. Thomas Ryan came to
the United States in 1845, and was immediately
engaged as a member of the orchestra of a theatre
owned by William B. English, on Washington
street, Boston, Mass., joining the orchestra at
the Howard Athenseum in 1846, and subsequently
teaching and playing as opportunity offered. In
November, 1849, the Mendelssohn Quintet club
gave its first public performance in Chickering
Hall, Boston, Mr. Ryan rendering a clarinet con
certo. He remained a member of the club until
his death, touring through the United States,
Australia, New Zealand and the Sandwich Islands.
He was married. May 24, 1854, to Mary Helen,
daughter of Eben Carlton and Eliza Badger
(Jacobs) Ewins of Gilmanton. N.H. In 1873 he
was active in inducing the club to establish the
National College of Music in Tremont Temple,
Boston, but was obliged to abandon the enterprise
after one year, and in 1893 founded the Con-

[584]

RYAN

RYLAND

servatory of Music and Fine Arts at Augusta,
Ga. He was a member of the Boston Academy
of Music, introducing for the first time in Boston
Mendelssohn's " Midsummer Night's Dream " and
his own " Scotch Symphony ; " a member of the
Musical Fund society, and of the Orchestral union.
Mr. Ryan was known as a talented player of the
clarinet and viola, and as the composer of a
number of quartettes for strings and clarinet, per- .
formed by the Mendelssohn Quintet olub and by
himself as soloist. He is the author of : Recollec
tions of An Old Musician (1899) . He died in New
Bedford, Mass., while on his way from New York
city to his home in Boston, Mass., March 5, 1903.
RYAN, Thomas, representative, was born at
Oxford, N.Y., Nov. 25, 1837. In early life he
went with his parents to Bradford county, Pa.,
where he lived on a farm until 1854. He was a
student at Dickinson seminary, Williamsport,
Pa., and in 1861 was admitted to the bar. He
served in the Federal army, 1862-64 ; was severely
wounded at the battle of the Wilderness, and was
mustered out with the rank of captain. He was
married, Nov. 24, 1863, to a daughter of Edwin
Coolbaugh of Towanda, Pa. In 1865 he removed
to Topeka, Kan., where he was county attorney,
1865-73 ; assistant U.S. attorney for Kansas,
1873-76 ; and a Republican representative from
the fourth district of Kansas in the 45th-50th con
gresses, 1877-89. He was re-elected to the. 51st
congress, but resigned to accept the office of U.S.
minister to Mexico, where he served, 1889-93.
He again practised law in Topeka until 1897,
when he was appointed by President McKinley
first assistant secretary of the interior, and was
continued as such by President Roosevelt.
RYAN, William Henry, representative, was
born at Hopkinton, Mass., May 10, 1860; son
of Patrick and Jane (Cleary) Ryan. In 1866 he
removed with his parents to Buffalo, N.Y., where
he was educated in the public schools, and en
gaged in business as a contractor. He was mar
ried, Sept. 19, 1887, to Ellen, daughter of Ter
ence Cosgrove, of Buffalo, N.Y. He was a
member of the board of supervisors of Erie
county" 1895-99, and its chairman, 1898, and was
a representative from the thirty-second district
of New York in the 56th, 57th and 58th congresses,
1899-1905. RYDER, James, educator, was born in Dublin,
Ireland, Oct. 8, 1800. He came to the United
States at an early age ; entered the Society of
Jesus, 1813 ; studied at Georgetown university,
D.C, and in Rome, Italy, and was ordained priest
in 1825. He was professor of theology and the
sacred scriptures, College of Spoleto, Italy, 1825-
28 ; professor of theology and philosophy, and
vice-president of Georgetown university, D.C,
1828-39, resigning in 1839 to become pastor of St.

Mary's church, Philadelphia, Pa. He was pastor
in Frederick, Md., 1840-41 ; president of George
town university, 1841-43,; superior of the Jesuit
order in the United States, 1843-45 ; president of
the College of the~Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass.,

¦HOLY CROSS COLLEGE. •¦

[585]

1846-48, and again president of Georgetown uni
versity, 1848-51. He is the author of various ad
dresses and sermons. He died in Philadelphia,
Pa., Jan. 12, 1860.
RYDER, Piatt Powell, artist, was born in
Brooklyn, N.Y., June 11, 1821 ; son of Uriah and
Mary Ann (Powell) Ryder ; grandson of Nathaniel
and Phebe (Nostrand) Ryder, and of Jacob and
Elizabeth (Sands) Powell, the latter of Quaker
stock. He attended the public schools and later
the Brooklyn Art Association and Academy of De
sign, and the National Academy of Design, al
though he was in art mainly self-educated. He vis
ited Europe in 1860, and again in 1869, studying in
London, Amsterdam, The Hague, and at the atelier
of Bonnat in Paris, exhibiting two works in oil
at the Salon in 1870. On his return in the latter
year he painted genre subjects, interiors, with
figures, landscapes and portraits. He also painted
in water-colors, when leisure permitted. He was
elected a member of the National Academy of
Design in 1868, and was one of the founders of
the Brooklyn Academ3r of Design. Mr. Ryder
never married. His portrait subjects include :
Miss Emily Cole, Katskill, N.Y.; Mrs. Dickinson,
New York ; Judge Alexander McCue and others
of his family ; Judge G. J. Dyckerman ; Will
iam Marshall ; Charles Parsons, A.N. A., for
the National Academy of Design ; S. R. Putnam ;
George P. Putnam, for the trustees of the Metro
politan Museum of Art, and Gen. U. S. Grant,
which last portrait, though executed entirely
from memory of the general's features, as studied
at his various appearances in public assemblies, is
said to be a striking likeness. His genre paint
ings include : The Christmas Turkey ; The House
keeper ; Boys Playing Marbles (W. T. Evans col
lection); Expectant; On Guard ; Waiting for the
Train. He died in Saratoga, N.Y., July 16, 1896.
RYLAND, Charles Hill, educationist and min
ister, was born in King and Queen county, Va.,
Jan. 22, 1836 ; son of Samuel Peachey and Cath-

RYLAND

RYLAND

arine (Gaines) Hill Ryland. He was prepared
for college at Fleetwood academy ; was a student
at Richmond college, 1854-56, and was graduated
at the Southern Baptist Theological seminary in
1860. He was evangelist and colporteur in the
Confederate arm}', 1861-65 ; was pastor at Bur-
russ's church, Mount Carmel, Va., 1863-66 ; gen
eral state superintendent of Sunday-schools, 1866-
69, and was prominent in the first national Sun
day-school institute at St. Louis, 1869. He was
married, Oct. 28, 1869, to Alice Marion, daughter
of Dr. John Muscoe and Anne E. (Hancock)
Garnett of King and Queen county, Va.; pastor
in Alexandria, Va., 1869-74; financial secretary
and librarian, Richmond college, 1874-1903. He
was elected a trustee of Richmond college ; a
member of the corporation of Columbian univer
sity, D.C, and overseer, 1872-82, and founder of
the Virginia Baptist Historical society, 1876. The
degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Rich
mond college.
RYLAND, Robert, educator, was born in King
and Queen county, Va., March 14,1805; son of
Josiah and Catharine (Peachy) Ryland ; grand
son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Hunley) Ryland,
and great-grandson of Richard Hunley. He re
ceived a good preparatory training in private
schools and academies near his home ; was li
censed to preach in 1825, and ordained to the Bap
tist ministry in 1827. He was married, May 27,
1830, to Josephine, daughter of Thomas and Ann
(Mosby) Norvell of Richmond, Va. He was grad
uated from Columbian college, Washington, D.C,
A.B., 1826, A.M. 1831 ; was pastor at Lynchburg,
Va., 1827-31 ; principal of the Virginia Baptist
seminary, Spring Farm, Henrico county ."Va. (a
manual labor school, which was removed to Rich
mond, Va., 1834), and served, 1832-40, and as
president of its successor, Richmond college,
1840-06. He resigned the presidency in 1866.
He had served as chaplain of the University of Vir
ginia, 1834-36, and as pastor of the First African
Baptist church, Richmond, 1842-67. He was
president of the female seminary in Shelbyville.
Ky., 1868-70 ; at Lexington, Ky., 1870-77, and at
New Castle, Ky., 1877-80. He received the hon
orary degree of D.D. from Richmond college and
from Shurtleff college, 111. He is the author of :
Lectures on the Apocalypse (1857); of several ad
dresses and published sermons, and of a catechism
which was used for the oral instruction of the
colored people in his church. He died in Lexing
ton, April 23, 1899.

RYLAND, William Semple, educator, was
born in Richmond, Va., June 4, 1836 ; son of the
Rev. Robert (q.v.) and Josephine (Norvell) Ry
land. He was graduated at Richmond college,
of which his father was president, A.B. , 1855,
A.M., 1858 ; was pastor of the Baptist church at
Winchester, Va., 1859-61 ; taught school in Clarke
county, 1861-63 ; was chaplain in the Confederate
army, 1863-65 ; pastor and teacher at Frederick
county, Va., 1865-67; Grenada, Miss., 1867-73,
and Lexington, Ky., 1873-80; president of the
Lexington Female college, 1877-80 ; president of
Bethel college, Ky., 1889-98, serving also as profes
sor of natural science, 1880-93, and as chairman of
the faculty, 1887-89, and in 1893 became pastor of
churches in Logan county, Ky., residing at Rus
sellville. He was married at Racine, Wis.,
Sept. 29, 1870, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Dr.
William J. Morton, a native of Shelby county, Ky.
He received the degree of Ph.D. from Mercer uni
versity, Ga., in 1886, and that of D.D. from
Georgetown, Ky., in 1887.
RYORS, Alfred, educator, was born in Phila
delphia, Pa., or Long Island, N.Y., June 28, ,1812.
Left an orphan at an early age in Philadelphia,
he resided at Abington, Montgomery county, Pa.,
in the family of the Rev. Robert Steel, whose se
lect school he attended. He was graduated from
Jefferson college, Pa., in 1835, meanwhile teach
ing Latin and Greek at C. J. Halderman's school
at Bristol, Pa., 1833-34 ; was principal of the pre
paratory department at Lafayette college, Pa.,
1835-36 ; adjunct professor of Latin and Greek,
1836-37, and professor of mathematics in Ohio
university, Athens, 1836-44. He was married#n
1838 to Louisa, daughter of Judge Walker of
Athens, Ohio. He was licensed to preach by the
presbytery of Philadelphia in 1838 ; was professor
of mathematics in Indiana university, 1844-48 ;
was ordained by the presbytery of Salem, Ind., in
1845, and preached in Bloomington, 1845-48 ; was
president of Ohio university, 1848-52, and in 1852
was elected president of Indiana university, but
he resigned at the end of the first year, and sup
plied the pulpit of the First Presbyterian church
of Madison, Ind., declining, however, to become
their pastor. He was professor of mathematics
in Centre college, stated supply of the Presby
terian church, New Princeton, and co-pastor elect
of the 'Second church, Danville, Ky., 1854-58.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Indiana university in 1848. He died in
Danville, Ky., May 8, 1858.

f586]

SABIN

SACKET

SABIN, Dwight May, senator, was born on a
farm near Marseilles, La Salle county, 111., April
25, 1843 ; the youngest son of Horace C and
Maria E. Sabiii ; grandson of Jedediah Sabin, of
Huguenot and Scotch descent, who shared in
the original Roxbury grant, owning a large farm
in Windham county, Conn., which had descended
to him from the earliest pioneers. His father,
who hadsettledin Illinois, returned to Windham,
Conn., in 1857. Dwight M. Sabin attended
Phillips academy, Andover, Mass. ; served in the
Federal army for three months in 1863, and then
engaged in farming and lumbering in Connecticut
until 1868, when he settled in Stillwater, Minn.,
in the lumber business and as a manufacturer
of railroad cars and agricultural machinery.
He represented the twenty-second district in
the Minnesota senate, 1872-73, and in the lower
house, 1878 and 1881, and vvas a delegate to the
Republican national conventions of 1872, 1876,
1880 and 1884, serving as chairman in 1884. He
was a U.S. senator from Minnesota, 1883-89,
serving as chairman of the committee on rail
roads. He was married, July 1, 1891, to Jessie
Larmon, daughter of Asahel and Susan Slee of
Paducah, Ky. He died suddenly of heart failure
at the Auditorium Annex, Chicago, Dec. 22, 1902.
SABINE, James, clergyman, was born at
Fareham, Hampshire, England, May 26, 1774 ;
son of Sarah and Samuel (Beaker) Sabine. He
entered the Presbyterian ministry, and was mar
ried, Aug. 19, 1800, to Ann, daughter of Isaac
and Rachel (Jackson) Danford of Uley, Glouces
tershire, England. He sailed from London with
his wife and seven children, May 6, 1816, and
arrived, June 15, at St. Johns, Newfoundland,
where he preached until after the two great fires
which devastated that city. He then removed to
Boston, Mass., arriving, July 18, 1818, and tliere
founded the society in Boylston Hall, which later
became the Essex Street church, of which he was
the first minister. In 1828 he withdrew from the
Presbyterian church and took orders in the Pro
testant Episcopal church, being ordained priest
in 1830. He was the first rector of Grace church,
Boston, and in 1830 was transferred to Christ
church, Bethel, Vt., where he remained until
his death. He is the author of : Ecclesiastical
History (1820), and many published sermons. He
died in Randolph, Vt., at the residence of his
daughter, Oct. 2, 1845.
SABINE, Lorenzo, historian, was born in Lis
bon, N.H., July 28, 1803 ; son of the Rev. Elijah
Robinson and Hannah (Clark) Sabine ; grandson
of Nehemiah and Mary (Rice) Sabine, and of
John Clark, and a descendant of William Sabine,
a Huguenot, who came from Wales to Rehoboth,

Mass., in 1643. Elijah Robinson Sabine (1776-
1818) vvas presiding elder of the Vermont and
Rhode Island districts ; was the first Methodist
to serve as chaplain of the Massachusetts house
of representatives, and was taken prisoner by the
British during the war of 1812, for assisting in
the military hospital. Lorenzo Sabine became
book-keeper for the Passamaquoddy Bank, East-
port, Me., and engaged as a frontier trader, 1834-
48. He served three terms as representative in
the Maine legislature, and afterward as deputy
collector of customs. He removed to Massachu
setts in 1849 ; was confidential agent of the U.S.
treasury department in relation to the Ashburton
treaty in 1852, and was a Whig representative in
the 32d congress as successor to Benjamin Thomp
son, deceased, 1852-53. He was also secretary of
the Boston Board of Trade, and wrote nine of its
annual reports. He was a member of the New
England Historic Genealogical society and of the
Massachusetts Historical society ; and received
the honorary degree A.M. from Bowdoin in 1846,
and from Harvard in 1848. He is the author of :
Life of Com. Edivard Preble, in Sparks's American
Biography (1847); The American Loyalists, or
Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British
Crown in the Revolution (1847; 2d. ed., 2 vols.,
1864) ; Reports on the Principal Fisheries of the
American Seas, for the U.S. treasury department
(1853); Notes on Duels and Duelling, with a Pre
liminary Historical Essay (1855 ; 2d. ed. , 1856), and
Address on the Hundredth Anniversary of the
Death of Major-General James Wolfe (1859). He
died in Boston, Mass., April 14, 1877.
SACKET, Delos Bennet, soldier, was born at
Cape Vincent, N.Y., April 14, 1823. He was
graduated at the U.S. Military academy, brevet
2d lieutenant in the 2d dragoons, July 1, 1845 ;
served in the military occupation of Texas, 1845-
46, and in the Mexican war, 1846-47, and was
brevetted 1st lieutenant, May 9, 1846, for gal
lantry at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. He
was promoted 2d lieutenant, 1st dragoons, June
30, 1846, and 1st lieutenant, Dec. 27, 1848 ; was
assistant instructor in cavalry tactics at tlie U.S.
Military academy, 1850-55 ; was promoted captain,
1st cavalry, March 3, 1855; served in garrison and
on the field, 1855-56, and on the board to revise
the army regulations at Washington, 1856-57.
He was engaged in quelling the Kansas disturb
ances ; in the Utah and Cheyenne expedition
and in the Antelope Hill expedition, 1857-59;
was promoted major, Jan. 31, 1861, and lieutenant-
colonel, 2d cavalry, May 3. 1861 ; and served as
acting inspector-general at Washington, D.C,
June to August, 1861 ; as mustering and disburs
ing officer in New York city, August to Decem-
[587]

SADLER

SADTLER

ber, 1861, and was promoted inspector-general
with the rank of colonel, Oct. 1, 1861. He was
inspector-general, Army of the Potomac, 1861-63 ;
served on McClellan's staff in the Peninsular and
Maryland campaigns, and on Burnside's staff in
Virginia. He was in charge of the inspector-
general's office at Washington, D.C, in 1863;
served successively on the boards to organize the
invalid corps, and for retiring disabled officers,
1863-64 ; was on inspection duty in the depart
ments of the Tennessee, Cumberland, Arkansas,
and New Mexico, 1864-65, and on March 13, 1865,
was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry in
the field during the war, and major-general for
services during the war. He served on a tour of
inspection to and through Montana Territory to
the Pacific ocean in 1666 ; was inspector-general
of the departments of the Tennessee and of the
Cumberland, 1866-68 ; of the division of the
Atlantic, 1868-72, and under general instructions
from the war department, 1S72-76. He was in
spector-general of the division of the Missouri,
1876-81, and was promoted inspector-general of
the army with the rank of brigadier-general,
Jan. 2, 1881, succeeding Gen. Randolph B.
Marcy as senior inspector-general. He died at
Washington, D.C, March 8, 1885.
SADLER, Reinhold, governor of Nevada, was
born in Prussia, Jan. 10, 1848 ; son of William
and Wilhelmine Sadler. In 1864 he settled in
Virginia City, Nev.; then spent a few years in
Austin, and in 1868 entered mercantile business
in White Pine county, where he was county com
missioner in 1872. He was married at Hamilton,
White Pine county, in 1874, to Louise, daughter
of William and Wilhelmine Zadow, and he later
removed to Eureka county, where in 1875 he
was made county treasurer.
He was unsuccessful candi
date for state senator, state
controller (1886), state treas
urer, and lieutenant-gov
ernor in 1890. He was elected
in 1894 on the Silver party
ticket, lieutenant-governor,
with John E. Jones for governor, and upon the
death of Governor Jones, April 10, 1896, he suc
ceeded to the executive chair, completing the
term, Jan. 1, 1899, and was re-elected, his term
expiring, Jan. 1, 1903.
SADTLER, Benjamin, educator, was born in
Baltimore, Md., Dec. 25, 1823 ; son of Philip Ben
jamin and Catherine (Sauerwein) Sadtler ; grand
son of John and Christina (Strom) Sadtler, and
of Peter and Catherine (Steenburger) Sauerwein.
His father came to the United States from Hom-
burg in 1799 ; settled in Baltimore, and served
with credit as a captain in the battle of North
Point in 1814, having raised and equipped a com

pany at his own expense. The Steenburger fam
ily came from Holland and settled in Virginia.
early in the eighteenth century. Benjamin Sadt
ler was graduated at Pennsylvania college in
1842, and at the theological seminary, Gettys
burg, in 1844. He was married, Oct. 25, .1845, to
Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Dr.
Samuel and Catherine (Steenburger) Schmucker
of Gettysburg, Pa. He was pastor of the Lu
theran church at Pine Grove, Pa. , 1845-49 ; Ship-
pensburg, Pa., 1849-53; Middletown, Pa., 1853-
56, and of St. John's, Easton, Pa., 1856-62 ; prin
cipal of the College for Women, Lutherville,
Md. , 1862-76, and succeeded Frederick A. Muhlen
berg, D.D., as president of Muhlenberg college,
Allentown, Pa., serving from 1876 until 1885,
when he was disabled by an accident and retired
to his home in Baltimore. He was a trustee of
Pennsylvania college, 1862-77, and received the
degree D.D. from tliere in 1867. He contributed
to Lutheran periodicals, and is the author of the
following discourses : A Rebellious Nation Re
proved (1861), and The Causes and Remedies of
the Losses of Her Population by the Lutheran
Church in America (1878). He died at Atlantic
City, N.J., April 28, 1901.
SADTLER, Samuel Philip, chemist, was born
in Pine Grove, Pa., July 18, 1847 ; son of Benja
min (q.v.) and Caroline Elizabeth (Schmucker)
Sadtler, and a descendant on the maternal side of
Thomas Beale, who came from England in 1649
and settled in York county, Va. He was gradu
ated at Pennsylvania college, A.B., 1867, A.M.,
1870; attended Lehigh university, 1867-68, and
was graduated at Harvard, S.B., 1870, and at the
University of Gottingen, Ph.D., in 1871. He was
professor of natural science in Pennsylvania col
lege, 1871-74 ; assistant professor of chemistry in
the University of Pennsylvania, 1874-86 ; profes
sor of organic and industrial chemistry there,
1887-91, and of chemistry in the Philadelphia Col
lege of Pharmacy from 1879. He was married,
Dec. 17, 1872, to Mary Julia, daughter of JohnC.
Bridges of Baltimore, Md. In 1885 he visited and
reported upon laboratories in Europe for the
trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, who
were about to organize a laboratory of industrial
chemistry, but subsequently resigned his profes
sorship and engaged in practice as a consulting
chemical expert. He was made a fellow of the
Chemical societies of London and Berlin, of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science, and a member of the American Chemi
cal society, the American Electro-Chemical so
ciety and the American Philosophical society, of
which latter he also served for some years as
secretary. He received the honorary degree of
LL.D. from Pennsylvania college in 1902. He
contributed to the American Journal of Phar-

[588]

SAFFOLD

SAFFORD

macy after 1879 ; edited Attfield's " Medical and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry " (8th ed., 1879); was
chemical editor of the Encyclopaedia Britannica,
American reprint (9th ed., 1880-84), and of the
" United States Dispensatory,'1 with Joseph P.
Remington and Horatio C Wood (15th, 16th, 17th
and 18th eds., 1882-98); was made a member of
the committee of revision of the " United States
Pharmacopoeia," and is the author of : Handbook
of Chemical Experimentation for Lectures (1877) ;
Handbook of Industrial Organic Chemistry (1891-
98), which passed through three editions and ap
peared in both German and Russian translations ;
Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, with Vir
gil Coblentz (1899), and numerous addresses and
lectures. SAFFOLD, Reuben, jurist, was born in Wilkes
county, Ga., Sept. 4. 1788 : son of Reuben Saffold,
a Revolutionary soldier residing in Wilkes county,
who received a land grant in Washington county
as a bounty for his services. Reuben Saffold,
Jr., received a liberal education; studied law
under Edward Payne, and engaged in practice
at Watkinsville, Ga., until 1813, when he re
moved to Jackson, Miss. Ter. (now Clarke county,
Ala.). He married, April 1, 1811, Mary, daughter
of Col. Joseph (a Revolutionary soldier) and Jane
(Walker) Phillips, early settlers of South Alabama.
He served as a private at the fight of Burnt Corn ;
commanded a company against the Indians on
the Perdido in 1814, and represented Clarke county
in the territorial legislature. He was a member
of the Alabama state constitutional convention
in 1819 ; removed to Dallas county, Ala., in 1830 ;
was judge of the circuit court of the state, 1819-
32 ; judge of the supreme court, 1832-36, and its
chief justice, 1835-36, and resumed the practice
of law in 1836. He died in Dallas county, Ala.,
Feb. 15, 1847, and was buried at his country place
" Belvoir," near Selma.
SAFFORD, James Merrill, geologist, was born
in Putnam, now Zanesville, Ohio, Aug. 13, 1822 ;
son of Harry and Patience (Van Home) Safford ;
grandson of Jonas and Joanna (Merrill) Safford,
and of Isaac and Dorothy (John) Marple Van
Home, and a descendant of Thomas Safford, who
came from England to America in 1630, and was
living in Ipswich, Mass., 1641. His maternal
grandfather vvas descended from an ancient fam
ily of Hollanders in the time the Dutch possessed
New York, then called New Amsterdam. He
was a soldier of the Revolution from first to last ;
was taken prisoner at Fort Washington, and was
present at the surrender at Yorktown. James
Merrill Safford was graduated from the Ohio uni
versity in 1844, and spent the following year in
post-graduate study at Yale. He was professor
of natural science at Cumberland university,
Lebanon, Tenn., 1848-72, and was also state geol-

Csjaf Ul. ^zzy^iy

ogist of Tennessee, 1854-60. He was married,
Aug. 24, 1852, to Mrs. Catherine Kennedy (How
ard) Owen of Lebanon, Tenn. He was a mem
ber of the state board of health of Tennessee,
1866-88. He was reappointed state geologist of
Tennessee in 1871,
and was continued in
this office until 1889.
In 1872 he was made
professor of chemistry
in the medical depart
ment of the Univer
sity of Nashville,
which after 1874 was
associated with the
medical department
of Vanderbilt univer
sity. He received the
degrees of A.M. and
Ph.D. from Yale in
1866, and that of M.D.
from the University
of Nashville in 1872. In 1875 he accepted the
chair of geology in Vanderbilt university, which
position he held until 1900 (2p years), when ad
vanced age and ill health caused him to retire
from active work. Besides many papers on geol
ogical subjects, he published : Geological Recon-
noissance of Tennessee (1856); Geology of Ten
nessee (1869), and assisted in the preparation of
"Introduction to the Resources of Tennessee''
(1874). As special agent of the U.S. census of
1880 he made a "Report on the Cotton Produc
tion of the State of Tennessee" (1884), and was
an editor of " The Elements of the Geology of
Tennessee" (1900), a school book by Foster and
Webb, Nashville, Tenn. After an active life, he
resided in 1903 with his daughter, Mrs. D. H.
Morrow, in Dallas, Texas.
SAFFORD, Truman Henry, mathematician,
vvas born in Royalton, Vt., Jan. 6, 1836. At an
early age his remarkable mathematical ability
attracted attention. In 1845 he prepared an
almanac, and at the age of fourteen calculated
the elliptic elements of the first comet of 1849.
He graduated from Harvard in 1854, and spent
several successive years in study at the observa
tory. He was officially connected with Harvard
observatory, 1854-66, being assistant observer in
the Astronomical observatory, 1863-66. He was
professor of astronomy in the University of
Chicago, and director of the Dearborn observa
tory, 1865-74 ; was connected with the U.S. coast
survey, 1874-76, and was professor of astronomy,
Williams college, 1876-1901. At different times,
he devoted himself to computing the orbits of
planets and comets, to making observations for
a standard catalogue of right ascensions, to the
study of the nebulae, and to latitude and longi-

[589]

SAGE

SAGE

tude work in the territories for the U.S. corps of
engineers. He was a Fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; associate of the
Royal Astronomical society of England ; a mem
ber of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, Leipzig ;
a member of the Deutscher Geometer Verein,
and a Fellow of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. In 1878 Williams
college gave him the degree ot Ph.D. He pub
lished a continual star catalogue for Williams
college, and two polar-star catalogues for Har
vard observatory. He edited volumes IV and V
of the " Annals of Harvard College Observatory,"
and is the author of : Mathematical Teaching
and Its Modern Methods. He died in Newark,
N.J., June 13, 1901.
SAGE, Henry Williams, philanthropist, was
born in Middletown, Conn., Jan. 31, 1814; son of
Charles and Sally (Williams) Sage ; grandson of
William and Elizabeth (Cook) Sage and of Josiah
and Charity (Shaler) Williams, and a descendant
of David Sage, Middletown, 1652. His father
was shipwrecked on the Florida coast in 1838,
and murdered by the Indians. He had prepared
for college, but in 1832 removed to Ithaca, N_Y.,
and engaged in the mercantile business with his
uncle. He married, Sept. 1, 1840, Susan, daughter
of William Linn of Ithica. In 1854 he became in
terested in the lumber regions of Canada and the
west, bought extensive tracts of timber land,
and became successful as a lumber merchant.
Later he erected the largest saw-mill in the
country at Winona, Mich. He was a Whig
member of the New York assembly in 1847 ; re
moved to Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1857, and returned
to Ithaca in 1880. He was a trustee of Cornell
university, 1870-97 ; president of the board, 1875-
97 ; and gave to the university $266,000 for the
Sage college for women ; $50,000 for the Susan
Linn Sage chair and 200,000 for the Susan Linn
Sage School of Philosophy; $360,000 and an
endowment of $300,000 for the University Lib
rary building ; $30,000 to the Museum of Classical
Archaeology ; $11,000 for the erection of a house
for the Sage professor of philosophy, and $30,000
toward paying off a floating indebtedness. His
other benefactions include the endowment ofthe
Lyman Beecher lectureship on preaching at Yale
college, the building and endowment of several
churches and schools, and a public library at
West Bay City, Mich. After his death his resi
dence, valued at $80,000, together with an endow
ment of $100,000, was given to Cornell for a stu
dents' hospital, by his sons Dean and William H.
Sage. He died in Ithaca, N.Y., Sept. 17, 1897.
SAGE, Russell, financier, was born in Shenan
doah, Verona township, Oneida county, N.Y.,
Aug. 4, 1816; son of Elisha and Prudence (Risley)
Sage. His parents removed to Durhamville,

Oneida county, in 1818, and there he worked on
his father's farm, and attended the district school.
In 1828 he became errand-boy in the grocery store
of his brother, Henry Risley Sage, at Troy, and in
1837 engaged in partnership with his elder brother,
Elisha Montague Sage, in a retail grocery store in
Troy. A few years later, Russell bought out his
brother's interest, and in 1839 made the business
a wholesale concern, taking John W. Bates as
his partner. The business rapidly increased, and
he interested himself in politics, serving as alder
man of Troy, 1845-48, and treasurer of Rensselaer
county for several years. He was a delegate to
the Whig national convention in 1848, where he
supported Henry Clay as Presidential candidate;
was the defeated Whig candidate for representa-
' five in the 32d congress in 1850, and was elected
a representative in the 33d and 34th congresses,
serving, 1853-57, defeating Horatio Seymour, 1852.
His father died in 1854, while he was in congress.
In 1857 he engaged in financial business, through
the influence of Jay Gould, and in 1863 removed
to New York city, and opened a broker's office in
Wall Street, dealing principally in railroad stocks
and bonds. He purchased a seat in the New York
stock exchange in 1874, and, in association with
Jay Gould, became one of the most prominent
operators on the street, amassing one ofthe largest
private fortunes in the United States, his hold
ings being estimated in 1903 at about $75,000,000.
He was vice-president and president of the Mil
waukee and St. Paul railroad for many years ; a
director of the Union Pacific railroad, and a
manager of Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific, the
Missouri Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas,
the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, and the
St. Louis and San Francisco railroads. He was
a manager of the American Cable company, the
Western Union Telegraph company, a director of
the Manhattan Elevated Railway company, pre
sident of the Standard Gas Light company of
New York, and a director of the Merchants'
Trust company and the Fifth Avenue bank of
New York city. He presented the Troy Female
seminary with a new dormitory costing $200,000,
in honor of his second wife and the memory of
Mrs. Willard, who was Mrs. Sage's instructor,
and also gave $50,000 to the Woman's Hospital in
the State of New York, of which Mrs. Sage was
a patron, for the erection of a new building. He
vvas twice married ; first, in 1841, to Maria,
daughter of Moses J. Winne of Troy, and secondly,
in 1867, to Oliva, daughter of the Hon. Joseph
Slocum of Syracuse, N.Y., and a graduate of the
Troy Female seminary.
SAGE, William, author, was born in Manches
ter, N.H., May 8, 1864; son of Daniel and Abby
(Sage) McFarland. He assumed his mother's
maiden name, attended the celebrated "Gunnery"

[590]

ST. CLAIR

ST. CLAIR

school in Washington, Conn., and studied in
France and Germany, 1881-95. He was employed
in the railroad and banking business, and in 1897
adopted literature as a profession, beginning by
writing short stories for magazines and news
papers. He is the author of : Robert Tournay
(1900), and The Clayborncs (1902).
ST. CLAIR, Arthur, soldier, was born in Thurso,
Caithness, Scotland, in 1734 ; a descendant of
William de St. Clair of Normandy, who settled
in Scotland in the eleventh century, and from
whom was also descended the Earl of Roslin,
generally, but erro
neously, supposed to
have been the grand
father of Arthur St.
Clair. At an early
age he entered the
University of Edin
burgh, and in 1755
was indentured to
Dr. William Hunter,
the celebrated Lon
don physician. On
the death of his
mother in the winter
of 1756-57, he pur
chased his time, ob
tained an ensign's
commission (dated May 13, 1757) in the Royal
American regiment of foot, under Maj. -Gen.
Jeffrey Amherst, and came to America, arriving
before Louisburg in 1758. He took part in the
capture of that city, July 26, 1758 ; was com
missioned lieutenant, April 17, 1759 ; assigned
to the command of General Wolfe, and took a
conspicuous part in the attack on Quebec, and in
the siege of Montreal and the capitulation of the
French posts in Canada, Sept. 8, 1760. St. Clair
was married in Boston in 1759, while on a fur
lough, to Phoebe, daughter of Belthazar Bayard,
and Mary Bowdoin, his wife, who was a half
sister of Governor James Bowdoin (q.v.). By
his marriage St. Clair received £40,000, a legacy
to his wife from her grandfather, and this, added
to his own fortune, made him a wealthy man.
He resigned his commission, April 16, 1762, and
resided first in Boston and later in western
Pennsylvania, in the Ligonier Valley, where he
is said to have commanded Fort Ligonier, receiv
ing the title of captain. He became a large land
owner : was prominent in the military and civil
life of that section, and erected the first, and for
many years the only, grist mill in that section.
He was appointed surveyor for the district of
Cumberland, April 5, 1770 ; justice of the court
of quarter sessions and common pleas in May,
1770, and was a member of the governor's council
for Cumberland county, 1770-71. On the erec

tion of Bedford county in 1771, he was appointed
by the governor a justice of the court, recorder
of deeds, clerk of the Orphans' court and prothon
otary of the court of common pleas, and in the
same year, with Moses McLean, he ran a meridian
line, nine and a half miles west of the meridian
of Pittsburgh. In May, 1775, he participated in
a meeting of the Scotch residents of Westmore
land, held to protest against British aggressions,
and later in the same year, while acting as secre
tary to the commissioners sent to treat with the
Indians at Fort Pitt, St. Clair suggested a volun
teer expedition to surprise Detroit, and engaged
between 400 and 500 young men, who agreed to
undertake the project, which, however, although
strongly recommended to congress by the com
missioners, was disapproved by that body on the
ground that Arnold's forthcoming expedition
would result in the fall not only of Quebec, but
of Detroit. In December, 1775, St. Clair was com
missioned colonel of militia, and reported for
duty at Philadelphia. On Jan. 32, 1776, he received
orders to raise a, regiment to serve in Canada,
and on March 12, it left Philadelphia for the North,
fully equipped, reaching Quebec, May 11, just in
time to cover the retreat of General Thomas's
army, which proceeded from that place to the
mouth of the Sorel, having halted for a few days
at Point Deschambault. Meantime St. Clair went
to Montreal to consult with the committee of
congress, and on May 15 he left for Sorel. On
June 2, General Thomas died at Chambly, and
the command devolved on General Thompson.
On arriving at Sorel, St. Clair advised Thompson to
occupy Three Rivers, and accordingly, on June 5,
was despatched from the camp at Sorel to Nicolet,
whence he wastocrossthe St. Lawrence. When
Sullivan reached Sorel the same day and learned
of the movement of St. Clair, he. ordered Thomp

son to follow him
with three regi
ments, and on ar
riving at Nicolet,
Thompson assumed
command. The
British, however,
had been informed
of the approach of
the Americans, and
had laid a trap to mislead them, through the aid of
a guide, into a morass, in which the army of
Thompson was nearly mired. In this dilemma

1591]

ST. CLAIR

ST. CLAIR

they were attacked by the British, and the disas
trous battle of Three Rivers followed, in which
Thompson was taken prisoner, and the command
of the retreating Americans devolved upon St.
Clair, who, while feigning a second attack, with
drew his men and crossed the river in safety,
reaching Sorel two or three days later. Sullivan
then retreated to Crown Point, and later to Ti
conderoga. St. Clair was appointed brigadier-
general, Aug. 9, 1776 ; left the northern depart
ment, and joined General Washington in New
Jersey, where he organized the state militia. He
commanded his brigade in the battles of Trenton
and Princeton, and at the latter guarded the fords
of the Assanpink and proposed to Washington
turning the enemy's left and marching to the
North. In recognition of his distinguished services
he was commissioned major-general, Feb. 19, 1777,
and succeeded Colonel Reed as adjutant-general
of the army in March, 1777. He was ordered
to the northern department and appointed to the
command of Fort Ticonderoga, reaching there,
June 12, 1777, and finding a small garrison badly
armed and clad and without magazines. His
force of 2,200 was obviously inadequate to hold
the works against Burgoyne's force of 7,863 well
armed men, and St. Clair ordered the fort
evacuated. The Americans were pursued by the
British and reached Fort Edward, July 12, 1777.
St. Clair was severely censured for evacuating
the post. On Aug. 20, 1777, he left the northern
department to report at headquarters and await
an inquiry into his conduct. He demanded a
court-martial, and joined in the campaign under
Washington, serving as voluntary aide-de-camp
at the battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777. The
court-martial was delayed until September, 1778,
when it was held with Major-General Lincoln as
president, and reached the following verdict :
" The court, having duly considered the charges
against Major-General St. Clair, and the evidence,
are unanimously of opinion, that he is not guilty of
either of the charges preferred against him, and
do unanimously acquit him of all and every
of them with the highest honor." He took part
in the preparation of Gen. John Sullivan's expe
dition against the Six Nations ; was a member of
the court-martial that condemned Major Andre ;
was in command at West Point in October, 1780,
and in November was given temporary com
mand of the corps of light infantry until the
return of General La Fayette. He was active in
suppressing the mutiny among the Pennsylvania
troops under Gen. Anthony Wayne in January,
1781 ; engaged in raising troops in Pennsylvania,
and in forwarding them to Virginia. He joined
Washington in October, 1781, in time to take part
in the surrender of Yorktown by Cornwallis. In
1782 he returned to his home at Westmoreland,

Pa., and found himself financially ruined. He
was a member of the council of censors in 1783 ;
was vendue-master of Philadelphia, and as a
delegate from Pennsylvania took his seat in the
Continental congress, Feb. 20, 1786, being elected
its president, Feb. 2, 1787. On Oct. 5, 1787, he
was elected first governor of the newly formed
Northwestern Territory, and served at Fort Har-
mer, Ohio, July 9, 1788. The civil government of
the Territory was established, and Governor St.
Clair took office at Marietta, July 15, 1788. He
drafted a bill for the government of the North
western Territory, which was introduced in the
U.S. house of representatives in July, 1789, and
which passed both houses without opposition.
This act gave the sanction of the national legisla
ture to all the important provisions of the famous
ordinance of 1787 (see sketch of Manasseh Cutler),
including the compact for the inhibition of
slavery. St. Clair went to New York to concert
measures with General Knox for the settlement
of the difficulties with the Indians on the borders,
and while there assisted in the inauguration of
President Washington, April 30, 1789. He
seriously considered resigning the territorial
governorship and returning to Pennsylvania to
enter actively into political life, and in July,
1789, he received a letter from James Wilson,
asking if he would stand for the presidency of
Pennsylvania. Later in the year, however, he
returned to the west, and in the winter of 1790
he was joined by his son Arthur, and his three
daughters, Louisa, Jane and Margaret, Mrs. St.
Clair remaining in the East. On Dec. 20, 1789, he
started on a trip to the Illinois country, stopping
en route at Fort Washington, where, on Jan. 4,
1790, he issued a proclamation establishing Hamil
ton county. Courts were organized, officers and
judges appointed and Cincinnati (so named by
Governor St. Clair, it having previously been
known as Losantiville) declared the county seat.
The next and third county to be laid out was St.
Clair county, April 27, 1790, with Kankoski as
the county seat. Upon his recommendation it
was decided to send a formidable military force
into the Miami country against the Indians, and
erect a series of forts, and he was appointed to
conduct the expedition in person, being given the
rank of major-general. In a battle fought on a
creek branching from the Wabash river, Nov. 4,
1791, he was surprised, and the army of untrained
soldiers fled in disorder to Fort Jefferson. The
matter was thoroughly investigated by congress,
and St. Clair was exonerated of all blame. He
resigned his commission in the army, and was
succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne. In 1796,
after unsuccessful attempts to induce a com
petent lawyer to accept the office of attorney-
general of the Territory, the governor prevailed

SAINT GAUDENS

SAINT GAUDENS

upon his son, Arthur St. Clair, Jr., a promising
young attorney at Pittsburgh, to remove to
Cincinnati and take the office. This step, although
a great personal sacrifice on the part of the son,
later subjected the governor to unjust criticism.
Early in 1802 charges were preferred against him,
and on Nov. 22, he was removed from office by
President Jefferson. His removal is generally
acknowledged to have been a political partisan
movement. Returning to Pennsylvania he gather
ed his family about him at Ligonier. Although
at the beginning of the Revolution he had owned
seven hundred acres of good land, which promised
to become very valuable, his losses in the war
were such that he was forced to give up his estate,
which passed to James Galbraith, from him to
James Ramsey and thence to his son, John Ram-
sey.who founded upon it the town of Ligonier, Pa.
After the sale of his home he removed to a small
log house on the summit of Chestnut Ridge,
where he passed his remaining years in great
privation, his eldest daughter, Mrs. Louisa Robb,
sharing his fortunes. The Pennsylvania legisla
ture granted him $400 a year in 1813, and in 1817
congress settled $2,000 and a pension of $60 a
month upon him. He was a member of the
American Philosophical society ; an original mem
ber of the Society of the Cincinnati, and president
of the State Society for Pennsylvania, 1783-89 ;
and is the author of : A Narrative of the Manner
in which the Campaign Against the Indians in
the Year 1791 was Conducted (1812). While
driving to Youngstown for provisions, he was
thrown from his wagon and fatally injured. The
Masonic society erected a monument to his
memory in the cemetery of Greensburg, Pa.,
bearing these words: " The Earthly Remains of
Major-General Arthur St. Clair are deposited
beneath this humble monument, which is erected
to supply the place of a nobler one due from his
country." See " The St. Clair Papers" by Wil
liam Henry Smith (2 vols., 1882). He died at
Chestnut Ridge, Pa., Aug. 31, 1818.
SAINT GAUDENS, Augustus, sculptor, was
born in Dublin, Ireland, March 1, 1848 ; son of
Bernard Paul Ernest and Mary (McGuinness)
Saint Gaudens. His father, a native of Saint
Gaudens, Haut Garonne in the Pyrenees, settled
in Dublin early in the nineteenth century, and
came to the United States with his wife and son
in 1848, locating in New York. Augustus attended
the public schools, studied drawing in the eve
ning classes of the Cooper Institute, 1861-65, and
at the National Academy of Design, 1865-66, and
meanwhile learned the trade of a cameo cutter.
He studied sculpture under Jouffroy at the Ecole
des Beaux Arts, Paris, 1867-70, and continued his
studies in Rome, 1870-72, where he produced his
• first figure, Hiawatha, in 1871. In 1872 he opened

a studio in New York city, and made a second
visit to Paris and Rome, 1878-80, removing his
studio to Paris in 1898. He vvas married in 1877
to Augusta F., daughter of Thomas J. Homer of
Boston, Mass. He was made a National Acade
mician in 1889 ; a fellow of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences ; a corresponding member
of the Institute of France ; an officer of the
Legion of Honor ; president of the Society of
American Artists, which he was instrumental in
founding ; one of the founders of the American
Academy in Rome ; a member of the National
Sculpture society, the Architectural league, the
Century association, and of various social clubs
of New York. He was also a supporter of the
Metropolitan Museum of Art and the National
Academy of Design. He vvas awarded a medal
of honor at the Paris exhibition, 1900 ; a special
medal of honor at the Pan-American exposition,
Buffalo, 1901 ; and received the degrees LL.D.
from Harvard and L.H.D. from Princeton in
1897. His more important works include the bas-
relief, Adoration of the Cross by Angels, in St.
Thomas's church, New York ; statue of Admiral
Farragut, New York city (1880); of Abraham
Lincoln, Chicago, III. (1887); Tlie Puritan, a
statue of Samuel Chapin, Springfield, Mass.
(1887); statues of John A. Logan, Chicago (1897),
Peter Cooper, New York (1897); Shaw Memorial,

ROBERT COULD SHAW
Boston Common, facing the State House, unveiled
Memorial Day, 1897 ; figure over the grave of Mrs.
Henry Adams, Rock Creek cemetery, Washing
ton ; monument to General Sherman for New
York (unveiled, 1903): portrait busts of William
M. Evarts (1872-73), Theodore D. Woolsey (1876),
and Gen. William T. Sherman (1888), and medal
lions of Bastien Le Page (1879), Robert Louis
Stevenson (1887), Rev. Henry W. Bellows. D.D.,
W. Dean Howells, Dr. James McCosh of Prince
ton, Mr. Justice Horace Gray (1901), Mr. and
Mrs. Wayne Mo Veagh (1902), and many others.
He also modeled the caryatids in the Cornelius
Vanderbilt house, New York city ; the main facade

ST. JOHN

ST. PALAIS

of the Boston Public library ; assisted John La-
Farge in the decorations of Trinity church, Boston,
and in 1903 completed a portrait statue of Phillips
Brooks for the triangular space between the nortli
transept of the church and the chapel.
ST. JOHN, Charles Elliott, clergyman, was
born in Prairie duChien, Wis., Dec. 19, 1856;sonof
Thomas Elliott and Henrietta (Knox) St. John.
He attended the high school iii Worcester, Mass. ;
was graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1879,
A.M. ,1883, and from Harvard Divinity school,
B.D.,1883; ordained to the Unitarian ministry
in the latter year, and served as. pastor of the
Second Congregational church, Northampton,
Mass., 1883-91. He was married, June 26, 1888,
to Martha Elizabeth, daughter of George Draper
and Martha (Plummer) Everett of Dover, Mass.
He was pastor of the First Unitarian church,
Pittsburg, Pa., 1891-1900, and in July, 1900, was
appointed secretary of the American Unitarian
association of Boston, Mass.
ST. JOHN, Isaac Munroe, engineer, was bom
in Augusta, Ga., Nov. 19, 1827 ; son of Isaac R.
and Abby R. (Munroe) St. John. He was grad
uated at Yale, A.B., 1845, A.M., 1848; studied
law in New York city, and in 1847 became as
sistant editor of the Patriot, at Baltimore, Md.
He subsequently engaged in civil engineering on
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad' until 1855, and
superintended divisions in the construction of
the Blue Ridge railroad in Georgia, 1855-61. He
was a private in the Fort Hill Guards, South
Carolina state troops, in February, 1861 ; was
transferred to engineer duty in April, 1861, and
became engineer-in-chief * of the Confederate
forces on the Peninsula under Gen. John B.
Magruder. He was promoted major and chief of
the mining and nitre bureau corps in May, 1862,
and subsequently rose through the various grades
to the rank of brigadier-general, attaining the
position of commissary-general of the Confed
erate States army in 1865. He was lftarried dur
ing the progress of the civil war to a daughter of
Col. J. L. Carrington of Richmond, Va. He
was chief engineer of the Louisville, Cincinnati
and Lexington railroad, 1866-69 ; city engineer of
Louisville, Ky., making its first topographical map
and establishing the sewerage system, 1870-71, and
consulting engineer of the Chesapeake and Ohio
railroad, and chief engineer of the Lexington and
Big Sandy railroad, 1871-80. He died at the Green
brier, White Sulphur Springs,W. Va., April 7, 1880.
ST. JOHN, John Pierce, governor of Kansas,
was born in Brookville, Ind., Feb. 25, 1833 ; son
of Samuel and Sophia (Snell) St. John; grand
son of Daniel and Mercy (Gardner) St. John.
The St. Johns are of Huguenot descent. He
worked on his father's farm and in a country
store ; attended the district school, and removed

to California in 1853, where he shipped for a voy
age to South America, Mexico, Central America
and the Sandwicli Islands. He also served in the
Indian wars in California and Oregon, engaged
in mining, and removed to Charleston, 111., in
1859. He was mar
ried, March 28, 1860,
to Susan J. Parker,
daughter of Col. Na
thaniel Parker of
Charleston, 111. He
was admitted to the
Illinois bar in 1861,
practised in Charles
ton, and in 1862 vvas
arrested and tried
under the Illinois
"Black Laws," on
the criminal charge
of harboring a colored
person, and was ac
quitted. He aided in
organizing the 68th Illinois volunteers in 1862, in
which he served as captain ; was detached and
assigned as acting assistant adjutant-general,
under Gen. John P. Slough ; commanded the
troops at Camp Mattoon, 111. , in 1864; was appoint
ed lieutenant-colonel of the 143d Illinois infantry,
and served in the Mississippi valley until the
close of the war. He practised law in Independ
ence, Mo., 1865-69, and in Olathe, Kan., from
1869 ; was a member of the Kansas senate, 1873-
74 ; was Republican governor of the state for two
terms, 1879-83, and was nominated for President
of the United States on the Prohibition ticket in
1884, from which year he advocated prohibition,
woman suffrage, and the free coinage of both
gold and silver. He also opposed the war in the
Philippines, 1898-1901, and lectured extensively
on these subjects.
ST. PALAIS, James Maurice de Long d'Aus-
sac de, R.C bishop, was born at La Srivatat,
diocese of Montpelier, France, Nov. 15, 1811. He
attended the College of St. Nicholas du Chardonet
at Paris, and the Seminary of St. Sulpice, 1830-
36. He was ordained, May 28, 1836, at Paris,
France, by Mgr. de Quelin, archbishop of Paris,
and was sent to America as a missionary. He
arrived at Vincennes, Ind., and established a
church about thirty-five miles east of that town.
After building several churches in Indiana, he
removed to Chicago in 1839, and began a labor
among the Indians. In the face of much opposi
tion, he built St. Mary's church, which became
the first cathedral of the diocese of Chicago. In
1844 he was removed to Logansport, in 1846 went
to Madison, and in 1847 was appointed vicar-
general and superior of the ecclesiastical semi
nary at Vincennes. He became administrator of

[594]

SALISBURY

SALM SALM

the diocese of Vincennes on the death of Bishop
Bazin, April 23, 1848 ; was precanonized, Oct. 3,
1848, and was consecrated bishop of Vincennes,
Ind., Jan. 14, 1849, by Bishop Niles of Nashville,
assisted by Bishops Spalding of Louisville, and
Hypolite Dupontance of Madison, Ind. He erected
many churches and two orphan asylums ; per
suaded the Benedictines to send a colony to
Indiana in 1849, and twice visited Europe in the
interest of his diocese. He attended the Vatican
council in 1869 and established the Franciscan
Fathers at Oldenburg, and at Indianapolis.
Many female orders owe their admission into the
diocese to his administration. He died at St.
Mary's of the Woods, Vigo co., Ind., June 28, 1877.
SALISBURY, Edward Elbridge, orientalist.was
born in Boston, Mass., April 6, 1814; son of Josiah
and Abby (Breese) Salisbury ; grandson of Samuel
and Elizabeth (Sewall) Salisbury and of Samuel
and Elizabeth (Anderson) Breese, and a descend
ant of John Salisbury of Boston, Mass., about
1689, and his second wife, Bridget Williams ; also
of Sidney Breese, who was in New York as early
as 1733-34, and his wife, Elizabeth Penkethman.
He was graduated from Yale, A.B.. 1832, A.M.,
1835 ; attended Yale Divinity school, 1832-35,
and studied Oriental languages under Silvestre de
Sacy, Garcin de Tassy and Franz Bopp, 1836-39.
He was married, first, April 27, 1836, to Abigail
Salisbury, daughter of Edward and Mary (Salis
bury) Phillips of Boston, Mass. ; and secondly,
Nov. 23, 1872, to Evelyn, daughter of Judge
Charles Johnson and Sarah Ann (Lord) McCurdy
of Lyme, Conn. He was professor of Arabic and
Sanskrit languages and literature at Yale, 1841-
54, which chair had been created for him, and in
1854 he divided the chair with William Dwight
Whitney, retaining the professorship of Arabic
language and literature. He was corresponding
secretary of the American Oriental society and
its president in 1863 ; was elected a member of
the Asiatic society of Paris in 1838 ; correspond
ing member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences
and Belles Lettres at Constantinople in 1855,
and of the German Oriental society in 1859. The
honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him
by Yale in 1869, and by Harvard in 1886. He
presented Yale with his unequalled Sanskrit
library in 1870. He conducted the Journal of
the American Oriental society for several years,
and contributed many articles. He is the author
of: Account of the Diodati Family (printed
privately, 1875); Principles of Domestic Taste,
a lecture delivered before the Yale School of the
Fine Arts (1877); Family Memorials (1885); and
Family -Histories and Genealogies (1892), the lat
ter in collaboration with his wife, Evelyn Mac-
Curdy Salisbury. He died in New Haven, Conn. ,
Feb. 5, 1901.

SALLEY, Alexander Samuel, Jr., author, was
born in Orangeburg county, S.C, June 16, 1871 ;
son of Alexander McQueen and Sallie (McMichael)
Salley ; grandson of Alexander Samuel and Julia
Eliza (Murrowe) Salley and of Cephas Manly and
Rachel Elizabeth (Jennings) McMichael, and a
descendant of Capt. John Salley (1740-1794), of
the Revolution. He attended Sheridan's classical
school, Orangeburg, S.C, 1881-87 ; was graduated
from the South Carolina Military academy, 1892 ;
served on the engineer corps of the World's
Columbian exposition, August-September, 1892 ;
was private secretary to William Elliott, repre
sentative, 1896 ; employed on the News and
Courier, Charleston, S.C, 1896-99; admitted to
the bar in the latter year, and also elected sec
retary and treasurer and librarian of the South
Carolina Historical society. His publications
include : History of Orangeburg County, S.C.
(1898); Bibliography of William Gillmore Simms
(1897), and Henry Timrod (1899) for the South
ern History association of Washington, D.C, and
other bibliographies, reports and articles on
historical subjects. He also edited The South
Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine
(Vols. 1, 2, 3 and 4, 1900-1903).
SALLMON, William Henry, educator, was
bom in London, Ontario, Canada, Sept. 6, 1866 ;
son of Christopher and Mary (McMurdoch) Sall-
mon. He was engaged in mercantile business in
London, Ontario, 1884-85 ; was secretary of the
Young Men's Christian association, Port Henry,
N.Y., 1886-87; Newburgh, N.Y., 1887-89, and
was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1894, A.M., 1897.
He was traveling secretary of the Australasian
Student Christian union, 1897-1900 ; traveled in
Egypt, Palestine and Southeastern. Europe, 1900 ;
was a member of the Australasian Association
for the Advancement of Science, 1897-1900 ; pas
tor of the South church, Bridgeport, Conn., 1902,
and in January, 1903, became president of Carle-
ton college, Northfield, Minn. He was married,
Feb. 17, 1903, to Alice Bussey, daughter of Fred
erick and Mary (Baldwin) Trubee of Bridgeport,
Conn. He is the author of several studies in the
life of Jesus and of other religious publications.
SALM SALM, Agnes, Princess, philanthro
pist, was born in S wanton, Vt., or Phillips-
burg, Quebec, Dec. 25, 1840 ;- daughter of William
L. and Julia (Willard) Joy. She was married,
Aug. 30, 1862, in Washington, D.C, to Prince
Felix Salm Salm, then colonel and chief of staff
to Gen. Louis Blenker, and became his insepa
rable companion throughout his varied and rom
antic career. During the civil war her unfailing
cheerfulness, warm sympathies and womanly
ministries endeared her to the men confined in
the Federal hospitals. Her husband reached the
rank of brigadier-general by brevet, April 13,

[595]

SALOMON

SALPOINTE

1865, and was later military governor of Atlanta,
the popularity and influence of the Princess
aiding materially in the recognition and reward
of his talents as a soldier. In 1866 the Prince
joined the forces of Maximilian in Mexico, and
with him was captured at Queretaro, May 15, 1867,
and condemned to death, his life being spared
through the entreaties of the.Princess, who rode
day and night between his prison and the Liberal
headquarters, negotiating terms, securing delay
of judicial proceedings and beseeching President
Juarez to release the emperor and her husband.
For her efforts in his behalf Maximilian decorated
her with the Grand Cordon of the Order of San
Carlos; his mother, Archduchess Sophie, gave her
his miniature set in an emerald bracelet, and the
Emperor of Austria granted her a pension. After
Maximilian's execution, Prince Salm Salm return
ed to Europe, published in 1868, " My Diary in
Mexico," and was appointed major of the Queen
Augusta regiment of the Prussian guards, his
wife obtaining permission from General von
Steinmetz in July, 1870, to accompany his staff
with the army of invasion in the Franco-Prussian
war. Prince Salm Salm was killed while heroic
ally leading his battalion at Gravelotte, Aug.
18, 1870. Both before and after the death of her
husband, Princess Salm Salm exerted herself to
the utmost, organizing hospitals and distributing
supplies among the sick and wounded. She was
recommended for the Order of the Iron Cross (an
honor reserved for men) and received the Prus
sian medal of honor made from captured cannon,
a bracelet from Empress Augusta, and letters of
thanks from the commanding generals of the
armies in which she ministered. She married sec
ondly, 1876, Charles Heneage, of the British em
bassy at Berlin. ¦ In 1899 she revisited the United
States, to restore to the survivors, flags ofthe Sth
and 68th New York regiments which her husband
had commanded, and she was made an honorary
member of the Blenker Veteran association. In
the same year she vvas also made an honorary
member of the New York Chapter, Daughters of
the American Revolution. She returned to
America again in 1900 for the purpose of raising
funds to equip an ambulance corps for the relief
of the wounded in the South African war. She
is the author of : Ten Years of My Life (1875).
SALOMON, Edward, governor of Wisconsin,
was born at Stroebeck, near Halberstadt, Prussia,
Aug. 11, 1828 ; son of Christoph and Dorothea
(Klussmann) Salomon. He was a student at the
College at Halberstadt and the University of
Berlin, and in 1849 came to the United States with
his brother, Frederick, and settled at Manitowoc,
Wis., where he was successively school teacher,
county surveyor and deputy clerk of the circuit
court. In 1855 he was admitted to the bar in

Milwaukee, Wis., and practised law there until
1869. He was married, May 14, 1858, to Elise
Nebel of Liege, Belgium. He was elected lieu
tenant-governor of Wiscon
sin on the Republican ticket
with Louis P. Harvey, Re
publican and Independent,
for governor in 1861, and on
April 19, 1862, on the death
of Governor Harvey, suc
ceeded to the office, and filled
it until Jan. 4, 1864. He engaged in the practice
of law in New York city in 1869, where he be
came consul for the German empire. In May,
1894, he retired from business and settled at
Frankfort-on-Main, Germany.
SALOMON, Frederick, soldier, was born near
Halberstadt, Prussia, April 7, 1826 ; son of Chris
toph and Dorothea Salomon. Christoph Salomon
was an officer in the army, and later in the civil
service of Prussia. Frederick Salomon was edu
cated in the gymnasium at Halberstadt, became
a government surveyor, and subsequently a lieu
tenant of artillery. He attended the Berlin
school of architecture in 1848, and in 1849 immi
grated to the United States with his brother
Edward, and engaged in surveying at Manitowoc,
Wis. He was county register of deeds four years;
chief engineer of the Manitowoc and Wisconsin
railroad, 1857-59, and in 1861 entered the 5th Mis
souri volunteers as captain for three months, serv
ing at Carthage, Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek.
In January, 1862, he was appointed colonel, 9th
Wisconsin infantry, which he commanded at
Fort Scott, Kan. He was promoted brigadier-
general of volunteers, July 10, 1862, command
ing the 2d brigade in the Indian expedition and
the 1st brigade, Army of the Frontier, in the
battles of Newtonia, Mo., Cane Hill, Ark., and
Prairie Grove, Mo. He vvas assigned to the com
mand of the 2d brigade in Gen. A. P. Hovey's
division in January, 1863 ; on May 15, 1863, to
the command of the 13th division, Army of the
Tennessee, and on June 2, 1863, of all the United
States forces around Helena, Ark., where he
defeated the enemy under General Holmes, July
4, 1863. He vvas placed in command of the 3d
division, 7th army corps, Sept. 27, 1863, served
in the Red River expedition, 1864, and in Arkan
sas, 1864-65. In March, 1865, he was brevetted
major-general of volunteers, and was mustered
out, Aug. 25, 1865. He subsequently settled in
Utah Territory, where he served as surveyor-
general for several years. He died at Salt Lake,
Utah, March 9, 1897.
SALPOINTE, Jean Baptist, R.C. archbishop,
was born at St. Maurice, France, Feb. 21, 1825.
He was prepared for college in Ajain, and attended
successively the College of Clermont and the

[596]

SALTER

SALTONSTALL

Seminary of Clermont, Ferraud, where he was
ordained priest, Dec. 20, 1851. He was profes
sor in the preparatory Seminary of Clermont,
1851-59 ; and came to the United States in 1859,
engaging in missionary work as parish priest at
Mora, New Mexico, 1859-66, and as vicar-general
of Arizona, 1866-68. He was elected bishop of
"Doryla" in partibus and vicar-apostolic of
Arizona, Sept. 25, 1868, and was consecrated at
Clermont, Ferraud, France, June 20, 1869. His
diocese included Arizona, New Mexico and part
of Texas, in which he organized many new con
gregations, schools and hospitals. He was trans
ferred to Santa Fe, New Mexico, as coadjutor to
Arohbishop Lamy, April 22, 1884 ; was promoted
titular archbishop of " Anazarba," Oct. 3, 1884,
and succeeded to the see "of Santa Fe, July 18,
1885. He resigned the archbishopric, Jan. 7,
1894; received the title " Archbishop of Tomi" in
partibus, Jan. 21, 1894, and retired to Bussieres,
Pruns, Paraigueperse, Puy de Dome, France. He
died in Tucson, Arizona, July 16, 1898.
SALTER, Moses Buckingham, A.M.E. bishop,
was born in Charleston, S.C, Feb. 13, 1841 ; son
of Moses Buckingham and Mary M. Salter. He
joined the Methodist church, 1856 ; was a class
leader, 1860 ; one of the founders of the A.M.E.
church in Charleston, S.C, 1865 ; ordained deacon,
1867 ; elder, 1868 ; was presiding-elder of Aiken
district, 1868-70, and a student in Wilberforce
university, 1870-74. He was married, Sept. 2,
1874, to Priscilla Smith of Aiken ; was pastor of
Emanuel church, Charleston, 1875, and served
various other pastorates until his consecration as
bishop in 1892. In 1903 his residence was in
Charleston, S.C.
SALTER, William Dayton, naval officer, was
born in New York city, Aug. 23, 1794 ; son of
Thomas and Charlotte (Dayton) Salter ; grand
son of Manassah and Catharine (Wright) Salter,
and of Jonathan Dayton, and a descendant of
Richard Salter, who came from England to Mon
mouth county, N.J., 1665, and Sarah Bowne,
his wife.
Tfl^. .ccNSTi'Tu-rTort. William
SSlEy Dayton Sal-
 \»vllPK!\^s\ was
^^ appointed
SHR.— ' "**"* svMsSt&al^ midshipman in the
U.S. navy,
Nov. 15,
1809; serv
ed on the
frigate Constitution, during the fight with the
Guerriere, Aug. 19, 1812, and vvas the last survivor
of the crew of the Constitution in 1868. He was
promoted lieutenant, Dec. 9, 1814 ; commander,
March 3, 1831, and captain, March 3, 1839. He

^a_

was married to Margaret Armstrong. He was
placed on the reserved list, Jan. 4, 1856 ; com
manded the navy yard at Brooklyn, N.Y., 1856-
59, and was promoted commodore on the reserved
list, April 4, 1867. He died at Elizabeth, N.J.,
Jan. 3, 1869.
SALTONSTALL, Dudley, naval officer, was
born in New London, Conn., Sept. 8,1738; son
of Gurdon (q.v.) and Rebecca (Winthrop) Salton-
stall. He received a liberal education, and be
came a sea captain in the merchant service. He
was married in 1765 to Frances, daughter of Dr.
Joshua Babcock of Westerly, R.I. He command
ed the Alfred, flagship of Commander-in-Chief
Esek Hopkins's squadron, of which John Paul
Jones was second in command, and in February,
1776, took part in the attack on New Providence,
and with Abraham Whiffle was brought before
the marine committee with Admiral Hopkins,
charged with breach of orders, but the captain
was acquitted, and he was appointed fourth in
the list of captains in the Continental navy,
Oct. 10, 1776, and transferred to the frigate
Trumbull. He was commodore of the fleet that
sailed from Boston in July, 1779, for the purpose
of reducing the British post at Castine, Maine.
Gen. Solomon Lovell commanding the militia,
refused to co-operate with Saltonstall, and the
attack was delayed till the arrival of Sir George
Collier with a superior naval force. In the attack
which followed, the American vessels were aban
doned or burned, and the soldiers and sailors
marched through the wilderness to Falmouth and
thence to Boston. A court of inquiry shielded
the state militia, and laid the blame upon Salton
stall, a Continental officer, hoping to make the
Continental government responsible in part for
the $7,000,000 which the expedition had cost
Massachusetts. He was dismissed from the ser
vice, Oct. 7, 1779, and subsequently commanded
the privateer Minerva, capturing among other
prizes the Hannah, a British merchant ship, with
a cargo valued at £80,000. He died in the West
Indies in 1796.
SALTONSTALL, Gurdon, governor of Con
necticut, was born in Haverhill, Mass., March 27,
1666 ; son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth (Ward)
Saltonstall ; grandson of Richard and Muriel
(Gurdon) Saltonstall and of the Rev. John and
Alice (Edmunds) Ward, and a descendant of Sir
Richard and Grace (Kaye) Saltonstall. He vvas
graduated at Harvard, A.B-., 1684, A.M., 1687;
served as butler of the college, 1684-85 ; vvas or
dained minister of the church at New London,
Conn., Nov. 25, 1691 ; became celebrated as »
preacher, and was invited to accompany Win
throp to England to settle political difficulties in
1693. He was chosen to succeed Gov. Fitz-John
Winthrop in office at the latter's death, and

[597]

SALTONSTALL

SAMPLE

served as governor by annual election, 1708-24.
He refused to be agent of the colony conveying
the address to Queen Anne urging the conquest
of Canada in 1709, but aided in raising a large
force for the disastrous expedition of Sir Hoven-
den Walker, and in 1713 became personally re
sponsible for the credit of the colony, which had
become involved through the, expenses incurred
in Canada. The Saybrook platform, which re
sulted from his urging ecclesiastical discipline,
was in some important respects in harmony with
the Presbyterian polity. He was instrumental in
introducing the printing press into the colony,
setting the first one up in his residence in 1709,
and was also prominent in locating Yale college
at New Haven, instead of at Hartford. He was
married first, to Jerusha, daughter of James and
Sarah (Gibbons) Richards of Hartford, Conn. ;
secondly, to Elizabeth, daughter of William and
Catherine (Russell) Rosewell of Branford, Conn.,
and thirdly, to Mary, daughter of William and
Mary (Lawrence) Whittingham of Boston, Mass.,
and widow of William Clarke. He died in New
London, Conn., Sept. 20, 1724.
SALTONSTALL, Leverett, representative,
was born in Haverhill, Mass., June 13, 1783 ; son
of Dr. Nathaniel and Anna (White) Saltonstall ;
grandson of Col. Richard and Mary (Cooke)
Saltonstall and of Samuel White, and a descen
dant of Sir Richard Saltonstall. He attended
Phillips academy at Exeter ; was graduated at
Harvard, A.B., 1802, A.M., 1805 ; studied law under
William Prescott at Salem, and practised there,
1805-45. He was married, March 7, 1811, to Mary
Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Sanders of Salem,
Mass. He was a member and speaker of the
Massachusetts house of representatives ; presi
dent of the senate in 1831 ; first mayor of Salem,
1836-38, and a presidential elector on the Webster
ticket in 1837. He was a Whig representative in
the 25th congress as successor to Stephen C.
Phillips, resigned, and in the 26th and 27th con
gresses, serving, 1838-43. He vvas an overseer of
Harvard, 1835-45 ; a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; president of the
Bible society, the Essex Agricultural society, the
Essex Bar association, and a member of the Mass
achusetts Historical society. At liis death he left
most of his library to Phillips Exeter academy,
and a sum of money to purchase books for the
Harvard library. He is the author of : Historical
Sketch of Haverhill. He received the honorary
degrees: A.B. from Yale in 1802, A.M. from
Bowdoin in 1806 and LL.D. from Harvard in
1838. He died in Salem, Mass., May 8, 1845.
SALTUS, Edgar Evertson, author and jour
nalist, was born in New York city, Oct. 8, 1858 ;
son of Francis Henry and Eliza (Evertson) Saltus ;
grandson of Francis and Mary (Dykers) Saltus

and of Edgar and Adelaide (Dickinson) Evertson,
and a descendant of Admiral Cornelius Evertson,
who took New York city, Aug. 9, 1673. He was
graduated from St. Paul's school, Concord, N.H. ;
studied at Sorbonne, Paris, and in Heidelberg
and Munich, and received his degree of LL.B.
from Columbia college in 1880. He is the author
of : Balzac : a Study (1884) ; The Philosophy of
Disencliantment (1885) ; The Anatomy of Negation
(1887) ; Mr. Incoul's Misadventure (1887) ; The
Truth about Tristram Varick (1888) ; Tlie Pace
that Kills (1888) ; Eden (1888) ; A Transaction in
Hearts (1889) ; Mary Magdalen (1892) ; Imperial
Purple (1893) ; When Dreams Come True (1895),
and many magazine articles.
SAMFORD, William James, governor of
Alabama, was born in Greenville, Meriwether
county, Ga., Sept. 16,' 1844; son of William
Flewellen and Susan (Dodwell) Samford ; grand
son of Thomas and Jane (Burleson) Samford and
of Louis J. and Elizabeth
(Farley) Dodwell. The Dow-
dells are Virginians of Irish
descent ; and Elizabeth Far
ley was the daughter of
Arthur and Ann (Tinsley)
Farley of Powhatan county,
Va. He attended the common
schools of Greenville, the East Alabama Male col
lege at Auburn and the University of Georgia, but
did not graduate. He enlisted in the 46th Ala
bama regiment, Confederate States army, in 1862 ;
was promoted lieutenant, and served throughout
the war. He was admitted to the bar and began
practice in 1867 at Opelika, Ala. , where he con
tinued to reside until his death. He was mar
ried, Oct. 31, 1865, to Caroline Elizabeth, daughter
of Dr. John H. and Mary (Williams) Drake,
natives of North Carolina, but residents of Ala
bama. He was a member of the state constitu
tional convention of Alabama in 1875 ; was a
Democratic presidential elector in 1872 and 1876 ;
a representative in the 46th congress, 1879-81 ;
a representative in the state legislature, 1882 ;
and state 'senator, 1884-86 and 1892, serving as
president of the senate in 1886"., He was governor
of Alabama, 1900-01. He became a member of
the Historical Society of Alabama, Jan. 2, 1899.
While in attendance on the annual meeting of
the board of trustees of the University of Ala
bama, of which board he was the official head, he
died in Tuscaloosa, Ala., June 11, 1901.
SAMPLE, Robert Fleming, clergyman, was
born in Corning, N.Y., Oct. 19, 1829 ; son of John
and Jane (Wilson) Sample ; grandson of John
and Mary (McCormick) Sample and of William
and Ann (Shannon) Wilson, and a descendant of
John Sample, whose family emigrated from
Normandy to Edinburgh and Renfrew in the time

SAMPSON

SAMPSON

of John Knox. The original name was Saint
Paul, of which Senpall and Sampall were early
corruptions. He was graduated from Jefferson
college, 1849, and from the Western Theological
seminary iu 1853, and was married, March 31,
1853, to Nannie Mathews, daughter of Henry and
Martha (Simcox) Bracken of Canonsburg, Pa.
He was pastor of the First Presbyterian church
of Mercer, Pa., 1853-56 ; at Bedford, Pa., 1856-66 ;
stated supply of the Andrew church, Minneapolis,
1866-68, and pastor of the Westminster church,
Minneapolis, 1868-87, and in 1887 became pastor
of the Westminster Presbyterian church, New-
York city, and pastor emeritus, 1901. He was
director of the McCormick Theological seminary,
1876-89 ; trustee of Macalester college, St. Paul,
Minn., 1880-83, and of Lincoln university from
1892, where he also served as professor of Christian
ethics. He became associate editor of North and
West. 1895, and a member, of the board of publi
cation, of aid for colleges and of church erec
tion at various times ; a delegate to the Pan-
Presbyterian council at Belfast and later at
Washington ; moderator of the General assembly
of the Presbyterian church of the United States
of America in 1899 ; a member ofthe Presbyterian
union of New York, and of the Pan-Presbyterian
Church council. He received the degree of D.D.
from Wooster university, 1876, and that of LL.D.
from Washington and Jefferson college in 1898.
He traveled extensively in America, Europe,
Palestine and Egypt. Among his writings are :
Early Dawn (1861) ; Shining Light (1862) ; Clouds
after Rain (1863) ; Sunset (1864) ; Memoir of Rev.
J. C. Thorn (1868) ; Beacon Lights of the Reforma
tion ( 1889) ; Christ's Valedictory (1900) ; Griev
ing of the Spirit (1902) ; and was a contributor to
the Princeton Review, Homiletic Review, Pulpit
Treasury and Southern Presbyterian Quarterly.
SAMPSON, Archibald J., diplomatist, was
born near Cadiz, Ohio, June 21, 1839. He was
graduated from Mount Union college, Ohio, B.S.,
1861 ; served in the civil war, 1861-65, attaining
the rank of captain, and on his return was grad
uated from the Cleveland Law school, LL.B.,
1865. He was admitted to the bar, 1865, and
began practice in Sedalia, Mo. ; refused nomina
tion to the state legislature, 1872, and the U.S.
consulship to Palestine, 1873, removing in the
latter year to Colorado, where he served as
attorney-general, 1876. He was U.S. consul to
El Paso del Norte, Mexico, 1889-93 ; settled in
Phoenix, Ariz., 1893, and was appointed envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to
Ecuador, South America, in 1897, making his
residence in Quito. He still retained this office
in 1903. He was married first, in 1866, to Kate
Turner of Cadiz, Ohio, who died in 1886 ; and
secondly, in 1891, to Frances S. Wood of Joliet,

111. He received the degree of A.M. from Mount
Union college in 187!).
SAMPSON, John Patterson, author, was born
at Wilmington, N.C, Aug. 13, 1839; son of
James Drawhorn and Fanny (Kellogg) Sampson ;
grandson of Drawhorn and Susan Sampson and
of Manerva (Green) Kellogg, and of Scottish,
Indian and African descent. He attended school
in Cambridge and Boston, Mass., and was grad
uated from the National Law university, Wash
ington, D.C, LL.B., 1868. He published the
Colored Citizen, advocating the enlistment of
negroes, 1861-65 ; took an active part in the re
construction, 1865-68, and attended Western
Theological seminary, Allegheny, Pa., 1868-69.
He was a political worker in Nortli Carolina,
1869-82 ; holding various Federal offices, practis
ing law in Washington, and being a frequent but
unsuccessful candidate for representative in the
North Carolina state legislature and in congress,
relinquishing political life and the law in 1882,
to become a minister in the African M.E. church.
He was one of the founders and for several years
president of the board of managers of the Fred
erick Douglass Memorial hospital and training
school, Philadelphia, founded, 1895. He was mar
ried, Sept. 10, 1889, to Mary A., daughter of Abner
and Mary Elizabeth Cole of Bordentown, N.J.
He received the degree D.D. from Wilberforce
university in 1888, and is the author of : Common
Sense Physiology (1880); Tlie Disappointed Bride
(1883); Temperament and Phrenology of Mixed
Races .(1884); Jolly People (1886), and Illustra
tions in Theology (1888).
SAMPSON, Thornton Rogers, educator, was
born in Prince Edward, Va., Oct. 9, 1852 ; son of
the Rev. Dr. Francis and Caroline (Dudley)
Sampson ; grandson of Richard and Mary (Rogers)
Sampson, and of Russell and Mary (Baldwin)
Dudley, and a descendant of Col. William Bj^rd
of Virginia, and Maria Horsmanden, his wife,
and of George Baldwin of Milford, Conn. He
vvas graduated from Hampden-Sidney college,
A.B., 1871 ; continued his studies in the univer
sities of Virginia and Leipzig, and studied the
ology in Edinburgh, Scotland, and in Union
seminary, Richmond, Va. He was married,
April 30, 1878, to Ella, daughter of Francis and
Helen (Lake) Royster of Memphis, Tenn. He
was engaged in mission work among the Greeks
in Athens and Thessalonica, 1878-92 ; was sec
retary of foreign missions, Presbyterian synod of
North Carolina, 1892-94 ; president of the As
sembly's home and school. Fredericksburg, Va.,
1894-97 ; of Austin college, Sherman, Texas,
1897-1900, and in June of the latter year became
president of the Austin Presbyterian Theological
seminary. He received the honorary degree of
D.D. from Davidson college, N.C, in 1893.
[599]

SAMPSON

SAMPSON

SAMPSON, William Harkness, clergyman,
was born in Brattleboro, Vt. , Sept. 13, 1808 ; son of
Thomas and Eliza (Darling) Sampson ; grandson
of Nathaniel and Nanc}r (Harkness) Sampson and
of Benjamin and Nancy Darling, and of English
ancestry. He attended Ovid academy and Gene
see Wesleyan seminary, N.Y.; taught school in
New York state, 1832-35 ; was licensed to preach
in 1834 ; was principal of School Craft academy,
Mich., 1838, and principal of Carlisle academy,
Ind., 1841-43. He was received in the Indiana
conference in 1840 ; was elected in the Michigan
conference, ,1842, and transferred to the Rock
River conference, serving as pastor at Milwau
kee, Wis., 1842-44, andas presiding elder of Green
Bay district, Wis., 1844-48. He was first presi
dent of the Lawrence Institute of Wisconsin
(now Lawrence university), Appleton, Wis., 1849-
53 ; professor of mathematics at the institute,
1853-58, and held various pastorates in Wiscon
sin, 1861-83, when he removed to Tacoma, Wash.
He was three times married . first, Oct. 4, 1838,
to Rhoda, daughter of Parlia Beebe of Cazenovia,
New York ; secondly, Jan. 2, 1855, to Susan
Minerva, daughter of Rev. Julius and Minerva
(Kellogg) Field of New York state ; thirdly to
Mrs. Sarah Kate Luther of Whitewater, Wis., on
Sept. 10, 1862. He received the honorary degree
of A.M. from McKendree college, Lebanon, 111.,
in 1856. He was actively interested in the Puget
Sound university, Tacoma, to which he donated
his private library and a sum of money for addi
tions. He died in Tacoma, Wash., Feb. 5, 1892.
SAMPSON, William Thomas, naval officer,
was born in Palmyra, N.Y. , Feb. 9, 1840 ; son of
James and Hannah (Walker) Sampson, who emi
grated from the north of Ireland, and settled in
Palmyra, where his father was a laborer. William
attended the public
schools and studied
at home, and in 1857,
through the influence
of E. B. Morgan,
he was appointed a
midshipman in the
U.S. Naval academy,
where he was gradu
ated in 1861. He
, served on the frigate
' Potomac ; and was
promoted master in
1861, and 2d lieuten
ant, July 16, 1862.
He served on the U.S.
practice ship John
Adams, 1862-63 ; was an instructor at the U.S.
Naval academy in 1864 ; served on the Patapsco,
of the South Atlantic blockading squadron off
Charleston, as executive officer, and on Jan. 16,

1865, he was ordered to enter Charleston harbor,
and remove and destroy all submarine mines and
torpedoes protecting the city. Under a heavy
fire the Patapsco succeeded in entering the
harbor, but was blown up by a sunken mine.
Sampson was rescued about one hundred feet
from the wreck, but seventy of his crew were
drowned. He was promoted lieutenant-comman
der, July 25, 1866 ; served on the steam frigate Col
orado, flagship of the European squadron, 1865-
67 ; was stationed at the U.S. Naval academy as in
structor, 1868-71 ; commanded the Congress on the
European station, 1872-73 ; was promoted com
mander, Aug. 9, 1874; assigned to the Alert, and
was again instructor at the Naval academy. 1876-
78. He commanded the Swatara in Chinese waters,
1879-83. He was proficient in science, being
especially interested in physics, chemistry, metal
lurgy and astronomy ; was sent in 1878 to Creston,
Iowa, to report a total eclipse of the sun ; was as
signed to duty as assistant superintendent of the
U.S. Naval observatory, 1882-85 ; was on duty at
the torpedo station, Newport, R.I. ; a member of
the international prime meridian council in 1884 ;
a member of the board of fortifications and other
defences, 1885-86, and a delegate to the interna
tional maritime conference in 1889. He was
promoted captain in March, 1889, and commanded
the cruiser San Francisco during a tour of duty
on the Pacific coast, 1890-93. He was chief of
the bureau of ordnance, 1893-97, and on June 16,
1897, was given command of the battleship Iowa,
at that time the most formidable vessel in the
U.S. navy. He was presiding officer of the board
of inquiry to ascertain the cause of the destruc
tion of the battleship Maine in Havana harbor,
in February, 1898, and on the outbreak of the
war with Spain, he commanded the North
Atlantic squadron, with the rank of acting rear-
admiral. He was commander-in-chief of the
U.S. naval forces operating in the North Atlantic
off the coast of Cuba, and planned the blockade
of the harbor of Santiago that effectually pre
vented the escape of the Spanish fleet under
Cervera. The blockading fleet was arranged in
a semi-circle six miles from the entrance of the
harbor by day, and four by night. The fleet co
operated with the land forces under General
Shatter, who had his headquarters at Sebony,
and on the morning of July 3, Sampson, in his
flagship New York, left the squadron in order to
confer with Shafter at that place. During his
absence the Spanish fleet was discovered coming
out of the harbor, and by concerted action of the
captains in command of the respective blockading
vessels they immediately closed in and engaged
the enemy. A running fight was kept up for about
four hours, when the Spanish fleet was entirely de
stroyed. The New York returned in time to witness

[600]

SAMSON

SANBORN

the close of the great naval battle, but was unable
to get within range. The fleet then co-operated
with Shafter in the bombardment of Santiago,

•¦¦NEW YORK'

July 10-11, 1898 ; and after the surrender of the
Spanish land forces Sampson was appointed a
member of the commission to arrange for the
evacuation of Cuba. He was promoted com
modore, July 6, 1898 ; made an extended cruise in
West Indian waters in 1899, and returned to the
United States in the spring of 1899. A difference
of opinion between the respective admirers of
Sampson and Schley, as to the relative part taken
by each in the destruction of the Spanish fleet,
carried on by the press, prevented the prompt
advance in rank of any of the participants in the
Santiago campaign, and in answer to a letter
from Sampson addressed to the President, March
9, 1899, in which he offered to waive all personal
interests, if the other officers could receive ad
vancement as recommended by him, President
McKinley, on March 13, 1899, commended his dis
interested action, assured him of the highest
appreciation of his services as commander-in-chief
of the Atlantic naval forces in blockading Cuba,
co-operating with the army and directing the
movements that after the most effective prepara
tion consummated in the destruction of the
Spanish fleet, and reminded him that it was in
recognition of such services that he had recom
mended him to the senate for the advancement
he had earned. In 1899 a jewelled sword was
presented him by the state of New Jersey. He
was promoted rear-admiral, March 3, 1899 ; com
manded the Charlestown navy yard, Mass., 1899-
1902, and was retired, Jan. 1, 1902. The honorary
degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Yale
in 1901. He was twice married; first, in 1863, to
Margaret Seton Aldrich of Palmyra, and secondly,
1882, to Elizabeth Susan Burling of Rochester,
N.Y. He died in Washington, D.C, May 6, 1902.
SAMSON, George Whitefieid, educator, was
born at Harvard, Mass., Sept. 29, 1819 ; son of the
Rev. Abisha and Mehetable (Kenrick) Samson,
and seventh in descent from Abraham Samson,
one of the early Plymouth Pilgrims, and also
(maternally) from one of the early Boston Puri
tans. He attended the Worcester Manual Labor [601

school, 1833-35, was graduated at Brown in 1839,
and at the Newton Theological institution in
1843, and was assistant principal at the Worcester
Manual Labor school, 1839-40. He was ordained
to the Baptist ministry at Washington, D.C, in
August, 18-13, and was pastor of the E Street
Baptist church, 1843-47. He spent the following ,
year abroad, was pastor at Jamaica Plain, Mass.,
1845-52, and in Washington, D.C, 1852-58. He
was president of Columbian college, 1858-71, of
Rutgers female college, 1871-75. He was pastor
of the First Baptist church of Harlem, N.Y.,
1873-81, and of a New York city church, 1881-84.
In 1886 he again became president of Rutgers
Female college, holding the position until his
death. He was a member of the American Phi
lological society, and president of the Bible
Workers' college, 1884-96. Columbian university
conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1883.
He is the author of : Sermon on theDeath of Sarah
C. Green ( 1849) ; To Daimonion, or the Spiritual
Medium (1852) ; Outlines of the History of Ethics
(1860); Elements of Art Criticism (1867); Physical
Media in Spiritual Manifestations (1869) Memo
rial Discourse on Joel' Smith Bacon (1870); The
Atonement (1878); Divine Law as to Wines (1880);
English Revisers' Greek Text Unauthorized (1882);
Creation and Immortality (1882); Guide to Self
Education (1886); Guide to Bible Interpretation
(1887) ; Idols of Fashion and Culture (1888) ;
Classic Test of Authorship applied to the Scripture
(1893). He died in New York city, Aug. 8, 1896.
SAMUELS, Edward Augustus, naturalist, was
born in Boston, Mass., July 4, 1836 ; son of
Emanuel and Abigail (Zanki) Samuels ; grand
son of Isaac and Ruth Samuels and of Antonio
and Abigail (Palmer) Zanki. He attended the
public schools and began his literary work early
in life. He was connected with the state board
of agriculture, 1860-81, and was president of the
Massachusetts Fish and Game Protective associa
tion, 1885-92. He originated a process of engrav
ing by photography, directly from nature, or from
a photographic print. He married, June 28, 1869,
Susan Blagge, daughter of Commodore Charles
H. B. Caldwell of Waltham, Mass. She became
known as a writer of juvenile tales. Mr. Samuels
contributed frequently to the United States and
Massachusetts agricultural reports, and is the
author of : Ornithology and Oology of New Eng
land (1867); Among the Birds (1867); Mammalogy
of New England (1868); The Living World (1868-
70) ; With Fly-Rod and Camera (1890) ; With Rod
and Gun in New England and the Maritime
Provinces (1897).
SANBORN, Edwin David, educator, was born
inGilmantown, N.H., May 14, 1808 ; sonof David
E. and Hannah (Hook) Sanborn. He was grad
uated from Dartmouth, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835;

SANBORN

SANBORN

studied law, and afterward took a course in
divinity at Andover Theological seminary ; was
a tutor at Dartmouth, 1835 ; professor of Latin
and Greek languages, 1835-57, and professor of
Latin language and literature, 1837-39. He vvas
married, Dec. 11, 1837, to Mary Ann, daughter of
Ezekiel Webster, and niece of Daniel Webster.
He was professor of classical literature and his
tory, Washington university, St. Louis, Mo., 1859-
63 ; professor of oratory and belles-lettres at
Dartmouth, 1863-80 ; librarian, 1866-74 ; Winkley
professor of Anglo Saxon and English language
and literature, 1880-82, and professor emeritus,
1882-85. He was elected to the state legislature
several times. He received the degree of LL.D.
from the University of Vermont in 1859 and from
Dartmouth in 1879. He is the author of : Lectures
on Education ; A Eulogy on Daniel Webster (1853);
History of New Hampshire (1875). He died in
New York city, Dec. 29, 1885.
SANBORN, Franklin Benjamin, journalist and
reformer, was bom in Hampton Falls, N.H.,
Dec. 15, 1831 : son of Aaron and Lydia (Leavitt)
Sanborn ; grandson of Benjamin and Hannah
(Blake) Sanborn and of Thomas and Hannah
(Melcher) Leavitt, and a descendant of Lieut.
John Sanborn, who settled in Hampton about
1638, and married Anne, the daughter of the
Rev. Stephen Bachiler. His brother, Charles
Henry, was a prominent physician in New Hamp
shire, a member of the state legislature and
author of " The North and the South" (1856).
Franklin Benjamin Sanborn attended Phillips
Exeter academy, and was graduated from Har
vard college iri 1855 ; taught school in Concord,
Mass., 1855-63; was chosen secretary of the
Massachusetts state Kansas committee in 1856,
and was secretary of the state board of charities,
1863-68; a member, 1870-76, and chairman, 1874-
76, and state inspector of charities, 1879-89. He
was treasurer of the first National conference of
charities, 1874, and again in 1886-88 ; president
in 1880-81 ; was one of the organizers of the
American Social Science association in 1865,
and its secretary, 1865-98 ; a founder of the
National Prison association; the National Con
ference of Charities ; the Clarke School for the
Deaf, and the Concord School of Philosophy. He
was a lecturer at Cornell, Smith and Wellesley
colleges, and at the Concord School of Philosophy.
He was twice married ; first, Aug. 23, 1854, to
Ariana, daughter of Jane and Sarah (Smith)
Walker of Peterborough, N.H. ; and secondly,
July 15, 1862, to Louisa, daughter of Joseph and
Eliza (Yendell) Leavitt of Boston, Mass. He
was editor of the Boston Commonwealth, 1863-64,
the Springfield Republican, 1868-72, and the
Journal of Social Science, 1876-97 ; editor of
twenty state reports on charities and labor, and

of Channing's "Wanderer " (1871) ; Alcott's " Son
nets and Canzonets" (1882), and "New Con
necticut" (1887) ; also of Channing's " Poems of
Sixty-Five Years" (1902); "Thoreau, the Poet-
Naturalist" (1902). He is the author of two
biographies of Emerson, three of Thoreau, one of
A. Bronson Alcott, one of Dr. S. G. Howe, two
of John Brown, and one of Dr. Earle ; also of a
History of New Hampshire (1903) . A bronze bust
of Mr. Sanborn by F. E. Elwell was presented
to the Historical Society of Kansas, and was
placed in the state capitol at Topeka, in October,
1902. SANBORN, John Benjamin, soldier, was born
in Epsom, N.H., Dec. 5, 1826. He attended
Dartmouth college, studied law, was admitted to
the bar in July, 1854, and removed to St. Paul,
Minn., where he established himself in practice.
He was appointed adjutant-general and quarter
master-general of the state, and upon the out
break of the civil war, he organized five regi
ments of infantry, a cavalry battalion, and two
artillery batteries, which he sent to the field.
He was appointed colonel of the 4th Minnesota
volunteers, and commanded the 1st brigade, 2d
division, Army of the Mississippi, under Major-
General William. S. Rosecrans at the battle of
Iuka, Miss., Sept. 19, 1862. He commanded the
4th Minnesota regiment attached to the 1st brig
ade, 3rd division, Army of the Mississippi, 'at the
battle of Corinth, Oct. 3rd-4th, 1862, and com
manded the 1st brigade, 7th division, 17th army
corps, Army of the Tennessee, under General
Grant, in the Vicksburg campaign, taking part
in the battle of Jackson, Champion's Hill, and in
the assault on Vicksburg, May 22, 1863, ami he
led the advance after the surrender of Vicks
burg. He commanded the district of Southwest
Missouri, at Springfield, and took part in the
pursuit of Gen. Sterling Price through Missouri.
In 1865 he was engaged against the Indians in
Upper Arkansas, and concluded a treaty at the
mouth of the Little Arkansas, in October, 1865,
and was appointed by President Johnson to settle
the Indian difficulties in the southeast. He was
a member of the Indian peace commission, 1867—
68, and served as a representative in the Minne
sota legislature, 1872 and 1881, and state senator,
1891. He was three times married : first, on
March 17, 1857, to Catharine Hall of Newton,
N.J. ; secondly, on Nov. 26, 1865, to Anna Nixon
of Bridgeton, N.J., and thirdly, on April 18,
1880, to Rachel Rice of St. Paul, Minn. In 1903
he was still practising law in St. Paul, Minn.
SANBORN, Katherine Abbott, author, was
born in Hanover, N.H., July 11, 1839 ; daughter
of Professor Edwin David (q.v.) and Mary Ann
(Webster) Sanborn. She taught a day-school at
Hanover, N.H., 1858-60; at Mary institute, con-

[602]

SANBORN

SANDERS

nected with Washington university, St. Louis,
1860-63 ; at Packer institute, Brooklyn, and was
professor of English literature in Smith college,
1880-86. Later she became a newspaper corre
spondent, lecturer, and writer for magazines, on
education, literature and household economy.
Her books, written under the name " Kate San
born,'' include : Home Pictures of English Poets
(1869); Round Table Series of Literary Lessons
(1884); Vanity and Insanity of Genius (1885);
Adopting an Abandoned Farm (1890); lly Liter
ary Zoo (1892); A Truthful Woman in Southern
California (1897); Abandoning anAdopted Farm
(1899); Favorite Lectures (1900) ; besides a series
of successful calendars.
SANBORN, Walter Henry, jurist, was born
on Sanborn's Hill, Epsom, N.H. , Oct. 19,1845;
eldest son of Henry F. and Eunice (Davis) San
born ; grandson of Frederick and Lucy (Sargent)
Sanborn and of Rufus and Sallie (Beaman) Davis,
and lineal descendant of Eliphalet Sanborn of
Epsom, who served in the Colonial army in the
French and Indian war ; served with the New
Hampshire militia at Late Cliamplain and at
Ticonderoga in 1777, and was present at Bur
goyne's surrender ; also of William Sanborn, bom
in 1622, who came from England to Hampton,
N.H. , about 1632, with his grandfather, Stephen
Bacbiler, and served in King Philip's war ; also
of Rev. Benjamin Sargent, who enlisted iu the
third New Hampshire Continental regiment for
three years on March 31, 1777, and served through
the war, participating in the battle of Saratoga,
and being present at the surrender of Burgoyne.
Walter Henry Sanborn was raised on the ancestral
farm of three hundred acres on Sanborn's Hill,
which was acquired by his ancestor, Reuben San
born, in 1762, and descended to the eldest son of
each generation. He was fitted for college at the
public schools and academies of Epsom and Pitts
field, N.H., and graduated from Dartmouth,
A.B., 1867, A.M., 1870. He was principal of the
high school at Milford, N.H., 1867-1870 ; studied
law with Bainbridge Wadleigh (q.v.), and re
moved to St. Paul, Minn., in February, 1870,
being admitted to the bar in the supreme court
of Minnesota in 1871 ; practised law in St. Paul
with his uncle, Gen. John B. Sanborn (q.v.), 1871-
92, and on March 17, ' 1892, was commissioned
U.S. circuit judge for the eighth judicial circuit.
On Nov. 10, 1874, he vvas married to Emily
Francis, daughter of John E. and Mary (Whitte
more) Bruce of Milford, N.H. He was a member
of the city council of St. Paul, 1878-80 and 1885-
1892 ; president of the Union League of St. Paul,
1890, of the St. Paul Bar association, 1890-91 ; and .
a member of various other organizations. He
received the honorary degree of LL.D. fromDart-
mouth in 1893.

SANDEMAN, Robert, religious leader, was
born in Perth, Scotland, in 1718. He was edu
cated in the University of Edinburgh, engaged in
the linen trade, and married Catharine, daughter
of the Rev. John and Katharine (Black) Glass.
The Rev. John Glass was the founder of the sect
known first as tin.' Glassites, and later as the
Sandemanions. Robert Sandeman systematized
the opinion of Glass and was made an elder, es
tablishing churches in the principal cities of Scot
land, in London, and other towns in England.
He came to America accompanied by Mr. James
Cargill in 1764, and was mainly instrumental in
the establishment of several churches in New Eng
land, one of which was located in Danbury, an
other in Boston, Mass., and a third in Portsmouth,
N.H. Subsequently Taunton and Newton, Mass.,
held congregations. In 1765 he located in Danbury,
Conn., where much controversy was aroused by
his views. Among the distinctive practices of the
sect are community of goods, abstinence from
blood and from things strangled, love-feasts, and
weekly celebration of the communion. The main
cause of the decline of this sect was its division
into two parties, one being called the Osbornites
from their teacher, Levi Osborne, and the other
the Baptist Sandemanians from their practice of
baptism. During the Revolution the Sandeman
ians were principally loyalists. Robert Sande
man died at Danbury, Conn., April 2, 1771.
SANDERS, Daniel Clarke, educator, was born
in Sturbridge, Mass. , May 3, 1768 ; son of Micah and
Azubah (Clarke) Sanders ; grandson of Daniel and
Sarah (Metcalf) Sanders ; and of Moses Clarke.
He vvas graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1788, A.M.,
1791 ; taught in the Cambridge grammar school,
1788-90 ; vvas licensed to preach in 1790, and or
dained, June 12, 1794. He was pastor of the Con
gregational church at Vergennes, Vt., 1794-99;
secretaiy of the corporation of the University of
Vermont and principal of its preparatory de
partment, 1800-04 ; and first president of the Uni
versity of Vermont, 1800-14, personally directing
all branches of study, 1800-06. He also preached
at Burlington, Vt. , 1799-1807 ; was pastor of the
Unitarian church at Medfield, Mass., 1815-29, and
subsequently chairman of the Medfield board of
selectmen and of the school committee. He was
a member of the Massachusetts constitutional
convention in 1820, and of the committed of the
General Court on the revision of the general
statutes, 1832-85. He was married to Nancy,
daughter of Dr. Jabez Fitch of Canterbury, Conn.
Harvard gave him the degree of D.D. in 1809. He
is the author of : History of the Indian Wars with
the First Settlers of the United States (1813), and
about thirty discourses, commencement and con
troversial addresses published in pamphlet form.
He died in Medfield, Mass., Oct. 18, 1850.

[603]

SANDERS

SANDERS

SANDERS, Daniel Jackson, educator, was
born at Winnsboro, S.C, Feb. 15, 1847. His
parents were slaves. He was a student at Brain
ard Institute, Chester, S.C. ; was graduated
from Western Theological seminary in 1874, and
was ordained by the presbytery of Fairfield in
1870. He was pastor at Wilmington, N.C, 1874-
86 ; and was married, Sept. 16, 1880, to Fannie T.,
daughter of George W. and Eliza Price of Wil
mington. He founded the Africo- American
Presbyterian in 1879, of which he became editor
and proprietor. In 1891 he became president of
Biddle university, Charlotte, N.C, an institution
for the education of Negro youths. He vvas a
member of the General council of Presbyterian
churches held in Toronto in 1892, also the one
held in Washington in 1898, and was repeatedly
a member of the Presbyterian General assembly.
He received the honorary degrees A.M. and D.D.
from Lincoln university. Pa., and D.D. from
Biddle university, N.C.
SANDERS, Frank Knight, educator, was born
at Batticotta, Jaffna, Ceylon, June 5, 1861 ; son
of the Rev. Marshall Danforth and Georgiana
(Knight) Sanders ; grandson of Anthony and
Celinda (Brown) Sanders and of Joseph and Ruby
(Hyde) Knight, and a descendant of Chad Brown
(1638). He was graduated from Ripon col
lege, Wis., in 1882; spent the next four years as
an instructor in Jaffna college, Ceylon, and
studied Semitic languages and Biblical literature
at YTale, 1886-89, taking the degree of Ph.D. in
1889. He was married, June 27, 1888, to Edith,
daughter of Morris and Mary Elizabeth (Billings)
Blackman of Whitewater, Wis. He was Woolsey
professor of Biblical literature at Yale, 1893-1901,
and on Oct. 1, 1901, became professor of Biblical
history and archaeology and dean of the Divinity
school at Yale university. In 1900 he was elected
president of Iowa college, Grinnell, Iowa, which
position he declined. He became a member of
the American Oriental society, the Society for
Biblical Literature and Exegesis, and of the
American Archaeological association, and pre
sident (1903-04) of the Religious Education society.
He received the honorary degree of D.D. from
Ripon college in 1900. He is the author, with
Professor C. F. Kent, of : Tlie Messages ofthe Ear
lier Prophets (1898); Tlie Messages of the Later
Prophets (1899) ; and co-editor, with Prof. C. F.
Kent, of Tlie Historical Series for Bible Students
(10 vols., 1896); the Messages of the Bible (13
vols., 1898), and the Library of Ancient Inscrip
tions (10 vols., 1903).
SANDERS, Frederic William, educator, was
born in Westchester county, N.Y., Jan. 17, 1864 ;
son of Dr. Henry and Frances Clara (Smith)
Sanders ; grandson of Henry L. and Barbara
(Vaughan) Sanders and of William and Elizabeth

(Scott) Smith. His mother's ancestors were
among the early settlers of New England, but his
father was an Englishman, although he served as
a medical officer in the U.S. army during the
civil war. He was graduated from the College of
the City of New York, A.B., 1883 ; was engaged
as a tutor, editor, government employee and law
clerk, 1883-87 ; as a law proof-reader, Rochester,
N.Y7., 1887-88 ; was admitted to the bar in New
York, 1887, and practised law in eastern Ten
nessee, 1838-91. He was a student in the Divinity
¦ school of Harvard, 1891-92, receiving the degree
of A.M. upon examination from that university
in 1892 ; was minister of the Unitarian church,
Asheville, N.C, 1892-93 ; subsequently continued
his studies in the University of Chicago, being
graduated, Ph.D., 1895, and was university fellow
in sociology, Columbia university, New York
city, 1895-96. Dr. Sanders returned to the Uni
versity of Chicago in the latter year, where he
held the position of university extension lecturer
in sociology and pedagogy, 1896-97 ; was lecturer-
elect on statistics and social economics in the
graduate school of the university, 1897 ; was as
sistant professor, first of pedagogy and then of
European history, and finally professor in West
Virginia university, 1897-99 ; and was president
of the New Mexico College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts, 1899-1901, officiating also as pro
fessor of political and economic science. He is
the author of reviews in the Political Science
Quarterly, the American Journal of Sociology,
the Journal of Political Economy, and of mono
graphs and papers on sociological and philosoph
ical subjects, published independently or in
scientific or popular magazines. He resigned the
presidency of the territorial college of New-
Mexico and his seat in the territorial board of
education in 1901, traveled in Europe, 1901-02,
and on his return to America in 1902 took up his
residence in New York.
SANDERS, John Caldwell Calhoun, soldier,
was born in Tuscaloosa county, Ala., April 4,
1840 ; son of Dr. Charles Peak and Elizabeth
Ann (Thompson) Sanders of Charleston, S.C. ;
grandson of William and Martha (Ditmore)
Sanders and of Dr. Matthew and Arabella (Keys)
Thompson. His paternal grandfather, a native
of England, emigrated to Charleston, S.C. His
maternal ancestors resided in Anderson district,
S.C He was a cadet in the University of
Alabama, and was the first member of the student
body to leave that institution in 1861 to join the
Confederate States army. He at once volunteered
as a private in a military company raised in
Greene county, and on the reorganization of this
command was elected its captain, assigned to the
llth Alabama regiment, and he was with his
company at Seven Pines, Gaines's Mill, and

[604]

SANDERS

SANDERSON

Frayser's Farm. In the last-named battle he was
severely wounded. Promoted to the colonelcy of
his regiment, he led it at Fredericksburg, and
was conspicuously gallant at Salem Church. At
Gettysburg he was wounded, and in the winter
of 1863-64, he was president of the division court-
martial. At the Wilderness he commanded his
regiment, and after General Perrin fell, he led
the brigade to the assault of the horse-shoe
salient, recapturing a part of the lost works.
For his gallantry here on May 31, 1864, he was
made a brigadier-general. His brigade consisted
of the 8th, 9th, 10th llth, and 14th Alabama regi
ments. In an assault on the enemy's lines, June
22, 1864, near Petersburg, General Sanders was
the first to mount the breastworks, and the
brigade captured more men than it numbered.
The brigade fought, June 23, 25, 29, and 30, the
last being the battle of the Crater, when it re
took the lost position. At Deep Bottom, Aug.
16, he again distinguished himself while com
manding his own and a North Carolina brigade.
On Aug. 21, he led the brigade against the heavy
force of the enemy which had seized the Weldon
railroad. The Confederates drove back two lines
of battle, but upon emerging from the woods,
they were confronted by a line of defences and
were obliged to seek shelter in the woods. Gen
eral Sanders, who had advanced on foot, was
struck by a minie ball which passed through both
thighs, severing the femoral arteries. His death
occurred on the following day, Aug. 22, 1864.
SANDERS, Thomas Jefferson, educator, was
born near Burbank, Ohio, Jan. 18, 1855 ; son of
Isaac and Mary (Stratton) Sanders, and grand
son of Henry Sanders. He was graduated from
Otterbein university, A.B., 1878, A.M., 1881, and
was married in June, 1878, to Gertrude, daughter
of the Rev. Charles A. and Emeline Slater of
Burbank. He was superintendent of public
schools', 1878-91 ; tenth president of the Otterbein
university, also occupying the Westerville chair
of philosophy, 1891-1901, and in 1901 assumed the
John Hulitt chair of philosophy there. He re
ceived the degree of Ph. D. from Wooster uni
versity in 1888. He is the author of : Philosophy
of the Christian Religion (1888) ; Transcenden
talism (1889) ; God: the Ultimate a priori Condi
tion (1890) ; The Unconscious in Education (1887) ;
The Place and Purpose of the College (1890) ; Tlie
Nature and End of Education (1889).
SANDERS, Wilbur Fiske, senator, was born
at Leon, N.Y., May 2, 1834 ; son of Ira and Free-
dona (Edgerton) Sanders. He removed to Ohio,
where he taught school, studied law and was ad
mitted to the bar in 1856. In 1858 he was married
to Harriet P. Fenn. He was commissioned 1st
lieutenant in the 64th Ohio volunteers in 1861 ;
was acting assistant adjutant-general on the staff

of Gen. J. W. Forsyth ; was employed on the de
fences south of Nashville, 1862, and resigned in
1863, because of ill health. He then removed to
Montana, where he practised law, engaged in min
ing and was active in the prosecution of robbers
and murderers before the " law and order" tribu
nals. He was attorney for the Northern Pacific
railroad company ; unsuccessful Republican can
didate for delegate to congress, 1864, 1867, 1880 and
1896 ; a delegate to the Republican national con
ventions of 1868, 1872, 1876, 1884 ; a member of
the legislative assembly of Montana, 1872-80 ; de
clined the appointment of U.S. attorney for
Montana ; was president of the Montana His
torical society, 1865-90, and U.S. senator, 1890-
93, having been elected on Dec. 30, 1889, by the
Republican members of the state legislature.
On Jan. 7, 1890. the Democratic members elec
ted William A. Clark. Senator Sanders was
seated for the short term expiring, March 3,
1893, and was a candidate for re-election when
a deadlock in the legislature prevented a choice
from Jan. 11, to March 2, 1893, when Senator
Clarke was elected, Senator Sanders's name being
withdrawn, Feb. 10, 1893.
SANDERSON, Joseph, clergyman and author,
was born near Bally boy, county Monaghan, Ire
land, May 23, 1823 ; son of Samuel and Sarah
(Brooks) Sanderson, and of Scotch Irish ancestry.
His grandparents, James and Margaret Sanderson,
came from Scotland about 1700. He vvas gradu
ated with honors from Royal college, Belfast, in
1845, came to the United States in 1846, was an
instructor in Washington institute, New York
city, 1847-48, studied theology in the Associate
Presbyterian church, 1847-49, and was licensed to
preach in the latter year. He was pastor in
Providence, R.I., where he built a church, 1849-
52 ; in New York city, where he built a church,
1852-69, and in Westport, Conn., 1870-70. He
was married, first, June 7, 1850, to Isabella Field,
who died, Oct. 6, 1863 ; and secondly, Oct. 17,
1865, to Arminella Gillespie, who died, April 10,
1880. He was the editor of the Homiletic Monthly,
1876-83, of the Pulpit Treasury, 1883-95, and was
made secretary of the church extension com
mittee of the New York presbytery in 1896. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him
in 1865 by the University of Columbia (now ex
tinct), Kittanning, Pa., and that of LL.D. by the
University of Omaha in 1890. He is the author
of : Jesus on the Holy Mount (1869); Memorial Trib
utes (1883) ; Thoughts for the Occasion, Patriotic
and Secular (1892) ; The Bow in the Cloud (1888) ;
Shots at Sundry Targets (1886) ; Manual for Fu
nerals (1894) ; Tlie Story of St. Patrick (1895) ;
Man's Seal to God's Word (1902) ; New York City
as a Mission Field (1900). In 1903 Dr. Sanderson
was residing in New York city.

[605]

SANDS

SANDS

SANDS, Benjamin Franklin, naval officer,
was born in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 11, 1811. He
was appointed from Kentucky midshipman in the
U.S. navjr, April 1, 1828 ; was warranted passed
midshipman, June 14, 1834, served on the U.S.
coast survey, 1836-41 ; was promoted lieutenant,
March 16, 1840, and served on board the Columbus
of the Mediterranean squadron, 1842-44. He was
at the naval observatory in 1846, and attached to
the Home squadron in 1847, where he took part
in the expedition up the Tabasco river and at
Tuspan. He commanded the Porpoise off the
west coast of Africa, 1848-50 ; served on the coast
survey, 1851-58, and was promoted commander,
Sept. 14, 1855. He was on duty in the bureau of
construction, 1859-60 ; commanded the coast sur
vey steamer Active, 1861-62 ; was promoted cap
tain, July 16, 1862, and commanded the Dacotah on
the North Atlantic blockading squadron in 1863,
with which ' vessel he took part in the engage
ment at Fort Caswell, Feb. 23, 1863. He com
manded the steamer Fort Jackson of the same
squadron, 1864-65, engaging in both attacks on
Fort Fisher and in the blockade of Wilmington,
N.C. He was senior officer in command of the
division, 1862-65 ; commanded the division on
blockade off the coast of Texas, February to June,
1865, and took formal possession of Galveston,
Tex., the last stronghold surrendered by the Con
federates, June 2, 1865. He was promoted com
modore, July 25, 1866 ; was stationed at the Boston
navy yard, 1865-66, and was superintendent of the
naval observatory at Washington, D.C, 1867-73.
He was promoted rear admiral, April 27, 1871 ; re
tired, Feb. 11, 1874, and resided in Washington.
He is the author of From Reefer to Rear Admiral,
an autobiography compiled by F. B. P. Sands
(1897). He died in Washington, June 30, 1883.
SANDS, James Hoban, naval officer, was born
in Washington, D.C, July 12, 1845 ; son of Ben
jamin Franklin and Henrietta Maria (French)
Sands ; grandson of Benjamin Norris and Rebecca
(Hook) Sands, and of William and Anna Rosetta
(Halverson) French. He was appointed to the U.S.
Naval academy from Maryland in 1859, and was
graduated in 1863, becoming an ensign in the
same year. He was on duty with the North
Atlantic blockading squadron, 1863-65, and with
the India squadron, 1865-68 ; was promoted
lieutenant in 1866, and lieutenant-commander,
1868. He was married in October, 1869, to Mary
Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Worsam Meade
(q.v.) and Clara Forsyth (Meigs) Meade. He was
promoted a commander in 1880, and captain,
Sept. 7, 1894. During the war with Spain, he
commanded the crusier Columbia. From Aug.
30, 1898, to Sept. 17, 1901, he w^as governor of the
United States Naval home, Philadelphia, Pa.
On April 11, 1902, he was promoted rear-admiral,

and in June, 1902, was ordered to the command
of the navy yard and station at League Island,
Pa. SANDS, Joshua Ratoon, naval officer, was born
in Brooklyn, N.Y., May 13, 1795; son of the Hon.
Joshua Sands. He was appointed midshipman
in the U.S. navy, June 18, 1812 ; served under
Commodore Chauncey on Lake Ontario, in the
action with the Royal George ; was transferred
to the Madison in April, 1813, and carried orders
from Chauncey to the different vessels during the
engagement resulting in the capture of Toronto,
and also took part in the capture of Fort George.
He was attached to the Pike, and served on shore
in a battery in 1814, until ordered to the frigate
Superior. He was attached to the Washington
in the Mediterranean, 1815-18 ; was promoted lieu
tenant, April 1, 1818, served on board the Hornet
off the coast of Africa, and in the West Indies in
1819; on the Franklin on Pacific coast, 1821-24;
on the Vandalia, Brazil, 1828-30 ; was on re
cruiting duty, 1830-40 ; was promoted commander,
Feb. 23, 1841, and was>at the navy yard, New
York, 1841-43. He commanded the Falmouth in
the Gulf and West Indies, 1843-45 ; the Vixen
during the Mexican war ; took part in the capture
of Alverado, Tabasco and Laguna, and was made
governor of Laguna. He engaged the castle of
San Juan d'Ulloa from Point Horwas in the
attack on Vera Cruz ; assisted in the capture of

VtRA CRUZ-
Tampico and Tuspan in 1847, and was intrusted
with various trophies of war, which he conveyed
home, together with despatches and a letter to
the navy department commending his action in
the engagements. He commanded the North
Carolina, 1848-50 ; the frigate St. Lawrence at
the World's fair in England, and at Portugal in
1851, and was promoted captain, P'eb. 25, 1854.
He commanded the Susquehanna in Central Amer
ica ; in the Mediterranean and in England, 1856 ;
was engaged in laying the Atlantic cable in 1857,
and was a member of the expedition to Central
America against General Walker's filibusters.
He commanded the Brazilian squadron on the
flagship Congress, 1859-61; was retired by. age
limit, Dec. 21, 1861, and was promoted com
modore on the retired list, July 16, 1862, and rear-
admiral, July 25, 1866. He served as light-house
inspector on Lakes Erie and Ontario anc| the St.
Lawrence river, 1862-66, and as port-admiral at
Norfolk, Va., 1869-72. He gave the sword and

[606]

SANDS

SANFORD

epaulets presented him by the citizens of Brook
lyn, N.Y., and the gold snuff-box inlaid with
diamonds, the gift of Queen Victoria in 1851, to
the Historical society of Brooklyn. He was
senior officer of the navy on the retired list at
the time of his death, which occurred in Balti
more, Md., Oct. 2, 1883.
SANDS, Robert Charles, author, was born in
Flatbush, Long Island, N.Y., May 11, 1799; son
of Comfort and Cornelia (Lott) Sands. His father,
a well-known merchant and patriot of New York
city, was a delegate to the state constitutional
convention of 1777, and a member of the state
assembly for several years. Robert was grad
uated from Columbia college, A.B., 1815, A.M.,
1818, and engaged in literature and the study of
law. He had edited two periodicals while in
college ; contributed a series of essays to the
Daily Advertiser, and with James Wallis East-
burn, he wrote " Yamoyden," a poem (1820). He
was admitted to the bar in 1820, declined the
professorship of belles lettres in Dickinson col
lege, and resumed his literary work. He was
one of the founders of the St. Tammany Mag
azine, 1828-24 ; issued the Atlantic Magazine in
1824, and when it was changed to the New York
Review in 1825, he joined with William Cullen
Bryant in its conduct. In 1827 he became an
editor of the Commercial Advertiser, and remained
as such till his death. He published The Talis
man, which appeared annually, 1828-30, in which
he was joined by William Cullen Bryant and
Gulian C. Verplanck, and which was re-published
under the title Miscellanies. He contributed
the humorous introduction to " Tales of Glauber
Spa" (2 vols., 1832), and is the author of: Life
and Correspondence of Paul Jones (1831). His
works were edited with a memoir by Gulian C.
Verplanck (2 vols., 1834). He died in Hoboken,
N.J., Dec. 17, 1832.
SANFORD, Edward, poet, was born in Albany,
N.Y., July 8, 1805 ; son of the Hon. Nathan San
ford (q.v.). He was graduated at Union college,
A.B., 1824, A.M., 1827, and studied law. but
abandoned it for journalism. He edited a
Brooklyn paper ; was employed on the New York
Standard; the New York Times, 1836-37, and
was an associate editor of the Globe at Washing
ton, D.C, 1837-38. He was appointed assistant
naval officer at the port of New York in 1838 ;
was secretary to the commission appointed to
restore the duties on goods destroyed by the great
fire of 1835, and a member of the state senate in
1843. He contributed stories and poems to the
leading New York periodicals. Among his well
known poems are : To Black Hawk; To a Mos
quito; The Loves of the Shell-Fishes, and a
Cliarcoal Sketch of Pot-Pie Palmer. He died in
Gowanda, N.Y., Aug. 28, 1876.

SANFORD, Edward Terry, lawyer, was born
in Knoxville, Tenn., July 23, 1865 ; son of Edward
Jackson and Emma (Chavannes) Sanford ; grand
son of John W. and Altha (Fanton) Sanford and
of Adrien and Anna (Francillon) Chavannes, and
a descendant of Thomas Sanford, who came to
America in 1631 with the John Winthrop colony.
He was graduated from the University of Ten
nessee, A.B. and Ph. B., 1883; from Harvard
college, A.B., 1885 (A.M., 1889), and from Har
vard Law school, LL.B., 1889. He was admitted
to the Tennessee bar, and began practice in
Knoxville in 1889, where he was married, Jan. 6,
1891, to Lutie Mallory, daughter of William Wal
lace and Ella (Conelly) Woodruff of Knoxville,
Tennessee. He was president of the University
of Tennessee Alumni association, 1892-93 ; was
elected a trustee of the university, 1897, and in
1899, chairman of the finance committee of the
board of trustees, and was appointed lecturer in
the university law school, 1898. He also served
as a vice-president of the Tennessee Bar associa
tion, 1896-97 and 1901-02, and of the American
Bar association, 1899-1900 ; was elected a trustee
of East Tennessee Female institute, 1900, and ap
pointed a charter member of Knoxville hospital,
1899. He is the author of : Blount College and
the University of Tennessee, centennial address
(1894) ; The Constitutional Convention of Ten
nessee of 1796, for the Proceedings of the Tennes
see Bar association (1896); Biographical List of
the Trustees of Blount College, East Tennessee
College, East Tennessee University and Univer
sity of Tennessee (1898).
SANFORD, Henry Shelton, diplomatist, was
born in. Woodbury, Conn., June 15, 1823 ; son of
Nehemiah C. and  (Shelton) Sanford. He
attended Washington (Trinity) college and was
graduated from Heidelberg university ; was at
tache to the U.S. embassy at St. Petersburg, 1847-
48 ; was appointed acting secretary of the U.S.
legation at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1848 : secre
tary of the U.S. legation, Paris, 1849-53, and U.S.
charge d' affaires at Paris, 1853-54, when he re
signed. He was U.S. minister to Belgium, 1861-
69 ; and for a time, during the war, he had super
vision of the secret service in Europe, with head
quarters at London and Paris, and negotiated and
signed the Scheldt treaty with Belgium, attended
the first consular convention, and a trade mark
and naturalization convention. In 1869 he was
appointed U.S. minister to Spain, but the senate
adjourned without confirming the nomination.
He was one of the founders of the International
African association, representing the English
speaking races on its executive committee, and
as its minister plenipotentiary at Washington,
D.C, he secured recognition of its flag as that of
the Independent State of the Congo in April, 1884.

[607]

SANFORD

SANGER

He was a delegate to the Berlin Congo conference
of 1885-86. He founded the city of Sanford, Fla.,
in 1870, and engaged in the cultivation of orange
trees. He received the honorary degree of A.M.
from Trinity college in 1849, and the degree of
J.U.D. from Heidelberg university in 1854. His
official reports were published by congress. He
died at Healing Springs, Va., May 21, 1891.
SANFORD, Joseph Perry, naval officer, was
born in Winchester, Va., in 1816 ; son of Senator
Nathan Sanford. He w-as warranted midship
man in the U.S. navy, Feb. 11, 1832, and was at
tached to Captain Wilkes's exploring expedition,
1838-42. He was advanced passed midshipman,
June 23, 1838, commissioned lieutenant, Nov. 2,
1842, and was an officer on the Cumberland of
the Mediterranean squadron, 1842-46. He was
on board the U.S. steamer Alleghany in the Gulf
of Mexico during the war with Mexico, 1846-47 ;
on duty at the National Observatory, Washington,
D.C, and on the Mediterranean squadron until
Oct. 8, 1853, when he resigned from the navy,
and engaged in business in Albany, N.Y., until
Maj' 13, 1861, when he was commissioned acting
lieutenant in the U.S. navy. He was promoted
commander, June 6, 1861, and ordered to western
waters to assist Flag-Officer Foote in creating a
fleet in the upper Mississippi. He was lieutenant
of ordnance on the staff of Flag-Officer Foote
at the battle of Fort Henry on board the flag
steamer Benton, and was in command of ordnance
at the naval depot, Cairo, 111., 1862-63, and in 1863
was made fleet-captain of the North Atlantic
squadron and subsequently senior officer com
manding the West Indian convoy fleet. He com
manded the U.S.S. Vanderbilt, 1865-66, at that
time the fleetest steamer in the U.S. navy. He
convoyed the monitor Monadnock from New
York to San Francisco by way of the Straits of
Magellan ; was promoted captain, Sept. 27, 1866,
and was fleet captain of the North Pacific
squadron, 1866-68, and commandant of the Nor
folk navy yard, 1868-69. He resigned his com
mission, March 1, 1869. He died in Stamford,
Conn., Dec. 5, 1901.
SANFORD, Nathan, senator, was born in
Bridgehampton, L.I., N.Y., Nov. 5, 1777; son of
Thomas Sanford, and a descendant of Robert and
Ann (Adams) Sandford. Robert Sandford emi
grated from England and settled in Hartford,
Conn., in 1645. Nathan Sanford was a student
at Yale, but did not graduate ; was admitted to
the bar in 1799 and practised in New York city.
He served as U.S. commissioner in bankruptcy
in 1802; as U.S. district attorney,' 1803-16 ; as a
member of the state assembly, 1810-11, and
speaker in 1811; state senator, 1813-15; Democratic
U S. senator from New York, 1815-31 ; and dele
gate to the state constitutional convention in

1831, where he introduced the amendment
adopted, abolishing the necessity of property
qualification in voters. He succeeded James
Kent as chancellor of the state, 1823-25, and
served a second term in the U.S. senate, 1825-31,
where he advocated a reform of the currency
and favored the French spoliation claims. He
was married three times, his third wife being Mary
Buchanan, granddaughter of Thomas McKean,
the signer. They were married, at the White
house, President John Quincy Adams being her
nearest relative. Chancellor Sanford received
the honorary degree of LL.D. from Columbia in
1823. He died at Flushing, N.Y., Oct. 17, 1838.
SANGER, Joseph Prentice, soldier, was born
in Detroit, Mich. , May 4, 1840 ; son of Henry Kirk
land and Caroline (Prentice) Sanger ; grandson of
Richard and Rachel (Butler) Sanger, and of the
Rev. Joseph and Sarah (Morgan) Prentice, and'a
descendant of Capt.
Thomas Prentice
(1621-1710) of Cam
bridge, Mass., and of
George Barbour (1615-
1685) of Dedham,
Mass. He attended
the University of
Michigan ; enrolled
as lieutenant, 1st
Michigan volunteers,
April 19, 1861, and
served with the light
artillery, being bre
vetted captain and
major for gallantry in
the battles of Bermu
da Hundred and Deep Bottom, Va., 1864 and 1865.
He was promoted adj utant of the 1st artillery,1866,
was honor graduate of the artillery school, Fort
Monroe, Va., 1869, and on its re-establishment
was appointed its first adjutant ; commanded a
battery in the Brooklyn "Whisky Riots," 1871,
and was professor of military science, tactics and
law in Bowdoin college, 1872-75. He was promoted
captain, 1st artillery, Feb. 7, 1875 ; was detailed
to accompany Gen. Emory Upton on a tour of
inspection of the armies of Japan, Asia. Europe
and England, 1875-77 ; commanded a battery in
the 1st artillery, 1877-84, serving in several rail
road riots ; was aide to Major-General Schofield,
1884-88 ; appointed inspector-general, with the
rank of major, Feb. 12, 1889 ; served as aide and
acting secretary to President Harrison, 1891, and
as military secretary to Lieut. -Gen. Schofield.
He was inspector of the South Atlantic inspection
district and principal assistant to the inspector-
general of the army, September, 1895, to March,
1898, and appointed inspector-general of volun
teers, with rank of lieutenant-colonel, July 7,
[008]

SANGSTER

SANKEY

1898, serving as acting inspector-general, U.S.A.
He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers,
May 27, 1898, and was in command consecutively
of the 2d brigade, 2d division, 1st corps, June 19-
29, 1898 ; 3d division, 1st corps, June 29-Nov. 19 ;
2d brigade, 2d division, 1st corps, Nov. 19-Dec.
4, and 2d division, 1st corps, Dec. 4-23. He was
assigned to the command of the district- of
Mantanzas, Cuba, Jan. 11, 1899 ; mustered out of
the volunteer service, June 12, 1899, and assigned
to duty with assistant secretary of war the fol
lowing July 3. General Sanger was appointed by
President McKinley director of the census of
Cuba and Porto Rico, Aug. 9 and Sept. 8, 1899,
respectively, and a member of the War college
board, June 21, 1900. He was promoted colonel
and inspector-general, U.S.A., Feb. 2, 1901, and
brigadier-general, U.S.A., July 23, 1902. In 1903
he was supervisor of the Philippine census, with
headquarters at Manila, P. I.
SANGSTER, Margaret Elizabeth, author, was
born at New Rochelle, N.Y., Feb. 22, 1838 ;
daughter of John and Margaret (Chisholm) Mun
son ; granddaughter of John and Grace (Gale)
Munson, and of Thomas and Margaret(Kirkaldy)
Chisholm ; and of
Irish and Scottish lin
eage. She vvas edu
cated in New York
city, and vvas mar
ried Aug. 12, 1858,
to George Sangster.
She contributed to
the leading periodi
cals, and was associ
ate editor of Hearth
and Home, 1871-73 ;
of the Christian at
Work, 1873-79, and
of the Christian In
telligencer from 1879 ;
staff-contributor to
the Christian Herald from 1894, and editor of
Harper's Bazar, 1889-99. She is the author of :
Home and Heaven (1860) ; Five Happy Weeks
(1862); Mary Stanhope and Her Friends (1863);
Miss Dewbury's School (1870); Splendid Times
(1870); Hours with Girls (1876); Manual of Mis
sions of the Reformed Church in America (1880) ;
Poems of the Household (1882) ; Home Fairies and
Heart Flowers (1882) ; With My Neighbors (1883) ;
Art of Home Making (1883); On the Road Home
(1890); Easter Bells (1891); Little Knights and
Ladies (1892); Maidie's Problem (1892); Winsome
Womanhood (1900); Janet Ward (1902); When
Angels Come to Men (1903).
SANKEY, Ira David, evangelist, was born in
Edenburg, Pa., Aug. 28, 1840 ; son of David and
JMary (Leeper) Sankey ; grandson of Ezekiel and

:;#

Jane (Cubbison) Sankey. In 1857 he moved with
his parents to New Castle, Pa., where he became
a class leader in the M.E. church, and later leader
of the choir. He was also for a few years president
of the New Castle Young Men's Christian asso
ciation, and after
ward, in 1883, pre
sented the town with
a new, fully-equipped
Association building.
In 1861 he enlisted in
the 12th Pennsyl
vania infantry, and
after serving out his
time became a deputy
in the revenue service
under his father, who
was U.S. collector of
internal revenue, ap-
pointed by President J^^J^/L^J^
Lincoln. He was t*~~ "^
married, Sept. 9,
1863, to Frances Victoria, daughter of Rev. John
and Elizabeth Edwards of New Castle ; and of
this union were born three sons, two of whom,
John Edwards and Ira Allan, were living in
1903. In 1870 he went as a Y.M.C.A. delegate
to the International convention in Indianapolis,
and it was here that he first met Mr. Dwight L.
Moody, with whom he soon afterward became
associated in evangelistic work. Mr. Sankey
and Mr. Moody went to Great Britain in 1871,
and in 1873, during their memorable campaign
there, Mr. Sankey compiled the first of the ' 'Sacred
Songs and Solos" series, the songs of which were
soon sung the world over. On their return to
America in August, 1875, this hymn book, with a
few additions, was prepared for publication by
Mr. Sankey and Mr. P. P. Bliss, under the title
of " Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs." This was
the first of the well-known Gospel Hymn series
(1875-1894), the last four numbers of which
(Gospel Hymns Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6) were edited by
Mr. Sankey, Mr. George C. Stebbins and Mr.
James McGranahan, as were the popular hymn
books, "Sacred Songs No. 1" and "No. 2 "(1896-
99) . The royalties from all of these hymn books
went to the support of the Northfield schools
established by Mr. Moody. In 1898 Mr. Sankey
visited Egypt, Palestine and Southern Europe,
and upon his return to this country, began the
series: "Services of Song and Story," upon which
he was still engaged in 1903. His most famous
sacred songs are : The Ninety and Nine ; There'll
Be No Dark Valley ; W hen the Mists Have Rolled
Away; Faith is the Victory; A Shelter in the
Time of the Storm. He also edited : Winnowed
Hymns (1890) ; Christian Endeavor Hymns (1894);
Young People's Songs of Praise (1903); and was
[609]

SANTAYANA

SARGENT

associated with others in compiling and arrang
ing : Male Chorus No. 1 and No. 2 (1888-98) ; Gems
of Song for the Sunday School (1901).
SANTAYANA, George, educator and author,
was born at Madrid, Spain, Dec. 16, 1863. In 1872
he came to the United States and was educated
at tlie Boston Latin school and Harvard college,
graduating with the class of 1886. In 1889 he
became an instructor in philosophy at Harvard,
and in 1898, assistant professor. He is the author
of: Sonnets and Other Poems (1894); The Sense
of Beauty (1896); Lucifer, a Theological Tragedy
(1899); Interpretations of Poetry and Religion
(1900); The Hermit of Carmel (1901).
SARGEANT, Nathaniel Peaslee, jurist, was
born in Methuen, Mass., Nov. 2, 1731 ; son of the
Rev. Christopher and Susanna (Peaslee) Sargeant;
grandson of Thomas and Mary (Stevens) Sargent
and of Col. Nathaniel and Judith (Kimball)
Peaslee, and a descendant of William and Eliz
abeth (Perkins) Sargent. William Sargent emi
grated from England and settled in Ipswich,
Mass., in 1633, becoming later a grantee of Ames-
bury, Mass. Nathaniel Peaslee Sargeant was grad
uated at Harvard, A.B. , 1750, A.M., 1753; and
practised law in Haverhill, Mass. He was a dele
gate to the Provincial congress in 1775, judge of
the superior court of judicature in Massachusetts
in 1775-89, and chief-justice of the supreme court
of the state, 1790-91. He was a fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He
was married, first, Feb. 3, 1759, to Rhoda Bar
nard of Amesbury, Mass., and secondly, to Mary
(Livingston) Leavett. He died at Haverhill,
Mass., Oct. 12, 1791.
SARGENT, Aaron Augustus, senator, was
born in Newburyport, Mass'., Sept. 28, 1827 ; son
of Aaron Peaslee and Elizabeth (Stanwood) Sar
gent ; grandson of Moses and Lydia (Severance)
Sargent and of John Stanwood, and a descendant
of William Sargent. He learned the printers'
trade, and in 1847 became a reporter in Washing
ton, D.C He removed to California in 1849 ; and
in 1850 established the Nevada Journal in Nevada
City. He was married March 15, 1852, to Ellen
Swett, daughter of Amos and Rebecca (Ingalls)
Clark of Newburyport. He was admitted to
the bar in 1854 ; chosen district attorney of
Nevada county in 1856 ; vice-president of the Re
publican national convention in 1860 ; a Republi
can representative in the 37th congress, 1861-
63 ; in the 41st and 42d congresses, 1869-73. and
U.S. senator, 1873-79. He was the author of the
first Pacific railroad act that was passed in con
gress July 1, 1862. He practised law inSan Fran
cisco, 1879-82, and in 1882, was appointed envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to
Germany by President Arthur. At the time of
Mr. Sargent's arrival in Berlin, the German gov

ernment was imposing increasing restrictions
upon American pork. Mr. Sargent reported to
his government the real cause of restriction and
recommended retaliation. His report vvas inad
vertently published, and for this and other dip
lomatic reasons his position became unpleasant.
He presented his resignation and was immedi
ately nominated U.S. minister to Russia, which
he declined, returning home in 1884. He received
the honorary degree of A.M. from the University
of California in 1865. He died in San Francisco,
Cal., Aug. 14, 1887.
SARGENT, Charles Sprague, botanist and
dendrologist, was born in Boston, Mass., April
24, 1841 ; son of Ignatius and Henrietta (Gray)
Sargent ; grandson of Ignatius and Sarah (Stevens)
Sargent and of Samuel and Mary (Brooks) Gray ;
great-grandson of Daniel and Mary (Turner)
Sargent ; great2-grandson of Col. Epes and Cath
arine (Osborne) Sargent ; great8-grandson of Wil
liam and Mary (Duncan) Sargent, and great4-
grandson of William and Mary (Epes) Sargent,
who emigrated to Gloucester, Mass., in 1678. He
was graduated from Harvard university in 1862 ;
was appointed lieutenant and aide-de-camp of
U. S. volunteers in 1862 ; and was brevetted
major of U.S. volunteers in 1865. He was profes
sor of horticulture, 1872-73 ; director of the botanic
garden at Harvard, 1873-79, and was chosen
Arnold professor of arboriculture in 1879. He
received the degree LL.D. from Harvard in 1901.

THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION.

He was married, Nov. 27, 1873, to Mary, daughter
of Andrew and Mary (Allen) Robeson of Tiverton,
R.I. He planned the Jesup collection of North
American woods for the Museum of Natural
History, New York city ; was chairman of the
commission for the preservation of Adirondack
forests in 1885, and chairman of the commission
appointed by the National Academy of Sciences,
of which he was elected a member in 1895, to
decide upon a forest policy for the American
woodlands, 1896-97. He was elected a member
of the American Philosophical society ; of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of
the Royal Horticultural society of England, and

[610]

SARGENT-

SARGENT

the Scottish Arboricultural society, and president
of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agri
culture. He edited Garden and Forest. 1887-97,
and is the author of : Catalogue of the Forest
Trees of North America (1880); Pruning Forest
and Ornamental Trees, a translation from the
French of Adolphe Des Cars (1881); Reports on
the Forests of North America (1884); The Woods
of the United States, with an account of their
Structure, Qualities, and Uses (1885); The Forest
Flora of Japan (1894) , and The Silva of North
America (14 vols., 1883-1903).
SARGENT, Epes, author, was born in Glouces
ter, Mass., Sept. 27, 1813 ; son of Epes and Han
nah (Dane) Sargent ; grandson of John Osborne
and Lydia (Foster) Sargent and great-grandson
of Col. Epes and Catharine (Osborne) Sargent.
In his youth he travelled with his father in Rus
sia, and returning to Boston, attended the Latin
school, and Harvard college where he vvas associ
ated with his brother John Osborne Sargent and
Oliver Wendell Holmes, in the publication of the
Harvard Collegian. He became connected with
the Boston Daily Advertiser and the Atlas, and
in 1839 became assistant editor of the Mirror, New
York city. On his return to Boston in 1846 he
became editor of the Transcript, and later en-
' gaged in editing a series of educational works.
He was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel
Weld, of Roxbury, Mass. In 1836 he began to
write for the stage, and produced The Bride of
Genoa (1837), Velasco, Change Makes Change,
and Priestess. Among his poems are Songs of the
Sea (1847) ; Tlie Woman who Dared (1869) ; and
Life on the Ocean Wave, being a lyric on the
death of Warren. His other works are, Wealth
and Worth (1840) ; What's to be Done, or the Will
and the Way (1841) ; Fleetwood, or the Stain of a
Birth (1845) ; Peculiar, a Sale of the Great Trans
ition (1863) ; Life and Services of Henry Clay
(1843) ; American Adventure by Land and Sea (2
vols. 1847) ; The Critic Criticised (1856) ; Arctic
Adventures by Sea and Land (1857) ; and Origi
nal Dialogues (1861). He edited the lives of
Collins, Campbell, Goldsmith, Gray, Hood and
Rogers (1852-65) ; "Works of Benjamin Franklin "
(1853); "Works of Horace and James Smith"
(1857); The Modern Drama (15 vols., 1846-58);
and Cyclopaedia of English and American Poetry
(1883). He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 31, 1880.
SARGENT, Frederick Leroy, botanist, was
born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 25, 1863; son of
George Frederick and Mary Motley (Gavett) Sar
gent ; grandson of JohnG. and Martha (Bellamy)
Sargent and of George B. and Catharine M. E.
(Motley) Gavett, and a descendant of William.
Sargent of Ipswich, Newbury, Hampton, Salis
bury and Ainesbury, who received a grant of
land at Agawam, now Ipswich, Mass., April,

1633. He removed to New York city in 1866,
where he attended the common schools, and the
College of the City of New York, 1879-81, com
pleting his studies by a special course in botany
at the Lawrence Scientific school, Harvard, 1883-
86. He was an instructor in the summer school
of botany, Harvard, 1886 ; head of the depart
ment of botany, University of Wisconsin, 1886-
87, and instructor of botany in the medical school
of Boston university, 1894-95. He became pres
ident of the Columbine association, 1895, and vvas
a delegate to and president of the National
Flower convention at Asheville, N.C, Oct. 21-23,
1896. He vvas married, July 9, 1903, to Helen
M. C. , daughter of Francis James and Elizabeth
E. (Sedgwick) Child of Cambridge, Mass. He is
the author of: Guide to Cryptograms (1886);
Through a Miscroscope, in collaboration with
Samuel Wells and Mary Treat (1886); A Key to
North American Species of Cladonia. Cambridge
( 1893) ; How to Describe a Flowering Plant (189.4) ;
Corn Plants: Their Uses and Ways of Life (1899),
and contributions on botanical subjects to the
Popular Science Monthly and other scientific
periodicals. In 1903 Mr. Sargent was residing in
Cambridge, Mass.
SARGENT, Henry Winthrop, horticulturist,
was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 26, 1810 : son of
Henry and Hannah (Welles) Sargent ; grandson
of Daniel and Mary (Turner) Sargent and of
Samuel and Isabella (Pratt) Welles and a de
scendant of Thomas Wells, second colonial gover
nor of Connecticut in 1655, and again in 1658.
He was graduated from Harvard in 1830 and
practised law in Boston for a short time, but
later engaged in the banking business with
Archibald Graoie in New York city. After his
marriage, Jan. 10, 1839, to Caroline, daughter of
Francis and Maria (Wyckoff) Olmsted of New
York, he retired from business and devoted him
self to horticulture. He purchased a tract on the
Hudson which he called ' ' Wodenethe " and which
he made one of the most celebrated gardens in
the United States. He is the author of : Treatise
on Landscape Gardening (1859) ; Skeleton Tows
through England, Ireland and Scotland (1866) ;
A Supplement to Andrew J. Downing's Landscape
Gardening (1875) ; and many articles in horticul
tural magazines. He died at Fishkill-on-the-
Hudson, N.Y., Nov. 10, 1883.
SARGENT, Herbert Howland, soldier, was
born in Caiiinville, 111., Sept. 39, 1858; son of
Jacob True and Maria Lucretia (Braley) Sargent ;
grandson of Daniel and Deborah (Foss) Sargent
and of Elliott and Lucretia (Bullard) Braley, and
the ninth in descent from William Sargent (born
in England about 1606 ; died at Amesbury, Mass.,
March, 1675). He was graduated from Black-
birn university, B.S., 1878, and from the U.S.

[611]

SARGENT

SARGENT

awas£4*yf\

Military academy, 1883, being promoted 2d lieu
tenant, 2d U.S. cavalry, June 13, 1883, and served
on frontier duty until 1898, except one year,
1886-87, when he was professor of military science
at the University of Illinois. He vvas married,
Aug. 11, 1886, to Alice
Carey, daughter of
Lindsay and Eliza
beth (Miller) Apple-
gate of Ashland, Ore.
He served at Wash
ington, D.C, May,
1898, in organizing
volunteers for the
Spanish- American
war ; was appointed
colonel, Fifth Volun
teer infantry, May 20,
1898 ; organized the
regiment and arrived
at Santiago, Cuba,
Aug. 12, and com
manded the regiment there under Gen. Leonard
Wood until March 20, when he was ordered with
his regiment to command the district of Guan-
tanamo. He sailed from Guantanamo to the
United States the following May, and was
mustered out of service at Camp Meade, Pa., May
31, 1899. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel,
29th infantry, U.S. volunteers, July 5, 1899 ;
sailed with his regiment for Manila, Philippine
Islands, Oct. 5, 1899, arriving Nov. 2 ; participa
ted in combats with insurgents on the island of
Luzon ; commanded the attacking forces at the
battle of San Mateo, in which General Lawton was
killed, Dec. 19, 1899 ; was honorably discharged
from the volunteer service, May 10, 1901, and
promoted captain, 2d U.S. cavalry, March 2, 1899.
He is the author of : Napoleon Bonaparte's First
Campaign (1893), and The Campaign of Marengo
(1897). His works on Napoleon's campaigns gave
him high standing as an authority on military
strategy. SARGENT, John Singer, artist, was born in
Florence, Italy, in 1856 ; son of Dr. Fitzwilliam
and  (Newbold) Sargent. His father, a
well-known physician and surgeon of Boston,
Mass., was the author of several books on surgery,
and his mother, a water-color artist of ability.
He vvas educated in Italy and Germany ; studied
painting at the Academy of Fine Arts, Florence,
Italy, and in 1874 entered the studio of Carolus-
Duran of Paris, France, who was the subject of
his first exhibited portrait in the Salon of 1877.
This portrait was soon followed by the two pic
tures : En Route pour la Peche and Smoke of
Ambergris. In 1879 he traveled through Spain,
where he became a devoted student of the art of
Velasquez and conceived his El Jaleo, which im-

Mn^. h /*?

¦>o)-yL^

mediately established his reputation as a master
of technique. On his return to Paris, he opened
a studio on the boulevard Berthier ; exhibited a
full length portrait of a young woman in the
Salon of 1881, which placed him among' the fore
most portrait-painters
of the contemporary
world, and in 1884
removed to London,
where he continued
to exhibit annually
at the Royal Acad
emy, his work being
distinguished by its
" cleverness of ex
pression, amazing
vividness of insight
into character and
expert control over
points of craftsman
ship." He visited the
United States in 1876,
1887 and 1889, painting in 1887 a famous por
trait of Mrs. Hemy Marquand, and again in 1895
and 1903, to hang his mural paintings in the
Boston Public library, having previously exhib
ited them in the Royal Academy at. London.
These canvases, some of them in the Byzantine
style, combining bas-belief and. painting, repre
sent "The Progress of Religion." Mr. -Sargent
was made a member of the Society of American
Artists in 1880 ; an Associate National Acade
mician in 1894, and an Academician in 1897, and
a member of the Societe Nationale de Beaux Arts.
A loan exhibition of his most notable portraits
since 1884, was held in Copley Hall, Boston, Mass.,
under the auspices of the Boston Art Students'
association, February-March, 1900. He also ex
hibited at various times in the United States, at
Boston, New York city, Philadelphia, Pittsburg
and Chicago, and in England, at the New English
Art Club of London. His American portrait
subjects include: Mr. Burckhardt (1880); Mr.
Thornton K. Lothrop (1882); Mrs. Wilton Phipps
(1886); Mrs. Inches (1888); Mrs. R. H. Derby
(1889); Mrs. Kissam (1890); Thomas B. Reed
(1891); Mrs. Manson (1891); Miss Helen Dunham
(1891-92); Henry Cabot Lodge ; Mrs. Carl Meyer
and her two children (1897); Calvin S. Brice
(1898); Mrs. Ralph Curtis (1898); William M.
Chase (1902), and President Theodore Roosevelt
(1903). Among his English subjects may be
mentioned: Lady Agnew : Lady Playfair (1885);
The Hon. Laura Lister; Coventry Patmore, in
the National Portrait gallery of London ; Mr.
Wertheimer (1898), in the same'gallery ; Francis
C. Penrose (1898), and Sir Thomas Sutherland
(1898). He also painted the portrait groups:
Carnation Lily, Lily, Rose ; and Lady Echo, Mrs.

[618]

SARGENT

SARGENT

Adcane and Mrs. Tennant (1900), and portraits
of Ellen Terry as " Lady Macbeth '" ; Ada Rehan ;
" Carmencita " Luxembourg gallery ; The Java
nese Dancing Girl, which was one of the series
awarded a grand medal at the Paris exposition of
1889 ; Venetian Bead-strings, and Spanish Court
yard. See: "The Art of J. S. Sargent, R.A.,"
by A. L. Baldry in Tlie Studio (February, 1900),
and John S. Sargent's Decorations " by Sylvester
Baxter in Harper's Weekly (June 1, 1895).
SARGENT, Jonathan Everett, jurist, was born
inNew London, N.H., Oct. 23, 1816; son of Ebenez
er and Prudence (Chase) Sargent ; grandson of
Peter Sargent, and a descendant of William Sai>
gent. Jonathan E. Sargent was graduated at Dart-
. mouth, A.B., 1840, A.M., 1843, and was admitted
to the bar in 1842. He removed from Canaan to
Wentworth in 1843, and vvas married, Nov. 29,
1843, to Maria Cordelia Jones of Enfield. He be
came colonel in the New Hampshire militia, was
solicitor for Grafton county, 1844-54, a represen
tative in the state legislature, 1851-53, being
speaker of the house, 1853-53, and was president
of, the state senate in 1854. In 1853 his wife
died, and on Sept. 5, 1853, he was married to
Louise Jennie, daughter of Col. James K. Paige
of Wentworth, N.H. He was chief-justice of the
court of common pleas, 1855-59; associate justice
of the New Hampshire supreme judicial court,
1859-73, and chief-justice of that court, 1873-74.
He served as vice-president of the New Hamp
shire Historical society for several years ; was
president of the New Hampshire Centennial home
for the aged, and was prominent in financial and
banking circles. Dartmouth conferred upon him
the degree of LL.D. in 1869. He died in Con
cord, N.H., Jan. 6, 1890.
SARGENT, Lucius Manlius, author, was born
in Boston, Mass., June 25, 1786 ; son of Daniel
and Mary (Turner) Sargent ; grandson of Col.
Epes and Catharine (Osborne) Sargent and of
the Hon. John Turner of Salem, Mass. His father
was a Boston merchant. He attended Harvard
and studied law, but did not practise. He early
became associated with the cause of temperance,
delivering lectures and writing on that subject.
He contributed to the Boston Transcript, under
the name "Sigma," and his papers on the coolie
trade were republished in England. He was
twice married, first on April 3, 1816, to Mary,
sister of Horace Binney, and secondly on July
14. 1825, to Sarah Cutter, daughter of Samuel and
Sarah Dun of Boston. He is the author of:
Translations from Minor Latin Poets (1807); Hu
bert and Helen and other Verses (1812) ; Ode (1813);
Three Temperance Tales (1848) ; Dealings with the
Dead (1856] ; Reminiscences of Samuel Dexter
(1858), and Tlie Irrepressible Conflict (1861). He
died in West Roxbury, Mass., June 2, 1867.

SARGENT, Paul Dudley, soldier, was born
in Salem, Mass., in 1745 ; son of Col. Epes and
Catharine (Osborne) Sargent. He joined the
patriot army at the outbreak of the Revolutionary
war and commanded a regiment at the siege of
Boston, being wounded at Bunker Hill. He com
manded a brigade at Harlem, Trenton, Princeton
and White Plains, and after the war was elected
chief justice of the court of common pleas of
Hancock county, Maine. He was judge of the
probate court, justice of the same, first repre
sentative to the general court, postmaster, and
an overseer of Bowdoin college, 1794-96. He died
in Sullivan, Maine, Sept. 28, 1828.
SARGENT, Winthrop, patriot, was born in
Gloucester, Mass., May 1, 1753 ; son of Winthrop
and Judith (Saunders) Sargent ; grandson of Col.
Epes and Esther (Maccarty) Sargent and of
Thomas and Judith (Robinson) Saunders, and a
descendant of William and Mary (Epes) Sargent,
who settled at Cape Ann. He was graduated
from Harvard, A.B., 1771, A.M., 1774; was cap
tain of a merchant ship belonging to his father,
and in 1775 entered the patriot army. He was
naval agent at Glousester, Jan. 1-March 16, 1776 ;
and captain in Gen. Henry Knox's regiment of
artillery, serving until the close of the war, and
attaining the rank of major. In 1786 he became
connected with the Ohio company and was ap
pointed by congress surveyor of the territory
northwest of the Ohio river. He was commis
sioned secretary of the Northwestern Territory,
Sept. 1, 1789 ; recommissioned, Dec. 10, 1794, and
was commissioned governor of the Mississippi
Territory, May 7, 1798, serving, 1798-1801. He
was married, Oct. 24, 1798, to Mary, daughter of
William and Eunice (Hawley) Macintosh of In
verness, Scotland, and afterward of Natchez,
Miss. He served in the Indian wars of 1791 and
1794-95, taking part in the expedition under Gen.
Arthur St. Clair, where he was wounded. He
was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences ; corresponding member of the Mas
sachusetts Historical society, a member of the
American Philosophical society, and an original
member of the Society of Cincinnati. In collab
oration with Benjamin B. Smith, he published
Papers Relative to Certain American Antiquities
(1796), and Boston, a poem (1803). He died in
New Orleans, La., June 3, 1820.
SARGENT, Winthrop, author, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 23, 1825 ; son of George
Washington and Margaret Jessie Percy Sargent,
and grandson of Winthrop Sargent, the patriot
(q.v.). He was-graduated from the University of
Pennsylvania, A.B.', 1845, A.M., 1848, and from the
Harvard Law school, LL.B., 1847. He practised
in Philadelphia and in New York, and devoted
his spare time to literature. He was a member

[613]

SARTAIN

SARTAIN

of the Pennsylvania Historical society. He was
married to Sarah, daughter of Ignatius Sargent
of Boston. Among his books are : History of an
Expedition against Fort Duquesne in 1775 under
Major-General Braddock, edited from Original
Manuscripts (1855); The Loyalist Poetry of the
Revolution (1857); The Journal of the General
Meeting of the Cincinnati (1858); Loyal Verses of
Joseph Stansbury and Dr. Jonathan Odell (1860);
Life and Career of Maj. John Andre (1861); Les
Etats Confederis et de VEscavage (1864) , and an
unfinished catalogue of classified books concerning
America. He died in Paris, France, May 18, 1870.
SARTAIN, Emily, artist, was born in Philadel
phia, Pa. ; daughter of John and Susannah Long-
mate (Swaine) Sartain. She studied engraving un
der her father, and oil painting at the Pennsylva
nia Academy of Fine Arts, under Christian Schtis-
sele, 1864-71, and under Evariste Luminais, at
Paris, France, 1871-75. She engraved many
plates in mezzo-tint, including numerous portraits
for book illustration, and executed some large
etchings for framing. She exhibited oil paint
ings at the Paris Salon in 1875 and 1883 ; received
a medal at the Centennial exhibition of 1876 ;
honorable mention at the Pan-American exhibi
tion of 1901, and was awarded the Mary Smith
prize by the Pennsylvania Academy in 1881 and
1883 for the best painting by a woman. She was
art editor of Our Continent, 1881-83 ; a member
of the jury of awards of the Art Department,
World's Columbian exposition, 1893, and official
delegate from the U.S. government to the Inter
national Congress on Instruction in Drawing,
held at Paris in 1900. From 1886 she served as
principal of the Philadelphia School of Design
for Women.
SARTAIN, John, artist, was born in London,
England, Oct. 24, 1808. He attended private
schools in London but left school in 1818, and
in 1820 became assistant to Signor Mortram. the
pyrotechnist and scene painter at the Cqvent
Garden theatre. In 1822 he engaged as appren
tice to an engraver, and in 1823 received the order
for eighteen steel plates for the illustrations of the
early Florentine school of painters. He studied
designing in water colors under Varley and Rich
ter, and painting in oils under Joshua Shaw and
De Franca. He was married to Susannah Long-
mate Swain, daughter of John Swain, his first
master in steel engraving. He removed to Amer
ica in 1830 ; settled in Philadelphia and was the
first to introduce into America the mezzotint
style of engraving. He also engaged in painting
portraits in oils and miniatures on ivory, design
ing bank-note vignettes and in making wood cuts
for book illustration. In 1843 he bought Camp
bell's Foreign Semi-Monthly Magazine, which he
edited, and later he engraved the plates for the

Eclectic Museum. In 1848 he purchased a half
interest in the Union Magazine, of New York,
which he removed to Philadelphia, and changed
the name to Sartain' 8 Union Magazine. He pur
chased for his magazine Agassiz's first contribu
tion to American current literature, entitled " A
Period in the History of Our Planet," which he
published in 1843, and received many contribu
tions from Edgar Allen Poe, including: "The
Bells." He was a member of the Artists Fund
society, the School of Design for Women, was a
director of the Academy of Fine Arts in Phila
delphia, and was elected a member of the Society
Artes in Amicitiae in Amsterdam, Holland, in
1862. He had charge of the Art department
at the Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia,
and of the American exhibit in London in 1887.
Among his most notable engravings are The
County Election in Missouri, after Bingham
(1855) ; Mrs. and Mrs. Robert Gilmor of Baltimore,
after Sir Thomas Lawrence ; David Paul Brown.
after John Neagle ; Christ Rejected, after Benja
min West (1862); Men of Progress, American
Inventors (1862); Zeesberger, Preaching to the
Indians at Gosgoshunk (1862); Tlie Iron Worker
and King Solomon (1876); John Knox and Mary
Queen of Scots, after Leutze, Homestead of Henry
Clay, after Hamilton and Edwin Forrest, and
The Battle of Gettysburg, after Peter F. Rother-
mel. He designed several monuments including
one to Washington, one to Lafayette and two
medallion heads for monuments in the Laurel
Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia. He died in Phila
delphia, Pa., Oct. 25, 1897.
SARTAIN, Samuel, engraver, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 8, 1830 ; eldest sou of John
(q.v.) and Susannah Longmate (Swain) Sartain.
He studied under his father, and at the Pennsyl
vania Academy of Fine Arts, and devoted himself
to engraving on steel. He was a trusteed the
Artists Fund society and a member of the board
of managers and treasurer of the Franklin Insti
tute. He received a silver medal at an exhibi
tion of the Franklin Institute and an " honorable
mention " with special approbation at the World's
Fair, New York. Among his best known en
gravings are, Clear the Track, after C Schuessele
(1851); Christ Blessing Little Children, after Sir
Charles Locke ; Eastlake (1861 ); One of the Chosen,
after Guy ; Christ Stilling the Tempest, after
Hamilton ; Song of the Angels, after Thomas
Moran ; Evangeline, after Thomas Faed and A
Pompeian Water Carrier after Millet. His por
traits include, Benjamin West, Thomas Sully
and John Nagle.
SARTAIN, William, artist, was born in Phil
adelphia, Pa., Nov. 21, 1843; son of John and
Susannah Longmate (Swaine) Sartain. He at
tended the Philadelphia High school; studied

[614]

SARTORI

SATTERLEE

engraving under his father until 1867 ; studied
painting under Christian Schuessele, and at the
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts ; studied
abroad with Leon Bonnat and at the Eoole des
Beaux Arts, Paris, and on his return to the United
States in 1877, settled in New York city. He was
elected aii associate of the National Academy of
Design in 1880 ; was one of the original members
of the Society of American Artists ; president of
the New York Art club ; received a silver medal
in Boston in 1881, and honorable mention in
Philadelphia in 1887 ; a bronze medal at the Pan-
American exposition, Buffalo, 1901, and a silver
medal at the Charleston exposition, 1902. He
is represented in several public galleries, includ
ing the Corcoran Art gallery, Washington. He
was professor of life classes at the Art Students'
league, New York city, and contributed many
articles on art to periodicals. His paintings in
clude : Tombs of the Saints at Bouzareah (1874);
Italian Boy's Head and Italian Girl's Head (1876);
Narcissus (1878) ; Nubian Sheik (1879) ; A Quiet
Moment (1879-80); A Chapter of the Koran (1883) ;
Paquita (1883) ; SandDunes of Manesquan (1892);
The Valley (1902), and The Passing Shower (1903).
SARTORI, Lewis Constant, naval officer, was
born in Bloomsbury, N.J., June 3, 1812. He
entered the U.S. navy as a midshipman in 1829;
was promoted passed midshipman in 1837 ; lieu
tenant, Sept. 8, 1841, and served throughout the
Mexican war on the bomb-brig Stromboli, 1S47-
48. He was attached to the Pacific squadron on
the sloop John Adams, 1855-56, when he com
manded an expedition against the Feejee Islanders;
vvas on shore duty at the Philadelphia navy yard,
1857-58 ; was promoted commander, April 7,
1861, and given command of the steamer Flag of
the South Atlantic blockading squadron. He
was assigned to command the sloop-of-war Ports
mouth of the Western Gulf blockading squadron,
1883-65, and the steamer Agawam of the North
Atlantic squadron, 1865-66. He was promoted
captain, Sept. 26, 1866; served in the North
Pacific squadron, 1868-70 ; was in charge of the
Mare Island navy yard, San Francisco, in 1873 ;
was promoted commodore, Dec. 12, 1873, and
was retired, June 3, 1874. He died in New York
city, Jan. 12, 1899.
SATTERLEE, Henry Yates, first bishop of
Washington and 180th in succession in the Amer
ican episcopate, was born in New York city,
Jan. 11, 1843 ; son of Edward and Jane Anna
(Yates) Satterlee; grandson of Edward Rath
bone and Mary (Lansing) Satterlee and of Henry
and Katharine (Mynderse) Yates, and a descen
dant of the Rev. William Satterlee, vicar of Ide,
Devonshire, England, 1645, and his son, Benedict
Satterlee, who settled in New London, Conn., in
1685 ; also of Lieut.-Col. Benedict Satterlee, an

JfCwiyY Sati^ee-

officer in the colonial army, who was killed at
the massacre of Wyoming. He was graduated
from Columbia college, A.B.,~ 1863, A.M., 1866;
from the General Theological seminary in 1866 ;
was ordained to the diaconate in 1805, and to the
priesthood in 1S66. He was married, June 30,
1866, to Jane, daugh
ter of Timothy Grid-
ley and Patience
(Lawrence) Churchill
of New York city.
He served as assistant
minister of Zion
church at Wappin-
ger's Falls, N.Y.,
1865-75 ; rector, 1875-
82, and rector of Cal
vary church, New
Y'ork city, 1882-96.
He declined the elec
tion as bishop coad
jutor of Ohio in 1887,
and as bishop of Mich
igan in 1889, and was consecrated bishop of
Washington, March 25, 1896, by Bishops Coxe,
Huntington, Dudley, Scarborough, Penick,
Whitehead, Potter, Rulison, Paret, Leonard,
Nelson and Cheshire. The honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred on him by Union college in
1882, and by Princeton university in 1896 ; and
that of LL.D. by Columbia college in 1897. He
is the author of : Christ and His Church (1878) ;
Life Lessons from the Prayer Book (1890); A
Creedless Gospel and the Gospel Creed (1894);
New Testament Churchmanship (1899); The Call
ing of the Christian and Christ's Sacrament of
Fellowship (1902).
SATTERLEE, Walter, artist, was born in
Brooklyn, N.Y. , Jan. 18, 1844 ; son of George Crary
and Mary Le Roy (Livingston) Satterlee, and a
descendant of Lieut. Col. Benedict Satterlee. He
was graduated from Columbia, A. B., 1863, A.M.,
1866 ; studied at the National Academy of Design,
and under Edwin White and Leon Bonnat. He
was elected an Associate of the National Academy
in 1879 ; a member of the American Water Color
society, and the New York Etching club, and in
1886 he won the Clarke prize at the Academy.
He became well known as a look illustrator and
as a teacher. Among his oil paintings are : Con
templation (1878) ; Extremes Meet (1881) ; The
Convent Composer (1881) ; Autumn (1886) ; Good
Bye, Summer (1886) ; The Cronies (1886) ; For
tune by Tea Leaves (1886) ; Lagging Hours, The
First Patient, The Votive Offering ; and his water
colors include ;,SbZi'raire(1878) ; Old Ballads (1878);
Two Sides of a Convent Wall (1884)': The Fortune
Teller (1887) ; The Net Mender (1887), and The
Lightened Load (1887.)

[615]

SAULSBURY

SAUNDERS

SAULSBURY, Eli, senator, was born in Mis-
pillion Hundred, Kent county, Del., Dec. 29, 1817 ;
son of William and  (Smith) Saulsbury.
His father was sheriff in 1820, and soon after re
moved to Dover, where Eli attended school. He
subsequently entered a select school at Denton,
Md., attended Dickinson college regularly, but
did not graduate, and engaged in cultivating his
widowed mother's farm at Mispillion, 1841-56.
He was a representative in the state legislature,
1852-54; went to Dover, Del., in 1856; studied
law, and in 1857 was admitted to the bar.
He was elected U.S. senator by the Democratic
legislature in 1870, as successor to his brother,
Willard Saulsbury ; was re-elected in 1877 and
1883, serving till March 4, 1889, and during his
entire service in the senate was chairman of the
committee on engrossed bills. He voted against
the 14th amendment. He contributed largely to
the building of the Wilmington conference
academy, and was elected president of the board
of trustees to succeed his brother, Gove Saulsbury,
in 1881, serving till 1893. He died in Dover, Del. ,
March 22, 1893.
SAULSBURY, Gove, governor of Delaware,
was bom in Mispillion Hundred, Kent county,
Del., March 29, 1815 ; son of William and 
(Smith) Saulsbury. He attended the local
schools, Delaware college, and the university of
Pennsylvania ; practised medicine in Dover ; was
elected state senator on the Democratic ticket in
1862, and was speaker during the second session.
Upon the death of Gov. William Cannon, March
1, 1865, he succeeded to the office of governor,
and in 1866 was elected to the office for the term
ending 1870. He died at Dover, July 31, 1881.
SAULSBURY, Willard, senator, was born in
Mispillion Hundred, Kent county, Del., June 2,
1820 ; son of William and  (Smith) Sauls
bury. He attended Dickinson college, Pa.; en
gaged in the practice of law in Georgetown, Del.;
was state attorney-general, 1850-55, and was
elected U.S. senator on the Democratic ticket in
1858, serving till 1871. He favored the preserva
tion of the Union ; served on the reconstruction
committee in the 39th congress ; was a delegate
to the Democratic national convention of 1864,
and was made a chancellor of Delaware in 1873.
He died in Dover, Del., April 6, 1892.
SAUNDERS, Alvin, senator, vvas born in Flem
ing county, Ky., July 12, 1817. He removed
with his father to Illinois in 1829, and in 1836
settled in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, then Wisconsin
Territory ; was postmaster there for seven years ;
studied law with Isaac Van Allen, and engaged
in the mercantile and banking business. He was
a member of the convention that framed the state
constitution in 1846 ; was state senator for eight
years ; a delegate to the Republican national con

ventions of 1860 and 1868, and was appointed by
congress a member of the board of commissioners
to organize the Pacific railroad company. He
was governor of the Territory of Nebraska, 1861-
67, and U.S. senator, 1877-83. He secured for
Nebraska a vast tract of land by straightening
the boundary line between that state and South
Dakota. He died in Omaha, Neb., Nov. 1, 1899.
SAUNDERS, Frederick, librarian, was born
in London, Eng., Aug. 14, 1807 ; son of the senior
member of the firm of Saunders and Ottley, book
publishers of London. He received a superior
education, and became, a clerk in his father's
book store. He was sent in 1837 to New York to
open a branch of the house, hoping to secure an
American copyright on the publications of the
firm in demand in the United States ; and he also
petitioned congress for the ' passage of an act
looking to the protection of both American and
British authors. His object failed, although he
was backed by Henry Clay, Washington Irving,
William Cullen Bryant, and George Bancroft.
He was for a time city editor of the New York
Evening Post, William Cullen Bryant, editor ;
was employed by Harper and Brothers and by
George P. Putnam, 1850-55, and was assistant
librarian of the Astor library through the
offices of Washington Irving, 1859-76, and
librarian, 1876-96, when he was retired with full
pay. He was married, Sept. 18, 1833, to Mary
Ann Farr of London, Eng. The honorary de
gree of A.M. was conferred on him by Madison
university, Hamilton, N.Y., in 1853. He was the
editor of Our National Centennial Jubilee, (1877);
and with Henry C. Tuckerman, of Homes of
American Authors (1853). He contributed to.the
Knickerbocker Magazine ; Democratic Review ;
New York Quarterly ; and is the author of :
Memoirs ofthe Great Metropolis, or London from
the Tower to the Crystal Palace ( 1852) ; New York
in a Nut-shell (1853) ; Salad for the Solitary (1853 ;
rev. ed., 1856-1872) ; Salad for the Social (1856) ;
Pearls of Thought, Religious and Philosophical,
Gathered from Old Authors (1858) ; Mosaics
(1856) ; Festival of Song, with 73 illustrations
(1868) ; About Women, Love, and Marriage
(1868) ; Evenings with the Sacred Poets (1869) ;
Pastime Papers (1885) ; The Story of Some Fa
mous Books (1887) ; Stray Leaves of Literature
(1888) ; Story of the Discovery of the New World
(1893) ; Character Studies (1894). He died in New
York city, Dec. 12, 1902.
SAUNDERS, Romulus Mitchell, statesman,
was born in Caswell (then Orange) county, N.C,
March 3, 1791 ; son of William Saunders (an officer
in the 6th regiment, N.C. troops during the Revo
lutionary war, 1777-83, and an original member
of the Society of the Cincinnati) and Hannah
(Mitchell) Saunders, his wife ; grandson of Wil-
[616]

SAVAGE

SAVAGE

Ham and  (Adams) Saunders of Dan River,
N.C, and a descendant of the Saunders family of
Lancaster county, Virginia, who settled on the
great Wiscomico river in 1660. His father re
moved to Somerset county, Tenn., in 1791, on the
death of his wife, and died there in 1803. Ro
mulus was adopted by his uncle, Col. James
Saunders, a member of the Halifax congresses.
He attended the University of North Carolina,
1809-11 ; read law with Judge Hugh Lawson
White of Tennessee ; and was married Dec. 22,
1812, to Rebecca Paine Carter of Caswell county,
N.C He practised law at Milton on the Dan
river, N.C, 1812-15; and vvas a member ofthe
state house of commons. 1815-20, being speaker
of the house, 1819. His wife died, Oct. 9, 1821,
and he was married secondly, May 26, 1823, to
Anna Hays Johnson, daughter of Justice William
Johnson (q.v.). He was a Democratic represen
tative in the 17th, 18th and 19th congresses, 1821-
27 ; attorney-general of North Carolina in 1828-31,
and a commissioner with George W. Campbell
and John K. Kane, to distribute 25,000,000 francs
secured by the treaty with France, 1831. He was
judge of the superior court of North Carolina,
1835-40 ; was defeated for governor of the state
by John M. Morehead in 1840 ; was a representa
tive in the 27th and 28th congresses, 1841-45 ;
U.S. minister to Spain, 1846-49, and he conducted
the confidential negotiations made by the govern
ment for the purchase of 'Cuba for $100,000,000,
which were frustrated by Reynolds, U.S. secre
tary of legation, who accepted a bribe for publish
ing the negotiations and was dismissed by the
U.S. government. Mr. Saunders was recalled at
his own request in 1849 ; was again a member of
the house of commons, 1850-52 ; was judge of the
superior court, 1852-65, and vvas a member of the
board of commissioners to revise the laws of the
state. He was a trustee of the University of
North Carolina, 1819-64. He died in Raleigh,
N.C, April 21, 1867.
SAVAGE, Ezra Perin, governor of Nebraska,
was born in Connorsville, Ind., April 3, 1842 ;
son of Benjamin Warren and Hannah (Perin)
Savage ; grandson of Samuel and Margaret
(Campbell) Savage and of
John and Rachel (Rice)
Perin, and a descendant of
the Savages of Bangor, Me.,
formerly from the North of
Ireland, and the Perins,
Rices, and Williams, pioneer
settlers of Massachusetts.
He matriculated at Iowa college, but left to volun
teer in the Federal army, and served under Grant
and Sherman, 1861-65. He was married, first. Oct.
11, 1866, to Anna C, daughter of Charles and An-
toinett (Chase) Rich, of Chicago, who died in 1883 ;

and secondly, March 9, 1896, to Elvira, daughter of
Daniel and Francis (Thorn) Hess of Lyons, Iowa.
He engaged in business in Lyons, Iowa, 1866-73 ;
began cattle-raising in Crawford county, Iowa,
in 1873, and moved his ranch to Custer county,
Neb., in 1879. He then engaged in business in
South Omaha, Neb., and was first mayor of that
city, 1886-88. In 1883 he laid out the town of
Sargent. He was a member of the Nebraska
legislature, 1883-84; was elected lieutenant-
governor of Nebraska in 1900, on the Republican
ticket, with C. H. Dietrich for governor ; and
Governor Dietrich being elected U.S. senator in
March, 1901, Lieutenant Governor Savage became
governor in May, 1901, for the term expiring
December 31, 1902, when he was succeeded by
John H. Mickey.
SAVAGE, George Martin, educator, was born
near Rienzi, Miss., Feb. 5, 1849 ; son of Hamilton
Giles and Eleanor Jane (Shields) Savage ; grand
son of Martin and Mary (Hudspeth) Savage and of
George and Margaret (MoElbranan) Shields, and a
descendant of Hamilton Savage. He was gradua
ted from Union university (now the Southwestern
Baptist university) A.B. in 1871, A.M., 1874, and
entered the Baptist ministry. He was married,
July 26, 1871, to Fannie Forester, daughter of
Chesley and Elizabeth (Jordan) Williams of
Eagleville, Tenn. He was principal of Hender
son Male and Female institute, 1871-77 and 1880-
84 ; professor of English and French in the South
western Baptist university, 1877-80 ; principal of
the Eagleville (Tenn.) high school, 1884-90, and
in 1890 became president of the Southwestern
Baptist university. He received the degree of
LL.D. from the Southwestern Baptist university
in 1890.
SAVAGE, James, antiquary, was born in
Boston, Mass., July 13, 1784 ; son of Habijah and
Elizabeth (Tudor) Savage ; grandson of Thomas
and Deborah (Briggs) Savage and of John and
Jane (Varney) Tudor, and a descendant of Maj.
Thomas Savage, who came from St. Albans,
England, to Boston, Mass. in 1635. He was grad
uated at Harvard, A.B., 1803, A.M., 1806 ; studied
law under Isaac Parker in Portland and under
Samuel Dexter and William Sullivan in Boston ;
was admitted to the bar in 1807, and practised in
Boston. He was a representative in the state
legislature, 1812, 1813 and 1821 ; a member of the
state constitutional convention, 1820 ; state sen
ator, 1826, and a member of the executive council,
of the Boston common council, and of the board
of aldermen. He founded the Provident Insti
tution for Savings in Boston in 1817, and served
successively as its secretary, treasurer, vice-
president and president, through a period of
forty-five years. He was married, April 25,
1823, to Elizabeth Otis, daughter of George Still-

1617]

SAVAGE

SAVAGE

man of Machias, Maine, and widow of James
Otis Lincoln of Hingham, Mass. He was an
overseer of Harvard, 1838-53 ; librarian of the
Massachusetts Historical society, 1814-18, its
treasurer, 1820-39, and its president, 1841-55; a
fellow of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, and a member of the Boston Anthology
society. He received the degree LL.D. from
Harvard in 1841. He devoted man3r years to
antiquarian research ; was for five years an as
sociate editor of the Monthly Anthology, which
led to the North American Review ; revised the
volume of charters and general laws of the Mass
achusetts Colony and the Province of Massachu
setts Bay, and edited William Payley's works (5
vols., 1823; new edit., 1830). He also published
John Winthrop's " History of New England 1030-
46" (3 vols., 1835-36; 3d edit, rev., 1853). His
most notable work is his Genealogical Dictionary
of the First Settlers of Neiv England, Showing
Three Generations of Those ivho came before May,
1692 (4 vols., 1860-64), the result of twenty years
of painstaking research. He died in Boston,
Mass., March 8, 1873.
SAVAGE, John, jurist, was born in Salem,
N.Y. in 1779. He was graduated at Union col
lege, 1799, and practised law in Salem, N.Y.,
1800-19. He represented Washington county in
the New York assembly in 1814 ; was Democratic
representative from New York in the llth and
15th congresses, 1815-19, and subsequently served
as U.S. district attorney for New York. He vvas
state comptroller, 1821-23 ; chief-justice of the
New York supreme court, 1823-37 ; assistant U.S.
treasurer in New York city for some time, and a
presidential elector for the 29th district on the
Polk and Dallas ticket in 1845. He received the
degree LL.D. from Union college in 1829. He
died in Utica, N.Y., Oct. 19, 1863.
SAVAGE, John, journalist, vvas born in Dub
lin, Ireland, Dec. 13, 1828 ; son of John and Eliz
abeth (Guest) Savage. He attended the art school
of the Royal Dublin society ; joined the revolu
tionary parly, and published two journals that
were suppressed by the British government. He
organized bands of armed peasants in the south
of Ireland, and when the Irish cause was lost, lie
fled to New York city in 1848. and engaged as a
proof-reader on the New York Tribune. He be
came literary editor of the Citizen ; contributed
to the Democratic Review, to the American Review,
and in 1857 removed to Washington, D.C, where
he purchased The States and made it the organ of
Stephen A. Douglas. He organized the Irish
brigade and the Irish legion in 1861, and served
during the civil war in the 69th New York regi
ment. He was married, Oct. 3, 1851, to Louise
Gouverneur, youngest daughter of Capt. Samuel
Chester Reid (q.v.) and Mary (Jennings) Reid.

He was chief clerk of the New York marine
court, 1875-84. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by St. John's college,
N.Y., in 1875. He wrote several popular war
songs, including : The Starry Flag and The Muster
of the North, and his published books comprise :
Lays of the Fatherland. (1850); '98 and '48: The
Modern Revolutionary History and Literature of
Ireland (1856) ; Our Living Representative Men
(1860) ; Faith and Fancy (poems, 1863); Campaign
Life of Andrew Johnson (1864); Life and Public
Services of Andrew Johnson (1866); Fenian
Heroes and Martyrs (1868); Poems': Lyrical,
Dramatic and Romantic (1870); Picturesque
Ireland, containing an interesting account of Mr.
Savage's family (edited, 1876), and several plays,
which are : Sybil, a tragedy, produced in 1858
(1865); Waiting for a Wife, a comedy (1859);
and Eva, a Goblin Romance (1865). A life-size
marble portrait bust of Dr. Savage was placed in
the Booth museum, Players club, New York city.
He died in Spragueville, Pa., Oct. 9, 1888.
SAVAGE, John Houston, representative, was
born in McMinnville, Tenn., Oct. 9, 1815 ; son of
George and Elizabeth (Kenner) Savage ; grand
son of Abram and Anne (Bowman) Savage and of
Rodham and Malinda (Paine) Kenner, and a de
scendant of Capt. Richard Kenner, who recorded
a deed of land in Northern Neck, Va., in 1667.
He attended the common schools ; joined the
army as a private under Gen. Edmund P. Gaines,
serving on the Texas frontier and against the
Seminole Indians in Florida, and practised law in
Smithville, Tenn. He was colonel of the state
militia ; attorney -general of the 4th district of
Tennessee, 1841-47, and a, presidential elector on
the Polk and Dallas ticket in 1844. He took part
in the war with Mexico as major, 14th infantry,
U.S.A. : was wounded at Molino del Rey ; pro
moted lieutenant-colonel, llth infantry, and
succeeded Col. William Graham in the command
of the regiment. He was a Democratic repre
sentative from Tennessee in the 31st and 32nd
congresses, 1849-53, and in the 34th and 35th con
gresses, 1855-59. He served as colonel, 16th
Tennessee infantry, C.S.A., and was wounded at
Perryville and Murfreesboro. He was a Demo
cratic representative in the state legislature in
1877-79 and 1887. He was never married. His
biography was in course of preparation under his
personal direction in 1903.
SAVAGE, Minot Judson, clergyman, was born
in Norridgewock, Maine, June 10, 1841 ; son of
Joseph and Ann S. (Stinson) Savage, and a de
scendant of James Savage, a native of England,
who came from London to Boston with his wife"
and one child about 1715. He fitted for Bowdoin
college, but was prevented from going by ill-
health, and was graduated from Bangor Theolor

[018]

SAVAGE

SAWTELLE

gical seminary in 1864. He was ordained to the
Congregational ministry in 1864, and vvas married
in the same year to Ella A., daughter of the Rev.
John and Ann (Godfrey) Dodge of Harvard,
Mass. He was a home missionary to California,
1864-67 ; pastor at
Framingham, Mass.,
1867-69, and at Han
nibal, Mo., 1869-73.
He joined the Uni
tarian body in 1873,
and was minister in
Chicago, 1873, and of
the Church of the
; Unity, Boston, 1874-
1 96, when he became
the associate of the
Rev. Dr. Robert Coll-
yer at the Church
of the Messiah, New
York city. The hon
orary degree of D.D.
by Harvard in 1896.

him

was conferred on
He edited : Sacred Songs for Public Worship
and a Unitarian Catechism ; and is the author
of: Christianity the Science of Manhood (1873);
Light on the Cloud (1876) ; The Religion of Evolu
tion (1876); Bluffton: a Story of To-Day (1878);
Life Questions (1879) ; The Morals of Evolution
(1880); Belief s about Jesus (1881); Belief in God
(1882); Beliefs about Man (1882); Poems (1882);
Beliefs about tlie Bible (1883); The Modern Sphinx
(1883); Man, Woman and Child (1884); The
Religious Life (1885); Social Problems (1886);
My Creed (1887); These Degenerate Days (1887);
Religious Reconstruction (1S88) ; Signs of the
Times (1889); Helps for Daily Living (1889);
Life (1890) ; Four Great Questions Concerning
God (1891) ; The Irrepressible Conflict between
Two World-Theories (1891) ; The Evolution of
Christianity (1892) ; Is this a Good World (1893);
Jesus and Modern Life (1893) ; A Man (1895) ;
Religion for To-Day (1897) ; Our Unitarian Gospel
(1898)-; Hymns (1898) ; Psychics, Facts and Theo
ries (1899); Life Beyond Death (1900), and The
Passing and the Permanent in Religion (1902).
SAVAGE, Richard Henry, author, was born
in Utica, N.Y., June 12, 1846 ; son of Richard
and Jane Moor head (Ewart) Savage ; grandson of
Richard and Elizabeth Savage and of Robert and
Jane (Nevin) Ewart, and a descendant of the
Savages of Worcester, England, the Nugents of
Portaferry, Ireland, and the Ewarts of Stirling,
Scotland. His paternal grandfather, a civil
engineer, came from Great Britain about 1805.
He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy
in 1868, and was promoted 2d lieutenant, corps
of engineers, serving till 1871, when he joined
the Egyptian army with the rank of major. He [619]

went to Marseilles, France, as U.S. vice-consul,
and to Rome, Italy, as U.S. vice-consul in 1872.
He was married, Jan. 2, 1873, to Anna Josephine
Scheible, daughter of Carl Scheible and Hortense
Josephine (von Rapedius) von Ruthishausen of
Berlin, Germany. He was joint commissioner
on the Texan-Mexican frontier commission,
1873-74, and was employed as chief engineer of
the Corpus Christi and Rio Grande R.R. company
in Texas, 1874-75. He was admitted to the bar
of the U.S. supreme court in 1890. He vvas
appointed senior major of 2d U.S. volunteer
engineers in May, 1898, and served throughout
the Spanish- American war, and in November,
1898, personally hoisted the first American flag
in Havana. He was senior captain with the rank
of major of the 27th U.S. volunteer infantry,
July 5-Dec. 1, 1899, and was appointed brigadier-
general and chief engineer of Spanish war
veterans, Oct. 10, 1900. He was elected com
mander-in-chief of the National Spanish- American
War Veterans, Oct. 11, 1902. His many publish
ed books include : My Official Wife (1891) ; Delilah
of Harlem (1892) ; The Little Lady of Lagunitas
(1893); For Life and Love (1893); Tlie Masked
Venus (1893) ; The Flying Halcyon (1894) ; In the
Old Chateau (1895) ; A Daughter of Judas (1895) ;
After Many Years, poems (1895) ; Miss Devereux
(1895); The Anarchist (1896); In the Shadow of
the Pyramids (1896); In the Swim (1896); The
Hacienda on the Hill (1900); The Shield of His
Honor (1900); The Midnight Passenger (1900);
Brought to Bay (1900) , and other novels, stories,
lectures and essays.
SAWTELLE, Charles Greene, soldier, was
born in Norridgewock, Maine, May 10,' 1834 ; son
of Cullen and Elizabeth (Lyman) Sawtelle ;
grandson of Richard and Sarah (Ware) Sawtelle
and of Josiah Dwight and Betsey (Whiting) Ly
man, and a descendant of Richard Sawtell (be
lieved to have first settled at Groton, Mass.), who
died at Watertown, Mass., Aug. 21, 1694. He
was graduated from the U.S. Military academy
in 1854 ; was assigned to the infantry and served
on frontier duty at Fort Ripley, Minn., 1854-55,
and on the Sioux expedition of 1855. He was
promoted 2d lieutenant, 6th infantry, March 3,
1855, 1st lieutenant, July 1, 1859 ; served as quar
termaster, 1857-61 ; was stationed in California,
1858-61, and appointed acting regiment adjutant,
April 29, 1861. He was in charge of the quarter
master depot at Perryville, Md., 1861-62; was
promoted captain of staff and assistant quarter
master, May 17, 1861, and served in the Virginia
Peninsular campaign in 1862, and as acting chief
quartermaster of the Army of the Potomac in
the Maryland campaign. He was promoted lieu
tenant-colonel of staff, Nov. 12, 1862, was chief
quartermaster of the 2d corps, in the Rappahan-

SAWYER

SAWYER

nock campaign, 1862-63 ; chief quartermaster of
the right grand division in the battle of Fred
ericksburg, Dec. 13, 1863 ; chief quartermaster of
cavalry corps, Army of the Potomac, Jan. 24-
June 13, 1863 ; assistant chief quartermaster of
the Army of the Potomac, June 21-Aug. 6, 1863 ;
chief quartermaster of the cavalry bureau at
Washington, D.C, 1863-64 ; chief-quartermaster
of the forces on the Rio Grancfe river, Feb.-April,
1864, having charge of the transports and sup
plies for the relief of General Banks' army on its
return from Red River. He was in charge ofthe
steam transportation in the department of the
Gulf, May 19-June 6, 1864 ; and was chief quar
termaster of the military division of West Missis
sippi, 1864-65. He was brevetted major, lieu
tenant-colonel and colonel U.S.A., March 13,
1865, for faithful and meritorious services during
the rebellion ; was brevetted brigadier-general,
U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for faithful and merito
rious services in the quartermaster's department
during the rebellion. He was promoted colonel
of staff, U.S.V., May 25, 1865, was chief quarter
master of the military division of the Southwest,
June 3-Julyl7, 1865; was appointed chief -quar
termaster of the military division of the Gulf in
1865 and of the department of the Gulf in 1866.
He was promoted major, Jan. 18, 1867 ; lieuten
ant-colonel and deputy quartermaster-general,
Jan. 24, 1881 ; colonel and assistant quartermaster-
general, Sept. 12, 1894 ; brigadier -general and
quartermaster-general, Aug. 19, 1896, and was
retired at his own request, Feb. 16, 1897. He was
married, March 30, 1869, to Alice Chester, daugh
ter of Edmund S. and Sarah (Clark) Munroe of
Englewood, N.J.
SAWYER, Caroline Mehitabel (Fisher),
author, was born in Newton, Mass., Dec. 10, 1812 ;
daughter of Jesse and Anna (Kenrick)Fisher ;
granddaughter of John Kenrick, and a descen
dant of the Rev. Thomas Foxcroft of Boston
— her maternal great-grand-mother, Meliitable
(Foxcroft) Miriam, wife of Rev. John Miriam of
Newton, being his daughter. She was educated
at home by her uncle, Enoch Kenrick, and was
married, Sept. 21, 1831, to Dr. Thomas Jefferson
Sawyer (q.v.). They had seven children. She
edited the Ladies' Repository, 1861-64, and is the
author of: The Juvenile Library (4 vols., 1845);
The Poetry of Hebrew Tradition (1847); edited
the "Poems" of Mrs. Julia H. Scott, with a
memoir (1854); translated Van Horn's "Friedel"
from the German (1856); and conducted Tlie
Rose of Sharon, an annual publication (1850-58).
She died at College Hill, Mass., May 19, 1894.
SAWYER, Charles Henry, governor of New
Hampshire, was born in Watertown, N.Y., March
30, 1840 ; son of Jonathan and Martha (Perkins)
Sawyer ; grandson of Phinehas and Hannah

(Whitney) Sawyer and of Cyrus and Martha
(Childs) Perkins, and a descendant of Thomas
and Mary (Prescott) Sawyer, who were among
the first settlers of 'Lancaster, Mass,
1850 his parents moved to
Dover, N.H., where he at
tended the public schools and
Franklin academy. He was
married, Feb. 8, 1860, to Susan
Ellen, daughter of Dr. James
W. and Elizabeth (Hodgdon)
Cowan of Dover. He was su
perintendent of theSawyer Woolen mills, 1865-81,
and president of that company, 1881-98. He was
representative in the New Hampshire legislature,
1869-70 and 1876-77 ; a delegate to the Republi
can national convention of 1884, and governor of
New Hampshire, 1887-89. He vvas commissioner
from New Hampshire to the Paris exposition,
1889, and officially connected with railways, banks
and other institutions, retiring from business in
1898. He was » trustee of Dartmouth college,
1887-89, and received from there the honorary
degree of A.M. in 1887, and that of M.S. from
the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and.
Mechanic Arts.
SAWYER, Frederick Adolphus, senator, was
born in Bolton, Mass., Dec. 12, 1822; son of
Joseph and Abigail (Bender) Sawyer, and grand
son of Peter Bender, a native of Germar^. He
earned his college tuition and expenses by teach
ing school, and was graduated at Harvard in
1844. He taught in Gardiner, Maine, 1844-47 ;
Wiscasset, Maine, 1847-51; Lowell, Mass., 1852;.
Nashua, N.H., 1852; Wakefield, Mass., 1853-55,
and Boston, Mass., 1855-59. He vvas married in
1854 to Delia E., daughter of Ira and Mary (White)
Gay of Nashua. He was principal of the state
normal school at Charleston, S.C, 1859-63 ; was,
active in promoting reconstruction measures, and
was collector of internal revenue for the 2d dis
trict of South Carolina, 1865-68. He was elected
a delegate to the state constitutional convention
in 1867, but was unable to be present, and was
elected one of the first U.S. senators from South
Carolina under the reconstruction laws of the
state, serving from July 22, 1S68, to March 3,
1873. From March, 1873, to June, 1874, he was.
assistant secretary of the U.S. treasury, and with
other officials was charged with procuring the
payment of a fraudulent cotton claim, of which
he was acquitted on a second trial ; was con
nected with the coast survey, 1874-80 ; was a.
special agent of the war department, 1880-87, and
conducted a preparatory school in Ithaca, N.Y.,
for several years. He died in Sewanee, Tenn.,
July 31, 1891.
SAWYER, Horace Bucklin, naval officer, was
bom in Burlington, Vt., Feb. 22, 1797 ; son of

[620]

SAWYER

SAWYER

Col. James Sawyer, and grandson of Colonel
Ephraim Sawyer, who removed from Lancaster,
Mass., to Grand Isle county, Vt., in 1786. He
was appointed midshipman in the U.S. navy,
June 4, 181 3, and served on Lake Champlain under
Lieut. Sidney Smith in 1812, where he was taken
prisoner and held as a hostage at Halifax, N.S.
He served on the Constitution under Commodore
Stewart in 1815, and fought in the battle result
ing in the capture of the Cyane and Levant.
He shipped before the mast on a merchant ship
for India, 1816-17: was promoted lieutenant iu the
U.S. navy, April 1, 1818 ; served on board the
Dolphin on a cruise to South America, 1818-21 ;
on the Spark in the West Indies, and on the
Warren in the Mediterranean. During the
Canadian rebellion he commanded the northern
frontier of Vermont. He vvas prompted com
mander in December, 1839 ; captain, April 12,
1853, and was retired, Sept. 13, 1855, and in 1856
was presented with a sword by the legislature of
Vermont, for his services in the war of 1812-15.
He removed to Plattsburgh, N.Y. He was mar
ried, first, to Miss Shaler of Middletown, Conn.,
and secondly, to Miss Wadsworth of Burlington,
Vt. He died in Washington, D.C, Feb. 14, 1860.
SAWYER, Leicester Ambrose, educator, was
born in Pinckney, N.Y., July 28, 1807; son of
Jotham and Lucy (Harper) Sawyer ; grandson
of Thomas and Susannah (Wilder) Sawyer ; great-
grandson of Elisha and Mary (Hart) Sawyer, and
a descendant of Thomas Sawyer, who came from
Kent, England, in 1030, and married Mary Pres
cott. He was graduated from Hamilton college,
N.Y., in 1828; attended Princeton Theological
seminary, 1828-29, and was ordained to the
Presbyterian ministry at Watertown, NY., Feb.
23, 1832. He supplied pulpits at Adams, Smith-
ville and North Adams, N.Y., 1831-32 ; was pastor
at Martinsburg, N.Y., 1832-35; New Haven, Conn.,
1835-40, and Columbus, Ohio, 1840-47, being
president of Central college, Ohio, 1842-47. He
vvas pastor at Sackett's Harbor, N.Y., 1850-54 ; of
the Congregational church at Westmoreland,
1854-59, and of the Unitarian church at South
Hingham, Mass., 1859-60. In 1860 he settled in
Whitesboro, N.Y., where he engaged in literary
work, and was connected with the Utica Morning
Herald. He made a translation of the New
Testament (1858) , and is the author of : Elements
of Biblical Interpretation (1836); Mental Philoso
phy (1839) ; Moral Philosophy (1845) ; Critical
Exposition of Baptism (1845) ; Organic Christi
anity (1854) ; Reconstruction of Biblical Theories
(1862) ; and The American Bible (1860-1888).
He died in Whitesboro, N.Y., Dec. 29, 1898.
SAWYER, Lemuel, representative, was born
in Camden county, N.C, in 1777 ; son of Lemuel
Sawyer. He prepared for college at Flatbush

academy, Long Island, N.Y., matriculated at the
Univei'sity of North Carolina, class of 1799 ;
studied mathematics at the University of Pennsyl
vania, and on returning to North Carolina served
in the house of commons, 1800-01. He was ad
mitted to the bar in 1801 ; was a presidential elec
tor on the Democratic ticket in 1805, and a
representative from North Carolina in the 10th,
llth, 12th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 19th and 20th con
gresses, serving 1807-13, 1817-23 and 1825-29. He
resided for several years in Elizabeth City, N.C,
and was a department clerk in Washington, D.C,
1850-52. He is the author of : Life of John Ran
dolph (18ii) ; Autobiography (1844) ; and he wrote
several dramas, which were not successful as they
were considered at the time immoral. He died
in Washington, D.C, Jan. 9, 1852.
SAWYER, Lorenzo, jurist, was born in Le
roy, N.Y., May 23, 1830. He removed to Penn
sylvania and later to Ohio, and attended Western
Reserve university. He practised law in Illinois-
and Wisconsin, and in 1850 went to California
where he engaged in mining. He was elected city
attorney of San Francisco in 1854 ; was judge of
the district court of California, 1862-63 ; justice
of the supreme court, 1863-68, and chief-justice,,
1868-69. He was U.S. circuit judge for the 9th
circuit that embraced the whole of the Pacific
States, 1869-91. He received the honorary degree
of LL.D. from Hamilton college in 1877, and
was president of the board of trustees of Leland
Stanford Junior university, 1887-91. He died in
Washington, D.C, Jan. 9, 1891.
SAWYER, Philetus, senator, was born in
Whiting, Rutland county, Vt. , Sept. 22, 1816. His
father, a farmer and blacksmith, removed in
1817 to Crown Point, N.Y., where Philetus' at
tended the district schools. He obtained em
ployment in a saw
mill, which he subse
quently operated, and
was married in 1841,
to Melvina M. Had
ley, who died in 1888.
He removed with his
family to Fond du
Lac county, Wis., in
1847 ; engaged in
farming, and then
entered the lumber
business at Algoma
and at Fond du
Lac, accumulating
an estate valued at
$3,000,000. He was
repeatedly elected to the city council ; was a
representative in the state legislature, 1857-63 '>
mayor of Oshkosh, 1863-64, and a Republican
representative from the fifth district of Wiscon-

[621]

SAWYER

SAXE

sin in the 39th-43d congresses, 1865-75. He was
elected U.S. senator, Jan. 26, 1881 ; was re
elected, Jan. 26, 1887, and was defeated for re-
electiou in 1893 by John R. Mitchell, Democrat.
He served in the senate as chairman of the com
mittee on post offices and post roads. He vvas a
delegate to the Republican national conventions
of 1864, 1876 and 1880. He contributed to many
#
religious and benevolent institutions ; gave
$12,000 toward a building for the Young Men's
Christian association of Oshkosh, and bequeathed
$10,000 to the Ladies Benevolent society of that
place. He died in Qshkosh, Wis., March 29, 1900.
SAWYER, Sylvanus, inventor, was born in
Templeton, Mass., April 15, 1822. While a boy
at work on his father's farm he invented a
practical reecl organ. In 1839 he engaged in the
gunsmith business with his brother-in-law in
Augusta, Maine, and invented a, steam-engine, a
screw propeller and a foot-power car. In 1843
he removed to Boston and invented a machine
for making chair-cane from rattan ; and in 1851
he established a manufactory at East Temple-
ton. He was a director and manager of the
American Rattan Co., formed in December, 1851.
In 1853 he invented improvements in rifled can
non projectiles, arranging the percussion-cap so
as to cause the explosion of the shell on impact.
He made experiments with this invention in
1857-58, and it was approved by the U.S. ord
nance bureau. During the civil war his guns
were placed at Newport News and at Fort- Wood,
and at the latter place they created havoc with
the iron-clad batteries at Sewell's Point, a dis
tance of three and one half miles. After the
war, he furnished the first batteries of cast-steel
rifled guns made in America. His other inven
tions include : patent dividers and calipers in
1867 ; a steam generator in 1868 ; a sole sewing
machine, 1876, and a centering watchmaker's
lathe in 1882. He died in Templeton, Mass.,
Oct. 25, 1895.
SAWYER, Thomas Jefferson, educator, was
born in Reading, Vt., Jan. 9, 1804; son of Ben
jamin and Sally (York) Sawyer ; grandson of
Joseph and Hannah (Hutchens) Sawyer ; and a
descendant of John Sawyer of Lincolnshire,
England, whose son Thomas came to New Eng
land in 1639, was probably a resident of Rowley,
Mass., in 1643, and was afterwards one of the
first settlers of Lancaster, Mass. Thomas J. Saw
yer was graduated at Middlebury college, A.B.,
1829, A.M., 1833 ; studied theology, and was pastor
of a Universalist church in New York city, 1830-
45 and 1852-61. He was married, Sept. '21, 1831,
to Caroline Mehitable Fisher (q.v.), of Newton,
Mass. He was principal of Clinton Liberal
institute, 1845-52, and lived on a farm in Clinton,
N.Y., 1861-63. He was greatly interested in

[622]

training men for the Universalist ministry, and
in 1847, with the Rev. Hosea Ballou, 2d, and the
Rev. .Thomas Whittemore, began the movement
which resulted in the founding of Tufts college,
chartered in 1852. He was also instrumental in
establishing the theological school of St. Law
rence university, Canton, N.Y., in 1856, and be
tween the years 1861 and 1863 declined the pre
sidency of St. Lawrence university, of Lom
bard university and of Tufts college. He edited
the Christian Ambassador in New York city,
1863-66, and lived on a farm in New Jersey,
1866-69. In 1869 he accepted the Packard chair
of systematic theology at Tufts, which position
he held until 1893, when he was made professor
emeritus. He was also the first dean of the
faculty, 1883-92. He vvas secretary and librarian
of the Universalist Historical society, 1834-99,
and was a valiant champion of the Universalist
faith, in magazine articles and in debate. He re
ceived from Harvard the honorary degree of
S.T.D. in 1850 and from Tufts that of LL.D. in
1896. He is the author of : Letters to Rev. Ste
phen Remington in Review of his " Lectures on
Universalism " (1839) ; Review of Rev. E. F. Hat
field's " Universalism as it Is" (1843) ; Endless
Punishment (1845); Memoirs of Rev. Stephen R.
Smith (1852) ; Discussions with Rev. Isaac West
cott on the Doctrine of Endless Misery (1853) ;
Tlie Doctrine of Universal Salvation (1854) ;
Who is our God, the Son of the Father 9 (1859),
and Endless Punishment in the Very Words of Its
Advocates (1880). He died in Somerville, Mass.,
July 24, 1899.
SAXE, John Godfrey, poet, was born in High-
gate, Vt., June 2, 1816. He vvas brought up on a
farm; attended St. Albans (Vt.) grammar school
and Wesleyan university, 1835-36, and was grad
uated from Middlebury college, A.B.. 1839, A.M.,
1842. He studied law at Lockport, N.Y., and St.
Albans, Vt. ; was admitted to the bar in St. Albans
in September, 1843, and practised in Franklin
county, 1843-50, being also superintendent of the
county schools, 1843-45. He became the pro
prietor of the Burlington, Vermont, Sentinel in
1850, wiiich he edited until 1856 ; was state's at
torney for Chittenden county, 1850-51 ; attorney-
general of Vermont, 1856-59 ; deputy-collector of
customs, and the unsuccessful Democratic nomi
nee for governor of the state in 1859 and in 1860.
He removed to New York in 1860, and engaged
in literary work and lecturing until 1872, when
he removed to Albany and became editor of the
Evening Journal. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Middlebury college in
1860. He is the author of many poems which
he contributed to the Knickerbocker Magazine;
Harper's Magazine and the Atlantic Monthly.,
They include: Rhyme ofthe Rail; Tlie Briefless

SAXTON

SAXTON

Barrister ; The Proud Miss McBride ; Jerry the
Miller; I'm Growing Old; The Old Church Bell,
and Treasures in Heaven. Among his published
works are: Progress, A Satirical Poem (1846) ;
Humorous and Satirical Poems (1850) ; The
Money Iting and other Poems (1859) ; Complete
Poems (1861); The Flying Dutchman (1862); Clever
Stories of Many Nations, Rendered in Rhyme
(1865); The Times, The Telegraph, and other
Poems (1865); The Masquerade and other Poems
(1866); Fables and Legends of Many Countries
(1872), and Leisure-Day Rhymes (1875). He died
at the home of his son, Charles G. Saxe, in Albany,
N.Y., March 31, 1887.
SAXTON, Joseph, inventor, was born in Hunt
ingdon, Pa., March 22, 1799 ; son of James and
Hannah (Ashbaugh) Saxton. He worked in his
father's nail factory, learned the trade of watch
making, made a printing press on which he
printed a small newspaper, removed to Phil
adelphia in 1817, where he carried on the busi
ness of watch-making, and invented a machine
for facilitating the making of the wiieels
for the works. With Isaiah Lukens he con
structed an ingenious clock which gave the
movements of the planets, and he also made the
town clock placed in the belfry of Independence
Hall, Philadelphia. About 1828 he went to Lon
don, where he became associated with the Ade
laide Gallery of Practical Science, for which he
constructed several mechanical toys. He there
met Telford, Brunei, Whitwell, Hawkins and
Faraday, through whose influence he vvas ad
mitted to the meetings of the Royal institution.
In June, 1833, he demonstrated before the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, the
workings of his magneto-electric machine, cap
able of decomposing water and of producing
brilliant electrical sparks and steady light by
bringing charcoal points near together. He also
invented a pulley for measuring the velocity of
vessels ; an air-gun with metallic cartridge ; an
apparatus for obtaining an electrical spark from
the magnetism of the earth ; another for measur
ing the velocity of electricity, and several useful
articles. He also perfected the medal-ruling
machine, invented by Gobercht of the U.S. mint,
and was awarded the Scott legacy medal of the
Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, in 1834, for
his reflecting pyrometer. He declined the office
of director of . the printing machinery of the
Bank of England, and on his return to the United
States in 1837, he became curator of the
standard weighing apparatus of the U.S.
mint in Philadelphia, and superintended the
construction of standard balances, weights and
measures for the branch mints and assay offices of
the government. He also invented an automatic
machine for measuring the height of the tides ;

one for determining the temperature of the deep
sea ; an immersed hydrometer ; and applied his
reflecting pyrometer to the construction of
measuring rods. He vvas awarded a gold medal
at the Crystal Palace fair, London, in 1851,
for a nearly precise balance. He was a mem
ber of the Franklin Institute, and of the Ameri
can Philosophical society, 1837-73, and a charter
member of the National Academy of Sciences,
1803, which society preserved his memoirs,
written by Joseph Henry, 1877. He was married
in 1850 to Mary H. Abercrombie of Philadelphia,
Pa. He died in Washington, D.C, Oct. 26, 1873.
SAXTON, Rufus, soldier, was born at Green
field, Mass., Oct. 19, 1824; son of Jonathan
Ashley and Miranda (Wright) Saxton ; grandson
of Rufus and Tirzah (Ashley) Saxton and of
Ashel and Mercy (White) Wright, and a great-
grandson of David and Rebecca (Barnard) Sax
ton and of the Rev. Jonathan Ashley and Capt.
Salmon White of the Continental army of the
Revolution. He entered the U.S. Military acade
my in 1845 and in 1849 was brevetted 2d lieuten
ant, 3d artillery. He served in the Seminole
war and on Sept. 12, 1850. was commissioned 2d
lieutenant, 4th artillery. He did frontier duty
until 1853, when he was detailed to explore and
survey a route for the Northern Pacific railroad,
through the unknown Northwest, from the Mis
sissippi river to the Pacific ocean. He vvas pro
moted 1st lieutenant, March 3, 1855, served on the
coast survey, 1855-59, and was assistant instruc
tor of artillery tactics, U.S. Military academy,
1859-60. In February, 1861, he went to the St.
Louis arsenal, took part in its defense, was pro
moted captain, May 13, 1861, appointed quarter
master on General Lyon's staff, and under him
commanded the regulars at the capture of Camp
Jackson. Before the battle of Wilson's Creek, he
was transferred to McClellan's staff in Virginia,
and after McClellan took the Army ofthe Potomac,
Captain Saxton was made chief-quartermaster of
Thomas W. Sherman's expeditionary corps, which
captured Port Royal, S.C, Captain Saxton re
mained at Port Royal as chief quartermaster of
the department of the South, and on April 15,
1863, was commissioned brigadier-general of vol
unteers and given command of Harper's Ferry,
being there at the time Jackson made his attack
upon it, to gain time to remove his captured prop
erty from Winchester to Staunton. General
Saxton received a medal of honor for his distin
guished gallantry and good conduct in the de
fense of Harper's Ferry. May 36-30, 1863. When
General Sigel took command of the forces at
Harper's Ferry, General Saxton was transferred
to Washington and in July, 1863, was appointed
military governor of the department of the South.
He enlisted several regiments of colored troops,

SAY

SAYLES

including Col. T.W. Higginson's regiment, the
first colored regiment ever regularly enlisted in
the U.S. service. General Saxton was made com
mander of the Beaufort district, February, 1863,
and under protest superintended the colonization
of the freedmen on deserted estates. He was
married March 11, 1863, to Matilda Gordon, daugh
ter of Lewis and Rosanna Thompson of Philadel
phia. In January, 1865, he was relieved of his
other duties and made assistant commissioner of
the refugees, freedmen and abandoned lands for
the states of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.
He was brevetted major-general of volunteers,
Jan. 13, 1865 ; and brevetted major, lieutenant-
colonel and colonel, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, and
brigadier-general, U.S.A., April 9, 1865. He was
mustered out of the volunteer service, Jan. 15,
1866, and returned to the quartermaster's depart
ment U.S.A. He was promoted major July 29,
1866, and was chief quartermaster on the frontier,
1866-67, of the 3d military district and depart
ment of the South, 1867-69 ; of the department of
the Columbia, 1869-73, and was promoted lieu
tenant-colonel and department quartermaster-
general June 6, 1872. He served in the depart
ment of the Lakes, 1873-75, department of Mis
souri, 1875-79, military division -of the Pacific,
1879-83 ; was promoted colonel and assistant
quartermaster-general, March 10, 1882, and was
in command of Jeffersonville department ofthe
quartermaster's department, 1883-88. He was re
tired by age limit, Oct. 19, 1888.
SAY, Benjamin, representative, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa. , in 1756 ; son of Thomas Say
(1709-1796), and grandson of William Say, an early
Quaker settler in Philadelphia. His father vvas
a prominent merchant of Philadelphia ; treasurer
of the society for the instruction of blacks ; a
founder of the Pennsylvania hospital, and of the
house of employment. Benjamin attended the
Quaker schools, studied medicine in the Univer
sity of Pennsylvania, and became a well-known
physician. He sympathized with the colonies
during the Revolution, and was a member of
the fighting Quakers. He was a representative
in the 10th and llth congresses, 1808-11, succeed
ing Joseph Clay, resigned. He was a founder of
the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, and
its treasurer, 1791-1809 ; founder of the Penn
sylvania Prison society, and president of the
Philadelphia Humane society. He is the author
of: Spasmodic Affections of the Eye (1792), and
A Short Compilation of the Extraordinary Life
and Writings of Thomas Say Copied from his
Manuscripts (1796). He died in Philadelphia,
Pa.. April 33, 1813.
SAY, Thomas, naturalist, was born in Phil
adelphia, Pa., July 37, 1787 ; son of Dr. Benjamin
Say (q.v.). He engaged unsuccessfully in the drug

business, and devoted himself entirely to the
study of natural history. He founded the
Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia in
1813 ; took part in the scientific exploration of
the islands and coasts of Georgia, and in 1819
joined Maj. Stephen Long in his famous expedi
tion to the Rocky Mountains, as chief geologist.
In 1820 he went on another expedition under
Long to explore the sources of the Mississippi
river, making the whole botanical collection.
He joined the socialistic community of Robert
Owen at New Harmony, Ind., in 1825, and after
the failure of the community remained there as
keeper and agent. He contributed largely to the
Transactions' oi the American Philosophical
society, and the American Journal of Science ;
and is the author of : American Entomology (3
vols., 1824-28); American Conchology, which he
left unfinished, but which was completed and
edited by William G. Binney in 1858. He died
in New Harmony, Ind., Oct. 10, 1834.
SAYERS, Joseph Draper, governor of Texas,
was born at Grenada, Miss., Sept. 23, 1841 ; son
of Dr. David and Mary Thomas (Peete) Sayers,
and a descendant of John Sayers, a major in the
Continental army in the Carolina campaign. He
removed with his father to
Bastrop, Texas, in 1851, and
attended Bastrop Military
institute ; and in 1861 joined
the Confederate army, serv
ing 1861-65, and reaching
the rank of major. He was
admitted to the bar in 1866 ;
vvas a Democratic senator in the Texas legislature
in 1873 ; chairman of the Democratic state execu
tive committee, 1875-78, and lieutenant-governor
of Texas, 1879-80. He was married in 1879 to
Orline, daughter of Williams and Maria Walton of
Bastrop, Tex. He was a Democratic representa
tive from the ninth and tenth districts of Texas
respectively, in the 49th-55th congresses, serving
from 1885 to 1898, when he resigned his seat to
become Democratic candidate for governor, and
he was elected, and re-elected in 1900, serving,
1899-1903. SAYLES, John, jurist, was born in Vernon,
N.Y., March 9, 1825 ; a descendant of John
Sayles, who emigrated from England in the ship
Lion, with Roger Williams, in 1631, and settled
on Providence Plantations, R.I., in 1645, where he
married Mary, daughter of Roger Williams. John
Sayles the younger attended the public schools
of Oneida county ; graduated at Hamilton col
lege, LL.B. in 1845, and removed to Georgia,
teaching school there and in Texas. He was ad
mitted to the Texas bar in 1846 ; practised at
Brenham ; was a representative in the Texas
legislature, 1853-55 ; and was appointed special

[624]

S A Y. KJi

SAYRE

judge of the supreme court of Texas in 1851 ;
brigadier-general in the Texas militia during the
civil war, and was on the staff of Gen. John B.
Magruder. He vvas professor of law at Baylor
university, Waco, Texas, 1880-99, and is the
author of : A Treatise on the Practice in the
District and Supreme Courts of Texas (1858);
Treatise on the Civil Jurisdiction of Justices of
the Peace in the State of Texas (1867); Treatise
on the Principles of Pleading in Civil Actions in
ihe Courts of Texas (1872) ; Laws of Business and
Form-Books (1872) ; Constitution of Texas ivith
Notes (1872) ; Notes on Texan Reports (1874); The
Masonic Jurisprudence of Texas, toith Forms for
the Use of Lodges and the Grand Lodge (1879);
and Revised Civil Statutes and Laws, passed by
the Legislature of Texas, with Notes (1888). He
died at Abilene, Tex., May 22, 1897.
SAYRE, Lewis Albert, surgeon, was born at
Bottle Hill, Madison, N.J., Feb. 29, 1820 ; son of
Archibald and Martha (Sayer) Sayre ; grandson
of Deacon Ephraim Sayre (born in 1746 in Madison,
N.J., a soldier in the patriot army during the
American Revolution) and Hannah (Meeker)
Sayre, and of Jonathan and Mary (Morrell) Sayer,
and a descendant of Thomas Sayre, who was
born in Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, England,
in 1597, settled at Lynn, Mass., before 1638 and
removed thence to Southampton, Long Island, in
1648, where he built a house, whicli was still
standing in 1903. He prepared for college at
Wantage seminary, Deckerton, N.J. ; resided
with his uncle, David Sayre, in Lexington, Ky.,
1830-38, and was graduated from Transylvania
university, 1838. He returned to New Jersey and
was graduated from the New York College of
Physicians and Surgeons in 1842. He was pro
sector to Dr. Willard Parker (q.v.) in the College
of Physicians and Surgeons, 1842-52, and made
prosector emeritus, 1852. He was surgeon of the
Bellevue hospital, 1853-73 ; also surgeon in Charity
hospital, Black well's Island, 1859-73. In 1873 he
became consulting surgeon of both institutions.
In 1861 he urged the establishment of a medical
college at Bellevue hospital, and was a member of
.its faculty until it was consolidated with the New
York university in 1898, when he was made emer
itus professor. He was resident physician of the
city of New York, 1860-66, at which time he ad
vocated compulsary vaccination, the proper con
struction of tenement houses and efficient sewer
age of the city. He was a founder of the New
York Academy of Medicine and of the New York
Pathological society. In 1876 he was appointed by
the American Medical association, of which he vvas
also a founder, and of which he was vice-president
and president, a delegate to the International
medical congress in Philadelphia. In 1877 he went
as a delegate to the British Medical association,

where he gave many demonstrations of his original
methods of treating hip and spinal diseases. He
attended the International Medical congresses at
Amsterdam iu 1879, at London in 1881, at Copen
hagen, 188-1, and at Washington, 1887, and at each
of these he read papers and gave demonstrations
of methods of treating spinal and hip diseases.
He invented many surgical appliances to aid him
in his specialty, and vvas the first to use plaster of
Paris in spinal diseases. Charles XIV, king of
Sweden and Norway, made him a knight of the
order of Wasa. He was married, Jan. 25, 1849,
to Eliza A. Hall, daughter of Charles Henry and
Sarah (Mullett) Hall of New York city.' She
died in 1894. His eldest son, Dr. Charles H. H.
Sayre, was killed by a fall; a second son, Dr.
Lewis H. Sayre, died of heart disease in 1890, and
a third son, Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, was profes
sionally associated with his father, and succeeded
him as professor of orthopedic surgery in the Uni
versity and Bellevue Hospital Medical college.
His daughter, Mary Hall Sayre, assisted him in
his literary labors. He is the author of : On
Mechanical Treatment of Chronic Inflammation
ofthe Joints of the Lower Extremities (1865);
Practical Manual for the Treatment of Clubfoot
(1869); Lectures on Orthopedic Surgery and Dis
ease of the Joints (1876) ; Spinal Curvature and
its Treatment (1877); Spinal Disease and Spinal
Curvature (1878), and Lectures on Orthopedic
Surgery and Diseases of the Joints (1883). His
works on orthopedic surgery and spinal diseases
have been translated into French, German and
Italian. He died in New York, Sept. 21, 1900.
SAYRE, Phoebe Ann. See Osborne, Phcebe
Ann Sayre.
SAYRE, Stephen, patriot, vvas born at South
ampton, Long Island, N.Y. , June 12, 1736; son
of John (born 1692, died 1767) and Hannah
(Howell) Sayre ; grandson of John and Sarah
Sayre ; great-grandson of Francis and Sarah
(Wheeler) Sayre, and great 2-grandson of Thomas
Sayre, who came from Bedfordshire, England,
to Lynn, Mass., in 1638. Thomas and his son,
Job, were two of the original undertakers who
founded Southampton, L.I., in 1640, Lynn being
overcrowded. Stephen Sayre entered the College
of New Jersey at Newark in 1753, and was
graduated in its first class after its removal from
Newark to Princeton, A.B., 1757, A.M., 1760.
In 1759 he was captain of a Suffolk county, N.Y. ,
company, raised for the French and Indian war,
but saw no service. He went with his class
mate, Joseph Reecl, to London in 1764-65, and
entered the mercantile house of Dennis De
Berdt, the Massachusetts agent, and in 1766 be
came partner. In June, 1766, he returned to
America to collect bills from the debtors in the
colonies, hoping to tide over a financial crisis,

[625]

SAYRE

SCALES

but in 1770, on the death of De Berdt, the firm
failed. Sayre established himself as a banker in
London, becoming one of the sheriffs of the city,
1773-74, William Lee, brother of Arthur Lee
(q.v.), being the other. He was proposed as
agent for Massachusetts, but when Franklin
agreed to serve, withdrew in his favor. In his
official capacity he carried the pro-American
petitions in behalf of the city to Parliament and
the King. His career as sheriff was marked by
greater decorum in the execution of criminals and
humanity in the treatment of prisoners. He
was a candidate for Parliament from Seaford
Sussex in 1774, but his election was successfully
contested by his opponent. On Feb. 18, 1775, he
married an heiress, Elizabeth, daughter of the
Hon. William Noel. His social prominence and
known political beliefs made him a marked man,
and on Oct. 20, 1775, he was arrested, as an ex
ample to the opposition, on a charge of high
treason made by Francis Richardson, colonel of
the royal guards and a renegade American, but
the case was dismissed for lack of prosecution,
and he sued the secretary of state for false im
prisonment and won. Meanwhile his banking
business had been ruined, arid in November,
1776, a commission of bankruptcy was issued
against him. In the spring of 1777 he left Eng
land for Paris, to offer his services to the Ameri
can commissioners there. In May, 1777, he ac
companied Arthur Lee to Berlin as his secretary,
and vvas with Lee when Hugh Elliott, the Brit
ish minister, rifled his desk in search of secret
documents. When Lee left Berlin, disappointed
from his want of success, he left Sayre in charge
of the office, and in December, Sayre went to
Copenhagen to advance American interests and
thence to Stockholm, returning to Paris by
way of Amsterdam. In October, 1779, Sayre ap
plied to Franklin for command of the Alliance
after Landais's fiasco. In 1780 he went to St.
Petersburg as agent from the United States to
further the project of armed neutrality. Build
ing ships there, he was hindered by Sir James
Harris, the British minister, who caused the
ships to be burned, and in so doing destroyed
much Russian property at the docks, laying the
blame indirectly on Sayre. In August, 1781, on
the arrival of Dana in St. Petersburg as ac
credited representative of the United States,
Sayre returned to Paris, and in 1783, with his
wife and son, Samuel Wilson Sayre, returned to
America, purchasing " Point Breeze," a large
estate at Bordentown, N.J., where his wife
died, Nov. 29, 1789. He engaged in business in
New York city, instituted claims against the
government for compensation for his services in
Europe, and, in 1789 returned to France and en
gaged in the snuff business in Havre. He was

married in Paris, in 1790, to Mrs. Elizabeth
Dorone, and transferred his business to that city.
In 1792 he was sent to England as secret agent
for France to purchase arms. He was the pro
poser of the French expedition of George Rogers
Clarke against Louisiana inl 793. In 1794 he op
posed tbe policy of the administration. In 1807
he was granted a small portion of his claim for
compensation. In 1816 he sold his Bordentown
property to Joseph Bonaparte and removed to
Brandon, Va. He received the honorary degree
of A.M. from Harvard in 1766, and is the author
of : The Englishman Deceived, a political pam
phlet (1768) ; Memorial, reciting his claims to
compensation '(1803). ' His son, Samuel Wilson
Sayre, married Jane, daughter of Philip L.
Grymes of Brandon on the Rappahannock, Va.,
and in their home his father resided, 1816-18, and
died, Sept. 7, 1818.
SCALES, Alfred Moore, governor of North
Carolina, was bom in Reedsville, N.C, Nov. 26,
1827 ; son of Alfred Moore Scales. He was a
student at Caldwell Institute, Greensboro, and
the University of North Carolina, 1845-46 ;
taught school ; was admitted
to the bar in 1851, practised
in Madison, and was solici
tor of Rockingham county.
1853. He was a member of
the general assembly of ^38f/ME3W''W
North Carolina, 1852-53 and
1856 ; a Democratic represen
tative in the 35th congress, 1857-59 ; clerk and
master of the Rockingham county court of equity,
1859-61 ; presidential elector on the Breckinridge
and Lane ticket, 1860 ; and in April, 1861, enlisted
as a private in the Confederate States army. He
was promoted captain, and later colonel, and
commanded the 13th North Carolina regiment in
Pender's 6th brigade, A. P. Hill's light division,
Jackson's corps, at Fredericksburg, December,
1862, succeeding to the command
gade when Pender was wounded.
wounded at Chancellorsville, May,
promoted brigadier-general in 1863 :
manded the 4th brigade, Pender's division, A.
P. Hill's 3d army corps, at Gettysburg, July, 1863,
where he was severely wounded. After his re
covery he rejoined the army and commanded
the 2d brigade, Wilcox's division, A. P. .Hill's
corps, in the Wilderness campaign and in the de
fence of Petersburg and Richmond, 1864-65, sur
rendering at Appomattox. He returned to the
practice of law in Greensboro, N'.C. ; again
served in the general assembly of North Caro
lina, 1866-67 ; was a Democratic representative
in the 44th-48th congresses, 1875-85, and governor
of the state, 1885-89. He was engaged in bank
ing at Greensboro, where he died, Nov. 9, 1892.

of the bri-
He was
1863 ; was
; and com-

[626]

SCAMMELL

SCAMMON

SCAMMELL, Alexander, soldier, was born in
Mendon, Mass., in March, 1747; son of Dr.
Samuel Leslie and Jane (Libbey) Scammell. Dr.
Scammell, with his wife and brother Alexander,
came from Portsmouth, England, to Mendon, in
1737. Alexander Scammell was graduated at
Harvard, A.B., 1769, A.M., 1772 ; taught school
in Kingston and Plymouth, Mass., 1769-70; in
Portsmouth, N.IL, and Shapleigh, Me., 1771-72,
and was employed under his cousin, Thomas
Scammell, in exploring timber lands for the
royal navy, and in making surveys for a map of
New Hampshire. He studied law at Durham,
N!H., under John Sullivan (q.v.), and was one
of the force under Sullivan that seized Fort
William and Mary, Newcastle, N.H., capturing
its armament with nearly one hundred barrels of
gunpowder, Dec. 14, 1774 ; which act was pro
nounced treasonable by the royal governor.
During the absence of his preceptor in attend
ance on the First Continental congress, Mr.
Scammell had charge of his legal practice, and
for this reason was prevented from joining the
army at Cambridge. He was major of New
i Hampshire militia and in April, 1775, when Sul
livan was made a major-general in the Con
tinental army, Scammell was appointed on his
staff as an aide-de-camp. He was transferred
to General Lee's division, Oct. 29, 1776, and
was promoted colonel of the 3d New Hamp
shire regiment, Nov. 8, 1776. He served
under Gen. Horatio Gates, and was wounded at
Saratoga, Jan. 5, 1778. He was adjutant general
of the Continental army on the staff of Gen
eral Washington, Jan. 5, 1778,-Jan. 1, 1781,
and assumed command of the 1st New Hamp
shire regiment, light infantry, in March, 1781.
He was captured by Hessian dragoons at York-
town while reconnoitering the enemy's position,
Sept. 30, 1781, and was fatally wounded after he
had surrendered. He was allowed to be carried
to Williamsburg by Lord Cornwallis at the re
quest of Washington, dying there, Oct. 6, 1781,
SCAMMON, Eliakim Parker, soldier, was
born in Whitefield, Maine, Dec. 27, 1816 ; son of
Eliakim and  (Young) Scammon. He was grad
uated at the U.S. Military academy, and promoted
2d lieutenant, 4th artillery, July 1, 1837,.; was
assistant professor of mathematics at West
Point, 1837-38 ; and served as an assistant topo
graphical engineer in the Florida war, 1838-40,
and in projecting a map of the territory west of
the Mississippi, 1840-41. He was assistant pro
fessor and principal assistant professor of history,
geography and ethics in the Military academy
1841-46 ; was promoted Its lieutenant Sept. 21,
1846, and was superintending engineer on the
survey of theTiarbor, New Bedford, Mass., 1846.
He served on the staff of Gen. Winfield Scott

early in 1847 ; took part in the siege of Vera
Cruz, March 9-29, 1847; was engaged in the
survey of the northwestern lakes, 1847-55 ; and
in constructing military roads in New Mexico,
1855-56 ; was promoted captain March 3, 1853,
and vvas dismissed from the army June 4, 1856,
for "Conduct to the prejudice of good order
and military discipline and disobedience of
orders." He was professor of mathematics in
Mount St. Mary's college, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1885-
59, and president of the Polytechnic college of
the Catholic Institute in Cincinnati 1860-61 ;
on June, 14, 1861, he was appointed colonel
of the 23d Ohio volunteers, and he engaged in
the campaign in Western Virginia, 1861-62 ; took
part in the action of Carnifex Ferry ; com
manded the advance brigade at Fayette, Raleigh,
Princeton, Va., Nov. 1861-Aug. 1862, and at Bull
Run railroad bridge, Aug. 27, 1862 ; served at
South Mountain and Antietam ; was promoted
brigadier general of volunteers, Oct. 15, 1863, and
commanded the district of Kanawha, W. Va.,
Nov. 1863-Feb. 3, 1864. He vvas confined in
Libby prison Feb. 3, Aug. 3-1864, commanded the
" separate brigade " at Morris Island off Charles
ton, S.C. , October 1864, and the district of Florida,
November, 1864-April, 1865. He vvas president
of the board for the examination of officers of
volunteers in the Department of the South, May
to August, 1865, and was mustered out Aug. 34,
1865. He was U.S. consul at Prince Edward
Island, 1865-71 ; a civil engineer in the U.S.
service in New York harbor, 1872-75 ; and profes
sor of mathematics in Seton Hall college, South
Orange, N.J., 1875-85, becoming a resident of
Chicago. 111., in 1886. He received the honorary
degree A.M. from Bowdoin in 1843, and from
Trinity college in 1845. He died in New York
city, Dec. 7, 1894.
SCAMMON, Jonathan Young, educationist,
was born in Whitefield, Me., July 27, 1812, son of
Eliakim Scammon, and grandson of David Young,
He was educated at Waterville college, Maine,
studied law in Hallowell, and practised in Chicago,
111., 1855-57. He was assistant clerk of Cook
county, 1835-36, prepared a new edition of
Gale's Statutes, published " Scammon's Reports "
(4 vols., 1832-43) ; became attorney of the State
Bank of Illinois in 1837, and was reporter of the
supreme court of the state, 1839-45. He was a
founder and director of the Galena and Chicago
railroad, originated the public school system
of Chicago, serving as inspector of schools and
as president of the board of education ; was a
founder of the Chicago Academy of Sciences ; and
also of the Chicago Astronomical society, of which
he was the first president. He built Dearborn
observatory at his own expense, and conducted
it for several years, purchasing for it the first

[627]

SCANLAN

SCARBOROUGH

grand refractor telescope manufactured by
Abram Clark & Sons. He was a director and
president of various banks and insurance com
panies in Chicago ; was a founder in 1844 of
the Chicago American, established in support of
Henry Clay for the presidency ; and in 1872 he
established the Inter Ocean, which he edited
for several years. He also built the first Sweden-
borgian church in Chicago, established the Society
of the New Jerusalem and the Illinois' society
of the Swedenborgian church, and was vice-
president of the general convention of the Swe
denborgian, church in the United States, for
ten years. He introduced homoeopathy into Chi
cago ; founded Hahnemann hospital, and served
as a trustee of that institution, and of Hahne
mann Medical college. He was also a trustee
of the University of Chicago, and vice-president
of its board of trustees ; and was a delegate
to the Republican national conventions of 1864
and 1872. He traveled in Europe, 1857-60, and
in the great fire of 1871 lost a large amount of
property. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con
ferred upon him by the University of Chicago in
1862, and by Waterville college (Colby) in 1869.
He died in Chicago, 111., March 17, 1890.
SCANLAN, Lawrence, R. C bishop, was born
in Ballintarsna, county Tipperary, Ireland, Sept.
28, 1843 ; son of Patrick and Catherine (Ryan)
Scanlan, and grandson of Thomas and Mary
(Fogarty)'Scanlan. He was graduated in 1868 at
All Hallows college. Dublin, where he was
ordained priest, June 24, 1868. In the same year
he came to the United States and was assistant
at St. Patrick's, San Francisco, Cal., 1868-70, and
at St. Mary's cathedral there, 1870-71. He was
sent to Pioche, Nev., in 1871, where he built the
first church in that section of the state ; and he
was transferred to Petaluma, Cal., in 1872. In
August, 1873, he was appointed pastor of Salt Lake
city and Utah Territory, and subsequently vicar
f orane. He cleared the church in Salt Lake from
debt, and purchased land upon which he built an
academy in 1875. He also built churches, schools
and hospitals, and in 1886 founded the College of
All Hallows. On Jan. 25, 1887, he was appointed
bishop of " Lavenden " in partibus, and vicar
apostolic of Utah, and was consecrated in St.
Mary's cathedral, San Francisco, Cal., June 29,
1887. by Archbishop Riordan, assisted by Bishops
O'Connell and Manogue. He was transferred
as first bishop of the diocese of Salt Lake, Utah,
Jan. 30, 1891.
SCANNELL, Richard, R. C. bishop, was born
at Cloyne, county Cork, Ireland, May 12, 1845.
He was a student at the College of Middletown,
Cork ; prepared for the priesthood at All Hallows,
Dublin, and was ordained priest, Feb. 26, 1871.
He came to the United States in 1871 ; was as

sistant at St. Mary's cathedral, Nashville, Tenn.;
iu charge of St. Columba's church, and pastor of
St. Mary's cathedral, successively, 1871-85.
After Bishop Feehan left to assume charge of the
archdiocese of Chicago, Father Scannell was ad
ministrator of the diocese of Nashville, 1880-'83.
He organized and was pastor of St. Joseph's
church, West Nashville, Tenn., 1885-87. On Aug.'
9, 1887, he was appointed bishop of the newly
created diocese of Concordia, Kan., and was con
secrated in St. Mary's cathedral, Nashville, Tenn.,
Nov. 30, 1887, by Archbishop Feehan, assisted by
Bishop McCloskey of Louisville, and Bishop
Rademacher of Nashville. He was transferred
to the diocese of Omaha, Neb., Jan. 30, 1891, as
successor to the Rt. Rev. James O'Connor, D.D.,
deceased. SCARBOROUGH, John, fourth bishop of New
Jersey and 111th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Castlewellan, Ireland,
April 25, 1831 ; son of John and Anna Bella
Hannah Scarborough. He came to the United
States with his mother in 1840; attended the public
schools of Lansingburg, N.Y.,and was graduated
at Trinity college, Connecticut, A.B., 1854,
A.M., 1857, and at the General Theological semi
nary, New York city, in 1857. He was admitted
to the diaconate, June 28, 1857 ; advanced to the
priesthood, Aug. 14, 1858, by Bishop Horatio
Potter ; was assistant at St. Paul's church, Troy,
N.Y., 1857-60; rector of the Church of the Holy
Comforter, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1860-67, and of
Trinity church, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1867-74. He
was married, May 23, 1865, to Catharine Elizabeth,
daughter of Theodore and Caroline Elizabeth
(Meeker) Trivett of Poughkeepsie, New York.
He served as a deputy to the general convention
in 1871 and 1874, and was elected bishop of New
Jersey as successor to the Rt. Rev. W. H. Oden-
heimer, transferred to the diocese of Northern
New Jersey in 1875. He vvas consecrated in St.
Mary's church, Burlington, N.J., Feb. 2, 1875, by
Bishops Horatio Potter, Stevens, Kerfoot, Little
john, Doane, M. A. De Wolfe Howe, and Paddock.
In 1900 was celebrated the twenty-fifth anniver
sary of his consecration.
SCARBOROUGH, Robert Bethea, represen
tative, was born in Chesterfield, S.C, Oct. 29,
1861 ; son of the Rev. Lewis and Ann (Bethea)
Scarborough ; grandson of Samuel and Mary
(Andrews) Scarborough ; and of William and
Sarah (Hargrove) Bethea ; great-grandson of John
and Nellie (Adams) Hargrove, and a descendant
of John Bethea (Berthoir), who came from Eng
land, and settled in Virginia in the seventeenth
century. He attended the common schools and
the academy, Mullins, S.C. ; subsequently taught
school, and studied law. He was married, Dec.
15, 1882, to Mary J. Jones ; was admitted to the

[62SJ

SCHAEBERLE

SCHAEFFER

bar, May 27, 1884, and began practice in Conway,
S.C. He was a state senator, 1896-98, serving as
president pro tern in 1898 ; lieutenant-governor of
South Carolina, 1899 ; a Democratic representative
from the sixth South Carolina district in the 57th
congress, 1901-03, and re-elected without opposi
tion to the 58th congress for the term expiring,
March 3, 1905. He served on the select com
mittee on the census in the 57th congress.
SCHAEBERLE, John Martin, astronomer,
was born in Wiirtemberg, Germany, Jan. 10,
1853 ; son of Anton and Catherine (Vogele)
Schaberle. He removed with his parents to Ann
Arbor, Mich., in 1854; attended the common
schools ; vvas apprenticed to a Chicago machinist,
1868-71 ; continued his studies at the Ann Arbor
high school, 1871-72, and was graduated from
the University of Michigan, C.E., 1876, having
given particular attention to astronomy. He
was private assistant to Dr. J. C. Watson ; pro
fessor of astronomy in the university, 1876-78 ;
assistant in the Ann Arbor observatory, 1878-85 ;
instructor in astronomy, and acting assistant
professor of astronomy in the University of Mich
igan, 1886-88, and astronomer of the Lick Obser
vatory, Mt. Hamilton, Cal., 1888-98. He had

THE LICK OBSERVATORY.'
charge of the eclipse expeditions of the observa
tory, to Cayenne, Chile and Japan, 1889, 1893 and
1896, respectively, and discovered three comets,
one of which was revealed with a telescope of
his own construction. He received the honorary
degree of LL.D. from the University of California,
1898, and is the author of extensive contributions
to astronomical journals. Dr. Schaberle resigned
as astronomer of the Lick Observatory in June,
1898, and after two years of travel returned to
Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1903 he vvas engaged in
constructing a powerful photographic telescope
for private use.
SCHAEFFER, Charles Ashmead, educator,
was born in Harrisburg, Pa., Aug. 14, 1843 : son
of the Rev. Charles William and Elizabeth Fry
(Ashmead) Schaeffer; grandson of Frederick
Schaeffer and of James and Eve (Fry) Ashmead,

and great-grandson of David Frederick Schaeffer,
who came to America from Frankfort in 1776,
and was an eminent Hebrew and classical scholar
in the Lutheran church. He was graduatep
from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1861,
A.M., 1804, and at the University of Gottingen,
Ph.D., 1868. When, in the summer of 1863, Lee
invaded Pennsylvania, Schaeffer served as ser
geant in Lande's Philadelphia battery, and was
promoted and specially commended for gallant
conduct in battle. He was married, March 30,
1871, to Evelyn, daughter of George Washington
and Matilda (Scribner) Schuyler of Ithaca, N.Y.
He was professor of chemistry and mineralogy
at Cornell university, 1869-87, and was president
of the State University of Iowa from 1887 until
his death. He vvas a member of the American
Institute of Mining Engineers, a corresponding
member of the New York Academy of Science,
and was a contributor to scientific journals. He
died in Iowa City, Iowa, Sept. 23. 1898.
SCHAEFFER, Nathan C, educator, was born
in Maxatawny township, Berks county, Pa., Feb.
3, 1849 ; son of David and Esther Ann (Christ)
Schaeffer ; grandson of Philip and Elizabeth (Feth-
erolf) Schaeffer and of Solomon and Elizabeth
(Bieber) Christ, and a descendant of George
Schaeffer and Marcus Christ, both pioneers, the
latter killed on the Blue mountains by Indians in
1865. He was graduated from Franklin and
Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa., A.B., 1867 ; at
tended the Theological seminary of tlie Reformed
church, located then at Mercersburg, now at
Lancaster, Pa., 1870, and completed his studies
at the universities of Berlin, Tubingen and Leip
zig, 1873-75. He was ordained to the ministry of
the German Reformed church, 1875 ; was professor
of Latin in Franklin and Marshall college, 1875-
77 ; principal of Keystone State Normal school,
1877-93, and in the latter year became superin
tendent of public instruction in Pennsylvania,
and also editor of the Pennsylvania School
Journal. He was married, July 8, 1880, to Anna,
daughter of John and Matilda (Mann) Allium of
Applebachsville, Pa. He was a member of the
commission of industrial education, 1889 ; was
elected president of the medical and dental
councils of Pennsylvania in 1894 and 1897, re
spectively, and secretary of the College and Uni
versity Council of Pennsylvania in 1895; chancellor
of Pennsylvania Chautauqua in 1901, and member
of the Capitol Building commission in 1902. In
1900-01, he was lecturer on pedagogy to the
graduate students of the University of Penn
sylvania. He received the honorary degree of
A.M. from Franklin and Marshall college in 1870 ;
that of Ph.D. from the same college, 1880, and
from Villanova, 1901 ; D.D. from Waynesburg
college, 1885, and LL.D. from Western University

[629]

SCHAFF

SCHAFF

of Pennsylvania, 1895, Ursinus college, 1900, and
from Washington and Jefferson college in 1902.
Dr. Schaeffer edited : Bible Readings for Schools
(1897); is the author of: Thinking and Learn
ing to Think (1900); History of Education in
Pennsylvania (1903), being part of a 3- volume
history of the state, and contributed to the
Mercersburg Review, articles on "The Order of
Jesuits;" "Church and State in Germany;"
" Education among the Greeks and Romans" and
" School Life in Ancient Athens," and also two
articles on " Pestalozzi" in the Reformed Church
Review : " One-Sided Training of Teachers ; "
" Arrested Development in Education." He wrote
the introduction to Riddle's " Nicholas Comenius,"
to Hinsdale's " Civil Government " (Pennsylvania
edition) and to " The Life of Rev. Henry Har-
baugh, D.D."
SCHAFF, Philip, clergyman and author, was
born at Chur, Graubundten, Switzerland, Jan. 1,
1819 ; son of Philip Schaff. He attended the
gymnasium of Stuttgart and the universities of
Tubingen, Halle and Berlin, receiving the degree
B.D., and obtaining a
rating entitling him
to a professorship in
the University of Ber
lin in 1841. He was
tutor to Henrich von
Krocher, a Prussian
nobleman, 1841-42,
and lectured on exe
gesis and church his
tory at the Univer
sity of Berlin, 1842-
44. He was or
dained at Elberfeld,
Germany, April 12,
1844. The same year
he came to the
United States, having accepted a call as pro
fessor in the theological seminary of the Ger
man Reformed church at Mercersburg, Pa.,
1844-63 ; was tried, 1845, at York, Pa., for heresy,
on the ground of his inaugural address, the
" Principle of Protestantism," afterwards pub
lished. The charges were Roman Catholic errors.
A full verdict of acquittal was rendered. He
was married, Dec. 10, 1845, to Mary Elizabeth,
daughter of David Schley of Frederick city, Md.
He declined the presidency of Franklin and
Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa., 1853. He rep-
presented the German Reformed churches of the
United States at Frankfurt and Basel in 1854.
He removed to New York city in 1863, and was
secretary of the New York Sabbath committee,
1864-69 ; lectured on church history at Andover
and Hartford Theological seminaries and at
Union Theological seminary, 1869-70 ; was profes

sor at Union Seminary of theological encyclopedia
and Christian symbolism, 1870-1873 ; of Hebrew
and the cognate languages, 1873-74 ; of sacred lit
erature, 1874-87, and of church history, 1887-93,
and in 1893 vvas made professor emeritus. He was
a founder and honorary secretary of the American
branch of the Evangelical alliance, and repre
sented that body in 1869, 1872 and 1873, arrang
ing for the general conference in New York city,
in October, 1873. The Alliance made him a
delegate to visit the Emperor of Russia in 1871 , in
behalf of the Christians in the Balkan provinces.
He was selected in 1871 by the British com
mittee on Bible revision, to organize the Ameri
can committee, and was elected its president.
In 1875 he was present at the conference of the
Old Catholics, Greeks and Protestants at Bonn,
and at the meeting in London which organized
the Alliance ofthe Reformed churches. He was a
delegate and speaker at the first general council
of the Reformed churches in Edinburgh in 1877,
and at its second council in Philadelphia, 1880,
when he was chairman of the programme com
mittee. He was a delegate to the general confer
ence of the Evangelical Alliance in Basel in 1879,
and in Copenhagen in 1884 ; founded and was first
president of the American Society of Church
History in 1888, and was a member of various
historical and literary societies in Europe and
America. He received the degree D.D. from
the University of Berlin in 1854 ; from St. An
drews university, Scotland, in 1887, and from the
University of New York, 1892, and LL.D., from
Amherst, 1874. He edited the Anglo-American
adaptation of Lang's " Critical, Theological and
Hpmiletical Commentary on the Bible," (25 vols.,
1864-80) ; Popular Illustrated Commentary on the
New Testament (4 vols., 1878-83) ; Library of Re
ligious Poetry, with Arthur Gilman (1881) ; The
Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowl
edge (4 vols., 1884) ; Philosophical and Theologi
cal Library, with Prof. Henry B. Smith (1873-
79); and he founded and edited the Kirchen-
freund (1848-1854). He is the author of numerous
learned works, including : History of the Apos
tolical Church (1853) ; Sketch of the Political,
Social and Religious Character of the United
States (1855) ; Germany, its Universities, The
ology and Religion (1857) ; History of the Chris
tian Church (2 vols., 1858-67; new ed., 6 vols.,
1882-92) ; German Hymn Book, with Introduction
and Notes (1859); The Christ of the Gospels (1864) ;
The Person of Christ, with Replies to Strauss
and Renan (1865) ; The Vatican Council (1875) ;
History and Collection of the Creeds of Christen
dom (3 vols., 1876) ; Harmony of the Reformed
Confessions (1877) ; Through Bible Lands (1878) ;
Dictionary of the Bible (1880) : Companion to
the Greek Testament and the English Version

[6301

SCHANCK

SCHAUFFLER

(1883) ; Historical Account of the Work of the
American Committee of Revision of the English
Version (1885) ; Christ and Christianity (1885) ;
The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (1885) ;
Church and State in the United States, with Offi
cial Documents (1888) ; The Renaissance (1891) ;
Literature and Poetry (1892) ; Propaedeutic, A
General Introduction to the Study of Theology
(1893), and The Reunion of Christendom (1893).
Dr. Schaff was connected with the Presbyterian
church. He was one of the most important con
tributors to theological literature and to the
movement in favor of Christian Union of his
day. He died in New York city, Oct. 20, 1893.
SCHANCK, John Stillwell, educator, was born
near Freehold, N.J., Feb. 24, 1817 ; son of Rulef
R. and Mary (Stillwell) Schanck ; grandson
of Major John Stillwell of the Revolutionary
army, and a descendant of Rulef Martino
Schanck (b. 1619), who came to America in
1650, and died on Lone Island in 1704. His
ancestry runs back to the thirteenth century to
Reynier Schenck, Baron of Zoulenberg. He
prepared for college at Lenox, Mass. His boy
hood interest in science was quickened by assist
ing Prof. Joseph Henry at Princeton. He was
graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.,
1840, A.M., 1843, and from the University of
Pennsylvania, M.D., in 1843. He was married,
Oct. 20, 1842, to Maria, daughter of James W.
and Maria (Egleston) Robbins of Lenox, Mass.
He practised medicine in Princeton, N.J., 1843-
65, becoming curator of the college museum
and lecturer on zoology in 1847 ; was professor of
chemistry, 1857-69 ; of chemistry and natural
history, 1869-74 ; of chemistry, 1874-85 ; of
chemistry and hygiene, 1885-92, and emeritus
professor, 1892-98. He received the degree
LL.D., from Lafayette college in 1866. He died
at Princeton, N.J., Dec. 16, 1898.
SCHARF, John Thomas, historian, was born
in Baltimore. Md., May 1, 1843 ; son of Thomas G.
Scharf , a merchant of that city. He left school in
1859 to become a clerk in his father's store, and in
1861 joined the 1st Maryland artillery, taking part
in the battles on the Peninsula and in the Shen
andoah valley in 1862. He was wounded in the
battles of Cedar Mountain, second Bull Run, and
Chancellorsville. He transferred his services to
the Confederate navy, June 20, 1863, having
been appointed midshipman ; and acted under
Col. John Taylor Wood, Feb. 1, 1864, in the cap
ture of the steamer Undenvriter, near New-
berne, N.C. In February, 1865, he again joined
the Confederate artillery, was taken prisoner
in Maryland while en route to Canada with dis
patches to the Confederate emissaries, and impris
oned in the Old Capitol of Washington, D.C, until
the end of the war, when he resumed business with

his father. He married, Dec. 2, 1869, Mary,
daughter of James McDougall of Baltimore, Md.
He assisted in reorganizing the state militia, and
was a member of the staff of Gov. Oden Bowie with
the rank of colonel, 1869-72. He was admitted
to the bar in 1874, became editor of the Balti
more Evening Neics in 1876, and subsequently
an editor on the Telegram, Herald and Sun. He
was a representative in the Maryland legislature
in 1878, commissioner of the land office of Mary
land, 1884-92, and U.S. commissioner of Chinese
immigration at the port of New York, 1893-97.
He was a member of the executive committee of
the sesqui-centennial celebration of Baltimore
in 1880 ; of the Maryland committee to the Phila
delphia centennial in 1876 ; associate U.S. com
missioner from Maryland to the World's Cotton
Centennial exposition, New Orleans, La., 1884-85,
and manager of the Maryland exposition in 1889,
and of the Maryland state exhibit at the Col
umbian exhibition in 1893. He received the
honorary degree A.M. from Georgetown college,
and that of LL.D. in 1885. He was president of
the Bureau of American History, Genealogy and
Heraldry, and in 1891 presented Johns Hopkins
university with his collection of rare Americana.
He is the author of : Chronicles of Baltimore,
Town and City (1874); History of Maryland (3 vols.,
1879); History of Baltimore, City and County
(1881); History of Western Maryland (2 vols.,
1882); History of St. Louis (2 vols., 1884); History
of Philadelphia (3 vols., 1884); History of West
chester County, N.Y. (2 vols., 1886); History of
the Confederate States Navy from the Laying of
the First Keel to the Sinking of the Last Vessel
(1887): History ofthe State of Delaware (1888);
History of the Natural Resources and Advantages
of Maryland ; and he left in manuscript several
valuable works on subjects connected with the
history of the Southern Confederacy. He died in
New York city, March 28, 1898.
SCHAUFFLER, William Gottlieb, missionary,
was born in Stuttgart, Germany, Aug. 22, 1798 ;
son of Philip Frederick and Caroline Henrietta
(Schuckart) Schauffler. He settled in Odessa,
Russia, with his parents in 1805, studied music,
drawing and French, and learned to make wooden
musical instruments, his father's trade, at which
he worked. 1812-25. He became interested in
religion through the work done by Ignatius Lindl,
a Roman Catholic evangelist, and served as an
independent missionary under Joseph Wolff, a re
formed Jew, in Turkey in 1826. The same year
he came to the United States, where in spite of
his poverty he was enabled through his own in
dustry to take a theological course at Andover,
where he was graduated in 1830. He was or
dained, Nov. 14, 1831, and sent by the A. B. C. for
F.M. as a missionary to the Jews and Armenians

[631]

SCHELL

SCHENCK

in Turkey, where he labored for forty-four years.
He was married, Feb. 26, 1834, to Mary Reynolds,
an American missionary, and resided in Vienna,
where he was engaged in translating the Scrip
tures into Hebrew-Spanish, 1839-42. In 1857 he
visited the United States, and resided in Austria,
1874-77, and in New York city, 1877-83. He re
ceived the degree D.D. from the University of
Halle in 1867, and LL.D. from the College of New
Jersey in 1879. He translated the Bible into the
Turkish language, and published Essay on the
Right Use of Property (1832); and Meditations on
the Last Days of Christ ; (1837 ; new eds. , 1853 and
1858). His sons published his Autobiography
with an introduction by Prof. Edward G. Parks
(1887). He died in New York city, Jan. 37, 1883.
SCHELL, William Elias, educator, was born
in Carroll county, Indiana, Oct. 35, 1861 ; son of
Jacob and Elizabeth (Zeller) Schell ; grandson of
Jacob and Elizabeth (Kayler) Schell and of John
and Susannah (Kumler) Zeller ; great-grandson
of Bishop Henry Kumler of the church of the
United Brethren of Christ, and of Andrew Schell,
who served in the Revolutionary war. His first
Schell ancestor came from Amsterdam, Holland,
in 1710, and settled in Lancaster county, Pa. He
attended the district schools, and by teaching
earned his college tuition, being graduated from
Western college, Toledo, Iowa, A.B., 1890, A.M.,
1893. He was married, Jan. 3, 1880. to Alice L.,
daughter of Nathan and Mary C (Foster) Pierson
of Dane, Wis. ; was a minister in the church of
the United Brethren in Christ, 1839-94 ; served
as presiding elder, 1894-97, and in the latter year
was elected president of York college, Nebraska.
He was a member of the general conferences of
his denomination, 1897 and 1901 ; a director of its
board of education, and received the honorary
degree of D.D. from Lane university, Lecompton,
Kan., in 1903.
SCHELLING, Felix Emmanuel, educator, was
born at New Albany, Ind., Sept. 3, 1858 ; son of
Felix and Rose (White) Schelling ; grandson of
Ulrich and Barbara (Mesmer) Schelling and of
George Busby and Jane (Hamilton) White. He
was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania,
B.A., 1881, LL.B., 1883, M.A., 1884; practised
law, 1884-86, and in March, 1886, was married to
Caroline, daughter of James Alexander and
Hannah (Palmer) Derbyshire of Philadelphia.
He was at the University of Pennsylvania as in
structor in English, 1886-89, assistant-professor
of English literature, 1889-91 , professor of English
literature, 1891-93, and in 1893 became John
Welsh centennial professor of English literature.
He received the degree of Ph.D. from Franklin and
Marshall college in 1898. He was elected member
of the Modern Language Association of America
and of the American Philosophical society.

He is the author of : Poetic and Verse Criticism
of the Reign of Elizabeth (1891) ; The Dis
coveries of Ben Jonson (1893) ; Life and Writ
ings of George Gascoigne (1893) ; A Book of
Elizabethan Lyrics (1895); A Book of Seventeenth
Century Lyrics (1899) ; The English Chronicle
Play (1903).
SCHEM, Alexander Jacob, author, was born
in Wiedenbruck, Prussia, March 16, 1826. He
came to the United States in 1851, having com
pleted a course in theology and philology in the
Universities of Bonn and Tubingen, and after
teaching three years served as professor of
ancient and modern languages in Dickinson
college, Pa., 1854-60 ; as a member of the staff
of the New York Tribune, 1S60-69, as editor of
the Deutsch-Amerikanisches Conversations-Lex
icon (11 vols.), 1869-74, and as assistant super
intendent of the public schools of New York city,
1874-81. He edited a " Latin-English Diction
ary " with the Rev. George R. Crooks (1857) ; a
" Cyclopaedia of Education" with Henry Riddle
(1877); and ¦' Year-Book of Education," supple
ments to the latter (1878-79). He was also a
regular contributor to the current C3'clopseclias,
and vvas an editor of the Methodist and of the
Methodist Quarterly Review. He published the
" American Ecclesiastical Y^ear-Book " (1860) ; the
" Ecclesiastical Almanac " (1868-69), and several
editions of " Schem's Statistics of the World."
He died at West Hoboken, N.J., May 21, 1881.
SCHENCK, David, jurist and author, was
born in Lincolnton, N.C, March 24, 1835 ; son of
Dr. David War lick and Susan Rebecca (Bevens)
Schenck ; grandson of Michael and Barbara (War-
lick) Schenck and of Simeon and Eliza Bevens.
In 1813 his paternal grandfather built in Lincoln
county, N.C, the first cotton mill erected south
of the Potomac river. David was educated at
the Lincolnton high school ; was admitted to the
bar in 1856, and practised in Greensboro, N.C.
He was married, Aug. 25, 1859, to Sallie W.,
daughter of Jacob A. and Lucy (Dodson) Ram-
seur. He was judge of the superior court, 1874-
81, when he resigned; and was for fifteen
years (1881-96) general counsel of the Richmond
and Danville railroad company. He was projec
tor and first president of the Guilford Battle
Ground company, organized in 1887 to cai'e for
Guilford Battle Ground Park and for the preser
vation of documents, autographs, relics and'other
historical matter connected with the Revolution
ary history of Nortli Carolina. He received the
degree of LL.D. from the University of North
Carolina in 1876. He is the author of : North
Carolina Railroad Laio (1889); North Carolina
in 1780-81, a history of the invasion of the South
ern Colonies by Earl Cornwallis (1893), and
other literary productions.

[632]

SCHENCK

SCHENCK

SCHENCK, James Findlay, naval officer, was
born in Franklin, Ohio, June 11, 1807 ; son of
Gen. William Cortenus and Elizabeth (Rogers)
Schenck ; grandson of the Rev. William and
Anna (Cumming) Schenck and of Capt. Wil
liam and Sarah (Potter) Rogers, and a descendant
of Roelof Martense and Neelt je Geretsen (van Con-
wenhoven) Schenck. Roelof Martense Schenck
(or Schanck) emigrated from Amersfoort, Hol
land, to New Amsterdam in 1650, and settled at
Flatbush, L.I., in 1660. He was a cadet at the
U.S. Military academy, 1822-24, iand resigned to
enter the U.S. navy as midshipman, March 1,
1825. He was married, July 27, 1829, to Dorothea
Ann Smith of Smithtovvn, L.I. He was promoted
passed midshipman, June 4, 1831 ; lieutenant,
Dec. 23, 1835 ; and served on the St. Louis,oi the
West India squadron in 1837, and the Dolphin of
the Brazil squadron in 1840. He was attached to
the Congress of the Pacific squadron, 1846-47 ;
arid served as chief military aid to Commodore
Stockton in the capture of Santa Barbara, San
Pedro and Los Angeles, Cal., and afterward in
the bombardment and capture of Guaymas and
the taking of Mazatlan. He served on the Con
gress in the East India squadron in 1848 ; com
manded the mail steamship Ohio, 1848-52 ; was
promoted commander, Sept. 14, 1855, and com
manded the receiving ship New York in 1858, and
the steamer Saginaw of the East India squadron,
1860-61. He was promoted captain in 1861 ; com
manded the frigate St. Lawrence of the West
Gulf blockad
ing squadron in
1862; was pro
moted commo
dore, July 2,
1863; command
ed the Pow
hatan of the
North Atlantic
^ squadron from
Oct. 7, 1864, and
led the third di
vision of Porter's squadron in the two attacks on
Fort Fisher, 1864-65. He commanded the naval
station at Mound City, 111., 1865-66; was pro
moted rear-admiral, Sept. 21, 1868, and was re
tired, June 11, 1869. He died in Dayton, Ohio,
Dec. 21,. 1882.
SCHENCK, Noah Hunt, clergyman, was born
in Pennington, N.J., June 30, 1825 ; sonof Peter C.
Schenck ; grandson of Capt. John Schenck, and a
descendant of Roelof Martense Schenck, the im
migrant, 1650. He was graduated from the
College of New Jersey, A.B., 1844, A.M., 1847 ;
practised law in Trenton, N.J., 1847-48, and in
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1848-51. He was married, Nov.
14, 1850, to Anna Pierce, daughter of Col. Nathan-

U.S.S. POWHATAW.

iel Greene Pendleton of Cincinnati, Ohio. He
vvas graduated at Bexley Hall, Ohio, in 1853, and
was admitted to the diaconate the same year.
He was ordained priest in St. James's church,
Zanesville, Ohio, by Bishop Mcllvaine in 1854,
and was rector of St. Mary's, Hillsboro, Ohio,
1853-56 ; of Christ church, Gambier, Ohio,
1856-57; of Trinity church, Chicago, 111., 1857-
59 ; of Emmanuel church, Baltimore, Md.,
1859-67, and of St. Ann's, Brooklyn, N.Y.,
1867-85. He founded and edited the Western
Churchman, Chicago, 111., 1858, and was co-editor
of the Protestant Churchman, New York city,
1867 ; was repeatedly chosen as a deputy to the
general convention of the church, and was one of
the three delegates sent to St. Petersburg in 1871
by the Evangelical Alliance to obtain favor from
the Czar in behalf of Russian Protestants. He
was instrumental in erecting St. Mary's church,
Hillsboro, Ohio, and St. Ann's church, Brooklyn,
in 1869. He received the honorary degree D.D.
from the College of New Jersey in 1865. He
published letters from Europe and sixteen sermons
and addresses delivered on notable occasions
between 1856 and 1877. He died in Brooklyn,
N.Y., Jan. 4, 1885.
SCHENCK, Robert Cumming, diplomatist,
was born in Franklin, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1809 ; son of
Gen. William Cortenus and Elizabeth (Rogers)
Schenck, and brother of James Findlay Schenck
(q.v.). He was graduated at Miami university,
A.B., 1827, A.M., 1830; was a tutor there, 1827-
30, and studied law under Thomas Corwin at
Lebanon, Ohio. He was married, Aug. 21, 1834,
to Reunelche W. Smith of Smithtovvn, L.I. He
practised law in Dayton, Ohio, 1831-43 ; vvas a
representative in the Ohio legislature, 1841-43,
and was a Whig representative from the third
district in the 28th-31st and 38th-41st congresses,
1843-51 and 1863-71, serving as chairman of the
committee on roads and canals in the 30th con
gress, and as a member of the committees on ways
and means and military affairs, and commerce,
1863-71. He was U.S. minister to Brazil, 1851-54,
wherewith John S. Pendleton (q.v.) he negotiated
a treaty between the two countries ; brought
about the free navigation of the La Plata, and
arranged treaties with Uruguay and Paraguay in
1852. He was a projector and president of a
railroad from Fort Wayne, Ind., to the Mississippi
river, 1853-61, and was commissioned brigadier-
general of volunteers, May 17, 1861. At Vienna,
Va., in June, 1861, he had an encounter with
the Confederate force and was driven back, but
he recharged with such boldness that the Con
federates retreated. He commanded the 2d
brigade in Tyler's 1st division at Bull Run, July
21, 1861 ; commanded Scammon's brigade in
Rosecrans's army at Gauley Bridge, Va., Sept. 10,

[633]

SCHENCK

SCHERESCHEWSKY

1861; commanded the forces at McDowell, Va.,
May 8, 1862, composed of his own and Robert H.
Milroy's brigades, and under Fremont in the
battle of Cross Keys, June7, 1862. He command
ed the 1st division, Sigel's 1st corps, at second
Bull Run, where he was severely wounded ; was
promoted major-general of volunteers, Sept. 18,
1862, to date from Aug. 30, 1862, and commanded
the Middle department and the 8th army corps
at Baltimore, Md., in 1863. He resigned his com
mission, Dec. 3, 1863, to take his seat in the 38th
congress. He procured while in congress the
establishment of the military and naval asylum ;
and was president of the board of visitors of the
U.S. Military academy in 1865. He was a dele
gate to the Philadelphia Loyalist convention
of 1866, and a member of the Alabama claims
commission, 1871. He vvas U.S. minister to Great
Britain, 1871-76, resigning when charges were
preferred against him of complicity in the cele
brated Emma mine fraud in 1876, and he appeared
before a committee of the U.S. house of represen
tatives, where he was acquitted. He was a trustee
of Miami university, 1835-39. After 1876 he prac
tised law in Washington, D.C, until his death,
which occurred in that city, March 23, 1890.
SCHENCK, William Edward, clergyman
and editor, was born in Princeton, N.J., March
29, 1819 ; son of John Conover and Annie Brooks
(Hutchinson) Schenck ; grandson of Joseph and
Margaret (Conover) Schenck and of Isaac and
Annie (Brooks) Hutchinson ; and a. descendant
of Roelof Martense Schenck, who was born at
Amersfoort, Holland, in 1619, and came to New
York, June 28, 1650. He, attended the Edgehill
school in Princeton ; was graduated at the College
of New Jersey, A.B., 1838, A.M., 1841; studied
law, 1838-39, and was graduated at the Princeton
Theological seminary in 1842. He was a mission
ary in the coal region, 1842 ; was ordained by the
presbytery of New Brunswick, Feb. 28, 1843, and
was pastor at Manchester, N. J., 1843-45, of the
Hammond Street Presbyterian church, New
York city, 1845-48, and of the First Presbyterian
church, Princeton, N.J., 1848-52. He was super
intendent of church extension in the presbytery
of Philadelphia, 1852-54, and was corresponding
secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Publi
cation, 1854^86 ; being also editor of the board
from 1862-70. He was made one of the directors
of Princeton Theological seminary in 1865 ; sec
retary of the board, 1870-98, and chairman of the
joint committee to prepare the general catalogue
of 1894 ; and secretary of the Alumni associ
ation, 1872-97, being honorary secretary after 1897.
He was a member of the Reunion committee,
1867-70 ; a trustee of the General Assembly, 1865-
87, and vice-president of its board, and in 1865
was elected vice-president of the Pennsylvania

Colonization society and in 1897 of the American
Colonization society. He received the degree of
D.D. from Jefferson college in 1861. He was
married first, April 18, 1843, to Jane Whittemore
Torry, daughter of William and Adeline (Whitte
more) Torrey of New York ; and secondly, April
3, 1861, to Mary Bates, daughter of the Rev. An
drew and Eliza (Gosman) Kittle of Elizabeth,
N.'J. He is the author of : Historical Account
of the First Presbyterian Church of Princeton,
N.J. (1851) ; Church Extension for Cities (1854) ;
God Our Guide (1862); The Fountain for Sin
(1864) ; Aunt Fanny's Home (1865) ; Children in
Heaven (1866), and Nearing Home (1867).
SCHERESCHEWSKY, Samuel Isaac Joseph,
third missionary bishop of Shanghai, China, and
118th in succession in the American episcopate,
was bom in Tauroggen, Russian Lithuania, May
6, 1831, of Jewish parents. He was a student at
home and in different Rabbinical schools of
Russia, then at Breslau, Germany, and came to
the United States in 1854, when he embraced
Christianity and was a student at the Western
Theological seminary, Allegheny, Pa., 1855-58.
He changed his creed, and joined the Protestant
Episcopal church. He entered the General
Theological seminary, New York city, class of
1860, and in 1859 was appointed missionary to
China. He vvas admitted to the diaconate in St.
George's church, New York city, July 7, 1859 ;
sailed for China the same month with. Bishop
Boone, and was advanced to the priesthood in the
mission chapel at Shanghai, China, by Bishop
Boone, Oct. 28, 1860. He was a missionary at
Shanghai, 1860-63, and at Peking, 1862-75. He
was married at Shanghai in 1868. He returned
to America in 1875, when he was elected mis
sionary bishop of Shanghai, China, and declined.
He was again elected in 1876 and declined, but
upon his election in 1877 he accepted and was
consecrated in Grace church, New York city,
Oct. 31, 1877, by Bishops Smith, Potter, Bedell,
assisted by Bishops Stevens, Kerfoot and Lyman.
He returned to China via England where he at
tended the Lambeth conference of 1878, and in
1881 was taken ill and returned to Europe in 1882
with his family. He resigned his jurisdiction in
1883, when in Switzerland, and returned to
America in 1886, and engaged in revising the
Mandarin Bible, translated by him while in Pe
king, and in 1888 began the revision of the entire
Bible in tlie classical language of China. In
1890 he returned to China and had his work
transliterated into the Chinese characters. In
1892 he was invited by the American Bible
society to accompany their agent, Dr. Hughes, to
Tokyo, Japan, to superintend the printing of the
revised Mandarin version, and the entire work
was finished and put into circulation in 1902,

[684]

SCHIMMELPFENNIG

SCHLEY

after which he engaged upon references to the
Mandarin Bible. He received the degree of D.D.
from Kenyon college in 1871. His published
works consist chiefly of translations of the Book
of Common Prayer in classical Chinese ; the old
Testament in Mandarin ; Gospel of St. Mathew
in Mongolian tongue in 1873 ; the entire Bible in
classical Chinese (1903) ; Hand Book of Chinese
Language ; grammer of Mongolian Language,
and a Dictionary of the Mongolian Language
which he lost when nearly complete. He was
one of the committee for translating the New
Testament from the Greek into Mandarin Chinese.
Bishop Schereschewsky's translations are the
more remarkable as being made by a Jew convert
to Christianity, and as making possible the read
ing of both the Jewish and Christian books of the
Bible in a language familiar to 400,000,000 people.
SCHIMMELPFENNIG, Alexander, soldier, was
born in Prussia in 1824. He was an officer in the
Prussian army in Schleswig-Holstein in 1848. He
came to the United States, and in 1861 became
colonel of the 74th Pennsylvania regiment. He
was in the 1st brigade, 3d division, 1st corps,
General Sigel, of the Army of Virginia under
command of Gen. John Pope. During the second
Bull Run, his brigadier, Gen. Henry Bohlen, was
killed, and he succeeded to the command. After
the battle he was nominated for brigadier-general,
but the 'appointment was not confirmed until
March, 1863, although the commission was dated,
Nov. 29, 1862. He commanded a brigade in the
llth corps, under General Howard, at Chancellors
ville and also at Gettysburg, where General
Howard was wounded, and when General Schurz
took command of the corps, the command of the
division fell to General Schimmelpfennig. Upon
the evacuation of Charleston, Feb. 18, 1865, he
took command of the city. He was very ill as
the result of exposure, and was soon relieved of
his command, and returned to Minersville, Pa. He
published The War between Russia and Turkey
(1854). He died in Minersville, Pa., Sept. 7, 1865.
SCHLEICHER, Gustave, representative, was
bom in Darmstadt, Germany, Nov. 19, 1823. He
was graduated from the University at Giessen,
and engaged in railroad building in Europe. In
1847 he immigrated to Texas, and after spending
three years on the frontier, settled in San Antonio.
He was a representative in the state legislature,
1853-54 ; a state senator, 1859-61 ; served in the
Confederate States army, 1861-65 ; and was a
Democratic representative from Texas in the
44th, 45th and 46th congresses, 1875-79. He died
in Washington, D.C, Jan. 11, 1879.
SCHLEY, William, governor of Georgia, was
born in Frederick, Md., Dec. 15, 1786. His father
removed to Augusta, Georgia, and engaged in
manufacturing near that city. William was edu

cated at the academy of Louisville, Ga., and later
at the academy in Augusta ; practised law in
Augusta, and was judge of the superior court;
1825-28. In 1830 he vvas elected a Democratic
representative in the state legislature, and in
1832 a representative to the 23d congress, 1833-
35. He was governor of Georgia, 1835-37. He
was president of the Georgia Medical college,
Augusta, for several years, and is the author of : A
Digest of English Statutes in Force in Georgia
(1826). He died at his home near Augusta, -Ga.,
Nov. 20, 1858.
SCHLEY, Winfield Scott, naval officer, was
born at Richfield Farm in Frederick county, Md.,
Oct. 9, 1839 ; son of John Thomas and Georgiana
Virginia (McClure) Schley ; grandson of John
and Mary Ferree (Shriver) Schley and of John
and Mary McClure,
and great-grandson of
John Thomas Schley
who came to Amer
ica from Germany
in 1745, went first
to Pennsylvania, and
later made his home
in what became the
town of Frederick,
Md. Winfield Scott
Schley entered the
U.S. Naval academy
from Maryland, Sept.
£0, 1856, graduating
in 18o0. He served
on the frigate Niag
ara, on duty in China and Japan in 1860-61,
carrying back the ambassador from Japan sent
from that country to the United States in 1S59.
He was advanced to master, Aug. 31, 1861, and
served on the frigate Potomac, 1861-62 ; was
commissioned lieutenant, July 16, 1862. and
served on the Winona, Monongahela and Rich
mond under Farragut in the Mississippi river
campaign and about Port Hudson from March 14
until July 9, 1863, participating in many en
gagements. On Sept. 10, 1863, he was married to
Annie R. Franklin, daughter of George E. and
Maria C. Franklin of Annapolis, Md. He served
as the executive officer on the gun-boat Wateree
in the Pacific, 1864-66, and in 1865 he put
down an insurrection of Chinese coolies in the
Chincha Islands, and later, during a revolu
tion at La Union, San Salvador, landed 100 men
tliere and protected the United States' interests.
On July 25, 1866, he was promoted lieutenant-
commander, and served as an instructor at the
Naval academy, 1866-69. He served as executive
officer of the U.S.S. Benicia, on the Asiatic
station, 1869-73, and in June. 1871, took an active
part in the capture of the forts on the Salee river

[035]

SCHLEY

SCHMIDT

in Korea. Lieut. Hugh K. McKee was killed at
his side on the parapet while attacking the main
fortifications. He served as head of the depart
ment of modern languages at the Naval academy,
1872-76, and was promoted commander, June 10,
1874. He was on the Brazil station in the Essex,
1876-79, rescuing from the Island of Tristam
d'Acamba an American crew shipwrecked there.
In 1884, he commanded an expedition that res
cued Lieut. Adolphus W. Greely and six compan
ions from death at Cape Sabine in Grinnell Land.
For this, the Maryland legislature gave him a
vote of thanks and a gold chronometer watch,
and the Massachusetts Humane Society presented
him with a gold medal. He was made chief
of bureau of equipment and recruiting for the
navy department at Washington in 1885 ; was
promoted captain, March 31, 1888, and when the
Baltimore was put into commission, he took
command of her, 1889-92, commanding that ves
sel in Valparaiso where a number of her crew
were killed and wounded by a mob on shore. In
October of the same year he settled this difficulty
at Valparaiso, the Chilian government apologizing
for the insult, and paying an indemnity of $75,-
000. In August, 1891, he carried the body of
John Ericsson, the inventor of the monitor, to
Sweden, and was presented with a gold medal by
the king. He served as light-house inspector,
1893-95, and on the cruiser New York, 1895-97,
and as chairman of the lighthouse board, 1897-98.
On Feb. 6, 1898, he was promoted commodore,
was later selected to command the flying squad
ron to protect the Atlantic seaboard with the
U.S. cruiser Brooklyn as his flagship. He was
•-•BPOOKLYAI--

present in the battle which destroyed Cervera's
squadron and captured its personel off Santiago,
July 3, 1898. On Aug. 10, 1898, he was pro
moted by the President to the rank of rear-
admiral, "for eminent and conspicuous conduct
in battle," and on August 29, was appointed one
of the commissioners to direct the evacuation
of Porto Rico. In December of the same year
he was presented with a jewelled medal by the
Maryland legislature, and given its vote of thanks
and a. service of silver by Maryland friends. He
was assigned to duty on the naval examining
board, April 14, 1899, and on April 27, was trans

ferred to the naval retiring board as senior mem
ber. In December, 1898, the people of Penn
sylvania presented him a gold and jewelled sword.
He received the degree of LL.D. from George
town university, June 22, 1899, and on Nov. 4 of
the same year, the people of Atlanta presented
him with a silver loving cup. He was assigned
to duty as commander of the South Atlantic
squadron, Nov. 18, 1899, and was retired Oct. 9,
1901, having reached the age limit fixed by law.
The fact that Commodore Sampson was tempo
rarily absent, by order of the President, from San
tiago on the morning Cervera made his effort to
escape from the harbor, caused a dispute between
the respective friends of Sampson and Schley as
to who vvas actually in command of the United
States fleet on that day. The third volume of.
" A History of the United States" by E. S. Mac-
lay (the first two volumes of which had been
adopted as a text-book by the Naval academy)
contained- reflections on Schley's conduct, oharg--
ing him with irregularities. At Schley's request
a court of inquiry convened Sept. 1, 1901. to in
vestigate his conduct during the fight, and the
majority report, which was not wholly favorable
to Schley, was strongly excepted to by Admiral
Dewey, the president of the court, in all important
particulars. The report freed Schley of the
charge of irregularity and the congress of the
United States thereupon prohibited the use of
Maclay's history in the U.S. Naval academy.
Admiral Schley is the author of Tlie Rescue of
Greely (1886).
SCHMIDT, Frederick Augustus, clergyman,
was born in Leutenberg, Thuringia, Germany,
Jan. 3, 1837 : son of John Frederick and Helena
(Wirth) Schmidt. His father died in 1839,
and his mother, having relatives in Martin
Stephen's colony in Missouri, came to America in
1841. In 1853 he was graduated at Concordia
college, St. Louis, Mo., a member of the first
class, and in 1857 was graduated from the Con
cordia Theological seminary at St. Louis, Mo.
He was married, Dec. 8, 1858, to Carolina, daugh
ter of Joachim and Elisabeth (Weishaha) All-
wardt of Plato, N.Y. He vvas pastor at Eden,
N.Y., 1857-59, of St. Peter's, Baltimore, Md.,
1859-61, and was professor in the Norwegian
Lutheran college at Decorah, Iowa, 1861-71, at
Concordia Theological seminary, 1871-76, and at
the Norwegian Lutheran seminary, Madison,
Wis., 1876-86. In 1886 he became professor of
systematic theology at the Norwegian Lutheran
Divinity school, Northfield, Minn. Upon the
formation of the United Norwegian Lutheran
church in 1890, he became senior professor of its
theological seminary, at St. Anthony Park, St.
Paul, Minn. He received the degree of D.D.
from Capitol university, Columbus, Ohio. He

[636]

SCHMUCKER

SCHNEIDER

edited several Lutheran papers in the English,
German and Norwegian languages, and is the
author of Intuitu Fidei.
SCHMUCKER, Samuel Mosheim, author, was
born in New Market, Va., Jan. 12,1823; sonof
Dr. SamuelS. Schmucker (q.v.). He was grad
uated from Washington college, Pa., in 1840, and
from the Lutheran seminary at Gettysburg in
1842 ; and was pastor of Lutheran churches at
Lewistown, Pa., 1842-45, and Germantown, Pa.,
1845-48. He was a student and secretary at the
Philadelphia Law academy, 1848-50, and practised
law in Philadelphia, 1850-53 ; in New Y^ork city,
1853-55, and in Philadelphia, 1855-63. He is the
author of: Errors of Modern Infidelity (1848);
Election of Judges by the People, and Constitu
tionality ofthe Maine Liquor Law (1852); The
Spanish Wife, a Play, with Memoir of Edwin
Forrest (1854); Court and Reign of Catherine II,
Empress of Russia (1855); Life and Reign of
Nicholas I of Russia ( 1856) ; Life of John C. Fre
mont with his Explorations (1856) ; Life and
Times of Alexander Hamilton (1856); History of
the Mormons, Edited and Enlarged (1856); Life
and Times of Thomas Jefferson (1857) ; The Yan
kee Slave-Driver (1857); Memorable Scenes in
French History (1857); Arctic Explorations and
Discoveries (1857); Life of Dr. Elisha Kent Kane
and Other American Explorers (1858); History of
Napoleon III (1858) ; History of the Four Georges
(1859); History of all Religions (1859); Life,
Speeches, and Memorials of Daniel Webster (1859) ;
Life and Times of Henry Clay (1860) ; Life of
Washington (1860); Blue Laws .of Connecticut
(1860); History of the Modern Jeios (1860); and
A History of the Civil War in the United States
(vol. I., 1863). He died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
May 12, 1863.
SCHMUCKER, Samuel Simon, educator, was
born in Hagerstown, Md., Feb. 28, 1799 ; son of
the Rev. John George (1771-1854) and Catherine
(Gross) Schmucker. He was a student at the
University of Pennsylvania, 1814-16, and at
Princeton Theological seminary, 1817-18 ; was
principal of the academy at York, Pa., 1818-20,
and served the Lutheran church, New Market,
Va., as pastor, 1820-26, receiving ordination, Sept.
5, 1821. He founded the Lutheran Theological
seminary at Gettysburg, Pa. , in 1825 ; was its
only instructor, 1826-30 ; its professor of dogma
tic theology, 1826-64, and professor of intellectual
science in Pennsylvania college, 1832-33. He
helped to organize the Evangelical Lutheran
church in 1827, and in 1846 to connect it with the
parent body in Europe, being a delegate to the
convention of that year in London. He was
married to Catherine Steenbergen of Mt. Airy,
Va., and after her death to Esther Wagner of
Philadelphia, Pa. He received the honorary de

grees, A.B., 1819, and A.M., 1823, from the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania, and D.D. from Rutgers
college in 1832. He is the author of : Biblical
Tlieology (2 vols., 1826); Elements of Popular
Theology (1834); Kurzgefasste Geschichle der
Christlichen Kirche auf der Grundloge der
Busch'en Werke (1834); Fraternal Appeal to the
American Churches on Christian Union (1838);
Portraiture of Lutheranism (1840)'; Retrospect
of Lutheranism (1841); Psychology, or Elements
of Mental Philosophy (1842); Dissertation on
Capital Punishment (1845) ; Tlie American Luth
eran Church, Historically, Doctrinally and Prac
tically Delineated (1851) ; Lutheran Manual (1855) ;
American Lutheranism Vindicated (1856); Ap
peal on Behalf of the Christian Sabbath (1857);
Evangelical Lutheran Catechism (1859); The
Church of the Redeemer (1867); The Unity of
Christ's Church (1870), and various contributions
to periodical literature. He died in Gettysburg,
Pa., July 26, 1873.
SCHNEIDER, Albert, botanist and author,
was born in Granville, Putnam county, 111., April
13, 1862 ; son of John and Elizabeth (Burcky)
Schneider ; grandson of Johannes and Elisabeth
(Strack) Schneider and of Jacob and Madeline
(Krehbiel) Burcky, and a descendant of Dr. John
Burcky, who first arrived in New Orleans, and
later, 1804, settled in Cincinnati, Ohio. He at
tended the district schools and the Northern
Illinois Normal school ; was graduated from the
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, 111.,
M.D., 1887, and from the University of Illinois,
B.S., 1894. He was married, June 28, 1892, to
Marie, daughter of Mitchell and Mary (Driscoll)
Harrington of Avoca, Minn. ; was instructor in
botany in the University of Minnesota, 1893 ; a
fellow in botany at Columbia university, 1894-
96, and in 1897 was made professor of botany,
pharmacognosy, materia medica and bacteri
ology in the Northwestern University School of
Pharmacy, Chicago, 111. He received the gradu
ate degree of M.S. from the University of Min
nesota, 1894, and that of Ph.D. from Columbia,
1897, and was elected a member of the Deutsche
Botanische Gesellschaft ; Societe Botanique In
ternationale ; the Society of American Authors,
and other organizations. Dr. Schneider is the
author of : Primary Microscopy and Biology
(1890) ; A Text-Book of General Lichenology
(1897) ; Guide to the Study of Liichens [1898) ;
Hints on Drawing for Students of Biology (1899);
General Vegetable Pharmacography (1900) ; The
Limitations of Learning, and Other Science
Papers (1900) ; Powdered Vegetable Drugs (1902);
Useful Plants (1903) ; and numerous contribu
tions to scientific and other journals. He also
translated Westermaier's " Compendium der
Allgemeinen Botanik " (1896).

[637]

SCHOFF

SCHOFIELD

ffi*^

SCHOFF, Stephen Alonzo, engraver, was
bora at Danville, Vt., in 1818 ; son of John Chase
and Eunice (Nye) Sclioff ; grandson of John and
Priscilla (Chase) Sclioff, and of Elisha Nye ; of
German ancestry on his father's side, and English
on his mother's. He attended the public schools
at Newburyport, Mass., and went to Boston in
1834, to study and work at line engraving. In
1839-41, with his employer, Joseph Andrews, he
went to Paris, where he studied drawing and
line engraving. Upon his return he began bank
note work in New York. He vvas employed in the
bureau of engraving in Washington, and later
resided in Boston, New York, Newtonville, Mass.,
and Brandon, Vt. His best known works are :
Cuius Marius on the Ruins of Carthage (1843) ;
William Penn ; a portrait of R. W. Emerson, after
Rowse ; The Bathers, after William M. Hunt ;
Moonlight Marine, after Dr. Hess.
SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, soldier, was
bom in Gerry, N.Y., Sept. 29, 1831 ; son of the
Rev. James and Caroline (McAllister) Schofield ;
grandson of James and Margaret (Wheeler)
Schofield and of John and Sara (Brewster)
McAllister, and a de
scendant of Elder
William Brewster of
the Mayflower. He
attended the public
schools of Gerry, Bris
tol and Freeport, and
was graduated from
the U.S. Military
academy and ap
pointed brevet 2nd
lieutenant, 2nd artil
lery, July 1, 1853.
He served on garri
son duty, at Fort
Moultrie, S.C, and
in Florida, 1853-55 ;
was promoted 2nd lieutenant, 1st artillery, Aug.
31, 1853, and 1st lieutenant, March 3, 1855 ; was
assistant professor of natural and experimental
philosophy at the U.S. Military academy, 1855-56,
and principal assistant professor, 1856-60 ; and
was professor of physics in Washington univer
sity, Mo., 1860-61. He was appointed major, 1st
Missouri volunteer infantry, April 26, 1861, that
regiment being converted into artillery, August,
1861 ; and he was promoted captain, 1st artillery,
U.S.A., May 14, 1861. He served as mustering
officer for the state of Missouri ; was chief of
staff to General Lyon, and took part in the
action of Dugspring, the battle of Wilson's
Creek, when Lyon was killed, and the action at
Fredericktown. He was appointed brigadier-
general, U.S. volunteers, Nov. 21, and brigadier-
general, Missouri militia, Nov. 26, 1861, and com

manded the militia of Missouri, 1861-62. and the
army of the frontier and district of south-west
Missouri, 1863-63, He vvas appointed major-
general, U.S.V., Nov. 29. 1862, his commission
expiring by constitutional limitation, March 4,
1863, when he again became brigadier-general,
U.S.V. He was a member of the board of ex
aminers of Mississippi river mortar boats, Dec.
9-31, 1862 ; and commanded the 3rd division, 14th
army corps, Army of the Cumberland, April 20
to May 31, 1863. He was re-appointed major-
general, U.S.V., May 12, 1863, and commanded
the department of the Missouri, 1863-64, and the
department and Army of the Ohio, 1864-65. He
commanded the Army of the Ohio in the invasion
of Georgia, May 2-Sept. 7, 1864, and commanded
the force that opposed General Hood in his, ad
vance from Florence, Ala., into Tennessee. He
defeated Hood's army at Franklin, Tenn., Nov.
30, 1864, being appointed Drigadier-general,
U.S.A., on the same day, and brevetted major-
general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for gallant and
meritorious services in the battle of Franklin,
Tenn. He commanded the 23rd army corps in
the battle of Nashville, Dec. 15 and 16, 1864, and
was in command of the department of North
Carolina, February to May, 1865, being engaged
in the capture of Forts Anderson and Wilming
ton, the occupation of Kinston, the march to
Goldsboro, and in the surrender of the Confeder
ate States army under Gen. J. E. Johnston at
Durham Station, North Carolina, April 26, 1865,
where he was detailed to execute the military
convention of- capitulation. He remained in
command of the department of North Carolina
until June, 1865, and was sent on a special mis
sion to Europe, 1865-66. He commanded the de
partment of the Potomac with headquarters at
Richmond, Va., 1866-67, and the first, Military
district, state of Virginia, 1867-68. He was
honorably mustered out of the volunteer service,
Sept. 1, 1866; succeeded Edwin M. Stanton as
secretary of war, June 2, 1868, and served in
Johnson's and Grant's administrations until
March 12, 1869. He was promoted major-
general, U.S.A., March 4, 1869, and took com
mand of the department of the Missouri in that
month. He commanded the division of the Paci
fic, 1870-76 and also in 1882-83 ; was superin
tendent of the U.S. Military academy, 1876-81 ;
commanded the division of the Missouri, 1883-86,
and the division of the Atlantic, 1886-88: He
then commanded the Army of the United States,
1888-95. He was promoted lieutenant-general,
U.S.A., Feb. 5, 1895, under a special act of con
gress, and vvas retired, Sept. 29, 1895, on reaching
the age limit. He was president of the board
that adopted the tactics for the army in 1870 ;
and president of the board of review of the Fitz-

SCHOLFIELD

SCHOOLCRAFT

John Porter case in 1878. He was sent on a
special mission to Hawaii in 1873. He was
awarded a medal of honor for conspicuous gal
lantry at the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug.
10, 1861. Tho honorary degree of LL.D. was
conferred on him by the University of Chicago
in 1885. He was married, first, June, 1857, to
Harriet, daughter of William Holmes Chambers
and Harriet (Whitehorn) Bartlett of West Point,
N.Y. ; she died in December, 1888. In June,
1891, he married, secondly, Georgia Kilbourne,
daughter of Mrs. Augusta Wells Kilbourne of
Keokuk, Iowa. He is the author of : Forty-six
Years in the Army (1898).
SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in
Clark county, 111., Aug. 1, 1834; son of Thomas
and Ruth (Beauchamp) Scholfield. The Sohol-
fields came from England to Pennsylvania at an
early date in the pioneer immigration to the pro
vince, settled in West Chester, and after the Rev
olution removed to Loudoun county, Virginia ;
a part of the family removing thence to Musk
ingum county, Ohio, and thence to Clark county,
111. He was brought up on a farm ; taught a
district school and studied law, 1851-5-1 ; was
graduated at the Louisville law school, LL.B.,
1855 ; was admitted to the bar, and elected state
attorney for the 4th judicial circuit in 1856. He
was married, Dec. 29, 1859, to Emma J., daughter
of Johr and Jane (Archer) Bartlett of Mar
shall, 111. He canvassed his district for the
Democratic national ticket in 1856 ; was elected
a representative in the state legislature in 1860,
and was a delegate to the state constitutional
convention of 1869. He was a justice of the
supreme court of the state, 1873-90 and 1890-93,
and chief justice, 1891. He refused a seat on the
bench of the supreme court of the United States,
offered him by President Cleveland in 1888. He
died at Marshall, 111., Feb. 13, 1893.
SCHOOLCRAFT, Henry Rowe, ethnologist,
was born in Watervliet, N.Y., March 28,1793;
son of Col. Lawrence and Margaret Anne Barbara
(Rowe) Schoolcraft; grandson of John and Anna
Barbara (Boss) Schoolcraft, and great-grandson
of James Calcraft, who came from England to
Canada in the military service of the crown in
1727, and subsequently settled in Albany county,
N.Y., where he engaged in surveying and school-
teaching, and changed his name to Schoolcraft.
Col. Lawrence Schoolcraft served in the Revol
ution and as an officer in the war of 1812. Henry
R. Schoolcraft was a student at Middlebury col
lege, Vt., and at Union college, Schenectady,
N.Y. ; learned the trade of glass-making under
his father, and during 1817-18, made a collection
of minerals in Missouri and Arkansas. He joined
Gen. Lewis Cass's exploring expedition to Lake
Superior and the head- waters of the Mississippi in

1820 ; vvas secretary ofthe board of Indian commis
sioners at Chicago, 111., in 1821, and Indian agent
at Sault Ste. Marie and Mackinaw, 1822-36. In
October, 1823, he married Jane, daughter of John
Johnston, and maternal granddaughter of Waboo-
jeeg, the Ojibway chief. He was a member of the
Michigan territorial legislature, 1838-31 ; con
ducted a party of explorers to Lake Itasca in 1832,
and through a treaty which he made with the In
dians on the upper lakes in 1836, the United States
gained possession of 16,000,000 acres of Indian
lands. He superintended Indian affairs and was
disbursing agent on the northwest frontier, 1837-
41. He removed to New York city in 1841 ;
visited Europe in 1842, and also Virginia, Ohio,
and Canada, 1843-44 ; collected the U.S. census of
NewYork Indian tribes, 1845, of the Six Nations
for the New York legislature, 1845-47 ; and con
gress authorized him on March 3, 1847, to collect
and edit information relative to the condition of
the Indian tribes. This work occupied the re
mainder of his life, and congress expended in its
preparation f 150,000. He was married in January,
1847, to Mary Howard of Beaufort district, S.C,
who vvas his assistant in the preparation of his
later works, which were written when he was
confined to his chair by paralysis. She is the
author of : " The Black Gauntlet, a Tale of Planta
tion Life in South Carolina " (1860). Mr. School
craft received the degree of LL.D. from the Uni
versity of Geneva in 1846 ; was a founder of the
Michigan Historical society in 1828 ; of the Algic
eociety in 1831, and of the American Ethnological
society in 1841, and a member of numerous histori
cal and scientific societies of the United States and
Europe. He was awarded a gold medal from the
French Institute for his lectures on the construc
tion of the Indian language. His published
volumes include the following : Mineralogy and
Geology of Missouri and Arkansas (1819) ; Trans-
Allegania, or the Groans of Missouri (1820);
Journal of a Tour in the Interior of Missouri and
Arkansas (1820); Travels from Detroit to the
Source ofthe Mississippi (1821); Travels in the
Central Portions of the Mississippi Valley (1825);
The Rise of the West, poem (1827)'; Indian
Melodies (1830) ; The Man of Bronze (1834) : Nar
rative of an Expedition through the Upper Mis
sissippi to Itasca Lake (1834) ; Iosco, or the Vale
of Norma (1834) ; Algic Researches (1839) ; Alhalla
or the Land of Talladega, poem (1843); Oneota
or Characteristics of the Red Race of America
(1844-45) ; Plan for Investigating American Ethno
logy (1846); Notes on the Iroquois (1846); The
Red Race of America (1847); Notices of Antique
Earthen Vessels from Florida (1847); Life and
Character of Gen. Lewis Cass (1848) ; Bibliograph
ical Catalogue of Books * * * in the Indian
Tongues of the United States (1849) ; American

SCHOONMAKER

SCHOONMAKER

Indians (1850) ; Personal Memoirs of a Residence
of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes on the
American Frontier, 1812-42 (1851) ; Historical and
Statistical Information, respecting the History,
Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of
the United States (6 vols., 1851-57); Summary
Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the
Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820, resumed
and Completed by the Discovery of its Origin in
Itasca Lake in 1832 (1854); Helderbergia, poem
(1855) ; and The Myth of Hiawatha and notes for
The Indian Fairy Book from Original Legends
(1855). He died in Washington, Dec. 10, 1864.
SCHOONMAKER, Cornelius C, representa
tive, was born in Shawangunk, Ulster county,
N.Y., in June, 1745 ; a descendant of Henry
Schoonmaker, who emigrated from Germany,
and settled in Albany prior to 1653, subsequently
removing to Ulster county. He was a surveyor
by profession ; was an active member of the
committees of vigilance and safety during the
Revolution ; and upon the adoption of the New
York state constitution in 1777 he was elected a
member of the assembly, and continued to serve
in that body until 1791. He was a member of
the state convention to decide upon the adoption
of the U.S. constitution ; was a representative in
the 2d congress, 1791-93, and vvas again a member
of the New York assembly, 1795-96. He died in
Shawangunk, Ulster county, N.Y., early in 1796.
SCHOONMAKER, Cornelius Marius, naval
officer, was born in Kingston, N.Y., Feb. 2, 1839;
son of the Hon. Marius (q.v.) and Elizabeth Van
Wyck ( Westbrook) Schoonmaker. He was grad
uated from the U.S. Naval academy in 1859 ; was
promoted passed midshipman, Jan. 19, 1861, and
master, Feb. 23, 1861 ; and was ordered to the
Minnesota, the flagship of Flag-OfficerStringham,
of which he was appointed acting-master, and
participated in the capture of Forts Hatteras and
Clark. He was commissioned lieutenant, Aug.
31, 1861, and appointed executive officer on the
gun-boat Wyandotte, South Atlantic blockading
squadron, being transferred to the Octorora, Oct.
1, 1862, in Rear- Admiral Wilkes's flying squadron,
where he remained until February, 1864. He
was later executive officer of the iron-clad Man
hattan, with which he participated in the battle
of Mobile Bay and the destruction of Fort Morgan;
executive officer of the U.S.S. Augusta and of
the monitor Catskill successively until June, 1865,
when he was ordered to the Juniata and
joined the Brazil squadron. He was commis
sioned lieutenant-commander, Dec. 24, 1865 : was
detached from the Juniata in July, 1867, and was
on duty first as navigator and later as executive
officer of the U.S.S. Delaware. He was engaged
in torpedo instruction at Newport, 1872 ; com
manded the Frolic, 1872-73 ; was promoted com-

VAAI DA L I A

mander, Feb. 14, 1873 ; and in May, 1873, went on
the Frolic to St. John's, Newfoundland, and
brought to Washington the survivors of the crew
of the Polaris. He was on duty at the New York
navy yard, 1873-74 ; inspector of the eighth light
house district, New Orleans, 1874-78 ; was in com
mand of the U.S.S. Nipsic, 1879-81, on which he
executed a special mission for the government to
South America ; was
at the Norfolk navy
yard, 1882-86, and
was commissioned
captain, Oct. 7, 1886.
In February, 1888, he
was ordered to Hon
olulu to take com
mand of the U.S.S.
Vandalia, attached
to the Pacific squad
ron. Upon the break
ing out of the .===
troubles at Samoa he
was ordered there
with his vessel, which,
with every other vessel in the harbor of Apia,
was wrecked, and Captain Schoonmaker, with 4
other officers and 39 men of the Vandalia, were
drowned, during the cyclone of March 15, 1889.
SCHOONMAKER, Marius, representative, was
born in Kingston, N.Y., April 24, 1811 ; son of
Zachariah, grandson of Cornelius C (q.v.), and
a descendant of Henry Schoonmaker, the im
migrant, 1653. His father was a lawyer. He
prepared for college at Kingston academy ; was
graduated from Yale in 1830, and was admitted
to the bar in 1833. He vvas married in 1887 to
Elizabeth Van Wyck, eldest daughter of the Rev.
Dr. Cornelius D. Westbrook, a clergyman of the
Reformed Dutch church. Mrs. Schoonmaker
died in December, 1887. In 1849 he was elected
as a Whig to the state senate, and was chairman
of the committee on claims ; and at the extra
session in 1850 he was chairman of the joint com
mittee on the revision of the code. He was a
representative from the tenth New York district
in the 32d congress, 1851-53 ; auditor ofthe canal
department, 1854-55, resigning early in 1855 to
accept the superintendency of the banking depart
ment ; delegate to the state constitutional con
vention of 1867, and president of the board of
directors of Kingston for several years. He was
president of the board of trustees of Kingston
academy, 1842-54, and of the Kingston board of
education, 1863-72. During his service in the
latter office the graded system of free schools was
put into operation. He compiled and prepared a
History of Kingston from its First Settlement to
the Year 1820 (1888). He died in Kingston, N:Y„
Jan. 5, 1894.

[640]

SCHOTT

SCHOULER

SCHOTT, Charles Anthony, meteorologist,
was born in Manheim, Baden, Germany, Aug. 7,
1836. He was graduated at the Polytechnic
school, Carlsruhe, C.E., 1847 ; came to the
United States in 1848, and was employed in the
U.S. coast and geodetic survey, being made as
sistant in 1850, and in 1855 chief of the comput
ing division, in which latter office he served
until his death. He was a member of the gov
ernment expedition to Springfield, Illinois, to
observe the total eclipse of the sun in August,
1869, and to Catania, Sicily, in December, 1870 ;
and a delegate to the International Conference
on Terrestrial Magnetism at Bristol, England, in
1898. He was married, first, June 6, 1854, to
Theresa Gildermeister ; and secondly, Sept. 28,
1863, to Bertha Gildermeister. He was elected a
member of the more important scientific societies
of America, and of several foreign societies. He
contributed to the annual reports of the U.S.
coast and geodetic survey from 1854 ; and to the
publications of the Smithsonian Institution,
1858-85, his contributions to the latter being
largely made up from observations in the Arctic
seas by Kane and Playes and meteorological ob
servations made in various parts of the United
States. He received the Wilde prize of 4000
francs from the Academy of France in 1899, for
his investigations into the laws of terrestrial
magnetism. He died in Washington, D.C, July
31, 1901.
SCHOULER, James, lawyer and historian,
was born in Arlington, Mass., March 20, 1839 ;
son of William and Frances (Warren) Schouler ;
grandson of James and Margaret (Clark)
Schouler and of Isaac and Frances (Wilkins)
Warren. James
Schouler, his grand
father, emigrated to
the United States
with his family in
1816, from Kilbar-
chan, a manufactur
ing town near Pais
ley, Scotland. On
his mother's side, his
ancestors are of the
Warren family and
among the earliest
English settlers in
Massachusetts. His
father (1814-72) was
a journalist, and
served five years in the general court of Mass
achusetts, one year in the senate, and four
years in the house ; was adjutant-general of
Massachusetts, 1860-66 ; and the author of the
" History of Massachusetts in the Civil War " (2
vols. 1868-71). James Schouler was graduated

at Harvard in 1859, and after teaching for one
year, studied law and was admitted to the Bos
ton bar in 1862. He served one year in the
civil war as lieutenant the 43d Massachusetts
volunteers, and on the Signal corps. He re
sumed his practice in Boston and in Washington,
D.C, being admitted to practise in the U.S.
supreme court in 1867. From 1885 to 1903 he
was a lecturer and professor in the Boston Uni
versity Law school, and was a lecturer on
American history in the Johns Hopkins university
after 1891, and also visiting professor on the
staff of the National University Law school at
Washington, D.C. He was married in 1870 to
Emily F., daughter of Asa F. and Mehitable
(Fuller) Cochran, of Boston. He is the author
of : The Laiv of Domestic Relations (1870) ; The
Law of Personal Property (1873) ; The Law of
Bailments (1880) ; The Law of Husband and
Wife (1882) ; Laiv of Executors and Administra
tors (1883) ; Law of Wills (1887) ; Life of
Thomas Jefferson (1893); Historical Brief s (1897);
History of the United States, 1783-1865 (6 vols.,
1880-1899) , and the Life of Alexander Hamilton
(1901). He received the degree of LL.D. from
-the National university, Washington, D.C, in
1891, and from Johns Hopkins university, Balti
more, Md., Feb. 22, 1902.
SCHOULER, John, naval officer, was born in
Lowell, Mass., Nov. 30, 1846 ; son of William and
Frances E. (Warren) Schouler, and brother of
the historian, James Schouler. He was gradu
ated from the U.S. Naval academy, Annapolis,
1864 ; served on the steam frigate Colorado, on
the European station, 1865-66 ; was commis
sioned ensign, Nov. 1, 1866 ; promoted master,
Dec. 1, 1866, and served on the steamer Frolic,
1866-68 ; was promoted lieutenant, March 12,
1868, and served on the sloop Portsmouth, 1868-
70 ; and was promoted lieutenant-commander,
June 3, 1869. He was executive officer on the
monitor Terror, 1871-72 ; was in the hydro-
graphic office, 1872-73 ; was stationed at the
Naval academy, 1873-76 ; and was on the prac
tice ship Constellation, 1874. He served on the
Essex, 1876-79, at the Naval academy again,
1880-84, on the Lancaster, 1884-85 ; was pro
moted commander, June, 1885 ; was stationed
at the Naval academy, 1885-88, and commanded
the training ship Portsmouth, 1889-91. He was
on special duty in the bureau of navigation,
1891-92 ; was a member of the examining and
retiring board, 1893-95, and chief of staff,
North Atlantic station, 1895-97 ; again served on
special duty for the bureau of navigation, 1897-
98 ; was promoted captain, June 5, 1898, and
served on the examining and retiring boards,
1898-99. He was retired with rank of rear-ad
miral in November, 1899.

[641]

SCHRIVER

SCHULTZ

SCHRIVER, Edmund, soldier, was born in
York, Pa., Sept. 16, 1812. He vvas graduated at
the U.S. Military academy, and assigned to the
2d artillery, July 1, 1833; served in Tennessee
and Alabama, 1833-34 ; was assistant instructor
in infantry tactics at the Academy, 1834-35 ; was
promoted 2d lieutenant, July 31, 1834, and 1st
lieutenant, Nov. 1, 1836 ; served in the adjutant-
general's office, 1835-39, and ag^iin, 1839-41, be
ing assistant adjutant-general, with the rank of
captain, in 1839 ; and served in the Florida war
in 1839. He vvas at the headquarters of the
Department of the East, 1841-46 ; was promoted
captain, Aug. 17, 1842; resigned from the army,
July 31, 1846, and engaged in railroad enter
prises in New York, 1847-61. He served as aide-
de-camp on the staff of Governor Morgan of
New York, with the rank of colonel, April to
July, 1861 ; was commissioned lieutenant-colonel
of the llth U.S. infantry, May 14, 1861, and
colonel, May 18, 1862 ; was chief of staff, Army
of the Potomac, March 15, 1862 to January, 1863 ;
took part in the occupation of Fredericksburg,Va. ;
the Shenandoah campaign ; the Northern Vir
ginia campaign, where he was chief of staff of
the 3d corps, and engaged in the battle of Cedar
Mountain, the passage of the Rappahannock, and
the battle of Manassas. He was acting inspec
tor-general of the Army of the Potomac, January
to March, 1863 ; was promoted inspector-general,
U.S. army, March 13, 1863, and assigned to the
Army of the Potomac ; and participated in the
battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, the
Mine Run expedition, the Richmond and Peters
burg campaign, and was brevetted brigadier-
general, U.S.A., Aug. 1, 1864, for services in the
field, and major-general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865,
for services during the war. He was attached to
the office of the secretary of war, 1866-72, hav
ing charge of the inspection bureau, 1866-69 and
1871-76 ; was inspector of the U.S. Military
academy, 1866-71, and on a tour of inspection in
Texas, New Mexico, and Kansas, 1872-73 ; was
inspector-general of the division of the Pacific,
1876-81 ; a member of the retiring board at San
Francisco, Cal., in 1877, and of the board to
examine the case of Dr. William A. Hammond
(q.v.), 1878-79; and was retired, Jan. 4, 1881,
having served beyond the age limit. He died in
Washington, D.C, Feb. 10, 1899.
SCHROEDER, Seaton, naval officer, was born
in Washington, D.C, Aug. 17, 1849 ; son of
Francis and Caroline (Seaton) Schroeder ; grand
son of Henry and Henrietta Maria (Gheguiere)
Schroeder and of William Winston and Sarah
(Gales) Seaton. He passed his boyhood in Europe;
was appointed acting midshipman, Sept. 27, 1864;
graduated from the U.S. Naval academy, 1868 :
promoted ensign April 19, 1869 ; master, July 12,

1870, and lieutenant, Oct. 29, 1872. He served as
midshipman in the Saginaiv and Pensacola on
the Pacific station, and in the Benicia, Asiatic
squadron, 1869 to 1872, taking part in Admiral
John Rodgers's Corean expedition in 1871, and
being mentioned for gallant conduct. He served
in the Worcester, Canandaigua and Pinta in the
North Atlantic squadron, 1872-74 ; in the Swatara
around the world, 1874-75 ; and was on special
duty in the Gettysburg in the Mediterranean,
1876-78. He was married in January, 1879, to
Maria, daughter of Richard and Sarah (Bache)
Wainwright of Washington, D.C. He was on
leave of absence to take part in the removal of
the obelisk from Egypt to New York, 1879-80 ;
and on duty at intervals in the bydrographic
office and the office of naval intelligence and the
board of inspection and survey. He served in
the Despatch and Albatross, 1882-85, and in com
mand of the Vesuvius, 1890-93. He was promoted
lieutenant-commander, Sept. 27, 1893 ; assigned
to the Massachusetts in December, 1896, and
served on board that vessel during the Spanish-
American war, 1898, being promoted commander,
March 3, 1899. In the spring of 1900 he was
appointed governor of the island of Guam-, to
succeed Capt. R. P. Leary, and returning in 1903
was appointed chief naval intelligence officer,
succeeding Capt. Charles D. Sigsbee. He is the
author of Fall of Maximilian's Empire (1887),
and in 1894 received a gold medal for an essay
read before the U.S. Naval institute.
SCHULTZ, Jackson Smith, merchant, was
born in Hyde Park, N.Y., Nov. 9, 1815; son of
Abraham and Mary (Smith) Schultz ; grandson
of John and Anna (Van Steenburg) Schultz, and
of Maurice Smith ; great-grandson of Christian
Otto and Christina Margaret (Sharpstein). Schultz,
who came from Germany before 1737. He
worked at his father's tannery, Middletown, Del
aware county, N.Y., 1824-27, and in his father's
store, New Y7ork city, 1828r34 ; attended Gould
Brown's academy iu New York city, during the
winter months of 1828-34, and Waterville col
lege, Maine, 1834-36. He was connected with
the leather business of his father and his uncle,
Morgan L. Smith, in New Y'ork city, 1836-37,
and was a member of the firm of Young and
Schultz, 1837-91. He was married first, Jan. 11,
1837, to Catharine, daughter of Abner Chichester,.
and after her death in November, 1877, secondly,
May 8, 1879, to Mary (Fay) Wells, daughter of
the Rev. Dr. Fay, who survived him. He was
a charter member of the Eclectic association,
founded in 1837 ; a member of the Mercantile
Library association ; president of the board of
health of New York city, and of the excise com
mission, 1866-77 ; and a member of the Union
League club, 1861-91. He was a Hard Money,

[642]

Z^*<-*^**^^*6-

SCHUMAKER

SCHURMAN

and subsequently a Free Soil, Democrat, and in
1856 joined the Republican party. He was New
York, and subsequently United States, commis
sioner to the Vienna exposition of 1873 ; director
of the Park bank from its organization to 1880 ;
one of the governors of the New York hospital
and Blooming-dale asylum, 1860 ; member of the
committee of seventy in exposing the Tweed
conspiracy ; a member of the New York Hide
and Leather club, and of the chamber of com
merce, 1865-91, and of the board of management
of tlie Veteran Association of the Seventh Regi
ment of New York. He received the honorary
degree of A.M. from Colby in 1867. He is
the author of : Leather Manufacture in the
United States. He died in New York city,
March 1, 1891. His pall bearers, March 5, 1891,
included : Abram S. Hewitt, Cyrus W. Field,
L. G. B. Cannon, C. M. Depew, D. B. Eaton,
Joseph H. Choate, George Bliss, T. C. Acton,
Isaac H. Bailey, Charles S. Smith, H. E. Tremain,
and other leading New York citizens.
SCHUMAKER, John Godfrey, representative,
was born in Claverack, N.Y., June 26, 1836 ; son
of John M. and Maria (Vanderpoel) Sohumaker ;
grandson of John Godfrey and Anna Maria
Schumaker and of Barent and Catharine Van
derpoel. His first maternal ancestor in America,
Wynant Gerritse Van Der Poel, was born in
Amsterdam, Holland, about 1630, and arrived in
Beverwyck (now Albany) in 1654 ; he died in 1699.
The first paternal ancester in America, Daniel
Schumaker, came from the Palatine, Germany,
Nov. 10, 1711. He attended the Lenox, Mass.,
academy, 1841, and was admitted to the bar in
1847. He was married, Aug. 2, 1852, to Caroline,
daughter of Thomas and Mary Mills of London,
England. He removed to Brooklyn in 1853, and
three years later was elected district-attorney
for Kings county. He was a member of the
state constitutional conventions, 1862, 1867 and
1894; was corporation counsel for Brooklyn in
1862 and in 1864, and was a delegate to the
Democratic national convention of 1864. He
was a Democratic representative in the 41st
congress, 1869-71, and in the 43d and 44th con
gresses, 1873-77. In 1903 he was a resident of
Brooklyn, N.Y., and was engaged in the practice
of law in New York city.
SCHUREMAN, James, senator, was born in
New Brunswick, N.J., Feb. 12, 1756 ; son of John
and Antje (de Riemer) Strycker Schureman ;
and a grandson of lacobus and Antje (Terhune)
Schureman and of Isaac and Antje (Woertman)
de Riemer. Jacobus Schureman came from
Holland in 1717, and settled at Three Mile Run,
N J James Schureman was graduated at
Queen's college, A.B., 1773, A.M., 1776 ; com
manded a volunteer oompany at the battle of

Long Island in 1775, and vvas commissioned 2d
lieutenant, Colonel Neilson's battalion of minute
men, Jan. 10, 1776. He vvas 2d lieutenant in the
Middlesex militia, and in 1777 was captured near
New Brunswick, and imprisoned in the New
York sugar house. He subsequently escaped
with a companion by digging through the wall,
and joined the army at Morristown, N.J. He
was married, Jan. 38, 1778, to Eleanor, daughter
of David and Eleanor Schuyler Williamson of
Cranberry, N.J. He was a representative in the
general assembly of New Jersey, 1783-85 and
1788 ; a delegate to the convention at Annapolis,
Md., in 1786, and to the Continental congress in
1786 ; and was a Federalist representative from
New Jersey in the 1st, Sth and 13th congresses,
1789-91, 1797-99 and 1813-15. He was elected
to the Uy.S. senate to succeed Franklin Davenport
and complete the term of John Rutherford, re
signed, and after serving, 1799-1801, he resigned in
1801, and was succeeded by Aaron Ogden. He
vvas a member of the state council and senate,
1808-13 ; mayor of New Brunswick, N.J. ; and a
trustee of Rutgers college for several years. He
died in New Brunswick, N.J., Jan. 22, 1824.
SCHURMAN, Jacob Gould, educator, was born
in Freetown, Prince Edward Island, May 22,
1854 ; sonof Robert and Lydia (Gouldrup) Schur-
man ; grandson of Caleb and Mary (Lefurgey)
Schurman and of Jacob and Charlotte (Davis)
Gouldrup and a de
scendant of Jacobus
Schureman, who
came from Holland
in 1717 to New Am
sterdam, and- settled
at Three Mile Run,
N.J. His grand
father, Caleb Schur
man, was born in
New Rochelle, N.Y.,
1782, and in 1784 was
carried by his father,
who belonged to the
Tory party, to the
British provinces.
Jacob Gould Schur
man was brought up on his father's farm ; at
tended the common schools until 1867 ; clerked
in a general store in the neighboring town of
Summerside, 1867-69, where he attended the
grammar school in 1869, and the following year
entered Prince of Wales college, Charlottetown,
having won the first government scholarship of
$60. He completed the course in 1872 ; taught
school for one year, and was a student in Acadia
college, Nova Scotia, 1873-75. In the latter year
he was awarded the Canadian Gilchrist annual
scholarship of $500 for three years to be spent at

[643]

SCHURZ

SCHURZ

London or Edinburgh. He was graduated from
the University of London, A.B., 1877, A.M., 1878,
attending during his course James Martineau's
lectures on philosophy, and having won the uni
versity scholarship of $250 a year for three years'
study of that subject, continued his studies at.the
University of Edinburgh, being graduated, D.Sc,
1878. While in Edinburgh, he competed with
sixty-four other students for the Hibbard travel
ing fellowship of $2000, open to all graduates of
Great Britain.. As a result of the competition,
two fellowships were established and. awarded to
young Schurman and his fellow-student, Andrew
Seth. After studying two years in Heidelberg,
Berlin and Germany, he returned to America,
and was professor of English literature, political
economy and psychology in Acadia college, 1880-
82, and of metaphysics and English literature in
Dalhousie college, Halifax, 1882-86. He was mar
ried, Oct. 1, 1884, to Barbara Forest, daughter of
George and Catherine (Forest) Munro of New
York city. He was Sage professor of philosophy
at Cornell university, 1886-92 ; dean of the Sage
school of philosophy, 1891-92 ; and in the latter
year succeeded Charles Kendall Adams as presi
dent of the university. He was non-resident -
lecturer on ethics at the Leland Stanford, Jr.,
university, 1892 ; and delivered a course of lec
tures on "Belief in God" at Andover Theolo
gical seminary in 1890. In January, 1899, Dr.
Schurman was appointed a member of the Phil
ippine commission and served as chairman of
the commission, spending nearly the entire year
in the islands, and subsequently lecturing ex
tensively throughout the United States on the
condition of the Philippines and the duty of the
government toward advancing their educational
and political welfare. He received the honor
ary degree of LL.D. from Columbia university
in 1892 ; from Yale in 1901, and from Edinburgh
university in 1902; was elected a fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science in 1895. He served as editor of the
Philosophical Review, 1891-1903. He is the author
of : Kantian Ethics and the Ethics of Evolution
(1881); The Ethical Import of Darwinism (1887);
Belief in God (1890); Agnosticism and Religion
(1896); A Generation of Cornell (1898); Philip
pine Affairs: A Retrospect and Outlook (1902);
and is joint-author of the Report of the Philip
pine Commission (1900).
SCHURZ, Carl, diplomatist, was born in
Liblar, near Cologne, Prussia, March 2, 1829 ;
son of Christian and Marianne Schurz. He was
educated in the gymnasium of Cologne ; at
tended the University of Bonn, 1846-49, and in
1848, in partnership with Gottfried Kinkel, pub
lished a liberal newspaper, in Bonn. He was an
active revolutionist, and being for this reason

L-- i/^-^i^ys

forced to leave the city, he joined the revolu
tionary army, in which he was made adjutant,
and after the fall of Rastatt, he fled to Switzer
land. On Nov. 6, 1850, he returned to Germany
and succeeded in liberating the poet, Gottfried
Kinkel, who was im
prisoned at Spandau.
He served as corre
spondent for German
newspapers, residing
in Paris in 1851 ; and
in 1852 removed to
London, where he
taught school, and
was married in July,
1852, to Margaret,
daughter of Heinrich
Christian and Agathe
Meyer of Hamburg,
Germany. He came
to the United States
in 1852 ; resided in
Philadelphia, Pa., 1852-55, and in 1855 removed to
Watertown, Wis. He was defeated on the Repub
lican ticket for lieutenant-governor of Wisconsin,
by E. D. Campbell of LaCrosse, and engaged in the
practice of law in Milwaukee after 1858. He was
a delegate to the Republican national convention
of 1860, and U.S. minister to Spain in 1861, resign
ing in December of that yearto-enter the U.S. vol
unteer army, and in which he was appointed
brigadier-general in April, 1862. He com
manded the 3d division, 1st corps, Pope's Army
of Virginia, at second Bull Run, Aug. 16-Sept.
2, 1862 ; was promoted major-general of volun
teers, March 14, 1863, arid transferred to the 3d
division, Gen. O. O. Howard's llth corps, in the
campaigns of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and
Chattanooga. At Gettysburg, on the first day,
when, in consequence of the death of General
Reynolds, Howard was put in command of the
field, Schurz commanded the llth corps. He
was chief of the staff to the Army of Georgia
under Gen. H. W. Slocum, at the surrender of
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army in 1865. The
same year he was special commissioner, appointed
by President Johnson, to visit and report upon
the condition of the Southern states with a view
to reconstruction. He was a Washington cor
respondent of the New York Tribune, 1865-66 ;
founded and edited The Post, Detroit, Mich.,
1866, and edited the Westliche Post, St. Louis,
Mo., 1867. He was a delegate to and temporary
chairman of the Republican national convention
of 1868, and his recommendation of a general
amnesty plank in the platform was adopted.
While serving as U.S. senator from Missouri,
1869-75, he opposed some of the measures of adT
ministration, especially the annexation of Santo

[644]

SCHUSSELE

SCHUYLER

Domingo, and in 1872 organized the Liberal Re
publican party and presided over the national
convention at Cincinnati, May 1, 1872, that
nominated Horace Greeley for President. He
favored the resumption of specie payment and
the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the Southern
states. He supported Rutherford B. Hayes for
President in 1876 ; was secretary of the interior
in Hayes's cabinet, 1877-81 ; editor of the New
York.Evening Post, 1881-84 ; and a leader in the
Independent Republican movement in 1884,
when he supported Cleveland, the Democratic
candidate for President. He visited Europe
in 1888, where he was accorded the honors due
an American citizen by Prince Bismarck and
other German leaders. He was a member of the
American Philosophical society and an honorary
member of the Massachusetts Historical society ;
and was president of the Civil Service Reform
league, 1892-1901. The degree of LL.D. was
conferred upon him by the University of Mis
souri, 1874, by Harvard, 1876, and by Columbia,
1899. He is the author of : Speeches (1865) ; Life
of Henry Clay (1887) ; Abraham 'Lincoln: An
Essay (1889).
SCHUSSELE, Christian, painter, was born in
Guebwiller, Alsace, April 16, 1824. He studied
art in Paris, 1842-48, Adolphe Yvon and Paul
Delaroche being his instructors, and he also
learned the art of chromo-lithography. He came
to the United States in 1848, where he first engaged
as a lithographer, but subsequently as a painter.
He suffered from palsy in his right hand from
1863, which did not yield to treatment either in
America or Europe. He was professor of draw
ing and painting in the Pennsylvania Academy
of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, 1868-79. Several
of his paintings were reproduced by eminent en
gravers and largely circulated. His works in
clude : Clear the Track (1851); Franklinbeforethe
Lords in Council (1856) ; Men of Progress (1857);
Zeisberger preaching to the Indians (1859); The
Iron Worker and King Solomon (1860) ; Wash
ington at Valley Forge (1862) ; Home on Furlough
(1863); McClellan at Antietam (1863); Queen
Esther Denouncing Haman (1869), and The Alsa
tian Fair (1870) . He died in Merchantville, N.J. ,
Aug. 20, 1879.
SCHUYLER, Aaron, educator, was born in
Seneca county, N.Y., Feb. 7, 1828 ; son of John
B. and Elizabeth (Turner) Schuyler ; grandson
of Arent Schuyler, and a descendant of Philip
Schuyler (q.v.) through Arent and Casper Wil
liam Schuyler. He attended Seneca academy and
the Ohio Wesleyan university ; was principal of
Seneca academy, 1851-62; professor of mathe
matics at Baldwin university, Ohio, 1863-75 ;
president of Baldwin university, 1873-85 ; and was
elected professor of mathematics and mental

philosophy at Kansas Wesley an university in 1885.
He was married, Nov. 13, 1851, to Amanda, daugh
ter of Giles and Content Pearce ; and secondly,
July 29, 1886, to Mrs. Josephine Campbell of Bera,
Ohio. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred
on him by Ohio Wesleyan university in 1860, and
that of LL..D by Otterbein university in 1875.
He is the author of: Higher Arithmetic (1860);
Principles of Logic (1869); Complete Algebra
(1870) ; Surveying and Navigation (1873) ; Ele
ments of Geometry (1876) ; Empirical and Rational
Psychology (1883) ; Outlines of Psychology (1893) ;
and Systems of Ethics (1902).
SCHUYLER, Eugene, diplomatist, was born
in Ithaca, N.Y., Feb. 26, 1840 ; son of George
Washington and Matilda (Scribner) Schuyler.
His father (1810-88) was state treasurer, 1863-65 ;
superintendent of the banking department of
New York, 1866-70, and a representative in the
state legislature in 1878. Eugene was graduated
from Yale college in 1859, and from the Columbia
Law school in 1863 ; and practised law in Ithaca
and in New York city until 1866. He was U.S.
consul at Moscow, 1866-69; atReval, 1869-70 ; and
secretary of legation at St. Petersburg, 1870-73.
While acting charge d'affaires at St. Petersburg
in 1873, he made a journey of eight months
through Russian Turkestan, Bokhara, Khokand
and Kuldja. He was secretary of legation and
consul-general at Constantinople, 1876-78, and in
this official capacity was sent to Bulgaria to inves
tigate the Turkish massacres, making an official
report that was partly instrumental in putting
an end to the outrages. He was married in 1877
to Gertrude Wallace, daughter of Charles (q.v.),
and Henrietta (Low) King. He was U.S. consul
. at Birmingham, England, 1878-79, and consul-
general at Rome, Italy, 1879-1880 ; charge d'af
faires and consul-general in Bucharest, 1880-82,
and concluded the commercial and consular
treaties between the United States and Roumania
and Servia. He was U.S. minister resident, and
consul-general to Greece, Servia and Roumania,
1882-84, and after 1884 devoted himself to literary
work. He was named by President Harrison for
first assistant-secretary of state in March, 1889,
but his name was not confirmed by the senate
for political reasons. He was U.S. consul-general
at Cairo, Egypt, 1889-90. He was a correspond
ing member of the Roumanian academy and of
the London, Russian, Italian and American
geographical societies, and received decorations
from the governments of Russia, Greece, Servia,
Roumania and Bulgaria. The honorary degree of
Ph.D. was conferred on him by Yale in 1861, that
of LL.B. by Columbia in 1863, and that of LL.D.
by Williams in 1882, and by Yale in 1885. He
edited John A. Porter's " Selections from the
Kalerala" (1867) ; translated Ivan Turgenieff's
[645]

SCHUYLER

SCHUYLER

"Fathers and Sons" (1867) and Tolstoi's " The
Cossacks, a tale of the Caucasus " (1878), and is
the author of : Turkestan : Notes of a Journey
in Russian Turkestan, Khokand, Bokhara and
Kuldja (1876) ; Peter the Great, Emperor of
Russia (2 vols. 1884) ; and American Dipolmacy
and the Furtherance of Commerce (1886) ; besides
many articles in the leading American perio
dicals. He died in Cairo, Egypt, July 16, 1890.
SCHUYLER, Montgomery, clergyman, was
bom in New York city, Jan. 9, 1814 ; son of
Anthony Dey and Susan (Ridge) Schuyler, and a
descendant of Arent, brother of Peter Schuyler.
He attended Hobart college, and vvas graduated
from Union college, Schenectady, N.Y., in 1834;
studied law ; engaged in mercantile business, and
was ordained deacon in 1S40 and priest in ]841.
He was rector of Trinity church, Marshall, Mich.,
1841-44,; Grace church, Lyons, N.Y., 1814-45;
St. John's, Buffalo, N.Y., 1845-54; and Christ
church cathedral, St. Louis, Mo.,' 1854-96. He
was dean of the cathedral at the time of his
death. He was president of the standing com
mittee of the diocese of Missouri, 1858-96, and was
president of the diocesean conventions of 1868
and 1886, that elected Bishops ¦ Robertson and
Tuttle. In 1891, upon the fiftieth anniversary
of his ordination, the Schuyler memorial house,
an adjunct to Christ church cathedral, vvas
founded. He was three times married : first,
Sept. 7, 1836, to Sarah Sandford ; secondly, Oct.
10, 1843, to Lydia Eliza Roosevelt, and thirdly,
May 29. 1855, to Sophia Elizabeth Norton. The
honorary, degree of D.D. was conferred on him
by Hobart college in 1856. He is the author of :
The Church, its Ministry -and Worship (1853) ;
The Pioneer Church (1867) ; Historical Discourse
of Christ Church, St. Louis (1870). He died in
St. Louis, Mo., March 19, 1896.
SCHUYLER, Montgomery, journalist, was
born in Ithaca, N.Y., Aug. 19, 1843 ; son of the
Rev. Anthony (1816-1900) and Eleanor (John
son) Schuyler ; grandson of Peter and Caroline
(Prother) Schuyler and of Ben and Jane (Dey)
Johnson and a descendant of Philip Pieterse and
Margaretta (van Schlectenhorst) Schuyler of
Albany, both born in Holland. Their marriage
(Dec. 12, 1650) was the first celebrated in Albany,
N.Y. Anthony Schuyler was the rector of Christ
church at Oswego, N.Y., 1852-62; Christ church,
Rochester, N.Y., 1862-68 and Grace church,
Orange, N.J., 1868-1900. He attended Hobart
college in 1858 ; engaged in the newspaper busi
ness as a member of the staff of the New York
World, 1854-83, and became a member of the
editorial staff of the New York Times in 1883.
He was married, Sept. 16, 1876, to Katherine
Beeckman, daughter of Robert Dwight and Mary
(Armour) Livingston of New York. He pub

lished papers on architecture in the leading
magazines, and is the author of : The Brooklyn
Bridge (in conjunction with William C. Conant,
1883), and Studies in American Architecture
(1892). SCHUYLER, Peter, soldier, was bom in
Albany, N.Y., Sept. 17, 1657 ; son of Philip Pieter
sen and Margarita (Van Slichtenhorst) Schuyler,
and grandson of Brant Arent Van Slichtenhorst,
who immigrated to America in 1647, and was
commissioned director of the Rensselaerwyck,
president of the court of justice, and im
mediate manager of the whole estate of the Van
Rensselaer family. Philip Pietersen Schuyler
emigrated from Amsterdam, Holland, in 1650,
and died at Albany, N.Y., March 9, 1684. Peter
was appointed justice of the peace in 1685, and
upon the incorporation of Albany as a city he
was sent to New York in company with Robert
Livingston to procure the charter, under which lie
was appointed first mayor of the city .in 1686,
serving till 1694. He was commissioned lieu
tenant of state militia in March, 1688, became
commander of militia in the northern depart
ment of New York, and was given command of
the fort at Albany, where he successfully re
sisted the attack upon the fort made by Milborne.
In June, 1700, he led a small force into Canada
and penetrated to Laprairie, and after several
skirmishes with the French and Indians, returned
to Albany. He was a member of the New York
assembly, 1701-03. In 1710 he went to England
with five chiefs of the Five Nations, for the pur
pose of impressing them with the greatriess of
the English nation. He was appointed a mem
ber of the King's council in New York in
1714; served for a time as president' of the
council, and during the absence of Peter Burnet,
served as acting governor, 1719-30. He was
commissioner of Indian affairs, obtaining great
influence over the Five Nations. He was twice
married ; first, in 1681, to Elizabeth Van Schaick,
and secondly to Maria Van Rensselaer. He died
in Albany, N.Y., Feb. 19, 1724.
SCHUYLER, Peter, soldier, was born at New
ark, N.J., in 1710; son of Arent Schuyler. He
was authorized by the colonial government to
recruit men in New Jersey for the proposed in
vasion of Canada ; was commissioned colonel,
Sept. 7, 1746, and although the expedition was
abandoned he commanded his regiment, the
"Jersey Blues," at Fort Clinton, Saratoga, N.Y.,
until 1747, when he was forced to leave the post
on account of scarcity of provisions. In 1748 he
returned to New Jersey, and in 1754 was stationed
at Oswego, where he was taken prisoner with
half his regiment by General Montcalrri, and
was imprisoned at Montreal and Quebec, until
Oct., 1757, when he was released on parole. In
[646]

SCHUYLER

SCHWAB

1759 he joined Gen. Jeffrey Amherst's army, and
served until the conquest of Canada. He died
at. Peterborough (Newark), N.J., March 7, 1762.
SCHUYLER, Philip (John), soldier, was born
in Albany, N.Y., Nov. 20, 1733 ; second son of
John and Cornelia (Van Cortland) Schuyler;
grandson of Capt. John and Elizabeth (Sloats)
Wendell Schuyler and of Stephen Van Cortland,
and great2-grandson
of Philip Pietersen
and Margarita (Van
Slichtenhorst) Schuy
ler. Philip inherited
his father's vast es
tate, and the Sara
toga estate of Col.
Philip Schuyler. He
attended the schools
of Albany and studied
under a private tutor
at New Rochelle,
N.Y. In 1755 he re
cruited a company in
Albany, and was com
missioned captain,
June 14, 1755. He served under Gen. Phineas
Lyman in the battle of Lake George, Sept. 8,
1755; was stationed at Fort Edward, 1755-56,
and was appointed a commissary in the army in
1755. He was chief commissary to Col. John
Bradstreet in the spring of 1756, and accompanied
that general to Oswego, N.Y., to provision the
fort there, taking part in the action with the
French and Indians near the fort.. He resigned
from the British- army in 1757, and in 1758 re
joined General Bradstreet as commissary with
the rank of major. In 1758 he was sentto England
as Bradstreet's- agent to settle the colonial claims,
and on his return in 1763, engaged in the lumber
business at Saratoga. He also built the first flax
mill in America, for which he received a medal
of the Society for Promoting Arts. He was a
boundary commissioner to settle the line between
New York and Massachusetts in 1764, and later
served on the commission that settled the New
Hampshire boundary. . He was a representative
in the colonial assembly in 1768 ; arid nominated
Edmund Burke (q.v.) as agent in England for the
colony. He was a delegate to the Continental
congress, 1775-77, and served with George Wash
ington on the committee to draw up rules and
regulations for the Continental army. On June
19, 1775, he was appointed one of the four major-
generals of the Continental army, and was
assigned to the command of the northern depart
ment of New York, with headquarters at Albany.
He began the organization of an army for the
invasion of Canada, but after going with the army
so far as Lake Champlain, and placing Ticon

deroga in a state of defence, he relinquished his
command to Gen. Richard Montgomery (q.v.),
his lieutenant, and returning to Albany continued
his work of raising troops. In 1776 he led the
expedition to Johnstown and seized the military
stores collected by Sir John Johnston. He was
opposed to the expedition to Canada, and came
in conflict with Gen. Horatio Gates, who was in
command of the army in Canada. On Sept. 14,
1776, he formally offered his resignation, which
was not accepted, and President Hancock of the
Continental congress requested his continuance
in command. He was appointed chief of the
militia in the state of Pennsylvania in 1777. He
was returned to his command of the northern de
partment of New York in June, 1777. Burgoyne's
advance from Canada caused the evacuation of
Ticonderoga by Gen. Arthur St. Clair, July 4,
1777, but at Bennington a great victory had been
won by the Patriot army. On Aug. 19, 1771,
Gates vvas selected to command the army, and a
court-martial was held to investigate charges
made against Schuyler to the effect that he was
guilty of neglect of duty in allowing the capture
of Ticonderoga. The court found him not guilty
and acquitted him with the highest honor. He
was again a delegate to the Continental congress,
1778-81 ; resigned from the army, April 19, 1779,
and was chosen to confer with Washington on
the state of the department of the south. He
vvas state senator from the western district of
New York, 1780-84, 1786-90 and 1792-97. In
1781 he withdrew from military service and re
turned to Albany. He was chairman of the
board of commissioners for Indian affairs ; was
appointed state surveyor-general in 1782. and was
a member of the council of appointment of New
York. He was chosen one of the -first U.S. sen
ators from New York in 1789, and drew the short
term expiring, March 3, 1791, when he was suc
ceeded by Aaron Burr. He was deeply interested
in the question of a canal system connecting the
Hudson river with Lake Champlain, and later
advocated a canal between the Hudson and Lake
Erie. He was married, Sept. 17, 1755, to Cath
arine, daughter of John Van Rensselaer. She
died, March, 7, 1803. General Schuyler died at
Albany, N.Y., Nov. 18, 1804, and was buried
with military honors. In 1871 a Doric column of
Quincy granite vvas erected to his memory.
SCHWAB, John Christopher, political econ
omist, was born in New York city, April 1, 1865 ;
son of Gustav and Catherine Elizabeth (von Post)
Schwab; grandson of Gustav and Sophie (Gme-
lin) Schwab and of Lawrence Henry and Hen
rietta M. (Meier) von Post, and a descendant of
John Christopher Schwab, German philosopher
and statesman, and of Conrad Weiser, Henry
Melchior Muhlenberg and John Christopher

[64?]

SCHWAN

SCHWATKA

Kunze, missionaries and theologians in Philadel
phia and New York. He was graduated from
Yale. A.B., 1886 ; A.M., 1888 ; was a post-graduate
at Yale, 1886-87 ; at Berlin university, 1887-88,
and at Gottingen university, 1887-89, receiving
from Gottingen the degree of Ph.D., 1889. He
was married, Oct. 5, 1893, to Edith A., daughter
of Samuel S. and Aurelia S. (Crossette) Fisher of
Cincinnati. He was assistant professor of poli
tical economy at Yale, 1893-98, and in the latter
year was promoted professor of the same. He
was elected a member of the American and
British Economical associations, and is the author
of : " History of New York Property Tax," in the
Proceedings of the American Economical Associa
tion (vol. V., 1890); Revolutionary History of
Fort Number Eight, New Haven (1897) ; The Con
federate States of America (1901) ; and articles on
the " History of the Confederate States," in the
Political Science Quarterly (1897). He also con-
tributedreditortals to the-FaZe Review, 1892-1903,
and in 1898 a set of statistics dealing with the
vocations of Yale graduates, 1800-93.
SCHWAN, Theodore, soldier, was born
in Hanover, Germany, July 9, 1841 ; son of
the Rev. H. C. Schwan. He attended the gym
nasium at Stade, and came to the United States
in 1857. He enlisted in the U.S. army as private
in the 10th infantry, and was advanced to the
position of quartermaster-sergeant and served
in the Utah expedition, 1857-58, proceeding from
the winter camp at Fort Bridger, where the army
suffered great hardships, to the Salt Lake Valley
in the spring of 1858. His regiment was ordered
east in 1862, and he was promoted 2d lieutenant,
Oct. 31, 1863, and 1st lieutenant, April 9, 1864.
His services in the Army of the Potomac included
the Chaucellorsville and Gettysburg campaigns,
and Grant's operations in the Wilderness and at
Petersburg. He commanded his regiment at the
battle of Spring Church and Chapel House, Sep
tember-October, 1864. He was brevetted captain,
Dec. 1, 1864, for Chapel House and awarded a
gold medal of honor for most distinguished gal
lantry in action at Preble's Farm, Va. , in dragging,
at the imminent risk of his own life, a wounded
and helpless officer to the rear, thus saving him
from death. He was promoted captain, U.S.A.,
March 14, 1866, and brevetted major, March 2,
1867, for gallant and meritorious services during
the civil war ; served in Minnesota, Texas and
Dakota, 1866-86, and was instructor at the Fort
Leavenworth School of Application. He vvas
promoted major and assistant-adjutant-general,
July 6, 1886 ; lieutenant-colonel, Feb. 19, 1895 ; col-
onel,May 1 8, 1898, and at the beginning of the Span
ish war, was appointed brigadier-general of volun
teers, May 9, 1898, in command of the 1st division,
4th army corps. He was in camp near Mobile,

Ala., June 4-July 20, 1898, and at Miami, Fla.,
to July 1, 1898, and commanded his regular
brigade, 2d division, 4th army corps, at Tampa,
Fla., to July 23, and at Ponce, Porto Rico, July
31, 1898. He engaged the Spanish troops at
Homiguero, Aug. 8, and at the crossing of the
Rio Tietro, Aug. 13, the last engagement in the war
with Spain, for which he received from General
Miles the message : " Commanding General sends
congratulations and thanks. He relies implicitly
on your skill, good judgment and generalship."
He was chief of staff to the commanding general,
8th army corps, and principal assistant to the
military governor of the Philippine Islands, Aug.
10, 1899-April 15, 1900. He commanded an ex
pedition (Oct. 7-17, 1899) instructed to destroy or
scatter insurgent forces in Cavite province.
Concerning the results accomplished. General-
Lawton reported : " In the exercise of good judg
ment, perseverance and energy General Schwan
has successfully condactedliis-expedi tion, through
a country almost impassable for an army at the
most favorable period, during the rainy season
upon which the enemy depended for their safety;
and I recommend that for personal gallantry dis
played on this occasion, and for the successful
conduct of this difficult expedition he be awarded
a brevet in the regular army." With an army
of 4000 men of all arms he conducted an expedi
tion to clear the Cavite, Batangas, Laguna and
Tayabas provinces of insurgents, accomplishing
the purpose between Jan. 3, and Feb. 8, 1900, and
permanently occupying twenty-one towns. He
was appointed brigadier-general, U.S.A., Feb'. 2,
1901, and was retired from active service, Feb.
21, 1901.
SCHWATKA, Frederick, explorer, was born
in Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849. He removed to
Oregon with his parents in 1853, attended Wil
lamette university at
Salem, Ore., worked
as a printer, and in
1867 entered the U.S.
Military academy.
He was graduated
and commissioned 2d
lieutenant in the 3d
cavalry, June 12,
1871 ; was admitted
to the bar, May 5,
1875, and was gradu
ated from Bellevue
Hospital Medical col
lege in 1876. He
participated in the
actions at Tongue
River Heights, June 9, 1876 ; Rose Bud Hills,
June 17, 1876, and Slim Buttes, Sept. 9, 1876.
Schwatka heard from Thomas F. Barry, a captain

cM^gS&rtOfiL

[648]

SCHWATKA

SCHWEINITZ

of a whaling vessel, an account of some utensils
he had seen in Alaska, that might have belonged
to Franklin's ill-fated expedition, and obtaining
a leave of absence, he organized the American
Franklin search party, June 19, 1878, with Will
iam Henry Gilder (q.v.) as second officer. They
sailed, June 19, 1878, on the Eothen, disembarked
at King William Land and visited the district
mentioned by Captain Barry. The entire party
consisted of four white men and about twenty
Eskimos. They found cairns in which were
deposited papers and other property of the
Franklin expedition ; and also found the skeletons
of many of the party, all of which they buried.
They discovered the grave of Lieut. John Irving,
and records showing that Franklin died, June 7,
1847, in his attempt to return south. Schwatka
made the longest sledge journey ever known,
traveling 3250 miles in eleven months and
twenty days ; encountered exceedingly cold
¦weather, and supported his party by forage. He
returned to the United States, Sept. 22, 1880. He .
had been promoted 1st lieutenant, March 20, 1879 ;
from October, 1881. until May, 1883, was aide-de
camp on Brig.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles's staff, and
Jan. 31, 1884, resigned his commission. In 1883
he took command of the Alaskan exploring ex
pedition, sent out by General Miles. This party,
consisting of seven white men, landed at Chilkat
inlet, and with native hunters crossed the Alaskan
coast range of mountains, and traveled to the
head of the Yukon river. Here a large raft was
constructed, and the party drifted down the river
for two months, mapping, surveying and exam
ining this unknown country. In 1886 Lieutenant
Schwatka, under the patronage of Mr. George
Jones of the New York Times, explored the region
among the northern spurs of the St. Elias Alps of
Alaska. A large river he discovered running
through the deep glaciers, he named the Jones
river, and a glacier covering 1000 square miles
he called the Agassiz glacier. He also discovered
and named Guyot and Tyndall glaciers. In 1889
Schwatka led an expedition into the northern
part of Mexico. Here he found a branch of the
Tarahumari tribe, living in cliffs and caves in
the backbone ridge of the Sierra Madre, between
Sonora and Chihuahua. The results of this ex
pedition were so interesting that in 1889 he made
another trip to the same locality and brought a
number of these aborigines to the United States,
where he used them to illustrate his lectures,
Lieutenant Schwatka was made an honorary
member of the Bremen Geographical society, of
the Swiss Geographical society, and a correspond
ing member of the Royal Italian Geographical
society. He received the Roquette Arctic medal
from the Paris Geographical- societyand a.medal
from the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia.

He is the author of : Along Alaska's Great River
(1885); Nimrod in the North, or Hunting and
Fishing in the Arctic Regions (1885); The Child
ren of the Cold (1886). He died in Portland,
Ore., Nov. 2, 1893.
SCHWEBACH, James, R.C. bishop, was born
at Platen, Luxemburg, Aug. 15, 1847 ; son of
Nicholas and Margaret (Busch) Schwebach. He
studied under private teachers three years, then
at the College of Diekirch two years and in 1864
came to the United States and settled in Wiscon
sin. He attended the Seminary of St. Francis
near Milwaukee, finishing there his classical
studies, philosophy and theology. In 1869, not
having reached the canonical age for ordination,
he went to LaCrosse to Bishop Heiss, and was there
ordained deacon. He was ordained priest, June
16, 1870, at St. Paul's Cathedral, by Bishop T. L.
Grace. He was pastor of St. Mary's church,
LaCrosse, Wis., 1870-93; vicar-general of the
diocese, 1882-4)3, and on the death of Bishop
Flasche, Aug. 3,. 1891, became administrator of
the diocese, and in the same year was appointed
his successor, and was consecrated, Feb. 25, 1892,
by Archbishop Katzer, assisted by Bishops Jans-
sen and Cotter.
SCHWEINITZ, Edmund Alexander von,
Moravian bishop, was born in Bethlehem, Pa.,
March 20, 1825 ; son of Lewis David and Amelia
Louise (Le Doux) von Schweinitz. He was
graduated from the Moravian Theological sem
inary, Bethlehem, Pa., in 1844 ; completed his
education in the University of Berlin, and was
ordained to the ministry in 1850. He was pastor
of churches at Lebanon, Philadelphia, Lititz and
Bethlehem, Pa., 1850-70 ; was a delegate to the
General Synod at Herrnhut, Saxony, in 1857, and
its president in 1879, and president of the Mora
vian Theological seminary, 1867-84. He was
consecrated a bishop of the Moravian church at
Bethlehem, Aug. 28, 1870, and at the time of his
death was presiding bishop of the northern dis
trict of the Moravian church. He received the
honorary degree of S.T.D. from Columbia college
in 1871. He was married in 1850 to Lydia von
Tschirschky of Saxony, and in 1868, to Isabel
Allison Boggs of Greencastle, Pa. He founded
and edited Tlie Moravian, 1856-66 ; and is the
author of: The Moravian Manual (1859); Tlie
Moravian Episcopate (1865); Tlie Life and Times
of David Zeisberger (1870); Some of the Fathers
of the American Moravian Church (1881); Unitas
Fratrum (1885), and History of the Renewed
Unitas Fratrum (MS.) . He died in Bethlehem,
Pa., Dec. 18, 1887.
SCHWEINITZ, Emil Adolphus de, Moravian
bishop, was born in Bethlehem, Pa., in October,
1816 ; son of Lewis David von Schweinitz (q.v.).
He was married to Sophia, daughter of Bishop

[649]

SCHWEINITZ

SCOFIELD

John G. Hermann. He was prominent in the
management of Moravian church affairs, espe
cially in the south, and was for forty years di
rector of the affairs of the Province and Bishop of
the Southern Moravian church, with headquar
ters at Salem, N.C. He was prominent in the
forwarding of educational interests, especially in
connection with the Moravian church, and deeply
interested in building it up in North Carolina.
His only son vvas Emil Alexander de Schweinitz
(q.v.). Bishop Schweinitz died in 1879.
SCHWEINITZ, Emil Alexander de, bacteri
ologist and chemist, was born in Salem, N. C,
Jan. 18, 1866 ; son of Bishop Emil Adolphus de
Schweinitz (q.v.) and Sophia Amelia (Hermann)
de Schweinitz. He attended Salem schools, Naz
areth Hall and the Moravian College at Bethle
hem, Pa., was graduated from the University of
North Carolina, A.B., 1882, Ph.D., 1884, from
Gottingen university, Germany, Ph.D., 1886, and
from Columbian university, Washington, D. C,
M.D., 1894. He was in 1890 made director of the
Biochemic Laboratory of the department of agri
culture. He was appointed in 1894 professor
of chemistry iri Columbian University Medical
school and became dean of the faculty. He was
president of the Washington Chemical society in
1896 ; a member of numerous American and for
eign bacteriological, medical and chemical socie
ties ; was the U.S. delegate to the fourth Inter
national Congress on Tuberculosis at Paris in
1898 and at Berlin in 1899, and was U.S. delegate
to the International Medical Congress and Con
gress for Hygiene at Paris, 1900. He is the author
of numerous reports, monographs and articles,
among which are : The Production of Immunity
to Swine Plague by Use of the Products of the
Germ (1891); The Composition of Osage Orange
Leaves and Adaptability as Silk-Worm Food
(1891); The Use of Mullein and its Active Princi
ples (1892); A Preliminary Study of the Poisons
of the Tuberculosis Bacillus and the Practical
Value and Use of Tuberculin (1892); Artificial
Media for Bacterial Cultures (1893); The Effect
of Tuberculin on the Milk of Cows (1894); The
Production of Artificial Immunity to Tuberculo
sis in Small Animals by Attenuated Bacilli (1894); '
The Chemical Composition of the Tuberculosis and
Glanders Bacilli (1895) ; A Hygienic Study of
Oleomargarine (1896); Serum for the Treatment
of Tuberculosis (1896); War with Microbes (1897);
The Intercommunicability of Bovine and Human
Tuberculosis (1901); Further Studies in Tuber
culosis (1902), etc., etc.
SCHWEINITZ, Lewis David von, Moravian
minister and botanist, vvas born in Bethlehem,
Pa., Feb. 13, 1780; sonof Rev. Hans Christian
Alexander von Schweinitz, a native of Silesia, and
a prominent member of the Unitas Fratrum, or

Moravian Church, and of Anna Dorothea Eliza
beth von Schweinitz, by birth Baroness von
Watteville, and granddaughter of Count Zinzen-.
dorf. Lewis David von Schweinitz was educated
in the classical and theological schools of Ger
many, and on May 24, 1812, was married to
Louise Amelia Le Doux, a descendant of Hugue
nots who had left France during the persecution.
Returning to the United States soon after his
marriage, he held many important positions in
the Moravian church. In 1816 he was elected
president of the University of North Carolina,
but declined to accept the position. Throughout
life. he devoted his leisure time to botanical re
search, and added 1400 new species to the list of
American flora, more than 1200 being fungi.
His private herbarium, the largest in America,
he bequeathed to the Academy of Natural
Sciences, of which he was a member. He was
also a member of the American Philosophical
society, corresponding member of the Linnean
society of Paris, and of the Society of Natural
Sciences of Leipzig. The University of Kiel, Den
mark, conferred on him the honorary degree of
Ph.D., and the botanist Elliot named a new genus
of plants in his honor. He wrote ten botanical
treatises, monographs and other works, chiefly in
Latin, among them being : Conspectus Fungorum
Lusatiae (1805) ; Synopsis Fungorus Carolina! Su-
perioris, edited by Dr. Schwaegricheu (1818) ;
Specimen Florae Americae Septentrionalis Crypto-
gamice (1821) ; Monograph of the Linnaean Genus
Viola (1821) ; Catalogue of Plants collected in the
North Western Territory by Say (1824) ; Mono
graph of the American Species ofthe Genus Carex
(1825) ; Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali
Media Degentium (1833). A memoir was pub
lished in 1835 by the Academy of Natural Sciences;
and a brief account of his life and work appeared
in the Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific
society, University of North Carolina, in 1886.
He died in Bethlehem, Pa., Feb. 8. 1834.
SCIDMORE, Eliza Ruhamah, author, was
born in Madison, Wis., Oct. 14, 1856. She was
educated in private schools, and officiated as cor
responding and foreign secretary of the National
Geographic society, 1890-1903. Her publications
include : Alaska, The Southern Coast and the
Sitkan Archipelago (1885); Jinrikisha Days in
Japan (1890); Westward to the Far East; From,
East to West; Guide to Alaska (1890; 2d ed.,
1898); Java, the Garden ofthe East (1897); China,
the Long-Lived Empire (1909) ; Winter India
(1903). SCOFIELD, Edward, governor of Wisconsin,
was born at Clearfield, Pa'., March 28, 1842. He
attended the district school, worked in printing
offices, 1855-61 ; enlisted as a private in the llth
Pennsylvania regiment in 1861, and rose to the

[650]

SCOFIELD
rank of major. He vvas captured by the Confed
erate army in May, 1864, and was a prisoner until
March, 1865, and on reaching Washington he was
honorably discharged and returned to his home
in Pennsylvania. He was a railroad surveyor,
1865-68; foreman of a lumber mill at Oconto,
Wis., 1868-76, and in 1876 became a lumber man
ufacturer in that place. He was a Republican
member of the state senate, 1887 and 1889 ; was
elected governor in 1896 and re-elected in 1898
over Hiram W. Sawyer, Democrat, by 37,802
plurality, his term expiring January, 1900.
SCOFIELD, Glenn! William, jurist, was born
at Dewittville, Chatauqua county, N.Y., March 11,
1817. He was apprenticed to a printer, 1831-36 ;
was graduated from Hamilton college in 1840 ;
taught school, and studied law until 1842,
when he began the practice of law in Warren,
Pa. He was district attorney for his district,
1846-48 ; a representative in the Pennsylvania
legislature. 1850-51, and a member of the state
senate, 1857-59. Governor Curtin appointed him
president judge of the eighteenth judicial dis
trict in 1861. He was a representative from
Pennsylvania in the 38th-43rd congresses. 1863-75,
being one of the three representatives at large from
Pennsylvania in the 43d congress, and was chair
man of the committee on riaval affairs. He was
register of the U.S. treasury, 1878-81, and associ
ate justice of the U.S. court of claims, 1881-91.
He received from Hamilton college the honorary
degree of LL.D. in 1884. He died at Warren,
Pa., Aug. 31, 1891.
SCOLLARD, Clinton, author, was b'om in
Clinton, N.Y., Sept. 18, 1860 ; son of James Isaac
and Elizabeth (Stephens) Scollard ; grandson of
William Ross and Hannah (Sennett) Scollard and
of John Davison and Abby (Crombie) Stephens.
He was graduated at Hamilton college in 1881,
and studied two years at Harvard and several
months at Cambridge, England, visiting, while
abroad, Greece. Egypt and Palestine, and re
turning in 1837. He was assistant professor
of rhetoric and literature in Hamilton col
lege, 1888-91, and professor of English litera
ture and Anglo-Saxon, 1891-96. He was mar
ried, July 3, 1890, to Georgia; daughter of George
Densmore and Celestia (Scollard) Brown of
Jackson, Mich. He is the author of : Pictures
in Song. (1884); With Reed and Lyre (1886) ; Old
and New World Lyrics (1888) ; Giovio and Giulia
(1891); Songs of Sunrise Lands (1892) ; Under
Summer Skies (1892) ; On Sunny Shores (1893) ;
The Hills of Song (1895); Boy's Book of Rhyme
(1896); Skenandoa (1896); A Christmas Garland
(1897) ; A Man at Arms (1898) ; Lawton (1900) ;
Son of a Tory (1900); The Lutes of Morn (1901);
A Knight of the Highway (1901): The Cloistering
of Ursula (1902) ; Lyrics of the Dawn (1902).

SCOTT
SCOTT, Abram M., governor of Mississippi,
was born iu South Carolina. He removed to
Mississippi Territory, when a young man ; com
manded a company in a regiment called
out by Governor Holmes in 1811, to punish the
Indians for the massacre at Fort Minis, in what
is now Alabama, and subsequently settled in
Wilkinson county, which he represented in the
state constitutional convention of 1817. He re
presented Wilkinson county in the state legisla
ture for several terms ; was elected lieutenant-
governor of the state on the ticket with Gerard C.
Brandon for governor, serving, 1827-31 ; and was
governor of Mississippi from January, 1832, until
his death at Natchez, Miss., in November, 1833.
SCOTT, Austin, educator, was born in Maumee,
Ohio, Aug. 10, 1848 ; son of J. Austin and Sarah
(Ranney) Scott ; grandson of Jere and Amelia
(Wakeman) Scott and of Reuben and Elizabeth
(Gibbons) Ranney. He removed with his parents
to Toledo, Ohio, in
1859 ; attended the
public schools ; was
graduated from Yale,
A.B.„ 1869, editing
the College Courant ;
was a post-graduate
student at the Uni
versity of Michigan,
1869-70, receiving the
degree of A.M., and
continued his studies
at the universities
of Leipzig and Ber
lin, 1870-73. While
abroad he was private
secretary to George
Bancroft, U.S. minister, and meantime vvas
made bearer of dispatches from the emperor
of Germariy to the state department, Washington,
relative to the northwestern boundary agitation.
He was an instructor in German at the Univer
sity of Michigan, 1873-75 ; an associate in history
at Johns Hopkins university, 1875-81, establish
ing there the Seminary of American History, and
at the same time occupied in collecting materials
for Bancroft's "History of the Constitution of
the United States." He vvas married, Feb. 21,
1882, to Anna Prentiss, daughter of Jonathan
French and Anna (Prentiss) Stearns of Newark,
N.J. He was acting professor of history in Rut
gers college, New Brunswick, N.J., 1883 ; Voor
hees professor of history, political economy and
constitutional law, 1883-90, and on Nov. 25, 1890,
was elected to the presidency of the college. He
received the degree of Ph.D. from Leipzig in 1873,
and that of LL. D. from Princeton in 1891. He is
the author of New Jersey (1903), in American Com
monwealths series, and contributions to reviews.

[651]

SCOTT

SCOTT

SCOTT, Charles, governor of Kentucky, was
born in Cumberland county, Va., in 1733. He
served under General Braddock in 1755. In 1775
he raised and commanded the first company of
patriots south of the James river ; was commis
sioned colonel of the 3d Virginia battalion, Aug.
12, 1776 ; was promoted brigadier-general, April
2, 1777, and served with the army in New Jersey,
1777-79, and under Gen. Anthony Wayne at Stony
Point in 1779. He was taken prisoner at Charles
ton in 1780 and confined until near the end of the
war. He removed to Woodford county, Ky. , in
1785 ; commanded troops in the Indian outbreaks
of 1791-94, and the battle of Fallen Timbers. He
was governor of Kentucky, 1808-12, and a town
and county in that state were named in his honor.
He died in Kentucky, Oct. 22, 1813.
SCOTT, Charles, jurist, was born in Knox
ville, Tenn., Nov. 12, 1811 ; son of Edmond and
Sarah (Corde) Scott ; grandson of Major Joseph
Scott, and a descendant of the celebrated Scott
family of Virginia. Major Joseph Scott was a
soldier in the Continental army during the Re
volution, and after the close of the war was
appointed U.S. marshal of Virginia, by Presi
dent Jefferson. Edmond Scott was a prominent
lawyer of Tennessee, and judge of the state cir
cuit court, 1815-46. Charles Scott established
himself in the practice of law in Nashville,
Tenn., but later removed to Jackson, Miss.,
where he entered into partnership with George
S. Yerger. He was married to Elizabeth M.
Bullus. He was chosen chancellor of the super
ior court of chancery of the state in 1852, and
in 1859 removed to Memphis, Tenn. He is the
author of : Analogy of Ancient Craft Masonry to
Natural and Revealed Religion (1849) ; The Key
stone of the Masonic Arch (1856). He died in
Jackson, Miss., May 30, 1861.
SCOTT, Charles Frederick, representative,
was born in Allen county, Kan., Sept. 7, 1860;
son of John W. and Maria (Protsman) Scott.
He was brought up on his father's farm ; at
tended the common schools, and was graduated
from the University of Kansas, B.S., 1881. He
was engaged in clerical work in Colorado, New
Mexico and Arizona, 1881-82, returning in the
latter year to Iola, Kan., where he purchased an
interest in the Register, a weekly newspaper, of
which he subsequently became sole proprietor,
as well as editor and publisher. He served as
state senator, 1892-96 ; was married, June 15,
1893, to May Brevard, daughter of Henry A. and
Elizabeth (Merriman) Ewing of Iola, and was a
presidential elector on the McKinley and Hobart
ticket, 1896. He was a Republican representa
tive from the state-at-large in the 57th con
gress, 1901-03, and re-elected to the 58th congress
for the term expiring March 3, 1905. He re

ceived the honorary degree of M.S. from the
University of Kansas, 1888, serving as regent
of the university, 1891-95, 1895-99 and 1899-
1903 ; was president of the" State Editorial as
sociation, 1893 ; of the Kansas League of Re
publican Clubs, 1896, and of the Kansas Day
club, 1900. He is the author of : Letters Written
from Mexico and Europe (1891) ; History of Allen
and Woodson Counties, Kansas (1900).
SCOTT, Elmon, jurist, was born in Isle La
Motte, Vt., Nov. 6, 1853 ; son of Anson and Ann
Barbara (Pike) Scott ; grandson of Henry and
Cornelia (Wicker) Scott and of Ezra Pike. He
removed with his parents to a farm in Chester,
Eaton county, Mich., 1864, and attended, the
public schools, subsequently studying law at
Charlotte, Mich. He was admitted to the bar,
1877 ; commenced practice in Charlotte, where
he served as city-attorney ; removed to Wash
ington Territory in October, 1881, and located at
Pomeroy in January, 1882. He was married,
Oct. 23, 1882, to Eleanor, daughter of Francis
and Rebecca McBrearty of Pomeroy ; was mayor
of the city three times, and elected to the su
preme court of Washington, 1889. He removed
to Whatcom, Wash., 1890 ; was re-elected to the
supreme court in 1892, and was chief- justice at
the expiration of his term in 1899. He subse
quently resumed the practice of law in What
com, Wash.
SCOTT, Gustavus, delegate, was born in
Prince William county, Va. ; son of the Rev.
James Scott, a minister of the Established church,
who settled in Virginia in 1730. Gustavus at
tended Kings college, Aberdeen, Scotland ; re
turned to America, and when his friend, Sir
Robert Eclen, was made governor of Maryland,
he established a law practice in Somerset
county, and was a delegate to the Annapolis
convention of July 22, 1774 ; a member of the
Association of the Freemen of Maryland ; a
member of the first constitutional convention of
Maryland ; a representative from Dorchester
county in the state assembly of 1780 and of 1784,
and a delegate to the Continental congress, 1784-
85. He was an advocate of the claim of James
Rumsey to the right to the support of the legis
lature for his steamboats, and was one of the
first promoters of the Potomac Canal company,
1784. He was one of the commission to super
intend the erection of the capitol at Washington,
and gave his personal bond to the state of Mary
land, as security for the loan of several thousand
dollars, to complete the work. He died in Wash
ington. D.C, in 1801.
SCOTT, Gustavus Hall, naval officer, was
born in Fairfax county, Va., June 13, 1812 ; son
of Gustavus Hall Scott, a graduate of the Col
lege of New Jersey, A.B., 1805, A.M., 1808 ; pro*

[652]

SCOTT

SCOTT

bably grandson of Gustavus Scott, the delegate
(q.v.). He was warranted midshipman, U.S.N.,
Aug. 1, 1828 ; was advanced to passed midship
man, June 14, 1834, and served on the Vandalia
in Charleston harbor, S.C, 1885-36, and in the
Seminole war, 1889-40. He was commissioned
lieutenant, Feb. 25, 1841 ; was flag-lieutenant on
the St. Lawrence of the Pacific squadron, 1852-
53 ; was promoted commander, Dec. 27, 1856,
and was inspector of lighthouses, 1858-60. He
commanded the Keystone State and the Maran-
tanza, 1861-63; was commissioned captain, Nov. 4,
1863 f commanded the De Soto and Canandaigua
on blockade duty, and was senior officer at the
surrender of Charleston, S.C, in 1865. He
served on the board of examiners for the admis
sion of volunteer officers to the U.S. navy in
1868 ; was light-house inspector, 1869-71 ; was
promoted commodore, Feb. 10, 1869 ; rear ad
miral, Feb. 14, 1873 ; was commander-in-chief of
the North Atlantic squadron, 1873-74, and was
retired upon reaching the age limit, June 13, 1874.
He died in Washington, D.C, March 23, 1882.
SCOTT, Irving Murray, mechanical engineer,
was born at Hebron Mills, Baltimore county,
Md., Dec. 25, 1837; son of John and Elizabeth
(Lettig) Scott ; grandson of Thomas and Eliza
beth (Matthews) Scott ; great-grandson of Abra
ham and Elizabeth (Rossiter) Scott, and great 2-
grandson of Abraham Scott, a Quaker, who emi
grated from Cumberland, county, England, June
22, 1722, and settled in Pennsylvania, where he
was married in 1726 to Elizabeth Dyer. He at
tended Milton academy, Md., three years, and
evening classes at the Baltimore Mechanics In
stitute, and obtained employment in the machine
shop of Obed Hussey, the inventor, and later in
larger works in Baltimore. He devoted himself
to draughting of mechanical construction, and
in 1830 removed to San Francisco, where in 1861
he became chief draughtsman of the Union iron
works. He was superintendent of the Union
iron works, 1863-65, general manager, 1865-1903,
and vice-president, 1873-1903, when it was pur
chased by the United Ship Building company.
He was married, Oct. 7, 1863, to Laura Hord
of Covington, Ky.. He designed the machinery
for working the Comstock mines ; invented the
Scott and Eckarfr, and Scott and O'Neill cut-off
engines and many other mechanical devices.
He was president of the Art Association (1876-
81), San Francisco, and the Mechanics Institute
(1878-80) and of several other organizations, and
a member of the principal clubs on the Pacific
coast. He was the builder of the U.S. battle
ships Oregon and Olympia. He was a presidential
elector on the Republican ticket in 1896. In 1898
he visited Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Holland,
Belgium and England in the interests of Ameri

can shipbuilding. He was a regent of the Uni-
. versity of California, 1878-80 ; a trustee of the
Leland Stanford Junior university, 1891-98 ; and

THE OREOON.
appointed U.S. commissioner to the commercial
_ congress held at Ostend, Belgium, in 1902. He
' was married in 1863 to Laura Horde of Covington,
Ky. The degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him
by Santa Clara university in 1901. He died in
San Francisco, Cal., April 28, 1903.
SCOTT, John, representative, was born in
Hanover county, Va., in 1782. He removed with
his parents to Indian Territory in 1802, and later
to Missouri territory, where he practised law
1806-61. He was a delegate from Missouri Ter
ritory to the 14th congress as successor to Rufus
Easton, and to the 15th and 16th congresses,
serving, 1816-21. Missouri was admitted to the •
Union in 1821, and he was the Missouri represen
tative in the 17th-19th congresses, 1821-27. He
died at St. Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 1, 1861.
SCOTT, John, soldier, was born in Fauquier
county, Va., April 23, 1820 ; son of Judge John
and Elizabeth B. (Pickett) Scott ; grandson of
Rev. John and Eliza (Gordon) Scott and of Col.
Martin and (Blackwell) Pickett, and a descend
ant of a distinguished Scottish family, and on the
paternal side collaterally descended directly
from Professor Thomas Gordon, of Aberdeen
(Scotland) university. He studied law with his
father, and after graduating from the University
of Virginia was admitted to the bar in 1841. He
was married, Nov. 14, 1850, to Harriet Augusta,
daughter of James and Eliza R. (Pinsham)
Caskie of Richmond, Va. He was editor of the
Richmond Whig, 1850-51, and in 1858 he organ
ized and commanded the " Black Horse cavalry"
of Fauquier county, which constituted the state
guard during the imprisonment, trial and execu
tion of John Brown. He entered the Confederate
army in 1861 as captain of cavalry ; recruited a
company over which he was promoted major ;
and was promoted colonel and transferred to the
trans-Mississippi department. In 1870 he was
appointed commonwealth's attorney for Fau
quier county, Va. He is the author of : The iMst
Principle of the Federal Government or the Sec
tional Equilibrium (1860) ; Partisan Life with

[653]

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Mosby (1867) ; and The Republic as a Form of
Government, or the Evolution of Democracy in
America (1890).
SCOTT, John, author, was born in Jefferson
county, Ohio, April 14, 1824 ; son of John and
Eliza (Skelley) Scott ; grandson of Alexander and
Rachel (McDowell) Scott and of John and Mar
garet (Simrall) Skelley, and a descendant of Hugh
Scott, who was born in* Ulster, Ireland, and
came to Chester county, Pa., about 1680. He
matriculated at Franklin college, New Athens,
Ohio, 1841, but did not graduate ; studied law in
Steubenville, Ohio, and vvas admitted to practice
by the supreme court, 1845. He served in Mexico
as a private in the Kentucky mounted volunteers,
1846-47, being captured with Cassius M. Clay at
Encarnacion, January, 1847. In 1851 he located
at Mt. Sterling, Ky., where he published the
Kentucky Whig, 1852-54 ; removed to Iowa in
1856; was a state senator, 1860; commissioned
lieutenant-colonel, 3rd Iowa infantry, 1861, and
served as colonel of the 33d Iowa infantry, 1863-
64. He was married, Nov. 24, 1863, to Mary
Sophia, daughter of Orestes H. and Mary (Atkin
son) Wright of Freeport, 111. He was lieutenant-
governor of Iowa, 1868 ; U.S. assessor of internal
revenue, 1870-71 ; published the Farmers' Jour
nal, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1872, and vvas state
senator, 1886. He was president of the State
Agricultural society of Iowa, 1872-73 ; of the
State Improved Stock Breeders' association, 1875,
and of the State Road Improvement association,
1878. He was also president of the State Society
of Scotch-Irish, and of the Pioneer Law Makers'
association, and Past Grand Master of Iowa Free
Masons. He is the author of : Encarnacion or
the Prison in Mexico (1848) ; Hugh Scott and
His Descendants (1894) ; and History of the
Thirty-Second Iowa Infantry (1895). Colonel
Scott was residing in Des Moines, la. , in 1903.
SCOTT, John, senator, was born at Alex
andria, Pa., July 24, 1824 ; son of Maj. -Gen. John
Scott, an officer in the war of 1812 and a repre
sentative in the 21st congress, 1829-81. John
attended the common schools and the law de
partment of Marshall college, Chambersburg, Pa.,
was admitted to the bar in 1846, and practised
law in Huntingdon, Pa., 1846-69. He was prose
cuting attorney for Huntingdon county, 1846-49 ;
a member of the revenue commission in 1851 ; a
Republican representative in the state legislature
in 1862 ; presided over the Republican state con
vention of 1867, and was elected U.S. senator to
succeed Charles R. Buckalew, serving 1869-75.
While in the senate he served on the committees
on naval affairs, claims, and Pacific railroads,
and was chairman of the special committee to
investigate Ku-Klux outrages in the South. He
declined the secretaryship of the interior and re

turned to his law practice in Pennsylvania in
1875. He was special counsel of the Penn
sylvania railroad, at Pittsburg, Pa., 1875-77;
and general solicitor, 1877-95. He was a trustee
of the University of Pennsylvania, 1884-96, and
a director and trustee of the Princeton Theolo
gical seminary, 1889-96. He died at Philadel
phia, Pa., Nov. 29, 1896.
SCOTT, John Hart, educator, was born in
Northville, Mich., Jan. 4, 1847; son of George
and Abigail (Hart) Scott ; grandson of Jer
emiah and Phoebe (Bloomer) Scott, and of Seth
and Patience (Burdick) Hart. He graduated
from the University of Rochester, A.B., 1871,
and from the Rochester. Theological seminary,
B.D., 1874. He was married, July 23, 1873, to
Florence Madeleine, daughter of Maynard and
Emily (Barrett) Davis, of Des Moines, Iowa. He
was ordained to the Baptist ministiy, 1874 ; was
pastor of Cleveland, Ohio, 1874-79 ; at Ypsilanti,
Mich. , 1879-81 ; engaged in business at Minne
apolis, Minn., 1882-90 ; business manager of The
Ensign, Minneapolis, Minn., 1890-92; of the
Young People's Union, Chicago, 111., 1892-93;
engaged in business, 1893-96 ; was professor of
theology in Shaw university, Raleigh. N.C, 1896—
97, and in the latter year was made president of
Indian university, Bacone, Indian Territory.
SCOTT, John M., jurist, was born in St. Clair,
111., Aug. 1, 1824; son of Samuel and Nancy
(Biggs) Scott. He attended the common schools ;
was instructed by private tutors, and studied
law in the office of William C. Kinney, Belle-'
ville, 111., being admitted to the bar in 1847. He
commenced practice in Bloomington; 111., in
1848 ; was judge of the McLean county court,
1852-62 ; judge of the circuit court, 1862-70, and
of the supreme court, 1879-88, serving as chief-
justice by allotment in 1875, 1883 and 1886.
After his retirement from the bench in 1888
Judge Scott devoted himself to literary work.
He bequeathed to the city of Bloomington,
Illinois, the principal of his estate, estimated at
$2,000,000, on the death of heirs, for a public
hospital. He is the author of biographical
sketches of Browne, Foster, Phillips and Rey
nolds, the four first judges of the Illinois supreme
court, and Rewritten Chapters of Illinois History
Prior to 1819. His opinions are contained in the
" Illinois Reports " (3rd-126th vols.). He died in
Bloomington, III., Jan. 21, 1898.
SCOTT, John Morin, delegate, was born in
New York city, in 1730 ; grandson of John Scott,
the immigrant. He was graduated from Yale,
A.B., 1746, A.M., 1749; was one of the founders
of the Sons of Liberty ; a member of the New
York general committee in 1775, and a member
of the provincial congress in 1775. He was
appointed brigadier-general and commanded a

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brigade at the battle of Long Island, but in 1778
resigned his commission to accept the appoint
ment of secretary of state of New York, made
March 13, 1778, in which office he served until
Oct. 23, 1780. He was a delegate to the Con
tinental congress, 1780-83. He died in New York
city, Sept. 14, 1784.
SCOTT, John Witherspoon, educator, was
born in Hookstown, Pa., Jan. 22, 1800 ; son of
the Rev. George McElroy and Anna (Rea) Scott.
His father was a Presbyterian clergyman. He
was graduated at Washington college, Pa., 1823 ;
was a post-graduate student at Yale, 1823-34, and
finished his theological studies under private in
struction. He held the professorship of mathe
matics and natural sciences at Washington col
lege, 1824-28, and the same position at Miami
university, Oxford, Ohio, 1828-45. He vvas mar
ried, AugJ8, 1825, to Mary P., daughter of John
Neal, of Washington, Pa. In April, 1830, he was
licensed to preach, and in October, 1831, he was
ordained. He received the degree of D.D. from
Augusta college in 1840. In 1845 upon his re
moval to College Hill, Hamilton county, he as
sisted in the founding of Farmers' college (which
became Belmont college in 1884) , and continued
a member of its faculty until 1849, when he
accepted the presidency of the Oxford, Miss.,
female college, serving as such until 1849. He
was a professor of natural science at Hanover col
lege, Ind., 1860-68 ; principal of the Presbyterian
academy, Springfield, 111. ; professor at Mon
ongahela college, Jefferson, Greene county, Pa.,
1875-81, and clerk in the pension office at Wash
ington, D.C, 1881-89. His daughter, Caroline
Scott, married Benjamin Harrison, and upon
the inauguration of Harrison as President, Dr.
Scott resigned, his clerkship and became a mem
ber of his daughter's family at the White House,
where he resided until his death, which occurred
in Washington D.C, Nov. 29, 1893.
SCOTT, John Work, educator, was born at
Slate Ridge, York county, Pa., Nov. 27, 1807.
He was prepared for college at a classical school
kept by the Rev. Samuel Morton at Chaceford,
Pa., was graduated at Jefferson college, Canons-
burg, Pa., 1827, was professor of mathematics at
Washington college, Pa., 1829-30 ; and entered
the Princeton Theological seminary, 1830, grad
uating in 1832. He was licensed, Oct. 3, 1832, by
the presbytery of New Castle, and was ordained at
Poland, Ohio, April 3, 1834, by the presbytery of
Hartford. ' He was stated supply at Three Springs,
Pa., and Free church in Steubenville, Ohio, 1836-
47. Here he founded Grove academy in 1836,
and was its principal, 1836-47. He was princi
pal of Lindsley institute. Wheeling, Va., 1847-53,
.. president of Washington college, Pa., 1853-65,
principal of Woodburn Female seminary, Mor

gantown, W.Va., 1865-67 ; vice-president and pro
fessor of ancient languages in West Virginia
university, 1867-77, and professor at Biddle uni
versity at Charlotte, N.C, 1879. He received
the degrees of D.D. from Washington college,
Penn., in 1852, and LL.D. from Washington
and Jefferson college in 1865. He died at Ridg
way, N.C, July 25, 1879.
SCOTT, Julian, historical painter, was born in
Johnson, Lamoille county, Vt., Feb. 15, 1846;
son of Charles Walter and Lucy S. (Kellum)
Scott ; grandson of Jonathan and Sophia (Lathe)
Scott and of Jonathan K. and Lydia Turner
(Bryant) Kellum ; and a descendant of Jonathan
Scott (Sr.) a native of Scotland, a graduate of
Edinburgh university, and a lieutenant in the
Revolutionary war, from Vermont, and of the
Rev. Joshua Lathe of Birmingham, England,
who with his wife came to America and settled
in Hanover, N.H., in the latter part of the eigh
teenth century ; and on his mother's side of
Nehemiah Bryant (uncle of William Cullen
Bryant) and of the artist Turner. He joined the
Federal army in 1861, and served with the Army
of the Potomac until 1863, meanwhile making
numerous sketches in the field and in military
hospitals. By act of congress he was awarded
a medal of honor for distinguished bravery and
was placed on the staff of Gen. William F. Smith.
In 1863 he entered the art school of the National
Academy of Design, New York, and later
studied under Emanuel Leutze in New York city,
going to Paris in 1866, to pursue his studies. He
was married Oct. 13, 1870, to Mary, daughter of
William and Mary Burns, of New York city.
He exhibited at the National Academy in 1870, and
was made an associate Academician in 1871. He
was elected a life-fellow of the American Geo
graphical society in 1873. In 1890 he was in
Arizona and New Mexico, gathering material for
the report on the llth census on the Indians in
the southwest. His reports, profusely illustrated,
are embodied in the U.S. Indian Census, 1890.
He made his residence in Plainfield, N.J., and
was elected colonel of Drake's Zouaves of New
Jersey. His paintings are chiefly on the military
order, and include : Rear Guard at White Oak
Swamp (1870); Battle of Cedar Creek (1871);
Battle of Golding's Farm (1871); The Recall
(1872) ; On Board the Hartford (1874) ; Old Re
cords (1875) ; Duel of Burr and Hamilton
(1876) ; Reserves Awaiting Orders (1877) ; In the
Cornfield at Antietam (1879); Charge at Peters
burg (1882) ; The War is Over (1855) ; Tlie Blue
and the Gray (1886) ; and Death of General
Sedgwick (1889). He died in Plainfield, N.J.,
July 4, 1901.
SCOTT, Levi, M.E. bishop, was born at Cant-
wells Bridge, near Odessa, Newcastle county,

[655]

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Del., Oct. 11, 1802. He was brought up on a farm,
was a carpenter and cabinetmaker with limited
education, prepared for the ministry, 1823-26 ;
joined the Philadelphia conference of the M.E.
church, in April, 1826, and was transferred to
the Dover circuit, Delaware, in 1827. He was
ordained deacon in 1828 ; and was pastor of St.
George's, Philadelphia, 1828-30. He was mar
ried, in 1830, to Sarah H. Smith of Westchester ;
was made presiding elder of the Delaware dis
trict, 1834-40, principal of Dickinson College gram
mar school, 1840-43 ; an agent of the Methodist
Book Concern in New York city, 1848-52 ; and
was elected and ordained bishop by the gen
eral conference at Boston, Mass., in 1852, and
served till 1872. The honorary degree of M.A.
was conferred on him by Wesleyan university in
1840, and that of D.D. by Delaware college in
1846. He died on the farm where he was born,
near Odessa, Del., July 13, 1882.
SCOTT, Nathan Bay, senator, was born in
Guernsey county, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1842. He at
tended the county schools, engaged in mining in
Colorado, 1859-62, and served as a private in the
Ohio volunteers, 1862-65. He removed to Wheel
ing, W. Va., and engaged in the manufacture
of glass as manager and president of the Central
Glass company. He was a member and presi
dent of the city council, 1880-82 ; a state senator,
1882-90 ; passed -the mutual savings bank law
and organized the first savings bank in the state
in 1887, of which he was president ; a member of
the executive committee of the Republican na
tional committee, 1888-1902 ; commissioner of
internal revenue, 1898-99 ; and was a Republican
U.S. senator from West Virginia, 1899-1905, hav
ing been elected after a prolonged contest, Jan.
25, 1899, by one majority, and serving in the sen
ate as chairman of the committee on mines
and mining, and as a member of the committees
on military affairs, pensions, railroads, public
buildings and grounds. He traveled extensively
in the United States and in 'the Old World,
where he visited the unfrequented regions. He
was a generous benefactor, and served as a
trustee and director of the Wheeling city hos
pital and of the Altenheim Home for Aged
Women. SCOTT, Orange, founder of the Wesleyan Meth
odist church, was born in Brookfield, Vt. , Feb.
13, 1800. He resided with his parents in Canada
for six years, and after his return to Vermont
attended the common schools, and in 1822 was
ordained to the Methodist ministry. He. was
presiding elder of the Springfield district, Mass.,
1830-34; and of Providence district, R.I., 1834-35.
He was so active in the anti-slavery cause as to
have charges preferred against him by his bishop
in 1838, but they were not sustained. In 1842,

He was

finding he could not conscientiously remain in
a church which sustained the slavery cause, he
withdrew, and was one of the founders of the
Wesleyan Methodist church ; assembled a con
vention at Utica, N.Y., May 31, 1843, where he was
made president of the convention, and directed the
formation of its platform, which excluded bishops
and presiding elders, substituting presidents of
conferences and district chairmen. He was editor
of the True Wesleyan, 1843-44, and in 1846 he re
tired from the ministry. He is the author of
An Appeal to the Methodist Episcopal Church
(1838), and numerous contributions to the True
Wesleyan. He died in Newark, N. J., July 31 , 1847.
SCOTT, Robert Kingston, governor of South
Carolina, was born in Armstrong county, Pa.,
July 8, 1826. He studied medicine in Navarre,
Ohio, and at the Starling Medical college,
Columbus, Ohio ; practised in Henry county,
Ohio, 1851-57, and engaged in
mercantile business, 1857-61.
On the outbreak of the civil
war he joined the Federal
army as lieutenant-colonel,
68th Ohio volunteers, and the
regiment was assigned to the
3d brigade, 3d division, Army
of the Tennessee, under Gen. U.S. Grant.
engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh; was pro
moted colonel of the regiment, and vvas in the 2d
brigade, 3d division, 17th army corps, in the
Vicksburg campaign. He commanded this brir
gade in the Atlanta campaign, and was taken
prisoner, but was exchanged Sept. 24, 1864, iii
time to take part in the struggle for Atlanta and
in the march to the sea, and through the Car-
olinas. He was appointed brigadier-general of
volunteers, Jan. 12, 1865, and was brevetted
brigadier-general, U.S.V., Jan. 26, 1865, and
major-general, U.S.V., Dec. 2, 1865. He was as
sistant commissione'r of the Freedmen's bureau,
1865-68 ; resigned his commission July 6, 1868,
and was elected by the Republican party first
governor of South Carolina, under the recon
struction act in 1868 ; was re-elected in 1870, and
served until 1874. In 1871 he was charged with
over-issuing state bonds', but defeated a resolu
tion of impeachment by a justification of his ac
tion in a message to the legislature. He ob
tained from the President troops to suppress
the Ku-Klux outrages in South Carolina. He
engaged in the real estate business in Columbia,
S.C, and removed to Napoleon, Ohio, where he
continued the business. On Dec. 25, 1880, he
accidentally shot and killed Warren G. Drury, of
Napoleon, Ohio ; was tried for manslaughter, and
acquitted, Nov. 5, 1881. He was stricken with
. apoplexy in May, 1899, and died in Napoleon,
Ohio, Aug. 13, 1900.

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SCOTT, Sutton Selwyn, author, was born in
Huntsville, Ala., Nov. 26, 1829; son of James
Greene and Ann (Biddle) Scott; grandson of
John or Ijohn Scott, great-grandson of John or
Ijohn Scott, who emigrated to this country from
Scotland, and settled on a plantation in Dinwid
die county, Va., near the line separating it from
Brunswick county. He was graduated from
East Tennessee university (University of Ten
nessee), A.B., 1850; began the practice of law at
Huntsville, Ala., about the year 1855 ; was a
member of the state legislature from Madison
county, 1857-58 and 1859-60 ; was elected at the
latter session of that body a trustee of the Uni
versity of Alabama ; vvas one of the committee
appointed by Gov. A. B. Moore of Alabama to
meet Mr. Davis, the Confederate president-elect,
at West Point, Ga., Feb. 16. 1861, and escort him
to his inauguration at Montgomery ; and served
as Confederate commissioner of Indian Affairs
from 1863 to the close of the war. He was mar
ried at Columbus, Ga., Nov. 10, 1864, to Loula
Marie, daughter of William and Polly (Bass)
Hurt of- Russell county, Ala. He settled upon
his plantation near Uchee, Ala., 1865, and after
that time was mainly engaged in agricultural
pursuits. He was a delegate to the Alabama
constitutional convention, 1875 ; to the Demo
cratic national convention at Cincinnati, Ohio,
1880 ; a member of the state legislature from
Russell county, 1884 and 1890 ; U.S. commis
sioner to adjudicate claims in New Mexico and
Colorado, 1885-87, and chairman of the commis
sion to the Indians of Utah, 1894-96. He is
the author of : Southbooke-Southem Tales and
Sketches (1880) ; Tlie Mobilians, or Talks about
the South (1897) ; and contributions to numerous
periodicals. In 1903 he was residing in Auburn,
Ala. SCOTT, Thomas Alexander, railroad president,
was born in London, Franklin county, Pa., Dec.
28, 1824 ; son of Thomas Scott, the keeper of
" Tom Scott's Tavern " on the old limestone turn
pike from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. He at
tended the country schools in winter, worked on
the farm in summer, and served as clerk in stores
in Waynesboro, Bridgeport, and Mercersburg.
He was clerk to the toll collector at Columbia
on the state road, 1841-47 ; chief clerk to the col
lector of tolls in Philadelphia, and in 1851 entered
the employ of the Pennsylvania railroad. He
was general-superintendent of the mountain
district, with headquarters at Duncasville, 1852-
57; general agent of the Pittsburg office, 1853-55 ;
general superintendent of the entire line as
successor to General Lombaert, 1855-59; and vice
president, 1859-61. He was appointed on the staff
of Gov. Andrew G. Curtin, and in 1861, with the
aid of the U.S. troops, opened the new line of

railway from Washington to Philadelphia. He
was commissioned colonel of volunteers May 3,
1861, and was put in control of all government
railways and telegraphs. He was assistant sec
retary of war under Secretary Cameron, 1861,
and under Secretary Stanton, until May, 1862.
He utilized the transportation of the northwest
and of the western rivers for the benefit of the
U.S. army. On Sept. 24, 1863, he accepted a
government commission to repair the railroads
and superintend the transportation of the llth
and 12th army corps sent through Nashville to
General Rosecrans at Chattanooga, and he
served as assistant quartermaster general on the
staff of General Hooker. He was chosen presi
dent of the western division of the Pennsylvania
railroad in 1864, president of the Pennsylvania
Company, the agency through which the Penn
sylvania railroad obtained leases of connecting
roads to the west and of the " Pan Handle Route"
1871. He was also the president of the Union
Pacific railroad, 1871-72, and of the Pennsylvania
railroad, 1874-80, resigning in 1880, on account
of failing health. He was the founder and first
president of the Texas Pacific railroad. He died
in Darby, Pa., May 21, 1881.
SCOTT.Thomas Fielding, first bishop of Oregon
and Washington territories, and 60th in succession
in the American episcopate, was born in Iredell
county, N.C, March 12, 1807. He was graduated
from the University of Georgia, A. B., 1829, A.M.,
1832 ; was admitted to the diaconate in Augusta,
Ga. , March 12, 1843 ; and advanced to the priest
hood in Macon, Ga., Feb. 24, 1844, by Bishop
Stephen Elliott. He was rector of St. James's,
Marietta, Ga., and Trinity, Columbus, Ga., and
was elected in 1853 first missionary bishop of
Oregon and Washington territories, being con
secrated at Christ church, Savannah, Ga., Jan.
8, 1854, by Bishops Elliott, Cobbs and Davis. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him
by the University of Georgia in 1853. When on
his- way to attend the general convention, 1867,
he contracted a fever while crossing the Isthmus
of Panama, and died in New York, July 14, 1867.
SCOTT, William Amasa, political economist,
was born in Clarkson, Monroe county, N.Y.,
April 17, 1862 ; son of Thomas and Huldy Ann
.(Richards) Scott; grandson of Amasa and Mar
garet Scott and of William I. and Margaret
Richards. He attended the public schools and
the State Normal school, Brockport, N.Y., 1878-
82, and was graduated from the University of
Rochester, N.Y., in 1886. He was professor
of history and political science in the University
of South Dakota, 1887-90 ; a graduate student
and instructor in history at Johns Hopkins uni
versity, 1890-92. receiving from this institution
the degree of Ph.D. in 1892, and was associated

[657]

SCOTT

SCOTT

with the University of Wisconsin as assistant
professor of political economy, 1892-93, associate
professor of the same, 1892-97, professor, 1897-
1900, and in the latter year was made director
of the school of commerce and professor of econ
omic history and theory. He was twice married:
first, June 11, 1889, to Lizette F., daughter of
Charles and Adaline S. Rockwell of Chicago, 111.,
who died in 1896 ; and secon€ly, June 13, 1899,
to Irene, daughter of Thomas E. and Ella Nash,
of Centralia, Wis. Dr. Scott was elected a
member of the American Economic and the
American Statistical associations; of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science ; of the
Wisconsin State Historical society ; and of the
International Society for the Promotion of Com
mercial Education. He is the author of : Repudi
ation of State Debts (1893); Money and Banking
(1903); Bohni-Barvork's Interest Literature of
the Last Fifteen Years (1903) ; and of the articles :
"Social Aspects of Pauperism and Crime "(Reports
of the Wisconsin State Conference of Charities
and Corrections, 1894) ; "Distribution of Wealth
in the United States" , (Chautauquan, June,
1894); " Quantity Theory of Money" (Annals of
the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, 1897); " Henry George and His Economic
Philosophy" (New World, 1898); "Commercial
Education at State Universities " ( Wisconsin
State Teachers' Association, 1900); "The Tech
nical Education of Business Men " (Railroad
Gazette, 1900); " Commercial Education " (The
Manufacturer, 1901).
SCOTT, William Anderson, clergyman, was
born at Rock Creek, Bedford county, Tenn., Jan.
31, 1813. He vvas licensed to preach in 1829 by
the presbytery of Hopewell ; was graduated
from Cumberland college (Lebanon university)
Tenn., in 1833 ; attended Princeton Theological
seminary, 1833-34 ; and was ordained by the
presbytery of Louisiana, May 17, 1835. He was
a missionary to Arkansas and Louisiana, 1835-36;
was principal of the Female college at Winchester,
Tenn., 1836-38 ; principal of Nashville Female
academy, and stated supply at Hermitage church,
1838-40; pastor at Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1840-42 ;
New Orleans, La., 1843-55; San Francisco, Cal.,
1855-61 ; New York city, 1863-70 ; St. John's,
San Francisco, 1870-85 ; and was professor of
mental and moral philosophy and of systematic
theology at the San Francisco Theological school,
1871-85. The honorary degree of D.D. was con
ferred on him by the University of Alabama in
1844, and that of LL.D. by the University of the
City of New York in 1872. He was editor of the
New Orleans Presbyterian; founded the Pacific
Expositor, and was the author of : Daniel, A
Model for Young Men (1854) ; Achan in El Dorado
(1855); Trade and Letters (1856); The Giant

Judge (1858); The Bible and Politics (1859); The
Church in the Army, or the Four Centurions of
the Gospels (1862); and The Christ of the Apostles'
Creed (1867). He died in San Francisco, Cal.,
Jan. 14, 1885.
SCOTT, William Henry, educator, was born
in Chauncey, Athens county, Ohio, Sept. 14, 1840 ;
son of Alexander Bothwell and Susan (Rutledge).
Scott ; grandson of John and Mary (Bothwell)
Scott, and of John and Mary (Burns) Rutledge.
He was graduated at the Ohio university, Athens,
A.B., 1862, A.M., 1865; and was superintendent
of schools in Athens, Ohio, 1862-64. He was
married, Aug. 9, 1863, to Sarah, daughter of the.
Rev. Erastus and Fanny (Beardsley) Felton, of
Athens, Ohio. He was principal of the prepara
tory department of Ohio university, 1864-65 ;
pastor at the Main Street (Trinity) Methodist.
church at Chillicothe, 18,65-67 ; and of the Town
Street (First) Methodist church at Columbus,
1867-69 ; was professor of Greek at Ohio uni
versity, 1869-72, and its president and professor
of philosophy, 1872-83. He became president of
the Ohio State university, Columbus, Ohio, in
1888, and professor of philosophy, but he resigned
from the presidency in 1895, continuing to hold
the chair of philosophy. He received the degree-
of LL.D. from Ohio university and Ohio Wes
leyan university, 1884.
SCOTT, Winfield, soldier, was born in the
vicinity of Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1786; son
of William and Ann (Mason) Scott, and grand
son of a Scotch soldier, who engaged in the battle
of Culloden, where he lost a brother, and fled to.
America, settling in
the neighborhood of
Petersburg , Va. ,
where he practised
law. William Scott
died in 1791, and his
wife in 1803 ; and
Winfield, after at
tending a high school
in Richmond, matric
ulated at the College
of William and Mary,
and after a two years'
course took up the
study of law. He
was admitted to
the bar in Rich
mond, Va., in 1806, removed to Charleston, S.C.
in 1807, where he was made captain of lighl
artillery in the U.S. army, and was ordered ix.
New Orleans in 1808, where General Wilkin
son, after being unsuccessful in winning the>
youthful officer over to the questionable scheme
of Burr, caused his court-martial and suspension
from the service for twelve months. Captain.

/l4Jt4*4i^C'L Jtxfi'L

[658]

SCOTT

SCOTT

Scott, however, obtained a remission of the sen
tence at the end of three months, and was com
plimented by a public dinner. On the declaration
of war with Great Britain, June 18, 1812, he was
promoted, to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the
2d artillery, and ordered to the Niagara frontier ;
and at Queenstown Heights, Oct. 13, 1812, he
was taken prisoner and exchanged after a few
months. He was promoted brigadier-general,
March 9, 1814 ; established a camp of instruction
at Buffalo, and on July 3, 1814, transferred his
brigade to British soil and on July 5, directed
the battle of Chippewa, winning a signal victory,
as he did at Lundy's Lane, July 25, where he
had two horses shot under him, was badly wound
ed and finally gained the field, capturing General
Riall and several other officers, and inflicting a
loss of 878 men to the British, his own loss nearly
equalling, it. These were the only two American
victories on Canada soil ; and gained for him the
rank of major-general. , General Scott was re
moved to Buffalo, N.Y., where his wounds were
dressed, and on his partial recovery he was trans
ferred to Philadelphia by slow stages. He visited
Europe in 1815, after declining the cabinet posi
tion of secretary of war, made vacant in President
Madison's cabinet and held temporarily by James
Monroe, secretary of state. On his return to the
United States he was given command of the At
lantic seaboard, with headquarters in New York,
and he made his home at Elizabeth, N. J. , where he
resided, 1816-36. He was married in March, 1817,
to Maria, daughter of John Mayo of Richmond, Va.
He took par-tin the Seminole war in Florida, and
in the expedition against the Creek Indians,
1836-37. Criticisms of his conduct of the cam
paign caused him to be recalled in 1837, but a
court of inquiry found no cause for his recall,
and in 1838 he effected the peaceful transfer
of the Clierokees to the Indian territory. He was
also mainly responsible for the Webster- Ashbur
ton treaty of 1842. On the death of Gen. Alex
ander Macomb, June 25, 1841, he became general-
in-chief in command of the United States army,
with headquarters at Washington, D.C. On the
declaration of war with Mexico in 1846, he planned
the campaign and accompanied the army to Vera
Cruz, where he landed his force of 12,000 men

VERA OR u z .
under cover of the naval fleet of Commodore Con
ner. After a siege of twenty days, March 9-29,
1847, he captured the castle of San Juan de Ulloa,

and 5,000 of the Mexican army. On April 17-18,
he fought the successful battle of Cerro Gordo ;.
that of Contreras, August 19-30; Churubusco,
August 30 ; Molino del Rey, September 8 ; Chapul
tepec, September 13 ; and the assault and capture
of the City of Mexico, Sept. 13-14, 1847, which
ended the war. General Scott had been looked
upon as an available candidate ofthe Whig party
for President as early as 1839, when the national
convention met at Harrisburg, Pa., Dec. 4, and
again in 1844. In 1852 he received the nom
ination from the Whig national convention con
vened at Baltimore, June 16. In the election
that followed, the Scott and Graham electors
received 1,380,576 popular votes to 1,601,474 for
Pierce and King, and 156,147 for Hale and Julian,
and when the electoral college met in 1853 he
received the 42 electoral votes of Vermont,
Massachusetts, Tennessee and Kentucky ; Pierce
receiving those of all the other states and num
bering 254. In 1859 he was commissioner on the
part of the United States in the settlement ofthe
northwestern boundary question, and he success
fully accomplished the purposes of his govern
ment. He was in command of the U.S. army
during the early part of the civil war, and suc
ceeded in placing the national capital in a con
dition of defence and directed the early move
ments of the troops until succeeded, Nov. 1, 1861,
as general-in-chief , by George B. McClellan, and
he was placed on the retired list, with the brevet
rank of lieutenant-general, being seventy-five
years of age. He visited Europe in 1861-62, and
on his return in 1862 made his home at West
Point, N.Y. He received the honorary degree of
A.M. from the College of New Jersey in 1814,
and that of LL.D. from Columbia college in 1850,
and from Harvard in 1861, and was elected an
honorary member of the Massachusetts Historical
society. In November, 1814, congress ordered a
gold medal struck in his honor, and an equestrian
statue to his honor executed by Henry K. Brown
was erected on Scott Circle, Washington, D.C.
He was physically a man of stately proportions,
possibly the most imposing of the illustrious
soldiers of his time, if not of all modern times.
In the selection of names for a place in the Hall of
Fame for Great Americans , New York university.
October, 1900, his name in Class A, Soldiers and
Sailors, received 16 votes, standing tenth in the
class of 20 names. His published works include .
a pamphlet against the use of intoxicating liquors
(1821); General Regulations for the Army (1825);
Letters to the Secretary of War (1827); Infantry
Tactics (3 vols., 1835, 1847 and 1854); Letters on
the Slavery Question (1843) : Abstract of Infantry-
Tactics (1861); Memoirs of Lieut. -General Scott,
written by Himself (2 vols., 1864). He died at
West Point, N.Y, May 29, 1866.

[659]

SCOVEL

SCUDDER

SCOVEL, Sylvester Fithian, educator, was
born in Harrison, Ohio, Dec. 29, 1835 ; son of the
Rev. Dr. Sylvester S. Scovel. He was graduated
from Hanover college, Ind., A.B., 1853, A.M.,
1856, and from the New Albany Theological
seminary in 1856 ; was pastor at Jeffersonville,
Ind., 1857-61; Springfield, Ohio, 1861-66, and
Pittsburg, Pa., 1866-83. He was president of the
Univei'sity of Wooster, 1883-9J3 ; acting president,
1898-99 (being succeeded by Louis E. Holden
(q.v.), and Hoge professor of morals and sociology
there from 1883. On relinquishing the presidency
in 1899 he retained the Hoge chair. He was
elected president of the National Reform associa
tion at the annual meeting of 1897.
SCREVEN, James, soldier, was born in
Georgia in 1738 ; son of James and Mary Hyrne
(Smith) Screven ; grandson of William and
Catherine (Stoll) Screven, and of Thomas and
Mary (Hyrne) Smith, and great-grandson of the
Rev. William and Bridget (Cutt) Screven. The
Rev. William Screven came from Somerton,
England, and settled in Piscata way, N.H., in 1640,
removing from there to Charleston, S.C, on
account of religious persecution. James Scre
ven was married in 1764 to Mary, daughter of
Charles Odingsell of Edisto Island, S.C. He
was a member of the committee that drew up
the articles of association for the defence of
liberty in Georgia in 1774, and served succes
sively as colonel and brigadier-general of Georgia
militia, 1775-78, leading a brigade in several
skirmishes with the British, between Sunbury
and Savannah, Ga. He was severely wounded at
Midway Meeting-House, Ga., and fell into the
hands of the British, who killed him. On learn
ing of his death, congress directed the erection
of a monument to his memory. He died near
Midway Meeting-House, Ga., Nov. 24, 1778.
SCRIBNER, Charles, publisher, was born in
New York city, Feb. 21, 1831 ; son of Uriah
Rogers and Betsey (Hawley) Scribner ; grandson
of the Rev. Matthew and Abigail (Rogers) Scrib
ner, and of Thomas and Keziah (Scribner) Haw
ley, and a descendant of Benjamin Scrivener,
who emigrated from England, and settled in
Norwalk, Conn., before 1680, and Hannah Cramp
ton, his wife. Charles Scribner matriculated
at the University of the City of New York in
1837 ; changed to the College of New Jersey, where
he was graduated, A.B., 1840; A.M., 1843 ; and
studied law under Charles King, 1843-46, but never
practised. He engaged in the business of book
seller and publisher in partnership with Isaac D.
Baker in 1846, and after Mr. Baker's death in
1850, he conducted the business alone, 1850-57.
He was married in 1848 to Emma E., daughter of
John I. Blair of Blairstown, N.J. In 1857 he
bought the importing business of Banks, Merwin

and Co. , and Charles Welford, the London repre
sentative of the house, became his partner, doing
business in New York as Charles Scribner and Co.,
and in London as Scribner, Welford and Co. Mr.
Welford died in 1885. Mr. Scribner established
T7ie Hours at Home in 1865, which became
Scribner's Magazine in 1870, under the editorship
of Dr. Josiah G. Holland. He died in Lucerne,
Switzerland, Aug. 26, 1871.
SCRUGGS, William Lindsay, journalist and
diplomatist, vvas born near Knoxville, Tenn.,
Sept. 14, 1836 ; son of Frederick and Margaret
(Kimbrough) Scruggs ; grandson of Frederick and
Rebecca Lyndsay (Conway) Scruggs, and of
Gross and Annie Keith (Hale) Scruggs of Vir
ginia, and a descendant of the Scruggs (or
Scroggs) family of England, whereof Sir William,
Chief Justice of the King's Bench, was a mem
ber. His ancestors emigrated to Virginia from
England and Scotland, 1640 and 1667 ; his mater
nal ancestors being Scotch. He was educated in
the common schools and under private instruc
tion ; attended Strawberry Plains college, East
Tennessee, 1854-58 ; studied law, and was ad
mitted to the bar, 1861, but did not practise, be
coming interested in journalism in 1862. He was
married, Aug. 3, 1858, to Judith Ann, daughter of
John IL S. and Susan (Terry) Potts of Fredericks
burg, Va., who died in 1897. Mr. Scruggs was
chief- editor of the Daily Sun, Columbus, Ga.,
and of the Daily New Era, Atlanta, Ga., 1862-72 ;
U.S. minister to Colombia, South America, 1873-
77 and 1882-87 ; U.S. consul to Cheng-Kiang and
Canton, China, 1878^81 ; ambassador extraordi
nary and minister plenipotentiary to Venezuela,
S.A., 1889-93; and legal adviser and special agent
of the Venezuelan government, charged with
settlement of the Anglo- Venezuelan boundary
dispute, 1893-98, bringing the question to arbi- '
tration, 1897 ; after which he resumed his resi
dence in Atlanta, Ga. He is the author of :
British Aggressions in Venezuela (1894) ; Official
History of the Guayana Boundary Dispute
(1895); Lord Salisbury's Mistakes (1896) ; Fallacies
of the British Blue Book (1896) ; The Colombian
and Venezuelan Republics (1900) ; The Monroe
Doctrine on Trial (1902) ; Evolution of American
Citizenship (1902) ; and contributions to various
periodicals. SCUDDER, Henry Martyn, missionary, was
born in Panditeripo, Ceylon, Feb. 5, 1822 ; son of
the Rev. John and Harriet (Waterbury) Scudder.
He came to the United States in 1832 ; matric
ulated at Williams college with the class of 1840 ;
left in 1837 to enter the University of the City
of New York, and was graduated there, A.B.,
1840, A.M., 1843, and from Union Theological
seminary in 1843, being ordained by the
presbytery of New York, Nov. 12, 1843. He was

[66U]

SCUDDER

SCUDDER

married, April 18, 1844, to Fannie, daughter of
John Lewis. He was stated supply at New
Rochelle, N.Y., 1843-44; was stationed at
Madura, India, under the A.B.CF.M., 1844-46 ;
was a missionary at Madras, India, 1846-50 ;
studied medicine, and became connected as a
missionary with the Reformed Dutch church.
He founded the mission at Arcot, India, where
he served, 1850-57 and 1860-63, becoming profi
cient in the Sanskrit, Tamil, and Telugu lan
guages. He resided in America, 1850-57 ; was
pastor of the Reformed Dutch church at Jersey
City, N.J., 1864-65 ; pastor of the Howard Pres
byterian church at San Francisco, Cal., 1865-71 ;
of the Central Congregational church at Brook
lyn, N.Y., 1871-83, and the Plymouth Con
gregational church, Chicago, 111., 1883-87. He
was independent missionary to Japan with his.
son, the Rev. Doremus Scudder, and his daughter
Catharine, 1887-89. He resided in Pasadena,
Cal., 1889-90 ; Chicago, 111., 1890-92, and at Win
chester, Mass., 1893-95. The honorary degree of
M.D. was conferred on him by the University of
the City of New Yolk in 1853, and that of D.D.
by Rutgers college in 1859. He is the author of
a number of books in the Tamil language, pub
lished in India, including : Liturgy of the Re
formed Presbyterian Dutch Church (1863) ; The
Bazaar Book, or the Vernacular Teacher's Com
panion (1865) ; Sweet Savors of Divine Truth
(1868), and Spiritual Teaching. On April 14, 1903,
a bronze tablet to his memory was unveiled in
the Central Congregational church, Brooklyn.
He died in Winchester, Mass., June 4, 1895.
SCUDDER, Horace Elisha, author, was born
in Boston, Mass., Oct. 16, 1838; youngest son
of Charles and Sarah Lathrop (Coit) Scudder ;
grandson of David and Desire (Gage) Scudder,
and a descendant of
John Scudder, who
emigrated from Lon
don, England', in
1635, settling in
Charlestown, Mass.,
and in 1640 at Barn
stable, Mass. He pre
pared for college at
the Roxbury and Bos
ton Latin schools ;
was graduated at
Williams college,
1858, taught private
pupils in New York
city, 1858-61, and
meanwhile wrote
several short stories for children. Upon the
death of his father, a well-known merchant, he
returned to Boston and continued his literary
career, his children's stories making him widely

ym^eu&/e^-

fetocUZr^

known. He became a reader for Hurd and
Houghton soon after the close of the civil war,
and projected and edited the Riverside Magazine
for Young People during its existence, 1867-71.
In 1873 he became a member of the firm, and in
1873 he was married to Grace Owen, of Cam
bridge, Mass. He retired from the firm in 1875,
* retaining his connection with the house as liter
ary adviser, however, and he continued in that
capacity through the successive changes of the
firm (Houghton, Osgood and Company and Hough
ton, Mifflin and Company) until his death. He
was for several years, and until its discontinu
ance, the editor of the Riverside Bulletin. He
devoted a large portion of his time to the study
of American history. In 1890 he succeeded T. B.
Aldrich as editor of the Atlantic Monthly, re
signing that position in 1898 to take up what
proved to be his last, and in some respects his
most important work, the Life of Lowell. In
1882 he delivered a course of lectures on " Child
hood in Literature and Art '' before the Lowell
Institute. He vvas a trustee of Williams college,
1884-1902 ; of Wellesley college, 1887-1902, and of
the Episcopal Theological school, Cambridge,
1898-1902. He served on the Cambridge school
committee, 1877-84, and on the Massachusetts
State board of education, 1884-89, preparing for
the reports of the latter some of his most elabor
ate studies. He was also president ofthe Church
Library association. Princeton university con
ferred upon him the honorary degree of Litt.D.
in 1896. Following is a list of his published books :
Seven Little People and Their Friends (1862) ;
Dream Children (1863) ; The Life and Letters of
David Coit Scudder (1864) ; Stories from My
Attic (1869) ; Tlie Bodley Books, stories for chil
dren (8 vols., 1875-84) ; The Dwellers in Five-
Sisters Court, novel (1876) ; Men and Manners in
America (1876) ; Recollections of Samuel Breck
(1877) ; Stories and Romances (1880) ; The Chil
dren's Book (1881) ; Boston Town (1881) ; Noah
Webster, in American Men of Letters Series
(1881) ; The Book of Fables ; Chiefly from JEsop
(1882) ; A History of the United States (1884) ;
George Washington (1886) ; The Book of Folk
Stories (1887) ; Men and Letters, essays (1887) ;
Literature in School (1888) ; A Short History of
the United States (1890) ; Childhood in Literature
and Art: A Study (1894) ; Tlie Book of Legends
(1899) ; James Russell Lowell (2 vols., 1901). He
was also a contributor to Justin Winsor's " Me
morial History of Boston " (1880-81) and joint
author with Mrs. Taylor of " The Life and Letters
of Bayard Taylor" (1884). His anonymous writ
ings, if collected, would make several volumes.
Mr. Scudder edited several important works, in
cluding : the Cambridge Edition of the Poets ;
the Riverside Literature Series ; Masterpieces of

[661]

SCUDDER

SCUDDER

British Literature ; American Poems (1879) ;
American Prose (1880) ; American Common
wealths (1883-93) ; and others. See " Horace E.
Scudder : An Appreciation," by Alexander V. G.
Allen (Atlantic Monthly, April, 1903). Mr. Scud
der died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 11, 1903.
SCUDDER, John, missionary, was born in
Freehold, N.J., Sept. 3, 1793; son of Dr. Joseph
and Maria (Johnson) Scudder, ^md a grandson of
Col. Nathaniel and Isabella (Anderson) Scudder,
and of Col. Philip Johnson. He was graduated
at the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1811, A.M.,
1814, and at the College of Physicians and Sur
geons, New York city, in 1813. He practised
medicine in New York city, 1813-18. He was
married in 1816 to Harriet, daughter of Gideon
Waterbury of Stamford, Conn., and their two
daughters and seven of their eight sons became
missionaries. He sailed for India as a mission
ary, having been ordained by the classis of the
Dutch Reformed church in 1830, and was
stationed at Tillipally, Ceylon, 1820-39, where, in
addition to his religious duties, he established
and conducted a hospital. He was stationed at
Madras, India, 1839-42 ; was in the United States,
where he advanced the cause of the American
Board of Foreign Missions, 1842-46 ; at Madras,
1846-54 ; and in 1854 went to the Cape of Good
Hope, Africa, with a view to restore his failing
health. He is the author of: Letters from the
East (1833) ; Appeal to Youth in Behalf of the
Heathen (1846) ; Letters to Pious Young Men
(1846) ; Provision for Passing Over Jordan
(1852) ; and many contributions to the Mission
ary Herald. See "Memoir" by Rev. John B.
Waterbury (1856). He died at Wynberg, Cape of
Good Hope, Africa, Jan. 13, 1855.
SCUDDER, Nathaniel, delegate, was born at
Huntington, Long Island, N.Y., May 10, 1733;
son of Jacob and Abia (Rowe) Scudder ; grand
son of Benjamin Scudder, and a descendant of
Thomas Scudder, who came from London, Eng
land, to Salem, Mass., about 1635. Nathaniel
Scudder was graduated from the College of
New Jersey, A.B., 1751, A.M., 1754. He was
married, March 23, 1752, to Isabella, daughter of
Col. Kenneth and Anne (Reed) Anderson of
Monmouth county, N.J. He was a practising
physician in Monmouth county, N.J. ; a member
of the committee of safety ; lieutenant-colonel
in 1775 ; and subsequently colonel of the 1st
Monmouth county regiment, and was killed
while leading a battalion of his regiment against
the British, at Black's Point, N.J., Oct. 16, 1781.
He represented Monmouth county in the New
Jersey legislature several terms ; was speaker in
1776 ; a delegate to the Continental congress,
1777-79 ; and on July 13, 1778, visited the legisla
ture of New Jersey to urge upon that body the

policy of signing the Articles of Confederation.
He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey,
1778-81. He died at Black's Point, near Shrews
bury, N.J., Oct. 16, 1781.
SCUDDER, Samuel Hubbard, naturalist, was
born in Boston, Mass., April 13, 1837 ; son of
Charles and Sarah Lathrop (Coit) Scudder. He
entered Williams college with the class of 1857 ;
was graduated, A.B. , 1857, A.M., 1860; took a
post-graduate course at the Lawrence Scientific
school, Harvard university, and received his
degree, S.B., 1862. He was assistant in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1862-64 ; was
University lecturer at Harvard, 1868-64, and
assistant librarian, 1879-82. He was connected
with the Boston Natural History society, as sec
retary, 1862-70, as custodian, 1864-70, and as
president, 1880-87. He was married, June 25, 1867,
to Jeannie, daughter of Edgcumbe Heath and
Mary Ann Blatchford of New York. He was a
member of the American Association for the Ad
vancement of Science and chairman of the sec
tion on natural history in 1874 ; general secretary
in 1875 ; librarian of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, 1877-85, and paleontologist on
tlie U.S. geological survey, 1886-92. He was also
a member of the National Academy of Sciences
and the American Philosophical society ; an
honorary member of the Society of Physics and
Natural History at Geneva, of the Entomological
societies of London and of St. Petersburg, and
the Natural History society of Madrid, and a
corresponding member of various other learned
societies of Europe. He received the degree
S.D. from Williams, and LL.D. from Western
university, in 1890. He reported on the entomo
logical specimens obtained by the government
expedition to the Yellowstone survey, on the
boundary between Canada aud the United States.
He edited Science (1883-85) ; and his bibliography
of more than five hundred titles includes : Cata
logue of the Orthoptera of the United States
(1868); Entomological Correspondence of Thaddeus
William Harris (1869) ; Fossil Butterflies (1875);
Catalogue of Scientific Serials of all Countries
1633-1876 (1879) ; A Century of Orthoptera
(1879) ; Butterflies (1881) ; Nomenclator Zoblogi-
cus (1882) ; Systematic Review of Our Present
Knowledge of Fossil Insects (1886) ; Winnipeg
County ; or Roughing it with an Eclipse Party
(1886) ; Butterflies of the Eastern United States
and Canada (1889); Bibliography of Fossil In
sects (1890) ; Index to the Known Fossil Insects of
the World (1891) ; Tertiary Rhynchophorous
Coleoptera of the United States (1893) ; Brief
Guide to the Common Butterflies (1893); The Life
of a Butterfly (1893) ; Frail Children of the Air
(1895); Guide to the Genera and Classification of
North American Orthoptera (1897); Everyday

SCUDDER
Butterflies (1899) ; Catalogue of the Described
Orthoptera of the United States and Canada
(1900) ; Adephagous and Clavicoru Coleoptera
from the Tertiary Deposits at Florissant, Colo.
(1900) ; Index to the Orthoptera of North
America described in the Eighteenth and Nine
teenth Centuries (1902.)
SCUDDER, Vida Dutton, educator, was born
in Madura, India, Dec. 15, 1861 ; daughter of the
Rev. David Coit (1835-1862) and Harriet Louisa
(Dutton) Scudder ; grand-daughter of Charles
and Sarah (Coit) Scudder, and of George and
Mary (Pomeroy) Dutton of Boston, Mass. She
was graduated from Smith college, Northampton,
Mass., A.B., 1884; continued her education in
Oxford, England, and in Paris, France, and be
came connected with the formation of college
settlements. She was an instructor in English
literature at Wellesley college, Mass., 1887-92,
and in 1892 became associate professor of Eng
lish literature. She edited: "Selected Poems"
from George MacDonald (1887) ; Macaulay's
"Lord Clive," (1889) ; "Introduction to the
Writings of John Ruskin " (1890), and Shelley's
"Prometheus Unbound" (1892); and is the
a,uthor of : How the Rain Sprites were Freed
(1883) ; Tlie Life ofthe Spirit in the Modern Eng
lish Poets (1895); Tlie Witness of Denial (1896) ;
Social Ideas in English Letters (1898); Introduc
tion to the Study of English Literature (1901); A
Listener in Babel ; Being a Series of Imaginary
•Conversations (1903) .
SEABROOK, Benjamin Whitemarsh, gover
nor of South Carolina, was born in 1795. He was
graduated from the College of New Jersey in
1813; became a, planter at Edisto Island, S. C,
and served as a state senator,
and was governor of the state,
1848-50. He was president
of the State Agricultural so
ciety, and is the author of :
Essay on the Management of
Slaves (1834) and a Memoir
of the Origin, Cultivation and
Uses of Cotton (1844). He died in St. Luke's
parish, S. C, April 16, 1856.
SEABURY, Samuel, first bishop of Connecti-
•cut, and 1st of the succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Groton, Conn., Nov. 30,
1739; son of the Rev. Samuel (1706-1764) and
Abigail (Mumford) Seabury ; grandson of John
and Elizabeth (Alden) Seabury and of Thomas
and Hannah (Remington) Mumford, and a de
scendant of John Seabury, who emigrated from
Porlock, Somersetshire, England, to the Barba-
does, and from there in 1639 to Boston, Massa
chusetts Bay Colony. Samuel Seabury (1706-
1764) after being ordained in England, organized
the parish of St. James, New London, Conn., of

SEABURY
which he was rector, 1733-43 ; and resided at
Hempstead, N.Y., as rector of St. George's
church, 17-13-64. It was amid this atmosphere of
church influence that the son spent his boyhood
and received his preparation for college and for
the priesthood. He was graduated from Yale,
A.B., and fourth in the class of 1748 (A.M. 1751),
and served as catechist and pursued a course in
theology under the direction of his father, 1748-
51. He was then sent to England to receive
orders, and before ordination studied medicine in
the University of Edinburgh. He was ordered
deacon by the Bishop of Lincoln (Dr. John
Thomas) Dec. 31, 1753, and advanced to the
priesthood by the Bishop of Carlisle (Dr. Richard
Osbaldiston) two days later. On his return to
America, with the license of Sherlock, Bishop of
London, to officiate in New Jersey, he was elected
rector of Christ Church, in New Brunswick in
that province, and served this parish, 1754-57.
While at New Brunswick, he was married, Oct.
13, 1756, to Mary, daughter of Edward Hicks of
New York. He was then called to Grace church,
Jamaica, L.I., N.Y., where he was rector, 1757-
66, and in 1766 was inducted into the rectorship
of St. Peter's, West Chester, which he held for
about ten years. In November, 1775, he was
taken by a band of armed men under Sears to
New Haven, where he was imprisoned for six
weeks, being finally released on requisition ofthe
governor of New York as a citizen taken from his
province without process of law. Returning to
his paiish he found hostilities commenced, and
being unable to continue his duties he closed the
church and took refuge in New York where he
in part supported his family by the practice of
medicine, serving also through the war as chap
lain of the King's American Regiment, under
commission of Sir Henry Clinton (Feb. 14, 1778).
Upon the recognition of the Independence of the
American States he was elected by the clergy of
English ordination in Connecticut (Woodbury,
March 35, 1783) , to be the bishop of the church in
that state, and sailed for England with credentials
as an applicant for consecration by the English
bishops, with instructions that failing in this
quest he should apply to the bishops of the Scot
tish church, whose line of succession back of the
time of Charles II. was identical with that of the
English episcopate, but who had lost their civil
status by refusal to swear allegiance to the suc
cessors of James II. The English bishops could
not legally confer consecration without the oath
of allegiance to the king, which could not be
taken hy one who was to exercise his office in a,
foreign state. Various other difficulties were sug
gested, but this was the main point. The bishops
could not dispense with the oath ; the king
and privy council would not : and, in the vain

[663]

SEABURY

SEARING

hope that Parliament would, the applicant re
sided for about sixteen months in England ; after
which, concluding that he had been " amused if
not deceived," he went to Scotland where at
Aberdeen, Nov. 14, 1784, he was consecrated by
the Scotch Bishops Kilgour, Petrie, and Skinner,
returning to America as the first Bishop of Con
necticut, as vvell as of the American Church. In
the General Convention of 1789,, by action of the
House of Bishops, he became by virtue of senior
ity of consecration the first to hold the office of
presiding bishop. During the exercise of his
episcopate he resided in New London, being rec
tor of St. James church, 1785-96, and Nov. 18,
1790, was also made bishop of Rhode Island. His
first and only act of consecration was on Sept. 17,
1793, when he co-operated with Bishops Provoost,
White and Madison, all consecrated by the Arch
bishop of Canterbury, in the consecration of
Thomas John Claggett, bishop of Maryland,
through whom, however, every subsequent bishop
of the American Church traces his episcopal
lineage. He received the degree of A.M. from
Columbia in 1761, and that of D.D. from the
Univei'sity of Oxford in 1777. He is the author
of : Free Thoughts on the Proceedings of the Con
tinental Congress, Tlie Congress Canvassed, and
A View of the Controversy between- Great Britain
and Her Colonies, all in 1774, under signature
" A. W. Farmer" ; Sermons (2 vols. 1791 ; 1 vol.
1798). The Rev. Eben E. Beardsley, D.D., wrote
"Life and Correspondence of Samuel Seabury"
(1881), and the Rev. William Jones Seabury, D.D.
read a sketch of Bishop Seabury before the New
York Genealogical and Biographical society, Dec.
14, 1888, which was published in the Record of
the society, April, 1889, and subsequently reprinted
in pamphlet form. Bishop Seabury died in New
London, Conn., Feb. 25, 1796, in the 12th year of
his episcopate, having been in orders nearly
forty-three years.
SEABURY, Samuel, clergyman, was born in
New London, Conn., June 9, 1801 ; son of the
Rev. Charles and Ann (Saltonstall) Seabury ;
grandson of Bishop Samuel (q.v.) and Mary
(Hicks) Seabury, and of Roswell and Elizabeth
(Stewart) Saltonstall. He was instructed at
home by his father, but chiefly by his own unre
mitting studies, for some years also keeping a
school for boys ; was admitted to the diaconate
by Bishop Hobart in 1826, and was advanced to
the priesthood in 1828. He was professor of
languages in St. Paul's college, Flushing, L.I. ,
1828-33 ; edited The Churchman, 1833-49 ; was
rector of the Church of the Annunciation, New
York city, 1838-68, and in 1868 was succeeded by
his son, the Rev. William Jones Seabury (q.v.).
He was professor of Biblical learning in the Gen
eral Theological seminary, New York, 1862-72.

He was three times married, first to Lydia Hunt
ington, daughter of Gurdon and Betsey (Tracy)
Bill ; secondly, Nov. 17, 1835, to Hannah Amelia,
daughter of William and Kezia (Youngs) Jones
of Oyster Bay, L.I., N.Y., and thirdly to Mary
Anna Schuyler, daughter of Samuel and Cathe
rine (Schuyler) Jones, who survived him. He
received the honorary degrees A.M. in 1823 and
D.D. in 1837 from Columbia college. He is the
author of : Historical Sketch of Augustine, Bishop
of Hippo (1833) ; The Continuity of the Church
of England in the 16th Century (1853); The Su
premacy and Obligation of Conscience (1860) ;
American Slavery Distinguished from the Slavery
of English Theorists and Justified by the Law of
Nature (1861) ; Mary, the Virgin (1868) and
Tlieory and Use of the Church Calendar in the
Measurement and Distribution of Time (1873) ;
and many occasional papers. He died in New
York city, Oct. 10, 1872.
SEABURY, William Jones, clergyman, was
born in New York city, Jan. 25, 1837 ; son of the
Rev. Samuel Seabury (q.v.) and Hannah Amelia
(Jones) Seabury. He was prepared for college
in New York city ; was graduated from Colum
bia, A.B., 1856, A.M., 1859 ; was admitted to the
bar in 1858, and practised in New York city,
1858-64. He abandoned the practice of law in./
1864 ; was graduated from the General Theolog
ical seminary in 1866 ; received orders as a deacon,
July 5, 1866, and was advanced to the priest
hood, Nov. 30, 1866, by Bishop Horatio Potter.
He succeeded his father as rector of the Church
of the Annunciation, New York city, in 1868, and
was married, Oct. 29, 1868, to Alice Van Wyck,
daughter of Thomas Marston and Mary Susan
(Saltonstall) Beare of New York city. He was
elected Ludlow professor of ecplesiastical polity
and law in the General Theological seminary in
1873. He received the honorary degree D.D.
from Hobart in 1876,. and from the General
Theological seminary in 1884. He edited Dr.
Samuel Seabury's "Memorial" (1873), and
"Discourses on the Nature and Work of the
Holy Spirit " (1874) ; and is the author of : Sug
gestions in Aid of Devotion and Godliness : A
Manual for Choristers (1878) ; Tlie Union of Di
vergent Lines in the American Succession (1885) ;
Lectures on Apostolical Succession (1893) ; An
Introduction to the Study of Ecclesiastical Polity
(1894) ; Notes on the Constitution of 1901 (1902) ;
and many sermons, reviews and pamphlets.
SEARING, Laura Catharine (Redden), author,
was born in Somerset, Md., Feb. 9, 1840 ; a de
scendant of Edmund Waller, the poet, and of
John Hampden, the patriot. She removed with
her parents to St. Louis, and in 1851, after recover
ing from a dangerous illness, she was left entirely
deaf. She attended the Missouri Institute for-

[664]

SEARLE

SEARLE

Deaf Mutes, and Clark Institute, and engaged in
editorial work as assistant editor of the St. Louis
Presbyterian, 1857-58. She contributed frequently
to the St. Louis Republican under the pen name,
" Howard Glyndon," and in 1861 wrote an article
protesting against the call for fifty thousand
men, made by Governor Jackson of Missouri,
which was so widely copied that the editors of a
Confederate organ in St. Louis published an
appeal to the reading public, not to be influenced
by the opinion of an inexperienced girl, to which
she replied in " An Appeal from Judge to Jury."
She was Washington correspondent to the Mis
souri Republican, 1866-67 ; went to Europe, Feb
ruary, 1865, as correspondent to the Republican,
and later was employed in the same capacity by
the New York Times, remaining abroad until
1868. She removed to New York, where she was
employed on the Mail, and contributed to the
Tribune. She was married in 1876 to Edward
W. Searing, a native of Sherwood, Cayuga
county, N.Y., a well known lawyer of New York
city. She was greatly interested in the educa
tion of deaf mutes, and in 1886 went to Califor
nia with a teachers' convention held at Berkeley
in July, 1886. She then settled in Santa Cruz,
Cal., where she was residing in 1903. She is the
author of : Idyls of Battle (1864) ; Notable Men
in the House of Representatives (1864) ; A Book
for Little Boys (1870) ; Sounds from Secret Cham
bers (1874).
SEARLE, Arthur, astronomer, was born in
London, England, Oct. 21, 1837 ; son of Thomas
Searle, who was born in Newburyport, Mass., in
1795, and was married in England to Anne Noble.
The family returned to America in 1840, and
Arthur was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1856,
A.M., 1859. Early in 1861 he went to California
with a party of young men who intended to en
gage in sheep-farming ; but he afterward sup
plied a temporary vacancy among the professors
of the University of the Pacific, returning to
Massachusetts in 1862. In 1866-67, he served for
a time in the statistical department of the U.S.
Sanitary commission. In April, 1868, he began
work at the Harvard observatory, becoming as
sistant in 1869, and Phillips professor of astron
omy in 1887. He was married, Jan. 1, 1873,
to Emma, daughter of Robert and Ferdinande
Emilie (Hecker) Wesselhoeft of Jena, Germany,
afterward of Brattleboro, Vt. He was elected a
fellow of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, and is the author of : Outlines of As
tronomy (1874) , and of contributions to the Pro
ceedings and Memoirs of the American Academy
and to the Annals of the Observatory.
SEARLE, George Mary, astionomer and
clergyman, was born in London, England, June
37, 1839 ; son of Thomas and Anne (Noble) [665]

Searle. His father, who was an American, a
direct descendant of Robert Searle who lived in
Dorchester in 1662, brought 'the family to this
country in 184Q. George was graduated at Har
vard A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860, and in 1857 was ap
pointed computer on the Nautical Almanac and
was assistant at the Dudley observatory at
Albany, N. Y., 1858-59, during which time he
discovered the asteroid Pandora, the first found
by regular search in America. He served under
Dr. B. A. Gould on the U.S. coast survey, 1859-
62, and was assistant professor of mathematics
at the U.S. Naval academy, 1862-64. Mr. Searle
had been a member of the Unitarian Congrega
tional church, but in 1859 he joined the Protestant
Episcopal communion, and on Aug. 15, 1862, he
was received into the Roman Catholic church.
He became an assistant at the Harvard obser
vatory in 1866, but resigned in 1868 to join the
Paulist community in New York, in which he
was ordained priest, March 25, 1871. In 1889 he
removed to the Paulist house connected with the
Catholic university in Washington, D.C, and
that year took charge of the observatory con
nected with the university, and was professor
of mathematics in the Catholic university, 1895-
97. He received the degree of Ph. D. from the
Catholic university at Washington, 1896. He is
the author of the Elements of Geometry (1877) and
Plain Facts for Fair Minds (1895).
SEARLE, James, delegate, was born in New
York city about 1730. He received a commer
cial training in the office of his brother, John
Searle, in Madeira ; was admitted as a member of
the firm and returned to America in 1763, having
married, in 176.2, Nancy, daughter of Patrick
Smith of Waterford, England. He established
a mercantile house in Philadelphia in 1763 ;
signed the non-importation agreement of Oct. 25,
1765 ; was made a manager of the United States
lottery by congress in 1776, and served as a dele
gate to the Continental congress, 1778-80, and
CO/\l<jRESS HALL
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
1774- I 76 3-

as a member of the naval board from Aug. 19 to
Sept. 28, 1778, when he resigned on finding that
he could not work in harmony with the board.
He was chairman of the commercial committee

SEARS

SEARS

and a member of the committee on foreign
affairs. In 1780 he was sent to Holland and
France, to negotiate a loan for the state of Penn
sylvania, but failing in the negotiation he re
turned home in 1782. He removed to New York
in 1784, as agent for his brother's Madeira house,
and in 1785 vvas married, secondly, to Isabella,
daughter of George West of Monmouth city,
N.J., and again took up his residence in Philadel
phia. He was a member of the Friendly Sons
of St. Patrick, and a trustee of the University of
the State of Pennsylvania, 1779-81. He died in
Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 7, 1797.
SEARS, Barnas, educator, was born in Sandis
field, Mass., Nov. 19, 1802 ; son of Paul and
Rachel (Granger) Sears ; grandson of Paul and
Elizabeth (Slawter) Sears, and a descendant of
Richard Sears, Yarmouth, Mass., 1633, Marble
head, 1637. His parents were Baptists, and he was
graduated at Brown university with the highest
honors, A.B., 1825, A.M., 1828. He then at
tended the Newton Theological Institution, 1825-
28 ; and was married to Elizabeth Griggs,
daughter of Timothy and Elizabeth (Griggs)
Corey of Brookline, Mass. He was pastor of the
First Baptist church, Hartford, Conn., 1827-29 ;
resident licentiate at Andover, 1830 ; professor
of languages, Madison university, 1831-33 ;
student in the universities at Halle, Leipsic and
Berlin, 1833-35 ; president of the Newton Theo
logical Institution, 1836-47 ; successor to Horace

NEWTON THEOLOGICAL SEMIAIAflV.NEWIDN CENTRt,AlA55.
Mann as secretary and general agent of the
board of education, 1848-54 ; president of Brown
univei'sity, 1855-66 ; and general agent of the
Peabody Education Fund, 1867-80, with resi
dence at Staunton, Va. He was a fellow of
Brown, 1841-51; of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences ; and corresponding and honorary
member of the Massachusetts Historical society.
He received the honorary degree of D.D. from
Harvard in 1841, and that of LL.D. from Yale in
1862. He was editor of the Christain Review for
several years, and is the author of various refer
ence and text books and translations, and of : Life
of Martin Luther (1850) , and Discourse at the Cen
tennial Celebration of Brown University (1864),
and of numerous contribution to periodicals
He died at Saratoga Springs, N.Y., July 6, 1880.

SEARS, Edmund Hamilton, clergyman, was
born in Sandisfield, Mass., April 6, 1810 ; son of
Joseph and Lucy (Smith) Sears ; grandson of
Joshua and Sarah (Blackmore) Sears and of
Silas Smith, and a descendant of Richard Sears!
He was graduated at Union, A.B. , 1834, A.M.,
1837; and at Harvard. B.D., in 1837, and en
gaged in missionary work in Toledo, Ohio, 1837-
39. He was married, Nov. 7, 1839, to Ellen,
daughter of the Hon. Ebenezer and Abigail
(Crocker) Bacon of Barnstable, Mass. He was
ordained to the Unitarian ministry in 1839 ; was
pastor at Wayland, Mass., 1839-40 and 1848-64;
at Lancaster, Mass., 1841-48 ; and at Weston,
Mass., as colleague of Dr. Field, 1865-69, and as
pastor, 1869-76. He was a member of the Massa
chusetts Historical society, and received the de
gree D.D. from Union in 1871. He edited The
Monthly Religious Magazine with the Rev. R.
Ellis for several years, and is the author of : Re
generation (1853; 9th ed., 1873) ; Pictures of the
Olden Time (1857); Christian Lyrics (1860);
Athanasia (1860) ; The Fourth Gospel : the Heart
of Christ (1872) ; and Sermons and Songs of the
Christian Life (1875) . He died in Weston, Mass.,
Jan. 16, 1876.
SEARS, Lorenzo, clergyman, educator and au
thor, was born at Searsville, Mass., April 18, 1838;
son of Nathaniel and Cordelia (Morton) Sears ;
grandson of Rufus and Priscilla (Sears) Sears
and of Dexter and Hannah (Munson) Morton ;
and a descendant of the immigrants : Richard
(1590-1676) and Dorothy (d. 1678) Sears of Yar
mouth, Mass., and of George (1590-1624) and
Juliana (d. 1665) (Carpenter) Morton of Ply
mouth, Mass. He was graduated at Yale in 1861,
and at the General Theological seminary, New
York city, 1864 ; was admitted to the diaconate
in 1864, and advanced to the priesthood in 1865 ;
and held rectorships in Connecticut, Rhode Is
land and New Hampshire, 1864-85. He was mar
ried to Adeline, daughter of James T. and
Sophia (Knight) Harris of Wyoming, R.I., Jan.
2, 1866. He was professor of rhetoric and Eng
lish literature in the University of Vermont,
1885-88 ; librarian, 1886-88 ; associate professor
of rhetoric, Brown university, 1890-92, and in
1892 was made associate professor of rhetoric
and oratory, and of American literature in 1895.
He received the honorary degree of A.M. from
Trinity in 1887, and L.H.D. in 1892. He is the
author of : Tlie History of Oratory (1896) ; Tlie
Occasional Address, Its Composition and Litera
ture (1897) ; Principles and Methods of Literary
Criticism (1898) ; " An Historical Introduction
to the 'Library of Modern Eloquence' " (1901) ;
American Literature in the Colonial and National
Periods (1902). He is also the author of various
pamphlets and reviews.

[666]

End of Volume VI.

YALE UNIVERSITY

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