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See •paye 208

GREEKS IN AMERICA
AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR COMING, PROGRESS,
CUSTOMS, LIVING, AND ASPIRATIONS

WITH AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION AND
THE STORIES OF SOME FAMOUS
AMERICAN-GREEKS

BY
THOMAS ,SURGESS
Member of the American Branch
Committee of the AngUcan and
Eastern Orthodox Churches Union

BOSTON
SHEEMAN, FRENCH ^ COMPANY
1913

CopTaiGHT, 1913
Sherman-, French &• Compasty

TO
JAMES IRVING MANATT, PH.D., LL.D.

CONTENTS
chapteb page
AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION . . 3
I THE EXODUS FROM GREECE
Hard Times in Free Greece — Let
ters Sent Back from America — Steam
ship Agents — Turkish Oppression in
Enslaved Greece  15
II THE EARLY HARDSHIPS
Three Periods of Greek Immigration
— Early Immigrants (1882-1891) —
Trials and Tribulations — Lost in the
Maine Woods  25
III IMMIGRATION FROM 1891 TO 1913
The Inrushing Tide — Peculiar Char
acteristics  29
IV INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
Cigarette Manufacturers — Importers
— Confectioners and Fruiters — Florists
— Restaurants — Miscellaneous Shops —
Bootblacks — Hotel Employees — Theatres
—Fisheries — Farming — Railroad La
borers — Miners, etc. — Mill Hands —
Agents — Autobiography of an Immi
grant  32
V INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Communities — Societies — The Pan-
Hellenic Union — Ne-wspapers — Books —
Families — Schools — The Professional

CONTENTS
CHAPTEB PAGE
Class — Students — The Clergy — The
Diplomatic Service — The Call Home to
Arms  52
VI CELEBRATIONS AND RITES
Independence Day — Picnics — Church
Feasts and Fasts — The Siuiday Liturgy
— Church Music — Household Eikons —
Other Rites and Ceremonies — Weddings
— -Funerals  87
VII THE CHURCH OF THE GREEKS
Little Understood — Account by a
Greek Priest — Characteristics . . .113
VIII LIFE IN THE GREAT CITIES
Chicago: — History of Community — A
Hull House Investigation — Unfair Criti
cism — Criminal Record — Labor and Busi
ness — School Children — A Women's Club
— -Homes and Lodging Places — A Capa
ble Race  123
IX IN THE MILL TOWNS
Lowell, Massachusetts : — A Polyglot
City — Rise of the Community — Pigs
and Hogs — Recreations and Sobriety —
Strikes — No Paupers — Evening Schools
— A Beautiful Byzantine Church . .138
X THE GREAT WEST
Railroad Gangs — A Barbarous Riot
of Americans — St. Louis — Salt Lake
City — Seattle  161
XI THE UNCONGEST^JCQLONIES
MiimeapSlis and Washington, D. C. —
Bi«tfnghamj Alabama — Scattered Indi-

CONTENTS
chapteb page
viduals — A Baif-GreelfeJi!own— A Cele-
bratioo-aiiS^a SpgectTon Politics . . .169
XII AMERICA'S DIJTY
A Pertnanent Migration — Some Sug-
gestiOfTs to Americans ... . . .182
XIII FAMOUS AMERICAN GREEKS
Earliest Greeks in America — Orphans
of the War of 1821-28 — A fPamous
Scholar — A Captain and an Admiral of
thg'JJ. S. N. — A Gunner — A Navy Chap-
Ikin — A Famous Mason— A Member of
Congress — A Curator of Cooper Union
— A Harvard Professor — Others . .190
XIV MICHAEL ANAGNOS
Hellene of the Hellenes, Benefactor
of Humanity  208
APPENDIX
A. TAB;LE by STATES AND CITIES OF
IJFUMBER of greeks IN AMERICA 226
/
B. b/blI06RAPJIY, A GUIDE TO FURTHER
' READING AND STUDY
I Greeks in America — II Modern
Greek Language — III Mediaeval and
Modern Greece and Greeks — IV The
Eastern Orthodox Church .... 235
INDEX  249

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Michael Anagnos  Frontispiece pacing PAGE
Greek Farm in California  SO
Greek Railroad Laborers in the West .... 42
Holy Trinity, Lowell, Mass  56
Track Team, Greek-American Athletic Club, New
York  60
Council, Pan-Hellenic Union  66
A Wedding Party, Newark, N. J  84
The Greek National Anthem  90
Byzantine Musical Notation  106
Young Greeks' Educational Association, Chicago 124
In the Slaughter Houses, Somerville, Mass. . .142
Interior, Greek Church, Lowell, Mass. . . .158
Greek Railroad Construction Gang . . . .162
Graduation Day, Greek School, Chicago . . .184
Rear Admiral Colvocoresses, U. S. N. . . .196
John C. Zachos, Curator of Cooper Union . . 200

PREFACE
This book is intended for general readers, as
well as for students of the immigration problem.
Its object is to diffuse a sympathetic understand
ing of one interesting race of foreigners who
have come to dwell in our country. There are
plenty of books, many of them excellent, on the
subject of immigrants and immigration in gen
eral, which are useful as bird's-eye views ; but
with a subject so vast and complex such general
books cannot possibly treat each individual race
with due proportion or even accuracy. What is
needed is that each particular people should be
studied separately with care, and portrayed sep
arately with completeness. This book is an at
tempt to do this with the Greeks, a people inter
esting and important not only because of their
history and characteristics, but also because of
their wide diffusion throughout every state of our
country. The method of this book is to try to describe
the Greeks picturesquely, and as far as possible
from a Greek standpoint. Its principal sources
are: first, the Greeks in America, themselves — a
number of the leading Greek gentlemen in Amer
ica and a number of the rank and file of the immi
grants ; second, the assistance and criticism of

xii GREEKS IN AMERICA
several Americans who know the Greeks of Greece
or of America well; third, most of the best books
in English on the subject of modem and medieval
Greece or parallel subjects, historical," ecclesias
tical, and descriptive; — I have eschewed magazine
articles. I' have tried to depict all sides justly. It is
all too easy to pick to pieces the bad in the char
acter of another, be it man or race. Too much
has already been written and said enlarging on
'Greek vices. Too much do we Americans look
down on the foreigners among us, little realizing
that those foreigners are looking down on us at
the same time. We need most to learn to recog
nize the good qualities in the Greeks (and other
foreigners too) and to give them opportunity
to develop- those good qualities ; nor can we ex
pect them to become useful citizens until we do
so learn.
I have also in preparation and hope to have
published soon, a companion volume to the pres
ent book, giving the historical background of
the modern Greeks ; — a sketch of that long and
fascinating section of history which is not famil
iar to most Americans, but which must be known
in order to thoroughly appreciate the ideals and
aspirations of our Hellenic fellow citizens.
To my dear friend the k.^ Seraphim G. Can-
outas, LL.B., I owe the first inspiration to
iThe h. stands for 6 Ki5pios (kyrios), the Greek for Mr.
This is used throughout the book in designating Greeks.

PREFACE xiii
¦write and continual assistance and encourage
ment throughout the labors of preparation.
Nearly all the facts contained in Chapters I-V,
and parts of others, I took down at his dictation
or translated from his book. Also he has cor
rected and criticized most of the manuscript.
Because of his visits to the Greeks in every state
of the Union except Arizona and New Mexico,
he knows the Greeks in America better than any
other man. I also wish to thank Mrs. Canoutas.
I acknowledge with gratitude the courtesy,
encouragement and help of the Hon. Lysimachos
Kaftantzoglu, Charge d' Affaires of the Royal
Legation of Greece in Washington; the Hon.
Constantine Papamichalopoulos, former Minister
of Education and Religion of Greece, etc., etc.,
now General Manager of the Pan-Hellenic Union
in America; the k. Sinadinos, and Dr. Vrachnos,
president, and vice-president of the Union; the
k. Michal latros ; Admiral Colvocoresses, U. S.
N. ; the k. Theo. B. Ion, former president of the
Union; the editors of Atlantis, and the proprie
tors of "Atlas" book store. Space does not
permit me to mention the names of the many
other Greeks, especially my good friends of the
Greek Community of Biddeford and Saco, Maine.
Most of the pictures used to illustrate this
book were kindly furnished by the k. Canoutas
and the managing editor of Atlantis.
To Professor J. Irving Manatt of Brown Uni
versity, scholar and Philhellene, former consul

xiv GREEKS IN AMERICA
at Athens, who first at college taught me to love
Hellas and the Hellenes, I wish especially to ex
press my thanks for advice, valuable material, and
direction in reading. Also I wish gratefully to
acknowledge the help of Mr. Franklin B. San
born, last of the Concord sages and Philhellene,
a close friend of Dr. Howe and Anagnos ; of the
Rt. Rev. Edward M. Parker of New Hampshire,
Anglican President of the American Branch of
the Anglican and Eastern Orthodox Churches
Union; and of the Rev. Thomas J. Lacey of
Brooklyn. For some of the translations and
other help I am much indebted to Mr. John Alden
of Portland and Mr. Ralph W. Brown of Boston.
Finally let me express my gratitude for the en
couragement and assistance of my wife. Those
whose names are mentioned in the text as writing
for the book or giving permission to quote, I will
not thank here by name ; nor is there space to ac
knowledge the assistance of many other Ameri
cans.
Thomas Burgess.
Trinity Rectory, Saco, Maine.
1913.

GREEKS IN AMERICA

AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
To appreciate the Greeks of today it is neces
sary, more than with any other race of immigrants
in America, to know their history. The Greek
has a continuous history of 3000 or 4000 years ;
for longevity and continuity of race no other
people save the Hebrew, and even he must yield
in point of language, is in any way comparable.
Modern Greek as it is written is as much like
ancient Greek as modern English is like Chaucer,
or as the language of Xenophon is like that of
Homer. The modern Greek Kingdom and the
modem Greek people are literally steeped in the
history of their race : it is told the children at
home ; it is drummed into them at school ; the talk
of men and newspapers is filled with historical
allusions, ancient, mediaeval, and modern, and so
are their customs and very superstitions. Their
church services breathe of the Fathers and the
Byzantine Empire ; their very language is being
made more classical by legal enactment. Go into
a Greek coffee house or shoe shine "parlor" in
any of our American cities, and you wiU prob
ably see on the walls rude chromos depicting the
history of Greece all the way from the age of
Pericles to the Balkan War of 1912-13 : like-
3

i GREEKS IN AMERICA
nesses of Plato, Demosthenes, Alexander the
Great; sometimes a complete gallery on one
sheet of the Byzantine Emperors from Constan
tine to Constantine, and beside it a picture of the
present Constantine; the heroes and events of the
Greek War of Independence; and various his
torical and symbolical representations of the
course of modem Greece; or, to sum up the age
long sweep of Greek history again, perhaps you
will there see pictures of the Parthenon, the Are-
opagos, St. Sophia, the University.
Of ancient Greece every educated American
knows the history and glory, up to the time of
St. Paul. For the first three centuries of Chris
tianity the growing Church was slowly leavening
the decadent Hellenic civilization into real
strength till we find in the time of Constantine the
Great that the East had become for the most part
Christian, with a powerful church organization,
while the West remained for the most part
heathen. The story of the Hellenic race from 330 to
1453, the Eastern Empire, is one of the grand
sections of world history which has been most
shamefully neglected by modern English speak
ing scholars — and much of the blame for this
may be laid to the scathing pen of the brilliant
and godless Gibbon. As a matter of truth, the
tale of the much maligned Byzantine Empire,
which ever remained Greek in its characteristics
•and aspirations, is a history of the center of

INTRODUCTION 6
civilization for 1000 years. While the Barbarian
hordes of the West, which had swept away the
ancient civilization of old Rome and were bound
together only by the rising power of the papacy,
were squabbling for existence, the mighty empire
of New Rome preserved culture and civilization
and the Christian faith intact, and for ten cen
turies — ^longer than any other dynasty — beat
back Goth, Hun, Vandal, Slav, Persian, Saracen,
Bulgar, Magyar, Seljouk and Ottoman Turk.
She, the bulwark of Europe, stood ever bravely
on the defensive, and through the shifting shocks
of a thousand years saved Europe till Europe was
strong enough to save herself. Toward the end
she was ruined by the traitor stroke of the Latin
barbarians of the Fourth Crusade. Three cen
turies more she struggled on, and died fighting,
and St. Sophia, greatest of Christian churches,
became a mosque as it is this day. Then she
handed on to youthful Europe the culture she had
preserved and the Renaissance came into being,
Hellenic in its foundations. The cause of the
longevity of the Eastern Empire, slurs to the con
trary notwithstanding, was its superior morality,
and the motive power of the Empire was the Or
thodox Church.
All these are big assertions, I realize, but they
are absolutely true to history. This neglected
section of history should be given much greater
attention in our colleges. The history of the
Middle Ages is far more than a mere history of

6 GREEKS IN AMERICA
the rise of the papacy as is so often taught.
The Dark Ages of the East — and the East means
in fundamentals Christian Hellenism — did not be
gin till 1453. Unless we appreciate all this, we
cannot appreciate the proud claims of the modem
Greek, nor understand the Eastern Orthodox
Church. Moreover the modern Greek, scholars
of today agree without hesitation, is the direct
descendant of his ancestor, the ancient Greek,
though with a tinge of alien blood. Whatever
races in the course of the centuries conquered the
Greeks or colonized their lands, if they remained,
inevitably became Hellenized and assimilated.
For the next four centuries after the fall of
Constantinople, the Greek was ground down with
worse than slavery by the unspeakable Turk.
'Tis a bitter tale of continuous misrule, grinding
taxation, indignities, atrocities, massacres, and,
bitterest of all, the conscription of little children
to be brought up Mohammedans and serve in the
armies of the Sultan. It was the Greek Church
that kept alive the spark of patriotism and edu
cation, and the modern Greek has never forgotten
his incalculable debt to his Church. Through
these Dark Ages, heroic bands of Greek men
known as the Klephts, ensconced in their moun
tain fastnesses, kept their semi-independence.
The daring deeds of these bands form the subject
of much of the folklore, the Klephtic ballads,
known by heart and loved by all modem Greeks.
At the end of the Dark Ages, it was the weaken-

INTRODUCTION 7
ing of the Ottoman power, the higher education of
Greeks in foreign lands, and the echoes of the
French Revolution and of our own American
Revolution which finally fanned the dulled em
bers of bitter longing for freedom to a flame.
In 1821 on the 25th of March (old style calen
dar) Archbishop Germanos of Patras raised the
banner of the Cross, and the enslaved Greeks
flocked to arms. The tyrant Sultan responded
with a terrible massacre of thousands of Christian
Greeks, hanging the venerable Patriarch of Con
stantinople. But in three months the Turk was
driven out of the Peloponnesus and a provisional
government established. Soon the world was
shocked with the news of the massacre of Chios
(or Scio), unparalleled in modern history, where
of the 100,000 inhabitants, cultured, prosperous,
happy, hitherto favored by the Sultan, only 5000
were left alive on the island by Turkish barbarity.
Then it was that Kanares and the Greek fleet
swept clear the seas, and everywhere were re
corded brilliant deeds of Greek valor. In the
first three years of the seven years' struggle it
seemed as if Greece had won. But the weakened
Sultan called in the aid of his ruthless Egyptian
vassal, Ibrahim Pasha, and the cloud of hopeless
atrocity settled down again. Ibrahim's hordes
swept over the Peloponnesus, leaving in their
train only mangled corpses and charred ruins,
and the Ottoman slave markets were filled with
Greek mothers and children. On the other side

8 GREEKS IN AMERICA
of the Gulf of Corinth the siege of Mesolonghi
stands out as one of the most heroic defences in
history. At its end a few cut their way out,
and the rest, forced back, blew themselves up in
the powder magazine. Finally, in 1828, after the
fall of Athens, the combined fleet of the Powers,
who were able to withstand the univexsal outcry
no longer, destroyed the fleet of Ibrahim in the
harbor of Navarino, and the war was over.
Many a foreign Philhellene fought and min
istered to the destitute on the Greek side in the
war, most famous among whom was the poet Lord
Byron, who died soon after his arrival in Greece,
and his heart was buried in the church at Meso
longhi beside the hero Marko Botzaris. Ameri
cans may now have forgotten, but the Greeks
have not, the messages and speeches to Congress
of President Monroe, Daniel Webster, Henry
Clay, and the heroic deeds of American Philhel-
lenes, chiefest of whom stands Bostonian Dr.
Samuel Gridley Howe, "the Lafayette of the
Greek Revolution," whose services to Greece were
greater than even those of Lord Byron. After the
war another American rendered inestimable service
to Greece, that second foreign missionary of our
American Episcopal Church, the Rev. Dr. John
Henry Hill. This unassuming American priest
established the first schools in Athens for both
sexes, and supported by his faithful wife, for
fifty years (till their death) labored in Athens,
giving the start and model to all the girls' schools

INTRODUCTION 9
of Greece, never proselytizing, honored and up
held by all Greeks, government, church, and peo
ple. The modern Greeks have always looked
with veneration and gratitude upon our United
States of America.
Greece became free in 1828 — a land utterly
despoiled by the ravages of the terrible Ibrahim.
But the benign Powers of Europe allowed her only
one-third of the territory fought for and one-
fifth of the Greek people who had struggled for
liberty; sent her the tactless boy king, Otho, who
for forty years retarded the kingdom's progress;
loaded her with a hopeless debt ; and have ever
since treated her with a like selfishness of diplo
matic coquetry,. — yes, until the year of grace
1913. At last Greece and the other brave little
Balkan kingdoms have shown the Powers that they
would stand their concert of tyranny no longer.
Not until 1862, with King George's accession,
did real constitutional freedom and real progress
begin in Greece. Since then remarkable strides
have been made despite the endless turmoil of
politicians and the constant changes in the min
istry. This handicap, though characteristic of
the Greeks, ancient and modem, has been largely
the result of the narrowed confines of the King
dom, where every Greek, whether he live in Greece
or Turkey or Asia or elsewhere, has the full priv
ileges of citizenship and the right of free educa
tion at the University of Athens. Thus it came
about that the political professions were almost

10 GREEKS IN AMERICA
ridiculously overstocked, and Athens has more
newspapers than New York. The little Kingdom
up to the present year comprised in the north
but a part of Thessaly and a scrap of Epiros, and
also but a part of the JEgean archipelago. In
the remainder of what should have been Greece
the dark ages of Turkish misrule and barbarity
have lasted on until the Balkan War of victory.
To devoted Crete, after seven revolutions and hor
rible massacres of Christians, the Christian
Powers — -when they could help themselves no
longer — in 1898 finally allowed autonomy but not
annexation. In our judgment of the modem Greek we must
never fail to take into account these tremendous
handicaps he has had to face, chiefest among
which has been the abominable lack of sympathy
and support from Christian Europe. Until the
Balkan War of victory, Greece has become known
to English readers largely through the prejudice
of English writers.
Athens of to-day represents the very acme of
civic pride. It is a beautiful modem city. Its
nearest approach to slums are of white marble.
The city is remarkably free from beggars, crim
inal class, rowdyism, drunkenness, and, I think
it is true to say, freer than any city of Europe
or America from allurements to sexual vice. Her
educational and philanthropic institutions are
most praiseworthy. She has been the center of
Greek culture for three generations, and she has

INTRODUCTION 11
also been the generous asylum for refugees from
Moslem barbarity.
As in every one of the past twenty-five cen
turies the Greeks have been the most intelligent
and best instructed race of southeastern Europe,
so modern Greece has not neglected the education
of her children. Ever since 1837 Greece has had
her gi-adually improving public school system,
free to all Greeks from the Deme School, on
through the Hellenic School, the Gymnasium, and
the University. Let us note that the Bible, the
Catechism, and Church History is always a prom
inent and required part of the curriculum. In
enslaved Greece and elsewhere much educational
and philanthropic work has been carried on
through Greek benevolence.
The independent or autocephalous Church of
Greece, like the Church of Russia and the other
national Eastern Orthodox Churches, is headed
by a Holy Synod, whose president is the Metro
politan Archbishop of Athens. There are many
well educated Greek bishops and priests and
deacons, but the education of the country parish
clergy has been sadly neglected, although this
condition is being bettered. Unhappily, also, the
young men of the best families rarely study for
tlie ministry. Epiros, Macedonia, the northern
and eastern islands and littoral of the ^Egean
Sea, in which the large majority of the popula
tion are Greek, have been under the jurisdiction
of the Patriarch of Constantinople, who since

12 GREEKS IN AMERICA
1453 has been invested with his authority and
deposed at will by the Mohammedan Sultan.
The population of the little curtailed Kingdom
before 1913 was in round numbers 2,500,000. In
what was and in what still is Turkish dominions
and elsewhere there are some 10,000,000 more
Greeks. Outside of Athens, Greece is made up for the
most part of villages scattered throughout the
jagged mountains and countless inlets and the
islands. Nearly everyone lives in his own house.
About 70 per cent are engaged in agricultural,
pastoral, and other "unskilled" pursuits. Every
town and hamlet has its church or churches, and
many a mountain top its saint's chapel and some
times its monastery. Practically all Greeks are
Eastern Orthodox, and the Roman propaganda
and Protestant proselytism has made scarcely
any impression. The Greeks love their Church,
and love to celebrate her festivals, and the parish
priest is a man of much influence in his village.
In fact patriotism and Orthodoxy are insepar
ably bound together in the heart of the Greek —
the former, I fear, having the great emphasis.
Wealthy Greeks the world over have vied with
each other to embellish their fatherland and pro
vide for the education and relief of their compa
triots at home, and the poorer Greeks, banded
into societies all over America and elsewhere, are
continually sending home contributions.
Wealthy Greek mercantile houses, chief among

INTRODUCTION 13
which are the famous RalH Brothers, are found
in every commercial center of the world, includ
ing America. Greeks have long constituted the
majority of the professional and foreign diplo
matic classes of the Turkish Empire. Greek
scholars have occupied a number of chairs in the
universities of Europe and also a few in America,
as Professor Sophocles of Harvard. And finally,
Greek wanderers from all classes may be found,
Odysseus-like, in every nook and cranny of the
world. Such is the briefest sort of an account of the
history of the Greeks and of what they are to
day. We would strongly urge the reader to fill
out this outline by more extended reading, as a
guide to which we have appended a carefully
selected bibliography at the end of the book.
One cannot rightly appreciate or sympathize with
the Greeks in America without a real knowledge
of their fascinating history and of their early life
among the mountains and shores and islands of
fair Hellas, to which they look back with love and
patriotism.

THE EXODUS FROM GREECE
Thirty years ago there were scarcely any
Greeks in these United States. At the present
time they number over a quarter of a million,
scattered throughout the length and breadth of
our country, an important, intelligent, and little
appreciated part of our population. Let us be
gin our tale of these scions of Ancient and Me
diaeval Hellas, and citizens, former or present, of
the brave little modern Kingdom, by relating
when and why they came.
Before this period of Greek immigration
proper to America the Greek emigrant had
sought as the haven of his wanderlust Roumania,
Bulgaria, Russia, England, and elsewhere over
the nearer parts of the world. It was the islander
who started the first flow of emigration, and
later the peasant of the mountain districts of
the mainland. As yet, however, America was
out of the range of his thinking, save only as a
sort of fabled Atlantis, far out beyond the
straits of Gibraltar. No peasant ever thought
of it as a place where he could go and live and
earn money. It was not till about thirty years
ago — we know not what started the first — that
the stream of emigrants proper began to flow
IS

16 GREEKS IN AMERICA
westward from Hellas to our shores. Three dis
tinct periods there have been: the first ten years,
beginning forty years ago, they came by tens ; the
next ten years, by hundreds ; and the last twenty,
by ever increasing thousands. The table of
statistics shows graphically what has occurred.^
1 From "Annual Reports" of the Commissioner GenersJ
of Immigration. These figures cannot be absolutely ac
curate: for diseased or otherwise ineligible immigrants
often get through somehow; some enter by way of Canada;
many are listed on paper as sailors and ostensibly desert
when they reach America; also Greeks from enslaved Hel
las may be recorded as of another race.
In 1848 there arrived in New York 91,061 Irish, 51,973
Germans and one Greek. In 1858 there were 2 Greeks
among the immigrants. From 1847 to 1864 the total num
ber of Greeks entering this port was 77.

1869

8

1891

1105

1870

23

1893

615

1871

11

1893

1131

1873

12

1894

1351

1873
23
1895
605
1874
36
1896
2175
1875
35
1897
571
1876
19
1898
2339
1877
34
1899
2333
1878
16
1900
3771
3773
1879
21
1901
5910
5919
1880
33
1903
8104
8115
1881
19
1903
14090
14376
1883
136
1904
12515
12625
1883
73
1905
10515
12144
1884
37
1906
19489
23127
1885
172
1907
36580
46383
1886
104
1908
21489
28808
1887
313
1909
14059
20262
1888
782
1910
25675
39135
1889
158
1911
26336
37021
1890
534
1912
21288
31566
THE EXODUS FROM GREECE 17
Up to 1891 the causes of emigration require
little explanation. It was the usual way in which
any migratory people tend toward a promising
country. The few that came before the 80's
wrote home to their relatives and friends of the
fine openings in America, and the relatives and
friends came in gradually growing numbers.
In 1891, as the statistics show, a great change
begins. The cause which started this sudden in
crease of emigration, and still affects it in a less
degree, was the industrial depression, or rather
stagnation, brought about in part from the
lack of diversified industry and from the ever
shifting changes in the government, and brought
to a crisis at the time by the failure of
the all important currant industry. With hard
times at home, the Greek came "because he
could get more money in America" ; ^ and when
once started he kept on coming. From that time
on to its present magnitude the matter has been
exploited by the exaggerated reports sent home
of the land of marvels, and by the steamship
The extra column on the right gives the numbers of all
Greeks from both enslaved and free Greece. The other
columns are those from the kingdom of Greece only. Thus
may be seen the growth of emigration from enslaved Greece.
2 An accurate and excellent account of the causes of
Greek emigration, though it touches that from free Greece
only, is given in "Greek Immigration to the United States"
by H. P. Fairchild, Chap. IV. With Prof. Fairchild's per
mission I have used a little of his material in the remainder
of this chapter. See Bibliography, however, for a criticism
of the rest of this book.

18 GREEKS IN AMERICA
agents who soon became ubiquitous and unscrupu
lous. It were well to remark that from the king
dom of Greece neither religious oppression nor
government oppression were ever factors forcing
emigration for freedom's sake, as has been the
case in some other lands. This is simply be
cause Greeks are above all else Orthodox and
patriots, and such oppressions are unknown in
the Kingdom. Nor have social inequality or
class hatred ever been motives for emigration to
the democratic Greek; nor has overpopulation.
The cause was economic.
Let US' add another reason, and that a truly
noble one, for the poverty of the country, — an
expenditure amounting to many millions. I mean
the never neglected obligation of the little King
dom to aid her enslaved and persecuted children
in Crete, the Islands, Macedonia, Epiros, Thrace,
etc. The massacres, revolutions, and consequent
care of thousands of exiles, and the Greek
schools and philanthropic institutions supported
in enslaved Greece — to cope with all these Free
Greece has been obliged to borrow much money.
Thus it came about that some twenty years ago,
eagerly catching at the reports of their few fel
low-countrymen already in America, the poverty-
stricken peasants left home for this new land of
promise. The Transvaal was tried for a while,
but with little success. The drop in currants
struck the mountain districts of the Peloponnesus
the hardest, and it was there that this induced

THE EXODUS FROM GREECE 19
stage of emigration began. Soon glowing re-
jwrts from these first came back and then the
rumor spread out and out. After some time the
fever jumped to central Greece; and of late years
it has spread up into the districts of Enslaved
Hellas: Epiros, Thessaly, Macedonia, Thrace, the
Islands, and on over the ^Egean to Smyrna and
the surrounding Greek inhabitants of Turkey in
Asia. Look again at the table of statistics and
see this growth to its present amazing propor
tions. "Once started, this movement, like the fa
miliar chain letter, could not be checked, but
grew by its own multiplication. Each Greek in
America became the nucleus of a rapidly increas
ing group of his kin and neighbors."
In the 90's came a notable fall in exchange.
$100 sent home from America became 900 francs,
which was to the peasant a small fortune. The
recent rise in exchange could not check the tide
of emigration. $100 is now worth only 500
francs. In the late 90's more and more reported cases
of prosperity in America made the poor Greek
farmer open his eyes. "He who was our poor
neighbor has now become rich and a great and
honored man ; let us go too. Distinguished suc
cess is certain in America." But no one in
Greece really knew, nor do they know now, the
conditions as they actually are in America. All
are doomed to bitter disillusionment, when they
find here hard, inevitable toil, the like of which

20 GREEKS IN AMERICA
they never dreamed of at home. In the father
land they never consulted a clock as to what time
to get out of bed; there they did not work in
bad weather, but only when they pleased; no
hoarse factory whistle summoned their immediate
obedience; no boss called them to time. It is
because in Greece no one is ever obliged to be on
time that we find that the Greeks we meet here
have as a rule no conception of punctuality.
Nor did they expect the wretched tenements in
which, in order to pay their debts and support
the family left at home in the pure air of the
hills of Hellas, crowds of men are obliged to herd.
Nor could they foresee the danger, the disease,
the ever ready pitfalls of temptation, the exploita
tion by vagabond compatriots or unscrupulous
Americans. But once here, shame and lack of
money prevents the return home and they have to
buckle down to hardest work, often amid the
dregs of mankind and regarded themselves as such
by Americans. Shame, too, prevents their writ
ing to the friends at home the truth. So they
are prone to enlarge on their situation, and back
go highly colored reports of salary, position, and
glowing prospects of success. For example, a
waiter in a hotel sends a photograph of himself,
seated in an automobile, wearing a heavy watch
chain and a big, cheap ring. They think he is
rich. His two cousins take the next boat for
New York. Clippings from the Greek newspa
pers in America are enclosed to relatives, contain-

THE EXODUS FROM GREECE 21
ing accounts of weddings, baptisms, contributions
for some patriotic purpose by a Greek society,
and the like. These are read in the villages and
do much to incite emigration. That the wedding
of a poor peasant should figure in a newspaper
and be so brilliant a social event, under such fine
auspices — such a report of a peasant's wedding
would never have been published in a newspaper
in Greece! Then there are translated and sent
home items from the American papers themselves
of the excellence of Greek confectioners' and flor
ists' establishments ! And here is the news that
Andropoulos, the poor shepherd who was nothing
in his native village, has attained the exalted rank
of President of the Society of the Arcadians in
the world-famed metropolis of Chicago! Is it
any wonder that the Greek peasants look on the
United States as a land of ease and glory.'' Even
if they are told the truth of the grinding work
and hardships, they will not believe it — for do
they not hear from all sides that it is otherwise?
A great deal of these glowing accounts was
and is the work of the ubiquitous steamship
agent. He looms large as a factor in the ex
ploitation of Greek emigration.
"Given the stimulus and the goal, all that remained
to be provided was the means of migration — the ma
terial means of conveyance and the financial means to
defray the expenses. Both of these were promptly
forthcoming; steamship agents are never slow to seize
opportunities such as existed in Greece at the time in

22 GREEKS IN AMERICA
question, and all the principal Mediterranean steam
ship lines established agencies in the Piraeus, Patras
and other ports, as well as in most of the important
interior cities and villages. Emigration agents began
to scour the country, exciting the imagination of the
peasants as to the glories and opportunities in Amer
ica, clearing away the difficulties which seemed to be
set the passage, and in many cases advancing the
money for the trip. In other cases, if the prospective
emigrant could not get together sufficient money at
home, it was furnished him by some friend or relative
in America. Just how large a part in this movement
has been played by emigration agents, legally and
illegally, it would be impossible to say. In matters of
this kind the Greek is extremely deep and crafty,
and it would be the work of months, perhaps of years,
for a skilled detective actually to make out a case
against the Greek emigration agents. . . . One of the
first things that attracts the eye of the traveler land
ing in the Piraeus is the amazing number of American
flags flying from office buildings all along the water
front and the neighboring streets; their significance is
somewhat perplexing until he learns that they are
steamship offices or emigration agencies — for there is
no great distinction between the two." ^
The money thus furnished is generally secured
by mortgages on the property of the emigrant.
Almost every important Atlantic steamship com
pany has an agency or connection in at least one
of the Greek ports.
For the past five or six years facilities have
3 Fairchild, pp. 79-80.

THE EXODUS FROM GREECE 23
been greatly enhanced by the introduction of two
regular Greek steamship lines. Now the emi
grant may have complete Greek surroundings on
shipboard and so feel at home, whereas before
there was much reluctance towards the strange
ness of traveling in a foreign boat. Moreover,
while it used to take much longer (from twenty to
forty days by embarking at the ports of Genoa,
Marseilles, Havre, or elsewhere, with all the
dread of changing boats), now the voyage can
be made in fifteen days.
One other phase of emigration needs to have
special mention. After the peasants had been
flocking to our shores for a time and sending back
their wondrous reports, the better class of Greek
citizens began to take notice. "If the poorly
qualified peasant," these argued to themselves,
"can become so prosperous in America, how much
greater are the prospects for men of education
and enlightenment." And so this new and latest
phase has been before us in ever increasing num
bers for the past ten years or so. The fallacy in
the expectations of this class and how they are
reaUy less desirable immigrants to our country
than the peasants will be discussed later.
When we turn to enslaved Greece we find that
the primary causes of emigration there were
quite different from those in the case of the free
Kingdom. Of the wholesale emigration of Greeks
from the Turkish Empire in the last five or ten
years, the main cause, if not the only one, has

24 GREEKS IN AMERICA
been the political anomaly of Turkey bringing
destitution and danger upon the Christians and
especially the Greeks. After the Constitution
was declared they fared worse than before. All
sorts of persecutions became of daily occurrence,
and murder was not infrequent. Among the as
sassinations that have taken place in the past
few years before the Balkan war, were those of
two bishops, several priests, and many other
prominent Greeks. Compulsory service of the
Greek yoimg men in the Turkish army, where
neither their religion nor their morality was safe
guarded, also drove many to leave the land of
oppression and take ship for the "land of the
free."

II
THE EARLY HARDSHIPS
We have traced the causes and growth of emi
gration as it came about in Greece, let us now go
back and see what happened to the emigrant after
he reached the promised land. First we will look
at those early immigrants of the 80's and before.
They came, as we have stated, in these periods
first by tens, then by hundreds. Nearly all of
these were natives of the mountain regions of the
Peloponnesus, poorly educated farmers and
shepherds. New York was their first settling
place, then later Chicago, Boston, and a few other
large cities.
It was a tale of hardship and adventure. Some
one of the first in New York struck upon the
happy scheme of buying a little candy, and with
a tray hung about his neck he wandered the streets
of the great city and eked out a meagre living by
selling to passersby. The other Greeks as they
landed in America followed his example; and by
1882 we find over a hundred Greeks peddling
candy, fruit, and flowers. This was the start of
that business of catering to these minor wants of
us Americans for which in later years the Greek
has become so well known. 25

26 GREEKS IN AMERICA
After the tray peddler had learned a few Eng
lish words and saved a bit of money, he got him a
push cart and established his trade at some street
comer. This was before the days of strict ped
dler licensing. After some time, when he had ac
cumulated a little capital, he set up a candy,
flower, or fruit store. It was about 1885 that the
first Greek shop, that of a florist, was established
on Columbus Avenue in New York. (Perhaps a
Boston shop antedated this.?) Such was prob
ably the evolution of the individual cases, and
those who found their way to Chicago or Boston
did likewise. They lived somewhere and somehow
in poor tenements, several clubbing together to
rent a room.
In the year 1885 one of them had the initiative
to establish a Greek restaurant in the lower East-
side of New York, on Roosevelt Street. It was a
poor, forlorn affair; yet to the lonely immigrant
it meant comradeship and a breath of home.
This the peddlers made their rendezvous. Here
they found the cooking and manners of home, and
here they could discuss their own present interests
and the affairs of the fatherland.
These were years of struggle, filled with many a
hardship and adventure for these poor men, placed
amid a language and people and customs and life
utterly strange. Sometimes a peddler would be
set upon by street gamins or older roughs, his
tray or cart upset and all his wares stolen. These

THE EARLY HARDSHIPS 27
and other things scared them. Oftentimes the
Greeks were cheated by unscrupulous merchants
or employers ; and the self-termed "agents," men
of their own people or of other foreign nationali
ties, exploited them shamefully. Many must be
the forlorn and thrilling stories of the trials of
these first immigrants if they should be told.
Here is one romantic incident of these early
days. In the year 1888 a company of 150 im
migrants had just landed in New York. The rep
resentatives of a Greek and Italian labor agency
found them wandering about the streets and en
gaged them for the job of constructing a railroad
way up in eastern Quebec. So off they were
shipped, the whole bunch of them, to Canada.
After working just one week the concern failed,
and the Greeks were stranded. There they were
in a wild region of a strange land, without money
or food or a knowledge of a word of the language
of the country, and without a guide to show them
the way back. How they did it no one can tell;
but sticking together, they struck off south
through the deep woods, and after many days of
untold suffering, living on berries or whatever else
they could find in the forest, they at last came
upon a clearing which was a village in Maine.
The good people there, led by the ministers of
the place, treated them with the utmost kindness
and hospitality, and, all contributing, paid their
fares to Boston, where they found a colony of their
own people.

28 GREEKS IN AMERICA
By the end of this preliminary epoch, the year
1890, we find a few thousand Greeks scattered
about in the largest cities.

Ill
IMMIGRATION FROM 1891 TO
1913
In the last chapter we were dealing with mere
beginnings ; we come now to growth. As we have
seen by the table, from 1891 to the present has
been the period of immigration proper, increasing
in volume by leaps and bounds. We are now go
ing to try to describe what has happened to all
these Greeks. If the story seem confused and il
logical in sequence, we crave the reader's indul
gence, for there are so many and so differing de
velopments that it is difiicult to find a logical order.
We shall trace the developments in two chapters
under the heads of Industrial and Institutional
Development; although as a matter of fact the
subheadings may not always fit these titles. Each
development or phase will be treated separately:
as the candy shop, the bootblacks, the hotel em
ployees, the factory workers, the western railroad
laborers, etc. ; and the Orthodox community, the
societies, the newspaper, the family, the school.
To view the whole composite picture in its right
perspective, the reader must bear in mind that
many of the developments were simultaneous.
29

30 GREEKS IN AMERICA
The flood of immigration poured in through the
few ports, at first a small flow, then rapidly in
creasing in volume; and it spread itself out in
streams, first small, then large, all over the coun
try. Moreover, in each locality the streams came
to rest in various channels, similar to those of
other localities, as each immigrant sought to earn
his living. (This is the Industrial Development.)
Also the channels combined in similar ways, as the
institutions of intercourse and fellowship arose in
the various centers. (This is the Institutional
Development.) So it went on till now we find in
most of the large cities, and many of the smaller
ones, colonies of Greeks ranging from 100 to 20,-
000 or even more. Also — and this seems a broad
statement, but it is true — in practically every city
or town of any appreciable size in the United
States there are now to be found at least one or
two Greeks. Probably there is no one of the more
recent races of immigrants some of which total
many more than the Greeks, which is so universally
disseminated in every part of our country.
Some particular characteristics hold for prac
tically all these Greeks, which we need to keep in
mind throughout. They are patriots, loving
their native land, and with a keen knowledge of its
past as well as present political events. They are
members of the Holy Orthodox Eastern Church,
for Greece and the Church are inseparable. They
nearly all have had more or less schooling, some
a great deal, — 90 per cent, surely, can read their

o

Ph

o

IMMIGRATION 1891 TO 1913 31
Greek newspapers. They are extremely clannish.
Finally most of them have the typical Greek
genius for adaptability and versatility in busi
ness. Accordingly, with these general facts in mind
of continuous and rapid increase, of widespread
dissemination, and of typical characteristics, let
us now proceed to consider separately the partic
ular industries and institutions.

IV
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
By industrial development we mean simply an
account of the various ways in which the immi
grants- -have earned money. With the newcomer,
in the majority of cases the money earned mus_t go
for paying bacirwhatTie"borrowed to buy_his_j£as-
sage over, for the support of the_ family J,e.£Lbe-
hiiid in~Greecez::Jhis is a most sacred duty to
every Greek3^ndJQdilentally-Jor4;he.-S.iy)po^^^
himself. . All this means hard work and hard liv
ing conditions. It is the ambition of most Greeks,
whatever menial employment they have been
obliged to start with, to set up for themselves in
independent businesSj^ Many have attained this
ambition, and shown remarkable aptitude, some be
coming rich; and also, reports to the contrary
notwithstanding, mpst of them show busia^ss
honesty, better at any jate_yLanJhat-,Qf„sDme_x)f
the Americans with whom they have to deal.
We choose to mention first the cigarette_Bianu-
facturers and the^jmporting_houa£s,_no±-Jbefi.ause
they are the chief occupations in point of numbers
(rather they are the least), but because the best
examples of them are typical of the acme of the
immigrant's success. Remember, we are treating
here only of the immigrant, the peasant class in
32

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 33
the main._^ The directors of great Greek mercan
tile houses in America, mentioned in a later chap
ter, are not immigrants, but of that band of finan
ciers from the upper stratum of Hellenes famous
long before the period of immigration.
CIGARETTE MANUFACTURERS
Just before the Spanish War two Greek
brothers by the name of Stephanos, peasants from
Epiros^ started ^is'lSusme capital of $35.
They began by buying a few pounds of^ tobacco
and rolling cigarettes. During the Spanish War
they sent, as presents to the oflicers of the United
States army, boxes of their cigarettes. This
happy advertizing expedient set the ball_ roHing,
and in ten years they were millionaires. Now
they own one of the largest cigarette factories in
the country, in which they employ some hundred
of their fellow-countrymen. This is on Walnut
Street, Philadelphia. As smoking Americans
know, the Stephanos cigarettes are sold all over
the country and are of a high grade. The first
cigarettes made by Greeks in this country were
those of one Anargyros, who began in New York
nearly twenty-five years ago. Ten years back he
sold out to the American Tobacco Company and
returned to Greece a rich man. These are the
familiar "Turkish Trophies" with the name "An
argyros" stamped on every box. M. Melachrinos
& Company, 214 West 47th Street, New York, has
a big establishment, the product of which is

34 GREEKS IN AMERICA
widely sold. There in five years a fortune was
made. Let these serve as examples ; there are sev
eral smaller concerns of equal rank in this line
doing a large business. IMPORTERS
About 1895 the Greeks, who were by that time
settled^ by Tiuiirdfeas" in New" Yorb and -Chicago,
felt the need of bringing the produce^ of Jiceece
to this country, not only for their own consump
tion and that of other Oriental peopleSj^Kat"' also
for the American market. The»?fi4»g4-a=iBfjpfti4iing
house to be establisTied was that of Lekas &
Drivas, at 17 Roosevelt Street, Nejv York, the
identical place where ten years before was started
that little restaurant, the first rendezvous of the
early immigrant. This firm succeeded well, and
little by little their business grew until now they
distribute all over the United States.^ Others fol-
low.ed their exanxple, ^first in New York and .later
in Chicago and Boston. Lately the importations
froifl Greece reached the amount of $3,000,000
in one year. These jmports are black olives, olive
oil, Greek cheese, wine, liqueurs, driedL_fish,_ sar
dines, figs, etc., etc.  Tobacco from Greece and
Turkey is also imported. Carrants, that chief of
Greek exports, are_ imported by a special agency
of a Patras Company in New York.
CONFECTIONERY AND FRUIT STORES
These, are _the_ most widespread and generally
successful ventures of the Greeks. We speak of

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 35
them together because the two commQ-diti£a.-candy
and fruit, are often the stock of the same store,
along with the inevitable ice cream and soda-water
attachments. We Tiave considered above the evo
lution of the candy, fruit, and flower store from
the little tray of the first immigrant.^ The sec
ond or push-cart stage is still to be seen. At the
present time, so rapid has _been the growtlrfhat
there is~^ctually not a city or to-wn of any size in
the country without at least one Greek ooniec-
tioher or fruitejej;»-Ji^nning from a cheap, though
almost always clean, place to the very height of
perfection in the trade, and of these last not a
few. In New York there are about 150. But
Chicago is the shining beacon of this industry,
where are over 400 confectionery establishments,
many of the highest class — almost a monopoly of
the trade there. It is in the rapid rise in this
business especially that the Greek immigrant has
gained the greatest prominence before the busi
ness world. SucIT progress is certainly worthy of
high commendation. There are also some very
1 The first Greek in America who started in the candy
business was a sailor in New York, a native of Smyrna,
about forty years ago, before the tide of emigration set
westward. His name was Hadzi or Hadzikiris. From a
peddler he became a great manufacturer of candy. Among
other brands he put out the well known "Rabat" (a Turkish
name — Turks, but not Greeks, are very fond of sweets).
He organized a corporation under the name of "Greek-
American Confectionery Company," or "The Novelty Candy
Company." Some years ago he sold out to his American
partner and returned to Smyrna, an old man.

36 GREEKS IN AMERICA

successful wholesale establishments in Chicago,
New York, Boston, and the southern states. (If
the reader of this paragraph wishes to see for
himself what a Greek candy store and its pro
prietor look like, he can find one within five or ten
minutes walk from where he is sitting; i. e. if he
is anywhere near a sizable collection of shops.
Try it, gentle reader, and see if this assertion be
true.) The Greeks have been of immense benefit
in encouraging our Pacific coast fruit industry by
bringing it everywhere in the eastern states in
contact with the consumers. FLORISTS
The 150 Greek florists of New York City fur
nish a remarkable spectacle of Greek enterprise.
They are first class places, and form a kind of
monopoly. It is through them that the Annual
Greek Ball in New York is marvelous in floral
decorations. And twenty years ago these same
florists were carrying their whole ephemeral
stock hung about their necks. There are fifteen
or twenty florist establishments in Chicago, and
some in Philadelphia and Minneapolis, but very
few anywhere else. Mayor Gaynor of New York,
on his daily walk to City Hall, gets his bouton-
niere from a Greek flower girl's stand.
RESTAURANTS
Beside catering to the sweet tooth of our coun
trymen, and especially our countrywomen and

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 37
children — which tooth astonishes the Greek —
Greeks have in many places found lucrative the
catering to the American stomach, particularly
by the chop house or third rate restaurant. In
Chicago there are 600 to 800 of these, some of
high class. In New York are about 200, most
of which are the third class variety — ^7th Avenue
is lined with them. Probably the only really
"second class" Greek restaurant in New York is
that on 42nd Street, which everyone sees and
many patronize when they come out of the Grand
Central Depot. It is that of the Hotel Athens.
This property, land and building, was bought four
years ago by the proprietors, Ringas and Poly-
mero, who are among the richest of the Greeks
in America. Fifteen years ago they were poor
lunch room men. The restaurant business has
spread much of late years, especially in the south
ern states where, commercial travelers testify, the
Greeks have, by their clean and well run places,
relieved a well-nigh unbearable condition of' gas
tronomic malprovidence. All these do not include
the Greek restaurant proper, where the Greeks
themselves go and eat Greek food. These are
found in every good-sized Greek colony. In ev
ery colony also is found that institution peculiar
to Greek and other Oriental life, the coffee house,^
which is to the Greek the social club, reading room,
2 The coffee houses of England are really Greek in or
igin. The first was introduced at BaUol in 1652 by one
Konopios, a Cretan.

38 GREEKS IN AMERICA
etc. A description of these last belong rather to
the later chapters on Greek life and will be treated
there, as do the various other shops that have been
established in concentrated Greek quarters, and
exist exclusively for the Greeks.
MISCELLANEOUS SHOPS
To be complete we must mention that the
Greeks, like other people, have taken up in
America the other ordinary lines of trade for
American customers as well as Greek — as grocers,
barbers, tailors, furriers, cobblers and others.
BOOTBLACKS
The bootblack stands or, to put it more gen
teelly, the "Shoe Shine Parlors," operated by
Greeks are now almost as familiar a sight all
over the land as the Greek candy store. They
have beaten or are beating the Italian trade in
this line. (Greeks usually do win in competition,
for in addition to their native shrewdness, they
attend to business, give good return for the price,
and keep good looking establishments ; they are
invariably polite also, and affable in so far as
they can speak our language.) The evolution of
this industry is as follows. There are many boot
blacks in Greece, not established in "parlors," but
walking the streets with their boxes, like the boot
blacks on our ferry boats. Some young fellow
came to America and took up the trade which he
knew at home. At first he shined shoes in a saloon

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 39
or somewhere. Then he set up a chair and later
several chairs outside some store and he hired one
or two other Greeks to help him. Finally he had
capital enough accumulated to hire a room, and
then he employed more. Then, after a while, the
best of these employees left him and started out
for themselves. And so it grew. Often a suc
cessful man comes to own and run five or ten es
tablishments, sometimes in different cities. Some
prosperous "parlors," after they have been "fixed
up" with the best of furnishings, have been known
to sell to other Greeks for $10,000 and $20,000.
Often a pool room and tobacco stand is run in
connection with the bootblack business. The ma
jority of employees in this industry are young
fellows, ranging from fourteen to twenty years of
age and some older. Sometimes a room is hired
by the employer for these "boys" and their food
supplied. The contract in such cases reads, "all
expenses included." Often the boys have to work
hard, often not; but the hours are long, as ob
viously must be the case in this business. The
long hours are, however, by no means an unmiti
gated evil, for they force the undeveloped Greek
boys to stay in one place and under the eye of
their countrymen, and thus they are generally
saved from wasting their money. These restric
tions also keep them in part from the temptations
among the kind of American people, and especially
girls, that they would meet if they had the time
for "coming into touch with American life and

40 GREEKS IN AMERICA
learning the American ways of doing things," as
some social workers express their panacea for the
salvation of immigrants. Compare the results of
their confined conditions with the spoiled lives of
some of the hotel boys, who have plenty of time on
their hands. The Greek bootblack learns thrift,
and sees America from a safer distance, and is the
more apt to turn out an independent and self re
specting business man.
HOTEL EMPLOYEES
InjDur large cities are employed great numbers
of Greeks in^he big hotels. During the vacation
months niany" of these go to the summer resort
hotels. Theyhold all grades_ofrankjn Jhe hotel
working armyTdisH^washers, omnibuses, waiters,
captains, liead waiters, and bell boys, a few por
ters, some assistant cooks, etc. The second cook
of the Touraine in Boston, by the way, is a Greek.
For the waiters with the numerous tips the pay
is large. But because of that big pay and the
free time off and the low class of people they work
among, some of these Greeks become quickly
spoiled, throwing away their money in bad com
pany and losing their positions. Thus with these
there is the grave temptation to work down rather
than up. Among the hotel employees are found
a large proportion of the best educated G^reek im
migrants, government clerks at home. University
of Athens law or medical students, and the like.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 41
The beU boy who respectfully carries up the grip
of some great millionaire American pork-packer
is in all likelihood the much more cultured man of
the two. THEATERS
This is as good a place as any to put in the
moving picture business and vaudeville shows with
which the Greeks have been successful. They run
a good part of Coney Island, where the property
and concessions owned by them amount well into
the millions. One season it was a Greek, John
Economopoulos, that was elected "king" of the
Mardi Gras there, from the coupons in the Even
ing World. These shows are to be found mostly
in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and others of the
eastern and central states. West of the Missis
sippi we must mention one man of remarkable en
terprise, who, with headquarters at Seattle, has
come to control a large number of theaters
of a much higher grade than the above, through
out the western states. This is the k. K. Panta-
zes, a native of Andros. FISHERIES
We ought to mention somewhere, so let it be
here, ..the- two_purely local ^dustries ;^ the .Greek
fislieries of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and
the unique and interesting sponge fishing colony
of Tarpon Springs, Florida. This latter we shall
describe in another chapter.

42 GREEKS IN AMERICA
FARMING
Curiously enough — and yet naturally, as the
trend among Americans is all the same way — the
Greek peasant has, except in a very few instances,
never taken up here his former agricultural or
pastoral pursuits. What a splendid thing it
would be for America, and for the Greeks too,
if the thousands of Greek farmers and shepherds
who have landed on our shores could be persuaded
to repopulate and remake our deserted farm land,
or develop the untouched tracts. Or if only the
Greek labor "agents" would turn their ears to the
deserted farmers and supply Greek farm hands,
this would be a blessing all round. In California
there are several flourishing farms owned and
run by Greeks, and in some instances in the same
state Greeks have supplanted the Japanese as
vineyard laborers. There are also a few Greek
farmers in New York, Massachusetts, and some
of the southern states.
/** .. RAILROAD LABORERS
We come now to that tremendous army of day
laborers which is ever pouring into and over our
land and among whom are the lowest types and
conditiqiiSj^ This army is divided into two ^reat
wings, the mill hands of the East and the railroad
construction laborers of the West, and also There
are the miners and a few lumbermen in the ex
treme West. Let us leave the factory workers
until the last and take up the others.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 43
Just as in the East Italian labor is generally
employed in railroad building and repairing, so
in the vast West this work ij done by gangs of
Greeks, and other southeast Europe Tmmlgrants,
in every state from Chicago to the Pacific. This
kind of labor was taken up by the Greeks only
about ten years ago. In the winter months they
flock to the cities and live in harmful idleness ; in
the wprking months they _.are scattered all along
the railroad Lgies. Their employers have found
them industrious and manageable workmen. Let
us quote, translating literally, the pathetic ac
count by my friend the k. Seraphim G. Canoutas
of what he saw and learned in his trip through the
West (1911 Greek- American Guide pp. 391, 392).
"The laborers on the railway lines and other out of
door work go in the winter months to the nearest cities
and winter there, where unhappily most of them spend
their meager earnings, which were acquired at the risk
of health and life, especially on needless things, as
gambling, cofi'ee drinking, carousals, women, and such
like. Of these men ninety out of a hundred are be
tween the ages of twenty and forty-five! A Greek
traveling by rail over these immense western states
cannot but feel grief and sorrow and be plunged into
sorrowful thoughts, when he sees at nearly every mile
of railway little groups of his own people with pick
and shovel in their hands. All these have left the
beloved fatherland, their families, their fellow-coun
trymen, and their lands, and come there to build and
repair railroads in the hope of acquiring a few thou
sand francs — instead of which they acquire rheuma-

44 GREEKS IN AMERICA
tism, tuberculosis, venereal diseases, and those other
ills, while others are deprived of feet, hands, eyes,
and some their lives! This is unhappily the bitter
truth. If any one wishes to be persuaded that this is
really so, he need not take the expensive journey to
the western states, but need only follow the Greek
newspapers published in America, especially the col
umns 'Greeks in America — Deaths and Accidents to
Our Fellow Countrymen, Arrests for Gambling, etc.,'
and he will gain some idea of it."
MINERS, ETC.
In Coloradoand other western states (but not
in the Pennsylvania mines) a -goodly number of
Greeks have__becQjjifc„miner». In this work the
wages"'are high, sometimes more than $3.00 a day
for the most dangerous and skilled labor. In
Alaska there are probably some five hundred
Greek miners at the present time ; formerly there
were more. There are some Greeks in the foun
dries of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, etc.
There are a few lumbermen and lumber mill la
borers in the far West. Also we must not omit
mention of the Greek employees in some of the
great slaughter houses of Chicago, Omaha, Kan
sas, and elsewhere. MILL HANDS
And now we come to that horde of GrppV mill
hands, which class are_becoming_so_fainiliar_ a
component of all our factory towns^especially-in-
New England. In many places Ihey-jiumherLinto

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 45
the thousands, and intP the hundreds in many
more. A new Greek lands and goes at once to
some factory town where he has friends. He gets
a job in the mill through his friends or a Greek
"agent." Generally he begins at the bottom, and
later works up a bit to more skilled labor. On
small pay and hard work in the foul factory air
— so different from the free hillsides of Hellas —
and the fouler air of the tenement where he is
obliged to herd, he scrapes along, striving to pay
back his passage money and support Tiis family
at home and also himself. It is terribly hard at
first,~a bitter disillusionment, but after a while he
betters hfs condition. There is, however, little
chance in the factories for the Greek to display
his natural enterprise as he does in business' ven
tures. "IndeedjUis independent bTmnggs-tfaat-he
loolcs forward„iQ„aflme_day. The work of the
Greeks in the miUs is probably about on a level
with that of other nationahties. They are gen
erally well spoken of by their employers. As
with the railroad laborers, so with the Greek mill
hands^ this mighty inpouring that swirls into the
muddy hollows of our factory towns is typical of
recent years. Let this suffice : a fuller and clearer
picture of this great class of Greek immigrants
will be given when we describe the colony in
Lowell, Massachusetts. "AGENTS"
One more variety of industrial activity remains
to be described, that of the so-called "agent."

46 GREEKS IN AMERICA
This designation runs all the way from some petty
faction leader who happens to know English and
acts for a few, or some unscrupulous exploiter of
his people who has got the upper hand, to the
really great and enterprising contractor. The
"agent," however, defies exact definition because of
the many-sidedness of his occupation and the
varying rank of his agenthood. Yet his work is
often very important both to the Greeks and to
the American employers. He may be a power for
much good to his people and he may be a power
for much harm. In the following true hfe his
tory you may see how at least one "agent" came
to be.
'Tis the story of a Greek — let us call him
Evangelos — as he told it to me in his back office,
with no idea, at the time, that I was going to
publish. He was brought up in a seashore town
of southern Peloponnesus in a family consisting
of the parents, three brothers, and five sisters.
The oldest brother went to the University of
Athens and after he took his M.D., died. There
was not money enough left to give Evangelos a
university education. Two years later, at the
age of seventeen, he set off for Africa, and very
soon after the father died. Thus Evangelos had
on his shoulders the support of his mother, an old
uncle, four sisters (the fifth had married), and also
an older brother. From Africa he managed to
send bits of money home till he was stricken with
typhoid, which almost ended his career. His sec-

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 47
ond sister had become engaged, but as the family
property was on the verge of foreclosure, the
friends of the fiance were trying to persuade him
to break off the match. In desperation the
mother borrowed $400 for the inevitable dowry.
Home then sped Evangelos, his pockets bulging,
paid the borrowed dowry money and also half
the mortgage. For two years he stayed at home ;
but like most Greeks who have been abroad, rest
lessness came upon him and once more he started
forth to seek his fortune and his dear ones' sup
port. This time the goal was the United States.
On leaving home he gave strict orders to his
mother never to let the girls, his sisters, work.
So it is with all Greeks : a man would rather cut
off his right hand than put up with the disgrace
of allowing any of his women relatives to hire out
to work.
At Marseilles, where he intended to take pass
age, Evangelos failed to pass the medical emi
grant examination because of an eye trouble. So
on the advice of someone he took passage at an
other port in the second cabin. This sadly cut
down his slender pocketbook. In fact after he
had bought his ticket, all he had left was $10.
On shipboard, because of his knowledge of Italian,
he made friends with an Italian physician who
was also traveling second class. On the last day
of the trip this doctor asked him why he looked
so woe-begone, and so he told him. Now no one
may land without some money in his pocket. The

48 GREEKS IN AMERICA
good doctor immediately lent him $60. So far,
so good— but his eyes were troubling him worse
than before. When the ship had docked,
Evangelos showed his $60 and then stood in the
line moving towards the dreaded medical inspector.
His turn was next — But the gods from lofty
Olympos beheld their hero. At the command of
Zeus, crafty Hermes flew swiftly down and taking
the form of an immigration official, called aloud
across the dock to the doctor. The doctor turns,
and walks aside a little way ; — like an arrow sped,
the fleet-footed Greek has passed the gate, and
his form is lost to view down a side alley in
Brooklyn. For a whole year after that he
dreamed he had been sent back to Greece.
After returning the $60 to his friend, Evan
gelos took the train for a New Hampshire mill
town, where he arrived with just $1 in his pocket.
This he at once spent for a hotel room and break
fast. Thus, starting square with fortune, he set
out. Again his knowledge of Italian stood him
in good stead, for an Italian fruit dealer took him
in, introduced him around, and lent him some
money. It was the last of November and in New
Hampshire, and soon for the first time in his life
snow greeted his eyes. Ah! what a climate!
what a shivering! How different from sunny
Lakonia ! He tried to learn to weave in the miUs,
but gave it up. In fact he did nothing for a
while except study English with a kind Baptist
minister. He promised to pay the Italian in the

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 49
spring, which he did, and got work in a grocery
store and then in a bleachery, where work was
often slack.
After eight months he changed his residence to
another mill town, and arrived there with $15
capital. Here he worked in the cloth haul of the
big cotton mill for $1.10 a day and also clerked
in a store for two evenings a week at $1.50. At
this time he was sending from $10 to $15 a month
home. After a time he got a job as foreman
of a trolley line construction gang at $2 a day,
along with which he did several other money mak
ing jobs on the side. Then he was sending home
$20 a month. At last he had saved for himself
the sum of $470, which he kept in his room. One
night he found that $400 of this had been stolen !
Taking the remaining $70 he tried to assuage his
discouragement in Lowell and Boston by spend
ing the rest. Thus he had to start square with
fortune all over again.
He worked in a bakery. After some time he
started one of his own. Next he opened an agency
office and looked after the interests of those who
would buy his bread. After a while he moved
into a larger office. Thus he grew into a full
fledged "agent" with his duly fitted rooms, selling
tickets, getting people jobs, doing their banking,
etc., etc., but keeping the bread business going all
the while, and ever, with true Greek ingenuity,
dabbling into various other money making schemes.
And, of course, all this while he supported the

50 GREEKS IN AMERICA
mother and three sisters at home. He became an
acknowledged leader, at times a sort of king of his
community, beloved by some, hated by others, yet,
because of his money, to be reckoned with by aU.
Thus he has much to do with not only the four
or five hundred of his own countrymen in the place,
but with the thousand Mohammedan Albanians
and other Easterners as well; for he can speak,
beside English and Greek, — ^Arabic, Albanian,
French, and Italian. He goes with an immigrant
to the dentist, he takes charge of his money or
lends him some, gets him a job in the mills, writes
up insurajice, gets him out of jail, interprets in
court, sends for a priest for burials, marriages,
baptisms, etc. — when there isn't one resident,
which is often the case — and does a thousand and
one other things. As is always so in such cases,
he is maligned by Americans as well as Greeks,
accused of extortion, etc., etc., several times
brought to court, though nothing can ever be
proven, and even his life has been threatened.
Two years ago he attained, as many another
Greek has, his primary ambition. He went home,
taking with him $6000 and returning with $1000.
In one day after he reached the Peloponnesan
home the marriages of all three sisters were ar
ranged. He, Evangelos, paid the ample dowries,
and he also paid off the entire balance of the debt
on the family property. Thus gained he glory in
his native village and the family honor was vindi
cated.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 51
Of course he returned to America, for America,
no longer Greece, seemed home. Now, that his
sisters are provided for, but not till now, he is free
to marry himself. Of course he still has his
family on his mind; in fact, when he told me this
story, he showed me some money orders which he
was just sending as a present for the relief of
a sick brother-in-law and for other relatives.
This instance may be a bit unusual, but at any
rate it illustrates some of the things that immi
grants have to pass through, and also it is typi
cal of the usual Greek versatility and the un
swerving Greek loyalty to family responsibility.
With this let us close the account of the varied
industries of the Greeks, and pass on to their
activities in combination. To be complete we
should perhaps add here the professional class, — -
physicians, lawyers, teachers, and also the clergy
and the students, — ^but we will leave these till the
end of the next chapter.
TABLE SHOWING THE EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF
GREEKS IN AMERICA BY SECTIONS OF THE
UNITED STATES (APPROXIMATE)
New England  44,800
New York to Maryland, inclusive (New
York City 20,000 of these)  54,950
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wis
consin (Chicago has 20,000 of these) . . 51,800
South of Maryland and the Ohio River  24,050
West of the Mississippi to the Pacific States 48,600
The three Pacific States  29,000
Total  252,700

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
In the preceding chapter we saw how the Greeks
earned their living; let us now go back and deal
with another side of their life in America. Here
have come these hordes from the homeland to a
life among a strange people and language and
customs and laws and forms of religion. It has
not been a question of the individual coming and
fighting alone, but of a great migration. Thus
it is for us to investigate the interesting means
by which they have banded themselves together
for mutual support and communication and to
keep alive the patriotism, the religion, and the
customs of the fatherland. Then, too, we must
consider that fundamental social factor, all im
portant to the salvation of the colonies of men,
the bringing over of their families. We will
treat all this under the following heads: Com
munities, Societies, Newspapers, Books, Families,
and Schools. COMMUNITIES
To use the k. Canoutas' distinction, we wiU ap-
j ply the word "colony" (irapoiKta) as a general
I term to any group of Greeks of a given locality ;
> and "community" (koivotjjs) as a specialized
52

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 63
term designating a regularly organized colony,
centering on a church organization, and always
called "The Orthodox Greek Community."
The rise of the community in America was on
this wise. It was at the beginning of the period
of induced immigration, in 1891, by which time
the Greeks were gathered in some of the large
cities in colonies numbering a few hundreds, that
Prince George, the second son of the Greek Mon
arch, passed through the United States. He
was returning home from a visit to Japan, where,
it will be remembered, he saved the Czar of Rus
sia's life from the assassin's hand. On landing
in San Francisco, he was met by a demonstration
of a few hundred Greeks. While stopping for a
time in New York, he received at his hotel a few
of the leading Greeks of that city, and he left
with them the idea of organizing a Greek society.
Thus it came about that the five hundred or so
compatriots of New York established the society
called "The Hellenic Brotherhood of Athena,"
and this society sent to Greece the request for a
priest. Life at home without the Orthodox
Church and the parish priest had been unknown,
and so the immigrant had before this felt the ne
cessity of such a step. Almost at the same time
another organization ("The Therapnean," after
wards "The Lycurgos Society") was formed in
Chicago for the same purpose of establishing a
church, and in a short time a second priest had
been called for and sent to that city. Such was

54 GREEKS IN AMERICA
the beginning of the Orthodox Greek communities
in America.^
The Chicago comumnity has had a continuous
existence to the present time. That of New York
was spasmodic at first; so also was that of Bos
ton, which was established in 1899. At first
these three communities worshipped in hired halls,
1 There was an earlier Greek church long before the
period of immigration, built and organized by the Greek
cotton merchants in New Orleans in the year 1867. It still
flourishes; and, curiously enough, the same priest who was
sent to the first community of New York in 1891 is now
its pastor, the Rev. P. Ferentinos, who is also the senior
living American Greek priest. The sacred vessels and the
vestments of this church were given by the Czar of Russia.
It is also worth noting that the administrative council of
this church has long kept its minutes in the English lan-

The following interesting facts also must not be omitted,
although since we are dealing here with only Greek com
munities they must be consigned to a footnote: In Chicago
in 1882 a Slavo-Hellenic union was formed and called a
Greek-born priest of Russian education to minister to all
the Orthodox churchmen there. In Seattle about the same
date the Greek sailors who had settled there placed them
selves under the Russian bishop, who provided a, Greek
priest, graduate of a Russian seminary. Also in Galves
ton, Texas, some Greek sailors established a church, but
being unable to support it, gave it over to the Russian
bishop, and the Divine Liturgy was celebrated in both lan
guages. But in all these places, as soon as the Greeks be
came nvunerous enough, they established their own purely
Greek church communities under the jurisdiction of Con
stantinople or Athens. These are, as far as I know, the
only instances of Slavo-Hellenic cooperation. How sad it is
that political rancor has kept and still keeps hopelessly
apart in America the members of these two great branches
of the Holy Orthodox Eastern Communion.

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 55
changing these from time to time, sometimes clos
ing them altogether. The rest of the communities
in America were established during the past ten
years. In 1898 the Chicago community bought a
church building, the first owned by Greeks after
that of New Orleans (see note above). In 1904
the New York Greeks bought a church at 151^^
East 72nd Street, cost $65,000; in 1905, those
of Atlanta, Georgia; all the rest have been built
or bought since then. The churches actually
erected by the Greek communities, most of them
constructed after the correct Byzantine pattern,
number sixteen: Lowell, Boston, Ipswich, Massa
chusetts ; Manchester, New Hampshire ; Newark,
New Jersey ; Charleston, South Carolina ; Tarpon
Springs, Florida ; Chicago (2) ; Sheboygan, Wis
consin; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Pueblo, Colo
rado; Salt Lake City; Portland, Oregon; San
Francisco ; and also one in Montreal. Those
buildings bought, formerly Protestant and a few
Anglican, number twelve: New York (1); Phila
delphia ; Nashua, New Hampshire ; Providence,
Rhode Island; Pittsburg; Baltimore; Atlanta;
Savannah; Birmingham; Chicago (1); Milwau
kee ; Denver. A few of the above are free from
indebtedness. The other communities hold their
church services and community meetings in hired
halls, and some few have hired Protestant church
buildings. In most of the places in the country
where are settled five hundred Greeks there have

56 GREEKS IN AMERICA
been communities organized. At the present time
(1913) the American communities number 55 in
the United States and 2 in Canada — Montreal
and Toronto.
Those communities founded by well established
business men are the best. Often the prosperity
of the small community or its very existence de
pends on an uncertain industry, as in factory
towns or among railroad construction laborers.
Often the smaller ones will be without the minis
trations of a priest for months at a time or they
will have an occasional service or ministration by
a visiting priest. The grievous problem of many
a place would be solved if only the several poor
communities of a section would combine under one
priest, who could also minister to the isolated
Greeks. But Greek communities will rarely com
bine amicably. There are, I am told from reliable
sources, enough Greek priests in the country for
the emergency calls of marriages, baptisms and
chrism and burials. Whether this be true or not
— and it does not seem possible — assuredly it is
a grievous fact that there are not enough to min
ister to the lonely dying, nor to watch over, as
careful shepherds, the thousands of the scattered
living. The Orthodox Greek Community, which is the
official title with the addition of the name of the
particular locality, is an association of Greeks
for the purpose of establishing and maintaining
a church organization and for holding the Greeks

Holv Trinity, Lowell, Mass.

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 57
together. They arose not for the mere sake of
organizing something, but always from a real ne
cessity. Its membership consists of all Greeks
residing in a certain city or district. All belong
to the community, but often the particular con
stitution allows votes to subscribers only. There
is an executive committee, best translated "ad
ministrative council," and the usual officers of any
organization. The property is sometimes in the
name of trustees, sometimes not. About half the
communities are incorporated under state law, in
cluding all the larger ones. But there is much
confusion in the organization of many, and this
is the cause of the deplorable and often ridiculous
disputes that have been so common. Such dis
putes seem now to be lessening.
And now for the position of the priest, the
pastor (e<^77/iepio«) of the community. He has
no power as far as the written constitution goes.
Thus we find a most anomalous condition in the
Greek churches in America. It works out some
times like the worst side of the vestry system of
the Episcopal Church parishes, without the legal
rights of the rector, nor the possibility of inter
vention by the Bishop ; or another analogy might
apply in some instances, — Congregationalism run
wild in a mission of the Apostolic, Catholic, East
ern Church! From afar the Metropolitan Arch
bishop of Athens ^ rules without the possibility
- The Patriarch of Constantinople has ceded to the Holy
Synod of Athens the charge of the Greek Orthodox missions
in America.

58 GREEKS IN AMERICA
of settling anything, much as the Bishop of Lon
don had charge of the Anglican parishes in this
/country before the Revolution. So the Greek
I priest is hired, and often "fired," by a parish com-
' mittee composed usually of poorly educated peas
ants. And thus come the wranglings and dis
putes and divisions into two rival church com
munities of a city; and thus the poor priests,
sent out by the Holy Synod in response to the cry
for spiritual help, sometimes find themselves as
office boys at the mercy of their employers.
Moreover, there are also some priests who have no
right here; these are Macedonians, mostly of lit
tle education, who, coming to America, have
slipped their bishop's jurisdiction and are min
istering without authority wherever they can
make the most money, sometimes underbidding
and ousting the priests sent by a bishop. Of
course, conditions are not everywhere bad in com
munities, but the system is sadly irresponsible.
The only solution seems to be a resident bishop
for America ; may his advent be soon !
SOCIETIES
We have seen that in some places societies were
organized for the purpose of arousing the inter
est and funds for the establishment of communi
ties and the calling of a priest. With the great
influx of immigrants during the past five or six
years, associations with other objects sprung up
everywhere until now there is at least one society

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 59
of some sort in probably every town or city where
there are over a hundred fellow-countrymen. Most
of these are benevolent or patriotic in purpose, or
are formed for the banding together in a town of
all the Greeks from one particular locality in
Greece or Turkey. In the large communities of the
great cities there are a great many such societies.
The objects are to cultivate friendship among Yhe
members, help those in need, care for the sick or
provide that they be cared for in hospitals, pay
funeral expenses, etc. Rare it is, almost un
known, that a Greek pauper "goes on the town"
or is aided by an American charity organization.
The Greeks are too proud for that, and they look
after their own needy. Then, too, many of these
societies send contributions home to help some
poor church or school or hospital or orphanage
and the like. Such benefactions have been espe
cially welcome among the Greek districts in what
were till this year Turkish dominions, where the
churches and schools have been maintained en
tirely by voluntary offerings. For example, a so
ciety in Chicago, made up entirely of men from
a certain town in Macedonia, will send regular
contributions for the support of the church and
school in their home village. Here is an interest
ing instance: In 1910 a Society of the Panarge-
ians undertook the praiseworthy resolve to give
each year the all necessary marriage dowry for
one orphan girl, chosen by lot, in the native
province of the members. At times of great ca-

60 GREEKS IN AMERICA
tastrophes in Greece, Turkey, and elsewhere these
societies stand ready to contribute their little.
On the occasion of the San Francisco earthquake
some sent contributions for the relief of the suf
ferers. There are, or were before the Balkan
war broke out, volunteer companies for military
drill in New York, Chicago, Lowell, Manchester
and Nashua, Neifr Hampshire; Biddeford, Maine;
and some other places. Their former members
did good service in the war. In New York there
is a first-class "Greek-American Athletic Associa
tion," recognized by the A. A. U., with a member
ship of some two hundred young Greeks. They
have their own gymnasium in the basement of the
30th Street Greek Church, and hope to have a
better one soon. These descendants of the ath
letes of Ancient Greece have won many a prize at
A. A. U. meets. ^ There is also in New York a
remarkable society of Greek women called the
"Charitable Fraternity" or "Sorority of Ladies"
— or shall we not, transliterating it, invent the
interchangeable term "Adelphoty." (College
Greek letter societies please take note of this use
ful Hellenic derivative.) This society has offices
in one of the Greek churches. When some sick
man, who is not a member of some society, or who
is brought to New York from elsewhere, turns up,
3 Why does someone not try to get the Greeks to start
the Boy Scout Movement among their boys? Other for
eigners in this country have done this. It would be just the
thing to interest the Greek lad and keep him straight.

Track Team Greek-American Athletic Club, New York.

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 61
these ladies care for him and furnish his ticket
home to Greece. Their funds are raised by col
lecting at the church and among the Greek shops,
and by an annual ball. The two Greek trans
atlantic lines offer at each sailing for use by this
society several tickets at reduced rates, and some
times other steamship companies do the same.
There are like women's societies in Chicago, Bos
ton, and San Francisco; and each of them hold
annual balls, the receipts from which go for be
nevolent objects. Finally there are a few socie
ties, like American business associations, of Greeks
engaged in some particular line of business.
To give an idea of the number and varieties of
these associations, here is a list of Greek societies
in New York city in 1911. It is not complete,
and some have doubtless gone out of existence.
Association of Florists
Association of Confectioners
Charitable Adelphoty of Ladies
Greek-American Athletic Association
Volunteer Company (Military)
Naupactian Brotherhood (Members from this
district in Greece)
Skourovarvitsian Brotherhood (Members from
this district in Greece)
The Phoenix, Pan-Cretan Society
Hope Society, Imbrian
Philoktetes, Lesbian Brotherhood
Pittakos, also a Lesbian Brotherhood

62 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Hephaistos, Lemnian Brotherhood
Brotherhood of Marmara (from Thrace near
Constantinople) Ganochorriton Brotherhood (Thrace)
Messenian Society, The Annunciation.
The Olympos Brotherhood of Litochoritons
(from Macedonian district)
Naoussaian League (Macedonia)
Brotherhood of Kremastiotons (Macedonia)
Society of Deskate (Macedonia)
Brotherhood of the Kozantinans (Macedonia)
Epirian Concord League
Unanimity Brotherhood (from some particular
district) The Good Hope Brotherhood (from some par
ticular district)
The Society of Demetsanitons, Gregory V (the
martyr Patriarch of 1821 from his birthplace in
Peloponnesus). There is also another kind of society among the
Greeks, which will appeal especially to Americans,
which societies have for their object the instruc
tion of the immigrants towards naturalization as
American citizens, e. g. the Hellenic- American Po
litical Club of Tarpon Springs, Florida. Such
associations exist in Atlanta, San Francisco, New
York, Chicago, and elsewhere. In an interview
with the Sunday World, September 24, 1911, Mr.
Wallace, Clerk of Courts in New York, said:
"The most intelligent applicants for naturaliza-

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 63
tion papers are Greeks." In the past few years
there have been many petitions in all cities by the
Greeks. THE PAN-HELLENIC UNION
We come now to the society for all the Greeks
of America. The idea originated with the great
Anagnos. (See last chapter of this book.) In
1904, two years before he died, he formed an or
ganization in Boston and had it chartered under
the name of "The National Union," with objects
much the same as the present society, and by lec
tures in New York and Chicago he tried to found
a few branches. However, with his death the plan
fell through. After a year or so, with much talk
of organization, a committee of the presidents of
the local societies in New York and some oth
ers from elsewhere, arranged for a convention
which met in New York in the autumn of 1907
and organized under the name of "The Pan-
HeUenic Union." The next convention was held
in Chicago, and the next in Boston. In 1910 the
headquarters of the central administrative coun
cil were fixed in Boston for four years. This
was the real beginning of the society as it is
now. Before this the unit of membership was the
local society, but in 1910 this was changed to the
individual, regardless of society, and separate
branches under a central administration have
been established all over the country. Thus we
have a new phase of Greek association, distinct

64 GREEKS IN AMERICA
from the local community and binding together
the Greeks of different localities for the whole
country. During the working out of its organi
zation the inevitable Hellenic factions and jeal
ousies arose within and without.
The Pan-Hellenic Union is certainly a splendid
effort and will increase in usefulness as it grows.
In 1911 it comprised some eight thousand mem
bers in fifty branches; by the end of 1912 it had
run up into the twenty thousands in 150 branches.
Its objects are to protect the immigrant, to help
him in sickness and poverty; to assist him to
become familiar with the laws and customs of his
new home, and yet not to forget his fatherland,
language, or religion ; to establish schools ; to rem
edy factional strife and other abuses ; — in general
to supervise and uplift the Greeks in America as
a whole. The first Article of the Constitution reads as
follows : — -
1. Objects of the Pan Hellenic Union.
The Greeks residing in the U. States and Canada
do hereby ordain and establish a fraternity which shall
be known as the Pan Hellenic Union.
The Pan Hellenic Union shall have for its objects:
a. To cultivate among its members and through
them among all the Greeks residing in the United
States and Canada the spirit of mutual aid and of
love for their own nationaUty.
b. To instil veneration and affection for the laws
and institutions of their adopted country and for cul-

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 65
tivation of friendly relations between the Greeks and
American citizens.
c. To teach the English and Greek languages, to
preserve the Greek Orthodox Church and to develop
and propagate educational and moral doctrines among
the Greek compatriots residing in the United States
and Canada.
d. To procure pecuniary and other aid for the mem
bers of the Union and those dependent upon them,
and, as far as its means will permit, to extend its pro
tection to Greek immigrants and laborers.
e. To secure the moral and material assistance of
the Union toward the great needs of the Nation.
The men at the helm of the Union, its adminis
trative council, are not immigrants, but men of
refinement and education, professional men and
representatives of the great Greek commercial
houses. His Excellency the k. Coromilas, ex-Min-
ister to the United States, did much for the work
ing out of the problem and gave the Union its first
by-laws. The past president was Professor Ion,
formerly on the faculty of the Boston University
Law School. The present president is the k.
Sinadinos, manager along with ex-Consul Ben-
aki of the Boston branch of the great Egyptian
cotton house of Choremi and Benaki. Dr. Vrah-
nos, a Boston physician, is the vice-president.
On January 1, 1912, a new and important ad
vance in the administration of the Union was
made, the election, as a general manager who
should devote his whole time to the work, of a

66 GREEKS IN AMERICA
famous Greek statesman, who, relinquishing weU
earned honors in Greece, came here for this very
purpose — the uplift of his compatriots in America.
This is the Hon. Constantine Papamichalopoulos,
member of the Greek Parliament for twenty years,
Minister of Education and Religion for twelve,
and also an ex-Governor of Attica and Boeotia,
well known as an author and traveler. He is the
administrative head of the Union, and his task is a
tremendous and difficult one. The headquarters of
the Union are at 53 State Street, Boston, where
is the office of the general manager and his corps
of secretaries. There are several traveling inspec
tors, and recently several of the leading Greek
priests in America were appointed lecturers to
spread the work of the Union and try to minister
to the unshepherded colonies.
In August, 1912, at the annual meeting, there
sat for a whole week in Boston a notable gathering,
the officers and 127 delegates, one from each branch
— physicians, lawyers, newspaper men, etc., from
all over the United States. And the very first mo
tion passed was to vote a goodly sum from the all
too inadequate funds of the Union for the relief of
the earthquake sufferers in the ^gean! Among
other donations the Union issued a request last
summer for subscriptions to the Washington Me
morial Building. In the call to arms and the
provisions for the passage money and the care of
the families of the Greeks who went home to fight
the Turks last autumn, the Pan-Hellenic Union

c

X

Ph

O

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 67
took the leading part, and also in the raising of
funds for the Greek Red Cross Society, etc.
It was recently enacted that no member of
the Union may become a community officer.
You may recognize a member by his button,
white, with the imperial double-headed eagle and
the lettering in blue and gold.
NEWSPAPERS
In the year 1894 a Greek named Solon J.
Vlastos had the enterprise to start a Greek news
paper in New York. It was called Atlantis,
and has continued to the present under the same
publisher. At first it was a four-page weekly.
There were then, it is true, not many subscribers
to support such a paper; but so enthusiastic did
these few wax at the actuality of a paper of
their own, and such hearty encouragement did
they give its editor, that the publication lived.
After a time it appeared twice a week, and finally
in 1903 it became a daily, and soon the office,
occupying a whole building, was fitted out with
the up-to-date machinery of an up-to-date news
paper, with a large office force and daily special
cable service from Athens, Constantinople, Lon
don, etc. Now the issue of Atlantis numbers
from twenty to twenty-five thousand, and is read
in every part of the country. It also has a cir
culation in Europe. Also all over the country
goes the other Greek daily of smaller issue, Pan-
Hellenic. This was started in 1904 in New
York by Socrates Xanthaky. Oh! how won-

68 GREEKS IN AMERICA
drously doth history repeat herself! Here,
after the lapse of nearly 2500 years, again we
see Solon and Socrates, in very flesh and blood,
striving as of old to mold the lives of the Greeks.
Their headquarters, however, are no longer the
Areopagos or the Agora, but 31st and Vesey
Streets, New York. Then, alas ! they have de
teriorated in the process of reincarnation, for we
find not Socratic highmindedness nor yet So-
Ionic disinterestedness. These two are the only
daily Greek newspapers in America, and they are
bitter rivals. There was another which had a
brief existence called Thermopyla. The Greek
newspapers in America now number sixteen and
are located as follows: — New York, 2 daily and
2 semi-weekly; Boston, Lowell, Lynn, Manches
ter, Pittsburg, 1 weekly each; Chicago, 1 semi-
weekly and 2 weekly; Salt Lake City, 2 weekly;
San Francisco, 2 weekly.
The Greek above all men loves to devour his
newspaper. If you enter his place of business
for a friendly chat and he is reading his paper,
you must wait. This is not discourtesy, for the
Greek is the most courteous of men ; it is habit.
Indeed the newspaper, above all else, keeps him
in touch with the fatherland and with his fellow-
countrymen here, and it also tells him of Ameri
can life. The Greek newspapers contain the ;
happenings in Hellas, especially the politics, —
every Greek is a well-versed and fluent politician.
A list of the religious and other holidays is given

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 69
in them. Then the reader finds the social and
commercial events and progress of his compatri
ots all over America: the weddings (now almost
every day and mostly of Greek with Greek), the
funerals, baptisms, new business openings, new
churches, new societies. Then there is the gen
eral news of the country, and also the world
news under the foreign associated press. These
papers are written in good Greek — and remem
ber that, contrary to the notion of many Ameri
cans, practically all the Greeks in America can
read good Greek just as practically all Americans
can read good English. Much have these news
papers done toward the enlightenment and gen
eral development of the Greeks in this country;
but also they have done much to animate the
factional feeling which is so common and deplora
ble. The Patris, published in Lowell weekly, by a
Greek gentleman of education, the k. Michel
latros, has as its object to satirize the foibles of
the Greeks in America.
The Atlantis Company publishes an excellent
magazine (issue about 12,000), The Atlantis Il
lustrated Monthly. It is much like our American
magazines, perhaps most resembling Collier's in
appearance, containing the usual magazine arti
cles and the news of the month in the United
States, Greece, and the world. It is finely illus
trated. It has thirty or forty pages and costs
$2.00 a year.

70 GREEKS IN AMERICA
There are also several other Greek magazines
of very recent beginning.
Also there is a monthly magazine in English,
edited by a Greek, the k. T. T. Timayenis of
Boston, The Eastern and Western Review. Be
sides general matter it usually contains interest
ing articles about Greeks and Greece.
BOOKS
Then the books which the Greeks here read —
it is interesting to note their character. They
may be found at the Greek book stores, as also
the interesting crude lithographs, and Eikons, and
music. First in order of demand come the Eng
lish method books and lexicons; then patriotic
books, stories of the ancient heroes and those of
the War of Independence; and the many reli
gious books of the Orthodox Church, prayer
books, lives of our Lord and of the Saints, and
Church histories. Then beside the above good
books, there is all too great a demand for a
trashy class of light fiction.*
The Atlantis Company, which in addition to
^ In Providence, Rhode Island, Lowell, Massachusetts, and
elsewhere, an excellent scheme has been instituted which
should be adopted throughout the country. The Public Li
brary has a foreign department, with books in foreign lan
guages and special facilities to attract the immigrant to
use them. They have a shelf full of modern Greek books
and Greeks use them. This is a very practical way of help
ing the Greek immigrant. In the selection of such books
one of the two leading book stores should be consulted, and
also the leading men of the Greek community where the
library is situated.

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 71
its newspaper and magazine does a large book
business, writes me as follows:
"The importation of Greek books has grown con
siderably in the last few years. Considering the fact
that the majority of the Greek immigrants are labor
ers of meager education, the call for books is aston
ishing. With all our long experience in the publishing
field, we were surprised to find what a great demand
exists for modern Greek translations of Greek classics
(pages 45-51, our catalog). These translations have
been produced by a publisher in Athens at great cost,
but notwithstanding their high prices, they sell so
fast that we cannot keep our stock complete. Also
Greek translations of works of Tolstoi, Debay, Nor-
dau, Dastre, Taine, Haeckel, Lubbock, Buckner, etc.,
are favorable books with our readers. Of course the
bulk of our trade is in Greek-English educational
books. A few of these books are sold to American
students." "Atlas," the other leading Greek book store
(25 Madison Street, New York) writes me on the
book-selling business :
" 'Atlas,' owned by John Rompapas, established
1910, has a money order business mostly. In the
first year, July, 1910, to July, 1911, we had about
an $8000 business; but this year (1911) the business
increased to a surprising amount. We imported from
Greece from July, 1911, to Dec. 5, 1911, seventy-
four cases of books, worth $10,000, and on every
steamer we keep on bringing books. We send price
lists all over the United States, and the Greeks order

72 GREEKS IN AMERICA
books (prepaid). I believe of all the foreigners,
Greeks are reading the most. 'Platon,' 48 James
Street, New York, established a book store in October,
1911. They are going to import books as 'Atlas' and
'Atlantis.' All over the United States there are a
few book stores, but their business is in combination
with other business. They buy their books 'from New
York— and sometimes they import a case direct.
Also there are about five or six booksellers going from
town to town as peddlers ¦with books."
A number of books have been published by
Greeks in America to help the Greek immigrant
understand his adopted country and its language.
In 1903 Atlantis put out the "Greeks' Compan
ion in America," giving information concerning
the passage to America, the geography of the
United States, immigration laws, etc. The next
year appeared the "Thermopylae Almanac" by
the k. Booras, giving in addition to such facts
some account of the Greek colonies in the United
States. Then Atlantis published some Greek-
English lexicons ; English lesson books based on
the Holendorf method; a "History of the United
States" which has run through two editions ; a
"History of Greece" ; pocket dictionaries ; and
several other books. Until lately most of their
publications were given as premiums to subscrib
ers. There are also several otlier pocket dic
tionaries and lesson books compiled by other
Greeks in America.
The most complete and valuable book for the

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 73
Greeks in America is the "Greek American Guide
and Directory," published annually since 1908
by the k. Seraphim G. Canoutas, graduate in
law of the University of Athens, and in 1912 of
an American law school, who came to this country
in 1905. This book is widely used, and is com
mended by the Greek officials in America and
Greece. It contains all sorts of useful informa
tion for the immigrant: American laws, history,
geography, statistics, customs and life; the story
of Greek immigration; and a complete account
of all the colonies and communities in the United
States and Canada, with many pictures ; and also
a full list in English of the Greek churches and
clergy, merchants, shopkeepers, physicians, news
papers, etc., etc., with addresses, listed by states
and cities. The k. Canoutas obtained much of
his information by a tour of every state in the
Union (except Arizona and New Mexico). He
also gives much salutary advice to his fellow-
countrymen. He writes in a disinterested and
sympathetic spirit, striving to avoid flattery and
faction, and scrupulously adhering to facts. The
k. Canoutas is now practicing law in Boston.
FAMILIES
We come now to a factor in the evolution of
Greek immigration that is of the utmost impor
tance to the moral welfare and settled establish
ment of the Greeks. Practically no Greek
immigrant on his first arrival brings his wife.

74 GREEKS IN AMERICA
For financial reasons he obviously cannot. She
and the little children are left in Greece and the
father slaves here to support them. Thus we
find, as with most recent immigrants, crowds of
men herded together without the mellowing influ
ence of family life, and subject to terrible temp
tations. Moreover, to the Greek, coming from
a country where the bringing up of girls is strict
and the sexual morality is splendid, the freedom
of American girls and women, good as well as
bad, both shocks and allures him. In Greece no
decent girl would ever be out after dark without
an escort. And the shameless immorality of our
factory towns and of many other kinds of towns
all over the country cannot but corrupt the lonely
newcomer. But how is it when he has learned
English and come to understand American life
and ideals.? Does American law and public sen
timent teach him to hate the immorality that he
sees? Quite the contrary. He never heard of
in Greece that terrible laxness in divorce laws,
that rank looseness among the "leaders of soci
ety," that daily scandal-mongering of news
papers, which things are the crying shame of this
free land of ours. The Greeks are not corruptr^
ing us; we are corrupting them. Nay, rather in
Greece the relation of the sexes is almost puritan
ical. Holy matrimony is a sacrament and a re
sponsibility the most sacred and binding, children
the best of blessings, — the family there is still
treated as the foundation of society. Therefore

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 76
it is that the great salvation of the Greek men is
the coming of the women.
In 1891 there were scarcely any Greek families
in America. Little by little those who were
married began to send back or go back for their
wives. It was not, however, until 1905 that any
appreciable number of women begani to immi
grate. Numbered by hundreds before in the
United States, they can now be counted by thou
sands. This is encouraging, but the proportion
is stiU infinitesimal.^
Sometimes they live in poor tenements,
sometimes in their own house, — for in nearly ev
ery city or town where the Greeks are counted
by scores, some few have bought and own their
homes ; this as especially true in some of the
southern cities. As we mentioned above, Greek
weddings occur almost every day, and but few
are mixed marriages. Of late unmarried girls
have been coming more and more with their
brothers or parents, and many come already affi
anced. God grant that the family life may fast
increase among the Greeks in America.
GREEK SCHOOLS
And now the latest factor. As the Greek
families are becoming established, there are the
Greek children to be educated. To the Ameri
can public schools they can and do go, and prove
5 In one Greek colony, but its case is unique, the number
of Greek women exceeds that of the men. This is in Ipswich,
Massachusetts.

76 GREEKS IN AMERICA
bright scholars ; but this means a severance from
the language of the fatherland, ancient as well
as modem, and from the religion not only of
Greece, but from all religion. Thus after the
development of the Greek churches, naturally fol
lows the development of Greek schools. This,
however, is only just beginning. No Sunday-
schools exist in Greece ; for there the Catechism,
the Bible, and the Prayers are taught as a funda
mental part of the curriculum from the begin
ning to the end of school days in every school in
the Kingdom and enslaved Greece. Naturally
the Greek father feels that our American schools
are fundamentally lacking for the child of the
Church and Hellas. This need fir^t began to
be felt only about four or five years ago. There
are thus far schools in Boston, Lowell, Lynn
and Chicago of from fifty to a hundred pupils,
and smaller schools in a number of other places.
A large and suitable building was purchased in
the autumn of 1911 in the Bronx, New York,
costing $35,000, to be used as a school and
as a dormitory for the care of poor and destitute
Greek children. As time goes on the number
of Greek schools will increase, and their organi
zation become more perfected. The Pan-HeUenic
Union plans to establish schools of all grades
when sufficient funds are forthcoming. Re
member, these schools are not for the men — they
attend the American night schools and the like
to learn English, — the schools we are discussing

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 77
in this section are for the boys and girls of the
Greek families.
In these schools the Greek curriculum is fol
lowed, combined with the American. There is
always an American teacher or two as well as
Greek. They are not parochial schools in the
usual acceptation of the term as applied to the
Roman Catholic schools, for the priest of the
community has no direct relation to the school ;
but just as in Greece it goes without saying that
religion is taught by the regular teachers, so it
is here. In Greece it is not left to the Greek
mother nor to the parish priest to make sure that
the child says his prayers, and his grace before
and after meals, and knows how to take part in
the worship of the church and learns the life of
our Lord and other Bible stories and his cate
chism. All these, in Greece, are insisted on in
school by law.
Much has been thoughtlessly said and written
against the Greek keeping up his language and
his interest in his native country and his "merely
formal" religion. "Such things prevent his be
coming a good American !" Yet Greek, Greece,
and the Orthodox Church are and have
been down the centuries ever sintee St. Paul's
time, the three sources of all that is lofty
in Greek character. If we try to cut off the
Greek child from these, what have our schools
to offer in return.'' Nay rather, if you wish
him to become a good and useful American citi-

78 GREEKS IN AMERICA
zen, allow him every incentive to that refining
culture in the sublimest of languages and litera
tures, which our people sadly need ; that unswerv
ing patriotism which so many of our boys have
ceased to feel; that holy religion which, whatever
its seeming formalism, is at least a reminder of
the presence of the Christ whom the majority of
Americans have forgotten.
In the few Greek schools that have been es
tablished, though far from perfected as yet, the
pupils get a training for the American high
school as good as, I doubt not often better than,
in the American grammar schools. In the Bos
ton school, for example, you may hear the bright-
eyed Greek lad of thirteen translate Xenophon
to perfection, or English into good classic Greek.
c::^ THE PROFESSIONAL CLASS
One more phase should be treated — the coming
of the professional class, in distinction from the
peasant. About five years ago some of the well-
educated men in Greece, lured by the oft-reported
successes in America of the immigrant peasants,
took it into their heads that if the peasant could
so succeed, how much better the man of culture.
So they came — medical, law, philological, and
even theological students who had not yet be
gun their career at home, practicing lawyers,
teachers, government clerks and the like. Alas !
bitter has been the disillusionment of these men
of education. The stronger and more coura-

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 79
geous have taken employment in hotels and fac
tories far below their due sitation in life; the
others, who could not stoop to menial work, have
done the best they could at miserable pay in
newspaper offices, clerkships, etc. This class,
contrary to the prevalent opinion, are far more
undesirable immigrants than the peasant class.
They, whose ambitions as cultured men were high,
never expected such a Hfe, and all too often they
become embittered, and, yielding to the ready
temptations, spoiled. The more poorly educated
peasant, hard and disappointing as he generally
finds conditions here, never aimed so high, and
he has the chance and the will to develop upward
instead of downward.
There are a number of Greek lawyers in the
United States, but few as yet have been admitted
to the bar because of the extreme difficulties of
learning the language of legal English and the
endless variety of laws peculiar to the country
and the different states.
With physicians it is not so hard, as medical
terms and practice are more or less alike the
world over. There are some forty or fifty Greek
physicians in various parts of the United States,
half of whom are duly licensed, and most of the
rest win be shortly. These practice for the
most part among their own countrymen. These
physicians and the lawyers too, got their degrees
from the University of Athens, and a few studied
in France or Germany.

80 GREEKS IN AMERICA
There are also two Greek dentists in Chicago
and one in New York, one of whom was originally
an Orthodox deacon, and several are studying
in American dental schools.
Here is the story of one Greek M. D., — I
think he is the only one who began his training
here. He had immigrated to America, and
started a barber shop in Washington, D. C, but
being ambitious, he took up the study of medi
cine in the Georgetown University evening school.
He was equipped with only a partial gymnasium
education in Greece. He still kept his tonsorial
establishment open, but did not cut hair any
longer; and his patrons used to see him sitting
in the back of the shop poring over his medical
books. Now Dr. Constans is a successful prac
titioner at the capital, and has become a demon
strator on the faculty of the medical department
of Georgetown.
For years there have occasionally been Greeks
studying in our American colleges. At the pres
ent time there are somewhere between 30 and
60, and each year the number increases. True
to the characteristic Greek ambition for educa
tion, nearly all attain high rank, and also
nearly all are poor boys, working their way
through. A few years ago a Greek chemist,
graduate of Columbia (Dr. Stateropoulos, aft
erwards called to a Professorship in his Alma
Mater) conceived the idea of an association for
all Greek students in America. The plan fell

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 81
through, but later the scheme was taken up and
worked out by a brilliant student at Harvard,
the k. Phoutrides. Thus in November, 1911, was
formed the present association, whose letter head
is "'Gv»r''0'S &P'lfy'^v oi5tJs tjipbiiijv Trixous"
Aeschylus.*
greek students' association " helicon "
zi Ell£ry Street, Cambridge, Mass.
The charter members were thirteen Greek stu
dents from Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, and Tufts ; and these proceeded to
try to get into communication with Greek stu
dents in American colleges in all parts of the
country. By August, 1912, the Association
numbered 40, including graduates of colleges,
some high school students, and several honorary
members. At that date the secretary, the k.
B. Despotes wrote me:
"Our Association numbers only a few months' life
as yet, but its activity has proved it to be a lusty baby
with great promises. I have no doubt you realize
how hard it is to find the Greek students all over the
wide, wide U. S. ; communicate not only with them,
but find also their moral and intellectual standard by
applying to the authorities of different schools. Sum
mer vacation has interrupted the work of the Associa
tion and several applications for membership are
awaiting the approval of the general conference of the
members. I am very much pleased to say that only
• Prometheus 267.

83 GREEKS IN AMERICA
high grade students are admitted to our association,
both morally and intellectually.
Objects of the Association: —
1. To promote the learning among the Greeks, giv
ing every information and aid in its power to any
Greek applicant.
2. To promote intellectual development and culti
vate literary taste and reasoning ability among its
own members.
3. To acquaint the American nation with what
seems to us to be worthy and beautiful in our own
nation and its literature and hfe."
The following examples of the brilliant work
of Greek students in America may be cited: A.
Phoutrides (president of the Association), who
graduated from Harvard in 1911 with summa
cum laude after taking several of the highest
prizes in the gift of the university ; Dr. Kyria-
kides, D. Sc. (the Association's treasurer), grad
uate of Michigan, inventor of a new chemical
compound in organic chemistry; N. Catsainos,
recipient of one of the highest prizes at M. I.
T. ; and N. Cassavetes, who was valedictorian at
Mt. Hermon Academy and is now doing fine work
at Harvard. Also, a young Greek named Kav-
akos, a few years ago took the first prize in sculp
ture at the Institute of Maryland and was sent
abroad on a $4000 fellowship to complete his
studies in Germany.
Alas ! as far as I know there are now no native
Greeks holding the professorships of Greek in

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 83
our American colleges. We greatly need them.
Greeks are the best fitted to teach us Greek.^
There is also that other distinct professional
caste, the Greek Orthodox clergy. Part are
married and part are the unmarried from the
monasteries.* Of these there are about fifty
sent by the Holy SjTiod of Athens or His Beati
tude the Patriarch of Constantinople, now all
under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of
Athens. There are also, as we mentioned above,
a number of unsent priests, who, though in Holy
Orders, are ministering without authority. Of
the sent priests some are of good education,
some are not. They are sometimes accused of
being "lovers of filthy lucre." Without doubt
many are — though they acquired the habit only
after they reached America — but certainly some
are faithful, saintly shepherds, respected and be
loved by their flocks. As mentioned above, their
7 There is a Greek Professor of Music at New Mexico
State College !
8 The title Archimandrite — there are a number in America
(6 'Apx. as distinguished from plain i 'AiS. The Rev.)
— is not that of an abbot, but simply an honorary title
given to priest-monks only. In their ecclesiastical attire an
Archimandrite is distinguished by his headgear, a veil-like
cloth or hood down over the brimless hat and falling to the
back and shoulders. The Greek term for the secular mar
ried priest is lepeis; for the unmarried monk-priest
Upoiiovaxos. There are a few honorary titles of little
significance given to married priests, as oUovofios and
¦KpwToirpea^irepos. The usual word for a priest in charge
of a parish or community — ^which I have translated "pas
tor"— is 'E07)/4cptOS.

84 GREEKS IN AMERICA
bishopless position in the Greek Orthodox com
munities of the United States is at present an
extremely difficult one. There are five or six so-
called Greek Protestant missionaries in America.
Of the only two such Greeks I have happened to
hear of, one is a rascal and the other isn't. But
they can make no more impression on the Ortho
dox Greek in America, than do the American and
English Protestant "missionary" proselytizers
in Greece. THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
Let us mention here the diplomatic service of
Greece in the United States. The Royal Lega
tion of Greece in Washington, D. C, was estab
lished in 1908 with His Excellency the k. Koro-
milas as Minister. Last year he was recalled
and is now in the Cabinet of Venezelos. The Le
gation has since been under the Honorable k. Kaf
tantzoglu, Charge d' Affaires. In New York
the Honorable k. Botassis, the dean of the
Greek service in America, is consul general. The
other diplomatic posts, consulates and vice-con
sulates (all unsalaried positions) are in the fol
lowing cities : Boston, Philadelphia, Wilming
ton, Chicago, St. Louis, Nashville, Mobile,
Omaha, Tacoma, and San Francisco.
THE CALL TO ARMS
We have seen how the Greeks in America have
become banded together in various ways for

^-3

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 85
united activities and benefits, and how through
it all one of their chief objects has been to keep
alive the fire of patriotism, the love for the father
land. Thus we cannot close this chapter in a
more fitting manner than by briefly telling their
latest and greatest united effort which all Amer
ica, yes, the whole Christian world, has seen and ap
plauded. When the glorious Balkan War which
has swept the Turk from Europe broke out in the
autumn of 1912, the call to arms sounded through
out America. And the vaunted patriotism of the
Greeks everywhere proved itself no idle boast.
Never before in history has just such a spectacle
been seen: hosts of immigrants sacrificing their
all and hastening home from all over the world
to fight for their oppressed brethren and to gain
back the century-enslaved lands which are Greek
by right. Thus was Greece furnished with a suf
ficient supply of soldiers and sailors. Splendid
enthusiasm was displayed in every colony of
Greeks in the United States, and those who did
not go, contributed generously. That autumn
and winter at our Atlantic seaports the crowds
of embarking patriots were familiar and inspiring
sights, as they marched to the ships, singing their
national anthem and receiving the final blessing
from their priests. Between 40000 and 50000
reservists and volunteers went to Greece from
America. Most of these saw active service and
acquitted themselves nobly in the victorious war.
It is an almost certain prediction to make that

86 GREEKS IN AMERICA
nearly all of them will return to America — ex
cept those who have given their lives for the holy
cause on the field of battle.

VI
CELEBRATIONS AND RITES
As in the fatherland the Greek ever loved to
celebrate the holidays of his church or nation,
and as the rites and ministrations of his church
played a very intimate part in his yearly round,
so it is stiU with him after he has taken up his
abode in America. INDEPENDENCE DAY
The greatest day of all the year is the Greek
Independence Day, March 25th (Eastern calen
dar)^ — April 7th (Western calendar),^ commem
orating that great day in 1821 when Archbishop
Germanus raised first the standard of the Cross
for freedom. Because [this is generally not a
holiday in America, they are usually forced to
celebrate it on the following Sunday. Two
springs ago (1912), because the day happened
to coincide with Easter, it was moved one week
1 The Greek calendar is 13 days behind ours — a somewhat
confusing fact. This is because the Eastern Orthodox coun
tries have always adhered to the old Julian or Dionysian
calendar, while the Western nations have adopted since 1582
the "New Style" Gregorian calendar, as reformed by order
of Pope Gregory XIII. Russia adopted the Gregorian cal
endar in 1902. 87

88 GREEKS IN AMERICA
later by order of the Eminent Commander of the
Pan-HeUenic Union. For this each community
makes elaborate preparations, and the Greek news
papers give the pictures and re-tell the stories of
the heroes of the war. The day begins, of course,
with the Divine Liturgy (Holy Eucharist),' and
then come great mass meetings with patriotic
speeches, and parades, etc.
Let me quote a typical account from the Bid
deford Journal, April 15th, 1912, of Biddeford
and Saco, Maine, where there is a community of
500 Greeks.
"The 91st anniversary of the Independence of
Greece was celebrated by the American-Greek resi
dents of Biddeford and Saco, Sunday, with special
services in National Hall, a street parade led by Pan-
chaud's band and patriotic features that were sym
bolic of the liberty gained through centuries of
struggle in the mother couptry.
"The committee in charge of the programme for the
day were Nicholas Collins, E. Boucouvalas, George
Vassals and Peter Victor, and under their direction
the patriotic services were carried out with great
credit to this newer element to our citizenship, and
the pride of older residents who viewed the parade.
"The religious service that was after the Greek
Orthodox form waTs held in National Hall, and was
impressive, though not long. Following this came an
address to the Greek people by Michel latros of Bos
ton, who is the editor of the weekly publication. The
Patris. It was a heart to heart talk that this edu
cated leader had with the people of his country and

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 89
his race, fired by patriotism strong with enthusiasm
for the future of his people, who, loving freedom at
home, are enjoying this same privilege in 'the land
of the free and the home of the brave.'
"Following the service the company left the hall,
formed in line and to the music of the band and led
by George Vassals of the committee, marched down
Main street. It was an imposing sight. Directly
following the leader came the Sacred Battalion, a
platoon of young men bearing the American flag, the
blue and white ensign of Greece and the banner of
the Pan-Hellenic union. Then marched the men of
the race, in all, a band of 300 strong. A platoon of
police acted as an escort.^
"Erect and with firm tread, in perfect step to the
music, they moved along, not forgetting to recognize
with bared head the American flag, that in anticipa
tion of the celebration had been displayed by citizens
all along the route; nor the Greek flag that was dis
played wherever there were Greek homes or places
of business.
"The march was to Saco and up Main street as
far as the soldiers' monument, where, encircling the
memorial to a country's heroes, the entire company
stood with imcovered heads while the band played
'Star Spangled Banner' and the national air of Greece.
The line of march was then towards Biddeford.
"It was an object lesson to older as well as younger
Americans and by the most dispassionate should not
be soon forgotten. It was expressive of the same love
for liberty that has marked the Greek race since the
early Peloponnesian struggles. The spirit that under
Miltiades won great victory over the Persians at Mara-
2 This "American" escort were mostly French Canadians !

90 GREEKS IN AMERICA
thon; that stood at the pass of Thermopylae under the
brave Leonidas.
"Not only the recognition of the day but the coming
of Mr. latros to the city will mean much for the local
Greeks. Their organizations will now be fired by a
deeper spirit of the true patriotism, recognizing the
truth of the fact brought out by this patriot and orator,
that the power to be of the best lies within themselves."
I can vouch for the excellence of this account,
for I was given a seat on the platform that day
beside the dear old Greek priest, and had the
pleasure of entertaining the k. latros that even
ing at dinner. It was worth while to look into
that sea of intelligent faces during the oration.
I wish I could have understood it. The k. latros
told me afterwards that they usually got too
much patriotism and too little practical common-
sense advice, and that he tried to give them the
latter. Here is a translation of the Greek National
Anthem, which every Greek in America and the
world over knows and loves to sing. The original
with its stirring music is given on the following
page:
HYMN TO LIBERTY
"From thy fearful sword I know thee
With its sharpened edge and bright;
From the glance which as the lightning
Spans the earth in length and height.
From the sacred bones thou comest
Of the brave that are no more.

KYMNE GREC
YMNOS EIS THN EAEY0EPIAN.

a.SOAOHOY. Maestoso.

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N.MANTZAPOY.

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^N^
'Ekii [litra nmotKoikrtf,
Ilixpapivi), fvTpotmJU},
ITrva (rtd]ia djiapKpoOn;,
"EXsKdALva (TOii k^.
Kdt, -jjtav aia (riu>7D|Xa,
rtaii xSinua^e ^ f>oS^a,
Ka'i [LtTtXanovE 7| i»\a£ii..
BUv^ ouD Ificvc vitVcc
Kol lUiapT^pu, xOLt ixsfiifti
OiXcXciiSEpi] >aXib)
"Eva f NTijicac t&XAo j^rpi
'jbto djv dttiXtcKiia.
ECeXcc; niJtc^ ndtt CYdvu
To MCfoXi d-nb t( jpfiial^;
Kdl dTCOKplVOVtO &1C0 icdvoi
KAdcj^if, UuTOCf, fuivatc
Mc; ta HAdO)una SoXb,
Rat [(; TO ^ou^ij oou fcrro^a^
CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 91
Liberty, we hail, oh, hail thee.
Ever valiant as of yore !
"There in silent expectation
Thou awaitest, sad and shy.
Till a voice of hope and valor,
'Come again,' to thee should cry;
But that day was far and distant;
All was plunged in silence deep,
Crushed with terror, awed with darkness,
And benumbed in slavery's sleep.
"Thou, alas ! for only comfort
Hadst the splendor of past years.
Calling back the deeds of glory
And relating them with tears.
Then awaiting, still awaiting.
For a friendly freedom's call.
In despair thy hands thou wringest,
Weeping for thy bitter thrall.
" 'When, oh, when, will some one call me
From the wilderness to rise?'
Sounds of chains and groans and clamors
Was the answer to thy cries.
Then to Heaven thou upraisedst
A look dim with tearful flood —
And upon thy robe were falling
Drops of pure Hellenic blood." ^
3 This translation, which foUows the original metre, was
made specially for this book by a Greek lady, Mrs. S. G.
Canoutas, who had never been in England except for a few
days, and had been in the United States (Boston) only a
few months. It is a fine example of the thorough training
in English taken by educated Greeks.

92 GREEKS IN AMERICA
The translation and the original given here are
the first four verses only. Further on the poem
tells of the final answer to Liberty's call, the rising
of the Greeks which led to freedom. It was writ
ten at the time of the Greek Revolution. The
Greek of the poem is not the purified modern Greek
of the schools and newspapers, but the so-called
"vulgar" dialect.
Oh! what a glorious Independence Day was
that of this very year, 1913, and celebrated with
what fervor by the Greeks of America, though
saddened by the recent death of good King
George! For Greece, all Greece, had just become
free, nearly a century after the first partial free
dom. Crete, aU Thessaly, Macedonia, the Is
lands, at last under the blue and white flag of
Hellas, and Epiros too, where brave Constantine,
the beloved new King, had just carried the last
Turkish stronghold, Janina.
PICNICS
Only a few years ago in beloved Hellas the
Greeks now in America used to repair with the
jolly throngs up the slopes of Argolis or climb
to some craggy plateau about a chapel or mon
astery in Arcadia or Laconia, and there celebrate
a Saint's day with feast and dance. Therefore
here, too, in this foreign land the Greek loves to
go on picnics. For example, the New York
Greeks have a big picnic three or four times a
year, on which many hundreds, often thousands.

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 93
go. They hire a band — in Chicago they have a
band of their own — and a boat, and sail to some
resort with American and Greek flags flying.
And there they play Greek and American games,
and dance Greek dances, holding hands in a circle
and cavorting about, and American dances too ;
and generally, like the Klephts of yore, they
roast whole lambs on spits before an open fire,
just as they used to do in Greece.
CHURCH FEASTS AND FASTS
Taking into account the conditions under
which they live, the Greeks of America keep
pretty faithfully three of the four great fasting
seasons of the Church, viz., the Christmas Fast,
(our Advent) which begins November 15th
(Greek style) — 28th (Westem style); the fast
which begins two weeks before the Falling Asleep
of the Holy Birth-giver of God (corresponding
to the Western "Assumption") on August 15th
— 28th; and the Great Fast (Lent), beginning
on Monday (they have no Ash Wednesday) and
lasting forty-eight days. The fourth fast is that
before the Feast of St. Peter and St. Paul, June
29th — July 12th, but it is not usually kept by
them in America. The strictness of the fast is
somewhat graded for different times, but it is
infinitely more stringent than in westem usage.
It consists in abstinence from meat, eggs, butter,
cheese, and sometimes from fish and even oil. The
Greeks here, because of the hard conditions of

94 GREEKS IN AMERICA
their work, usually keep strictly in Lent proper
only the first and last weeks.
The four feasts above mentioned are the days
of obligation for Holy Communion — or to speak
more correctly, the seasons, as the Communion
is usually made during the preceding fasting sea
son. Thus the Easter Communion, which no
good Orthodox fails in, is very rarely made on
Easter Day itself, but some time during Lent,
usually on the Saturday before or Palm Sun
day. From the best information I can get, though
of course it is impossible to estimate accurately,
about one-half of the Greek men in America make
their fast, confession and Communion regularly
at least for Easter, and this includes nearly all
over 25 years of age. It is the youths who have
become slack. This is, however, I think I may
Venture to state, a better showing than among
those men in America, foreign and native, at the
present time who were baptized in the Roman
Catholic Church.
The Greeks attend their church services, where
they have them, I should say better than Episco
palians or Protestants. On certain days nearly
all turn out: Easter, Holy Thursday and Good
Friday evenings, Christmas, New Year; and very
many, when they can get away from work, on
the Epiphany, the Falling Asleep of the Theo-
tokos, St. George's Day (May 23 — June 5) and
also on the Sunday after Easter (called "St.

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 96
Thomas' Sunday" from the Gospel for the day,
as are designated most of their Sundays).
The Christmas Mass begins at midnight and
lasts tiU about 2 :00 or 3 :00 a. m., when all go to
the restaurants or home, and feast as at Easter.
New Year's Day, not Christmas, is the day the
Greeks give presents to each other.*
Holy Week is filled with services, especially
Great Thursday, Great Friday, and Great Sat
urday (to use the Greek names). At the Great
Friday Matins, usually on Thursday evening,
there are Twelve Gospels, relating the whole ac
count of our Lord's sufferings. The three Holy
Week services that are fully attended are this,
the Good Friday night service, and the Easter
service the next midnight. These are the services
which Americans should attend, if they wish to
witness what the Greeks most love and celebrate
with the greatest fervor.
The Good Friday night service ^ is that of the
Entombment of our Lord. That night all over
the United States are crowded churches, or per
haps stuffy hired halls, everybody standing (the
* Speaking of feast days, let us note that one of the
great feasts of the Orthodox Church is that of the Trans
figuration. The Churches of Rome and England have prac
tically dropped this, but it has been restored in the American
Church. 5 Properly this is the Easter Eve service and should begin
at midnight, after Good Friday has passed; but as the
Greeks in America have to go to work the next day, Satur
day, and be up all the next night, this service is usually
begun early Friday evening.

96 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Greeks never kneel or sit), with the flare of hun
dreds of tapers that everyone holds, the smoke
of incense, the weird music in which all join from
time to time. And the priest wanders smilingly
about sprinkling everybody with scented water.
In the midst stands a representation of the Holy
Sepulcher,* a sort of canopied litter surmounted
by candles and covered with flowers; and within
is laid a little image of the Crucified. And the
priest takes from the Altar the closely figured
"winding-sheet" and carries it about on his head
and lays it in the tomb and on it the Book of the
Holy Gospels. They pick up the Sepulcher and
march around, all joining in the procession and
singing of the Burial and Descent into Hell, of
Joseph and the myrrh-bearing women. Properly
this procession should be out of doors, but this
is rarely feasible in America except at Tarpon
Springs, Chicago, and some other places.
But the service of services is that of Easter,
the Feast of Feasts. It begins somewhat before
midnight, when the beautiful Easter Canon is
sung, with its opening canticle, familiar to us in
Dr. Neale's translation:
"The Day of Resurrection,
Earth ! tell it out abroad !
The Passover of gladness !
The Passover of God!
From Death to Life Eternal,
From this world to the sky,
6 See picture of Lowell Church.

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 97
Our Christ hath brought us over.
With hymns of victory." '
As the stroke of midnight comes, the priest cries
with a loud voice, "Christ is risen from the dead,
trampling down Death by death, and upon those
in the tomb bestowing hfe. ChrtStos aneste!"
(Xpiaros aviarfj) And the multitudes answer,
"Aneste alethos" ('AveoraaAjj^ws) ; and all light
their tapers from the three-branched candle of
the priest and exchange with each other the East
er kiss and the Easter greeting. The Divine
Liturgy is then celebrated with its fullest pomp.
Afterwards the happy crowds throng out of the
church and hasten to their festive restaurants —
or to their homes, if they be so fortunate as to
have them — and there they feast on lamb and
sumptuous viands and eat the red-dyed eggs. For
everyone is furnished with an egg, and the feast
ing begins with the time-honored custom of each
knocking his egg against that of his neighbor,
saying at the same time the Easter greeting — the
strongest egg gives its owner the best luck. And
thus having broken their long fast, they sing and
dance and laugh and carouse like happy children
long after sunrise. On Easter afternoon also
there is a short service to which many go.
7 Neale translates the whole long Canon, but his works
are out of print. Brownlie also has a complete translation,
"Hymns of the Greek Church," pp. 67-78. Forty-one beauti
ful hymns found in the various church hymnals of England
and America are translations from the Eastern Orthodox
Service Books.

98 GREEKS IN AMERICA
THE SUNDAY LITURGY
The regular Sunday service of the Greeks in
America — and there is but one a Sunday — is the
Divine Liturgy or Holy Eucharist. Let me de
scribe it.*
I have often been told, and have read it, that
the service is three hours long. This is not so.
The Mass itself, sermon and all, is not more than
an hour and a half. It is the singing that pre
cedes it that takes up another hour or so during
which the worshipers come in, some at the begin
ning, some not till the actual Liturgy. Thus if
you go to a Greek Liturgy and try to follow it in
translation, don't try until, with an obvious break
in the service, the Priest comes out of the central
doors of the screen and chants sonorously :
""EiiXoyijixevr] r/ Bao'tXeta tov Ilarpos, koI tov Yiov, Kai,
Tov ayiov nveu/wiTos"(pronounced — Evlogheemenee ee
vasileea tou Patros, kay ton Eeoti, kay tou
agheeou Nefmatos) and then you will hear the
opening litany with the singers' and people's oft
recurring response, "Kvpie eXerjo-ov" (Keeriee elay-
eeso-n). The long chanting of the singers, monotonous
to our ears, which always precedes the Liturgy
8 I should strongly advise the reader to buy Campbell's
little "Manual" (see Bibhography, Appendix B, IV), and
attend a Liturgy himself. If he does so, he will be strongly
impressed with what seems a lack of reverence. But let us
remember that a Greek attending a service in a Protestant
church in America, is also strongly impressed with what
seems to him a lack of reverence.

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 99
proper for an hour or so, is one of the eight
"Tones" which are sung in rotation on successive
Sundays through the year, with special festal ad
ditions on feast days. Each "Tone" is a long
poetical composition formed of five hymns and a
"Canon" of nine "Odes." »
They teU in prose poetry of the glories of the
Incarnation, the Cross, the Resurrection, of the
Eternal Trinity, of the AU-Holy Birth-giver of
God, of sin and mercy, of death and eternal life.
"Lull to tranquillity,
Christ, Divine Lord,
The sea storm-swept
By my passions dread wave ;
As Thou art compassionate,
Lead thou me forth.
Forth from corruption,
O Mighty to save.
Glory to thy Resurrection, O Lord."
(Tone V, 6th Ode of the Canon, Versified by the
author.) You enter the Greek church, or mayhap the
hired hall. The men, women, and children that
pass through the porch step and kiss the gaudily
0 See Miss Hapgood's "Service Book," Appendix A, which
gives translations of all the "Tones"; also Campbell's "Man
ual," pp. 60-64 and table to find them on the last page. Many
of Neale's and Brownlie's metrical translations are from
these "Tones," and their festal additions (See Bibliography,
App. B, IV), and from these may be gained the best idea
of their simple and exalted poetry and devotion.

100 GREEKS IN AMERICA
painted Eikon, take a little taper from the table,
light it, and stick it in the candle stand, symbol
of the offering of worship of each, and drop a
piece of money in the plate. Within all are stand
ing — though they will kindly offer you a chair, if
there be one, in appreciation of your western
weakness. The singers at either end of the Eikon-
painted screen which shuts off the sanctuary are
chanting the long Tone. Behind the Eikon-
screen, unseen, the Priest is preparing the elements
and saying the office of the Prothesis (or Prepara
tion). At last he comes forth from the central
doors in heavily embroidered vestments and begins
the Liturgy. After a litany comes a series of an-
tiphonal singing.^'* And then from the left-hand
door, preceded by an acolyte or two (probably
unvested) with lighted candles, the priest ad
vances, bearing the book of the Holy Gospels. As
the service proceeds he carries it to the Holy Table
and the Epistle is intoned by the Reader. Then,
after much incense, the priest faces the people
and sings the Gospel; after which he preaches,
usually an exposition of the Gospel for the day.
The next most obvious event in the service is, after
a time, the Great Entrance, when again the pro
cession comes forth from the north door, with the
Priest, carrying the veiled paten on his head
10 The "Prayer of the Third Antiphon," said secretly by the
priest, is our "Prayer of St. Chrysostom," so familiar to
Anglicans at the end of Morning and Evening Prayer in our
"Book of Common Prayer."

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 101
and the chalice in his hand, and passes to the
Altar." After more singing and a litany, one of the
singers monotones the Symbol of the Faith, the
Nicene Creed.
Then, with the Holy Doors closed to veil the
Divine Mystery, follows the Anaphora, the cen
tral part of the Mass with the Consecration of
the bread and wine. I will not attempt to de
scribe further, save to say that therein is con-
tfiined, just as in every Liturgy of the Holy Cath
olic Church, the same Sursum Corda and Preface
and three-fold Sanctus, the same words of insti
tution, the Oblation, the Invocation of the Holy
Spirit; and just before the Elevation of the Host
and the Communion of the Priest is chanted the
Lord's Prayer.
If — often there are none — there are any com
munions made by the laity on the day you attend
the Divine Liturgy, you will see the faithful ad
vance to the steps before the Altar, and after a
low reverence receive from a spoon both Elements
together, while a great colored cloth is held beneath
the chin. At the last Greek Eucharist I attended,
two families comprised the communicants, con
sisting of the fathers and mothers and two little
babies. At the end of the Liturgy the priest gives the
11 The deacon should bear the paten, and should have an
important part in the service ; but there are no Greek deacons
in America, eis far as I know, so the priests have to sing
the deacons' parts as well as their own.

102 GREEKS IN AMERICA
benediction, holding aloft a small cross. After
this the people receive the "Antidoron." The dis
tribution of the Antidoron is a beautiful Orthodox
custom. It is as follows: Only a part of the
loaf or loaves, which are always of leavened bread,
are cut out in the service of preparation and
placed upon the paten to be consecrated. The
rest is cut up by an acolyte into squares and
placed upon a large tray. This tray is taken by
the priest and held over the Consecrated Elements
and blessed. Then at the end of the service these
breads are distributed to all the people, or some
are wrapped up in little pieces of paper and sent
to the sick or to those who for other reasons were
unable to be present. And all who receive the
Antidoron must receive it fasting, just as they
would if they were making their Communion.
"Antidoron" means "instead of the gift." It is
not, of course, sacramental, but it does convey a
blessing. CHURCH MUSIC"
"A noteworthy feature of the service is the sound of
the music which precedes and accompanies the Liturgy.
12 This account, with the footnote and cut of the ancient
Byzantine music, which is the music of the present Greek
Church, was written for this chapter by Miss Marguerite
Ogden, of Portland, Maine. It is a most extraordinary
and difficult subject, practically unknown to Americans,
and almost unwritten in the English language. In the
preparation of this she consulted the following books: —
"Etudes sur la Musique Ecclesiastique Greque," Bourgault-
Ducoudray; "Traits de Psaltique," J. B. Rebours; "Metho-
dus Cantus Ecclesiastici Graeco-Slavici," Joanne de Cas-

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 103
At first it strikes a musical ear as a weird and monot
onous wail always a little oiF the key. But as one
grows accustomed to it, the very monotony becomes
restful, almost hypnotic. The holding of one note,
called the ison, by a part of the choir while the priest
or chief singer carries a melody above it supplies a
kind of rude harmony. The droning of the same
note at times for ten or fifteen minutes, so peculiar
to our ears, is intended to supply the singer with the
tonic or starting note of the mode in which he is to
chant. It also serves as would an organ to keep him
on the key (no instruments are used in Greek wor
ship except occasionally a violin to give the pitch).
In a well trained choir the ison is changed with skill
and precision as the leading voice modulates from one
key or mode to another. In some churches there are
two divisions of the choir and only one book. A small
boy between the two bears the book first to one side
and then to the other as alternately they chant the
words of the service or hold the ison. The impression
conveyed of the singing being always oiF the key is
owing to the fact that between a whole and half tone
(the only intervals of which we take cognizance) there
exists in Byzantine music such fine gradations as f of
a tone, f of a tone, etc.'^^
tro; "Hymns of the Eastern Church," 4th Edition with
music, J. M. Neale; "' AvourTairtiia rdpiop," Nikolaos G.
Protopsastos. 13 "There are three kinds of scales in Greek music, the
diatonic, enharmonic, chromatic. The first resembles a
Gregorian tone, approximately our D minor scale; the en
harmonic cannot in practice be distinguished from the dia
tonic; the chromatic, most characteristically oriental and
capable of expressing great piety is somewhat such an
effect as to play on the piano C, D flat, E natural, F, G, A

104 GREEKS IN AMERICA
"As you listen to a service you may discover that
words are set to music in three distinct ways: there
may be one note to one syllable, two notes to one
syllable, or a whole melody sung to one syllable. The
latter is used in chanting the Divine Liturgy, and of
it the following description is given by Joanne de Cas
tro: 'A certain Russian traveler assisted at the of
fice of the Feast of St. Andrew on the celebrated
monastic peninsular of Mount Athos, whose litur
gical order is most highly esteemed by the Greeks. The
chief singer, after he should have finished a certain
canticle, continued singing ten minutes in a lively and
joyful voice "gei-gei-gei, etc.," and above it was heard
the singing of the Troparia of the Blessed Virgin
Mary. First would come two words of the latter;
then incessantly, constantly, would issue forth for the
space of ten minutes a labyrinth of trembling and flut
tering sound like a nightingale; and after two more
words of the troparia the chief singer would return
to the same ornament. So that one whole hour was
consumed in the singing of this short troparia.'
"The melodic beauties of this ancient Byzantine
music have been so long unknown to the western world
because they are written in neumes or signs instead
of by staff's and notes. A casual glance at a service
book in a Greek church would lead one to think that
he had by chance opened a stenographer's notebook,
so much do the characters of this music written in
neumes resemble the dots and dashes of shorthand.
flat, B natural, C. There are eight modes which are some
what the equivalent in our music of scales played on dif
ferent notes, whereas diatonic, enharmonic, chromatic, rep
resent what would be the major or minor form of the
scale."

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 105
There are no lines or staff" signs, as the music is all
sung in unison, and no notes of various shapes to give
the absolute duration of time. The unit of time is a
regular beating with the hand, a downward and up
ward stroke making one measure, as it were. This
simple beat never varies, although the time relation
of the various signs to each other is often quite com
plicated. Five diff'erent kinds of signs are employed
in writing in neumes, — ^those indicating ascending in
tervals, descending intervals, measure, modulations of
the voice, and the key signs called 'marturia,' which
give the tonic or starting note of the music. For as
these signs express only relative intervals and not def
inite pitch, they cannot be interpreted at all unless
the singer begins at a key sign where the tonic of the
mode in which he is to sing is given him.
"Example I. The first line of Psalm 141, taken
from the Service of Great Vespers, gives an idea of
music written in neumes and the translation into west
ern notation. 'Echos' means tone. The sign look
ing like a 'g' with two dots over it signifies first tone
and pa is the Greek syllable for our note re, indicating
that the tonic of this tone is D above middle C. The
first sign, called in Greek petaste, indicates that the
voice mounts one step from the tonic D ; so this chant
begins on the E above middle C. The next sign called
apostrophos indicates that the voice descends one step.
The third sign called ison indicates that the previous
note is to be repeated. The fourth sign called oligon
indicates one ascending step. In the fifth combination
of two signs the lower one an oligon indicates another
ascending step, while the little one above called hlasma
is a time sign and adds one beat to the note over which

106 GREEKS IN AMERICA
it is placed. The sixth sign called vareia indicates
that the following note is to be accented.
"Example II is the music of a Gloria written in the
8th tone or plagal of the 4th tone, tonic on C, taken
from the Traite de Psaltique. The words are 'Father,
Son and Holy Spirit, Trinity, consubstantial, not di
vided.' A peculiarity of these examples which can
not be represented in our notation is that in descend
ing the scale by the law of attraction certain notes
are half flatted, that is in Ex. I the distance from
mi to re is about three-quarters of a tone.
"This music of the Greek Church, though in notation
and interval quite diff'erent from that of the western
world, should by no means be approached as a subject
of fossil and remote interest. It not only adequately
voiced the wonderful liturgies of the Christian Church
during the years of their inception and growth, but is a
living art to-day. It would reasonably seem that this
music holds for the Western Church a wealth of mel
odic variety and rhythmic versatility impossible to the
more rigid intervals and stricter mathematical divi
sions of time in the West. It is to be hoped that as the
way opens for reciprocal influence between eastern and
western musicians, the latter may be led to appreciate
and absorb the dehcacies of tone and the freedom of
rhythm whereby the former are able to express shades
of religious emotion as nicely as the Greek language
has given subtle turns to -Christian philosophic
thought." HOUSEHOLD EIKONS
In the Fatherland each house had its house
hold Eikon — even the Greek ships have their

E X I
H^09 i^. .n«.
K-v. • > ^ > >-

E X II
Ha r£ £ pa 1* ov xci.l
A. a yt, o ov Ilvsv £v au eu /j.a
^  -^^ ^ ^^^">^«^  ,ii.<^
rpc a ^a. o ^o ou o-c ou xa,c a yoj p<

irix-::z-pa,Ye-9U,x<x.iA — 76-oy Hi/cih

u «, z^i.-a.-da. o-v.o-o\)-ai-i>v%ak a-yio-po-ete- -oy.
Byzantine Musical Notation.

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 107
Eikon of St. Nicholas. In like manner in Amer
ica in the homes of every Greek family and in the
lodging houses where several Greeks live together,
may be found the ever present Eikon, one or
more. They are generally small and painted in
bright colors and r'everently framed. Perhaps
the most common, especially the first, are : St.
George (Patron Saint of Greece) Slaying the
Dragon; the Panaghia, the All Holy Virgin; the
Christ ; and the three Patriarchs, Saints Basil,
Gregory, and John Chrysostom. Every Satur
day night and on the eve of a feast — in many
households, every night — the little lamp is lighted
before the Eikon — symbol of the intercession of
the Church Triumphant for the Church Militant.
OTHER RITES AND CEREMONIES
Besides the regular public services, there are, of
course, the various sacramental and other minis
trations in church and in the houses which the
overworked Greek priests in America are contin
ually called out to attend, not only in their own
parishes but, in the cases of baptisms, weddings,
and funerals through all the region roundabout.
The more important are: Holy Baptism with
the accompanying Holy Chrismation (the equiv
alent of Confirmation) Holy Matrimony, the
Churching of women forty days after the birth of
a child, the blessing of houses, the visitation and
Communion of the sick and dying, and the burial
of the dead. The Greeks call in the priest (and

108 GREEKS IN AMERICA
they call him in for a good many things) just as
they would call a doctor (indeed he is a doctor of
souls), and they always pay a fee. In the case of
weddings the guests make up a purse, as it were,
which usually constitutes a most generous fee.
The Greeks do not look upon their priests, as
many Episcopalians do on theirs and Protestants
on their ministers, as social gadabouts, from
whom everybody expects a nice call and is mad if
she or he doesn't get it, and especially if a body is
ill the parson is expected to be telepathetically
cognizant of the fact and is rarely sent for. No,
the Greeks believe that a priest is ordained of God
to administer from God realities of grace and ben
ediction. And although they may sometimes de
spise the man for his lack of education or his
worldly-mindedness, they nevertheless respect the
priest and treat him with the proper marks of
courtesy, as doffing their hats, or rising when he
enters the room.
Let us describe two only of the special rites,
weddings and funerals. The former occur some
where in the United States on every Sunday in the
year and often week days, except during Lent;
the latter will occur oftener in America as time
passes onward. WEDDINGS
1 On the morning of the wedding (or the Sunday
(before, if it takes place on a week day, which is
not usual) the Orthodox bride and groom al-

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 109
ways receive Holy Communion. The marriage
ceremony usually is performed in the afternoon in
the bride's house or in the church. The wedding
party marches to the church or house, headed by
musicians playing oriental instruments. In the
center of the room stands a table on which are
placed the book of the Gospels, two rings and two
crowns of wax or real flowers or of metal. The
bride and groom are given lighted tapers to hold.
The service, which is very ancient and perfect in
its arrangement, consists of beautiful prayers
filled with Scripture citations, and litanies and
festal responses, with the 128th Psalm, an Epistle
and Gospel,^* and the following symbolic cere
monies: "The Rings," which the priest, after
signing the heads of the bride and groom, places
upon the right hand of each and then the para-
nymphos (bridesman or "friend of the bride
groom," representing the father) exchanges them
thrice ; "The Coronation" — the priest places the
crowns on the heads, as they stand with little fin
gers united, and the paranymphos immediately ex
changes them; "The Common Cup" of blessed
(not consecrated) wine, of which both partake.
And then they march round the table, the para
nymphos holding the crowns on from behind.
Finally the priest takes off the crowns and blesses
the couple and they kiss each other, and the
friends and relations congratulate them, and kiss
—not the happy pair, but the crowns ; and every-
" Ephesians 5 :30-33 and St. John 2 :1-12.

llOy GREEKS IN AMERICA
 ^
one receives a little box or bag stamped with the
names of the groom and bride and containing a
special nuptial kind of colored candies about the
size and shape of a small bird's egg. This latter
Greek custom is, of course, not found in the ru
brics : it seems to be the equivalent of our wedding
cake. Sometimes other customs take its place.
The wedding feast usually is spread, not at the
bride's home, but at that of the groom, if he have
one ; and as the pair enter the house the mother of
the groom, and only she or the nearest woman rela
tive, throws rice upon them.
Holy Matrimony to the Greek, as they are
taught at home and in their catechism at public
school, is a very solemn sacrament, sanctifying
and giving grace for the perfecting of the indis
soluble and most sacred of human relationships.
Nor does their service fail, as do our English serv
ices, in frequent prayers for fair children as the
longed-for fruit of the union. Divorce is almost
unknown among the Greeks. The terrible laxness
of the marriage tie in America and the equally
terrible curtailment of offspring among "civilized"
Americans, shock the Greek when he comes here.
Here is the beautiful prayer just before the
Coronation, and during which the hands are
joined: "O Holy God, who didst form man out of the dust,
and of his rib didst raise up woman, and join her to
him as a helpmeet for him, for so it pleased thy

CELEBRATIONS AND RITES 111
Majesty that man should not be alone upon the earth:
do Thou Thyself now, O Lord, stretch forth Thy
hand from Thy holy dwelling place, and join together
Thy servant (N) and Thy handmaid (N) for by
Thee is woman joined unto man. Unite them in har
mony of mind; wed them into one flesh; and grant
them the fruit of the womb, the joy of good children.
For Thine is the might, and Thine is the kingdom,
and the power and the glory. Father, Son, and Holy
Ghost, now and ever, and unto ages of ages, amen."
FUNERALS
When the Greek dies here, a stranger in a
strange land, his church performs the last rites,
in the church building, if there be one, with
wondrously solemn service: filled with hymns, sad
and beautiful, telling of earthly vanity and sor
row, and rest and Paradise, and the oft recurring
petition for the repose of the soul of the departed.
In the church, feet to the Altar and the east, is
the open coffin, an Eikon of the Savior in the dead
hand, four candlesticks standing crosswise about
the bier. AU hold lighted tapers. At the end
of the service the priest, and sometimes others,
makes an oration, and then the "last kiss" is
given, all filing by and stooping to kiss the dead.
And at the grave, with chant and prayer, includ
ing the Lord's Prayer, the priest strews crosswise
a shovelful of dust, and sprinkles wine and oil and
ashes from the censer. There is a separate serv
ice, a most beautifully pathetic one, for the burial
of a little child, and also one for the burial of a

112 GREEKS IN AMERICA
priest. Here is the closing part of the long final
hymn in the service for the burial of laymen,
chanted while the last kiss is being given.-' ^
"Behold and weep me, friends and brethren !
Voice, sense, and breath, and motion gone;
But yesterday I dwelt among you;
Then death's most fearful hour came on.
"Embrace me with the last embracement;
Kiss me with this, the latest kiss;
Never again shall I be with you;
Never with you share woe or bliss.
"I go before the dread tribunal
Where no man's person is preferr'd;
Where lord and slave, where chief and soldier.
Where rich and poor alike are heard:
"One is the manner of their judgment;
Their plea and their condition one;
And they shall reap in woe or glory
The earthly deeds that they have done.
"I pray you, brethren, I adjure you.
Pour forth to Christ the ceaseless prayer,
He would not doom me to Gehenna,
But in his glory give me share !"
15 Translated literally by Dr. Neale.

VII
THE CHURCH OF THE GREEKS
It is necessary to insert here a chapter explain
ing definitely just what this church of the Greeks
is, for the simple reason that the majority of
Americans, educated as well as uneducated, have
very vague and erroneous notions about it.
Americans are apt to divide all Christianity into
two parts, Catholic (meaning Roman Catholic)
and Protestant. And here is the bewildering phe
nomena of a great church which claims to be and
is neither; whose members hate the Pope as much
as any Presbyterian and who would laugh at you
if you called them Protestant — why, the East
erns call the Pope "the first great Protestant."
Yet the Holy Eastern Orthodox Church (the
Greek Church is only a part of it and not the cor
rect title for the whole), which has already hun
dreds of thousands of her children in America,
comprises in aU over 120,000,000, or about one
quarter of all the Christians in the world.
Whence came this great section of Christianity,
and how do the Eastern Orthodox regard their
church and the rest of Christendom.''
If I were to attempt a sketch of ecclesiastical
history, it would be surely accused of Anglican
bias. Therefore let us view the history of Chris-
113

114 GREEKS IN AMERICA
tianity from the eyes of the Orthodox themselves.
The following is a literal translation of a very
simple and excellent outline of ecclesiastical his
tory by the Greek priest of Lynn, Massachusetts,
the Rev. Theophilos Spiropoulos, and it ex
presses what all Orthodox believe and teach. He
wrote it especially for me at the k. Canoutas' re
quest, though at the time he thought it was to be
published in Greek for Greek readers — which mis
conception makes it all the more valuable, as he
is not trying to impress Americans. I might add
that except for his partial misunderstanding of
the Reformation in England, and so of the Angli
can position, which is really identical in most re
spects with his own, his account is practically the
same as any well informed Anglican priest would
write. But you cannot blame him for misunder
standing the Anglican position, when a good many
Anglicans, or as they are called in America, Epis
copalians, do not understand it themselves.'
"The Church is the communion of all those believ
ing in Christ, founded by the Savior Christ Himself
and his Apostles. The function of the Church is to
spread to the world through her organs the proclama
tion of the Gospel, to spread abroad everywhere the
principles of the Christian religion, and to mould
1 1 wish to acknowledge with gratitude the work of trans
lating this, which was done by Mr. Ralph W. Brown, of
Boston, a Harvard graduate, formerly on the staff of a
Greek newspaper in Boston. He also transcribed the orig
inal script on his Greek typewriter.

CHURCH OF THE GREEKS 115
men according to them. The Church accomplishes
this work by three means: by the proclamation of the
Gospel, by worship and by sacraments or mysteries,
and by the religious training in general of the people.
"The Apostles having received the order from the
Savior Christ to spread abroad to the world His teach
ing (Matthew 28:19), accomplished this command
with zeal and self-sacrifice; for being scattered from
Palestine throughout the world with the Apostle Paul
who had turned to Christianity, they established
everywhere in the Roman Empire, which then in
cluded almost all the known world, very many
churches, which became the chief centers, and from
which later on, Christianity spread to all lands.
"But this spreading of the Christian religion, which
continued to be waged even after the death of the
Apostles by their successors, took place not without
strife and sacrifice. Throughout the first three cen
turies, the Church, wrestling with the Gentile world
breast to breast and undergoing most fearful perse
cutions, came forth, by the help of the Most High,
triumphant from this struggle. The first to accept
Christianity were the Greeks, then the Romans and
the Syrians, and after these little by little the other
peoples of Europe: Anglo-Saxons, Germans, English,
Franks, Goths, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, Dutch,
won over by the Western Church; and the Slavic peo
ples, Russians, Moravians, Bohemians, Dalmatians,
Croatians, Servians, Bulgarians, won over to Chris
tianity by the Greek Church.^ And about 900 A. D.,
nearly all Europe was Christian.
2 Cyril and Methodius are the famous names of the two
Greek missionaries who began the conversion of the Slavs
and invented the Slavic alphabet.

116 GREEKS IN AMERICA
"Since the year 313, under Constantine the Great,
the persecutions had ceased and peace reigned in the
Church. During this epoch Christianity takes on its
first complete development. In this period, the
Church, taking its occasion from the perverted teach
ing of the heretics then appearing (Arians, Nestori-
ans, Eutychians, Monotheletes, etc.), formulates more
exactly and more in detail the dogmas of Christianity,
and by the first Ecumenical Councils puts on a more
perfect basis the affairs of administration and wor
ship. This epoch, especially the fourth century and
the first half of the fifth century, is the golden age
of the Church, because during it the Church was
made brilliant by the most illustrious Greek ecclesi
astical Fathers and writers, Basil, Athanasius, the
two Gregorys, Chrysostom and others. This epoch
has momentous meaning for the Eastern Orthodox
•Church, because all her dogmatic, liturgical and ad
ministrative structure is based upon the principles of
the Ecumenical Councils and the unanimous teaching
of the Fathers. A final strife which appeared in the
so far united Church was that called forth on the part
of the Iconoclasts. But by the last Ecumenical Coun
cil (7th) the Church in the year 787 decided that the
simple honor of the images of the martyrs and the
saints of the Church is allowable and indeed incum
bent, in order that their memory be kept vivid and at
the same time their virtue be honored by Christians.
This final strife of the Iconoclasts, as also the strifes
which appeared arising from the constitution of the
Church, occasioned by different dogmatic reasons, had
no great significance, and the Church was one, and
all the Christians were united.
"It is true that the development of the Eastern and

CHURCH OF THE GREEKS 117
the Western Church, from the first centuries on, was
diff'erent in teaching, administration and worship.
Starting from the ninth century, there commenced to
spread in the west the teaching about procession of
the Holy Spirit 'and from the Son' (Jilioque) while
the Church in the East remained in the teaching of
the creed of the two first Ecumenical Councils. Like
wise there existed a diff^erence in the teaching 'about
the relation of grace toward human liberty in the
work of the regeneration of man.' Likewise there
existed difi"erences also in worship between the
churches of the East and of the West. All these dif
ferences, however, did not give birth to schism, but
only prepared the way for it.
"During the ninth century, however, there occurred
the schism between Easterns and Westerns, which
from that time forth separated the Western from the
Eastern Christian world. The Pope and the West
erns split off" from the Orthodox Church. The Pope
was first to give the cause, who being possessed by
measureless ambition, as Bishop of the ancient capital
of the Roman empire, Rome, wished to impose (ob
trude) himself upon the whole church arbitrarily, as
serting and calling himself successor of Peter, and
in consequence ruler of all the Church. It is to be
noted, however, that one never reads in the New
Testament that Peter orders around the other apos
tles; on the contrary, he was chidden by Paul (Gala-
tians 2:11). Christ did not give to Peter only the
keys of the kingdom, but also to the other apostles
(Matthew 18:18); and in saying 'Rock on which He
founded the church' (Matthew 16:18) Christ meant
faith in Him, and not Peter at all. And it is en
tirely imcertain whether the apostle Peter even went

118 GREEKS IN AMERICA
to Rome; from the New Testament nothing of the
sort appears; consequently on no ground can the Pope
be regarded as successor of Peter. Likewise it is to
be noted that the ancient churches of the first nine
centuries in the diff'erent lands were autocephalous
and independent, and their relation to each other was
a relation of brother churches, self-sufficient and free.
They simply rendered honors to the Bishops of Rome
and of Constantinople, because these two cities were
the capitals of the Roman empire.
"And it is indeed true that the western peoples,
being then barbarous and uncivilized, since they got
Christianity from Rome, readily bowed to the arbi
trary claims of the Pope; but the Greek churches of
the East, which in development surpassed the Roman
Church, could not be subjected to the high-handed
ness of the Pope. Thence came on the schism.
"The occasion of the outbreak of the schism was
afforded by the overthrow, in the year 857 imder
Michael III, of the Patriarch Ignatius and the rais
ing to the patriarchal throne of Constantinople of
Photius. In Constantinople at that time the bishops
were divided into friends and enemies of Photius.
The then Pope of Rome, Nicholas I,^ a man over-
ambitious, taking advantage of the division in Con
stantinople, intervened arbitrarily, wishing to impose
Ignatius as Patriarch of the East. The majority of
the eastern bishops at that time, in many synods, de
clared for Photius and rejected the arbitrary inter
ventions of the Pope. The Pope Nicholas moreover,
acting very high-handedly, excommunicates Photius.
The Easterns reject flatly the mixing-in of the Pope,
3 The first Pope to make use of the Forged Isodorian
Decretals.

CHURCH OF THE GREEKS 119
and protest against his arrogant intervention. Thus
were broken off the relations between the two churches
and the schism began which definitively was accom
plished in the year 1054 under Patriarch of Constan
tinople Michael Cerularius.*
"The Papal Church, thenceforth cut off from the
Eastern Church, fell into many pieces; for having
abandoned the ancient Christianity to which the East
ern Church remained faithful, she changed every
thing. And in the first place she changed the con
stitution of the Church; for having taken away
the independence and self-government of the local
churches of the western lands, she instituted the sys
tem of papal despotism, concentrating in the hands
of the Pope unlimited authority. Besides this she
accepted many new dogmas, such as the procession
"and from the Son' of the Holy Spirit, sprinkling in
baptism, the depriving of the laity of the holy wine
in the Eucharist, the immaculate conception of the
Virgin Mother, and the infallibility of the Pope.
And in many other things the Western Church made
innovations, such as in the compulsory celibacy of the
clergy of all the grades, as also in the imposition in
worship of the dead Latin language upon all peoples.
Little by little the high-handedness of the Pope
reached such a point that he wished to enslave even
the emperors and kings of the West; and through the
celebrated courts of the Holy Inquisition, which the
wickedness of the Pope and his tools devised, thou
sands of men as alleged heretics were burned at the
stake. "On account of these great errors of the Western
* When the haughty papal legates deposited upon the
Altar of St. Sophia a fierce anathema.

120 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Church, there arose during the 16th century the so-
called Protestants, under the leadership of Luther
in Germany (1517) and of Zwingli and Calvin in
Switzerland, who broke off' from the Western Church.
But these men again, who so powerfully protested
against the errors (excesses) of the Western Church,
in fleeing these were reduced to opposite exaggera
tions and excesses ; for they rej ected not only the tra
ditions of later origin of the Western Church, but
also all the ancient traditions of Christianity, and
held Holy Scripture alone as source of the Christian
teaching, which each interprets as he wills. They
stripped worship bare, abolishing the most ancient
ceremonies (sacraments), casting the images from
their temples which had adorned them from most an
cient times. In general the great liberty which from
the very start distinguished the Protestant Church
became a ground for it to be divided into myriad
branches, mutually contending and not recognizing
one another, thus sacrificing order to liberty, as the
Westerns sacrificed liberty to order. Out of all the
branches of the Protestant Church, an exception is
formed by the Episcopal Church, which does not
hesitate to recognize and to confess the excesses
and exaggerations of the Protestant Church. This
church has remained from the first very friendly in
her inclinations toward the Eastern Orthodox Church,
confessing that the Eastern Orthodox Church has
maintained the ancient Christianity purer than any
other church, and desiring unity with her. This atti
tude in the Episcopal Church is not unexpected and
inexplicable, because this church, even after the ref
ormation of the 16th century preserving the institution
of Holy Orders and many other Catholic elements

CHURCH OF THE GREEKS 121
in her worship, approaches more closely to the East
ern Orthodox Church than any other Protestant
Church, even standing in a certain sense midway be
tween the Protestant Church and the Eastern Ortho
dox." The Holy Eastern Orthodox Church at the
present day is divided into fifteen different parts,
each autocephalous (having its own head), or in
dependent of the other, yet with full intercom
munion and exact correspondence in doctrine, dis
cipline, and worship. It is like the Anglican Com
munion with its 30,000,000 divided into the inde
pendent churches of England, Scotland, Ireland,
America, Canada, Australia, China, etc. And as
these give honor and precedence to the Primate
Archbishop of Canterbury so do all the Orthodox
churches in a somewhat like sense give honor to the
Patriarch of Constantinople. The fifteen inde
pendent parts are : the four ancient Patriarchates
of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Je
rusalem; the national churches of Russia, Monte
negro, Greece, Servia, and Bulgaria; the ancient
Metropolitan Church of Cyprus ; the Archbishop
ric of Mount Sinai; and the three independent
Metropolitanates in Austria-Hungary. In Amer
ica there are people and clergy from nearly all
these Orthodox branches. But alas, the political
rancor between Slav and Greek have thus far made
cooperation between these two elements impos
sible. The services of the Eastern Orthodox Church

122 GREEKS IN AMERICA
are sung and read in the living languages under
stood by the people — Gr;eek, Slavonic, Arabic,
Roumanian, numerous Tartar dialects, Japanese,
etc., etc. — sometimes even in English. The Bible
has never been a closed book. The mighty Rus
sian Church has had for years splendid missions
throughout Siberia, in Alaska and Japan, and
elsewhere. The Greek Church has done much in
philanthropic and educational work throughout
the Turkish Empire. The laymen always take
a very important part in church organization.
Religious toleration is everywhere allowed,
if it does not actively interfere with the national
church. But the Orthodox have learned to look
askance at Protestant proselytism and Roman
propaganda. For American Protestants to try
to proselytize the Eastern Orthodox Christians
here in America is not only an almost impossible
task, but also totally wrong and unchristian.
The ancient Church of the East though trodden
down and maimed by centuries of persecution,
has a glorious past, is a living church to-day, and
has before her a mighty future.

VIII
LIFE IN THE GREAT CITIES
In this and the three following chapters we
will try to localize, and so vivify, what we have de
scribed in the previous chapters by portraying
some of the typical Greek colonies of America.
Let us take first the life of the Greeks in the great
cities, and as typical of this, that largest of all
the Greek settlements of our country, Chicago.
CHICAGO
Probably the correct estimate of the Greek pop
ulation of the metropolis of tjie West is 20,000.
The numbers vary in winter and summer with the
coming and going of the railroad laborers. Let
us quote first from Canoutas' "Greek-American
Guide," (pp. 391-392), translating literally.
"Before 1882 there were a small number of Greeks
in Chicago. These organized, with some Slavs, the
'Helleno-Slavic Brotherhood,' which later was called
the 'Good Deed Brotherhood,' and invited a certain
Greek priest, a graduate of a Russian school, to cele
brate the Divine Liturgy. After 1882 more Greeks
immigrated to Chicago, and by 1891, when their num
ber had reached 100, they organized a society under
the name of 'Therapnean Society' [afterwards was
called 'Lycurgos'], the object of which was the es-
123

124 GREEKS IN AMERICA
tablishment of a Greek church. Through the effi
cient work of this society a priest was asked for from
Greece, and the Rev. P. Phiampolis came and re
mained there till 1898, when he went to Boston as
pastor of that community. After this there were
some other priests appointed, and in 1894 were sent
the reverent and learned Archimandrites Leon Pegeas
and Ambrosios Mandelares, both graduates of our na
tional university. The first church building of their
own was erected in 1898 under the presidency of the
k. K. Loumos, 'Holy Trinity,' 1101 Johnson Street.
Unhappily, this church was changed from a house of
God to a nucleus of strife, wrangles, and legal con
tests, lasting for almost a decade, because of the jeal
ousy of diff'erent parties as to who should be presi
dent and vice-president and all the rest of it! Thou
sands of dollars were wasted in the American courts
by the various committees on matters of but transi
tory importance; often the police were called in to
prevent fighting and bloodshed in this church build
ing between those striving for the first places; and
frequently the American press published articles on
the subj ect that were not at all complimentary. Hap
pily, order was restored at last in this great Greek
colony by the establishment of two more churches,
and the division of the whole colony into three sec
tions. The first division or parish attend the old
church, which remains imder the pastorship of the
Rev. Leon Pegeas. The second division or parish,
made up of the compatriots living in the southern
part of the city, attend the newly built church of St.
Constantine (6100 Michigan Avenue), which is un
der the pastorship of the Rev. Ambrosios Mandelares.
The third parish, made up of those in the north and

Young Greeks' Educational Association, Chicago.

LIFE IN THE GREAT CITIES 125
northwest part, attend the stately church of The An
nunciation, also newly built on LaSalle Avenue, Nos.
1017-1019, which is under a third pastor, at first the
Rev. Const. Nicoletopoulos, now the Rev. Charitos
Panagopoulos." In Chicago there are some twenty-odd local so
cieties and a branch of the Pan-Hellenic Union.
This^city has the largest- number of Greek busi
ness concerns of any city in America, especially
confectioners, fruit stores, and restaurants.
There^are ten Greek physicians, two dentists, two
pharmacies, a Greek bank, several lawyers and two
newspapers — a bi-weekly of six pages, Athena,
and a ten-page weekly. Star. A proportion of
the Greeks of Chicago, remarkably large consider
ing the short residence of the majority, have be
come naturalized.
For the rest of the account of the colony in
Chicago, I cannot possibly do better than give,
with the kind permission of the author, an abridg
ment of "A Study of the Greeks in Chicago,"
which appeared in the American Journal of So
ciology of November, 1909, by Miss Grace Abbott,
Director of the League for the Protection of Im
migrants, one of the few people in America who
have an accurate and sympathetic knowledge of
the Greek immigrants. It has also been pub
lished in pamphlet form by the League (Series
1, No. 3.)
"Appreciating that its immediate neighborhood was

126 GREEKS IN AMERICA
becoming H^lenic, an investigation of -the. Greeks in
Chicago was made by Hull House ^ in order that with
reliable information about their housing conditions,
their occupations, their family life, ,and their .am
bitions, the resources of the House could be made
more useful to its new neighbors. For this purpose,
in a preliminary investigation made last summer
(1908)j S50 Greek residences were visited and 1467
Greeks counted on the schedules. These were not
confined to any one neighborhood, but were_repiesent-
ative of the city's entire Greek population, the
wealthier as well as the poorer. During the winter
and spring a Greek-speaking woman was employed
by Hull House to do systematic visiting among the
Greek families of its neighborhood and among the
Greek boys of the downtown district. Upon the in
formation thus secured by Hull House this study is
almost entirely based.
"The largest settlement of Chicago Greeks is in
the nineteenth ward, north and west of Hull House.
Here is a Greek Orthodox Church; a school^ in which
children are taught a little English, some Greek, much
of the achievements of Hellas„and the obligation that
rests on every Greek to rescue Macedonia from the
Turks and the Bulgarians; here, too, is the combina
tion of Greek bank, steamship ticket office, notary
public, and employment agency; and the cofi'ee houses,
where the men drink black cofi'ee, play cardSj, specu
late on the outcome of the next Greek lottery, and in
the evenings sing-to the accompaniment of the Greek
1 Miss Jane Addams, who kindly furnished a copy of
this pamphlet and referred me to its author, wrote me,
"A number of Greeks come to Hull House, where they have
various clubs and undertakings, and we are quite devoted
to them."

LIFE IN THE GREAT CITIES 127
bag-pipes or — evidence of their Americanization — ^lis
ten to the phonograph. On Halsted Street, south of
Harrison, almost every store for two blocks has Greek
characters on the windows; and recalling one's long
forgotten college Greek, one learns that the first cof
fee house is the 'Cafe Appollon,' and that their news
paper. The Hellas, is published next door. A block
west, on Blue Island Avenue one finds the 'Parthenon
Barber Shop' and a Greek drug store. If an Amer
ican were to visit this neighborhood on the night of
Good Friday when the stores are draped with purple
and black, and watch at midnight the solemn proces
sion of Greek men march down the streets carrying
their burning candles and chanting' Ifymns, he would
probably feel as though he were no longer in Amer
ica; but after a moment's reflection he would say that
this could be no place but America, for the procession
was headed by eight burly Irish-American policemen
and along the walks were 'Americans' of Polish, Ital
ian, Russian, Jewish, Lithuanian, and Puritan an
cestry watching with mingled reverence and curiosity
this celebration of Good Friday; while those who
marched were homesick and mourning because 'this
was not like the Tripolis.'
"Although the Greeks have scattered much more
widely over the entire country than the Italians and
most other immigrants, still they are little known or
understood. They have suff'ered both here and in
Europe from extravagant praise or unreasonable criti
cism. Before the Civil War, in the days when the
Native American or Know Nothing Party flourished,
many good Americans were afraid that the immigrants,
who then came principally^ from Germany and north
ern Europe, were going to destroy our institutions and

128 GREEKS IN AMERICA
ideals, and there was organized opposition to their
admission. Now the fear is that, because the immi
grants are coming from southern and eastern Europe,
those prophecies of sixty years ago are about to be
fulfilled. The average American, expecting every
Greek to have the beauty of an Apollo and the ability
of a Pericles, and reading only sensational newspaper
accounts of some crime he may or may not have com
mitted, concludes that the race has degenerated and
constitutes a most undesirable addition -to our -popula
tion. This is manifestly unfair. The Greek immi
grant should be accepted for what he is worth in
modern society. And we should inquire not only as
to his moral standards, his capacity for self-govern
ment and his economic value, but, equally important,
whether his development in these directions is being
promoted or retarded by the treatment he receives in
the United States.
"The only way of measuring the morality of a peo
ple is by the very Igwjbest of their criminality. For
this the only statistics available are the records of the
courts, police departments, and penal institutions.
These need most careful interpretation. Classifica
tions are usually very carelessly made and do not-dis-
tinguish between American of native and foreign
parentage, so that no conclusions can be drawn as to
the eff'ect which residence in the United States has
upon the conduct of the foreigner. It should also be
remembered that the immigrant's off"ence is too often
only his ignorance of the English language, which to
an irritated Irish policeman is in itself a crime. Vio
lations of city ordinances through ignorance of sani
tary regulations, of the requirement of a license for
peddlers, and of similar regulations, cause more ar-

LIFE IN THE GREAT CITIES 129
rests than viciousness. The newly arrived foreigner
must speak through an interpreter, and a careless
translation often gives the court an incorrect idea of
what has been said. The testimony of the witnesses
against him, and occasionally the charge, are not trans
lated to him, and so he is unable to appreciate the fuU
bearing of the questions asked him, and his chances
for acquittal are fewer than the American's. The re
port of the Commissioner General of Immigration for
1908 shows that 15,323 aliens were detained in various
penal and reformatory institutions of the United
States. Of this number 196 were Greeks. In the
north central group, which includes Illinois and eleven
other states, 40 Greeks and 2570 other aliens are re
ported so detained. These figures undoubtedly do not
give the number of alien criminals for the entire year,
but they seem incredibly small even for any one
time of the year, when it is remembered that they in
clude alien adult and juvenile off'enders held in mu
nicipal, county, state, and federal institutions. In
Chicago those Greeks who go out to work on the rail
roads from April to November and spend four or five
months in idleness in the city, although not counted in
the official census, are probably the ones who are found
most frequently in the municipal courts, charged with
disorderly conduct. The fact that so many of the
Greeks are independent peddlers and merchants in
stead of employees in some large factory is in part
some explanation of their difficulties. Hotheaded and
independent, they are, like the Irishman, drawn into
disputes which often end in serious quarrels. Un
doubtedly their criminal record in America is worse
now than it will be in the future. The Greek is one
of the last to come into this complex population of

130 GREEKS IN AMERICA
ours and the colony as a whole is still ignorant of our
language and customs.. The young men and boys
have been coming in large numbers during the past
eight years, and women are following as the men
graduate from work on the railroads to the proprietor
ship of a fruit stand or restaurant. Still a very large
proportion of the Greeks are men between the ages
of twenty and thirty — the sex and age of the greatest
criminality in all nationalities. This very large pro
portion of men makes the life of the Greek colony en
tirely different from that of a people who have been
coming for the last thirty or forty years. The men
who are here alone must live together in large groups,
without the restraining influences which come. with
normal family relationships. Certainly this would
account for much of the immorality with which Greek
men have been charged. In this respect they are
worse than at home, due probably to the demoralizing
effect which living in a city's congested districti_where
invitations to vice are on every side and where there
is no counter claim or attraction of a home, aTways has
on men or women^ The most hopeful sign is that
the Greeks who have been in the country for some
time are coming to appreciate this and are trying to
make their fellow-countrymen realize the danger which
the situation presents.
"Considered from other standpoints, the Greek is
a most desirable immigrant. With the political train
ing he has had at home, he should be able to adapt
himself quickly to our republican institutions. In
dustrially he is a positive asset in the United States.
"Because the colony^is so Jargely-jnasculine,_Iarge
numbers of the men live together, keeping house on
some cooperative arrangement, and form what may be

LIFE IN THE GREAT CITIES 131
called 'non-fannly groups' -to distinguish them from
the ordinary 'family group' in which the wife or
daughter does the housekeeping for the family and a
lodger or two. Three-fourths, at least, of the la
borers arid peddlers belong to these non- family groups,
wlule probably nearly the same proportion of the
owners of ice cream parlors and restaurant keepers
belong to the family groups. This shows very clearly
how the system works. Like other foreigners, most
of the Greeks must first serve an apprenticeship in
the gangs that do the railroad and general construc
tion work for the country. But their apprenticeship
is shorter than with most nationalities. A labor agent,
who supplies two or three thousand foreigners a sea
son for this sort of work, says that the Greek seldom
'ships out' more than once or twice. In that time he
has learned some English and has accumulated enough
money to venture on a small commercial enterprise
for himself. He becomes a peddler, perhaps later
owns a fruit stand and finally an ice cream parlor.
By this time he is ready to send for his wife and chil
dren, or some Greek woman who becomes his wife,
and they are able to live comfortably and happily.
During the short time he has been in Chicago the
Greek has established his reputation as a shrewd busi
ness man. On Halsted Street they are already say
ing, 'It takes a Greek to beat a Jew.' Historically
there is, of course, some reason for this. Mahaffy,
an authority on ancient as well as modern Greece,
says of the Greeks: 'They are probably as clever a
people as can be found in the world, and fit for any
mental work whatever. This they have proved, not only
by getting into their hands all the trade of the east
ern Mediterranean, but by holding their own perfectly

132 GREEKS IN AMERICA
among English merchants in England.' ^ That they
will become great business and professional men in
the United States there can be little doubt. They
come, willing to do any kind of hard physical work,
but thriftily take advantage of every opportunity for
advancement. "The testimony of those experienced in teaching
immigrants is always favorable to the Greeks. The
teacher of the 'adult room' of the Jones School, which
is just outside the loop in the downtown district, had
81 Greeks enrolled in 1908-09 out of a total of 252.
She said of all the diff'erent nationalities represented
in the room 'I think I have, found the Greeks the
brightest and quickest to learn.' At Hull House they
have been eager and intelligent members of the regu
lar classes and the men have shown ability in the- or
ganization and management of large clubs and classes
for themselves.
"The patriotism of the Greek is one of his most
prominent characteristics and takes very often the ex
ceedingly boastful form usually credited to 'Yankees'
in English novels. They are always ready to tell you
of the superiority of the Greek soldier over any other,
and the men who have been to college in Greece speak
of American schools and American scholarship with
almost German contempt. A small Greek boy was
sure that he won the alTection of his Irish school
teacher by showing her pictures of 'the Athens.' Most
of them feel it their duty to spread the fame of their
noble race wherever possible. Approving of Hull
House, they succeeded in convincing the Bulgarians,
for the time at least, that it was intended for the
Greeks alone, and the first Greek boy who went
2 "Rambles and Studies in Greece," p. 23.

LIFE IN THE GREAT CITIES 133
through the juvenile court felt that he had added to
the glory of the Greek name and dignified that worthy
American institution as well. While somewhat ex
asperating at times, this enthusiastic devotion to their
mother country is after all a most desirable character
istic and one which the Anglo-American should readily
appreciate. "Considering their Eastern training and traditions
of almost Oriental seclusion, the Greek women adapt
themselves very quickly 'to Aiiierican customs. A
Greek Woraen's'CTub has Tieen meeting at Hull House
once a week and a Greek Women's Philanthropic So
ciety has been formed there by the more prosperous,
who expect to help in various ways the unfortunate
members of their colony. This charitable organiza
tion is eagerly encouraged by the men, for the Greeks,
although extremely shrewd in their business dealings,
are at the same time generous. They give liberally
to one another in times of sickness or unemployment.
On Tag Day for the children's charities of the city
the women reaped a good profit in the Greek stores
and cofi'ee houses on Halsted Street. When three
small Greek children were left without homes, it was
not difficult to find Greek families in the neighborhood
of Hull House who were willing to receive and care
for them temporarily or indefinitely.
"Unlike the Italian women, they do not work out
side their own homes or at sweatshop work. Out of
246 Greek women and girls over fifteen who were
visited in the investigation, only 5 were found to be at
work. This is not alone because the Greek man usu
ally succeeds in business, but because he considers it
a disgrace for his wife or his sister to work, and the '
entire family often suffers that this tradition that 'the j

134 GREEKS IN AMERICA
women must not work' may be jjpheld. An example
of this came to the attention of the League for the
Protection of Immigrants this spring. A Greek man
about twenty-five years old sent his brother-in-law,
who was ill with tuberculosis, back to Athens. His
sister and her two children, both old enough to attend
school, were left in Chicago. The sister was able to
work, but this her brother would not consider. Al
though he had a very small income, he rented a flat for
her, paid her bills, and finally with some help from
his friends purchased tickets for her and the children
to go back home. The woman was not a very good
mother or sister, and the man had little aff'ection for
her, but he knew that he would have been disgraced
in the eyes of the Greek colony if the 'sacred tradi
tion,' as Professor Andreades of the University of
Athens calls it, had not been upheld. The women are
good housekeepers. The Greek houses are almost
uniformly clean and comfortable, and the women and'
children neatly dressed^ Even in non-family groups
the houses are often well kept and the food well pre
pared by the men themselves.
"The non-family group living above barns and feed
stores were the only ones found in dangerously un
sanitary conditions. The men who live in this way
are usually peddlers who keep their horses in the
barns. Over one such barn there were fifteen ped
dlers. They were all unmarried, between 20 and 30
years old. They earned on an average $10 a week
and paid $30 a month rent for the barn and the rooms
above it. The rooms were unfurnished and dirty.
The men slept on mattresses on the floor. This was
often the condition in which groups of peddlers were
found, but there were some exceptions. In one group

LIFE IN THE GREAT CITIES 135
twenty-two men lived together. They had rented five
of the six apartments in the flat building. Ten of
these men were laborers who worked for the Rock
Island and received from $10 to $12 per week, and
eleven were peddlers who estimated their weekly
profits at $9. Each one of the men paid $4 a week,
which went toward the payment of rent, food, and the
wages of the man who was cook and general caretaker
of the group. With one exception all of these men
were under thirty, and they were all unmarried. The
flats were kept clean and the men lived comfortably.
Often the owner of a restaurant, a fruit store, or a
shoe shine parlor furnished his employees board and
room. For example, the owner of a restaurant had
a nine-room flat where eight waiters, who worked for
him and were paid from $6 to $10 a week, Hved with
him. The house was comfortably furnished and clean.
All the men were unmarried and between twenty and
thirty years of age. In another group were five la
borers who paid $12 a month for a four-room rear
house. These young men came from Tripolis. One
of them had been here three years and was able to
read and write English. The other four were attend
ing night school. The house was clean and gave the
general impression of thrift and industry.
"In the non-family groups the Greek boy presents
a special problem. The boys often come wdth some
neighbor who passes as their uncle or father and are
apprenticed to one of their fellow-countrjrmen. They
work as bootblacks, help around fruit stands, or ped
dle fruit and vegetables. That many of these boys
are worked under a system of _ peonage there can be
little doubt. Some evidence of the existence of this
and a few cases where boys have suff'ered gross phys-

136 GREEKS IN AMERICA
ical abuse from the older men with whom they lived
have come to the attention of the League during the
past year. And in addition to these very ugly possi
bilities an investigation of the shoe shine parlors in
the Loop District of Chicago showed the danger of
their general mode of life. The ages of these boot
blacks range from 13 to 36, the majority being 17.
Their hours of work are extremely long. In addition
to their board and clothes, the usual wages paid those
boys is from $15 to $20 a month. An employer who
has a large estabhshment or several small ones, as
many of them do, has to provide housing facilities for
a number of boys. One man, for example, has eleven
rooms — ^two floors and the basement — for twenty-five
boys. The rooms are clean and neatly furnished and
the food abundant. Another has eleven rooms for
twenty boys, with an old Greek man in charge as cook.
This place is not clean. There is no furniture ex
cept beds, and a long table in an inside room which
serves as a dining room. Here the boys were found
one night between half-past nine and ten o'clock.
They had just returned from work and were eating
their supper of soup and stewed corn. The danger
of this life can be readily understood. The boys
spend nearly all their waking hours at work. They
live, as many of the poor must, near immoraT neigh
borhoods and are easily accessible to men and women
who wish to accomplish their ruin. They Jiave nojime
for regular attendance at evening classes or clubs, no
normal home life or relationship. But for the disci
pline of the bosses, who want them to be ready for
work next day, an even larger number would find ex
citement and relaxation in dangerous amusements.
Hard as the lot of these boys is, it is better than that

LIFE IN THE GREAT CITIES 137
of an apprentice in Greece. This accounts for the
fact that the parents of the boys as well as the boys
themselves are satisfied with the terms on which they
work, and consider deportation a great hardship.
They work for long hours cheerfully, confident that in
a short time they will be in a position, not to work
fewer hours, but to set up as independent business men
for themselves.
"The Greeks, then, upon acquaintance prove to be
bright, industrious, and capable men and women.
Better than some, and not so well as others, they are
meeting the dangerous temptations which come with
long hours and unwholesome living conditions. What
they become as a result of their American environment
should be an American responsibility. The best way
to help them and the city is not by the general con
demnation which is too often meted out to 'the stranger
within our gates,' but by recognizing their ability, in
dustry, and capacity for good citizenship and uniting
with them to suppress the vice and exploitations from
which they suff'er."
This picture of the Greek colony in Chicago
will apply in most of its general characteristics
and many of its details to New York, where are
settled about the same number oF compatriots,
though they are not quite so concentrated in par
ticular sections of the city. Such general condi
tions are also the same in the much smaller com
munities of Philadelphia, in Boston, and in San
Francisco. In the latter city there were about
1000 Greeks before the earthquake. After this
catastrophe, which destroyed their first church,
many more poured in.

IX
IN THE MILL TOWNS
J LOWELL
Ramshackle Market Street, Lowell, lined with
paintless low blocks in various stages of_repair,
with the gilded domes of the beautiful Byzantine
church off one side of the middle' ainSTlTiFTactory
chimneys towering at the far end — this is the home
of the largest' colony of Greeks In the ..United
States, outside of New York and Chicago. It is
""a single Eastern Orthodox parish of ^8000 com
municants. It is a Greek colony segregated by
itself in close quarters, where every shop, and
coffee house along the street displays Greek signs,
and Greek meets Greek except for Irish policeman
and capitalist landlord. This account of Lowell
will serve as an illustration typical in many of its
details of the communities of Greeks in most of
our mill towns, especially in New Englan_d. Let
us keep in mind throughout that the mill hands
are, next to the railroad laborers, the lowest class
of Greeks in America — lowest, I mean, in environ
ment and opportunity for advancement.
The first Greek immigrants to Lowell came in
1891. At that time practically all Greeks in the
country were peddlers ; there was probably not
one working in a mill. It was the period of the
138

IN THE MILL TOWNS 139
financial panic, 1892, that marks the date of the
beginning of the Greek factory workers. De
pression came for the Greek peddling business ;
two or three peddlers in distress got a chance in
the mills of Lowell ; they wrote to their friends ;
and so it was started. The little colony began
by working at the lowest kind of mill jobs at $3
or $4 a week, as sweepers or doing the heavy work
in the dye house, the picker room, etc. After a
year some had learned a little English. The
overseers saw that the Greeks were steady and
sober and kept their jobs. So they asked them
if they knew of any other Greeks. By 1894 there
were some 125 working in the Lawrence and also
the Suffolk Mills of the city. As the Greeks be
gan to flock into Lowell it often happened that
one employed was obliged to support three or four
unemployed. At first they could find no lodging
rooms. Sometimes they were obliged to sleep- on
the roofs of tenements, without the proprietor
knowing it. In 1894 the mills closed down all
summer — the poor Greeks would go out into the
country and fill their pockets with apples, which
with bread was their only fare.
After that summer of 1894 work was good and
the colony increased rapidly. At that time were
established the first coffee house, a Greek grocery,
and a bakery. Many were earning $6, $7, $8 a
week then, and so they began to send money to
their needy friends in Chicago and New York to
come; and money went home to the families in

140 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Greece with the usual effect. Up to this time a
sort of padrone system had been in vogue in one
or two of the miUs. For example, some Greek
who had learned English would be paid $10 by an
overseer to furnish a man for a job, and then the
Greek would find the man and charge him $25.
The Greek immigrants were too scared to report
such exploitation. When the k. Michel latros,
a Greek of refinement and education who after
wards taught in Lowell schools and was appointed
vice-consul for Lowell, first went there, the Greeks
told him of this, and he reported it at once to
Mr. Nourse, the mill agent. The latter called
up the overseer the next day and discharged him
and so the gang was broken up. At this time
there was only one woman and two young daugh
ters in the colony. By 1895 there were some 300
in the colony.
Let us pause a moment in the march of our his
tory and discuss the rise and conduct of the inter
racial war of this period, and how the Hellene
won. Like the Balkan penijisular and various
other sections of Europe and Asia, Lowell, Massa
chusetts, is the heterogeileOus product ' of a iseries
of migration^ In 1822 some Americans of pure
New England stock founded Lowell, and for years
was protracted the peaceful Puritan regime. At
last came the barbarian invasion known as the
Irish ; they grasped the reigns of power and have
held them ever since. In due time the dark-haired
horde of the north swept over the land, and the

IN THE MILL TOWNS 141
French Canadian underbid the just wages of la
bor. At the present time the 100,000 of Lowell
are made up, two-fifths Irish and English, one-
fifth French Canadians, 8000 Greeks, several thou
sand each of Poles, Swedes, Portuguese, and Jews,
and also a goodly smattering of Syrians, Armeni
ans, Norwegians, Slavs from Austria-Hungary,
etc., etc. — at least 40 nationalities. It is stated
that there are in Lowell also a few Americans.
Back in those early '90's the sons of HeUas began
the third important migration. Their coming
made the Irish and the French, who had held
down the mill jobs heretofore, mad. ,The,Greeks
proved themselves the steadier workmen. From
time immemorial Monday and often Tuesday had
been held sacred as the drunk days, when an habit
ual Hibernian or Franco "hang-over" retarded
the mill machinery. The Greeks were free from
drink and were good for work all the week, and
the overseers naturally favored them because of
that. This made the French, and _the_ Irish_mad-
der. _From the very beginning these two dominant
races attacked and ill-used the new Greek laborers
and hounded them from good lodgings. Their at
tacks grew as the Greek colony grew. At night,
when the mills poured out their operatives, the
poor, scared Greeks would gather twenty or so
together, take the middle of the jtreet and in
close formation nish to Market Street, where
they scattered to their lodgings like frightened
sparrows and dared not stir out till morning.

142 GREEKS IN AMERICA
But one day when a Grecian youngster was at
tacked, he thrust a jackknife into a Frenchman
(ordinary pocket knife, Greeks rarely carry "con
cealed weapons," reports to the contrary notwith
standing). This Greek was not arrested, and
his stand had a most salutary effect. From that
moment all a Greek had to do was to put his hand
to his back pocket — "He has a knife! a knife!"
(I imagine it was pronounced "knoife" or "cou-
teau.") The sons of Greece were attacked no
longer, and persecution became only indirect.
One of the traditions of the community is that one
night in Lowell nine stalwart Spartans armed
with clubs put to flight an army of several hun
dred French. The descendants of Pausanias had
routed the host of latter day barbarians.
The increasing colony was obliged to segregate
itself in Market Street because all other sections
of the city refused them access. So there they
settled in the tumble-down tenements, whither the
owners attracted them, with the usual care of rich
landed^proprietors for the comfort and sanitary
weal of helpless tenants, by patching up^ — like
the patching of powder and rouge — sans decency
and sans repair.
In 1895 a society was formed of which the k.
latros was president, which called the first Greek
priest, discharged at that time from the New
York community, Kallinikos Delveis. A hired
hall was used for the church.
In 1897 came the tidings from home of war

In the Slaughter Houses, Somerville, Mass.

IN THE MILL TOWNS 143
with Turkey. A young Greek (who, by the way,
now owns a fine candy store in Lynn and is a
student in the Boston University Law School)
formed a company, and some 200 or 300 went to
Greece. The war was short and they soon came
back bringing with them a large number of their
fellow countrymen. Through them the name of
Lowell became in the Peloponnesus almost as well
known as that of Athens. This brought the col
ony up to the 1000 mark. Next year began
an influx of Thessalians, Epirotes, and Macedon
ians, and the stream of immigration became a
river. For the next three years ensued the character
istic community wrangles, carried sometimes to
the courts, over church offices and community
mismanagement, only perhaps it was a little more
wranglesome than usual. At last, in 1901, when
the colony had reached 3000, a building was
bought on Lewis Avenue, along which runs one of
the miU raceways, and the basement fixed up for a
church. In 1904 the committee tore down this building
and began the present edifice, the finest Greek
Church in America (except, perhaps, the new Chi
cago one), costing nearly $80,000. Directly
across the canal stands a beautiful Roman Catho
lic Church. Here truly meet East and West, two
excellent examples of the Byzantine and Gothic
fronting each other, the gilded domes and slender
spires rising out of the midst of tumble-down ten-

144 GREEKS IN AMERICA
ements, with an American factory raceway rushing
between. Now why did these poor immigrants erect such
an elaborate structure at such tremendous cost?
At the time the Greek physicians of Lowell thought
it foolish and well nigh impossible. But the pres
ident, the k. Gouzoules, and the administrative
Council had method in their madness. If, they
argued, we build a truly magnificent church, this
will preclude factional division. If we build a
cheap imperfect affair like the Boston one, for
instance, then when the inevitable quarrels arise,
no faction can split off and persuade the people
to go worship in a hired hall, nor can they build
a second church like this. And so, unlike New
York, Boston, and Chicago, since that time —
though there must have been factional wrangling
— a split has been impossible. Moreover it has
proven a financial success. Before the erection
of the church, the community funds were running
behind; since then all have been enthusiastic over
their church and the current expense bills have
been paid with a good annual balance. The
$80000 for the building and furnishing the church
was collected by voluntary subscriptions, entirely
from the members of the Greek colony, except a
hundred or so dollars from a few American mer
chants. Within a year and a half they raised
$30000. One Holy Week it was put up to a
meeting of the whole community whether they
should gild the domes or no, cost $3000. Straight-

IN THE MILL TOWNS 145
way they contributed this whole amount at this
Good Friday night service. Some $20000 still
remains on the mortgage, which is decreased each
year by $2000 or $3000 from the ordinary in
come. The times are not as good now as they
were for textile manufactory laborers, and so
there is no effort made to raise the balance by
extraordinary measures. Nevertheless, at any
time, should occasion arise, this would be an easy
matter for the entire balance would be less than
one week's wages of the whole community of
8000. The k. George Gouzoules, who runs a ticket —
etc. — agency and also a model saloon, and who
for the past twelve years, till 1912, has been pres
ident of the community is the man who organized
the present community and engineered the nerve-
racking task of building the church. The priest
at that time was the Rev. Nicholas Lazares, who
is now pastor of the split-off community in New
York. A young architect of Lowell, Henry L.
Rourke worked out the designs from Byzantine
models, and the excellent mural and also the eikon
painting was done by a German artist, who took
fifteen months for its execution. The massive
mahogany episcopal throne cost $1000, and the
other complete interior furnishings are on a like
scale. The basement of the church is fitted out
for the Greek school. The church was completed
in 1908.
Several years ago the size of the community of

146 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Lowell had reached 10000. At present there are
about 8000. One or two thousand of these are
women half of whom are unmarried, between the
ages of 15 and 21. Then there are several hun
dred little children. Times have become harder
and so there is going on an exodus of Greeks to
the West, where they find work either in the vine
yards of California or on the railroad lines. May
this exodus increase, for there are in Lowell far
too many Greeks for their own good, concentrated
for the most part more than in any other city of
the New World, in one small section of the city.
Here is an approximately complete list of the
various professional men, shops, etc., which minis
ter to the wants and wishes of this great colony.
For the spiritual wants and wishes there is but
one priest at present, the Rev. Constas Chatzed-
emetriou — you cannot expect a pastor with 8000
in his flock to be much more than a machine. He
lives with his wife and children in a rectory and
accrues an income from salary and endless fees of
about $5000 a year. There are 3 Greek phy
sicians — there used to be 6 — and there is 1 dentist
and 2 drug stores. 2 newspapers, Patris and
Anagenesis, 2 printing offices, 3 ticket agencies,
2 photographers, 1 importing house, 2 cigarette
manufactories, several dry goods stores, tailor
shops, and shoemakers, 4 restaurants, some 30
groceries, and a wholesale meat-dealer, 6 bakeries,
25 or 30 coffee houses, 1 model saloon (for the
other races as well as the temperate Greek, though

IN THE MILL TOWNS 147
no drinks are sold to a drunken man), about 10
confectioners and fruit stores, some fine ones for
non-Greek trade, a number of barbers, and a
number of shoe shine parlors. Most of these,
except the concerns established for American
trade, are huddled into the Market Street section.
It is interesting to go into a dry goods store
and find all the signs and price marks in Greek.
There are several fanns, each owned jointly by
four or five Greeks, and there are a number of
farm laborers. Of course the great bulk of the
colony work in the mills at various grades of un
skilled and skilled labor. The Greeks are well
spoken of by the mill agents and overseers, and
also by their landlords. The city authorities
consider them the most peaceable of all the for
eigners. Now about the housing conditions. They are
as good as those provided for other immigrants,
or rather as bad. Anyone who is familiar with
the wretched tenements of our textile manufac
turing cities knows what this is, and ought to
know where the blame lies. "Alas !" cry the clean
and comfortable well-to-do of "charitable" turn
of mind, "what horrible conditions ; hotbeds of
disease, total disregard of the laws of sanitation,
pig pens, etc." — and perhaps some of these good
pitying souls own the tenement houses ! and
doubtless "scientific" investigations are made, and
they try to teach the poor pigs how to live. Yet
is the fault with the latter animals.'' True some

148 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Greeks, like other people, are doubtless bom pigs
and will remain ^o; but the majority, if pigs at
all, are so owing to the conditions under which
they are forced to live, and if they were given half
a chance and these conditions were removed, they
would not be so. The trouble really is that the
landlords are Hogs. How can one fight tuber
culosis when the walls and floors have been satu
rated with bacteria for fifty years.? How can the
tenants observe sanitary conditions when there
are no water closets .'' It is easy to talk of cleanli
ness of apartments when you have your own cook
and chambermaid and plumber, but when a man
is his own cook and chambermaid and breadwinner
too, what time has he for the niceties of house
keeping.'' A man earning $6 a week cannot pay
much for rent; besides, Greeks would not be ac
cepted in the regular lodging houses. They had
to hire their tenement and furnish it with the
barest necessities — dishes, tables, beds, chairs, and
cook stove. Where there is a woman, they keep
clean; but with the majority there is no woman,
and the men have to work all day. Where men
have to pay $10 or $12 a week and support their
families in Greece too, they must of necessity club
together as many as possible. Of course they do
not herd from choice. After a long day's heavy
work (in those cases where they do not have one of
their number stay out to do the cooking) they rush
to a grocery, buy a bit of rice, potatoes, etc., go
"home," light the stove, and try to cook. It is

IN THE MILL TOWNS 149
eight o'clock, perhaps, before supper is over, and
then their tired bodies must drop into bed. And
the poor food that they eat.'' — But that is no
privation; it is as good as they were used to at
home. To be sure they might, nay ought, to keep
their windows open at night. But with no stoves
for heating — they often cannot afford that luxury
— and in the bitter winter cold of New Eng
land, what can you expect of a man brought
up in sunny Peloponnesus, where snow is un
known ?
Yes, conditions sanitary and otherwise are bad
in those ramshackle, germ-steeped tenements of
Market Street. Bum them down, O American
millionaire, and erect something in keeping with
our vaunted American freedom and advanced civi
lization. One property owner by expending a
very little money could do more than a thousand
Greeks to remedy such conditions. And the like,
except in those rare instances where the factory
corporations themselves display traces of human
ity, is the trouble in nearly all our factory towns ;
and the city governments are bought up and the
health boards are afraid to enforce. But then,
in the case of the Greeks, they, having been in
ured by centuries of slavery under the Turk, stand
it better than many other nationalities, and being
more enterprising than the rest, they quickly
better their lot. My point here is that we ought
to stop blaming these foreigners for what is not
their fault. In other parts of the country, where

150 GREEKS IN AMERICA
the Greeks are not so herded together, they live
under very different housing conditions.
However, the wretched state of affairs we have
been dilating upon, is not applicable to all the
Greeks in Lowell by any means. Many of those
who have been there some length of time own their
homes, and are able to live like other people.
Some few have bought neat houses in the suburbs.
Then, too, there are over a thousand families in
Lowell, and new families are being formed as fast
as possible. As soon as the many Greek girls in
Lowell reach the age of 18 or 19 they are married,
at the rate of several every week. The Greek
housewife keeps the house clean ; their rooms com
pare very favorably with those of other national
ities, American as well as foreign. There were no
public baths in Lowell — as there should be in
every crowded city — so a public spirited Greek,
the k. Spyropoulos, who has been in Lowell twenty
years, recently started one for the Greeks over
his coffee house, installing up-to-date automatic
heaters for his showers. In the summer he aver
ages some 200 a week. They are used by the
women at special hours, as well as the men.
For his principal means of rgcxfiaiion, the Greek
of Lowell, as in most other Greek colonies of any
size, has that purely oriental instit,uti.on,,J;he
coffee house. When these were first established in
Lowell, the chief of police objected to the Greek
vice-consul, but finally agreed to allow them under
suffrance. At the end of six months all ban was

IN THE MILL TOWNS 151
removed, and the police declared them one of the
most beneficial institutions in the city. They are
to the Greek^what in a certain degree the saloon
is to the American laborer, i. e., in its social as
pects, without the harmfulness of the saloon. It
would be a mighty good thing if our vociferous
"temperance" societies would spend their tongues
and pens in establishing and popularizing Ameri
can coffee houses instead of frenzied prohibition
— at which latter spectacle our Greeks are ever
wont to jest. Imagine a room, sometimes shabby,
sometimes neat, filled with little tables, about
which are seated moustached Greeks, talking, jok
ing, playing cards, sometimes singing, poring over
newspapers, and smoking dgarettes and drinking
their thick, sweet Turkish coffee, served in tiny
cups, or perhaps Moxie or' some other soft drink.
Here are discussed with relish and vivacity and
factional intelhgence the^ politics of the commu
nity, Greece, the United States. Here is the typ
ical Greek spirit of comradeship, and argument.
In some coffee houses in other cities, and especially
in the West where idle railroad laborers congre
gate, there is much gambling, and innocents are
fleeced by professionals. But in Lowell there is
Httle rabid gambling, except among a small group,
the Mainates, Troiii a particular section of' south
ern Peloponnesus, Maina. These are the only
professionals, and they are not at all in favor with
the rest of the community, nor do they carry on
their trade in the coffee houses, but in private

152 GREEKS IN AMERICA
rooms. There is scarcely any fleecing in Lowell
now, for the community is an established Greek
city and little underhand work can be done with
out the rest knowing it. The coffee. houses Jiave
been accused of breeding idleness, but except for
the westem railroad laborers, this must be gener
ally speaking, false, for there is hardly another
nationality in America which has such a universal
majority of steady and shrewd workers.
As for drunkenness, as we have stated before,
there is practically none among Greeks. In this
they ever adhere to that fundamental maxim of
the sages of ancient Greece, "Measure in all
things," or "Nothing in excess." I was told that
for the past twenty^ yearsin Lowell there has been
only one arrest of a Greek, on the charge of intoxi
cation, and it was not at all certain that that man
was drunk. The Greeks, when they can get it,
drink beer with their suppers in lieu of the light
wines they were always accustomed to at home.
The strict enforcement of prohibition or high
license laws on Greeks, thereby depriving them of
a harmless custom of home, amounts in their case
to a barbarous persecution. i I
A common source of recreation among the mar
ried people is for a couple of families to spend the
evening together. The Greeks enjoy going to the
moving pictures and cheaper theaters and the
near-by summer resorts, just like other laboring
people. There is an excellent amateur theatrical troup

IN THE MILL TOWNS 153
of some twenty members, organized out of the
working people six years ago. They give about
ten modern Greek plays a year, and you can gener
ally see their posters in Greek decorating the lamp
posts and shop windows of Market Street.
Several years ago a military company was or
ganized. Before the Balkan war it numbered
about 200. They wear natty khaki uniforms, and
drill according to the Greek manual with imitation
guns. They have their own drill hall, and in the
summer it is a usual Sunday sight to see them
marching out to the open country.
Of course there are the usual Greek local so
cieties, made up of the natives of certain Greek
or Turkish provinces. They have their own
rooms, outside of which are flaunted great Greek
signs. But here let us record with satisfaction
a turn in this tide: there were 12; at present there
are only 6. ilt is hoped by the leading Greeks
that soon there wUl be none, for it is these that
do much to foster factional strife. The reason
for this lessening of the'number of societies is the
Pan-Hellenic Union. This is an excellent exam
ple of the good the Union is accomplishing.
As has been the case everywhere else, so in
Lowell the Greeks, however poor and wretched,
have always taken care of themselves or each other.
They are too proud to accept charity. During
all the twenty years, except in one instance,,_the
city of Lowell has never paid a cent to help a
Greek individual or family, nor to bury a Greek.

154 GREEKS IN AMERICA
The one instance was when a Greek Protestant
"missionary" went to the overseer of the poor and
got some money ostensibly for his brother's family,
all of whom were working at the time !
Instances there have been when some well mean
ing Protestant churches have tried to proselytize
the Orthodox Greeks ; but the methods they em
ployed and the display they made over their
baptism ( !) of one convert so embittered the
Greeks that they despised and still despise the
name Protestant even more than they did in
Greece. There is, however, one Lowell Greek, one
of the five or six Protestant "missionaries" in
America connected with the Congregationalists,
a sweet-souled old man, who, though he rarely
makes a convert, has nevertheless made himself
respected and beloved by his deeds of real charity
in visiting the sick and suffering of his country
men. In regard, to strikes the Greeks differ from other
nationalities. To be sure, in Lowell and elsewhere
the Greeks sometimes walk out.-with, or even with
out, the other textile employees, but they do it
in their own exclusive way. Being thoroughly
organized and sufficient unto themselves, they care
naught for labor unions nor the I. W. W. For
example, during the strike in Lowell in the spring
of 1912, the Greeks struck with the rest, but they
did it under their own organization and had to be
dealt with separately. This fact and their exem
plary behavior redounded to their advantage.

IN THE MILL TOWNS 155
The city of Lowell and the commonwealth of
Massachusetts have done well by the Greek in the
matter of schools. There are two evening schools
held in city school buildings, exclusively for
Greeks, in session four months of the year. These
average 400 scholars and sometimes reach 600.
English, history, arithmetic, and other elementary
branches are taught. The Greeks prove good
scholars and are well beh^y^d- They are con
sidered the most orderly and best evening schools
in the city. Attendance is obligatory for minors
by state law. No young foreigner between the
ages of 14 and 18 (or, if illiterate, 21), can obtain
or keep a job in the mills without showing his
school card properly marked for attendance.
This is an excellent state law and should be
adopted by all states where there are a number
of immigrants residing.-' .^ In addition to the
1 Revised Laws of Massachusetts relating to Pubhc In
struction, enacted 1901, with amendments and additions
from 1903 to 1911:— CHAPTER 514.
EVENING SCHOOLS
SECnoiT 11. Any town may, and every city or town of
ten thousand or more inhabitants shall, maintain annually
evening schools for the instruction of persons over four
teen years of age in orthography, reading, writing, the
English language and grammar, geography, arithmetic, in
dustrial drawing, both free hand and mechanical, the his
tory of the United States, physiology and hygiene, and
good behavior. Such other subjects may be taught in such
schools as the school committee consider expedient.

156 GREEKS IN AMERICA
minors, indeed Jn excess of thein,„ajarge. number
of older Greek men attend these two schools.
There are not many Greeks of Lowell naturalized
as yet, though they are trying to qualify all the
time, and a large number have their first papers.
Then there is the distinctly Greek school of the
community, for the little 'Greek boys and_girls,
which meets in the basement i, of the church under
two Greek teachers, a man and a woman, and one
American, a woman." The attendance is about
EVENING HIGH SCHOOLS
Section 12. Every city of fifty thousand or more in
habitants shall maintain annually an evening high school,
in which shall be taught such subjects as the school com
mittee thereof consider expedient, if fifty or more resi
dents, fourteen years of age or over, who are competent
in the opinion of the school committee to pursue high
school studies shall petition in writing for an evening high
school and certify that they desire to attend such school.
Section 13. The school committee shall, two weeks next
before the opening of each term of the evening schools,
post in three or more public places of their city or town
notice of the location of said schools, the date of the be
ginning of the term, the evenings of the week on which
they shall be kept, such regulations as to attendance as
they deem proper, and the provisions of section thirty-
five of chapter one hundred and six.
CHAPTER 42.
ILLITERATE MINORS MUST ATTEND EVENING
SCHOOLS
Section 66. While a public evening school is maintained
in the city or town in which any minor resides who is
over fourteen years of age and who does not have a cer
tificate signed by the superintendent of schools, or by the

o

IN THE MILL TOWNS 157
100, and 100 more attend the regular American
public schools.
Let us conclude this sketch of Lowell with a
description of the interior of the beautiful church,
of which the Greeks of -the whole country are so
justly proud. It is pure Byzantine except for
the wall frescoes and the pulpit. You enter
through the arched doorway into the porch, where
stands the framed Eikons and the candle holder.
(The Baptismal font is kept in a closet in the
school committee, or by some person acting under author
ity thereof, certifying to his ability to read at sight and
write legibly simple sentences in the English language, no
person shall employ him, and no parent, guardian or cus
todian shall permit him to be employed unless he is a
regular attendant at such evening school or at a day school.
. . . Any minor not holding such certificate shall furnish
to his employer a record of his school attendance each
week while the evening school is in, session, and when said
record shows unexcused absences from the sessions, his
attendance shall be deemed irregular according to this act.
Whoever employs a minor in violation of the provisions of
this section shall forfeit not more than one hundred dol
lars for each offence to the use of the evening schools of
such city or town. A parent, guardian or custodian who
permits a minor under his control to be employed in viola
tion of the provisions of this section shall forfeit not more
than twenty dollars to the use of the evening schools of
such city or town.
(As amended by chapter 241, Acts of 1911, and chapter
191, 1912)
"Child" or "Minor" shall mean a person under eighteen
years of age, except that in regard to the compulsory at
tendance of illiterate minors at day or evening schools,
the word "Minor" shall mean a person under the age of
twenty-one years.

158 GREEKS IN AMERICA
basement, and babies are immersed in the school
room. It looks like a great copper cauldron on
a standard.) From the inner doors of the porch
you advance under the deep gallery for women
to the center of the church. There are no seats
of course, save a few in the gallery, which is for
the women. As you stand under the glistening
chandelier which hangs from the center of the
broad dome, to the right and left are the short,
wide arms of the cruciform structure, and before
you the eikonostasis, or solid screen shutting off
the sanctuary, or, as the Orthodox call it, the
altar. In its midst are the holy doors, on the left
the doors of the prothesis or credence, and on the
right those of the vesting room. Before the eik-
onastasis hang the seven silver lamps, on either
side are the singers' desks, railed off in brass with
the various office books upon them, and behind
the left hand desk rises the pulpit — a high one of
regular western model. On the other side, under
the transept's round arch, is the massive episcopal
throne, whereon a Greek bishop has not yet sat,
though a Syrian bishop has, I have been told.
When the holy doors in the center are swung
open, there stands the square Altar or Holy Table
on which are the tabernacle and the book of the
Holy Gospels, and behind the Altar a great cruci
fix with the Corpus painted flat. (In the picture
shown on the opposite page the crucifix has been
carried to the center of the nave and stands be
side the representation of the sepulchre of the

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Bl
^^HbBbBk^^^ '^''
''
-^
-J-
Interior Greek Church, Lowell, Mass.
IN THE MILL TOWNS 159
buried Lord, used only on Good Friday and Easter
Even. The regular place of the candle stands
is before the two central Eikons.)
Let me give a Hst of the paintings, and then
let the reader with the help of the picture imagine
this church as best he may. The figures beauti
fully executed on the eikonastasis are, of course,
according to the century-old stereotyped models,
although the coloring is not gaudy, as is usual,
but of hght mural tints. The other paintings
are either copies of eastern and western art or
the artist's own conceptions. The large Eikons
fianking the holy doors are : — to the right as you
face the screen, the Christ and His forerunner;
to the left His Blessed Mother (Theotokos) and
the Holy Trinity. Above the doors is the Last
Supper, and on either side the Twelve Apostles.
On the holy doors are the two figures of the An
nunciation, and on the two side doors archangels.
Behind and above the screen in the half dome
of the central apse is a beautiful conception of
the crowned Theotokos and Child surrounded by
angels ; and high above, on the arched rear wall,
the mitred figures of the three great Patriarchs,
S.S. Chrysostom, Basil, and Gregory. In the
springing of the dome over the four corner pillars,
are represented the four evangelists, and from
high aloft, encircling the dome itself, look down
the nine orders of angels. Finally the walls of
the shallow transepts contain eight tall frescoes,
portraying the life of our Lord : " The Nativity,"

160 GREEKS IN AMERICA
"Christ among the Doctors," "The Baptism,"
"The Agony in Gethsemane," "The Crucifixion,"
and "The Ascension." Nothing in Eikons or
paintings is gaudy, but aU is done with exquisite
taste and proportion. Truly this house of God,
so full of ordered symbolism and pictured teaching,
cannot but instil in the Greek reverent thoughts
of God and His power and love, and devotion to
His Holy Church.2
In Massachusetts, as may be seen by the table.
Appendix A, there are, exclusive of Boston, five
other colonies in manufacturing cities, numbering
over a thousand, and many more numbering into
the hundreds. In New Hampshire and Maine
also there are large colonies. In all these, con
ditions are much the same as in Lowell, though
nowhere is the colony concentrated nor the or
ganization as perfected.
2 Late last year a noteworthy account of this city of
many races appeared, "The Record of a City," by George F.
Kenngott, Ph.D. (Macmillan, 1912), written in a sympathetic
spirit and most valuable to the student of immigration. It
came to my hands after I had written this chapter; and
it is gratifying to find it in almost entire accord with the
facts and conclusions of my Greek informants.

X
THE GREAT WEST
Let us next consider very briefly the life of the
western railroad laborers, with sketches of three
typical western Greek communities. Their life
and low condition in the winter months is some
what like that of the mill hands, only worse.
RAILROAD GANGS
Throughout the West, the work on the railroad
lines is done by Greeks, Bulgarians, Roumanians,
Croatians, and also some Italians. Each gang
is treated as a racial unit, living in separate cars.
The other nationalities sometimes fraternize in
the same camp, but the Hellene never. The bosses
declare the Greeks to be steady and cheerful.
The quarters are freight cars, fitted up with
eight or ten bunks, and separate cars for dining
room and kitchen. The bunk cars are never
crowded and space usually is left in the middle for
a table for card playing. In the kitchen car,
equipped with its range, ice chest, and lockers, the
cook sleeps, and sometimes an interpreter. The
camps are on sidings, with ladders raised to the
open doorways. Sometimes the cook bakes his
bread in an oven built into an embankment or
hillside. The men go to and from their work on
161

162 GREEKS IN AMERICA
hand cars. Thus they live in the warm months
of the year, and in the winter months pile into the
various cities which dot the great West, all the
way from Chicago to the Pacific. The sad result
of the idle winter life of the western Greek laborer
we mentioned in a previous chapter.
In all these cities where are congregated the
Greeks, the coffee houses are in abundance, and in
them the idle laborers waste most of their time.
Unlike those of Lowell, the westem coffee houses
are often the haunts of the professional gambler
and the professional vampires of all kinds, women
as well as men, who fleece and ruin and degrade.
Besides the frequent phonographs, these coffee
houses often offer the attraction of strolling play
ers and dancing. And the westem police gladly
tolerate all this, for they squeeze fat bribes from
the proprietors. If the police do not get it the
lawyers do. Thus the proprietors are often
ruined as well as their customers. This, indeed,
must seem like home to the Macedonian Greeks
and the like, who were brought up under Turkish
officials. There was one instance in South Omaha where
the Americans, after a meeting in their city hall
arose in a body and drove out the Greeks and
destroyed their shops. The direct cause of this
was the murder of a policeman, but the matter
had been smouldering for some time before be
cause some of the idle railroad laborers had made
themselves nuisances. This is the only instance

Greek Railroad Construction Gang.

THE GREAT WEST 163
of such an action against Greeks by an American
mob. This South Omaha affair is discussed by
Dr. Peter Roberts, International Immigration
Secretary of the Y. M. C. A., in "New Immigra
tion," p. 299, (Macmillan, 1912), as follows:
"In South Omaha, one of the most shameful riots
ever known took place because of prejudice against
the foreigner. A Greek went into the house of a
young lady of questionable character, and a policeman,
following the man, arrested him without any overt
cause whatsoever. The Greek resisted and, in the
scuffle which followed, the officer was shot. That was
Saturday night. The following Sunday morning as
the beUs were ringing, calling men to worship, a mob
assembled and, under the leadership of disreputable
fellows, began storming the Greek quarters, smashing
windows, breaking doors, and pursuing the terror-
stricken and defenseless Greeks in all directions. On
the corner of L Street and 24th Avenue was the firm
of Demos Brothers — superior men in every sense of
the word, one of them being married to an American
girl. This store was several blocks away from the
Greek quarter, but on came the raging mob as the
surging tide, lashed by gusts of rage and passion.
They attacked the store at a time when the white-
haired mother of the Demos Brothers sat quietly at
the soda fountain. They smashed windows, tore to
pieces the soda fountain, strewed on floor and street
the contents of windows and cases and left the place,
which represented an investment of more than $7000,
a mass of ruins. The brothers and their families fled
for life. They had other stores in Omaha, which they
immediately gave up, for they knew not how far this

164 GREEKS IN AMERICA
wave of fury, fanaticism, and savagery would sweep,
and in a week they found themselves reduced by mob
violence in Christian America from the position of
prosperous merchants to paupers. . . . Instances of
mob violence against the foreigners are also found in
the East, and even the South is not exempt. . . ."
Perhaps we can get the best general idea of
these western communities by quoting in literal
translation the account of three of them from
Canoutas' "Greek American Guide."
ST. LOUIS
"Of the Central States Missouri entertains the larg
est number of Greeks after Illinois. There are from
5000 to 6000 of our fellow-countrymen there, often
more. The largest Greek centers are St. Louis, Kan
sas City, and St. Joseph.
"In St. Louis the Greeks who live there permanently
number some 2000. In the winter time this number
is nearly doubled by the coming of the many laborers
from the railway lines. The Greek shops amount to
about 200, and consist of candy stores, restaurants,
bootblacking establishments, and the inevitable Greek
workmen's centers, the cofi'ee houses and the Greek
restaurants, which are on Elm and Walnut Streets.
Families, 70-80. Outside of those engaged in Greek
shops, they are employed in the factories or the Amer
ican hotels.
"The Greek community of St. Louis dates from
1905. At first the priests in Chicago took turns com
ing to celebrate the Divine Liturgy, and then a regu
lar pastor was appointed, coming there from Boston —
the Rev. P. Phiampolis. They used and still use for

THE GREAT WEST 165
the Greek church an Episcopal church building. At
the end of 1910 the community divided into two parts.
On account of dissatisfaction from several causes the
greater part left the above church, and, headed by a
Greek physician, they formed a community and hired
a church building and called as priest the Rev. P. Ab-
ramopoulos, who before that was living in Portland,
Oregon, without a parish."
SALT LAKE CITY
"About 4000 of our people are in the state of Utah,
most of them workmen in the coal and other mines
and on the railway lines. The chief center for the
Greeks is Salt Lake City, where there is a community
of the same name. At present there are some hun
dred Greek shops there, half of which deal entirely
with the Greeks; these are concentrated on 2nd Street
S. W., where is the Greek colony, and consist of coffee
houses, restaurants, groceries, saloons, barber shops,
etc. The rest are entirely for American trade and are
restaurants, a few candy stores, and bootblack stands.
"The progress of this colony till lately has been by
leaps and bounds. In January, 1905, the resolution
was adopted to call a priest and organize a church.
On the 21st of April he came, the present priestly
head, the Rev. Archimandrite Parthenos Lymperopou-
los, appointed by the Holy Synod of Greece. On
Palm Sunday the first Liturgy was celebrated in a
hired hall. On May 10th they bought in a very cen
tral location a lot for the church building. On July
10th the foimdation stone was laid, and on October
25th the church edifice, costing about $10000, was
turned over to the community. On the 29th of the
same month the Liturgy was celebrated in the newly

166 GREEKS IN AMERICA
built church, which is dedicated to the ' Holy Trinity.'
This church is free from all debt, and has been fur
nished and decorated by the generous subscriptions of
the Greeks of the state of Utah, who, outside those
mentioned above living at the capital, are all laborers ;
but laborers industrious and saving, devout and patri
otic, eager to contribute their obol for the good of
the whole community or the national need of the
fatherland, whenever asked to do so, whether by their
priest, whom all reverence and love, or by those di
recting the aff'airs of the community at the time.
"Among the best known of our fellow-countrymen
there we will mention the k. Nicholas Stathakos (who
did a great deal in the organization of the community
and the building of the church), the two brothers the k.
k. Leonidas and Evangelos Skleres. The former is very
well known in the western states, not only among the
Greeks but also among the American business men,
as ingenious, active, and daring in enterprises, a con
tractor for various kinds of labor and an agent for
work for many thousand Greek laborers. The latter,
who is a lawyer, was engaged formerly with his
brother in business transactions and enterprises and
now is director of the commercial house called the
Italian-Greek Mercantile Company. Recently two
Greek newspapers have been started, one, Light, by
Dr. P. Kassinikos and the k. Joan. Georgiados, and
the other. Progress, by Georg. Photopoulos. There is
a branch there of the Pan-Hellenic Union."
SEATTLE
"In the state of Washington live 6000-8000 Greeks.
The majority of these are employed on the railway
lines, the rest in the lumber mills, which abound in

THE GREAT WEST 167
this state, or in other work. Wages vary according
to the kind of work from $1.65 to $2.50 a day, and a
few receive less or more. In the winter most of our
laborers are concentrated in the cities of Spokane,
Seattle, and Tacoma, where they find Greek coffee
houses and restaurants.
"In the city of Seattle there dwell in the summer
about 1000 Greeks and in the winter time they amount
to 2000 or 3000 and often more, from the confiux of
the railroad laborers and others from Alaska (where
at present some 300-500 work in the mines; formerly
there were more). Families in Seattle about 50. The
Greek stores are fish markets, restaurants, coffee
houses, a few saloons and bootblack stands. Here
our fellow-countryman from Andros, the k. K. Pan-
tazes, began his enterprises and has his headquarters
as owner and director of many theaters in the various
states west of Chicago.
"The first Greeks in Seattle were some sailors, who
settled there more than thirty years ago. Of these
we wiU mention the k. G. Chatzetamates from Tseme
(Turkey in Europe) and N. Petsas from Spetsai, who
are still there. Years ago, before the city had begun
to develop, the former, with his brother-in-law, N.
Mantsas, bought for a comparatively low price a cer
tain lot (757 Lake View Avenue) on which they built
a church; but as they were unable to support a priest,
they gave it over, just as the Greeks in Galveston,
Texas, had done, to the Russian bishop, who sent a
pastor, and after him another, the Rev. M. Andreades,
a very learned Greek clergyman, a native of Con
stantinople, but educated in Russia. Because the
Greeks outnumbered the other Orthodox in Seattle,
this priest was granted permission to celebrate the

168 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Divine Liturgy in Greek. Nevertheless, later many
of our fellow-countrymen there made the resolve to
establish a purely Greek church and started a sub
scription for this purpose.
"There is a benevolent society there under the title
of 'Hellenism,' which is doing much good, as we were
able to find out in our tour. Also there is another
local society called 'Erythrai,' composed of the natives
of Krikoukios (near Athens). Recently there was
established a Branch of the Pan-Hellenic Union."

XI
THE UNCONGESTED COLONIES
The typical instances of Greek communities we
have given thus far have been those of large ex
tent, containing from one to many thousands.
In these the Greeks have, perforce, clannishly con
gregated by themselves, and the majority have
little real touch with Americans. This applies to
the smaller as well as the larger communities of
our factory towns.
There is, however, another and far better type
of Greek colony, where the Greeks are both com
paratively few in number and the majority are
not low class day laborers, but engaged in busi
ness. As a result, most of the Greeks in such
places prove themselves enterprising business men,
gain the respect of their customers and neighbors,
and become really assimilated with American life
as useful citizens. Such are the communities of
the cities of the South and also in other sections
of the country.
We will briefly touch on two of these star com
munities, and describe more at length a third.
For the flrst we will again give Canoutas' account.-'
MINNEAPOLIS
"Founded in 1907 and containing about 500 com
patriots, it is, perhaps, the most perfect of the Greek
1 Pages 389-390. 169

170 GREEKS IN AMERICA
communities in America. The Greek business con
cerns in this city, especially the confectionery stores,
are among the finest in America, calling forth the
praise and admiration of the Americans. The pro
prietors of these and almost all the Greeks here re
joice in a very excellent reputation. Their small but
beautiful church in Byzantine style is one of the fin
est Greek churches in America. This was completed
in April, 1909, as is shown by the inscription on the
corner-stone, 'This All-Venerable Temple of the
Theotokos, the Piety and Patriotism of the Greeks
Erected April, 1909.' It is a noteworthy fact that
the University of Minnesota claimed the first piece
of land acquired by the Greek community, and brought
suit: but an agreement was reached out of court, that
our people should for a sum of money transfer their
property elsewhere. So they bought another lot and
built their church. The pastor of this community
since its founding has been the Rev. Archimandrite
Kyrillos Vapheiadakes, graduate in Divinity of the
National University, a mild and agreeable gentleman,
enjoying the greatest veneration from his entire
flock." WASHINGTON, D. C.
This community of about 600 Greeks, which
rejoices in the honor of counting among its mem
bers those of the Royal Legation of Greece, is,
says Canoutas, "One of the most peace loving and
progressive in America, showing none of those
absurdities which are usually to be seen in some
of the other communities and colonies." Some
two or three of the Greeks of the cultured class
and others, whom I have met, have evinced little

THE UNCONGESTED COLONIES 171
respect for the Greek priests. "A money grasp
ing lot, unspiritual, not missionaries," they have
told me. And I fear this is all too just a judg
ment upon some. But there is one priest whom
even the most rabid spoke of with respect, and that
is the pastor of the community at the Capitol, the
Archimandrite Joachim Alexopoulos.
BIRMINGHAM
The third smaller community we select is Bir
mingham. This is typical of the Greek colonies
of the South. Savannah and Atlanta are just
as flourishing and would have done just as well.
Now our purpose in these three chapters has been
to give a complete and properly proportioned view
of Greek life in America. For this purpose the
account of Birmingham is as equally important as
those of Chicago and Lowell. But it need not
be as lengthy as those other two, for the very
reason that the praiseworthy condition of the
Greeks in Birmingham contains little unusual to
the American mind, and little that is peculiarly
Greek except the business enterprise. We will
state, then, simply the bare facts, which show
that an uncongested colony of this intelligent and
enterprising race of immigrants, under normal
conditions and fair treatment, wins its place as a
thoroughly respectable and beneficial adjunct to
an American city.
In the city of Birmingham, with its 132000 (in
1900 there were but 38000) dwell about 900

172 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Greeks. Also as members of the community there
are 300 more in the city of Ensley eight miles
out. The Greek families of Birmingham number
60. Here is a list of the shops, etc.: 3 wholesale
fruit, 1 hotel, 12 high class restaurants and lunch
rooms, 34 smaller lunch rooms, 40 fruit stores and
stands, 6 confectioneries, 4 billiard and pool rooms,
3 saloons, 10 shoe shine places, 2 bakeries, 1 bar
ber shop, 1 tailor shop and 1 fish market.
The Hotel yclept "Reliance" is a good one of
some forty or fifty rooms and restaurant, directly
opposite the railroad depot, and patronized by
drummers and other Americans. As we mentioned
above the establishment in the south of Greek
restaurants, well kept, decently provisioned, has
relieved (so testify the gastronomically inclined
traveling salesmen) a well nigh intolerable con
dition. Twenty odd years ago there came to this city,
seeking for better opportunities, ten Greeks.
They were : Christos Tsempelis or Zebel, Nicholas
Kollias, Alex. Kontos, Panaiotis Kontos, Konst.
Pantazes, Christos CoUias the brothers Kostouros
or Costello, and the brothers Papageorgios. All
of these immigrants, as well as many another Greek
who came afterward, are now prosperous.
Seven of the Birmingham Greeks at the present
time have property, real and personal, amounting
to over $40000. Ten more are worth between
$15000 and $40000. Ten more $5000 to $15000.

THE UNCONGESTED COLONIES 173
The rest of the storekeepers, most of whom have
settled there in the past five or ten years, make
for the most part a good living, as do also their
employees. Unlike the Greeks of most of the colonies that
we have described in previous chapters, those of
Birmingham do not congregate in one particular
section of the city, but they own or rent their
houses and lodgings anywhere just like ordinary
mortals, and very Americanly comfortable are
some of these homes.
In addition to this there is in Birmingham not
one single coffee house ! nor are there any Greek
stores for exclusively Greek trade. They live and
buy and sell just like the other Birminghamites.
The Greek church at the corner of 19th Street
and C Avenue is a wooden structure but well
equipped. It cost $10000. Of its former pas
tor, says the "''Greek- American Guide," "The Rev.
Arch. Kallinikos Kanellas is a very sympathetic
and reverend old man of whom it is possible to
say that of the Greek clergy in America he is the
most — shall we say 'disinterested'.'' The Greek
word is a dandy, atpiXoxprjiiaTOTaTos, (literally, 'not
loving of riches'). Plutarch used to use that word.
The present pastor, the Arch. G. Smyrnakes, is a
most learned man, a good linguist, and the author
of several books. He came from a monastery of
Mt. Athos and has traveled much in the east. In
addition to his usual duties he lectures every Sun
day evening to his people on various subjects —

174 GREEKS IN AMERICA
religious, historical, hygienic, etc. These lectures
are given in the Greek parish house, which con
sists of the pastor's apartments upstairs, and
downstairs a well furnished assembly room, one of
the best small halls in the city. Here the regular
community meetings are held.
The Birmingham Greek men learn English in
the evening schools, and the children attend the
public schools.
In the summer of 1909 a few young Greeks sug
gested the organization of a society for the young
men employees of the stores of Greeks. It was
thereupon organized, with the name of "Young
Greeks' Progressive Society of Birmingham."
Its purpose was mutual protection and assistance,
better acquaintance, drilling, athletics, etc. In
1911 it included about 150, almost all the young
Greek men of the city. And marvelous to relate,
all work in perfect harmony! The treasury had
then about $3000 in it, and they were planning to
get a gymnasium. This is pretty good for only
two years.
The young Greeks of Birmingham enthusiastic
ally enjoy the national and local celebrations, when
they can parade with their American brothers.
Most of the Greeks who have been in Birmingham
over five years are naturalized and take a great
interest in politics. They have, of course, a
branch of the Pan-Hellenic Union, and are plan
ning a Greek school.

THE UNCONGESTED COLONIES 175
THE SCATTERED INDIVIDUALS
Before closing the chapter with an account of
one more community, let us remind the reader of
that one other large and important class of Greek
colonies, or rather of groups of individuals — we
mean those thousands of Greek men scattered
everywhere throughout every state in the Union,
by ones, twos, tens, or a few more. Such isolated
Greeks, though ever remaining devoted sons of
Hellas, become, because of their very isolation
from their fellow countrymen, quickly assimilated
into American life, and are everywhere respected
as enterprising business men and good fellows.
A HALF GREEK TOWN
And now let us close our tale of the Greeks in
America with a description of that unique settle
ment of Hellenes at Tarpon Springs, on the shores
of the Gulf of Mexico, Florida. Unique it is, not
typical, in America. While in many another com
munity we find much that is quaintly Greek, it is
ever mingled with its American setting, and often
times chilled by an American climate — all breathes
of the immigrant. At Tarpon Springs you are
carried back to the shores of the Mediterranean;
you feel yourself in sunny Argolis. There all the
quaint customs of Hellas are observed untram
melled; yet there also the Greeks have proved
themselves public spirited American citizens.
On the warm shores of the Gulf, in a little town
of 4000, is this interesting settlement of 2000

176 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Greeks, one half the total population. It is a
colony of sponge fishers. Nearly all the Greeks
there are engaged in this. The colony dates from
only 1905, when the sponges were first discovered.
At once the Greeks hastened hither from all parts
of the United States and elsewhere, imagining the
chance for fabulous wealth. At first, because of
their inexperience in the work and because of the
big output and consequent decline in prices, things
looked dark, but recently the industry has picked
up and all is well again.
The foundationstone of the Greek church was
laid with great solemnity on October 10th, 1909,
and the community recognized by the state, duly
incorporated under the title of "Greek Orthodox
Community of Tarpon Springs." The priest in
charge is the Rev. Christy Angelopoulos, who
though perhaps no great scholar, has proven him
self a devoted shepherd, honored by his flock.
When you alight at the railroad station, you
are struck by the Greek signs printed along with
the English, announcing the time of departing
trains. The Greek church, the club house, the
really oriental coffee houses with the tables out of
doors, the Greek signs on the stores along the
streets — all serve to make the visitor feel that a
bit of Hellas has been set down in our country.
Greek flags float beside our own. Along the
quays ride at anchor numbers of queer diving
boats, painted in striking colors and constructed
on Greek models. In these curious craft the

THE UNCONGESTED COLONIES 177
Greeks put out into the gulf and bring home the
sponges. When the storms drive the boats to
port, the harbor is a scene of activity, and the
tables in front of the coffee houses are thronged
with boisterous, jovial men, playing games,
smoking water pipes, and drinking coffee.
The Greeks here are highly respected and be
loved by their American fellow citizens, with
whom they mingle freely. And, as elsewhere, they
love to parade with them on Fourth of July and
other times.
Let us imagine ourselves there on the Feast of
the Epiphany in January, 1912. There is a
spectacle like that in the harbor of Syra on this
great feast day, but to be seen in its outdoor cere
mony nowhere in America except Tarpon Springs.
The church is packed. After the celebration of
the Divine Liturgy, the priest in full vestments
goes to the center of the nave, where stands a
vessel of water, which with solemn chant he blesses.
'Tis the commemoration of the Baptism of our
Blessed Lord in Jordan, when by the Father and
the Holy Ghost were manifested forth His Deity.
The parishioners are sprinkled with the holy
water, and they drink of it, and fill bottles to take
home with which to bring blessings on their houses.
The throng passes out of the church and forms
the procession, led by the Tarpon Springs Cornet
Band. Next comes the priest, and on either side
of him (on this particular date) two guests of
the community, priests of the Anglican Commun-

178 GREEKS IN AMERICA
ion, the rector of Tarpon Springs, and the Phil
hellenic rector of the Church of the Redeemer,
Brooklyn,^ who has traveled all the way south to
participate in this ceremony. Behind them march
a couple of Hellenes, bearing the flags of the two
lands of the free. The great procession moves
down Orange Street to Safford Avenue and then
to Tarpon Avenue to the bayou. On either hand
the shops and houses are decked with greens and
flowers and flags, and the public wharf of the
bayou has the finest decorations of any year.
Moving close to the edge of the pier, the priest
reads the Holy Gospel account of Our Lord's bap
tism with the singing of hymns, while in his hand
he carries a small gutta-percha cross trimmed with
silver. Out in the water are boats and in them
stand the young Greeks who have been chosen
to dive for the cross. . . . Suddenly the band
ceases playing and the chanting stops, and the
little cross goes flying over the water. There is
a great splash as eight divers plunge after it.
For twenty minutes they keep diving. At last
Stathes Klonares, a "skin diver" of the Mediter
ranean from Kalymos, Turkey, who has been at
the bottom for nearly five minutes, comes up and
holds aloft the cross, his face gleaming with
triumph and reverence. Amid loud applause and
confusion the procession forms again ; and, led by
the victorious diver with the cross borne high above
s The Rev. Thomas J. Lacey, Ph.D., to whom I am in
debted for most of the materials for this description.

THE UNCONGESTED COLONIES 179
his head, they march back to the church, where
the crowd disperses.
That evening you are taken by the hospitable
Greeks to the Orpheum Theater, where you wit
ness, to quote the programme, a "Second Repre
sentation for the Greek Ecumenical Patriarch of
Constantinople by Amateurs, Part I: 'The Hero-
dias,' a Tragic Monologue. Part II: 'Athanasios
Diakos,' a National Drama from the Great Greek-
Turkish War, in 3 acts. Part III : 'The Scandal
of the Community of Vorprassion.' " And the
music is furnished by a Greek orchestra of flute,
two mandolins, sautour and guitar.
Or perhaps in addition to all the other hospit
able entertainment, you were fortunate enough to
be invited along with the distinguished guests to
the Hellenic-American Political Club, which was
entertaining the Pinellas County Commissioners.
If so, you heard the following speech, which I
quote verbatim from the Tarpon Springs Leader
as a fitting close to this last chapter on the life
of the immigrants, showing the Greeks' ideal of
American citizenship. It was the address of wel
come by the k. George Meindanes, president of
the Greek community.
"There are rare but beautiful moments in the life
of a man, the moments that remind him of the higher
and nobler purposes he is called to accomplish in the
long run of a lifetime. This is one of these moments
that fills with joy my heart. And it is not only be
cause I have seen the great confluence of the Greeks

180 GREEKS IN AMERICA
celebrating this memorial day, but much more because
I see our American fellow-citizens to concur in the ob
servation of this day and share our joy, and because
I get an opportunity to voice out the principles on
which this club is founded and around which its or
bit is delineated.
"To love one's country is the ideal virtue that en
nobles a man, and a true patriot finds always occasion
to show his patriotic spirit, regardless as to whether
his country is in a war or in time of peace. His first
and last duty, when the call to the arms comes, is to
shed his blood fighting for the just cause of his coun
try. But in time of peace also, patriotism is as much
needed for the country as ambition for an individual.
For in this century a world-wide and continuous strug
gle to prevail is going on, not only among the individ
uals, but even in a higher scale, among the commimi-
ties, states, and nations, and a citizen's ambitions and
aspiring to see the town in which he lives, his state,
and his nation, not only thriving and rival to the others,
but leading the way to the progress and affluence,
must lend a willing hand to its upbuilding and to the
judicious management of home affairs. If my mem
ory serves me right, the Athenian, the first lawgiver
that history speaks of, had passed in Athens a law de
creeing that every citizen of Athens should take part
either with one political party or another, and he who
remained indifferent was considered dishonest and a
traitor. And he was right about it, for any man who
lives in a town and takes no interest whatever in the
welfare of it, which much depends on its good or bad
management of its affairs, is not worthy of living.
"It is true that all of us cannot take part in this
management of the political affairs, yet we have a

THE UNCONGESTED COLONIES 181
voice in it through our vote, and we are instrumental
in the election of those who look after the public in
terests. But, gentlemen, the right of suffrage, which
all the people aU over the civilized world enjoy, some
times and in some cases resembles a knife given to a
kid as a toy thing to play with. It hurts, and it
hurts awfully.
"Therefore I think the existence of the political
clubs to be indispensable, in order to educate the
masses and prevent a gross wrong in the use of the
vote. With this object in view this club was estab
lished, its principal aim being the education of the
masses, and, as I had many a time occasion to say,
this club was not established in order to create a
faction or oppose any one, but to cooperate in the
upbuilding of the town and the state. And no wrong
doer shall find harbor in this club, but he shall be
turned willingly over to the proper authorities to be
dealt with by the law accordingly.
"It is our earnest desire to see competent men hold
their respective offices, and not to discourage them in
their noble efforts.
"On behalf of the members of this club, I thank
you, gentlemen."
And Solon's scion ceased, and Commissioner
S. S. Coaclnnan of Green Springs made fitting
answer.

XII
AMERICA'S DUTY
We have finished the tale of the Greek immi
grant in America. The two final chapters, telling
of the non-immigrant Greeks who have become
famous in America, have only an indirect con
nection with the subject of the immigrant
proper, as graphically showing the possibilities in
the Greek character under normal conditions.
The conditions under which the Greek immigrant
is forced to struggle, as we have seen, are any
thing but normal. Before leaving him, therefore,
let us ask and try to answer two important ques
tions : Is this a permanent migration ? And,
what are we Americans going to do about it.?
Do the Greeks stay permanently in America?
The statement has been made more than once by
immigration experts as well as laymen that they
do not stay. There seems to be an idea, found
even in United States official quarters that the
Greek comes here, makes money, and then goes
home, taking his money to Greece forever. Un
fortunately for poor Greece, this is absolutely the
opposite of the truth. Probably most Greeks do
come to America with this purpose, but very few
are ever able to accomplish it. Th.e Greek immi
grant does not go back, except for visits ; he

AMERICA'S DUTY 183
comes and stays. This is an important statement
of fact, and needs to be emphasized for the very
reason that it is contrary to the general opinion.
One cause of this mistaken opinion is the plain
record of immigration statistics, which show a
large number of Greeks returning home each year.
These figures are perfectly correct ; but the point is,
such returning Greeks are off for a visit only — few
of these ever stay in Greece. Then, too, tourists
have reported that they frequently run across in
Greece Greeks that have returned from America.
This also is quite true. But those very Greeks,
though perhaps they would not admit it even to
themselves, are in Greece only temporarily; in
evitably they will come back again to America,
and that soon. Pretty surely the same is true of
the large majority of those Greeks who went back
to fight in the Balkan war.
The emigrant from Greece usually borrows
money — a minimum $100, his passage fare, and
the law-required sum for his pocket on landing.
Or if he is so unusually lucky as to own this sum,
it probably is his whole capital. He reaches the
promised land. He works hard to send back what
he borrowed and a good deal more to keep those
who depend on him at home from starving. All
this takes a number of years. At last he has
saved up some money, be it a hundred or a thou
sand dollars. He goes back to Greece and spends
most of it. Then, taking his family if he has one,
he returns to America. Why does he return?

184 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Simply because (ask any of the thousands of
Greeks that have done so) a Greek who has once
lived in this country cannot stay satisfied in
Greece. Here he has made new acquaintances;
there, after a prolonged absence, he finds strang
ers. He discovers that in Greece his hard-earned
money will not enable him to set up any kind of
business — ^business is carried on by the better
classes, not the peasant. In Greece no credit is
j allowed : credit was what enabled him to start and
keep running in America. In fact, American busi
ness methods will not fit into Greece at all. He
finds himself no better off than before he first emi
grated, in fact much worse. And so it is that
those immigrants who in their disheartenment wish
to go home to Greece, cannot; and those who in
their first flush of success do go, find it impossible
to stay. This fact is all too sadly known in Greece
and by the leading Greeks here. And still the
homeland Greeks, lured by the garnished romances
of our wonderland keep building their air castles
and set sail. And stiU the bitter disillusionments
breed either heroes or cynics. Thus far the mi
gration has proven irrevocable. The Greeks are
here and here to stay. What are we Americans
going to do about it?
The first thing we must do is really to under
stand this interesting people, and to regard them
not as mere immigrants from southeastern Europe,
but as a distinct and separate race. It is with
this object that this book has been written — to

Graduation Day Greek School, Chicago.

AMERICA'S DUTY 185
encourage a full, unprejudiced, and sympathetic
understanding of our Hellenic fellow citizens.
Moreover, it is very important — more so with the
Greeks than with most nationalities — to have a
good knowledge of the history of their race,
mediaeval as well as modern; and also of the life
in Greece of the immigrants, before they sailed for
America. To guide the reader in obtaining this
knowledge, I have appended a bibliography (Ap
pendix B), carefully selected (for much inac
curate and unfair has been published about the
Greeks). Also I have prepared and hope it will
be published shortly a companion volume, giving
this essential historical background.
Pjhilanthropically inclined people ask in this
way, "What can we do to help the Greek?" This
is not, however, the proper question at all.
Rather they should ask, "What can we Americans
do that the Greek may be given a fair and equal
chance to help himself?" For first and foremost
it is for Americans, who are true and unselfish
Americans, to remove these obstacles which, in this
land where all are supposed to be free, impede the
Greek's progress. It is for us to cease blaming
the foreigner for what is not his fault, but ours.
Can America expect the foreigner not to be af
fected by those faults and failings which are all
too common in Americans : lack of idealism and
worship of commercialism, laxity in law, laxity in
morals, laxity in religion — and that, too, when the
foreigner is placed in contact with the worst side

186 GREEKS IN AMERICA
of American life and has little opportunity to
appreciate the best side?
Chiefest among all obstacles which impede his
progress is the rank prejudice against the for
eigner in general, found especially in the half edu
cated and snobbish "middle class" Americans, —
and the parents or grandparents of many of these
latter were themselves foreign immigrants. "The
scum of the earth," "the off-scouring of Europe,"
are terms of abuse commonly used in speaking of
immigrants to-day. With like appellations Amer
icans used to dub the German, the Irish, and
the Scandinavian. As a matter of fact, the recent
immigrants, just as the earlier ones were, are not
the "scum," uncultured though they be, but for
the most part the strongest, the bravest, the most
enterprising. However, all this belongs to a dis
cussion of immigration in general — and we might
go on thus indefinitely.^
1 For the sanest and most suggestive treatment of the
problem of what to do for and with the immigrant in
general, let me refer the reader to the last chapter in the
two following books: "Our Slavic Fellow-Citizen," by Prof.
Emily G. Balch (New York, 1910), and "The New Im
migration,'' by Peter Roberts, Ph.D. (Macmillan, 1912).
However, let me emphasize again that it is a wrong
method to deal with or study the immigrants in general.
We should learn to distinguish the separate peoples, and
treat each by itself, each as a totally distinct social phe
nomenon, with a distinct historical background, which also
should be known. This method is adopted in the "Report
of Commission on Eastern Orthodox Churches' Immigrants"
of the (Episcopal) Department of New England (1913),
which all interested in the immigration problem should
read. (See Bibliography, Appendix B, IV.)

AMERICA'S DUTY 187
We have given various general and specific sug
gestions in the pages of this book on how we ought
to treat our Greek neighbors. Let us by way of
final summary emphasize the following four, which
every American of the right sort may do his part
in fulfilling: —
1. Do your utmost to remove in your commu
nity this un-American and un-Christian prejudice
against the Greek. Treat him openly yourself as
an equal, and thus by your example others will be
led to treat him as an equal, — for in very truth
the average Greek is the equal of the average
American. 2. Honor and express your honor for and seek
to preserve that pride of the Greek in the history
of his race, the beauty of his language, the cus
toms and traditions of his fatherland, the ortho
doxy of his church, — for it is these that have im
planted and preserved in him patriotism, aspira
tion for an education, duty to family, benevolence
for the afflicted, courtesy, temperance. To strive
to obliterate the ideals of the fatherland that we
may turn out an unadulterated "American" is
worse than foolish. The right kind of assimila
tion will certainly not be accomplished, as Profes
sor Balch well expresses it, by the American say
ing to the foreigner, "We two shall be one, and I
will be that one." Let us rather preserve for this
transplanted tree the goodly portion of its native
soil, and add to it that which is good in Ameri
canism. The combination will furnish to Ameri-

188 GREEKS IN AMERICA
can citizenship, nay is already furnishing, a very
valuable species.
3. Cooperate with the Greek leaders and organ
izations in all schemes of uplift for the Greeks —
the uplift of the Greeks is the raison d'etre of most
Greek organizations. For example, when we give
the use of our public school buildings for Greek
evening schools — as we always should do — ^let the
leading Greeks of the community decide with us
the best courses, methods, and teachers. In sani
tary reforms, ask the advice and cooperation of
the leaders — and so in all civic reforms. To
ignore utterly the regular Greek organization in
dealing with matters which affect Greeks, is as un
wise and insulting for example, as it is to invite a
troop of boy scouts or a fratemal order to
participate in a Memorial Day parade and ignore
the well drilled Greek military company of the
city — a pretty way to foster citizenship. More
over, the same plan should be followed by the
United States and the state governments in plan
ning legislation or reforms that affect the immi
grant. Let them take into confidence and act
with the advice and cooperation of the national
organization of the Greeks (and those of other
foreign peoples). Is it not foolish to make long
investigations and act on them without the help
of those who know the conditions best and are in
the position to do the most effective work?
5. Finally, that which really counts most, as it
does in all else, — our personal touch of man with

AMERICA'S DUTY 189
man. Let those Americans who stand for that
true ideal of Americanism which the Greek ex
pected to find before he came to our shores — ^that
which is lofty without vanity, free without license,
unselfish without discrimination — let such men and
women learn to know their Greek neighbors by
personal touch and sincere friendship; and, if
need arise, by doing for them the good turns, not
of "charity" but of friendship. Only so can the
Greeks learn to value the ideals of the true
American.

XIII
FAMOUS AMERICAN-GREEKS
In these two final chapters we shall tell the
stories of a number of Greek boys and men who
during the past century came to our country, not
as immigrants in the proper sense of the term;
were brought up or came to live in entirely Ameri
can surroundings ; and became justly famous in
American life, leaving their mark on our nation.
These biographical sketches will culminate in that
Hellene of the Hellenes and benefactor of America
and the world, Michael Anagnos, who became the
beloved son-in-law of our great Americans, Dr.
Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe.
I give these accounts, which have never before
been collected and much of them never published,
not only because of their historical interest, but
to show how splendidly a Greek may develop if
given the proper opportunities. Many of these
Greeks had no better start than the average Greek
immigrant of the immigration period to America.
Thus we Americans may realize what stuff Greeks
are made of; and may we not look forward to
like attainments by some of our present Greek
fellow citizens? 190

FAMOUS AMERICAN-GREEKS 191
There is a tradition that has it — and I am told
that a book has been written to prove it — that
Christophoros Kolymvos (or, as we Americans
call him, Columbus) was the first Greek that
landed in America. Alas, I fear that this tradi
tion is of mythical orgin. There was a real Greek,
however, in the band of one of the earliest dis
coverers of our continent, and his name and auto
graph a friend of mine once ran across in a stand
ard American history, but has been unable to find
it again. I doubt not that there were a number of
real Greeks early and late in the expeditions that
have come to our shores whose names are lost to
sight. Greeks are generally to be found, Odys
seus-like, where there is any wandering being
done. In 1760 a Greek married the daughter of
the governor of Costa Rica, and named many
places after his native spots. Then in 1767 an in
teresting migration took place. An uprising in
southern Morea was feared by the Turks, so they
killed the archbishop and treated other prominent
people with utmost severity. An English officer,
John ThombuU happened to be in the port of
Karoni at the time with his ship. He bought
from the authorities for 1200 pilasters the privi
lege of carrying away a large number of Greeks,
whom he took to Florida. These Greeks were
Mainates. I have been unable to discover any
further traces of this colony. It would be very
interesting to learn what became of them and their
descendants. On the other corner of the future

192 GREEKS IN AMERICA
United States, coming, I suppose, by the back
way of Behring Strait, landed the first governor
of Alaska, a Peloponnesian Greek named Eustotias
Juanobitos Delaref.
Passing now out of the mists of American an
tiquity down to the historic times of the 46th year
since our Declaration of Independence and the
second since the Greek— 1822, let us tell the story
of that remarkable list of orphans of the terrible
and bloody Greek war of Independence (1821-
1828). I shall mention nine (there must have
been others) whose names, though perhaps now
unknown, were none the less worthy. The first
two mentioned do not, perhaps, properly belong
in this chapter for they returned to Greece; but
I will not omit them.
Alexander George Paspatis was born in the
island of Chios (or Scio) in 1814. After the
fiendish massacre of the population by the Turks
in 1822, he was carried with the other captives to
Smyrna and exposed in the Turkish slave market
for sale. There his own mother, who had miracu
lously escaped and had wandered alone up and
down the coast of Asia Minor, saw him and bought
him for the only two pieces of money she had
managed to save. Charitable Americans em
barked him on a ship and for two years he found
a kind home in the family of Marshall P. Wilder
in Boston. He fitted in the Mt. Pleasant Prepar
atory school and in 1831 graduated from Amherst.
Never has Amherst had a worthier graduate. He

FAMOUS AMERICAN-GREEKS 193
returned to Europe, took an extended course in
medicine at Paris and Pisa, and for years was one
of the most distinguished practitioners in Con
stantinople. Retiring from practice in 1879 he
lived in Athens till his death in 1891. The notice
in the Amherst obituary record says, "A profound
and accurate student, he was an almost unrivalled
authority on Byzantine history and archeology
and an eminent glossologist. Master of sixteen
languages, his literary productions were mostly
given to the world in English, French and Greek."
Both in Constantinople and Athens he was a mem
ber and sometimes founder of many philanthropic
societies and institutions. "He, with five other
scholars, planted in 1861 the ^iXoXoyiKos 'EXXt^viko?
2uAAoyo5, a society which is now reckoning its mem
bers by the thousands and has planted nearly two
hundred schools in the Ottoman Empire and by
its literary contributions has acquired a world
wide fame. He was always a devoted member
of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and believed
that whatever was imperfect therein could b.e re
formed or remedied from within and not from with
out." Evangelides was the other war orphan, educated
in the United States, that returned. He opened
a successful school in his native Syra and brought
there the American idea, novel to his compatriots,
of the value of real estate, by which he became
rich. His neighbors dubbed him the "Greek
Yankee." He was, says Atlantis, Bryant's Greek

194 GREEKS IN AMERICA
boy. He had a son who was a journalist in New
York for many years. -^
Captain George Musalas Colvocoresses, U. S.
N., was another survivor of the massacre of Chios.
His father, escaping to the Austrian consulate,
was able to ransom his family, though George saw
his uncle killed and his aged grandmother beaten
to death before he reached safety. He, only six
years old, with nine other Chiote boys was placed
on board an American brig bound for Baltimore.
On the voyage he was cared for and taught Eng
lish by the mate of the brig. On his arrival he
appears to have made an especially good impres
sion upon the committee of influential men who
interested themselves in these boys, and Gen. Har
per procured from President Monroe the promise
of a cadetship at West Point for the little lad.
Attracted by the accounts in the newspapers, Capt.
Alder Partridge, head of a military academy in
Norwich, Vermont, took the boy and educated and
provided for him. Later he entered the navy,
where he served the rest of his life with honor. He
sailed in various important naval expeditions all
over the world, and in the Civil War commanded
the U. S. S. Supply and later the Saratoga, when
he won the repeated thanks of Admiral Dahlgren
in general orders and the commendation of the
1 This information is from Julia Ward Howe's "From
the Oak to the Olive." She had knovni him in America.
This book mentions meeting several of these American ed
ucated Greeks, and also our famous Philhellenic priest, Dr.
Hill.

FAMOUS AMERICAN-GREEKS 195
Secretary of the Navy for his "zeal and good serv
ice to the country." In 1865 he was retired with
the rank of captain and lived tiU his death in 1872
with his family in Litchfield, Connecticut.
His son, the present Rear Admiral George
Partridge Colvocoresses who kindly furnished me
with the information about his father and others,
including a copy of biographical sketches about
to be published in Greek in the annual Chronicles
of Chios, has made an eminent record in the Navy.
He first saw service for two years in the Civil War
as captain's clerk to his father. In the Spanish
War he was executive officer of the U. S. S. Con
cord at the battle of Manila Bay. Admiral Dewey
appointed him executive officer of his flagship, and
it was he who commanded the Olympia's battalion
in the several ovations that welcomed the hero in
New York, Washington, and Boston. Upon pro
motion to captain he was made commandant of
midshipmen in the Naval Academy. After forty-
eight years of active service he was retired with
the rank of rear admiral.
George Sirian, gunner, U. S. N., a young boy
in one of the Greek islands at the outbreak of the
Greek revolution, was set adrift in a boat by his
mother to escape a band of Turks, while she her
self remained to await her fate and attract atten
tion from the child. The boat happened to be
picked up by one of our cruisers. The boy en
tered the navy and became by good conduct a
warrant officer.

196 GREEKS IN AMERICA
George Marshall, whose daughter Sirian mar
ried, was a Greek who published probably the first
manual of naval gunnery used in our service.
Photius Fiske was another war orphan, who be
came a chaplain in the U. S. Navy. On his death
he left a small bequest for the anti-slavery cause,
some of which went to aid the family of John
Brown. Athanasius Coloveloni was bom near fated Mes-
solonghi in 1815. In the first year of the war
his father and family were slain and the boy, six
years old, was rescued and cared for by Capt.
Nicholson of the U. S. S. Ontario, then cruising
in the Mediterranean. He lived the rest of the
ninety-two years of his life in Brooklyn, and be
came one of the most prominent members of the
Masonic fraternity, being a lecturer and organ
izer and a 33rd degree Mason. Like most of the
Greeks mentioned in this chapter, he married an
American. Colonel Lucas (Loukas) Miltiades Miller, Mem
ber of Congress from Oshkosh, Wisconsin, was bom
in Laciadia in 1824. He was the son of a Greek
chieftain who was killed in the war. Soon after
his birth his mother died, and a woman found the
baby in an abandoned town shortly after a battle
had taken place in its streets. Subsequently she
applied to the brave American Philhellene, Col. J.
P. Miller, who was fighting in the Greek army, for
assistance.^ Miller adopted the child, brought
- Mr. Franklin B. Sanborn told me that one day he (Mr.

Rear Adjiiral Colvocoresses, U. S. K,

FAMOUS AMERICAN-GREEKS 197
him to Montpelier, Vermont, and gave him a home
and an education. At the age of twenty-one he
had passed his law examinations and was admitted
to the bar. Soon after the young lawyer moved
to Oshkosh, Wisconsin, and took up farming, where
for the rest of his life he was one of the most in
fluential men of the city and state. He was made
a colonel in the Mexican War, and was elected to
the 52nd Congress, being nominated without his
knowledge and against his wishes. In Congress
he took an active part and his speeches attracted
considerable attention. He died only seven or
eight years ago.
Professor John (Joannes) Celivergos Zachos,
M. D.,^ late curator of the Cooper Union, New
York, was bom in Constantinople, 1820. His
father was one of the "merchant princes" of the
city, and an interpreter of the Sultan's court,
ranking in the diplomatic corps of the Turkish
government. His mother was a woman of superior
education and connected with the best Phanariote
Sanborn) was calling on the daughter of Col. J. P. MiUer,
Mrs. Keith, in Chicago, and there, hanging over the mantle-
piece, was the sword of Lord Byron. See "History of
Montpelier," p. 289, where it is told that Miller took the
sword. Dr. Howe the helmet and Finlay, the historian,
something else of the dead poet, as trophies. Col. J. P.
Miller was one of the most famous of the Americans who
fought on the Greek side in the protracted struggle for
liberty. 3 Dr. Zachos' daughter. Miss M. Helena Zachos, has
kindly corrected for this account of her father the
"Biographical Cyclopedia of Ohio," vol. 6, pp. 135-155
(1895), and added other facts.

198 GREEKS IN AMERICA
families, as the Mavrocordato and the Ipsilanti.
The k. Zachos was one of the first Hetairists (the
Greek secret societies conspiring for freedom),
and at the opening of the War of Independence was
betrayed and condemned to be beheaded, but by
a large bribe managed to escape with his family.
He fled to the north of Greece, where he devoted
his fortune and life to the holy cause. He fell in
an early battle among the mountains of Thessaly,
where his little command was resisting a whole army
of Turks. Thus were left his wife and the boy
Joannes, three years old, and a baby girl. It was
the indomitable spirit of the mother that brought
the family and a large number of relatives and de
pendents safely through the years of war, in a
country harried by a bloody enemy and a lawless
soldiery of her own race. She always carried
arms and trained her retainers and encouraged
them in the fight. When dangers pressed too
heavily on the mainland, she bought a vessel and
sought safety among the islands and inlets of the
MgesLU. "Many of the interesting incidents of his childhood
which Dr. Zachos remembered in his later years and
related to his children happened while they were
cruising in the .iEgean Sea. They would stop occa
sionally at quiet and safe islands for food and water
supplies, or for longer stays if the Turks were afar.
On one of these occasions the two children were dis
covered near the camp with short white clubs with
which they were striking large white balls down a lit-

FAMOUS AMERICAN-GREEKS 199
tie hillside. The horrified nurse discovered that their
playthings were the dried and bleached bones of some
poor victims of the war. His first recollection of
school was a very primitive scene. The school master
sat under a large fig tree with a group of small chil
dren seated before him in a semi-circle. He had a
long, tapering switch with which he kept order and
spurred the inattentive ones. The tree was laden
with rich ripe figs, and from time to time this luscious
fruit would drop in the midst of the little school.
Then would ensue a grabbing and scrambling for a
few seconds until the prize had disappeared into some
eager mouth and order was restored by the long switch
of the old pedagogue." *
So passed the boy's life until he was ten years
old. Soon after the end of the war his mother
married again, Nikolaos Kiliverges, secretary to
President Capodistria. Dr. Howe, being brought
into contact, in his business of mercy, with the
stepfather, advised the kyria Zachos to send her
boy to America to be educated, and promised to
take care of him. Thus Howe himself brought the
boy to America. For three years the mother paid
all the expenses, until the extravagant court life
of her husband, who became royal treasurer of
King Otho, squandered her fortune. For the
next two years his American friends paid young
Zachos' expenses, and then at the age of fifteen
he took upon himself the problem of self support
and education, at first, as printer's boy, then at
* Written by Miss Zachos.

200 GREEKS IN AMERICA
the Manual Labor College in Bristol, Pennsylvania,
and then at Kenyon College, where he graduated
in 1840. For three years and a half he studied
medicine at Miami, at which time he was one of
the founders of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He
did not, however, practice his profession, but took
up teaching, becoming co-principal of a Young
Ladies Academy in Ohio. In 1849 he married
Miss Harriet Canfield. They had six children.
In 1853 he was invited by Horace Mann to a pro
fessorship in Antioch College, Yellow Springs,
Ohio. During the Civil War he offered himself
for the service of the "Educational Commission of
Boston and New York," organized to send men
and women to care for and educate the "free men
of the South." Next Dr. Zachos was appointed
acting surgeon in the U. S. Army and assigned to
the multifarious duties of superintendency and
command of Paris Island, with a population of
six hundred negroes, left by their former masters
in greatest destitution. After two years of this
work he broke down. He next was installed in the
Unitarian pulpit at West Newton, Massachusetts.
In 1866 he was appointed professor of rhetoric
in the Meadville Theological School in Pennsyl
vania. Finally, in 1871, at the call of his intimate
friend, Peter Cooper, he became curator of the
Cooper Union in New York. Here Dr. Zachos
passed the last twenty-seven years of his life and
found his greatest field of labor and influence.
His talent as a lecturer on the public platform

L4l^i (o. AiicJio^.

FAMOUS AMERICAN-GREEKS 201
and in the classroom was of marked value to this
great institution, and he remained its literary head
to the day of his death. One of the most interest
ing sides of this versatile, scholarly, brilliant, big
hearted Greek was his close association with the
literary men of New York: Bayard Taylor, Wil
liam CuUen Bryant, Charles Dana, and many
others. Professor Evangelinos Apostolides Sophocles,
LL.D. (I quote all, except what is inserted in
parenthesis, from a memoir in the records of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences) "was
born in 1804 in the village of Tsangarada in
Thessaly on the slope of Mount Pelion. His
father's name was Apostolos, and thus he obtained
the patronymic Apostolides. The name of Sopho
cles, by which he has always been known away from
home, was given him in his youth by his teacher
Gazes as a compliment to his scholarship. He
spent his childhood in his Thessalian home. While
still a boy he accompanied his uncle to Cairo,
where he spent several years in the branch of the
Sinaitic monastery of St. Catherine (of which his
uncle was Hegumen), visiting also the principal
monastery on Mt. Sinai itself. He returned to
Thessaly in 1820, where he remained a year at
school, chiefly studying Greek classic authors, un
der the instruction of several teachers of repute,
especially Anthimos Gazes, who had been twenty-
five years in Vienna. The breaking out of the
Greek Revolution in 1821 closed this school, and

202 GREEKS IN AMERICA
Sophocles returned to the monastery of Cairo.
After a few years he left the Sinaitic brotherhood
on the death of his uncle, and became again a
pupil of Gazes at Syra, where he became ac
quainted with the Rev. Josiah Brewer, a mission
ary of the American Board of Foreign Missions,
who invited him to go to the United States, and by
the advice of Gazes the invitation was accepted.
"Sophocles arrived at Boston in 1828 and put
himself under the tuition of Mr. Colton of Monson,
Massachusetts. In 1829 he entered as freshman
at Amherst College, but remained only a part of
one year. He afterwards lived at Hartford and
New Haven. AU his earlier works were published
at Hartford, where at one time he taught mathe
matics. In 1842 he came to Harvard College as
tutor in Greek, and remained till 1845. He re
turned in 1847 to take the same office. Since that
time the college apartment in which he died. No. 2
Holworthy, was his only home" (serving as dining
room and kitchen the greater part of the time, as
well as lodging and study. In 1859 he was made
assistant professor of Greek; and in 1860 a new
professorship of Ancient, Byzantine, and Modern
Greek was created for him, which he continued to
fill until his death in 1883. This professorship
has since been abolished. He received the honor
ary degree of A.M. from Yale and Harvard, and
that of LL.D. from Westem Reserve and Har
vard. (He published a number of grammatical books.

FAMOUS AMERICAN-GREEKS 203
but his great work was the "Greek Lexicon of the
Roman and Byzantine Periods from B. C. 146 to
A. D. 1100." This tremendous work of 1187
pages gives reference to 500 authors, not including
those referred to of earlier periods.
(Countless are the amusing anecdotes told at
Harvard of this eccentric, cynical, soft-hearted,
monk-like scholar, who seemed to belong to another
age: his withering sarcasm in asking questions in
the classroom; his total disregard for the usual
methods of teaching ; his love for children ; his
devotion to his chickens. These last he kept in
a pen within hearing distance of his room. He
had a name for each beloved hen or rooster, often
the names of his good friends of the elite Cam
bridge circles. One day Anagnos was dining with
him in his room. A hen was heard to cackle, and
Sophocles looking at Anagnos observed, "That's
Eliza" — ^named after Mrs. Apthorpe.)
"Professor Sophocles," continues the memoir of
the Academy, "was a scholar of extraordinary at
tainments. His knowledge of the Greek literature
in its whole length and breadth could hardly be
surpassed, and he had much rare and profound
erudition on many points on which westem scholar
ship is most weak. On the other hand he treated
the classic philology of Germany with neglect, if
not with contempt, and he never learned German
so as to read it with facility. But many things
which are found in the works of German scholars
came to Sophocles independently. He showed

204 GREEKS IN AMERICA
little or no sympathy with the attempts to resus
citate the ancient forms of Greek in the literary
language of the new kingdom of Greece; indeed,
for this indifference, and for his general lack of
interest in the progress of Greece since the Revolu
tion, he was often censured by his fellow country
men. But much of this, as well as much of his
show of indifference to the ordinary calls of
humanity, was a part of his habitual cynicism,
which was quite as much affected as real. While
he refused to take part in the ordinary charities,
he was really in his own way one • of the most
benevolent of men ; and it may be doubted whether
there was another man in our community whose
gifts bore so large a proportion to his personal
expenses. Many are the poor who will miss his
unostentatious benevolence now that he is gone.
"Though he took little interest in any religious
questions, he always remained faithful in name to
the Greek Church in which he was born. In later
years he renewed his relations with the monks of
Mount Sinai; and as his strength failed, he wan
dered back more and more in his thoughts to the
Sacred Mountain. The monastery of St. Cath
erine was enriched by more than one substantial
present by his kindness ; and the pious monks
offered solemn prayers on Mount Sinai daily for
his recovery from his last sickness, and sent him
their congratulations by Atlantic cable on his
saint's day. Now that he has left us, we feel that
a bond is suddenly broken which connected us with

FAMOUS AMERICAN-GREEKS 205
a world which lies beyond our horizon. Such a
phenomenon as Sophocles is indeed rare in our
academic circles, and we feel that it was a privilege
to have him among us."
Since the war time there have come to our
shores a number of Greek gentlemen, who, though
all may not be entitled to the distinction of famous,
yet deserve to be mentioned. Thus before we
relate the story of that greatest of American-
Hellenes, Michael Anagnos, let us make mention
of some of these.
George Constantine, born at Athens, 1833, came
to America in 1850, and graduated from Amherst
in 1859, and Andover Theological Seminary in
1862. The rest of his life, until his death in
1892, was spent in Athens and Smyrna as a Prot
estant missionary — a sincere and devoted work in
a wrong cause.
Michael Kalopathakes, 1825-1905, came to
America and was graduated at the Union Theolog
ical Seminary and also took a course in medicine ;
and then returned to Greece as a Protestant mis
sionary. He was steadfast to his mistaken ideal ;
and perhaps his steadfastness had a salutary in
fluence upon the Orthodox Church. He helped
Dr. Howe during the Cretan War of '66-'68.
His son, Demetrius, now at Athens, is an accom
plished scholar, graduate of Harvard, Ph.D. of
Berlin, correspondent of the London Times and
the Nation.
Professor Andrew C. Zenos, D.D., LL.D., the

206 GREEKS IN AMERICA
present professor of Biblical Theology, McCor-
mick Theological Seminary, Chicago ; former pro
fessor in Lake Forest University and in Hartford
Theological Seminary, bom in Constantinople
in 1855, is a well known scholar. Among many
other works he translated and annotated Socrates,
"Ecclesiastical History" for Shaff's "Post Nicene
Fathers." John M. Rodonaki of Smyrna came to America
in 1850 and was consul in Boston for twenty-two
years. He was a respected merchant and a prom
inent Mason. He bequeathed most of his estate
to the Boston Art Museum.
And we might mention others, more or less well
known, who are still living and in America : as
Consul-General Botassi, of a Spetzian family
famous for its admirals, who came to New York in
1869 and has grown old in the Greek diplomatic
service; Theodore B. Ion, D. C. L., former pro
fessor of Law in Boston University, writer on in
ternational law and Turkish literature ; T. T.
Timayenis, former teacher and historical writer
and translator; Demetra Vaka (Mrs. Kenneth
Brown), formerly on the staff of Atlantis, author
and collaborator with her American husband of
the wild and woolly tales, "Haremlik," "The
Duke's Price," "In the Shadow of Islam," etc. ;
Mrs. Julia D. Dragoumis, author of "Tales from
a Greek Island," published first in the Atlantic
Monthly; and Mrs. Seraphim G. Canoutas,
scholar, musician, and writer, nee Euphrosyne

FAMOUS AMERICAN-GREEKS 207
Paleologos, scion of the house of the last of the
Byzantine emperors.
Then there are a number of names we might re
peat, dating from 1850 to the present, of that
class of wealthy and cultivated Greek gentlemen,
directors in New York, Boston, and elsewhere of
the great Greek commercial houses : as the world-
famed Ralli Brothers,^ Choremi and Benaki, Live-
rato Brothers, etc. This class of Greeks is found
the world over. These gentlemen live like Ameri
cans and move in the best American society; and
yet they are taking the lead at the present day in
the noble work for the protection and uplift of
their immigrant fellow countrymen. Of this class,
for example, is the k. Sinadinos, president since
1910 of the Pan-Hellenic Union.
5 The RaUi were originally natives of Chios. The firm
was founded in 1860, and is now supposed to he the largest
commercial house in the world. The headquarters are in
London. Five years ago they had fifty branches in the
United States.

XIV
MICHAEL ANAGNOS
Michael Anagnostopoulos,^ or as he became
known to Americans, Anagnos, was born Novem
ber 7th, 1837, in a mountain village of Epiros,
called Papingo. His father was a hard working
peasant, who had lived under the bloody Ali Pasha.
We may glimpse the romantic homeland of the
Epirote lad from Byron's picture.
"No city's towers pollute the lovely view.
Unseen is Janina, though not remote.
Veiled by the screen of hills; here men are few.
Scanty the hamlet, rare the lonely cot;
But peering down each precipice, the goat
Browseth, — and pensive o'er his scattered flock.
The little shepherd in his white capote
Doth lean his boyish form along the rock.
Or in his cave awaits the tempest's short-lived shock."
True Greek, the boy longed and labored for an
education. He began in the little village school
and used to pore over his lessons as he tended his
father's flocks on the mountain side, or in the
evening by the light of a pine torch. As he grew
1 Compiled entirely from the 155 page Memoir of Anag
nos, published in 1907, the year after his death, by the
Perkins Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind.
See Frontispiece (Portrait of Anagnos) of our book.
208

MICHAEL ANAGNOS
older, to support himself he also taught in his
spare hours. His teacher advised him to go to
Janina and try for a scholarship in the Zozimaea
School. So one day he took his shepherd's stick
and his little pack, containing only dry bread, and
marched for sixteen hours through rain and storm
to the famous Epirote capital. Passing among
the first, he was aided by the great teacher Anas-
tasios Sakellarion. As he was too poor to buy
text books he used to copy them out by hand. At
last his gymnasium course was worked through,
and he achieved his longing by entering the Uni
versity of Athens. Of the struggles at the
university writes his Boston sister-in-law, Mrs.
Florence Howe Hall, "I have heard him tell the
story of four students who lived together at Athens
and possessed only one good coat among them, so
that they were obliged to take turns in going out.
I have always suspected that he was one of the
devoted quartette." He worked his way by teach
ing languages and reading proof. He took his
B. A. in philology, and also studied law.^
In 1861 Anagnos joined the staff of the Ethno-
phylax (National Guard), the first daily paper of
Athens, writing criticisms and translations and
then political essays, and was shortly made editor-
in-chief at the age of 24. This paper was started
2 His friend, Mr. Frank B. Sanborn, in a speech at the
Memorial exercises (see "Memoir," page 107), gives a de
tailed account of his university courses, taken from the
actual certificates of the professors: Greek, Latin, history,
mathematics, science, philosophy, etc.

210 GREEKS IN AMERICA
to advocate popular rights against the oppressive
government of King Otho. Our youthful hero
was one of the most active in this opposition, even
going so far as to be instrumental in introducing,
through General Garibaldi and one of his sons,
lodges of Free Masonry by the Scottish Rite as
an element in the coming dethronement of the Ba
varian monarch. Twice he was put into prison.
His ardent share in the bloodless revolution of
1862 Anagnos in his later years spoke of with re
gret. At the beginning of the Cretan Revolution
in 1866 Anagnos enlisted his pen in the cause of
the devoted island ; but his fellow editors of the
Ethnophylax disagreed with him, and he resigned.
Then it was that our great American, Dr. Howe,
whom as yet Anagnos knew only by his former
fame as a Philhellene, came to Greece to help the
Cretans, and desiring to find a Greek secretary
who should act with him in the work of the relief,
was directed to the young ex-editor. He at once
engaged him and left him part of the time in
charge of the committee's affairs, while he himself
visited schools, prisons and hospitals of Europe.
As a reason for Dr. Howe's selection of Anagnos,
Mr. Sanborn writes, "He had the strong, sincere
qualities of the Epirote Greek, brought up in the
simplicity of rural life and able to resist the temp
tations to intrigue and commercialism which beset
the Phanariot and Peloponnesian Greek."
When Dr. Howe returned to Boston, he per
suaded his Athenian secretary to accompany him

MICHAEL ANAGNOS 211
and continue in the work of the Cretan Committee
in New England. Finding him well qualified to
teach. Dr. Howe gave him the task of teaching
Latin and Greek in the Perkins Institution to the
few blind pupils who in 1868 had pursued their
studies that far ; and also made him private tutor
of his family. A year or two later he promoted
his tutor's wish to become Greek professor in some
western American college, writing in a letter of
recommendation, "He is capable of filling the post
in any of our universities with honor." ^
Yet so had the young Greek won the affections
of the Howe family that when the time for separa
tion had come Dr. Howe could not part with him,
but placed him in a permanent position in the
Perkins Institution, and late in 1870 gave him the
hand of his daughter, Julia Romana. She, worthy
scion of Samuel Gridley and Julia Ward Howe,
was "a woman of ideally beautiful character and
deeply interested in her father's work for the
blind." For fifteen years they spent a happy,
though childless life together, till she died in 1886.
The last words of Mrs. Anagnos were: "Take
care of the little blind children."
After 1870, the increasing years and infirmity
of the great founder of the Perkins Institution
3 Prof. Manatt ("Memoir," p. 117), says, "Had Anagnos
taken up the work of a Greek chair in this country and
applied to it the same broad and inclusive view of education
which he brought to bear on his problems at South Boston,
I cannot but believe that Greek studies would fare bet
ter among us to-day."

212 GREEKS IN AMERICA
for the Blind made it necessary that Mr. Anagnos
be placed more and more in general charge of
affairs, and so he became intimately familiar with
every part of the establishment and its methods
and ideals. Thus when Dr. Howe died in 1876,
he was the only candidate seriously considered as
his successor, "although," says Mr. Sanborn,
"there was some question in the minds of some
trustees how a native of Turkey and a subject
of the Kingdom of Greece would succeed in the
whole management of a Bostonian institution so
peculiarly dependent on the liberality of the good
people of Massachusetts, and particularly of Bos
ton. The result of his administration (which
lasted 30 years) soon solved that question. Every
branch of the administration had already begun
to feel the youthful energy and mature wisdom
of the new director." Writes the acting director
in his report after Anagnos' death :
"Trained by intimate relations with the great father
of the work in this country. Dr. Howe, Mr. Anagnos
saw clearly that the methods and principles used by
Dr. Howe were in the main correct, and with that
complete lack of conceit and entire absence of any
sense of his own importance, as great as it was rare
and as rare as it was beautiful, he set himself to the
task of carrying out the great work his predecessor
had left uncompleted, and for three decades has la
bored faithfully and brought this great work to a
state of efficiency that is known and admired on both
sides of the Atlantic."

MICHAEL ANAGNOS 213
One of his first acts was the promotion of a
fund of $100000 for books for the blind, and the
establishment of a printing department ; six years
later every public library in Massachusetts had
been furnished with these books. Seconded by his
devoted wife, he founded the kindergarten in
Jamaica Plain for little blind children under nine.
This beautiful work is his especial monument.
Soon another $100000 endowment was raised, and
for many years he was weighed with the handling
each year of over half a million dollars. He gave
special attention and study to the perfection of
the physical training department and to the train
ing of the bhnd in self-supporting trades and
occupations. In none of the deeds of his life did that tender
ness of heart and sympathy for his fellow men
that were ever the chief motive forces of his char
acter, appear more conspicuously than in his work
for the deaf-blind — a work small in numbers, but
in proportion to the completeness of the emanci
pation, tremendous in achievement. He had be
come familiar with the famous education by Dr.
Howe of Laura Bridgman, Oliver Caswell and
others, and in carrying on a like work he attracted
the attention of the world in some respects even
more than did the cases of his predecessor. The
fame of his success in the cases of Helen Keller,
Thomas Stringer, EKzabeth Robin, and others of
the blind-deaf has gone round the world. I can
not refrain from retelling the story of one case

214 GREEKS IN AMERICA
(the others are equally miraculous) in the words
of Mr. Sanborn:

"About sixteen years ago in a hospital in the city
of Pittsburgh a pitiful case was brought to light. A
little boy, deaf and blind, was sent there for treat
ment. His parents were too poor to pay for his
maintenance in any institution, and a number of ap
peals were sent to institutions and individuals in his
behalf, but without avail. Finally the case was
brought to the attention of Mr. Anagnos. In the
helpless, almost inanimate little lump of clay that
was brought to his doors, he saw the likeness of a
human soul, and immediately took measures to bring
about its development and unfolding. So the little
stranger entered the Kindergarten for the Blind in
1891; a special teacher was provided for him; and
the education of Thomas Stringer had begun. The
sightless, voiceless, seemingly hopeless little waif of
1891 has now developed into the intelligent, sturdy,
fine appearing young man of 1906, who, in his bene
factor's own words, 'is strong and hale, and who
thinks acutely, reasons rationally, judges accurately,
acts promptly, and works diligently. He loves truth
and uprightness and loathes mendacity and deceitful-
ness. He appears to be absolutely unselfish and is
very grateful to his benefactors. His is a loyal and
self-poised soul — affectionate, tender, and brave. He
enjoys the tranquillity of innocence and the blessings
of the pure in heart. He is honorable, faithful,
straightforward, and trustworthy in all his relations.
He is not only happy and contented with his environ
ment, but seems to dwell perpetually in the sunlight

MICHAEL ANAGNOS 215
of entire confidence in the probity and kindness of his
fellow men.'
"The above is a just picture of the results thus far
attained in the case of Thomas Stringer, and in the
closing sentence the writer unwittingly gave utterance
to his own highest praise, for if this deaf-blind boy
'dwells continually in the sunlight of entire confidence
in the probity and kindness of his fellow men,' it is
because he has known naught but perfect probity and
absolute kindness on the part of the man, who, amid
the multifarious cares involved in the conduct of a
great institution, yet found time to take this stricken
waif into his heart and love him! — who found time
to be father, guardian, and friend ! — and year after
year, by voice and pen to plead his cause with a gen
erous public, and so provide for the child's future
security when his guardian should have passed from
the scene."
Here is the testimony of one blind graduate,
Lydia Y. Hayes, on learning of Anagnos' death:
"... I have always wished for literary ability,
but never so much as now, when I desire to express
what Mr. Anagnos has been to one graduate of the
school. Then multiply that by every life which his
life has touched, and you have the result of his influ
ence in the world. His strength comforted our weak
ness, his firmness overcame our wavering ideas, his
power smoothed away our obstacles, his noble unself
ishness put to shame our petty differences of opinion,
and his untiring devotion led us to do our little as
well as we could. . . . Better than all, he taught us
to be men and women in our own homes and to the
best of our ability."

216 GREEKS IN AMERICA
And here is how his subordinates regarded him
(from the report of the acting director) :
"The relation of Mr. Anagnos to his associates was
in itself a beautiful thing. He asked for no comforts
of living that his associates did not enjoy. He de
manded of his helpers no greater length of hours or
hardships of service than he took upon himself. Each
morning he met his teachers at chapel and gave every
one a hearty greeting and a cheery smile that lighted
up their path throughout the day. He would never
have any praise for himself, but how often in these
pages and by spoken word has he shown his appre
ciation of their eff'orts, and assigned them all the
credit for the work done here. And this was genu
ine ! It rang true ! And his helpers for the most part
did their best, out of interest in their work and the
loyalty that he inspired."
One of the last reports of this great educator
of the blind closes with the following words :
"Encouraged by the achievements of the past, we
take up hopefully the duties of another year, firmly
resolved to carry forward this beneficent enterprise
until we reach the shining goal at which we aim,
namely, the illumination by education of the mind and
life of every child whose eyes are closed to the light
of day. We are aware that the path of progress
which we have chosen to pursue is full of difficulties;
but let us keep our faces always towards the sunshine,
and the shadows will fall behind us."
Several times Anagnos visited Europe to travel

MICHAEL ANAGNOS 217
about and study the institutions for the defective,
and to visit his relatives in enslaved Greece and
investigate the educational possibilities of its op
pressed compatriots. He was present in Paris in
1900 at the International Congress of teachers
and friends of the blind in the double capacity of
representing his own institution and also commis
sioned to represent the United States government.
Though he finally became a citizen of his
adopted country, yet, just as every other Greek
settled in a foreign country, so Anagnos remained
to the end intensely interested in the progress of
his native land, and made various generous dona
tions to the cause of Greek education, and left a
like bequest in his wUl. The epilogue of one dona
tion of $25000 deposited in the National Bank
of Athens towards the support of schools in his
native Papingo reads :
"Having lived for many years in foreign countries,
neither in sorrow nor in happiness have I ever for
gotten my dear country, but have always, always en
couraged her in her progress and toward her happi
ness. My savings, earned after many years of hard
work, I throw on her soil with great joy, in order
that it may produce, as I hope, the very best flowers
of Greek education and development, which means
the civilization of this small corner of Epiros where I
first saw the light of day and into whose soul I wish
to pour light."
Moreover Anagnos did his utmost for the cause
of his immigrant brethren in America. He moved

218 GREEKS IN AMERICA
freely among the Greeks of the Boston community,
frequenting their restaurants and coffee houses,
helping many a recent immigrant to get a foot
hold, contributing freely to the Greek Church in
Boston and elsewhere, officiating as chief speaker
at the celebration of the Greek Day of Independ
ence. At one time he was the president of the
Boston community, and as we mentioned before,
he was the founder and president of the National
Union of Greeks in the United States, which so
ciety, though defunct after his death, was the fore
runner of the present Pan-Hellenic Union.
In 1906 Anagnos sailed for Europe, and after
visiting Athens, of whose progress he wrote en
thusiastically, and being present at the Olympic
games, he traveled leisurely through Turkey where
he was saddened by the oppression of his people
and his course was followed by Turkish spies. He
proceeded through Servia and Roumania. There
a disease of long standing returned upon him. He
underwent an operation, and died under the sur
geons' hands at Turn Severin, a frontier town
of Roumania, June 29th, 1906. His body was
taken to his natal village in Epiros and buried
there. "Roses white and red, with lilies and pale im
mortelles, clustered lovingly yesterday around the
portrait of Michael Anagnos as it stood, taper-lit,
in the chancel of the Greek Church at the corner
of Kneeland and Tyler Streets" ; so writes the
Boston Herald of July 16th, 1906. "Two hours

MICHAEL ANAGNOS 219
were there given by the Greek colony of Boston
to the memory of their revered compatriot, and
for a considerable portion of that time his praises
were spoken in the language which he loved so
well. The interior of the church had been heavily
draped for the occasion. The symbols of woe
were almost forgotten in the presence of many
floral offerings, which included wreaths from the
Greek Union (Helleniki Sooatis) of which the de
ceased was president, the St. Peter's Club (Agius
Petrius), the Ladies' Greek Society, and the
Vassara Union."
And the Lowell Evening Citizen of the same
date: "Memorial services were held yesterday in the
Greek church for the late Michael Anagnos, president
of the Greek Union in America, who died recently in
Roumania. These services were held under the aus
pices of the local Greek community, and George Gou
zoules and Dr. Vrahnos, also an officer, delivered ad
dresses. Rev. Fr. Ambrosios Paraschakes conducted
the services, which were of an order very curious for
our American eyes, but along customary Greek lines.
The priest stood in the middle of the church and all
the faithful stood around him in a circle, each bearing
a lighted taper. Upon a table at his right stood two
jars full of wheat, and surmounted with a large fioral
wreath. The choir stationed beyond the crowd at one
end of the church chanted responses to the priest's
singing of funeral hymns. At the conclusion of the
service the wheat was distributed to those present to

220 GREEKS IN AMERICA
keep in commemoration of the deceased. The wreath
which figured in the service will be sent to Mrs. Julia
Ward Howe."
The Boston Evening Herald of the same date
printed a tribute to the great Greek in America
by the k. T. T. Timayenis of Boston, part of which
is the following:
". . . He was the man who taught the Greeks in
America to learn and adopt everything that is good in
the American character, the only man whom all Greeks
revered and implicitly obeyed, the man who did good
for the sake of the good, the man who conceived the
idea of establishing a Greek school in Boston, the man
who expected every Greek to do his duty toward his
adopted country — America. We lost our teacher, we
lost our guide, we lost our friend, the man on account
of whom we all felt proud to be born Greeks. May
his example live among my compatriots and may his
teachings and life never be forgotten."
The Boston papers all printed notices of Anag
nos in terms of unmeasured honor, as did the Greek
papers of America and Greece; and countless
letters of condolence and respect poured in from
institutions and leading instructors of the blind
all over America and Europe, and also from the
devoted blind graduates of Perkins. The trustees
closed their annual report with these words:
"America has lost a true son by adoption, Greece
a glorious son by birth, the sightless everywhere
a father, and humanity a friend."
On October 24th, 1906, in Tremont Temple,

MICHAEL ANAGNOS 221
Boston, exercises in memory of the great Greek,
were held before a most notable gathering. Gen
eral Francis Henry Appleton presided. The Rev.
Paul Revere Frothingham opened with a prayer;
the blind school orchestra played, a choir of blind
girls sang a hymn ; Mrs. Julia Ward Howe read a
poem ; and addresses were made by Governor Guild,
Mayor Fitzgerald, Mr. Franklin B. Sanborn, Pro
fessor J. Irving Manatt, and Bishop Lawrence,
and the benediction was given by the Greek priest
of Boston, Fr. Nestor Souslides. Here are a few
of the words spoken at this meeting:
Mr. Sanborn: "I, who have seen many establish
ments directed by able chiefs, at the head of many
subordinates, have never seen one where loyalty to
the chief was more marked or longer continued. He
held for a whole generation a place in which he was
greatly trusted, in which he accomplished grand re
sults, and in which he was true to every trust reposed
in him . . . and he silently fulfilled the obligation
where many Greeks and many Americans would have
spoken in their own justification."
Governor Guild: "Whatever he did was done
well. , It was my high privilege to know him both of
ficially and as a personal friend, to visit and see him
in his touching work among the little children, to note
the kind word of cheer, the ever ready flow of kindly
wit and humor, the encouragement, the almost divine
patience with which the little hands were guided till
those that sat in darkness gradually began to see at
last a great mental hght. . . . The name of Michael
Anagnos belongs to Greece; the fame of him belongs

222 GREEKS IN AMERICA
to the United States; but his service belongs to hu
manity!" Professor Manatt: "The memory of Dr. Howe
binds old Greece to young America: may the memory
of Michael Anagnos be a strong bond of sympathy be
tween his sightless pupils here and his young com
patriots who sit in deeper darkness over there. . . .
It was a unique career of this Greek among barbari
ans. Greeks have gone round the world and in every
commercial center you will find great Greek mer
chants and bankers ; now and then a Greek scholar
like Sophocles at Harvard or a man of letters like
Bikelas in France; but where, in the whole history of
Greece, will you find another Greek who in a foreign
land has achieved a career in the service of humanity
comparable to the career of Anagnos in America?
And what rarer reciprocity of service ever bound two
lands together ! While we recall ancient worthies,
let us not forget this pair of Plutarch's men (Howe
and Anagnos) who have dwelt among us in the
flesh." Bishop Lawrence: "We in America are a little
jealous, are we not, of the love and loyalty which some
of those who come to us show toward their old home
and nation? We want them to become fully, and
completely, and suddenly, American. Are we right
in this? Is it not the fact that a transplanted tree
grows better when with it comes a great clod of its
native earth to nourish and support it until its roots
are thrust into the new soil? Is it not well that im
migrants sustain and nourish the memory of their old
traditions and home associations, and was it not one
of the finer features of Mr. Anagnos that while he
gave himself to the work in this land, he so loved his

MICHAEL ANAGNOS 223
native people that he, both in his life and death, gave
an endowment and education to them and their chil
dren? We are richer for his continued association
with his people and they are richer for the larger con
ception of life which he gave them. . . . Who would
have thought that the young Greek, born in the val
leys of Epiros, educated in the literature of Greek
and other languages, saturated with the philosophy
of the university, would have become the sympathetic
friend of the little bhnd children of Puritan Massa
chusetts, the head of a great New England educa
tional institution, and the man to plead successfully
with Yankee legislators for aid in his work? It is
interesting to us, for we are receiving from eastern
Europe thousands upon thousands of people. We are
wondering, sometimes with dread, what their influence
will be in our American civilization. Granted that the
mass of them have not in them the qualities of the
Greek Anagnos, nevertheless the fact that he has lived
here and done his work gives us hope and confidence
that from these other thousands may arise those who
will make noble contributions to our American life."
The following poem is from the pen of the act
ing director, at the time of Anagnos' death, Mr.
A. O. Caswell:
"Lift up your faces again, O sorrowing sons of old
Hellas,
Bringing hither your burden of grief to Liberty's
cradle —
Bringing your tribute of praise and love to the son of
Anagnos !

224 GREEKS IN AMERICA
"We who speak in the tongue of Dickens and Milton
and Shakespeare,
Vying with you who speak in the language of Plato
and Homer,
Olfer our tribute to him who spake so bravely in both
tongues.
Lift up your faces again, and turn them once more
to the morning!
Leave the valley and shadow and face the glorious
sunrise !
Grieve no more at his death; rejoice at the life of
Anagnos.
Through that life breathed the soul of Greece in the
days of her glory!
Back through the years let us look, and view his long
hfe's valiant struggle.
Back through the years, see the child, trudging alone
o'er the mountains.
Suffering hunger and cold, freezing and starving the
body
So that the soul might eat and drink at the table of
Wisdom.
See him with body all maimed and hacked by Turk
ish fanatic,
For that his soul made her boast in that holiest cause,
human freedom !
Once again mark the brave youth his chosen profes
sion abandon
After the study of years, heedless of promised ad
vantage.
Scorning the taking of fees at the cost of his soul's
prostitution ;
And, daring with voice and with pen to stand for the
right against tyrants.

MICHAEL ANAGNOS 225
See him in prison immuned, branded, disgraced, but
undaunted !
And now on the ocean's broad waste, follow the son
of Anagnos —
His own Athens left far behind, making high place
for another;
Eyes for the sightless to be, and ever their steadfast
defender ;
Learning an alien speech, yet to be voice to the
speechless.
Patiently through the long years he wrought with
earnest devotion.
Structures lofty he reared; vastness of treasure he
gathered.
Wisely he managed affairs that nothing be wasted or
squandered ;
Little would have for himself, much though of treas
ure he needed.
All the great plans of his heart to bring to successful
fruition ;
Frugally lived all his days so that the youth in his
own land
Easier might find the climb up the steep pathways of
learning.
"Lift up your faces again, O sorrowing sons of old
Hellas !
The soul of Anagnos still lives ! His life will go on
through the ages !
Follow the path he has blazed in all of your thinking
and doing.
So shall the glory of Greece again be your glory
forever."

APPENDIX A
TABLE BY STATES AND CITIES OF THE
APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF GREEKS
IN THE UNITED STATES
BY
Sekaphim G. Canoutas by cities by states
ALABAMA Birmingham, Ensley  1200
Gadsden and Attalla  200
Mobile  400
Montgomery  400
Other places  1300 3500
ARIZONA, scattered, 1000
ARKANSAS Little Rock  300
Helena, Hot Springs, Pine
Bluff, Texarkana, etc. . . 700 1000
CALIFORNIA San Francisco and Oakland 5000
Los Angeles  1000
Sacramento  1000
Other cities and R. R. lines 10000 17000

226

APPENDIX A 227
(Thousands of R. R. laborers in
California and some in vine
yards and farms)
COLORADO BY CITIES by states
Denver  500
Pueblo  700
Laborers in mines and R. R.
Imes  2000 3200
CONNECTICUT Ansonia  300
Bridgeport  300
New Britain  200
Norwich  200
Stamford  200
Other places  800 2200
DELAWARE Wilmington  150 150
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Washington  700 700
FLORIDA Tarpon Springs  2000
Pensacola  500
Other places  1500 4000

228 APPENDIX A
GEORGIA BY CITIES BY STATES
Atlanta  900
Savannah  500
Augusta  200
Brunswick  150
Other places  1500 3450
IDAHO Scattered laborers
(not steady)  3000
ILLINOIS Chicago  20000
Moline  1000
Other places  9000 30000
INDIANA Indianapolis  500
Other places  2000 2500
IOWA Des Moines  300
Sioux City  500
Other places  1700 2500
KANSAS Kansas City  300
Independence  300
Other places (mostly la
borers)  2000 2600

APPENDIX A
KENTUCKY by cities by states
Lexington  200
Louisville  300
Other places  1000 1500
LOUISIANA New Orleans  700
Other places  800 1500
MAINE Biddeford  500
Lewiston  500
Augusta and Waterville . . . 200
Westbrook and Portland . . 200
Other places  400 1800
MARYLAND Baltimore  800
Other places  700 1500
MASSACHUSETTS Boston  3000
Lowell  8000
Lynn  2000
Peabody  1000
Springfield  500
Ipswich  500
Haverhill  2000
New Bedford  800
Clinton  500
Holyoke  500

230 APPENDIX A
BY CITIES BY STATES
Worcester  900
Fitchburg  500
Brockton  300
Salem  600
Other places  10000 31000
MICHIGAN Detroit  1000
Other places  2000 3000
MINNESOTA Minneapolis  600
St. Paul  400
Other places  1000 2000
MISSISSIPPI Scattered  1000
MISSOURI St. Louis  4000
Kansas City  2000
Other places  2000 8000
MONTANA BUlings  200
Butte  200
Great Falls  400
Other places (laborers) . . . 2000 2800

APPENDIX A 231
NEBRASKA by cities by states
Omaha and South Omaha . . 1000
Other places  2000 3000
NEVADA Ely and McGill  1000
Other places  500 1500
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Manchester  3500
Nashua  2000
Dover  500
Other places  2000 8000
NEW JERSEY
Newark and Orange  1000
Other places  1500 2500
NEW MEXICO
Scattered  1000
NEW YORK
New York City with Brook
lyn  20000
Albany  400
Buffalo  1000
Schenectady  500
Yonkers  300
All other places  10000 32200

232 APPENDIX A
NORTH CAROLINA by cities by states
Scattered  2000
NORTH DAKOTA
Not steady  2000
OHIO Cincinnati  500
Cleveland  500
Youngstown  500
Akron  200
Canton  300
Toledo  300
All other places  8000 10300
OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City, etc  1000 1000
OREGON Portland  2000
All other places (laborers) 4000 6000
PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia  2500
Pittsburg  4000
Monessen  800
Reading  600
Other places  10000 17900

APPENDIX A 233
RHODE ISLAND by cities by states
Providence  600
Pawtucket  400
Other places  300 1300
SOUTH CAROLINA
Scattered  2000
SOUTH DAKOTA
Scattered  2000
TENNESSEE Memphis  500
Knoxville  100
Chattanooga  100
Nashville  200
Other places  200 1100
TEXAS Scattered  4000
UTAH Salt Lake City  2000
Other places (laborers) . . . 2000 4000

VERMONT 500
VIRGINIA Norfolk and Newport News 500
Other places  1500 2000

234 APPENDIX A
WASHINGTON by cities by states
Seattle  1000
Tacoma  1000
Other places (laborers) . . 4000 6000
WEST VIRGINIA
Wheeling  500
Other places  1500 2000
WISCONSIN Milwaukee  3000
Sheboygan  500
Other places  2000 5500
WYOMING  4000
ALASKA  300-600

APPENDIX B
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A GUIDE TO FURTHER READING AND STUDY
The five books and three magazine articles in
Section III marked with * are written in easy,
popular style, and are specially recommended for
further light reading. Taken together, they will
furnish a good historical background and a knowl
edge of the life in Greece so necessary for a real
appreciation of the Greeks in America. Let me
also specially recommend the two short pamphlets
and the "Report" in Section IV marked with *-
I. GREEKS IN AMERICA
GSEEK-AMEMCAN GUIDE AND BUSINESS DIUECTORY
EOK 1912, S. G. Canoutas (500 pages), in Greek
except the Directory, but also valuable to those
who do not read Greek for its pictures, and
especially for the Directory in English, which
gives by states and cities the street addresses
of churches, professional and business men,
etc., of the Greeks of the whole United States.
Price, $1.00, from Geo. N. Helmis, 158 W.
23rd Street, New York.
Books in Modern Greek of all kinds, gram
matical, historical, ecclesiastical, fiction, pocket
and other lexicons, histories of the United
States, music, pictures, etc., etc., may be ob-
235

APPENDIX B
tained from either of the two book stores in
New York City, which will send their catalogs
on request: "Atlas," 25 Madison Street; "At
lantis," 113-117 W. 31st Street. "Atlantis"
publishes an excellent illustrated magazine
monthly, in Greek (price per year $2.00).
The Eastern and Western Review, published
monthly by T. T. Timayenis in English, 24
Milk Street, Boston, Massachusetts, always
contains something of value about the Greeks
(price, $2.00).
The addresses of the many other papers and
periodicals of the Greeks in America may be
found in Canoutas' "Guide."
Note : We regret to feel obliged to give a
caution about the only book on the Greeks in
America except the present one, greek immi
gration TO THE UNITED STATES, by H. P. Fair-
child, 1911. After painstaking consideration,
with expert assistance, of this book and its refer
ences I must conclude that it lacks fairness, care
and accuracy, except in the chapter "Emigra
tion," which originally appeared as a college
thesis in pamphlet form.
II. MODERN GREEK LANGUAGE
MODERN GREEK METHOD, by Rizo-Rangabe (Ginn
& Company, 1896) is perhaps the most prac
tical method for studying modem Greek.
MODERN GREEK, by Vincent and Dickson (Mac
millan, 1904), is also an excellent method and

APPENDIX B 237
contains a very valuable appendix of 54 pages
by Sir R. C. Jebb, on the relation of Modern
to Classical Greek.
Grammars in Greek, lexicons and other study
books may be obtained from the Greek book
stores.
III. MEDIEVAL AND MODERN GREECE AND
GREEKS
The following list has been carefully selected
with the kind assistance of Professor J. Irving
Manatt of Brown, former Consul at Athens,
who furnished most of the descriptive notes.
Most of these books have been referred to in
the preparation of this book, and its compan
ion historical volume to be published later.
Bikelas, Demetrios, seven essays on christian
GREECE, tr. by the Marquess of Bute (A. Gar
diner, London, 1890. $3.00).
Comprehensive view from beginning of By
zantine Empire to present day from a Greek's
standpoint.
Freeman, E. A., the great historian, several of
the HISTORICAL essays, 3rd and 4th Series
(Macmillan).
Foord, E. A., the byzantine empire, the rear
guard of Europe. (Black, London, 1911.)
Finlay, history of Greece, 146 b. C.-1864 a. d.
(7 vols.)
The classical English history of medieval
and modern Greece. (The first two volumes
have been published in "Everyman's Library.")

238 APPENDIX B
*Phillips, W. Alison, war or greek independ
ence. (Scribners, New York, 1897.)
A good short history.
Howe, Dr. Samuel Gridley, an historical sketch
OE THE GREEK REVOLUTION. (New York, 1828.)
Valuable first-hand story of the holy struggle
in which the author had a noble part.
Sanborn, F. B., life of samuel g. howe. (Rob
erts Brothers.)
First biography of Dr. Howe by his best
friend.
Richards, Laura E., letters and journals op
SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE (2 vols.). (Dana Es-
tes & Company, Boston, 1906.)
Sergeant, Lewis, Greece in the 19th century.
(T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1897.)
Best work on the subject from a Philhellenic
standpoint.
Felton, C. C. (Pres. of Harvard), lectures on
ancient AND MODERN GREECE. (BostoU, 1867.)
*Tuckerman, Charles K., the greeks of to-day.
(G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1872.)
Still one of the best books on the subject.
*Jebb, Sir R. C, modern greece. ($1.75.)
Excellent short sketch.
Mahaffy, rambles and studies in Greece.
($1.50.) One of the best books from a classical-mod
ern standpoint.
Quinn, Rev. Don Daniel (Ph.D. University of
Athens, a Roman Catholic priest), helladian

APPENDIX B 239
VISTAS. (Yellow Springs, Ohio, 3rd ed., 1910,
$1.25.) Most sympathetic study of the modem
Greeks by one who knows them intimately.
Tozer, Rev. H. F., the islands of the ^egean.
(Oxford, 1890.)
Bent, J. Theodore, the cyclades: life among
THE INSULAR GREEKS. (Lougmans, London,
1886.)
*Manatt, J. Irving, the living greek; article in
American Review of Reviews, 11:398.
*]Manatt, J. Irving, A caravan or the pelopon-
nese, Chautauquan, June, 1901.
*Manatt, J. Irving, a cruise in the ^gean, Chau
tauquan, April, 1901.
Dragoumis, Mrs. Julia D., tales from a greek
ISLAND. (Houghton, Boston, 1911.)
*Horton, George, in argolis.
Fascinating little sketch of Greek life by an
ex-consul at Athens, now consul-general at Sa-
lonica.
Horton, George, modern Athens.
A slight but vivid sketch.
Barrows, Samuel J., isles and shrines of Greece
(Boston, 1898.)
An excellent book by a warm friend of the
Greeks.
Allinson, F. G. and A. C. E., greek lands and
LETTERS. (Houghton, 1907.)
A charming book for the classical scholar.

240 APPENDIX B
It aims to interpret Greek lands and literature
and to steep the literature in local color.
MONOGRAPH on the 100th anniversary of the birth
of Samuel Gridley Howe.
memorial of MICHAEL ANAGNOS (1837-1906).
A volume with biography, memorial ad
dresses, etc. (Boston, 1907.)
(These last two are obtainable from the Per
kins Institution for the Blind, South Boston.)
*Demetrio«, George, when i was a boy in Greece.
(Lothrop, Lee & Shepherd Company, Boston,
1913.) This was written by a sixteen-year-old Greek
Boy in Boston, and is an interesting description
of Greek life in Macedonia just before the out
break of the Balkan War.
IV. THE EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH
The following are selected from a descriptive
book list published in 1912 by a committee
of the American Branch of the Anglican
and Eastern Orthodox Churches' Union (con
sisting of the Bishop Co-adjutor of New
Hampshire and the author). The complete
list may be obtained from the young church
man COMPANY, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, who are
the American agents, and have agreed to import
and keep in stock these books and will furnish
them direct or through any bookseller. The
complete list is also published in the last book
of the following list.
*A STUDY OF THE EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH.

APPENDIX B 241
By the Rev. T. J. Lacey. New edition, 1912.
Cloth, 50 cts ; by mail 55 cts ; paper, 25 cts ; by
mail 30 cts. (Gorham, New York.)
A brief account of Orthodox history and
characteristics and of Orthodox immigrants in
America. This is the book to introduce the
subject and to lend to others.
students' history or the greek church. By
Rev. A. H. Hore. Price, $2.25 ; by mail $2.40.
The best and most unbiased complete history
from the Council of Nicea to the present day,
including all parts of the Eastern Orthodox
communion and also the non-Orthodox Eastern
Churches, and the relations with the English
Church; also a good introduction on doctrine
and worship.
MOTHER OF ALL CHURCHES. By Rcv. F. C. Cole.
Price, $1.40; by mail $1.50.
Vividly covers much ground in a sketchy,
popular form. Might (but ought not) take the
place of the solid history of Hore for general
reading.
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ORTHODOX EASTERN
CHURCHES. By Margaret Dampier. [E. C.
A.J Price, 40 cts.; by mail 45 cts.
Contains outlines of the constitution of each
of the four Patriarchates and eleven autono
mous Eastern Orthodox Churches.
SERVICE BOOK OF THE GRECO-RUSSIAN CHURCH.
Translated by Isabel Hapgood. Price, $4.00 ;
by mail $4.25. (Houghton Mifflin.)

242 APPENDIX B
The one complete standard translation of all
the most important services, arranged for ac
tual use of the Russian Church and invaluable
for American readers.
A LITTLE ORTHODOX MANUAL OF PRAYERS OF THE
HOLY ORTHODOX CATHOLIC CHURCH. Done iuto
English by F. W. Groves Campbell, LL.D.
Price, $1.00 ; by mail $1.10.
The book to carry when attending an East
ern Eucharist. It contains only the Divine
Liturgy (Eucharist), with tables and private
prayers and offices.*
THE CATECHISM OF THE ORTHODOX EASTERN
CHURCH. By Ignatius Moschake, sub-professor
of Theology in the University of Athens and
Professor in Education. Being the Shorter
Edition of 1888. Cloth, 20 cts; by mail 23
cts. Used in the public schools in Greece.
*HINDRANCES AND PROGRESS IN THE MODERN GREEK
CHURCH. A paper by the Very Rev. Const.
Gallinicos of the Greek Church in Manchester,
England. [A. & E. O. C. U.] Price, 8 cts.;
by mail 9 cts.
THE CHURCH AND THE EASTERN EMPIRE. By the
* There has just been pubhshed a little manual which i
believe is better than Campbell's, though I have not seen it
yet: THE EUCHARIST IN THE EAST for the A. & E.
O. C. U. (Mowbray, London). Also as a companion volume
a translation of the beautiful MEDITATIONS ON THE
DIVINE LITURGY by the famous Russian author, N. B.
Golgol. ,

APPENDIX B 243
Rev. Henry F. Tozer. Published as a volume
in "Epochs of Church History" series, edited by
the late Bishop of London. Price, 60 cts. ; by
mail 68 cts.
For any extended reading on the subject, this
little text book must be the introduction.
RUSSIA AND REUNION. A Translation of Wilbois'
L'Avenir de I'Eglise Russe, by the Rev. C. R.
Davey Biggs. Together with Translations of
Russian Official Documents on Reunion and
English orders. [E. C. A.] Price $1.00; by
mail $1.10.
A wonderfully interesting and sympathetic
discussion in the form of letters, depicting the
inner life of the Russian Church and Church
men, all the more impressive because the author
is a Roman Catholic.
GREEK MANUALS OF CHURCH DOCTRINE. An ac
count of four popular Catechisms. By the
Rev. H. T. F. Duckworth, Representative in
Cyprus of the Eastern Church Association. [E.
C. A.] Price, 60 cts. ; by mail 65 cts.
A concise summary of doctrine.
ANSWER OF THE GREAT CHURCH OF CONSTANTINO
PLE TO THE PAPAL ENCYCLICAL ON UNION. lu
Greek and English. Price, 75 cts. ; by mail 80
cts.
HYMNS OF THE HOLY EASTERN CHURCH.
HYMNS FROM THE MORNING LAND.
HYMNS OF THE GREEK CHURCH. By the Rev.
John Brownlie. Price of the first two, $1.40

244 APPENDIX B
each; by mail, $1.50: of the third, 60 cents; by
mail, 65 cents.
Translations, centos, and suggestions from
that mine of sacred poetry contained in the
Eastern service books. With valuable intro
ductions on the history, doctrine, worship, etc.,
of the Eastern Church.*

*THE PEOPLE OF THE EASTERN ORTHODOX
CHURCHES, THE SEPARATED CHURCHES OF THE
EAST, AND OTHER SLAVS Report of the com
mission of the Missionary Department of New
England, appointed to consider the work of
cooperation with these churches, — The Rt.
Rev. E. M. Parker (chairman). Rev. R. K.
Smith, and Rev. Thomas Burgess (sec'y, Saco,
Maine). Paper, 28 cents, post-paid. (For
sale by the Young Churchman Company, Mil
waukee, Wisconsin.)
This was issued in May, 1913. 126 8vo.
pages. It is a remarkable series of articles by
special investigators, with fuU bibliographies
and valuable tables ; designed to individualize,
give the historical background, and also the
*Dr. Neale's invaluable HYMNS OF THE EASTERN
CHURCH is out of print. THE ORTHODOX EAST
ERN CHURCH, by A. Fortesque, is full of information,
but is written from an ultra-Papal standpoint. THE
GREEK AND EASTERN CHURCHES, by Rev. Walter
F. Adeney (International Theological Library), is fuU of
information and strives to be fair, but contains too much
Protestant bias.

APPENDIX B 245
condition in America, of the 20 different races
or branches of races of immigrants in America
from southeastern Europe and Asia Minor.

INDEX

INDEX

Acholyte, 100.
Agents, 45-46, see also La
bor and Steamship
agents.
Alaska, 193, 234.
Altar, 158.
Anglican Communion :
Greek's conception of, 114,
120-121.
size and organization, 121.
work of American com
missions, 240, 244.
see also HiU.
America: benefited by Greeks, see
Greeks
connection with Greece,
see Philhellenes, War
orphans.
American: flag respected, 89, 178.
history, etc. studied by
Greeks, 72-73, 77.
ideals, 74, 78, 189.
Americans :
baneful influence, 74, 75-
78, 83, 110, 136, 162.
duty to Greeks (practical
hints), xii, 70fn, 128,
137, 149, 152, 155-157,
186-189, 222-223.
Amusements, 92-93, 150-153,
162, 174.
Anagnos, Michael, 190, 203,
208-225.
connection with immi
grants, 217-220, 223.
Ancestry of Greeks, 3, 6.

249

Antidoron, 102.
Archimandrite, 83fn.
Assimilation, 169, 175, 187,
222-223.
Athletic clubs, 60, 174.
Athens, 12, 132.
Atlanta, 171.
Atlantis, 67.
A tlantis Illustrated Monthly,
69.
" Atlantis," publishers and
book store, 70-72, 236.
" Atlas," book store, 71, 236.
Balkan war, see War.
Balls, se^ Dances
Band, 93.
Baptism, 56, 107, 157.
Baths, 150.
Beta Theta Pi founder, 200.
Bible, 11, 76, 77, 120, 122.
Birmingham, 171-174.
Bishop, 57-58, 158, see also
Russian.
Blind, Anagnos work for,
213-216.
Books read by Greeks, 70-
73.
Book stores, 70, 71.
Boot blacks, 38^0, 135-
137.
Boston colony, 25, 26, 54, 61,
66, 68, 76, 137.
Botassi, Consul-General, 84,
206.
Boys, 39, 40, 132, 135-137.
Boy Scouts, 60fn.
Bread, Eucharistic, 102.

260

INDEX

Business abUity, 31, 32, 35,
38, 131, 132, 137, 170.
notable examples, 33, 35,
37, 41, 166, 172.
Byron, Lord, 8, 197fn, 208.
Byzantine: architecture, 55, 143, 157-
160.
Empire, insufficient study
of, 4, 5.
Greek lexicon, 303.
see also Church music.
Church musical notation.
History.

Calendar, 87.
California, 42, 61, 146.
Canada, 16, 27, 56.
Candles, 100, 109, 111, 127,
158.
Canon, liturgical, 96-97, 99.
Canoutas, S. G., xii-xiii, 43,
73, 226.
Canoutas' Oreek-American
Guide quoted, 43, 52,
123-125, 164-168, 169-
170, 173.
Catechism, 11, 76, 242.
Characteristics, see Greeks.
Chicago, 123-137.
Children, 74, 77, 110, 133,
134, 146.
Chios, 7, 192, 194, 195.
Christmas, 94, 95.
Chrismation, 107.
Church: buildings, 55, 126, 143-145,
165-166.
building interior, 157-160.
calendar, 87, 93-95.
music, 102-106.
musical notation, 104-106.
organization in America,
53, 56-57.
pictures see Eikons.
property titles, 57.

Church — cont'd.
service books, 98fn, 99fn,
100, 158, 242fn.
services, 93-112.
see also Eastern Orthodox.
Church, Greek, see Eastern
Orthodox.
Church of Greece, 11-12.
Cigarette manufacturers, 33-
34.
Citizenship in Greece, 9.
Clergy, 56-58, 83-84, 107-
108.
bishop, need of, 67-58.
education, 11, 58, 83, 114,
173, 176.
first sent, 53.
how regarded by laity, 12,
57-58, 83, 107-108.
income, 140.
lecturers of Pan-HeUenic
Union, 66.
number, 83.
social standing, 11.
titles, 83fn.
types, 140, 170, 171, 173,
176.
unauthorized, 58, 83.
see also Deacons, Monk-
priests, Russian.
Coffee houses, 3, 37, 126, 150,
151, 162, 173, 176, 177.
Colleges see Students.
Colony, 53.
best types of, 169-174.
Coloveloni, A. 196.
Colvocoresses, Admiral, 195.
Colvocoresses, Captain, 194-
195.
Communion, Holy, 94, 101,
109, see also Liturgy.
Communities, 52-58.
best types of 169-174.
Coney Island, 41.
Confectioners, 25, 34-36, 61,
170.
Confession, 94.

INDEX

251

Constantine, G., 205.
Constsmtine, King of Greece,
92.
Cooper Union, 200.
Corimilas, Minister, 65, 84.
Costa Rica, 191.
Cotton merchants, 54fn.
Creed, 101, 117.
Crete, 10, 310.
Crkninality, 10, 128-130, 147,
162.
Cross, diving for, 178.
Crucifix, 158.
Currant industry in Greece,
17, 18, 34.
Czar of Russia, 53, 54fn.
Dances, 36, 61, 93, 93, 97,
162.
Deacons, 80, lOlfn.
Delaref, E. J., 192.
Dentists, 80.
Diplomatic service, 13, 84.
Disease, 43-44, 148.
care of sick, 59, 60-61, 64,
133, 134.
Distribution of Greeks
in America, 30, 51, 175,
226-234.
in the world, 12, 13.
Divorce, 110.
Dowry, 59.
Easter, 96-97.
Earthquake sufferers, 60, 66.
Eastern and Western Re
view, 70, 236.
Eastern Orthodox Church:
branches, 121.
bibliography, 240-244.
Catholic, not Roman, 113,
119.
distribution, 121, 122, 244-
345.
doctrines, 116, 117, 119,
130.

Eastern Church — cont'd.
erroneous ideas concern
ing, 113.
historical importance, 4, 5,
6, 7, 77, 115, 116.
history, 113-123.
organization, 118, 121, 122.
rites and ceremonies, 93-
112, see also special
titles.
services in vernacular, 122.
size, 113.
see also, AngUcan, Church,
Clergy, Eikons, Lay
men, Missions, Ortho
doxy of Greeks, Protes
tant proselytism, Ro
man propaganda, Re-
Ugion (personal). Re
ligious toleration, Rus
sian.
Education in Greece:
before 1800, 3-7.
1800-183T, 7, 8, 119.
1837-1913, 9-12.
Education in America:
immigrants, 30, 40, 50, 71,
72, 78, 132.
in Greek history, 3.
in reUgion, 76, 77, 78.
non-immigrants, 91 fn, 205-
207.
professional men, 73, 78-
80.
students, 80-82.
see also Clergy, Scholars,
Schools.
Eikons, 70, 100, 106-107, 111,
157, 159.
Eikonastasis, 158, 159.
Emigration :
causes, 17-24.
sources, 15, 16fn-17fn, 18-
19, 61-62.
Employment agencies, see
labor agents.
Epiphany, 94, 177.

262

INDEX

Epirotes, 310.
Episcopal, see Anglican.
Epistle, 100.
Eucharist, Holy, see Lit
urgy.
European Powers, 8, 9, 10.
EvangeUdes, 193-194. I>
Factional strife, see Greeks.
Factory hands, see MiU
hands. .
FamiUes, 73-75, see also
Greeks, family sacred
duty. Women.
Famous American-Greeks,
66, 190-307.
Farmers, 13, 43, 147.
Fasts, 93, 94.
Festivals, 93-97, 177-179.
Filioque, 117.
Financiers, 13-13, 33.
Fisheries, 41.
Fiske, P., 196.
Florida, early colony in,
191.
Florida, see Tarpon Springs.
Florists, 35-36, 36, 61.
Fruiters, 35-36, 34^36.
Fruit industry benefited, 36.
Funerals, 111-112, 218-219.
Galveston, 54fn.
GambUng, 44, 151, 152, 162.
George, King of Greece, 9.
George, Prince of Greece,
53.
Girls, 75, 150.
Good Friday, 94, 95-96, 127.
Gospel Book, 96, 100, 109,
158.
Greece, Modern:
business methods, 184.
economic depressions, 17-
19.
enslaved, 11, 16-17fn, 18,
19, 23-33, 92.
population, 12.

Greece, Modern — cont'd.
progress, 9.
rural conditions, 12.
see also Athens, History,
Schools. .
Greek Church, see Church of
Greece, Eastern Ortho
dox Church.
Greek, modern language, 3,
69, 77, 78, 93, 204, 236-
237.
Greeks :
abuse by Americans, 138,
141, 147-149, 152, 162^
164, 186.
beneficial to United
States, 36, 37, 130, 132,
171, 175, 187, 223.
clannishness, 31, 169.
disiUusionment, 19-21, 45,
78, 79, 184.
factional strife, 58, 64, 68,
124, 144, 170.
family, sacred duty, 32,
46-47, 133-134.
historical pride, 3, 4, 6,
132-133.
non-immigrant class, 65,
66, 205-207.
number in America, 15, 51
226-234.
see also Ancestry, Amuse
ments, Business ability.
Distribution, Education,
Famous America n-
Greeks, Intellectual su
periority. Orthodoxy,
Patriotism, P h i 1 a n-
thropy. Political ideals.
Religion (personal).
Temptations.
Greek Students Association,
81-82. <
Hill, Rev. J. H. 8, 194fn.
History, Greek:
4000 B. C— 330 A. D. 3, 4,

INDEX

263

History, Greek — conlfd.
330-1453, 4-6.
1453-1821, 6-7.
1821-1913, 7-13.
American's connect ion
with, see Philhellenes,
War orphans.
bibUography, 237-245.
ecclesiastical, 4-6, 113-121.
importance of knowledge
of xii, 3, 4-6, 13, 185.
mediaeval misunderstood,
4-5.
Holy Svnod, 11, 57fn, 83.
Holy Week, 95.
Hotel employees, 40-41.
Hotels, 37, 173.
Housing conditions:
boot black boys, 135-137.
early immigrants, 36, 139.
famiUes, 75, 134, 148, ISO.
great cities, 30, 134-137.
in Greece, 13, 20.
landlords, 142, 147-149.
miU towns, 142, 147-150.
uncongested colonies, 173.
Howe, Julia Ward, 190,
194fn, 211 220, 221.
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 8,
190, 197fn, 199, 210-212,
222.
HuU House, 126, 132.
Hymns, translations, 96, 97,
99, 113, 243-344.
Icon, see Eikon.
Ideals, see, American,
Greeks.
Immigration, general prob
lem, xi, xii, 186.
books recommended,
160fn, 186fn.
criminality, 138, 139.
school laws, 155—157.
Immigration, Greek; 15-17.
before 1883, 15, 35.
1883-1891, 35-38.

Immigration, Greek — cont'd.
1891-1913, 29-31.
higher class 78, 79.
permanent migration, 182-
184.
table of statistics, 17fn.
Importers, 34.
Imports from Greece, 34.
Independence Day, 87-93,
218.
Intellectual superiority:
immigrants, 11, 40, 71-72,
133, see also Profes
sional men, Students.
non-immigrants, 91fn, 305-
307, see also Scholars.
Ion, T. B., 65, 206.
Kalopathakes, M., 205.
Klephts, 6, 93.
Labor agents, 27, 45-46, 49-
50, 126, 131, 140, 166.
Lamb, 93, 97.
Lawyers, 73, 79.
Laymen, 122.
Lent, 93-94.
Libraries, 70fn.
Literature, see Books.
Liturgy, The Divine, 98-102.
LoweU, 138-160.
Lumbermen, 44.
Mainates, 151, 191.
Maine woods, 28.
Marriage, 74-75, 110, see
also Weddings.
Masons, Free, 196, 306, 310.
Mass, see Liturgy.
Mercantile houses, 12-13, 33.
Mesolonghi, 8.
MetropoUtan of Athens, 11,
57.
Military organizations, 60,
153.
Miller, L. M., 196-197.
Miller, J. P., 196, 197fn.

254

INDEX

MiU hands, 44r-i6, 138-160.
MiU towns, 160.
Miners, 44.
Minneapolis, 169-170.
Missionaries, see Hill, and
Protestant proselytism.
Missions, Orthodox, 115, 122.
Monasteries, 13, 173, 301,
204.
Monk-priests, 83.
Monroe, President, 8.
Music: church, 100, 102-106.
church notation, 104-106.
instrumental, 93, 103, 109,
126-127, 179.
National Anthem, 90-91.
National Union of Greeks,
63.
Naturalization, 62, 125, 157,
174.
Naval officers, 194^196.
New Orleans, 54fn.
Newspapers, 10, 21, 67-70.
New York Colony, 25, 26, 35,
36, S3, 54, 55, 60, 61-62,
68, 76, 137.
Occupations, 32-51.
Orthodox Eastern Church,
see Eastern Orthodox.
Orthodoxy, of Greeks, 12,
18, 53-4, 65, 77.
Otho, King of Greece, 9,
310.
Pan-HeUenic Union, 63-67,
88, 89, 153.
Panhellenic, 67.
Papamichalopoulos, C. 66.
Parades, 174, 177, 188, see
also Processions.
Paranymph, 109.
Paspatis, A. G., 192-193.
Patriarch of Constantinople,
11, 57, 118, 119, 121,
243.

Patriotism, 30, 133.
beneficial to the United
States, 187, 222.
examples, 85, 87-93, 180.
in history, 6, 7.
of Anagnos, 310, 317, 318.
Patris, 69, 146.
Paupers, 10, 59, 76, 153.
Peddlers, 25, 26, 134, 138,
139.
Perkins Institution, 211-216,
321.
Philanthropy: in Greece and Turkey, 11,
12, 193.
in the United States, 59,
61, 64„ 66, 76, 133.
money sent to Greece, 59,
60, 66.
of famous Greeks, 196,
200, 204, 312-215.
PhiUieUenes, xiii, xiv, 8,
196.
Physicians, 79, 80.
Picnics, 92, 93.
Pictures, 3—4, 70, see also
Eikons.
Political clubs, 62, 179.
PoUtical ideals, 9, 30, 68,
130, 179-181.
Pope, Bishop of Rome, 113,
117-119.
Prayers, private, 76, 77.
Preaching, 100, 158.
Prejudice, xii, 10, 127-128,
186, 187.
Priests, see Clergy.
Processions, 96, 127, 177-
178, see also Parades.
Professional men, 66, 78-84.
Professors, 82, 205, 206, 211.
Property, 37, 41, 150, 172,
see also Church.
Prosphora, see Antidoron.
Protestant :
church buildings, 55.
Greeks not, 12, 113.
history, 119-123.

INDEX

255

Protestant — confd.
proselytism, 12, 84, 132,
154, 193, 205. see also
HiU.
Publishers, 72.
Pulpit, 158.
Railroad laborers, 43-44,
130, 161-163.
RaUi Brothers, 207.
Reader, 100.
Recreations, see Amuse-
ments.
Red Cross Society, 67.
Religion, personal, 12, 78,
110, 160, 166.
instruction, 70, 76-77, 100.
practice, 77, 93-95, 107.
relation to priest, S3, 56,
107-108.
ReUgious toleration, 122.
Renaissance, S.
Reservists, 85.
Restaurants, 26, 36-38.
Revolution, see War of In
dependence.
Riot, 162-164.
Rites and ceremonies, 93-
112, see also special
titles.
Roman Catholic Church
history, 4, 115-120.
how regarded by Greeks,
113
propaganda, 12, 122.
Russian Church and the
Greeks, 54, 121, 123, 167.
SaUors, 16fn, 3Sfn, S4fn,
85.
Saints Days, 92, 94.
Salt Lake City, 165-166.
Sanitation, 134-136, 147-150.
Savannah, 171.
Schism, of West and East,
117-119.

Scholars, great, 13, 66, 193,
200-203, 211.
Schools :
in Greece, 8, 11, 12, 199.
in Turkey, 18, 59, 193, 217.
Greek in America, 64, 75-
78, 157, 220.
evening, 155-157, 174, 188.
Massachusetts laws, 1S5-
157.
public, 75, 132, 157, 174.
Seattle, 166-168.
Service, Sunday, 98-102.
Sexual vice, 10, 39-40, 43-
44, 74, 130, 136.
Shepherds, 12, 42.
Sinadinos, 65.
Sinaitic monastery, 121, 201,
204.
Slaughterhouse laborers, 44.
Societies, 53, 58-63, 132, 133,
153.
Soldiers, 85, 132.
Sophocles, Professor, 13,
201-205.
Southern States, 37, 169,
171-181.
South Omaha, 162-164.
Sponge divers, 176.
Steamship agents, 17-18, 21-
32.
Steamship ' transportation,
22—23.
St. Louis, 164-16S.
Strikes, 154.
Students, 80-82.
Sunday schools, 76, 77.
Syrian, G., 195.
Tarpon Springs, 176-179.
Teachers, 77, 78, 140.
Temperance, 141, 146-147,
151, 152.
Temptations, 39, 43, 79, 136.
Theatres, 41.
Theatricals, 152-153, 179.
ThornbuU, John, 191.

266

INDEX

Tones, Uturgical, 99.
Transvaal, 18.
Turkish: army service, 34.
constitution, 34.
oppression, 6-7, 10, 13, 18,
34, 192.
University of Athens, 4, 9,
40, 79, 209.
Vineyard laborers, 42.
Vlastos, S. J., 67.
Waiters, 40, 135.
War: 1821-28, of Independence,
4, 7-9.

War — eonlfd.
famous orphans, 192-201.
1897, Turkish, 143.
' 1912-13, BaUian, 24, 60(
66, 85, 92.
Washington, D. C, 170-171.
Water, blessed, 96, 177.
Webster, Daniel, 8.
Weddings, 21, 108-111.
Western States, 43, 44, 146,
161-168.
Women, 47, 75, 131, 133,
134, 146, 150.
Women's societies, 60, 61,
133.
Zachos, J. C, 197-201.
Zenos, A. C, 205-206.

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