\iH>.) i iii M ¦ ¦/:<¦ m 3 Ii ii iC;<- >c !¦':" ; YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ACQUIRED BY EXCHANGE NOJOQUE: A QUESTION FOR A CONTINENT. HINTON EOWAN HELPER, OF KORTH CAROLINA, ATJTHOE OP "THE IMPENDING CBISIS 01* THE SOUTH." How natural has it been to assume that the motive of those who have protested against the extension of Slavery waa an unnatural sympathy with the negro, in stead of what it always has really been — concern for the welfare of the White Man. Sewaed. Deep-rooted prejudices entertained by the whites; ten thousand recollections by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained; new provocations; the real dis tinctions which Nature has made, and many other circumstances, will divide us into parties, and produce convulsiona, which will probably never end but iu the extermination of the one or the other race. Jeffeiison. And thou, too, Ethiopia I against thee also will I unsheathe my sword. Zephaniah. NEW TOEK: London : S. Low, Son & Co. MDOCOLXVn. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by HINTON KOW^ HELPER, In the clerk's offlce of the Circuit Court of tlie United States for the District of North Carolina ; and also in the clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Southem District of New York. DEDICATION. Tliat most Enlightened and Progressive Portion of the People of the New World, who have ihe Far-reaching Fore sight, and ihe Manly Patriotism, to Determine Irrevocably, hy their Votes, in 1868 — 1872, Sooner or .Later, that, after the Fourth of July, 1876, {or, at ilie very furthest, after the First of January, 1900,) No Slave nor Would-be Slave, No Negro nor Mulatto, No Chinaman nor unnative Indian, No Black nor Bi-colored Individual of whatever Name or Nationality, shall ever again find Domicile anywhere Within ihe Boundaries of ihe United States of America ; — All those Preeminently Sagacious and Good Men who are Deeply Impressed with ihe Conviction, that even the Firmest Founded and the Noblest Vindicated of all Repub lics, whether Ancient or Modern, and ihe Best System of Government ever yet Devised beneath the Sun, can never Fulfill its Promised Mission of Unexampled Greatness and Grandeur, until After it shall have been Brought under the Exclusive Occupancy and Control of the Heaven-descended and Incomparably Superior White Races of Mankind, This Volume is Most Respectfidly Dedicated, By their Friend and Fellow-citizen, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. "Webe I to state here, fi-anMy and categorically, that the primary object of this work is to write the negro out of America, and that the secondary object is to write him, (and manifold millions of other black and bi- colored caitifife, little better than himself) out of exist ence, God's simple truth would be told ; wherefore, referring the reader to the body of the work itself for my incentives and reasons in the premises, I might now, not without propriety, desist &om farther prefatory remarks, — but yet I will say something more. The highest temporal good of which the best men are capable, whether in regard to themselves individually or collectively, is, I believe, to be ultimately attained in America, — ^in America with more certainty, and with less delay, perhaps, than in any other country in the world. Nowhere else are men so profoimdly actuated by pure and noble sentiments, — sentiments which, di vested of all mawkish and irrational conceits, harmon ize so exactly with the immutable requirements and conditions which, from the very beginning of time, VI PEEFACE. have been predetermined and decreed in the councils of Heaven. Yet there are many very despicable and worthless men in America, — in all the Americas, — as, indeed, in most other countries, who, so far from contributing in any measure to the general progress and weU-being of society, who, so far from elevating any part of man kind to a higher standard of excellence, are always, to a greater or less extent, repressiag and neutralizing the lofty eiforts of those who are infinitely better than themselves. These sluggish and apathetic enemies of true pro gress, these unimpressible bafflers and repellers of good intentions, have I frequentiy seen, in painfully loath some and inauspicious numbers, on both sides of each of the three great Americas, — North America, South America, and Central America. I speak of negroes, mulattoes, Indians, Chinese, and other obviously infe rior races of mankind, whose colors are black or brown, — ^but never white ; and whose mental and mo ral characteristics are no less impure and revolting than their swarthy complexions. In nothing are any of these paltry creatures the sug- gestors or promoters of the world's advancement No name peculiar to them has ever been coupled with any generous or exalted purpose. Not one of them has ever projected any notable or important work of general utility. Not one of them has ever been, nor is it possi ble for any one of them ever to be, prominently instru- PREFACE. vii mental in carrying out any liberal scheme of public improvement Not in the least has any spirit of laud able enterprise ever manifested itself among them. Never, by word nor by deed, have they been the furtherers of any magnanimous or sublime undertaking. Whether in reference to things past, things present, or things to come, (in reference to all things, indeed, except those which appertain immediately and especi ally to the stomach,) these coal-black and copper-colored caitiffs are, with rare exceptions, as absolutely thought less and improvident as the grasshoppers of autumn. Concerning them, however, there is one very consoling and cheerful consideration, and that is, that the ap pointed period of their tenancy upon the earth will soon be up ; and then, like the short-lived ephemera of a summer afternoon, they shall all speedily pass away, and thenceforth and forever be known only, if known at all, in fossil form I In the present economy of Nature, there are causes in constant operation, which, it is confidently hoped and believed, will ere long exterminate from the fair face of the earth, every one of the non-white drones and slug gards and vagabonds here referred to ; and all persons who are not white, are, as an innate and inseparable condition of their existence, drones and sluggards and vagabonds of the worst possible sort. These steadfast and infallible efforts of Nature to rid herself of certain decrepit and effete races, which, like the toxodons, the glyptodons, the mastodons, and thousands of other vm PEEFACE. extinct species of animals, have already fulfilled the comparatively unimportant ends for which they were created, will be candidly discussed in the following pages. Numerous other matters, which, if not exactly collateral or relevant, may nevertheless be regarded as not al together foreign to the centre-subject here indicated, wiU also be treated with frank and earnest attention. As for the author's paramount and ultimate object, as herein already referred to, that will be accomplished only when, from Spitzbergen to Cape Horn, and from the extreme East to the extreme West, the whole hab itable globe shall be peopled exclusively by those naturally and superlatively superior races, — the pure White Eaces,— to whom we are indebted for all human achievements which may be fitly esteemed and de scribed as at once wise and good, brilliant and power ful, splendid and imperishable. H. E. H. New Yobk, June 3, 1867. CONTENT S.* CHAPTER I. The Negeo, Antheopologicau,y Consideeed ; An Inte- BiOK Feuqow Done Foe 11-80 CHAPTEE n. BiiACK ; A Thmq of Uguuess, Disease, and Death . . 81-105 CHAPTER in. White ; A Thinq of Life, Health, and BEAurr . . . 106-192 CHAPTEK rV. The Sekyilb Baseness and Beggaey of the Blacks . . 193-212 CHAPTER V. Eemotals ; Banishments ; ExptrLsioNS ; Exterminations 213-237 * An alphabetical and copious index closes this volume ; and to this index the author would respectfully invite the reader's attention, even before perusing the body of the volume itself. Z CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. A Score op BistE Lessons in the Ajets of Annihilating Effete Races 238-251 CHAPTER Vn. The United States of America ; A White Man Power 252-282 CHAPTER VHX ThDBTEEN KlNDBED PAGES FEOM " ThE IMPENDING CrISIS OF THE South" 283-299 CHAPTER IX. White Celebeities, and Black Nobodies 300-372 CHAPTER X. Spanish and Pobtugubsb Ameeica 373-416 CHAPTER XL The Future op Nations - 417-474 CHAPTEE I. THE NEGEO, ANTHEOPOLOGICAILT CONSIDERED AN INFEEIOB FELLOW DONE FOE. I have never read reasoning more absurd, sophistry more gross, in proof of the Athanasian creed, or Transubstantiation, than the subtle labors of Helvetius and Rousseau, to demonstrate the natural equality of manMnd. The golden rule, do as you would be done by, is all the equahty that can be supported or defended by reason, or reconciled to common sense. — John Adams. I do not mean to deny that there are varieties in the race of man, distinguished by their powers both of body and mind. I beheve there are, as 1 see to be the case in the races of other animals. — Thomas Jeffekson. I would not dwell with any particular emphasis upon the sentiment, which I nevertheless entertain, with respect to the great diversity in the races of men. I do not know how far in that respect I might not encroach on those mysteries of Providence which, while I adore, I may not comprehend. — Daniel Webster. What matters it that my father and mother, and broth ers and sisters, and myself, were all born and reared in the good old North State ? "What matters it that my father, who never saw, and scarcely ever heard of, a railroad, a steamer, or a telegraph, and who, without ever traveling more than twenty mUes from home, owned land and slaves, and hved and died, on the eastern bank of Bear Creek, a small tributary of the South Tadkin, in the western part of North CaroUna? What matters it that my father's name (aU except the surname) was Daniel ? What matters it that my father, like certain other men, — of some of whom the reader has doubtless heard, — found a beautiful and bewitching blue- eyed damsel, fell in love with her, and got married? What matters it that my mother's maiden name (all ex cept the surname) was Sarah ? What matters it, indeed, that my father wooed, won and wedded Sarah Brown, — 12 THE NEGEO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; an endeared and honored name, which, in these degene rate days of French folly would be but too apt to lose, in some measure, at least, the Anglo-Saxon simpHcity of its consonants, and to ghde into the vowel-terminating appellation of SaUie Browne ? What matters it that, at intervals, respectively, of a year, more or less, joUy-faced Dame Nature, the great colonizer of the neighborhood, brought, and placed un der the guardianship of my good parents, seven children, five boys and two girls, aU of whom, except the younger daughter, were named by my father, and she by my mother? What matters it that my parents' children's names (aU except the surname) are thus recorded in a ponderous old Family Bible, — an excellent compilation of ancient writings, which, if a fact of this sort may be here stated, my father's youngest, and homeliest, and most mischievous son has twice read regularly through, from Genesis to Revelation,,inclusive, besides having perused some of the finer poems thereof, especiaUy those by Job, David and Solomon, at least three dozen times ? HoBACE Haston, born January 27, 1819. Henrietta Minerva, bom June 30, 1820. Habdie Hogan, born March 21, 1822. Amanda Maeia., born November 22, 1823. Hanson Pinkney, born November 4, 1825. Hampton Lafayette, born October 8, 1827. Hinton Eowan, bom December 27, 1829. What matters it if, in these names, there is something of an aUiterative ampleness of the aspirate H ? May a man not have pet letters as weU as pet pigs, pet pups, and pet parrots? What matters it that my gentle and revered mother pleased entirely her own fancy in the nominal distinction of one of her own chUdi-en ? Like some other ladies whom I have known, she was deter mined to have her own way, — once at least ; she just AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOE. 13 would, and she would, and she did ; and there was an end of it ! And so, contrary to my father's suggestions, my second sister was not named Harriet, nor Hypatia, nor Helen. What matters it that this aUiterative characteristic of my father's mind was manifested even in the naming of his negroes, — Judy, Jinsy, Joe and Jack, — ^aU of whom were as black as jet, and as ink-like in color as the juice of Japan? I dare say, also, that my father's horses, on the one hand, and his dogs on the other, — although I am not now quite certain how they were caUed, — might have recognized their names in words of such affinity of frame and pronunciation as Manser, Merley and Moxon ; Ben der, Bouncer and Bolton. In one case only can I con ceive it possible that my father would have manifested a desire to depart from his usual preference for allitera tive appeUations. Had he been the owner of apes, mon keys or baboons, ' I have no doubt it would have been his pleasure to caU them by such gimcrack cognomens as VaUandigham, Foote, Wise and Buchanan. What matters it that my father died (somewhat sud denly, of a severe and unreUevable attack of the mumps) in the faU of 1830, when his youngest son, who had then been in the world but nine months, was stiU a close cUnger to the breast, — a source of sweet solace and sus tenance, which his elder brothers banteringly aUege he did not desert until he was at least six years of . age ! What matters it that any of these things were as they were, or are as they are? Little significance, indeed, have any of the intimations, or statement of facts, here advanced. In contrast with public interests and require ments, mere personal considerations are, cTr ought to be, of but very smaU moment. With heraldry, pedigrees and ancestry, I have, unlike John Chinaman, nothing to do. Ask a mandarin of Shanghai, of Canton or of Pekin, to 14 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLT CONSIDERED; lay before you the tree or diagram of his genealogy, and he will straightway prove to you, provided you wiU ex ercise fuU faith in what he says, that the venerated foun der of his family was, tens of thousands of years before the days of Adam, a successful fish-monger, an expert knife-grinder, or a distinguished rag-picker, or something else equaUy honorable and aristocratic. We have no such ancient reckonings in the United States, and it is only by the aid of Pintoism and Munchausenism that they can count so far back in Europe. As a plain American republican, possessed of a mode rate share of common sense, and very much Uke the gen- eraUty of my feUow-men, (my white feUow-men,) I was, and am, and shall be, — and that's sufficient. What, then, is the burden of my business in this book? Wait a mo ment, Usten, and I wUl teU you. I have come here both to ask and to answer certain questions, which are fraught with the greatest possible interest to the better part of the New World, and, in a somewhat modified degree, to every part and parcel of the habitable globe. It is quite unnecessary that the reader should be held in suspense on account of the ques tions and answers thus referred to — some of which are as foUows : Question. What is the best and only true remedy for the present and prospective troubles now brewing in the United States, between the White People and the Negroes ? Answer. An absolute and eternal separation of the two races. Question. How could the separation here proposed be speedily and prudently effected ? Answer. By giving fuU and formal notice to the ne- AN INFERIOR, FELLOW DONE FOR. 15 groes — every one of them, including the mulattoes, the quadroons, the octoroons, and aU the other non-whites, that, after the Ith of July, 1876, their presence would be no longer required nor tolerated north of the northern boundary of Mexico, and by assisting them, to a limited extent, to get somewhere (it would matter very Mttle where) south of that south-moving boundary. Question. Is there no other manner in which the ne groes, who are fast becoming a consummate and unbeara ble nuisance, might be effectually and finaUy separated from that reaUy estimable portion of the people of the United States — ^the white people — ^who, whUe they are eminently worthy, are also enUghtened and progress ive? Answer. Tes. AU impure-complexioned persons, of whatever nationality, whether black or brown, whether negroes, or Indians, or Chinese, or bi-colored hybrids, now resident in the United States, might (for the present at least) be colonized in a State or Territory by themselves, in Texas or in Arizona, for instance, and there, under suitable regulations, required to remain strictly within the Umits assigned them. Question. In any poUcy which we, the white people of the United States, may be induced to pursue toward the negroes, what should always be with us a controlling mo tive — ^what should unfailingly constitute one of the great and ultimate ends at which we should aim ? Answer. We should so far yield to the evident designs and purposes of Providence, as to be both willing and anx- ous to see the negroes, Uke the Indians and aU other effete and dingy-hued races, graduaUy exterminated from th^ face of the whole earth. 16 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLT CONSIDERED; Catechising thus, or in a somewhat similar vein, I might proceed much further; but, before either asking or answering any more questions, I deem it proper to bring forward abundant and irrefragable demonstrations of the fact, that the negro, as compared with the white man, is a very different creature, a grossly inferior being; and al so that this difference of manhood, this despicable infe riority of the negro, is natural, conspicuous and perma nent. In the prosecution of this labor, I shaU bring to my aid the investigations and discoveries of the most leamed naturaUsts who have ever Uved; and these, surely, are those whose voices, above aU others, should be most at tentively heard and heeded in the discussion of the speci fic subjects here mentioned. To begin, then, let us see, in the first place, what has been found to be true in refer ence to some of the most PECULIAR AND DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEGRO. Cuvier, in his "Animal Kingdom," page 50, says, "The negro race is confined to the south of Moxmt Atlas; it is marked by a black complexion, crisped or wooUy hedr, compressed cranium, and a flat nose. The projection of the lower parts of the face, and the thick lips, evidently approximate it to the monkey tribe ; and the hordes of •which it consists have al'ways remained in the most complete state of utter barbarism." Again, in his " Theory of the Earth," page 341, Cuvier says, "The negroes, the most degraded race among men, whose forms approach the nearest to those of the inferior animals, and whose in tellect has not yet arrived at the institution of regular governments, or at anything having the least appearance of systematic knowledge, have preserved no sort of annals or of tradition.'' AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOE. 17 Samuel George Morton, one of our ovm scientific and distinguished countrymen, who is, perhaps, (or was whUe he Uved,) the very best authority extant upon the subjects of Anthropology and Ethnology, is quoted in Nott and GUddon's " Types of Mankind," page 305, as having said, "After twenty years of observation and reflection, during which period I have always approached this subject with diffidence and cau tion ; after iuvestigating for myself the remarkable diversities of opinion to which it has given rise, and after weighing the difficulties that beset it on every side, I can find no satisfactory explanation of the diverse phenomena that characterize physical Man, excepting in the doctrine of an original pluraUty of races." Again, in the course of a letter which he addressed to George Eobbins GUddon, in May, 1846, Dr. Morton said, "I maintain, without reservation, the following among other opioions — that the human race' has not sprung from one pair, but from a plurality of centres ; that these were created ab initio in those parts of the world best adapted to their physical nature ; that the epoch of creation was that undefined period of time spoken of in the first chapter of Genesis, wherein it is related that God formed man, 'male and female created he them ;' that the deluge was a merely local phenomenon ; that it affected but a small part of the then existing inhabitants of the earth ; and, finally, that these views are consistent with the facts of the case, as well as with analogical evidence." Again, in Nott and GUddon's "Types of Mankind," page 307, Dr. Morton is quoted as having said, ' ' By the simultaneous creation of a plurality of original stocks, the population of the earth became, not an accidental result, but a matter of certainty. Many and distant regions which, in accordance with the doctrine of a single origin, would have remained for thou sands of years unpeopled and unknown, received at once their al lotted inhabitants ; and these, instead of being left to struggle with the viscissitudes of chance, were, from the beginning, adapted to those varied circumstances of climate and locaUty which yet mark their respective positions upon the earth.'' 18 THE NEGEO, .ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED ; Hermann Burmeister, one of the most celebrated na turaUsts now hving, in his work entitled " The Black Man," page 6, says, "The first glance shows the negro to be of a peouhax race. The most striMng marks of peculiarity are in the relative dimensions of the various parts of his body, the black color of his skin, and his curly head of wooL The great length of his arms is a peculiarity which strikes the experienced observer at once. The much shorter body and longer legs of the negro are also characteristics which serve to increase the difference between him and the European." Again, in his work entitled "The Black Man," page 17, Burmeister says, "The black man is more disposed to be submissive than the Euro pean. He feels and silently recognizes the "superiority of the white man, and is conscious of his own inferiority iu capacity and knowl edge. From hence, perhaps, comes that cowardice of the negro which all observers have remarked. It is a well-known &ct that the negro will yield with hardly any resistance, although numerically su perior, to a white force, and tTiinlrn himself overcome even before a blow has been struck." Again, in his work entitled" The Black Man," page 15, Burmeister says, "The desire of amusing himself while at work, either by dancing or singing, or otherwise, is a marked feature of the negro. If he cannot have his amusement during his work, he must have it imme diately after. The slave who has been at work in the field from sun rise to sunset, generaUy sings and dances for an hour or more after ward, iu the company of his friends, around the fire in front of his hut, which he never faUs to light, either for amusement, or for warmth when it happens to be cold. The observation of such groups was always a source of much amusement to me. The sunny, ape-hke na ture of the negro is then very evident. * * * It is quite interest ing to observe a negro while walking alone, untroubled, on his way, perhaps carrying a load upon his head, as you most commonly meet him. Even then the negro is not in truth alone ; he has himself for a companion, with whom he talks or plays incessantly ; and the con- AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 19 versation is commonly very loud, and kept up without any regard to the passers-by. In such moments, the negro, especially the slave, is thoroughly in his element ; he gives free course to his nature, and enjoys himself vrith great delight although panting and gasping un der his load, vrith the sweat pouring in torrents down his neck. The subject of these monologues generally involves some incident or event in the life, past or present, of the negro. * * * The words of these negro monologues are always sung in the same monotonous key, while the negro at the same time beats the load on his head vrith a stick, or shakes an instrument he has — a tin box filled vrith shot. If his burden be heavy, he runs on in a trotting gait, knocking inces santly vrith his stick, or shaking his tin instrument, and singing "and. groaning in harmony. His groans are as rhythmical as his songs. When his burden is light, the negro assumes a grave gait, and cries aloud and very rapidly in a singing tone ; he then stops a moment, gesticulates vrith his hand, and shouts some compliment to some fel low-sufferer, which is answered in the same loud tone, and vrith simi lar gravity. As the head remains fixed, the movements of the negro are accompanied by a free play of the features. The eye brightens, the mouth is distorted as it gives utterance to these odd cries, and the ape peeps out everywhere, as you look upon the old actor you have before you. Again, in his work entitled, "The. Black Man," page 16, Burmeister says : "The highest enjoyment of the negro generally consists in idle lounging, and eating and drinking in quantity rather than in quaUty. The negro female deUghts in ornaments of dress, such as ear-rings, necklaces and finger-rings, and cares Uttle for elegance or cleanliness. ¦• * * The negro is untidy in his dress, and vriU, at any time, pre fer some worthless rag to a whole shirt or an entire pair of breeches. The female is much more disposed to flaunt in finery than to wash herself, or to keep herself free from vermin, or to have whole clothes, or a supply of them. Tbey have as Uttle regard to economy as they have to cleanliness. * * • They are fond of rich dress, a sUk handkerchief if they can get it, a pair of shining patent leather shoes, or a fine beaver hat. They, however, take no care of these objects ; they do not wear them carefuUy, nor keep them for great occasions, but they use them up at once. When they require » cha,nge, and have not the means to purchase as good, they prefer wearing their fine things to their last rag, rather than put on any- 20 THE NEGEO, ANTHEOPOLOGICALLT CONSIDEEED; thing less showy and costly. They recoUect that ihey were once fine, and that thought consoles them." Who is this Dr. Hermann Burmeister, this erudite and accurate observer, who speaks so knowingly and so inter estingly about the negro ? He is a German naturalist of world-wide repute ; and although he himself has never been in any part of the United States, yet an EngUsh translation of his graphic description of "The Black Man" appeared in New York as long ago as the year 1853, it having been pubUshed there, at that time, by William C. Bryant & Co., editors and proprietors of the New York Evening Post ; and it was then that that ex cellent newspaper thus ably and enthusiastically criti cised and sketched both the work and its author : "This Treatise on 'The Black Man' presents the most complete study of the comparative anatomy and psychology of the negro which has ever been in print, so far as we know, and the only one. we beUeve, that has any pretensions to scientific accuracy. It has been prepared by Hermann Burmeister, one of the most distinguished of our Uving naturaUsts, and at present Professor of Zoology in tho University of HaUe, in Germany. He spent about fourteen months of the years 1850 and 1851 in BrazU, and has just submitted to the press the second volume of his work, entitled, " Geological Pictures of the Earth," one chapter of which embodies the result of his stu dies upon the Natural History of the African, and which is now, for the first time, presented in English to the American pnbUc. " That the reader may know what value to attach to these observa tions, we may as weU give a few particulars of their author's Ufe and position in Germany. ' ' Burmeister was bom in 1807, at Stralsund ; he published a ' Text book of Natm-al History,' which was foUowed four years later by a larger manual of Natural History, which is a masterly work . Upon the death of Nitzsch, Burmeister was appointed, in 1837, 'Professor Extraordinary,' and, in 1842, Professor of Zoology in the University of HaUe, where he now ranks as one of the most eminent and popu lar teachers in Germany. His greatest achievement as an author is his work on Entomology, in five volumes, the faUest treatise upon that subject in any language, and embracing the results of fifteen AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 21 years of devoted study to the subject. He is also the author of a 'History of Creation,' which has passed through five editions ; of a work entitled, 'Geological Pictures of the Earth,' and a number of essays and disquisitions upon subjects cognate to his profession, which have appeared in various scientific journals. ' ' In 1848 he was chosen a member of the Berlin ParUament, where he signalized himself by his eloquence and his industry. His health compeUed him to resign and go abroad. He arrived in BrazU in Oc tober, 1850, and spent fourteen months there, most of which time was devoted to the study of the black race. — vrith what success the reader will be able to judge. No one who gives these pages a faith ful perusal wUl be long in discovering that nothing so elaborate or satisfactory has ever been printed upon the subject ; and he vriU also see precisely to what extent the white and the black races differ, and how much further the former has progressed than the latter beyond the apish type." It was to this same Dr. Burmeister, who is nOw paying his devotions to Nature in the Argentine EepubUc, that, presuming somewhat upon a pleasant acquaintanceship, I recently took the Uberty to write as follows : " When I teU you that we have twenty-eight mUUons of white people in the United States, and only about four nulUons of negroes, you could, if advised of aU the facts in the case, hardly faU to be surprised at the unduly large percentage of black patients whom, during the four years of my Consular residence in Buenos Ayres, I have had 'occasion to send to the hospital for medical treat ment. In this matter, your surprise would probably be increased, were I to inform you that, of aU the mariners who come to this port on American vessels, only about one in' sixteen is of the black race, and that one is seldom a mariner in the true sense of the word, but more gen eraUy a cook or a scuUion, in which in-door situation he is screened from the severer hardships of the weather. " Yet I think that I am quite within the bounds of truth when I say that nearly one-half of all the persons 22 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLT CONSIDERED; who have come to me for assistance and reUef, have been negroes. , Of the large number of negroes who have thus appUed to me for protection, most of them in an Ul-clad and penniless condition, and with no wages due, many have needed, and have received, the attention of skUlful physicians and surgeons. Once in the hospital, however, the negroes are, I have found, far less likely to come out alive and weU than white patients. " This much by way of preface. Now let me trouble you for a few items of information. You have, perhaps, already guessed one or two of the points upon which I wish to be enUghtened. Why is it that the negroes are so rapidly falling a prey to every manner of fatal afflic tion ? Is it not because Nature is becoming impatient to close her account vrith them ? I ween so, and would be glad to have your opinion on the subject. " A few years since, whUe temporarily residing in the city of New York, I frequently accepted the invitations of a youthful relative (I myself being somewhat younger theh than I am now!) who was there studying medicine, to accompany him to the dissecting-rooms of the Uni versity Medical CoUege, on Fourteenth Street, where, from first to last, I saw the corpses of a great many per sons, of almost every age, color and nationality. Among these was no smaU number of negroes, to whom, as a rule, the pecuharities of extreme attenuation of the Umbs, and general gauntness and imperfection of frame, attached in such manner as to excite my particular atten tion. At sundry times, whUe looking at them, I was im pressed with the conviction, — a conviction which has since been greatly strengthened,— that, especiaUy in com munities of white people, there is an ever-obvious and uncheckable tendency on the part of the blacks, when put entirely upon their ovm resources, as they ought ev erywhere to be put, to decrease, to die, to disappear ; in AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR 23 a word, to cease to retain a vital foothold upon the earth. So may it be ! In the views to which I have thus briefly given expres sion, am I right, or am I wrong ? Not more firmly am I convinced of the bright and genial existence of the sun, than I am that the postulates here advanced are whoUy founded in truth. Your reply, and the reasons upon which your ovm opinions on the subject are based, are awaited with great interest and respect. To the foregoing communication, the nature-loving and leamed Burmiester did me the honor to reply thus : Buenos Axees, May 16, 1866. Hinton B. Helpeb, Esq: My Dzab Sie — ^I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of yesterday, and have, vrith great interest, read your statement of the remarkable difference which has &Uen under your observation in the number, respectively, of white and black men, who, in your official position, seem to have had claims upon you for reUe£ It is for me a new proof that, as I have already said in my description of "The Black Man,'' the negro race is inferior to the white race, particularly in the mental and spiritual forces ; for it is a ta^t weU known to every psychologist, that fuUness of the spiritual forces, as in the case of the white man, has the happiest influences in promoting and preserring the good health of the body, and in predisposing the whole physical system to recovery, when once unweU. These auspicious influences are steadUy increasing in the white race, and vriU continue to do so vrith the grand progress of veritable civiUzation ; and, therefore, the higher and better grades of human society afford generaUy a stronger power of resistance to the attacks of aU fatal disorders. The important truths here considered have al ways manifested themselves very conspicuously in times of long, and terrible epidemics, and also during protracted and bloody wars and great battles. We may not, therefore, be surprised to find that, in all cases of ac tual misfortune, and especiaUy in cases of Ul-health, the black race exhibits fer less power of resistance than the white race. But not only, upon general considerations, is the higher civiUzation of the white race to be taken as a reason of its greater resistance to leveling 24 THE NEGEO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED causes. On this particular point, as already intimated, much may be admitted to be due to the very obvious superiority of the white man's mental and spiritual nature. A man of inferior endowments is always superstitious and timid ; and these are bad quaUties which are notoriously common to the negro. Such a man has Uttie feculty or inclination to create re sources for himself, and is at aU times too wiUing and too prone to rely upon others for assistance. If overtaken by sickness, and if left to himself, he at once resorts for remedies to one of a thousand or more species of witchcraft, or to some other monstrous system of ab surdity, and, as a matter of course, soon fells a victim to his own foUy. Indeed, once reaUy sick, from whatever cause, he not unfre quently feels that, from that very moment, he is doomed to die — ^that his distressful aches and pains are past cure, and that his unsightiy wounds and sores cannot be healed. You know that, as a general rule, diseased or distempered animals cannot be cured. They should, if possible, always be kept in a state of good health ; for, except in rare instances, sickness proves fetal to them. Men are affected by a similar law, just in the proportion that they approximate to the condition of animals ; and the closest and most numerous approximations of this sort are famished by the negro race. Supposing that you would be satisfied with the mere expression of my opinion, I have given it to you in this way ; but I am at your ser vice to enter more elaborately into the discussion of the interesting subjects which seem to be now engaging your attention, should you consider it worth whUe to advance any new or additional hypothesis. Your sincere friend, Hermann Buemeibtee. Contemporary with Dr. Burmeister, and scarcely less distinguished as a NaturaUst— a man who, regardless of pre-conceived errors on the part of the multitude, seeks to establish, before aU the world, the eternal truth of things — is Prof. Agassiz, who, in Nott and GUddon's " Types of Mankind," page 74, says, "Accepting the definition vrith the qualifications just mentioned respecting hybridity, I am prepared to show that the differences ex isting between the races of men are of the same kind as the differ ences observed between the different famiUes, genera, and species of AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 25 monkeys or other animals ; and that these different species of animals differ in the same degree one from the other as the races of men — nay, the differences between distinct races are often greater than those distinguishing species of animals one from the other. The Chimpanzee and GorUla do not differ more one from the other than the Mandingo and the Guinea Negro ; they together do not differ more from the Ourang-outang than the Malay or white man differs from the negro. In proof of this assertion, I need only refer the reader to the description of the anthropoid monkeys pubUshed by Prof. Owen and by Dr. J. Wyman, and to such descriptions of the races of men as notice more important pecuUarities than the mere differences in the color of the skin. It is, however, but fair to ex onerate these authors from the responsibiUty of any deduction I would draw from a renewed examination of the same facts, differing from theirs ; for I maintain distinctly that the differences observed among the races of men are of the same kind and even greater than those upon which the anthropoid monkeys are considered as distinct species." Again, Prof. Agassiz, (who, as he himself has pithUy and notably declared, "has no time to waste in making money,") in Nott and GUddon's "Types of Mankind," page 74, says, "In the genus horse, we have two domesticated species, the com mon horse and the donkey; iu the genus buU, one domesticated species, and the vrild buffalo; the three species of bear mentioned are only found in the wild state. The ground upon which these animals are considered as distinct species is simply the fact that, since they have been known to man, they have always preserved the same char acteristics. To make specific difference or identity depend upon genetic succession, is begging the principle and taking for granted what in reaUty is under discussion. • tt is true that animals of the same species are fertile among themselves, and that their fecundity is an easy test of this natural relation; but this character is not exclu sive, since we know that the horse and the ass, the buffalo and our cattie, like many other animals, may be crossed ; we are, therefore, not justified, in doubtful cases, in considering the fertUity of two animals as decisive of their specific identity. Moreover, generation is not the only way in which certain animals may multiply, as there are entire classes in which the larger number of individuals do not 2 26 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; originate from eggs. Any definition of species in which the question of generation is introduced is, therefore, objectionable." Again, Prof. Agassiz, in Nott and GUddon's " Types of Mankind," page 68, says, "The earUest migrations recorded, in any form, show us man meeting man, wherever he moves upon the inhabitable surfece of the globe, smaU islands excepted. * * * We have Semitic nations covering the north African and southwest Asiatic feuna, whUe the south European peninsulas, including Asia Minor, are inhabited by Gr£eco-Roman nations, and the cold, temperate zone, by Celto-Ger- manic nations; the eastern range of Europe being peopled by Schlaves. This coincidence may justify the inference of an inde pendent origin for these different tribes, as soon as it can be admitted that the races of men were primitively created in nations; the more so, since aU of them claim to have been autocthones of the countries they inhabit. This claim is so universal that it weU deserves more attention. " Thomas Jefferson, who was, beyond aU question, the most phUosophic and far-seeing statesman who has yet left upon America the mark of his greatness, in his "Notes on Virginia," (see Jefferson's Works, Volume vm., pages 380-383,) said, "Deep-rooted prejudices entertained by the whites; ten thousand recoUections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained; new provocations; .the jreal distinctions which nature has made; and many other ciroumstanc«s, vriU divide us into parties, and produce convul sions, which wiU probably never end but in the extermination of the one or the other r^ce. To these objections, which are poUtical, may be added others, wjhifch are physical and moral. The first difference which strikes us i^ that of color. Whether the black of the negro resides in the retioiilar membrane between the sMn and scarf-skin, or in the scarf-skin itself; whether it proceeds from the color of the blood, the color of Ithe bUe, or from that of some other secretion, the difference is fixad in nature, and is as real as if its seat and cause were better known Ifco us. And is this difference of no importance ? Is it not the foundation of a greater or less share of beauty in the two races? Are not the| fine mixtures of red and white, the expression of every passion bylgreater or less suffusions of color in the one. AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOE. 27 preferable to that eternal monotony, which reigns in the countenances, that immovable veil of black which covers the emotions of the other race ? Add to these, flowing hair, a more elegant symmetry of form, their own judgment in favor of the whites, declared by their prefer ence of them, as uniformly as is the preference of the orang-outang for the black woman over those of his own species. " The circumstance of superior beauty, is thought worthy of atten tion in the propagation of our horses, dogs, and other domestic ani mals; why not in that of man? Besides those of color, figure, and hair, there are other physical distinctions proving a difference of race. They have less hair on the face and body. They secrete less by the kidneys, and more by the glands of the skin, which gives them a very strong and disagreeable odor. This greater degree of transpiratibn, renders them more tolerant of heat, and less so of cold than the whites. Perhaps, too, a difference of structure in the pul monary apparatus, which a late ingenious experimentaUst has dis covered to be the principal regulator of animal heat, may have dis abled them from extricating, in the act of inspiration, so much of that fluid from the outer air, or obUged them in expiration to part vrith more of it. They seem to require less sleep. A black, after hard labor through the day, wUl be induced by the sUghtest amusements to sit up tUl midnight, or later, though knowing he must be out with the £a:st dawn of the morning. * * * They are more ardent after their female; but love seems vrith them to be more an eager desire, than a tender, deUcate mixture of sentiment and sensation. Their griefs are transient. Those numberless afflictions, which render it doubtful whether Heaven has given life to us in mercy or in vorath, are less felt, and sooner forgotten vrith them. In general, their ex istence appears to participate more of sensation'than reflection. To this must be ascribed their disposition to sleep when abstracted from their diversions, and unemployed in labor. An animal whose body is at rest, and who does not reflect, must be disposed to sleep of course. Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me that in memory they are equal to the whites; in reason much inferior, as I think one could scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investiga tions of EucUd ; and that in imagination they are duU, tasteless, and anomalous. It would be unfafr to foUow them to Africa for this investigation. We wiU consider them here, on the same stage with the whites, and where the facts are not apocryphal on which a judg ment is to be formed. It vriU be right to make great allowances for the difference of condition, of education, of conversation and of the 28 THE NEGEO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDEEED; sphere in which they move. Many mUUons of thom have been brought to, and born in America. Most of them, indeed, have been confined to tiUage, to their own homes, and their o-mi society; yet many have been so situated, that they might have avaUed themselves of the con versation of their masters; many have been brought up to the handi craft arts, and from that circumstance have always been associated vrith the whites. Some have been UberaUy educated, and aU have Uved in countries where the arts and sciences are cultivated to a con siderable degree, and aU have had before their eyes samples of the best works from abroad. The Indians, vrith no advantages of this kind, wUl often carve figures on their pipes not destitute of design and merit. They vriU crayon out an animal, -. plant, or a country, so as to prove the existence of a germ in their minds which only wants cultivation. They astonish you with strokes of the most sub- hme oratory; such as prove their reason and sentiment strong, their imagination glovring and elevated. But never yet could I find that a black had uttered a thought above the level of plain narration; never saw even an elementary trait of painting or sculpture. • • • Misery is often the parent of the most affecting touches of poetry. Love is the pecuUar cestrum of the poet. Their love is ardent, but it kindles the senses only, not the imagination. ReUgion, indeed, has produced a PhyUis Wheatley; but it could not produce a poet. The compositions pubUshed under her name are below the dignity of criticism. The heroes of the Duuciad are to her as Hercules to the author of that poem." Again, in the first volume of his works, page 48, Jef ferson, speaking of the negroes, said : ' ' Nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate than that these people are to be free ; nor is it less certain that the two races, equally free, cannot live undetr the same government." Of the sage of MonticeUo himself, it may not be amiss to note here, very briefly, what has been thought and said of him by those who have long enjoyed the reputa tion of being, or of having been, competent and impartial judges of men's merits. WiUiam EUery Channing, the great moraUst and theologian, in his work on " Emanci pation," i^age 65, says : AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 29 "The South, vrith more of ardor and of bold and rapid genius, and the North, vrith more of vrisdom and steady principle, furnish admirable materials for a State. * * * It is worthy of remark, that the most eminent men at the South have had a large infusion of the Northern character. Washington, in his calm dignity, his rigid order, his close attention to business, his reserve, almost approach ing coldness, bore a striking affinity to the North ; and his sympa^ ihies led bim to choose Northern men very often as confidential friends. Mr. Madison had much of the calm wisdom, the patient, studious research, the exactness and quiet manner of our part of the country, vrith Uttie of the imagination and fervor of his own. Chief Justice Marshall had more than these two great men, of the genial, unreserved character of a wanner climate, but so blended with a spirit of moderation, and clear judgment, and serene vrisdom, as to make bim the delight and confidence of the whole land. There is one other distinguished name of the South, which I have not men tioned, Mr. Jefferson ; and the reason is, that his character seemed to belong to neither section of the country. He wanted the fiery, daring spirit of the South, and the calm energy of the North. He stood alone. He was a man of genius, given to bold and original speculations, and was, at the same time, a sagacious observer of men and events. He owed his vast influence, second only to Washing- tern's, to his keen insight into the character of his countrymen, and into the spirit of his age." Eichard HUdreth, next to George Bancroft, the ablest historian of the United States, in his "Despotism in America," page 15, pays the foUowing just tribute to Thomas Jefferson, — a tribute which is in perfect unity of sentiment with that paid above by Dr. Channing : "Jefferson is revered, and justiy, as the earUest, ablest, boldest, and most fei-going of those who became the expounders and advo cates of the democratical system in America. Most of the others, whether leaders or foUowers, seemed driven on by a bUnd instinct. They felt, but did not reason. Jefferson based his poUtical opinions upon the general principles of human natiire." Sir Charles LyeU gives his valuable testimony, also, in proof of an original diversity of human races. Hear bitn. In his " Antiquity of Man," page 387, he says : 80 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; "As ethnologists have faUed, as yet, to trace back the history of any one race to the area where it originated, some zoologists of emi nence have declared their beUef, that the different races, whether they be three, five, twenty, or a much greater number, (for on this point there is an endless diversity of opinion,) have aU been primor dial creations, having from the first been stamped vrith the charac teristic features, mental and bodUy, by which they are now dis tinguished, except where intermarriage has given rise to mixed or hybrid races. Were we to admit, say they, a unity of origin of such strongly-marked varieties as the negro and European, differing as they do in color and bodUy constitution, each fitted for distinct cU- mates, and exhibiting some marked pecuUarities in their osteological, . and even in some detaUs of cranial and cerebral conformation, as weU as in their average inteUectual endowments, — ^i^ in spite of the feet that aU these attributes have been feithfuUy handed down unal tered for hundreds of generations, we are to beUeve that, in the course of time, they have aU diverged from one common stock, how shaU we resist the arguments of the transmutationist, who contends that aU closely aUied species of animals and plants have in Uke man ner sprung from a common parentage, albeit that for the last three or four thousand years they may have been persistent iu character? Where are we to stop, unless we make our stand at once on the inde pendent creation of those distinct human races, the history of which is better known to us than that of any of the inferior animals?" John Crawfurd, President of the Ethnological Society of London, in a communication addressed to the " Eth nological Magazine," Volume I., Part II., page 354, pub Ushed in 1861, says : ' ' I propose in this paper to explain the views which I have myself been led to entertain respecting the Classification of Man, and may state at once that the conclusion I have come to is, that mankind consists of many originally created species, and that the hypothesis of unity of race is without foundation." Again, John Crawfurd, in the "Ethnological Maga zine," Volume I., Part II., pages 377-378, says : "Although neither the skuU nor any other single character is suf ficient to distinguish the races of man, — nor, indeed, in the majority of cases, aU possible characters combined, — stUl there are a few in- AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR 31 stances, — generaUy those of rude and isolated tribes, — in which the distinction of races seems clear enough. Among these may be reck oned the AustraUans, the negroes of New Guinea, those of New Ire land, those of MaUicoUo, one of the Cyclades, those of Tauna, one of the New Hebrides, those of the Fejee Islands, those of the Anda man Islands, those of the Malayan Peninsula, those of the PhUip- pines, and those of Madagascar, the Bhutias, the Tibetians, the Polynesians, the Kamsohatdales, the Alutian Islanders, the Hotten tots, and the Esquimaux. Here, then, instead of the five races of Cuvier and Blumenbach, or the seven of Prichard, we have no fewer than seventeen weU defined ones, vridely differing among themselves, and distinct fr-om the rest of mankind. These rude races, however, embrace but a smaU portion of mankind, and we have large groups in which the race is sufficiently distinct, and the variations very trifling. These include the Chinese, the Japanese, the Hindoo-Chi nese, the Hindus, the Malays, the native Americans, the Mauritani- ans or Berbers, and the Egyptians. These, although not so free fr-om variety as the rude races above named, may stUl be considered as primordial species ; and, if so, the total wiU rise to five-and- twenty. Other large groups are more diversified, such as the European, the African negro, the Persian, the Syrian, and the Arab. Some of these contain vrithin themselves races, probably as distinct at their crea tion, although closely aUied, as AustraUans or Polynesians. In the European, for example, we have the Schlavonic, the German or Teu tonic, the Celtic, the Greek, the Italian, and, very probably, the Spanish or Iberian. The African negro is stiU more spUt into races, such as the CafEres and the ZuUas. These, however, are not all the races that might be enumerated, for north of the chain of the Hima laya, up to the Frozen Ocean, there are many tribes which, although agreeing in some respects with the Mongols, differ from them essen tiaUy in corporeal and mental endowments. In Western Asia we find races resembUng Em-opeans, but palpably differing from them, such as Circassians, Georgians, and Armenians ; whUe to the North of Europe we have the Laplanders, and in Africa, the Nubians and the Abyssinians. "Here, then, we have some forty races of man, which, to pack into the five pigeon-holes of Cuvier and Blumenbach, or the seven of Prichard, would produce confusion instead of order. " Again, John Crawfurd, in the "Ethnological Maga zine," Volume I., Part II., page 363, says : 32 "As long as the race continues unmixed, no change of cligiate appears to make any essential change in it. Negroes from equa torial Africa have been settled in the temperate regions and high table lauds of America for near three centuries vrithout undergoing any appreciable physical change. A colony from the temperate parts of Persia has been settled for a thousand years in inter-tropical India, and, keeping themselves strictly unmixed, they stUl retain the physi cal form of Persians, and probably differ in no material respect from the contemporaries of Cyrus and Artaxerxes. The Spanish race has been settled within tropical America for three centuries and a IfaM; but their pure descendants are, in complexion and personal form, in no essential point different from the Spaniards of old Spain. The Danes and Norwegians who have been settled in Greenland for more than two centuries, are stUl of the genuine Teutonic race; whereas, had there been any particular effect consequent on a change of cUmate, they would, by this time, have made some approach to the Esquimaux, who are the native inhabitants of the land." Dr. James Hunt, President of the Anthropological Society of London, in his work entitled, " The Negro's Place in Nature,'' page 52, says: "No man who thoroughly investigates, vrith an unbiased mind, can doubt that the negro belongs to a distinct type. The term species, in the present state of science, is not satisfactory; but we may safely say, that there is in the negro that assemblage of evidence which would, ipso facto, induce an unbiased observer to make tho European and negro two distinct types of man." Again, in the same work, "The Negro's Place in Nature," page 4, Dr. Hunt says: "It is too generaUy taught, that the negro only differs from the European in the color of his skin, and in the peouUarity of his hair; but such opinions are not supported by facts. The skin and tho hair are by no means the only characters which distinguish the negro from the European, even physicaUy; and the difference is greater, mentaUy and moraUy, than the demonstrated physical difference." Again, in the same work, "The Negro's Place in Nature," page 36, Dr. Hunt says: AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 33 " Some writers who advocate the specific difference of the Negro fi-om the European, have very injudiciously admitted, that occasion ally the negro is equal in inteUect to the European; but this admis sion has materiaUy weakened their argument in favor of a specific difference. If this is so, let me ask those who hold such an opinion, to give the name of one pure negro who has ever distinguished himself as a man of science, as an author, or a statesman, a warrior, a poet, an artist. Surely, if there is equaUty in the mental develop ment of human races, some one instance can be quoted. From aU th^ evidence we have examined, we see no reason to beUeve that the pure negro ever advances further in inteUect than an inteUigent Euro pean boy of fourteen years of age." Again, in the same work, "The Negro's Place in Nature," page 10, Dr. Hunt says: "There can be no doubt, that at puberty a great change takes place in relation to psychical development; and in the negro, there appears to be an arrested development of the mind, exactly harmo nizing vrith the physical formation. Young negro children are nearly as inteUigent as European chUdren; but the older they grow the less inteUigent they" become. They exhibit, when young, an animal UveUness for play and tricks, far surpassing the European chUd." John Pye Smith, (a very good Pye!) one of the ablest ecclesiastics known as English Dissenters, or Non-Con formists, in his work on " Geological Science," page 354, says: "If we carry our concessions to the very last point — if the prog ress of investigation should indeed bring out such kinds and degrees of evidence, as shall rightfuUy tum the scale in favor of the hypo thesis that there are several Races of Mankind, each having origi nated in a different pair of ancestors — what would be the conse quence to our highest interests, as rational, accountable, and im mortal beings? Would our faith, the fountain of motives for love and obedience to God, virtuous self-government, and universal justice and kindness — would this faith — 'the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen ' — sustain any detriment, after, by due meditation and prayer, we had surmounted the first shook ? Let us survey the consequences. 2* 34 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; "If the two first inhabitants of Eden were the progenitors, not of aU human beings, but only of the race whence spi-ung the Hebrew famUy, stiU it would remain the fact, that aU were formed by im mediate power of God; and aU thefr cfrcumstances, stated or impUed in the Scriptures, would remain the same as to moral and practical purposes. * * * Some difSculties in the Scripture-history would be taken away — such as, the sons of Adam obtaining vrives not thefr own sisters; Cain's acquiring instruments of husbandry, which must have been furnished by miracle immediately from God, upon the usual supposition; his apprehensions of summary punishment ('any man that findeth me wUl slay me ;') his fleeing into another region, of which Josephus so understands the text, as to affirm that Cain ob tained confederates, and became a plunderer and robber, implying the existence of a population beyond his own family; and his buUd ing a ' city, ' a considerable coUection of habitations. "The characteristic differences of the great divisions of mankind, physical and inteUectual, would create no difficulty in our reasonings — for instance, the mental distinctions laid down by Dr. Morton : ' The Caucasian Race; distinguished for the fecUity vrith which it attains the highest inteUectual endowments : The Mongolian; in genious, imitative, and highly susceptible of cultivation : The Malay; active and ingenious, and possessing aU the habits of a migra tory, predaceous, and maritime people : The American; averse to cultivation, slow in acqufring knowledge, restiess, revengeful, fond of war, and whoUy destitute of maritime adventure : The Ethiopian; joyous, flexible and indolent, the many nations which compose thm race presenting a singular diversity of inteUectual character, of which the far extreme is the lowest grade of humanity. ' The hypothesis also vriU diminish our surprise, but not our sorrow, that many fine nations of men have appeared incapable of being persuaded, by aU the attempts of wisdom and humanity, as weU as the stem demands of want; so that they prefer to perish by inches, rather than to culti vate the soU and adopt those habits of civiUzed Ufe by which they might be preserved. " Charles HamUton Smith, in his "Natural History of the Human Species," page 189, says : "In the west African, we find the facial angle varying from 65 to 70 degrees ; the head being small and lateraUy compressed ; the dome of the skuU arched and dense ; the forehead narrow, depressed, and the posterior parts more developed ; the nose broad and crushed. AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 35 vrith the nostrils round ; the lower jaw protruding and angular, but more vertical in nonage ; the mouth vride, with very thick Ups, and blaick to the commissure, which is red, ; the teeth large and soUd, and the incisors placed rather obUquely forward. The ears, which are roundish and rather small, standing somewhat high and detached, are said, Uke the scalp, to be occasionally movable ; the eyes pilways suffused vrith a bUious tint, and the irides very dark. The hafr, in infants, rises from the skin in smaU mammUlary tufts, disposed in irregular quincunx, and is in aU parts of a crisp wooUy texture, ex cepting the eyebrows and eyelashes. In men, it is scanty on the upper Up, generaUy confined to the point of the chin, vrithout any at the sides of the face, excepting in late manhood. On the head, it forms a close hard frizzle of wool ; and the breast sometimes has a few tufts ; but the arms and legs are vrithout any. " Again, in his "Natural History of the Human Spe cies," page 192, Charles HamUton Smith says : "Negroes, of aU human beings, ar^ distinguished for fighting, by ocoasionaUy butting, vrith thefr heads foremost, like rams, at each other, the coUision of their skuUs giving a report that may be heard at some distance. Even women, in their brawls, have the same hab it. The dense spherical structure of the head, Ukewise, enables sev eral tribes to shave thefr crowns, and in this exposed state to remain, vrith the lower half of the body immersed in water, imder a vertical sun." Daniel WUson, Professor of History and EngUsh Lit erature in the University CoUege, Toronto, Canada, in his "Prehistoric Man," Volume II., page 334, says : "From the very first, we perceive a sti-ongly marked and clearly defined distinction between diverse branches of the human famUy ; and this, coupled vrith the apportionment of the several regions of the earth to distinct types of man, distinguished from each o.ther not less definitely than are the varied faunae of these regions, seems to express very clearly the subdivision of the genus Homo into diverse varieties, vrith a certain relation to thefr primaiy geographical dis tribution.'' Again, in his "Prehistoric Man," Volume II., page 199, Prof. WUson says : 36 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; " The unsuccessful search after traces of an ante-Columbian inter course with the New World, suffices to confirm the beUef that, for unnumbered centuries throughout the ancient era, the Western Hem isphere was the exclusive heritage of nations native to the soU." Henry Lichtenstein, who, in the early part of the pres ent century, was one of the Professors of Natural His tory in the University of Berlin, and who was, moreover, for several years in the Dutch Ser-rice at the Cape of Good Hope, in his " Travels in Southem Africa," Vol ume n., page 224, says : "I devoted a considerable time to observing these men very accu rately ; and though, according to aU that is related above, I must aUow the vaUdity of thefr claims to be classed among rational crea tures, I cannot forbear saying that a Bosjesman, certainly in his mien, and aU his gestures, has more resemblance to an ape than to a man. One of our present guests, who appeared about fifty years of age, whose forehead, nose, cheeks, and chin, were aU smeared over vrith black grease, had the ^xue physiognomy of the smaU blue ape of Caf- fraria. What gives the more verity to such a comparison was the vivacity of his eyes, and the flexibUity of his eye-brows, which he worked up and down vrith every change of countenance. Even his nostrils and the comers of his mouth, nay, his very ears, moved in voluntarily, expressing his hasty transitions from eager desfre to watchful distrust. There was not, on the contrary, a single feature in his countenance that evinced a consciousness of mental powers, or anything that denoted emotions of the mind of a mflder species than what belong to man in his mere animal nature. When a piece of meat was given him, and, half rising, he stretched out a distrust ful arm to take it, he snatched it hastily, and stuck it immediately into the fire, peering around with his Uttie keen eyes, as if fearing lest some one should take it away again. AU this was done vrith such looks and gestures, that any one must have been ready to swear that he had taken the example of them entfrely ft'om an ape. He soon took the meat from the embers, wiped it hastUy vrith his right hand upon his left arm, and tore out large half raw bits vrith his teeth, which I could see going entfre down his meagre throat. At length, when he came to the bones and entrails, as he could not man age this with his teeth, he had recourse to a knife, which was hang ing round his neck. ^Vith this he cut off the piece which he held in AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 37 his teeth, close to the mouth, vrithout touching his nose or eyes, — a feat of dexterity which a person with a Celtic countenance could not easUy have performed. When the bone was picked clean, he stuck it again into the fire, and breaking it between two stones, sucked out the marrow ; this done, he immediately fiUed the emptied bone with tobacco. I offered him a clay pipe, which he decUned ; and taking the thick bone a great way into his mouth, he drew in the smoke by long draughts, snapping his eyes Uke a person who, vrith more than usual pleasure, drinks a glass of costly vrine." Abraham Lincoln, during his first Presidential term, in the summer of 1862, whUe replying to a deputation of beggarly negroes who had waited on him in reference to a particular governmental scheme or plan of colonization, which was then a subject of much discussion throughout the country, used this highly significant and appropriate language : "Why should not the people of your race be colonized? Why should they not leave this country ? This is perhaps the first ques tion for consideration. You and we are a different race. We have between us a broader difference than exists between almost any other two races. Whether it is right or wrong I need not discuss ; but this physical difference is a great disadvantage to us both, as I think your race suffers greatly, many of them by Uving with us, whUe ours suf fer from your presence. In a word, we suffer on each side. If this is admitted, it shows a reason why we should be separated. You, here, are freemen, I suppose. Perhaps you have long been free, or aU your Uves. Your race are suffering, in my opinion, the greatest vrrong inflicted on any people. But even when you cease to be slaves, you are yet far removed from being placed on an equality vrith the white race. You are stUl cut off from many of the advantages which are enjoyed by the other race. The aspiration of man is to enjoy equality vrith the best when free, but on this broad continent not a single man of your race is made the equal of ours. Go where you are treated the best, and the ban is stUl upon you. I do not pro pose to discuss this, but to present it as a fact with which we have to deal. I cannot alter it if I would. It is a fact about which we aU think and feel alike. We look to our conditions ovring to the exist ence of the races on this continent. I need not recount to you the effects upon white men grovring out of the institution of slavery. I 38 THE NEGEO, ANTHEOPOLOGICALY CONSIDERED; beUeve in its general evU effects upon the white race. See our pres ent condition. The country is engaged in war. Our white men are cutting each other's throats, none knovring how far thefr frenzy may extend ; and then consider what we know to be the truth. But for your race among us, there could not be a war, although many men engaged on either side do not care for you one way or the other. Nevertheless, I repeat, vrithout the institution of slavery, and the colored race as a basis, the war could not have had an existence. It is better for us both, therefore, to be separated. I know that there are free men among you who, even if they could better thefr condi tion, are not as much inclined to go out of the country as those who, being slaves, could obtain thefr freedom on this condition. I sup pose one of the principal difficulties in the way of colonization is, that the free colored man cannot see that his comfort would be ad vanced by it. You may beUeve you can Uve in Washington, or else where in the United States, the remainder of your Uves, perhaps more comfortably than you could in any foreign country. Hence you may come to the conclusion that you have nothing to do vrith the idea of going to a foreign country. This (I speak in no unkind sense) is an extremely selfish view of the ease. But you ought to do something to help those who are not so fortunate as yourselves. * * * For the sake of your race you should sacri fice something of your present comfort, for the purpose of being as grand in that respect as the white people. It is a cheering thought throughout Ufe, that something can be done to ameUorate the condi tion of those who have been subject to the hard usages of the world. It is difficult to make a man miserable whUe he feels that he is wor thy of himself, and claims kindred vrith the great God who made him ! In the American revolutionary war, sacrifices were made by men engaged in it, but they were cheered by the fnture. General Washington himself endured greater physical hardships than if he had remained a British subject ; yet he was a happy man, because he was engaged in benefiting his race, and in doing something for the chUdren of his neighbors, having none of his own. " It was on these subjects of certain general and specific differences, which, even independently of color, are al ways clearly discernible between the whites, the blacks, and the browns, that I recently had occasion to write to the British Consul at Rosario, in the Argentine EepubUc, Thomas J. Hutchinson, Esq., as follows : AN INFEEIOR FELLOW DONE FOE. 39 To-day I return to you, -with many thanks, the works on Anthropology and Ethnology which you kindly sent me, some weeks since, through the hands of Consul Par ish; also the second number of "The Eiver Plate Maga zine," containing your very curious and interesting paper on the Indians of the Gran Chaco. Judging from what I know of Indians generaUy, (and I have seen many of them in each of the three great Amer icas, North, Central, and South,) I have reason to believe that you have succeeded vrith remarkable accuracy, con sidering the brevity of your personal observations and experiences among them, in depicting those of the Gran Chaco precisely as they are. Your description of the Chacos brought vividly to my recoUection groups of lingering offshoots of the Chero kees, the Mohawks, the Pequods, and the Diggers, whom I have seen in widely separated sections of the United States. Indeed, although I am deeply impressed with the conviction that there exists throughout the world a plurality of originaUy and specificaUy distinct creations of mankind, yet there is, I think, quite as much general re semblance between the Indians at large, of the United States and of the Argentine EepubUc, and also of most of the intervening countries, as there is between the negroes native of Africa and the negroes native of America. All the red men, on one hand, look much alike, and aU the black men, on the other, exhibit, in every form, feature, and movement, unmistakable evidences of kinship; and aU of both the red and the black, are, as I verUy beUeve, equaUy and immutably barbarous, and good for nothing — mere human rubbish aild debris, fit only to be detruded among the strata of fossUiferous remains, (as deposits for the speculative researches of the learned anthropological and ethnographical antiquaries who shaU appear upon the stage of letters in the far futur§,) or to be aggregately and 40 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; unceremoniously hurled headlong into the vortex of obU- vion. Such, in brief, if I may be so frank as to say what I be Ueve, is my opinion of the inferior races of men, and es peciaUy so of Cuffey and of Cumjee, and of aU their coun trymen, companions and cousins of kindred complexion. From the many strongly-marked differences in general, which we have already found existing between the vari ous races of mankind, we now come to that very impor tant one caUed Color; or, in other words, THE COMPLEXION. It is with great reluctance that I quote at any time from any anonymous pubUcation, opposed as I am to masks of every sort. Nevertheless, writers of such works as the volume of Letters, by " Junius," o.n the one hand, and of the " Vestiges of Creation," by some one whose name is not given, even in pretence, on the other, although lack ing in at least one essential characteristic of manliness, may sometimes, with only a moderate degree of disappro bation, be tolerated. On the 136th page of this last- named work, the author — whoever he is, or was^ says: "Numerous as the varieties of the human race are, they have aU been found classifiable under five leading ones; — ^Ist The Caucasian, or Indo-European, which extends from India into Europe and uoi-th- em Africa; 2nd The MongoUan, which occupies Northern and East- em Asia; 3rd The Malayan, which extends from the Ultra-Gangetic Peninsula into the numerous islands of the South Sea and the Pacific. 4th The Negro, chiefly confined to Africa; Sth The aboriginal Americim. Each of these is distinguished by certain general features of so mark ed a kind as to give rise to a supposition that they have had distinct or independent origins. Of these pecuUarities, color is the most con- AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 41 spicuous; the Caucasians are generally white, the MongoUans yeUow, the Negroes black, and the Americans red. The opposition of two of these in particular, white and black, is so striking, that of them, at least, it seems almost necessary to suppose separate origins." John Crawfurd, in the course of an address pubUshed in the " Transactions of the London Ethnological Society," New Series, Volume II., page 257, says: "Some writers, in thefr determination to trace all mankind to a sin gle stock, insist that the very diversity of color is itself a sufficient proof of unity, seeing that there is no broad line of demarcation be tween them . This seems to me to be no better than insisting that there is no difference between white and black, because an infinite variety of shades Ue between them . Surely there is as vride a differ ence between the color of an African Negro and an European, — be tween that of a Hindoo and a Chinese, and between that of an Aus tralian and a Red American, as there is between the different species of the same genera of the lower animals, as fot example, between the species of wolves, jackalls and foxes." Again, in the "Transactions of the London Ethnolo gical Society " — New Series, Volume II., page 251, John Crawfurd says: " Color in the different races would seem to be a character imprint ed upon them from the beginning. As far as our experience extends, neither time, cUmate, nor locaUty has produced any change. Egyp tian paintings 4,000 years old, represent the complexions of an cient Egyptians and Ethiopians much the same as those of modem Copts and modem Nubians. Scripture itseK represents the color of the last of these as unchangeable. A colony of Persians, weU known to us under the name of Parsees, settled in India about a thousand years ago, and pertinaciously abstaining from intermixture vrith the black people among whom they settled, they are now of the same complex ion with the present inhabitants of the country from which they migra ted. The miUions of African negroes that have, during three centu ries, been transported to the New World and its islands, are of the same color as the present inhabitants of the parent country of thefr forefath ers. The Spaniards and thefr descendants, who have for at least as long a time been settled in tropical America, are as fafr as the people of Arragon and Andalusia, vrith the same variety of color in the hafr and 42 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; eye as their progenitors. The pure Dutch-descended colonists of the Cape of Good Hope, after dweUing two centuries among black Caffies and yeUow Hottentots, do not differ in color from the people of HoUand." Again, in " The London Ethnological Magazine," Vol ume I., Part n., page 365, John Cravriurd says: "In color, the skin ranges from the pure clear white of the Scandi navian to the ebony black of the Congo negro. Even within the same species there is always a vride range in the complexion. The lan guage which we employ in describing the color of different species — not to Wy that it is constantly varying even in the same species — is quite inadequate to convey a clear and distinct idea of the reaUty. We use the terms black, fafr, yeUow, red, brown, nut-brown, oUve, cinnamon color, copper color, mahogany color, swarthy, sallow, coal- black, sooty-black. These terms are, in fact, but approximations to the varieties in the tints of the human complexion, which are so great, and pass so insensibly from one shade to another, as to baffle descrip tion by words and even by painting. Climate, I think it may safely be asserted, has no permanent influence in the production of color in the human complexion. It has pleased the Creator — for reasons to us inscrutable — to plant certain fefr races in the temperate regions of Europe, and there only, and certain black ones in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and Asia, to the exclusion of white ones, but it is certain that climate has nothing to do vrith the matter. The Laplanders are much darker than the Norwegians, although much nearer to the Pole, or vrith less sun. In the same latitude vrith fafr Swedes we find oUve-colored Kalmucks. At the same distance from the equator we find fafr Europeans, yeUow Chinese, red Americans, and black AustraUans. The Hindoos are black, Hindu-Chinese brown, and the Chinese yeUow, in the very same parallels of latitude. The Chinese do not vary in complexion over thirty degrees of latitude. The Hindoos of the Punjaub, thirty-five degrees distant from the equator, are as dark as those about Cape Cormorin, which is Uttie more than eight degrees from it. The Malays imder the equator are far fairer than the Hindoos, who dweU under paraUels corresponding vrith those of the south of Europe. But, to give an extreme case, these Malays of the equator are nearly of the same complexion vrith the Esquimaux of the Arctic cfrcle. In the whole New World, there was no black man, and no white one." AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 48 And now to THE HEAD. Dr. WiUiam B. Carpenter, one of the most distinguish ed physiologists of modern times, in his "Principles of Human Physiology," page 827, says: " Among the rudest tribes of men, hunters and savage inhabitants of forests, dependent for thefr supply of food on the accidental produce of the soU or on the chase, — among whom are the most degraded of the African nations, and the Australian savages — a form of head is prevalent which is most aptiy distinguished by the term Prognathous, indicating a prolongation or forward-extension of the jaws. This character is most strongly marked in the negroes of the Gold Coast, whose skulls are usually so formed as to give the idea of lateral com pression. The temporal muscles have a great extent, rising high on the parietal bones; the cheek-bones project forward, and not outward; the upper jaw is lengthened and projects forward, giving a similar pro jection to the alveolar ridge and to the teeth; and the lower jaw has somewhat of the same obUque projection, so that the upper and low er incisor teeth are set at an obtuse angle to each other, instead of be ing in nearly paraUel planes, as in the European." Dr. Hermann Burmeister, in his " Comparative Anat omy and Psychology of the African Negro," page 11, says: " If we take a profile view of the European face, and sketch its out lines, we shall find that it can be divided by horizontal lines into four equal parts — ^the first inclosing the crown of the head; the second the forehead; the thfrd the nose and ears; and the fourth the Ups and chin. In the antique statues, the perfection of the beauty of which is justiy admfred, these four parts are exactiy equal; in Uving indivi duals slight deviations occur, but in proportion as the formation of the fece is more handsome and perfect, these sections approach a ma thematical equaUty. The vertical length of the head to the cheeks is measured by three of these equal parts. The larger the face and smaller the head, the more unhandsome they become; it is especiaUy in t>iiB deviation from the normal measurement that the human fea tures become coarse and ugly." 44 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; "In a comparison of the negro head vrith this ideal, we get the surprising result that the rule vrith the former is not the equaUty of the four parts, but a regular increase in length from above dovmward. The measurement, made by the help of drawings, showed a very con siderable difference in the four sections, and an increase of that difference vrith the age. This latter pecuUarity is more significant than the mere inequaUty between the four parts of the head." Again, Dr. Burmeister, in his " Comparative Anatomy and Psychology of the African Negro," page 11, says : "The narrow, flat crown ; the low, slanting forehead; the projec tion of the upper edges of the orbit of the eye; the short, flat, and, at the lower part, broad nose; the prominent, but shghtly tumed-up Ups, which are more thick than curved; the broad, retreating chin, and the pecuUarly smaU eyes, in which so Uttle of the white eye-baU can be seen; the very smaU, thick ears, which stand off from the head; the short, crisp, wooUy hafr, and the black color of the Rkin — are the most marked pecuUarities of the negro type. The southem races, which inhabit Loanda and Benguela, have a longer nose, vrith its bridge more elevated and its wings contracted; they have, how ever, the foU Ups, whUe thefr hafr is somewhat thicker. " And now to THE HAIR. Burmeister, in his work entitled "The Black Man," page 12, says: "The hafr of the negro, when minutely examined, presents many pecuUarities. It is unquestionably the most constant characteristic of the negro conformation. Its pecuUarities never undergo any change. I have always found it equaUy black, gUstening, curly and thick. It is much stronger than that of the European, especiaUy than the Ught brown hafr of the German. The curls of the negro hafr are very smaU; each hafr describes a series of cfrcles which have a diameter of not more than three to four lines, and each hafr is sel dom more than three to four inches in length. « * • Tiie oval form of the section of a negro's hafr is an interesting feet. It is not cfrcular Uke ours, buteUiptical; it appears, therefore, unequaUy thick when viewed on different sides. This pecuUarity may give it its dis position to curL" AN INFERIOR, FELLOW DONE FOR. 45 Mayne Eeid, in his "Odd People," page 17, says : "The features of the Bushman, as weU as the Hottentot, bear a strong simUarity to those of the Chinese ; and the Bushman's eye is essentiaUy of the MongoUan type. His hafr, however, is entirely of another character. Instead of being long, straight, and lank, it is short, crisp, and curly — in reaUty, wooL Its scantiness is a charac teristic ; and, in this respect, the Bushman differs from the wooUy- hafred tribes both of Africa and Australasia." Sir John Barrow, in his " Travels into the Interior of Southem Aiica," Volume I., page 107, says: " The hafr of the Hottentot is of a very singular nature ; it does not cover the whole surface of the scalp, but grows in smaU tufts at certain distances from each other, and, when kept short, has the ap pearance and feel of a hard shoe-brush, with this difference, that it is curled and twisted into small round lumps about the size of a mar rowfat pea. When suffered to grow, it hangs on the neck in twisted tassels, not unlike some kinds of fringe. " And now to THE SKIN. Dr. John MitcheU, in a paper which he read before the Eoyal Society of London, in 1744, entitled " Colors of People," said: " The skins of negroes are of a thicker substance, and denser tex ture than those of white people, and transmit no color through them. For the truth of the first part of this proposition, we need only ap peal to our senses, and examine the skinH of negroes when separated from the body ; when not only the cutis, but even the epidermis, wiU appear to be much thicker and tougher than in white people. But because the substance and texture, especiaUy of the epidermis, is not a Uttie altered in anatomical preparations, and that in such a mea sure as to alter the texture, perhaps, on which the color depends, by boiling, soaking and peeling, let us examine the skins of negroes on thefr body ; where they vriU appear, from the foUovring considerations, to have aU the properties assigned. 1st. In bleeding, or otherwise cutting thefr skins, they feel more tough and thick than in white people. 2d. When the epidermis is separated by cantharides, or fire, it is 46 THE NEGRO, ANTHEOPOLOGICALLY CONSIDEEED; much tougher and thicker, and more difficult to raise in black than in white people. 3d. Negroes are never subject to sun-bum, or to have thefr skins bUstered by any such degree of heat, as the whites are. 4th. Though thefr skins, in some particular subjects, should not be so very thick in substance, yet in vrimter, when they are dry, and not covered with that greasy sweat which transudes through them in summer, thefr skins feel more coarse, hard, and rigid ; 5th. Thefr exemption from some cutaneous diseases, as the prickly heat, or essera, which no adult negroes are ever troubled -with, but which those of fine and thin skins are most subject to, show the thickness or caUosity of thefr skins, which are not easUy affected from sUght causes. 6th. And not only the thickness, but also the opacity of thefr slrins, vriU appear, from thefr never looking red in blushing, nor when under ardent fevers vrith intemal inflammations, nor in the measles, nor smaU-pox ; where, though the blood must be forcibly impeUed into the subcutaneous vessels, yet it does not appear through the epidermis. The Uke may be said of thefr veins ; which, though large and shaUow, yet do not appear blue, tUl the kIHti is cut." And now to THE SKULL. Sir Charles LyeU, in his late work entitled the " Anti quity of Man," page 90, says: "The average negro skuU differs from tl^atof the European in hav ing a more receding forehead, more prominent supercUiary ridges, and more largely-developed prominences and furrows for the attach ment of muscles ; the face, also, and its Unes, are larger proportion- aUy. The brain is somewhat less voluminous on the average in the lower races of mankind, its convolutions rather less compUcated, and those of the two hemispheres more symmetrical, in aU which points an approach is made to the Simian type.'' Dr. Eobert Knox, in the "Anthropological Eeview," No. n., page 268, says: "A conformation of the osteological head distinct from 611 other races characterizes the AustraUan and Tasmanian, the Esquimaux, Bosjesman, the Kaffir, the Negro, the pure Mongul, the Carib, the Peruvian. AU these races have race characters more or less marked. AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 47 and not to be observed in other races. That these races may be con verted by education into white men is, I fear, an entire delusion.'' Dr. Samuel George Morton, as quoted in Nott and GUddon's " Types of Mankind," page 321, says : "I shaU conclude these remarks on this part of the inquiry, by observing, that no mean has been taken of the Caucasian races col lectively, because of the very great preponderance of Hindoo, Egyp tian, and Fellah skuUs, over those of the Germanic, Pelasgic, and Celtic families. Nor could any just coUective comparison be insti tuted between the Caucasian and Negro groups in such a table as we have presented, unless the smaU-brained people of the latter division were proportionate in number to the Hindoos, Egyptians, and Fel lahs of the other group. Such a comparison, were it practicable, would probably reduce the Caucasian average to about eighty-seven cubic inches, and the Negro to seventy-eight at most — perhaps even to seventy-five ; and thus oonfirmatively estabUsh the difference of at least nine cubic inches between the mean of the two races." And now to THE BRAIN. Charles Hanulton Smith, in his " Natural History of the Human Species," page 126, says : "The higher order of animals, according to the investigations of M. de Sares, passes successively through the state of inferior ani mals, as it were, in transitu, adopting the characteristics that are permanentiy imprinted on those below them in the scale of organiza tion. Thus, the brain of Man excels that of any other animal, in complexity of organization, and fullness of development. But this is only attained by gradual steps. At the earUest period that it is cognizable to the senses, it appears a simple fold of nervous matter, vrith difficulty distinguishable into three parts, and having a Uttie taU-Uke prolongation, which indicates the spinal marrow. In this state it perfectly resembles the brain of an adult fish — thus assuming, in transita, the form that is permanent in fish. Shortiy after, the structure becomes more complex, the parts more distinct, the spinal marrow better marked. It is now the brain of a reptUe. The change continues by a singular motion. The corpora quadrigemina, which had hitherto appeared on the upper surfece, now pass toward the 48 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; lower ; the former is thefr permanent situation in fishes and reptUes, the latter in bfrds and mammaUa. This is another step in the scale. The compUcation increases ; cavities or ventricles are formed, which do not exist in either fishes, reptUes, or bfrds. Curiously organized parts, such as the corpora striata, are added. It is now the brain of mammaUa. Its last and final change is wanted, that which shaU render it the brain of Man, in the structure of its fuU and human de velopment. But although in this progressive augmentation of orga^ nized parts, the fuU complement of the human brain is thus attained, the Caucasian form of Man has stUl other transitions to undergo, before the complete chef d'oeuvre of nature is perfected. Thus the human brain successively assumes the form of the Negro's, the Malay's, the American's, and the MongoUan's, before it attains the Caucasian's." Again, in his " Natural History of the Human Species," page 159, Charles HamUton Smith, says : "The volume of brain in relation to the inteUectual feculties, is clearly proved by Dr. Morton's researches, who, having fiUed for this purpose the cerebral chamber of skulls, belonging to numerous specimens of the Caucasian, MongoUan, Malay, American, and Ethiopian stock, vrith seeds of white pepper, found the first the most capacious, and the Ethiopian the smaUest — though there may be some doubt whether the negro crania that served for his experiment were not, in part at least, derived from slaves of the Southem States of North America, who, being descended from mixed African tribes, and much more educated, have larger heads than new negroes from the coast." Professor Tiedemann, of Heidelberg, quoted in Nott and GUddon's " Tj-pes of Mankind," page 299, says : "The weight of the brain in an adiUt European, varies between three pounds two ounces, and four pounds sis ounces, Troy. The brain of men who have distinguished themselves by thefr great talents, are often very large. The brain of the celebrated Cu-rier weighed four pounds, eleven ounces, four drachms, thirty grains, Troy ; and that of the distinguished surgeon Dupuytren weighed four pounds ten ounces, Troy. The brain of men endowed vrith but feeble inteUectual powers, is, on the contrary, often very small, par- AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 49 ticnlarly in congenital idiotismus. The female brain is Ughter than that of the male. It varies between two pounds eight ounces, and three pounds eleven ounces. I never foimd a female brain that weighed four pounds. The female brain weighs, on an average, from four to eight oxmces less than that of the male ; and this difference is afready perceptible in a new-bom chUd." Burmeister, in his essay on " The Black man," page 10, " The brain is the most important organ for the estabUshment of the dignity of man ; and its comparative condition is, therefore, a very important consideration in forming an idea of the differences and the relations between the various human races. Soemmering has thoroughly investigated the characteristics of the negro brain. Tiedemann, the anatomist, has foUowed in the same dfrection. The result of thefr inquiries coincides vrith the previous conclusions. The brain of the negro is relatively smaller than that of the European, es peciaUy in the front part, which is caUed the larger brain. In the brain of man, as iu aU the higher animals, there are certain convolu tions, which are subject to variety in number and size. In the negro, thefr number is smaller and thefr size larger, which appears to me a fact of great importance." Dr. James Hunt, in his work entitled, " The Negro's Place in Nature," page 17, says : "With regard to the chemical constituents of the brain of the negro, Uttle that is positive is yet known. It has been found, how ever, that the grey substance of the brain of a negro is of a darker color than that of the European ; that the whole brain has a smoky tint, and that the pia mater contains bro-svn spots, which are never found in the brain of a European." Dr. Josiah Clark Nott, in Nott and GUddon's " Types of Mankind," page 189, says : ' ' Much as the success of the infent colony at Liberia is to be desfred by every true philanthropist, it is vrith regret that, whUe vrishing weU to the negroes, we cannot divest our minds of melancholy fore bodings. Dr. Morton, quoted in another chapter, has proven that the negro races possess about nine cubic inches less of brain than 3 50 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; the Teuton ; and, unless there were reaUy some facts in history, something beyond bare hypothesis, to teach us how these deficient inches could be artificiaUy added, it would seem that the negroes in Africa must remain substantially in that same benighted state, wherein Nature has placed them, and in which they have stood, ac cording to Egyptian monuments, for at least five thousand years." And now to THE EYES AND EARS. In his Pope-surpassing essay on "The Black Man," page 12, Burmeister says : "The white of the eye has, in all negroes, a yeUovrish tinge. The Ups are always brown, never red-colored ; they hardly differ in color from the skin in the neighborhood ; toward the interior edges, however, they become Ughter, and assume the dark-red fresh-color of the inside of the mouth. The teeth are very strong, and are of a glistening whiteness. The tongue is of a large size, and remarkable iu thickness. The ear is surprisingly smaU. * * * The smaU ear of the negro cannot, however, be caUed handsome ; its substance is too thick for its size. The whole ear gives the impression of an organ that is stunted in its grovrth, and its upper part stands off to a great distance from the head." And now to THE CHIN. Eipley and Dana, in their "New American Cyclopedia," Volume v., page 561, say that, "No animal but man has a chin, and even this begins to decrease in the negro races; iu aU below him the anterior arch of the lower jaw is convex verticaUy and retreating at its lower margin." And now to THE NECK. In his work entitled " The Black Man," page 10, Bur meister says: AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 51 "The thickness of the nape appears more striking in consequence of the shortness of the negro neck. * • » This shortness of neck is as much an approximation to the type of the ape as are the smaU skuU and large face of the negro, for aU the monkey tribe are short. necked. The short neck of the African gives him the necessary strength for carrying burdens upon his head, and explains his readi" ness to do so, whUe the European is less able and willing, in con sequence of his neck being both longer and weaker. " And now to THE BREASTS. John OgUby, in his " History of Africa," page 451, says: " The women of the Gold Cost are slender-bodied, and cheeilul of disposition, but have such great breasts that they can fling them over thefr shoulders, and give thefr chUdren suck that hang at thefr backs. " John Duncan, in his " Travels in Western Africa," Vol ume L, page 88, says: "In Accrah, the women's breasts are generaUy much larger and looser than those of an European, and frequently hang down as low as the waist." Henry Lichtenstein, in his " Travels in Southem Africa," Volume L, page 117, says: '• The loose, long hanging breasts, and disproportionate thickness of the hinder parts, make a Boqesman woman, in the eyes of an Euro pean, a real object of horror." And now to THE ARMS AND LEGS. Burmeister, in his matchless essay on "The Black Man," page 9, says: "From the long arm of the negro there results an ugUness that al ways adheres to him. It gives to his attitude and movements a cer tain stiff awkwardness, Uke as his flatness of foot does to his dragging 52 THE NEGRO, .VNTHROPOLOGICALLY GOXSIDEEED ; gait. The negro seems to be instinctively aware of his ugly arms, and generaUy strives to concoid thefr awkwai-d length. A black servant never stands in the presence of his master, nor a negro soldier in the presence of his officer, vrith his arms hanging down. If he is not en gaged in carrying anything, or is at repose, he is sure to have his arms folded. This attitude, which would be esteemed with us inso lent, and which a servant only assumes when at his ease by himself is universaUy taken by e veiy negro slave, male as weU as female, when ever they stand behind then- master or guests, to serve them at table. It strikes the European eye very oddly to behold, not a sUigle negro, but a whole range of them, standhig behind » table vrith thefr arms folded. I at first supposed it to be a mark of insolence, or secret Ul- humor, which seemed to express itself in the ugly black fece; but af ter a whUe I v^-as fuUy persuaded that it was nothing but the instinc tive desu-e on the pai-t of the negro to conceal from the observer as much OS possible his long black arms, which, if aUowed to hang down, would expose aU thefr ugUness to the foUest extent." Again, in his essay on "The Black Man," page 9, Bur meister says : "I need not enlarge upon the long hands, slender fingers and flat feet of the African. Any one who has ever visited a menagerie can not fail to have observed the long hand, slender fingers, long naUs, the flat foot, the deficient calf and compressed, sharp thigh of the ape, which so much resemble, in every respect, the pecuUarities of the negro. " Again, in his essay on " The Black Man, page 9, Bur meister says : "We have traced the pecuUar form of the negro in the formation of his arm and foot, and arrived at the result, that both have a rela tively greater length than the arm and foot of the Em-opean. We have found that the increase of length is not so marked in the upper portions of the exti-emities, — the arm and thigh, — as in the lower — the fore-arm and leg. as weU as the hand and foot To the greater length there are added the pecuUarities of a greater thinness, an in ferior muscular development, particularly in the thigh and calf, and an absence of the arch of the foot. It wUl be seen that aU the diver gencies of the negro from the European are so many approximations towards the type of the ape." AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 53 Again, in his essay on " The Black Man,'' page 6, Bur meister says : " The arm of the female negro is relatively longer than that of the European ; and her leg also surpasses that of the latter in length, and assumes, to a certain degree, the male type. I found the arm, from the shoulder to the elbow, relatively shorter, and the hand relatively longer, in the negress than in the European female." Again, in his essay on " The Black Man," page 6, Bur meister says : "The thigh of a foU-sized European female generaUy measures 17 inches ; the leg, from the knee to the ankle, 15 inches at the most. The negress I measured gave 17 inches for the thigh, and 15| for the leg. * From which it vriU be observed that the leg of the negro female is a Uttie longer than that of the white. In spite of this, the negress appears short-legged, in consequence of her exceedingly flat foot. In the European, vrith a regularly formed foot, the ankle rises from 2 J to 2 i inches above the ground, whUe in the nogress it does not reach higher than from H to IJ inches. Again, in his essay on " The Black Man," page 8, Bur meister says : "Prom the foot upwards the ugliness of the negro type does not diminish, but rather increases. A thin leg vrithout a calf presents an undoubtedly ugly aspect. Such a one is possessed by the negro, and especiaUy by the negro female. When you behold the leg from before, its narrowness and deficiency in muscle are especiaUy observ able. The calf is hardly apparent, and cannot, as in the European, be clearly distinguished from the muscles beneath ; it has the appear ance of being compressed lateraUy. The part of the leg below the * When Burmeister shall have more of this sort of work to do, it is definitely understood and arranged that he is to have, as a fellow-helper in the labor, an American friend, who has made special application for the privilege of assisting in the deUcate service thus anticipated, — provided that none of the subjects for admeasurement shaU, at any time, be either black or brown, but always white ! 54 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; calf, as far as the ankle, is also very thin. The whole leg appears wooden, deficient in muscle, and rudely shaped. There is none of the pecuUar sweUing contour of the European leg beneath the skin, and the skin itself appears tightly stretched upon a uniform plane. This is the more remarkable and ugly in the taUest and finest speci mens of the negro race. My servant, who was very short, but weU buUt, had a. finer calf than usual. The kitchen-maid of the house in which I Uved displayed before me every day, when she was wash ing in the court-yard or in the house, vrith her clothes hoisted, a pafr of very ugly, thin legs. I was reminded, in spite of myself of an ape, when I beheld her black legs uncovered to the knees, vrith thefr deficient roundness, thefr flat sides, and thefr meagemess of muscles. It is the same vrith the negro thigh, which is equaUy deficient in that fleshy fuUness which belongs to the weU-formed European. On a careful examination, you wUl find the thigh flattened lateraUy, thus approaching, in its conformation, the peciUiarity which distinguishes the lower animals fr-om man." Here bachelors aU, of every age. May quickly skip one Uttle page ; And if they clamor for the reason. Let them know — to ask is treason ! * And now to THE NYMCPH^. Sir John B^row, in his " Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa," Volume I., page 235, says : " The weU-known story of the Hottentot women possessing an un usual appendage to those parts that are seldom exposed to view, which belongs not to the sex in general, ridiculous as it may appear, is perfectiy true vrith regard to the Bosjesmans. The horde we met vrith possessed it in every subject, whether young or old, and vrithout the least offence to modesty, there was no difficulty in satisfying our curiosity on this point. It appeared on examination to be an elon gation, or more correctly speaking, a protrusion, of the nymphEe, or * As this is the author's flrst attempt at rhyming, he hopes to be pardoned, not meaning to offend again ! AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 55 interior labia, which were more or less extended, according to the age or habit of the person. That there is in this race of human be ings a predisposition to this anomalous formation of the parts, was obvious from its evident appearance in infants, and from its length being in general proportioned to the age of the female. The longest that was measured somewhat exceeded five inches, and this was iu a subject of middle age. Many were said to have them much longer. These protruded nymphse, coUapsed and pendent, leave the specta tor in doubt as to what sex they belong. Thefr color is that of Uvid blue, inclining to a reddish tint, not unlike the excrescence on the beak of a turkey, which indeed may serve to convey a tolerably good idea of the whole appearance, both as to color, shape and size." And now to THE PELYIS. Dr. WiUiam B. Carpenter, in his "Principles of Hu man Physiology," page 831, says : " Next to the characters derived from the form of the head, those which are founded upon the form of the pelvis seem entitled to rank. These have been particularly examined by Professors Vrolik and Web er. The former was led by his examinations of this part of the skeleton to consider that the pel-ris of the negress, and stUl more that of the female Hottentot, approximates to that of the Simial in its general configuration, especiaUy in its length and nari-ovsTiess, the iliac bones having a more vertical position, so that the anterior spines approach one another much more closely than they do in the Euro pean ; and the Sacram also being longer and narrower. On the other hand. Professor Weber concludes, from a more comprehensive survey, that no particular figure is a permanent characteristic of any one race. He groups the principal varieties which he has met vrith, according to the form of the upper opening, into oval, round, four- sided, and wedge-shaped. The first of these is most frequent in the European races ; the second among the American races ; the thfrd, most common among the MongoUan nations, corresponds remarkably vrith thefr form of head ; whilst the last chiefly occurs among the nations of Africa, and is in Uke manner conformable vrith the oblong compressed form usuaUy presented by thefr cranium." Burmeister, in his remarkable essay on " The Black Man," page 10, says: 56 THE NEGEO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; "Although the smaUer dimensions of the negro pelvis depend es sentiaUy upon the smaUer negro head, which is much smaUer in the African than in the European, they also indicate another approxima-' tion to the apes, aU of which have pelvises relatively smaller to other parts of thefr bodies, than men. The smaU musculuar development of the thigh and leg, to which I have afready aUuded, corresponds vrith the small pelvis or basin ; for where the muscles are sUghtiy de veloped, smaUer points of attachment are sufficient The pelvis, which is the chief point of attachment for the muscles bf the hip and thigh, is not requfred to be so large in the negro, whose muscles are smalL "The plane of the sacrum — ^the bone at the lowest end of the spine — should extend further down and be more steep, whenever the pelvis or basin is smaUer, in order to afford a stronger support to the intestines, which press in a downward dfrection. The pendulous beUy of the African, which has been observed by aU travelers, even when covered, is a consequence and iUustration of the conformation. I have observed it as very striking in small^ naked negro chUdren. It is another weU-marked analogy vrith the ape. The disgusting- looking protruded beUy of the orang-outang can be observed in aU the delineations of that ugly animal, and is a feature of the negro, which is an essential cause of his ugliness, and that peculiar corporal appearance which I cannot help terming beastlifce." Sir John Barrow, in his " Travels into the Interior of Southem Africa," Volume I., page 234, says, "The Bosjesmans, indeed, are amongst the ugUest of aU human beings. The flat nose, high cheek-bones, prominent chin; and con cave visage, partake much of the apish character, which thefr keen eye, always in motion, tends not to diminish. The upper Ud of this organ, as in that of the Chinese, is rounded iuto the lower on the side next the nose, and forms not an angle, as is the case in the eye of an European, but a cfrcular sweep, so that the point of union be tween the upper and lower eyeUd is not ascertainable. Thefr beUies are uncommonly protuberant, and thefr backs hoUow. * * * As a means of increasing thefr speed in the chase, or when pursued by an enemy, the men had adopted a custom, which was sufficientiy re markable, of pushing the testicles to the upper part of the root of the penis, where they seemed to remain as firmly fixed, and as convenientiy placed, as if nature had stationed them there." AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 57 And now to THE POSTERIORS. In his " Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa," Volume I., page 237, Sir John Barrow says : "The great curvature of the spine inwards, and the remarkably ex tended posteriors, are characteristic of the whole Hottentot race ; but in some of the smaU Bosjesmans they are carried to such an ex travagant degree as to excite laughter. If the letter S be considered as one expression of the Une of beauty to which degrees of approxi mation are admissible, some of the women of this nation are entitled to the first rank in point of form. A section of the body, from the breast to the knee, forms reaUy the shape of the above letter. The projection of the posterior part, in one subject, measured five inches and a half from the Une touching the spine. This protuberance con sisted entfrely of fat, and, when the woman walked, it exhibited the most ridiculous appearance imaginable, every step being accompanied vrith a quivering and tremulous motion, as if two masses of jeUy had been attached behind her. '' Dixon Denham, in his "Narrative of Travels and Dis coveries in Northern and Central Africa," Volume II., page 89, says: "The women of this part of Africa are certainly singularly gifted vrith the Hottentot protuberance. * ¦* * So much depends on the magnitude of those attractions for which their southem sisters are so celebrated, that I have known a man about to make a purchfise of one out of three, regardless of the charms of feature, tui-n their faces from him, and looking at them behind, in the vicinity of the hips, make choice of her whose person most projected beyond that of her companions." And now to THE FEET. Burmeister, in his learned essay on " The Black Man," page 7, says: "The negro foot impresses the beholder very disagreeably ; its ex- 3* 58 THE NEGRO, ANTHEOPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED ; ceeding flatness, its low heel, projecting backwards, the prominent yet flat contour of the sides, the thick bolster of fet in the frmer hol low of the foot, and the spread-out toes, serve to make it excessively ugly. * * * Here we observe at once a distinct characteristic of the lower animals. The smaUer size of the second toe, in proportion to the first, is a marked pecuUarity of the white man, and the short great toe of the negro a decided approximation to the type of the ape. This resemblance to the ape is further strengthened by the vride separation between the first and second toes of the negro foot. This is a pecuUarity which strikes only the experienced eye. It is, however, the excessively flat foot which impresses every one so dis agreeably. * * * Xou observe that that part of the negro foot presses most directly on the ground, which in the European is the most elevated, and which is so admirably adapted in the latter, for a graceful Ughtness of gait. The high heels of our boots are adapted to this natural conformation of the white foot, and serve to increase the Ughtness of step, and the natural beauty of the feet of the Euro pean. The purpose of the heels is to add to the beauty of the foot, and it may accordingly be traced fer back in the liistory of boot and shoe-making. The negro is totaUy deficient .in tbia peculiar beau{y of the arch of the foot. A popular American song charac terizes, very aptly, the want of the hoUow in the foot of the negro, thus: "De hoUow ob his foot Make a hole in de groun ! " And now to THE BLOOD. Da-rid Livingstone, in his "Missionary Travels and Eesearches in South Africa," page 548, says, ' ' The thermometer, placed upon a deal box in the sun, rose to 138° . It stood at 108° in the shade by day, and 96° at sunset If my ex periments were correct, the blood of a European is of a higher tem perature than that of an Afr-ican. The bulb, held under my tongue, stood at 100" ; under that of the natives, at 98o ." Mungo Park, in his " First Journal of an Expedition to the Niger," page 41, says, "I found his majesty sitting upon a buUock's hide, vrarming him- AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOE. 59 self before a large fire ; for the Africans are sensible bf the smaUest variation in the temperature of the afr, and fr-equently complaui of cold when a European is oppressed vrith heat Dr. James Hunt, in his work entitled " The Negro's Place in Nature," page viii, quoting from a communica tion adressed to him by one of his friends, says : "The blood of the negro, as compared vrith the blood of the white man, is vastiy dissimilar. The red corpuscles are greatly in excess, and the colorless have an extraordinary tendency to ran together ; the molecular movement vrithin the disks differs iu every respect, and when tried vrith a solution of potash, the protrusions from the ceU-waUs take every intermediate form, reverting vrith great rapidity' to the normal condition. It is an attested fact, that if there is a drop of negro blood in the system of a white person, it wUl show itself upon the scalp. The greater the proximity, the darker the hue, the larger the space ; there may not be the sUghtest taint perceptible in any other part of the body, but this spot can never be vriped out — no intervening time can ever efface it." And now to THE BONES. Sir Charles LyeU, in his " Antiquity of Man," page, 19, "Eminent anatomists have shown, that in the average proportion of some of the bones, the negro differs from the European, and that in most of these characters he makes a sUghtly nearer approach to the anthropoid quadrumana." Dr. WiUiam B. Carpenter, in his "Principles of Hu man Physiology," page 831, says : "In nearly aU the less civiUzed races of man, the Umbs are more crooked and badly-formed than the average of those of Europeans ; and this is particularly the case vrith the negro, the bones of whose legs bow outwards, and whose feet are remarkably flat. It has been generaUy beUeved, that the length of the fore-arm of the negro is so much greater than in the European, as to constitute a real character of approximation to the apes." 60 THE NEGEO, ANTHEOPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED; Charles Hamilton Smith, in his " Natural History of the Human Species," page 191, says : "Some tribes in Dongola and Sennaar have one lumbar vertebra more than the Caucasian, and the stomach corragated." Dr. James Hunt, in his work entitled " The Negro's Place in Nature," page 5, says : "The average height of the negro is less than the European, and although there are occasionaUy exceptions, the skeleton of the negro is generaUy heavier, and the bones larger and thicker in proportion to the muscles, than those of the European. The bones are also whiter, fr-om the greater abundance of calcareous salts. The thorax is generaUy lateraUy compressed, and, in thin individuals, presents a cyUndrical form, and is generaUy smaUer in proportion to the ex tremities. The extremities of the negro differ from other races more by proportion than by form : the arm generaUy reaches below the middle of the femur. The leg is on the whole longer, but is made to look short on account of the ankle being only between Ii inches to Ii inches above the ground; this character is often seen in mulat toes. " Again, in his work entitled "The Negro's Place in Nature," page vui.. Dr. James Hunt, quoting from a com munication addressed to him by one of his friends, says : ' ' The skeleton of the negro can never be placed upright. There is always a sUght angle in the legs, a greater in the thigh-bones, and stiU more in the body, until, in some instances, it curves backwards. AU the bones of the legs are flattened, and vrider than in the Euro pean ; and the arm-bones have always a tendency to faU forward, whUe the head stoops from the shoulders, and not from the neck, as in other nations. " Time and space here press me to say, that it -wiU now be convenient to notice, demonstratively, but one of the many other specific physical differences which are everj-where signaUy apparent betweeii the whites and the blacks, and which, like the battle spoken of by Job, in his rampant AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 61 description of a war horse, may always be scented afar off — and that is, THE NEGRO'S VILE AND VOMIT-PEOVOKING STENCH. Charles HamUton Smith, in his " Natural History of the Human Species," page 191, says : "Beneath the epidermis of the negro, the mucous membrane, loaded vrith a coloring matter in the bUe, causes the melanic appear ance of the skin, which varies, however, from deep saUow to intense sepia black — darkest in health ; and that color always distinctiy affects the extemal glands. 'It is likevrise the source of an overpower ing offensive odor, spreading through the atmosphere, when many are congregated in the hot sun." Eichard F. Burton, iu his book of travels, entitled "The Lake Eegions of Central Africa," page 89, says : "The sebaceous odor of the skin, among all these races, is over powering, and is emitted vrith the greatest effect during and after excitement, whether of mind or body." Dr. Burmeister, in his masterly essay on the slavish "Black Man," page 12, says : "In the examination of the negro body, I cannot venture to pass vrithout notice a disagreeable property which it possesses, and which always produces disgust on the part of the European, in his inter course vrith colored people. I allude to the disagreeable smeU emitted by thefr perspiration. AU individuals do not possess it in an equal degree, and it can be diminished, but never completely de stroyed, by cleanliness. The more the negro perspfres, the more apparent the odor becomes. " What are the facts estabUshed by the numerous and eclectic testimonies here adduced ? Most conclusive have been the proofs, that the negro, as already stated, is a grossly inferior man, of separate and distinct origin ; and that, from the hair of his head to the extremities of his hands and feet, every part of him, however large, or how- 62 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICiLLY CONSIDERED; ever smaU, whether internal or external, whether physi cal or mental, or moral, loses in comparison with the white, much in the same ratio or proportion as dai-kness loses in comparison -with Ught, or as evU loses in com parison with good. In absolute dissimUarity of nature, and in point of superiority, the Caucasian differs quite as much from the African, as does the Horse from the Ass ; the Sheep from the Goat ; the Dog fi-om the Wolf ; the Tiger from the Cat ; the Eat from the Mouse ; the Whale from the Por poise ; the Halibut from the Herring ; the Lobster from the Craw-fish ; the Eagle from the Hawk ; the Owl from the Screech-owl ; the Macaw from the Parrot ; the ^Mar- tin from the Swallow ; the Swan from the Goose ; the Duck from the GuU ; the Butterfly from the Moth ; the Bee from the Bug ; the Alligator from the Lizard ; the Turtle fi'om the Tortoise ; the Anaconda from the Cop perhead ; or the Eel from the Earthworm. Now come I to a subject of somewhat novel imports ance, a subject which has occupied my attention for a great while, and one for the discussion of which, it is be Ueved, the present is a suitable time. I aUude to the presence of so many negroes in our cities and to-wns — ¦ places where not one of them should ever be permitted to reside at aU ; and if I shall succeed, as I hope and be Ueve I shall, in presenting such a combination of facts and arguments as wiU demonstrate the propriety of re moving them aU into the country (tf far and forever be yond the limits of the Ignited States, so much the better.) I shall regard it as evidence complete, that these Unes have been judiciously penned. In this Ufe, it not unfrequently happens that we find things out of their proper place. If careless servants — and none are so careless as negroes — leave the parlor AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 63 encumbered with uncouth utensUs, with greasy vessels, or with rusty implements, our sense of the fitness of things is at once shocked, and we immediately give orders for the removal of the unseemly articles. People, too, are very often found beyond the pale of their proper sphere. For instance : the population of every city is composed of a greater or less number of UUterate poor persons; but those who are best acquainted with the world and its ways, know very weU, that cities, even in the very best parts of the earth, are notedly unpropitious places for poverty and ignorance. It may, I think, be safely assumed that, as a general rule, no person ought to be admitted as a resident of any city, unless he can readUy command one of two things, namely. Capital or Talent. Of these two indispensable requisites, the negro can command neither the one nor the other; he should, therefore, never be aUowed to Uve in any situation, or under any circumstances, within the corporate limits of any city or town. With few exceptions, aU sane white persons have suffi cient tact to render themselves useful in some manner or other, to gain an honorable Uvelihood, and to add something to the general stock of human achievements. If their minds can accompUsh nothing in the domains of science, their hands may be rewarded in the fields of art. If they cannot invent labor-saving machines, they can make dupUcates of such as have already been invented. If they cannot enrich and embeUish their country by buUding factories, stores, warehouses, hotels, and banks, they can always fiU situations in such estabUshments, with profit to themselves, and with advantage to others. The negro can do none of these things. On the contrary, he is, indeed, a very inferior, duU, stupid, good-for- nothing sort of man. Past experience proves positively 64 THE NEGEO, ANTHEOPOLOGICALLT CONSIDEEED J that he is not, and never has been, susceptible of a high standard of improvement. His capacities have been fully and frequently tested, and have always been found sadly deficient. To the neglect of a large and meritorious class of our own race, we have made numerous experiments in favor of the worthless negro. We have eamestiy endeavored, time and again, to infuse into the brain of the benighted black a ray of intellectual Ught, to teach him trades and professions, and to prepare him for the discharge of higher duties than the common drudgeries of every-day life. Thus far, however, all our efforts in his behalf have proved abortive; and so -wUl they continue to prove, so long as he remains what he always has been, and stiU is — a negro. Further attempts, on our part, to elevate bim to a rank equal to that held by the white man, would certainly betray in us an extraordinary and unpardon able degree of foUy and obtuseness. Just as impossible is it for us to divest the negro of his foul and betattered garb of inferiority, and to raise him to a position of equaUty among men of European descent, as it is for us to transform the Baboon into a GoriUa; the Lynx into a Lion; the Gemsbok into a Eeindeer; the Opossum into a Kangaroo; or the Ground-squirrel into a Eabbit. Variety, indeed, seems to have been a paramount con dition of the creation; and we may honestly and reason ably doubt whether any two things, animate or inani mate, have ever yet been found, or ever wiU be found, exactly aUke. Whether we look into the animal, the vegetable, or the mineral kingdom, we observe, em blazoned before us, in every direction, the greatest diversity in size, in shape, and in color. There are numerous species of quadrupeds, birds, insects, fishes, and reptUes; and why, why, forsooth, should there not AN INFERIOR FELLOW DONE FOR. 65 also be different and distinct races of men ? Has there been fixed — and if so, how? why? where? when? and by whom? — has there been fixed a Umitation to the power of the Almighty ? In augmentation of his own good pleasure, God caUed into existence the Mastodon and the Mole; the Condor and the Cuckoo; the Cricket and the Cockchafer; the Shad and the Sardine; the Boa Constrictor and the Coluber — ^but were all of these, or were any two of them, created equal? Examine the Oak and the Ash; the Apple and the Quince; the Melon and the Gourd; the Beet and the Turnip; the Wheat and the Eye — were all of these, or were any two of them, created equal ? Look at the Diamond and the Topaz; the Gold and the Silver; the Granite and the Limestone; the SoU and the Clay — ^were aU of these, or were any two of them created equal ? Look up also at the vast and variegated vault, the brilUantly bejeweled foundation of heaven, that adorns the night; see Jupiter and PaUas; Saturn and Ceres; Uranus and Vesta; Sirius and Phecda, Arcturus, and Mirfak; Eigel and Kocab — ^were aU of these, or were any two of them, created equal? No, no; by no means. " One star differeth from another star in glory;" and every man in the world differs from every other man, in stature, in weight, in color, in physiognomy, in strength of body, or in power of mind. Negroes are, in truth, so far inferior to white people, that, for many reasons consequent on that inferiority, the two races should never inhabit the same community, city, nor state. The good which accrues to the black from the privUeges of social contact with the white, is more than counterpoised by the evUs which invariably overtake the latter when brought into any manner of regular feUowship with the former. 66 THE NEGRO, ANTHEOPOLOGICALLT CONSIDEEED; Whatever determination may be come to with regard to a final settlement or disposition of the negroes — whether it be decided to colonize them in Africa, in Mexico, in Central America, in South America, or in one or more of the West India Islands, or elsewhere beyond our present limits; ' or whether they be permitted to re main (a whUe longer) in the United States — ^it is to be sincerely hoped that there may be no important division of opinion as to the expediency of soon removing them aU from the cities and towns. A city is not, by any means, a suitable place for them. They are positively unfit for the performance of in-door duties. Sunshine is both congenial and essential to their natures; and they ought not to be employed or retained in situations that could be so much more advantageously fiUed by white people. One good white person wUl, as a general rule, do from two to five times as much as a negro, and wUl, in addition, always do it with a great deal more care, cleanUness and thoroughness. A negro or a negress in or about a white man's house, no matter where, or in what capacity, is a thing monstrously improper and in decent. By removing aU the negroes into the country, our agri cultural districts would receive a large addition of labor ers, and, consequently, the quantity of our staple pro ducts, cotton, corn, wheat, sugar, rice, and tobacco, would be greatly increased. Crowds of enterprising white people would flock to our cities and towns, fiU the vacan cies occasioned by the egress of the negroes, and give a fresh and powerful impetus to commerce and manufac tures. The tides of both domestic and foreign immigra tion, which have been moving westward for so long a period, would also soon begin to flow southward, and everywhere, throughout the whole length and breadth AN INFEEIOE FELLOW DONE FOE. 67 of our land, new avenues to various branches of profit able industry would be opened. Let it not be forgotten, however, that this proposition does not contemplate any permanent settlement of the negroes, even in the agricultural districts of our country. Only a temporary accommodation of the case is here held in view. Perhaps the best thing that we could do just now, would be to take immediate and complete possession of Mexico, (we shaU acquire the whole of North America, from Behring's Strait to the Isthmus of Darien, by and by, ) and at once push the negroes — every one of them — south of the Eio Grande. On no part — to say the least — on no part of the territory of the United States, as at present organized, should any but the pure white races ever find permanent domicUe. Now comes the last, not the least, reason why I advo cate the removal of the negroes from the cities and towns. I beUeve that the TeUow Fever (which is only another name for the African Fever) and other epidemic diseases — ^those terrible scourges which have so signaUy retarded the gro-wth of Southem seaports — have, to a very great degree, been induced by the pecuUarly obnoxious filth engendered by the black population. Who has ever heard of the yeUow fever prevaiUng to an alarming ex tent in any city or state inhabited almost exclusively by white people? How fearfuUy, how frequently, does it rage in such despicable, negro-cursed communities as Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, MobUe and New Orleans ! Only from the base-colored races is it, as a rule, that we are oveirwhelmed and prostrated by -wide-spread con tagions and epidemics. Even the cattle-plague, the mur rain among sheep, and other fatal distempers to which our domestic animals are subject, have almost invariably had their origin in the countries which are inhabited by 68 THE NEGEO, ANTHEOPOLOGICALLT CONSIDEEED; the blacks and the browns, who are themselves but the rickety-framed and leprous remnants of those unworthy races of men who have been irrevocably doomed to des truction. This is a subject which deserves far greater attention and treatment than can be bestowed upon it at the present time. Merely by way of suggestion, it must suf fice to say, on this occasion, that, when the pure Cau casian races shaU have become the exclusive occupants of aU those vast territories, both east and west (with a ¦wide range both north and south) of the Bosphorus — territories comprised within the boundaries of at least two great continents — and when the last individual of the negro race shaU have been fossilized, then, but not tiU then, may we look for complete exemption from Asiatic Cholera on the one hand, and from African Fever — ^in other words, YeUow Fever — on the other. It is, indeed, fuUy and firmly beUeved that the only way to get rid of yeUow fever is to get rid of the negroes; and the best way to get rid of the negroes is now the particular question which, of aU other questions, should most eamestiy engage the undivided attention of the American people. StrUimgly apparent is it that the negro is a feUow of many natural defects and deformities. The -wretched race to which he belongs exhibits, among its several mem bers, more cases of lusus naturce than any other. Sel dom, indeed, is he to be seen except as a preordained em bodiment of uncouth grotesqueness, malformation, or aUments. Not only is he cursed with a black complexion, an apish aspect, and a vvooUy head; he is also rendered odious by an intolerable stench, a thick skuU, and a booby brain. An accurate description of him calls into requisition a larger number of uncompUmentary terms AN INFEEIOE FELLOW DONE FOE. 69 than are necessary to be used in describing any other creature out of tophet; and it is truly astonishing how many of the terms so pecuUarly appropriate to him are compound words of obloquy and detraction. The night-bom ogre stands before us; we observe his low, receding forehead; his broad, depressed nose; his stammering, stuttering speech; and his general actions, evidencing monkey-like Uttleness and imbecUity of mind. By close attention and examination, we may also discover in the sable individual before us, if, indeed, he be not an exception to the generality of his race, numerous other prominent defects and deficiencies. Admit that he be not warp-jawed, maffle-tongued, nor tongue-tied, is he not skue-sighted, blear-eyed, or blobber-Upped ? If he be not wry-necked, wen-marked, nor shoulder-shotten, is he not stiff-jointed, hump-backed, or hoUow-belUed? If he be not slab-sided, knock-kneed, nor bow-legged, is he not (to say the least) spindle-shanked, cock-heeled, or flat-footed? If he be not maimed, halt, nor bUnd, is he not feverish -with inflammations, festerings, or fungosities ? If he be not afflicted -with itch, blains nor bUsters, does he not squirm under the pains of boUs, bums, or bruises ? If he be not the chUd of contusions, sprains, nor disloca tions, is he not the man of scalds, sores, or scabs ? If he be not an endurer of the aches of pneumonia, pleurisy, nor rheumatism, does he not feel the fatal exacerbations of rankUng wounds, tumors, or lUcers? If he be no complainer over the cramps of coughs, coUcs, nor con stipation, doth he not deeUne and droop under the dis comforts of dizziness, dropsy, or diarrhoea? If he be no sufferer from hemorrhoids, erysipelas, nor exfoUation, is he not a victim of goitre, intumescence, or paralysis ? If he experience no inconvenience from gum-rash, cholera- morbus, nor moon-madness, doth he not -wince under 70 THE NEGEO, ANTHEOPOLOGICALLT CONSIDEEED; the pangs of the hip-gout, the tape-worm, or the muUi- grubs ? If he be free from idiocy, insanity, or syncope, is he not subject to fits, spasms, or convulsions ? Aye, in almost every possible respect, he is a person of iU-pro- portion, blemish and disfigurement; and no truer is it that the Turk (in Europe) is the sick man of the East, than that the negro (in America) is the sick man of the West. Neither the one nor the other -wUl ever recover. The malady of each is absolutely incurable. Both are doomed to take upon themselves — and that very soon — the cold and inanimate condition of complete fossUiza- tion. Shabbiness and droUery of dress, and awkwardness of gait, are also notable characteristics of the negro. Fault less garments, and weU-shaped hats and shoes, are things that are never found upon his person. Once or t-wice a year he buys (or begs) a suit of second-hand clothing; but seldom does he wear any article of apparel more than two or three weeks before the outer edges of the same become ragged; then unsightly holes and shieds and patches foUow in quick succession — and the slovenly and sUpshod tatterdemaUon is as contented and mirth ful as a merrymaking monkey. As for the negro's repulsive complexion, his curse- incurring color, his hideous blackness — than which there can be no greater contrast in comparison with the white man, nor one more adverse to the negro — ^that is a sub ject which wiU be treated more elaborately in the next succeeding chapter. Nor is the blackness of the negro the only black thing that wOl be examined -within the scope and compass of these pages. Blackness, whether it attaches to things animate or in animate, is, in most cases, the brand (in other words, the indication and the evidence) of a vUe and infamous qual- AN INFEEIOE FELLOW DONE FOE. 71 ity; and of this important but somewhat infant fact, a thorough exposition shaU be made. Afterward, having emerged from the filthy and pestiferous fogs of Blackness, the reader shaU have revealed to him, in unmistakable prominence, the enrapturing beauties and glories of Whiteness — ^beauties and glories which shaU fiU his heart fuUer of deUght than was the heart of Moses of old, when, from Mount Nebo, one of the peaks of Pisgah, he was graciously permitted to behold the promised land. Among other black monstrosities which shaU be herein arraigned for castigation, is a high-handed assemblage of conspirators against pubUc rights, pubUc morals, pubUc safety, pubUc interests, and public decency, now (or but recently) organized in the good city of Washington — a sectional and seditious assemblage, which shaU be everywhere stigmatized and detested, in aU fu ture time, as the Black Congress. Without an open and complete renouncement of aU past errors, conjoined with a fuU and solemn promise of better behavior hereafter, few members of the Black Congress, whether Senators or Eepresentatives, should ever again be elevated to any office, whether national or municipal, or of any other grade or nature whatever, within the gift of the Ameri can people. The whys and the vvherefores of this just and necessary stricture on the Black Congress, toge ther -with numerous other weighty and relevant considera tions, shaU be brought forward and adequately explained in due time. It must be by the election to office of better men than those who compose the majority of the Black Congress, that the Black Congress itself, and other black abomina tions', shaU be constrained, sooner or later-^the sooner the better — to terminate their pernicious existence. Who are some of the better men here referred to — ^men of 72 THE NEGEO, ANTHEOPOLOGICALLT CONSIDEEED ; real might and merit, whom, to the exclusion of others less able and less worthy, we should place and retain in the very highest positions of honor and trust? These are some of them — some of the best; — not Black Eepub- Ucans of low and groveUng instincts, but White Eepub- Ucans of godUke aspirations and purposes : Charles Francis Adams, of Massachusetts. William H. Seward, of New York. Eeverdy Johnson, of Maryland. Joseph Holt, of Kentucky. George Bancroft, of New York. Hugh MoCulloch, of Indiana. Edward Bates, of Missouri. Montgomery Blair, of Maryland. William Pitt Fessenden, of Maine. David Dudley Field, of New York. Bartholomew F. Moore, of North Carolina. Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky. John A. Bingham, of Ohio. Henry J. Eaymond, of New York. Joshua Hill, of Georgia. John Pool, of North Carolina. James E. Doolittle, of Wisconsin. Oliver H. BROvramo, of Illinois. John Minor Botts, of Virginia. Thomas E. Bramlette, of Kentucky. Edwin M. Stanton, of Pennsylvania. Edwin D. Morgan, of New York. James Guthrie, of Kentucky. WiLLLiM Aiken, of South Carolina. Edgar Cowan, of Pennsylvania. James E. English, of Connecticut. John B. Henderson, of Mssouri. Francis H. Peirpont, of Virginia. AN INFEEIOR FELLOW DONE FOE. 73 Edwaeds Peeehepost, of New York, James Dixon, of Connecticut. EiEERSON Etheeidge, of Tennessee. Ai.yRFn DooKBBY, of North Carohna. AiiEXANDEE W. Eandall, of Wisconsin. Daniel S. Norton, of Minnesota.* Is it remarked I3iat this Hst is not lengthened nor en- * It may not be amiss for me to state here, that not one of the gentlemen mentioned in the foregoing list — a Ust embrac ing some of the -wisest and worthiest statesmen now Uving in the world — ^is aware of the Uberty which I have thus taken; nor does any one of them possess any knowledge whatever of any desire or purpose on my part to publish this book; nor yet wfll any one of them know aught about it until after it shall have come complete from the hands of the publisher. Had they not been among the very ablest and best men of America, the complimentary attention and prominence which have here - been accorded to their names, would have been withheld. At the same time, I may also declare, that vrith the exception of the quotations which, as sach, are clearly and unmistakably designated, I alone am responsible for every sentiment and expression herein contained. It ia my pleasure to make this declaration, because, feeling an interest in the exact identifi cation of American writers, I am unwilling that the authorship of any work written by myself, however esteemed on the one hand, or however disesteemed on the other, should ever be attributed to any one else. It is, no doubt, weU remembered how generally, some years ago, the authorship of my "Im pending Crisis of the South," was alternately and absurdly accredited to James Gordon Bennett, Horace Greeley, John Sherman, Dr. Jones, Abraham Lincoln, and others ! These siDy reports were in keeping with the floods of lamentable follies, of almost every Mnd, which prevailed so -sridely and so banefnily dnring the weak and -wicked Presidency of one James Buchanan. H. K. H. 4 74 THE NEGEO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLT CONSIDEEED; larged by the presentation of any name or names distin guished in the annals of war? — and why? Purposely has the -writer refrained from the mention of such names, because he is firmly fixed in the beUef that the spirit and the genius of genuine repubUcan government (the most rational and befitting form of government for the peace and prosperity of aU truly enUghtened and magnanimous peoples) require that the mihtary authorities should al ways, and everywhere, be held subordinate to the civil. God knows how greatly the author's heart glows with gratitude to Grant, Sherman, Thomas, Canby, and oth ers, for their heroic achievements in suppressing the Slaveholders' EebeUion ; but, in doing that, they, Uke mUUons of other loyal and patriotic citizens, only did their duty to their country; and their services have al ready been appropriately acknowledged and rewarded. If, then, we are to depart so far from the true princi ples of repubUcan government as to have mUitary Presi dents and mUitary Governors,— which, in his kind and watchful care over our country, may the great God forbid! — ^the grave responsibUity of emblazoning their names in such connections shall, under no consideration whatever, rest -with the writer hereof But for the fact of their being Generals, there are, per haps, few men in aU the United States more worthy of the Presidency than John A. Dix, of New York, George H. Thomas, of Virginia, and Nathaniel P. Banks, of Mas sachusetts. So, too, it was only whUe he was a Colonel that, in regard to the Chief Magistracy, there could be no serious objection to the valiant John Charles Fre mont. Now, however, that he has become a General, and the place for the General is the tented field (or that better and more beautiful field of glory, the com-field!) —let us no longer think nor speak of him, nor of any AN INFEEIOE FELLOW DONE FOE. 75 other General, for the high and peace-promoting office of President. Besides, it is currently rumored that one of the mUi tary celebrities, — not the last one just mentioned, — whose name has been occasionally spoken of in connec tion -with the White House, is a Eoman CathoUc ; and if this be true, a fact so entirely at variance wit^ the real character of an American Eepublican, a fact so palpably inconsistent with the vigorous and lofty aims of a New World gentleman, a fact so obviously unaccordant with the dignified quaUties and bearing of high-principled manhood, wiU certainly not faU to frustrate the disingen uous and Jesuitical influences which may be used for his unworthy promotion. Let CathoUcism take itseK back to the very darkest of the Dark Ages, to the primordial and musty periods of the Hindoos, whence it came ; or to the monarchic and other despotic powers of our own time, where, as a diminisher and enslaver of the minds of the masses, it is always sure to find a most hearty wel come. In repubUcs, however, it has, and can have, no legitimate business, if, indeed, it can have legitimate busi ness anywhere ; and not a whit more, not a moment sooner, should it be tolerated on the one hand, than Mor- monism or Mohammedanism should be tolerated on the other. In the future, therefore, as in the past, let us, for the most part, keep the United States of America under the direction of our ablest and best civUians ; and with Peace and Justice for our guides, (and with the negroes, Indi ans, and aU the other inferior and effete races weU fossil ized in the background,) we shaU not be long in unfold ing to the world the unsurpassable greatness and gran deur and glory of a vast and indissoluble commonwealth. What more shall be said of that morbid-minded fac- 76 THE NEGRO, tion of inveterate grumblers and growlers in our coun try, that fanatical cabal of white men, whose inexpUcable preference for the negro is at once unnatural, wrong, ab surd and ridiculous ? Very justly have these monsters been stigmatized as Black EepubUcans. Let that stigma rest upon them forever. It is an appropriate designation of black-hearted criminals, whose black crime is black treason to a superior race ! Let us stoutly protest, how ever, against the wholesale and atrocious misappUcation of this term to those who, in no manner, deserve it. All the sound and alert patriots who voted for Fremont in 1866, and aU the ardent lovers of their country who sup ported Lincoln for the Presidency in 1860, and again in 1864, were, without discrimination, most viUainously be rated and denounced as Black EepubUcans. In truth, however, a very large majority of aU those who, at different times, cast their suffrages for the two gentlemen just named, so far from having been Black EepubUcans, were, in the highest and best sense of a bet ter term, White EepubUcans. StUl, that the country has been, for a great while past, and is even yet, grievously infested with Black EepubUcans, of the very rankest and meanest sort, cannot be denied. Just now, especiaUy, there is a most foul and flagrant fullness of Black Eepub Ucans in the Black Congress. No Black Congress would there ever have been, in fact, but for the Black EepubU cans who compose it, and from whom alone it has de rived its black and base existence. Yet there remains to the good people of the United States this cheering con solation, that the usurpatory and tyrannical legislative assemblage now (or but recently) in session at the city of Washington, which, for the most part, has been so ap propriately denominated the Black Congress, is not en tirely black, nor altogether usurpatory and tyrannical AN INFERIOR J'ELLOW DONE FOR. 77 A few exceUent men, — White EepubUcans, of great abU ity and worth, — some of whose names may be found in the foregoing list, are also in that assemblage ; and to these, and to those who wUl faithfully and unswervingly cooperative with them, must we look for the final and complete salvation of America. Black EepubUcans, banded together cheek by jole in a Black Congress, are the shameless advocates and enact ors of Negro Bureau BiUs, Negro Suffrage BUls, and nu merous other bUls of most abominable blackness and infamy. They are also the unblushing and despotic framers of military estabUshments in times of peace. The very least that can be truthfuUy said of them is, that they are a frenzied faction of rough-shod overriders of the Constitution. White EepubUcans, on the other hand, are the hearty supporters of such measures as have for their object the rightful recognition of nature's laws ; and for this reason they are always careful to keep them selves placed in a position of uncompromising opposition to the base efforts of the Black EepubUcans, whose de testable and atrocious poHcy, if siiccessfuUy carried out, would have a tendency to degrade the heaven-born and high-souled Caucasian down to the low level of the African. If, therefore, we are to be additionaUy disgTaced in the United States by the continued existence, intrigues and wrangling of a Black EepubUcan party, we should at once thoroughly organize (for the irretrievable discom fiture and prostration of these and aU other negrophil- ists) a White EepubUcan party. During many years past, much have we heard of Eed EepubUcans in Paris, and also of Black EepubUcans in Boston. More things and better things than it was possible for us ever to hear of either or both of these, are we soon to hear of White EepubUcans in and throughout every State and Territory of the American Union. 78 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDEEED; Why is Massachusetts a greater State than South Car oUna ? Because, whUe Massachusetts is inhabited chiefly by industrious and enterprising white people. South Car olina is burdened by a large and lazy commonalty of mean-spirited and good-for-nothing blacks. Why is New York a greater State than Virginia? Because, whUe New York is white -with Anglo-Saxons and Anglo-Ameri cans, Virginia is black -with Congo negroes and Guinea niggers. Why is Pennsylvania a greater State than North Carolina ? Because, whUe Pennsylvania is blessed -with a population of heaven-descended and heaven-des tined Caucasians, North Carolina is cursed -with a ten antry of heU-hatched and heU-doomed Ethiopians. How may Kentucky become as great a State as Ohio? By waiting untU Nature shaU have sho-wn aU the Kentucky Quashees and Dinahs the way into the Mammoth Cave, or into some other vast subterranean cavity, or into the whirlpools of the Mississippi, or into the labyrinthian wUderness of some foreign country, and then by being very particular not to show any of them the way out again, and by filling their places -with a race of mankind, — a white race, — fit to Uve longer upon the earth. Great States are made up only of white men, white. women and white chUdren ; and nations generaUy are powerful and important only in proportion to their free dom from admixture with swarth-complexioned bipeds. Would we of the South, in emulation of the bright and noble examples set us by our White EepubUcan brothers of the North, foster the development of great common wealths, great cities, and great enterprises ? To white emigrants, then, from every part of the kno-wn world, but more especially from the eastern and northern sec tions of our own country, must we open -wide our en trance-gates and front-doors, and give to the new comers AN INFEEIOE FELLOW DONE FOR. 79 warm and sincere salutations and welcome. In the first place, however, it behooves us to open at once, for the speedy and peU-meU exit of aU the negroes, Indians, and bi-colored hybrids, every back-door in our land ; and to assist them to retire, totaUy and forever, to some appro priate nook or corner, where, — if, indeed, there be such a nook or comer in any part of the universe, — their pres ence may not be generaUy and justly considered a most consummate and unmitigated nuisance. Less than ten thousand mUes from the place where these Unes are penned, a lady and gentleman were recent ly wedded. Prior to their marriage, certain rules and regulations, by which they were to be more or less gov erned in aU the future of their earthly existence, were weU defined, understood, and agreed upon. Among these matters of mutual agreement was one that, under no circumstances whatever, was any negro, Indian, nor bi-colored hybrid, whether bond or free, old or young, male or female, ever to find either service or welcome within any house or other buUding, or upon any foot of land, or on or about any ship or other vessel or thing whatsoever, whether at sea or elsewhere, over which it might be their prerogative to exercise control. These rules and regulations, as adopted by the couple in ques tion, have been, and -wUl always continue to be, rigidly observed. As a 'matter of high and sacred duty to their own su premely blessed race, not as an act of harsh dealing to ward those upon whom Nature has been pleased to fast en the curse of foul and fatal blackness, every white man and every white woman in the world, whether married or unmarried, ought at once to subscribe to rules and regu lations simUar to those above mentioned, and to be al ways and unde-riatingly governed by them. Under such 80 THE NEGRO, ANTHROPOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. an efficacious and salutary White EepubUcan poUcy as is thus faintly foreshadowed, we may soon look for the ig nominious ^nafe of Black EepubUcan foUy. Faithful ad herence to the same poUcy -wUl also soon rid us of the negroes themselves, and Ukewise of aU the other base-col ored, base-blooded and base-minded species of mankind, whose pernicious presence, in any place inhabited by white people, is a thousand times worse than a threefold pestUence. Particular portions of the subsoUs of America are kno-wn to possess special affinities for coaZ-black mater ials; and other portions for co^sper-colored substances. These respective subterranean locahties are also remark able for possessing certain attrahent and fossilizing pro perties, which, with a power far greater than that of the loadstone, manifest a nature-implanted destiny to attract and overclod aU jet-black and kUlow-colored bipeds. PossUization then — speedy and complete fossilLzation — is aUke the doom of the negro, the Indian, and the bi-col ored hybrid. If, in his great mercy and kindness, God •wiUs it, let every one of these reprobate creatures be fossUized to-morrow — in which case, the delectable da-wn of the mUlennium -wiU be less than two days distant ! CHAPTEE IL BLACK ; A THING OF UGLINESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. Black is the badge of lieU, the hue of Dungeons, and the sco-wl of night. — Shakspeare, If the world -were intended for a house of mourning, every flower would bo painted black; every bird would be a crow or a buzzard; the ocean would be ojio vast ink pot; a black veil would be drawn over the face of heaven, and an ever lasting string of crape hung around the borders of creation. — Eclectic Magazine. July, 1863. Of the negro race, it may fairly be said, that it is the one most likely to have had an independent origin: seeing that it is a type so peculiar in an inveterate black color, and so mean In development— FesMges of Creation, page US. To men of acute and weU-balanced perceptive faculties, no fact in nature can be more obvious than that Black is a thing of universal Ul-omen and detestation. Every where, also, is it plainly observable, that the displeasing and repulsive characteristics of blackness are affixed to faulty and efiete things in general, and to the negroes in particular. These black persons and things (aU of them, without any manner of exception) have been irrevocably foredoomed to utter destruction. Why is this ? For the same reason that anything is as it is — simply because God himself, in his infinite -wisdom and power and jus tice, has so decreed it. Black, indeed, is a most hatable thing ; and it is quite as natural and right, for white people at least, to hate black, as it is for the angels in heaven to abhor hideous Satan, or for bachelors on the earth to love pretty maids. He who is the Creator and the Euler, the Upholder and the Disposer, of the heavens and the earth and the seas, and of aU the things that therein are — of every thing in the universe, both great and smaU — -wUl be exact in requiring of us perfect falfiUment of aU the conditions 82 BLACK ; of our being. In no manner, in no degree, may we, with impunity, shirk the obUgations, whether altogether as we would -wish them or otherwise, which he hath imposed upon us. What he hath made for us to love, that we must love ; and what he hath made for us to hate, that we must hate. If , in a spirit of rebeUion against the laws of nature, we love the negroes and other black things, we shaU thereby only gain the low distinction of gratifying the devU ; but if, on the other hand, assuming attitudes of antagonism toward the imps of Africa, toward the prince of darkness, and toward aU the other monstrous rep resentatives of blackness and abomination, "we hate them with perfect hatred," as they deserve to be hated, and as we are required and expected to hate them, we shaU thereby render highly acceptable and pleasing service to the Deity ; and, continuing to please him, -wUl secure for ourselves unlimited and everlasting feUcity in heaven. During the myriads of ages which have elapsed since the first appearance of animal Ufe, certain genera and species of creatures pecuUar to each grand cycle, have, •without intermission of time, and independently of their o-wn election, been endowed with both the means and the irresistible incUnation to exterminate others. So steadUy and extensively has this natural process of extermina tion affected sentient (or once sentient) beings, that there is much reason for beUeving that the earth and the ocean contain, to-day, the fossUs of at least as many fami lies and varieties of formerly numerous but now entirely extinct organisms, as are known to exist in fuU -vigor at the present period. From the apphcation of this fossUizing law of nature, only the more favored branches of the white races of A THING OF UGUNESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 83 mankind can, thus far, truthfuUy claim to have 'enjoyed exemption — and even the more meritorious and tenacious of these, after the lapse of eighty-nine miUions of years, more or less, may, and probably -wUl, be superseded by other white races, as fax superior to those of the present, as those of the present are superior to the Orang-outangs and the Hottentots. We may not, in this particular place, speak of the numerous aboriginal tribes of Palestine, and other coun tries of the Old World, who, according to oft-quoted and weU-received authority, have been totaUy " cut off from the face of the earth ;" but we may here, with unques tioned propriety, invite attention to the cheering fact, that, under the operations of the great law of nature just mentioned — a law of which we white people have, in so great a measure, been made the executors — no less than one hundred miUions of American InqUans have already found, at the depth of five or six feet beneath the soil, their appropriate and final resting-place. Just so many of these worthless creatures as stUl survive — whether they survive in North America, in Central America, in South America, or in the islands adjacent— are now (hav ing already arrived at the very doors of the house of death) rapidly learning, Uke aU the Indians in other parts of the world, how specificaUy this law was framed for them. Under the operations of the same law, four teen miUions of negroes on this side of the Atlantic, and fifty-five mUUons on the other side, -wUl soon be taught that the time aUotted for their tenancy above ground is now fast expiring, and that they, too, must aU speedUy depart for "The undiscovered country, from whose bomme No traveller returns." Strange it is, however, passing strange, that in the 84 BLACK ; face of aU the manifest and irrefragable e-vidences of nature's abhorrence of Black, there are men, in the United States, white men, men reputed to be possessed of highly cultivated minds, men occupying exalted posi tions of honor and trust — such men, for instance, as those who compose the majority of the Black Congress — ^who, nevertheless, persist in the nocent and notorious non sense of attempting to ignore and conceal the noisome nigritude of the negroes. " No antipathy to color," say they, " no hatred nor exclusion of the negroes because of their blackness." Indeed! Ah! Umph! So! Then let us at once do away -with aU our antipathy to snakes I Let us cease to hate fiends ! and, from the firesides of our famUies, let there be no further exclusion of courte sans! Nor is it men only, who, -with the unreasoning tongues of parrots, are, ever and anon, clamorously and prepos terously prating about the aversion to color, and who, at the same time, are most -wrongfuUy stri-ving to paUiate the baneful blackness of the negro. Women also, or rather a species of sexless creatures in petticoats — ^human hermaphrodites in female garb — have, in Uke manner, begun to betray equal foUy, by holding pubUc meetings for the purpose of propping up and sustaining the nature-blasted representatives of Black. How infinitely better would it be for these brazen-faced and babyless personators of women, if they were but women in reality —first maidens, then mothers and matrons, and sur rounded by a goodly number of adolescent candidates male and female — for welcoming, -with loud and jubUant honors, the advent of the twentieth century ! What more ridiculous and absurd spectacle can be presented than women as the conveners of poUtical gath erings ! women on the platform ! women at the poUs !— A THING OF UGLINESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 85 as if, forsooth, the proper place for women was not at home, ready there, at aU times, to hold in check the ex cesses of their mischievous boys and giggUng girls (every one of whom ought, now and then, to be weU spanked!), and to bestow, as occasion may require, certain minuter attentions upon their mewling infants ! It is, however, more especiaUy the white mascuUne apologists of Black, from whom we beg leave to differ on this occasion. White women, or rather the white her maphrodites who personate women, like aU the Indians, negroes, mulattoes, and other swarthy numskuUs, are utterly unfit to be aUowed to participate, in any manner, in the more important poUtical affairs of our country — in such affairs, for instance, as voting, legislating, repre senting, and governing. Certain it is, also, that the -wiU ingness to incur the pubUc notoriety, scandal and dis grace, which would ind-vitably result from such amazonian interference in the business of the State as is here con templated, has its hoioe only in the breasts of those (if, indeed, they have breasts at aU) who are destitute of all the finer and purer quaUties of true ladyship. Now for a word of wholesome condemnation against certain white men, who, because of their unnatural affin ity and affiUation -with things of base blackness, have become an opprobrium to their Mnd. What is the char acter of these men ? Truth requires the admission that many of them are honest, sincere, and weU-intentioned, and that some of them, in reference to matters and things generaUy, have acquired much soUd and correct information. Many of them are estimable and Mndly- hearted in aU their personal relations. Many of them are good sons, good husbands, good fathers, good neigh bors. Yet, in their thoughts of tho negro, (a paltry wretch, totaUy unworthy of a millionth part of the 86 BLACK ; thoughts which white people have already bestowed upon him,) they have been so unfortunate as to be brought under the control of a most morbid and mischievous sentimentaUty. Perfectly rational on almost every other subject, on this they have become quite insane ; and hence it is, that many of their teachings are, it is consci entiously beUeved, no less inimical to the welfare of the country at large, than were the teachings of Jeff. Davis and other pro-slavery traitors, just prior to the great EebeUion. What must we do -with these -wrong-headed and un natural white lovers of the negro, — these wayward and dissentious authors and accessories of the Black Con gress ? We must cease to vote for them. We must no longer encourage them in their un meritorious aspirations for poUtical preferment. We must -withdraw them en tirely from the high offices which they are so grossly dishonoring. Soundly rebuking them for their foUy, we must remand them to private Ufe, and there leave them unnoticed, free to rave and rant at their pleasure, but with no power to harm the State. Yet, in justice to these crotchety and misguided men of our o-wn race, these fanatical and mischief-making champions of Black, these deluded and undignified asso ciates of the negro, it is very proper that, even in their retirement, we should continue to demonstrate to them, that our disUke of the African is not, as they erroneously aUege, a mere blind and bitter " prejudice against color," but that it is a natural and ineradicable aversion, a right and necessary antipathy, implanted in us by the Almighty HimseU, who can do nothing -wrong. With as Uttle impunity might we, who are fortunately possessed of a moderate share of common sense unbi ased and unabu^ed, persistently refuse to eat when hun- A THING OF UGLINESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 87 gry, decUne to drink when thirsty, or scom to repose when sleepy, as strive to repress our inborn and nature- nurtured repugnance to the negro. To give free play to this repugnance is as much a matter of duty -with us as it is to yield to any other innate and ever-healthful re quirement, — a duty, indeed, which God has made abso lutely obUgatory on us ; and if we faU to obey His pre cepts in this regard, or in any other regard whatever. He wUl assuredly visit us with the severest possible condem nation. If, now, we would learn to entertain a just and salu tary abomination of Black, let us at once acquaint our selves with its specific and distinguishing quaUties, its nature and its functions ; and in order to do this, it may be weU for us (being beforehand provided with return tickets) to descend, for a few moments, to its home and its author — HELL AND THE DEVIL. If we may beUeve those who have seriously -written on the subject, among them the ItaUan monk Pinamonti, (whose statements, however, are unworthy of beUef,) the outer waUs of heU are composed of an impenetrably ad amantine or other stony substance of the unvarying and sorely distressing color of ebony; and are, besides, "more than four thousand miles thick!" Within the dismal space thus impregnably waUed up, there is, it is said, always perceptible one vast and never-ceasing storm of utter and tormenting darkness, where the con fined smoke of burning brimstone has, from the very be ginning of time, been so black and dense as to -com pletely and forever hide from view, not only the ferocious fiends and serpents and other hideous monsters therein, but also even the fire itself, so that no ray of Ught, no bo black; object in contrast with the horrible and overwhelming blackness, can ever afford to the eye of any one of the -victims thereof a single moment's reUef. Let, therefore, aU the hare-brained and -wrong-doing champions of Black, (including the Black Congress,) and the whole gang of their sable and heaven-debarred proteges, beware ! — ^for Uke -wiU seek and attract its Uke, and the Prince of Darkness -wUl have his o-wn. John Ford, the eminent English dramatist, has be queathed to his feUow-men the foUowing appaUing pic ture of the infernal regions : " There is a place, in a black and hoUow vault. Where day is never seen ; there shines no sun. But flaming horror of consuming fires ; A Hghtless sulphur, choked -with smoky fogs Of an infected darkness ; in this place DweU many thousand thousand sundry sorts Of never-dying deaths ; there damned souls Eoar without pity ; there are gluttons fed With toads and adders ; there is burning oil Poured down the drunkard's throat ; the usurer Is forced to sup -with draughts of molten gold ; There is the murderer forever stabb'd. Yet can he never die ; there lies the wanton On racks of burning steel, while in his soul He feels the torment of his raging lust ; There stand those -wretched things, Who have dream'd out whole years in lawless sheets And secret incests, cursing one another." Of the same sinner-punishing place, John MUton speaks thus : " A dungeon horrible on all sides round, As one great famace flamed ; yet from those flames No light ; but rather darkness visible. Served only to discover sights of woe, Eegions of sorrow, dolefal shades, where peace A THING OF UGLINESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 89 And rest can never dwell ; hope never comes That comes to all ; but tortures -without end. Such place eternal justice had prepared For those rebellious ; here their prison ordained In utter darkness, and their portion set As far removed from God and hght of heaven. As from the centre thrice to the utmost pole. " Prescott, in his " History of the Conquest of Mexico," Volume I., page 33, says : "The Mexicans imagined three separate states of existence in the fature Ufe. The -wicked, comprehending the greater part of man kind, were to expiate their sins in a place of everlasting darkness. Another class, -with no other merit than that of having died of cer tain diseases, capriciously selected, were to enjoy a negative existence of indolent contentment. The highest place was reserved, as in most warlike nations, for the heroes who fell in battle, or in sacrifice. They passed at once into the presence of the Sun, whom they accom panied -with songs and choral dances, in his bright progress through the heavens ; and after some years, their spirits went to animate the clouds and singing birds of beautiful plumage, and to revel amidst the rich blossoms and odors of the gardens of paradise. " In one of his Sonnets, (CXLVil.,) Shakspeare com plains that, " I ha-TO sworn thee fair, and thought thee bright. Who art as black as heU, as dark as night." As if directly addressing the debased white aiders and abettors of the abandoned blacks, (as if addressing the Black Congress, for instance,) Fawcett very pertinently exclaims — " Your way is dark and leads to hell ; Why will you persevere ? Can you in endless torments dwell. Shut up in black despair?" An old Hebrew author (1 Samuel ii., 9) warns the blacks and their white accompUces in devUtry, that. 90 BLACK ; "The -wicked shaU be silent in darkness." Another -writer has foretold that aU the black and would-be-black reprobates shaU be " Consigned to a fiery place of punishment in perpetual night." Again, in reference to the God-forsaken creatures of whom we are now speaking. Heaven's immutable decree has gone forth, that, "Nameless in dark oblivion they must dwell" One of the authors of the CathoUc Bible (Tobias IV., ii.) teUs us that, "Alms deliver from aU sin, and from death, and -will not sufler the sold to go into darkness." From our very earUest chUdhood, as is weU and gen eraUy known, we are accustomed to hear both the " The Black Man " and " The Prince of ' Darkness " used as common designations for the de-ril. Draper, in his "InteUectual Development of Europe," page 29, says : " In the interior of the solid earth, or perhaps on the other side of its plane — ^under world as it was well termed — is the reahn of Pluto, the region of Night. From the midst of his dominion, that divinity, cro-wned -with a diadem of ebony, and seated on a throne firamed out of massive darkness, looks into the infinite abyss beyond, invisible himself to mortal eyes, but made kno-wn by the nocturnal thunder which is his weapon.'' Worcester, next to Webster the greatest American lexi cographer, in his " Chart of Mythology," teUs us that, "Pluto, the god of the infernal regions, of death and funerals, is represented sitting on an ebony throne." Again, in his "Chart of Mythology," Worcester teUs us — and this is worthy of the attention of those fooUsh A THING OP UGLINESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 91 persons who, on certain sad occasions, and for long periods, clothe themselves in the disgusting habUiments of mourning — that, "The Furies are represented of grim and frightful aspect, -with serpents entwined about their heads instead of hair ; their garments black and bloody ; attended by Terror, Paleness, and Death, -with Care, Sorrow, Disease, and Famine, in their train." Under the incitement of -virtuous indignation, one of our patriotic poets has recently castigated, in a most thorough manner, the treason and rebeUion of 'JeS. Davis, oui blackest foe, of devilish origin." Although it has already been suggested, yet here it may be more definitely premised, that Blackness and Darkness, as representing the opposites of White and Light, are but one and the same thing. On the right hand. White and Light are emanations from Heaven ; on the left hand. Blackness and Darkness are emanations from heU. Further on, in the next succeeding chapter, we sh^ have occasion to revert to this subject again. Here let it suffice that we expose, in part, the horrible aspects and infamous characteristics of Black, as it is generaUy seen, Uke a shapeless and gigantic monster, prowUng about the earth -under the guise of NIGHT— DAEKNESS. In the ninth book of his " Odyssey," Homer, as trans lated by Pope, speaks of " The black palace of eternal night, The dolesome realms of darkness and of death." Shakspeare, in his poem entitled "The Rape of Lu- crece," says, "Solemn night, -with slow sad gait descended To T^ly heU ; when lo, the blushing morrow Sends light to aU feir eyes that light will borrow." 92 BLACK ; Again, Shakspeare speaks of "The dreadful deeds of dark midnight." / Again, in his "Titus Andronicus," Act V., Scene L, Shakspeare teUs us that, " 'Twill vex thy soul to hear what I shall speak; For I must talk of murders, rapes, and massacres. Acts of black night, abominable deeds, Complots of mischiet treason; -villainies Euthfol to hear, yet piteously performed." Again, in his " JuUus Csesar," Act IL, Scene L, Shak speare inquiringly, and indignantly exclaims: "O conspiracy! Sham'st thou to show thy dangerous brow by night, When evils are most free? O, then, by day, Where -wUt thou find a cavern dark enough To mask thy monstrous -visage ?" Again, in his poem entitled " The Eape of Lucrece," Shakspeare exclaims; "0 night, thou famace of foul-reeking smoke. Let not the jealous day behold that face Which, underneath thy black all-hiding cloak. Immodestly lies mtirtyred -with disgrace! Keep still possession of thy gloomy place, That all the faults that in thy reign are made. May hke-wise be sepulchred in thy shade!" Again, the bard of Avon exclaims: "The dragon -wing of night o'erspreads the earth; O hateful, vaporous and foggy night.." MUton also teUs us that, "When night Darkens the streets, then -wander forth the sons Of Belial, flo-wn -with insolence and wine. " A THING OF UGLINESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 93 In his First Night, Edward Young, the author of "Night Thoughts," is heard giving utterance to these solemn words : "Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne. In raylesB majesty now stretches forth Her leaden sceptre o'er a slumbering world. Silence how dead ! and darkness how profound 1 Nor eye nor listening ear an object finds ; Creation sleeps. 'Tis as the general pulse Of Ufe stood stUl, and Nature made a pause ; An a-wful pause ! prophetic of her end." Judging from the concurring accounts given by a host of truth-telling travelers, there is to be heard at aU times, day and night, throughout the entire length and breadth of negroland, "Horrid, hideous sounds of woe, sadder than owl-songs on the midnight blast. " According to the Douay version of the Bible, it appears that, of all the plagues of Egypt, absolute darkness was the only one that proved sufficiently appaUing to pro duce among the Thoth-worshiping and Jew-enslaving countrymen of the obdurate Pharaoh a profound and ¦universal thrUl of horror. Edward Thomson, of Ohio, an eloquent minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in a sermon which he preached some years ago, on " The Missionary Enter prise," said, with fullness of truth, "Tum to Africa, and along its northern borders and throughout its interior, you have Mahommedanism, while, -with the exception of a few missionary stations on the coast, all else is one black cloud of pagan darkness." It would now seem to be proper that we should here 94 BLACK ; institute a somewhat more minute inquiry into the na ture, quaUties and significance of BLACKNESS IN GENEEAL. On this subject, the "London Encyclopsedia," Volume IV., page 177, has fa,vored us vrith the foUowing brief but pointed remarks : " Black is literally applied to the color of the night ; to darkness ; and figuratively, to what obscures, pollutes or soils a character or rep utation ; to whatever is gloomy, dismal, fearful, and terrific ; to that which is concealed; to nefarious, -wicked, foul, atrocious and dis gusting criminality. It therefore describes natural objects, mental apprehensions, and moral delinquencies. Over them all it throws the pall of night, the gloomy horrors of the outer darkness." From the "Encyclopsedia Britannica," Volume IV., page 740, we learn that, ' ' Black from a remote antiquity has been regarded as the symbol of mourning and calamity. It is sometimes imposed as a mark of humiliating distinction ; the most familiar instance of which is the obhgation laid upon the Jews in Turkey of wearing black turbans.'' The "Encyclopsedia MetropoUtana," Volume XV., page 606, says : "Black is applied to that which has the dismalness, the gloominess the forbiddingness of darkness; to that which is dark, dismal, gloomy, forbidding, fearful, dreadful." Edmund Burke, in his admirable work on "The Sub- Ume and Beautiful," page 179, says : "Perhaps it may appear, on inquiry, that lilackuess and darkness are, iu some degree, painful by their natm-al operation, independent of any associations whatsoever. I must observe that the ideas of dark ness and blackness are much the same ; and they differ only in this that blackness is a more confined idea. Mr. Cheselden has given us a very curious story of a boy who had been bom bUnd, and continued A THING OF UGLINESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 95 so until he was thirteen or fourteen years old ; he was then couched for a cataract, by which operation he received his sight. Among many remarkable particulars that attended his first perceptions and judgments on visual objects, Cheselden toUs us, that the first time the boy saw a black object, it gave him great uneasiness ; and that some time after, upon accidentally seeing a negro woman, he was struck -with great horror at the sight. It has been said, on good authority, that the mere sight of anything black, invariably excites in the Cha meleon a most feverish and fearful horror, and that, though possessing the extraordinary power of changing its o-wn color into a great variety of rare and beautiful tints, it has never been known to assume, even for one moment, a single shade of the hatable and hideous hue of the negro. From the latest edition of the unabridged " American Dictionary of the EngUsh Language," by Noah Webster, (a man who has displayed more, genius in the definition of words than any other lexicographer that has ever Uved,) the foUo-wing extracts teU their own story. As wUl be observed, the brood of e-rils thus fathered by Black and its corrupt compounds, is, alas ! hardly less numerous or less fatal, than was the brood of evils which, many centuries ago, to the great and irreparable misfor tune of mankind, escaped from Pandora's box : "Black. — ^Mournful ; calamitous ; horrible ; wicked. ' "Blackness. — The quality of being black ' * * atrociousness or enormity in -wickedness." "Black-vomit. — A copious vomiting of dark-colored matter • * * one of the most fatal symptoms of yellow fever." "Black-death.— The black plague of the fourteenth century. "Blackleg. — ^A notorious gambler and cheat." "Blackguard. — ^A person of low character, accustomed to use scur rilous language, or to treat others with foul abuse.'' 96 BLACK ; "Black-book.— A book kept at a university for the purpose of registering crimes or misdemeanors." "Black-flag. — The flag of a pirate." "Black-maiL— A certain rate of money, com, cattle, or other thing, anciently paid in the north of England and south of Scotland, to certain men, who were allied to robbers, to be by them protected from pillage. * * * Extortion of money from a per son by threats of accusation or exposure, or opposition in the public prints." Darid A. WeUs, in his " Things not GeneraUy Kno-wn," page 74, says : " To be in the Black Books, implies out of fevor ; a phrase said to be borrowed from the black-book of the English monasteries, which was a detail of the scandalous enormities practiced in rehgious houses." Kirkland, in his " Commercial Anecdotes," Volume H, page 420, speaking of the " EngUsh Stock Brokers' Black board, says : "The origin of the blackboard — ^that moral pillory of the English stock exchange — dates back to 1787. There were, said a journal of that day, no less than twenty-five 'lame ducks," who waddled out of the alley. Their deficiencies were estimated at one million and a quarter of dollars ; and it was upon this occasion that the plan in question was first proposed ; and, at a very foU meeting, if was re solved that those who did not either pay their deficiencies or name their principals, should be pubHcly exposed on a blackboard, to be pro-fided for such occasion. Thus the above deficiencies — larger than had been previously kno-wn — alarmed the gentlemen devoted to stock dealing, and produced that system which is yet regarded with whole some awe." The poets, true to their di-rine mission, invariably use the word Black in an UI sense. Take, for instance, and for the sake of brevity, the foUo-wing disconnected ex pressions from Shakespeare : "Black en-vy." "Black scandal." A THING OP UGLINESS, DISEASE AND DEATH. 97 "Black villainy." "Black defiance.'' "Black strife." "Black tidmgs." "Black vengeance." "Black funerals." "Black and portentous." "Night's black agents." "The black brow of night." "Acts of black night, abominable deeds." "As black as incest." "Bitter, black, and tragical." "That black word death." " Let the devil wear black.'' "The devU tjumn thee black." "Dimmed -with death's black veil.' "It was a black soul burning.'' "As gross as black from white." "As black as if besmeared in hell." " This dread and black complexion smeared." ' ' A black day -will it be to somebody. " "Bichard yet lives, hell's black intelligencer." "The coal-black clouds that shadow heaven's Kght." "Look, how the black slave smiles." "Sable arms, black as his purpose." "Will have his soul black like his fece." MUton supposes a case when, ' ' At our heels aU heU should rise With blackest insurrection." Young, in his " Night Thoughts," speaks of "The black waste of murdered time." Lamb deeply laments that there are stUl in the world persons who, Uke the negroes and their depraved white 5 98 black; confederates and defenders, are so reprobate as to be the vriUing recipients of " Sin's black wages." The foUo-wing proverbs and sententious sayings, ex tracted from the -writings of various distinguished au thors, are worthy of attention in this connection : "Two blacks make no white." "Black will take no other hue." "Necessity is coal-black." "The black feai of death that saddens all" "Crows are never the whiter for -washing themselves." " The raven chides blackness. "The raven said to the rook, stand away, black coat !" Black birds generaUy — ^not aU that are called black without being so — ^but such as are entirely and unreUev- edly black, from the beak of the bUl to the end of the taU, have always, in every age and country, been re garded as " The hateful messengers of heavy things, Of death and dolor teUing ; '' And many of these, and more especiaUy those which feed on putrid flesh, such, for instance, as the carrion- crow and the buzzard, are, as may also be justly said of the negro,"Like a collier's sack, bad -without, but worse -within." There be black birds, however, that is to say, there are birds which are caUed black, which are so only in part, and which are, therefore, the victims of a most mis chievous and monstrous misnomer. It was of such birds as these (redwinged, or otherwise saved from the curse of entire blackness, good in themselves, and good to eat) that, as the nursery song wiU have it, the king's pie was made. A THING OF UGLINESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 99 Conjoined -with other words, the word black is also wrongly used in reference to many other things. An in stance of this is found in the compound word black- cattle — a term which is thus defined by Noah Webster : "Black-cattie. — Cattle of the bovine genus reared for slaughter, in distinction from dairy-cattle. The term has no reference to their color." So, too, of tea, and bread, and grapes, as Black Tea, Black Bread, Black Grapes, and many other misnamed things, which are merely brown, or blue, or purple. Any leaf or drop of tea, any particle of bread, any atom of grape, or any quantity, however minute, of any other thing whatever, if absolutely black, is absolutely dead, poisonous, or unpalatable ; and, therefore, absolutely unfit and dangerous to be introduced into the stomach of any undoomed Uving creature. Another striking proof of the very loathsome and ac cursed character of Black, is, that it thoroughly abhors its o-wn self, and carries in itself the seeds of self-destruc- . tion. This fact is fuUy Ulustrated in the African's detes tation of his own color, and in THE NEGEO'S PEEDILECTION FOE WHITE. The writer hereof has frequently heard his father's negroes (in North Carolina, near the banks of the South Yadkin) when disagreeing among themselves, tauntingly call each other "nigger," "black rascal," "crow-colored scoundrel," and numerous other epithets of simUar sable softness. He also recoUects very distinctly, that, on one occasion, when, in his boyhood, he himself caUed Jack a nigger. Jack, who was also youthful, became quite indig nant, and said that, as his mother Judy had told him, there was no nigger except the devU, "for mammy say," 100 BLACK ; said he, "for mammy say de debble am black for aU de time, and can nebber be wash white; and for dat reezun de debble am a nigger; but we slabes is black only in dis prezzen worle; iu de nex worle, we is gwine to be white fokes too ! You see den dat we's not niggers." Whether his ebony-crowned highness accepted the ap peUation thus bestowed upon him, is not kno-wn. Yet a strong impression was produced, and stUl Ungers -with the -writer, that the word nigger was a very appropriate word, as descriptive of both of the black feUows here mentioned, and that, whUe Old Nick was and is undoubt edly a most hideous Big Nigger, young Jack was, -with equal certainty, a very ugly Little Nigger. Li-ringstone, during his "Travels and Researches in South Africa," (page 26) held, on a certain occasion, a dialogue with a native Bain-doctor — in other words, a black fool — who, not-withstanding, thus inteUigently and truthfuUy replied to his distinguished white interlocutor: " God made black men Jii-st, and did not love us as he did the white men. He made you beautiful, and gave you clothing, and guns, and gunpowder, and horses, and wagons, and many other things about which we know nothing. But toward us he had no heart'' Again, on the 204th page of his "Travels and Ee searches in South Afiica," Livingstone says : "The whole of tho colored tribes consider that beauty and fair ness ai-e associated, and women long for children of light color so much, that they sometimes chew the bark of a certain tree in hopes of producing that effect. To my eye the dark color is much more agreeable than the ta-wny hue of the half-caste, which that of the Makololo ladies closely resembles. The women generally escape the fever, but they are less fruitful thau formerly ; and to their com plaint of being undervalued on account of the disproportion of tho sexes, they now add their regi-ets at the want of childi-en, of whom thoy are all excessively fond. " A THING OF UGUNESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 101 Again, in his "Travels and Eesearches in South Africa," page 445, Livingstone says, "The people under Bango are divided into a number of classes. There are his councilors, as the highest, who are generally head men of several viUages, and the carriers the lowest free men. One class above the last obtains the pri-silege of wearing shoes from the chief by paying for it ; another, the soldiers or militia, pay for the privilege of serving, the advantage being that they are not afterward liable to be made carriers. They are also divided into gentlemen and and little gentlemen, and, though quite black, speak of themselves as white men, and of .others, who may not wear shoes, as 'blacks,' The men of aU these classes trust to thefr -wives for food, and spend most of thefr time in drinking the paJm-toddy." Again, Li-vingstone, in his " Travels and Eesearches in South Africa," page 517, says : "Katema, the ruler of the village, asked if I could not make a dress for hiTn like the one I wore, so that he might appear as a white man when any stranger visited him." WUson, in his " Western Africa : Its History, Condi tion, and Prospects," page 348, says : "The negro feels that, in energy of character, in scope of under standing, in the exercise of mechanical skill, and in the practice of aU the useful aits of hfe, he is hopelessly distanced by the white Again, in his "Western Africa," page 192, WUson, (without stopping to remark on this new infamy of the CathoUc church) says : "Many years since, according to Barbot, the King of Benin en gaged to bring his entire kingdom over to the Eoman CathoUc faith, if the priests would provide him -with a white -wife. An embassy ¦was immediately dispatched to the neighboring island of St. Thomas, where there was a considerable white population, and a strong ap peal was made to the Christian feeling of the sisterhood, one of whom had the courage to look the matter in the face, and actually accepted 102 BLACK ; the hand of his sable majesty. She ought to have been canonized,* but it is not kno-wn that the deed of seK-sacri&ce ever received any special notice from the Father of the Church." Again, in his "Western Africa," page 191, Wilson "From the time that white men first visited thefr shores and spread before them the products of civilized arts, it became a ruling passion -with the African to court thefr favor, and secure for himself as large a share of these coveted treasures as he possibly could. Eivafries grew out of this passion, and no pains or means were spared in endeavors to supplant each other in the white man's esteem." Again, in his "Western Africa," page 311, Wilson "Albinos maybe found in almost every community in Southem Guinea. Everywhere they are regarded as somewhat sacred, and thefr persons are considered in-violable. On no condition whatever would a man strike one of them. Generally they are very imld ; and I have never heard of thefr taking advantage of thefr acknowl edged inviolabiUty. In features they are not unlike the rest of thefr race, but thefr complexion is very nearly a pure white, thefr hafr of the ordinary texture, but of a cream color, and thefr eyes are gray and always iu motion." Mungo Park, in his first "Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Africa," page 259, says : "Observing the improved state of our manufectures, and our mani fest superiority in the arts of ci-vilized life, Harfe, the inteUigent negro merchant, would sometimes appear pensive, and exclaim, with ¦* There are others who beUeve that this shameless woman and her CathoUc seducers from common decency, should aU have been banished forever from the presence of respectable society, and left, during the whole term of their natural Uves, to grope their way in sorrow and soUtude, through the dismal Wilderness of Sin. A THING OF UGLINESS, DISESAE, AND DEATH. 103 an involuntary sigh, 'Falo f/ng inta feng ' — ^black men are good for nothing." Clapperton, in his "Narrative of Travels and Dis coveries in Central Africa," Volume IV., page 199, says: "The whole court, which was large, -was filled, crowded, crammed ¦with people, except a space in front, where we sat, into which his highness led Mr. Houston and myself, one in each hand ; and there we performed an African dance, to the great deUght of the surround ing multitude. The tout ensemble would doubtless have forme'd an excellent subject for a caricaturist, and we regretted the absence of Captain Pearce, to sketch off the old black caboceer, sailing majesti cally around in his damask robe, -with a train-bearer behind him, and every now and then turning up his old, -withered face, first to myself, then to Mr. Houston ; then whisking round on one toot, then march ing slowly, with solemn gait; twining our hands in his — ^proud that a white man should dance with him." Again, in his "Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa," Volume IV., page 222, Clapperton says: " Zuma, a rich -widow of Wava, the o-wner of a thousand slaves, told me that her husband had been dead these ten years ; that she had only one son, and he was darker than herself ; that she loved white men, and would go to Boussa -with me." Burton, in his " Lake Eegions of Central Africa," page 216, says: ' ' The women are well disposed toward strangers of fafr complexion, apparently -with the permission of thefr husbands." Hutchinson, another African traveler, in an article pubUshed in the London Ethnological Magazine, Volume I., Part n., page 333, issued in 1861, says : "At the mouths of several of the Palm Oil Eivers, in former times (even of those of Brass and New Kalabar at the present) there existed the custom to sacrifice an Albino female child to the sharks, which were considered the Ju-ju of these rivers. No case has ever been recorded of any such victim objecting to her fate ; for they are 104 BLACK ; indoctrinated with the belief, that in the world of spirits to which they are going, it is their destiny to be married to a white man." Again, in his "Impressions of Western Africa," page 112, Hutchinson says: "A curious superstition is connected -with Parrot Island, and is ob served -with reUgious punctuaUty by the natives of Old Kalabar, on the occasion of need arising for its performance. Whenever a scarcity of European trading ships exists, or is apprehended, the Duketo-wn authorities are accustomed to take an Albino child of their o-wn race, and offer it up as a sacrifice, at Parrot Island, to the Grod of the white man." Bald-win, in his "Hunting in South Africa," page 266, says: "The Kaffirs believe that white men can do anything." Waitz, in his " Anthropology of Primitive Peoples," Volume I., page 304, says: "Among the Mandingoes, in the region of Sierra Leone, whiteis the symbol of peace. Among the Ashantees and other negro people, whiteis the color of joy ; and they paint themselves white on thefr birth-days. Priests, ambassadors, and warriors are dressed in white among the Tebus." What then, as thus far seen, what is Black ? Just what, when rightly examined, it appears to be — a thing of De terioration, UncomeUness, and Eepugnance ; a thing indicative of Gloom, Sadness, and Sorrow ; a thing con comitant to Cruelty, Corruption, and Crime ; a thing appallingly significant of Disaster, Disease and Death ; a thing justly exciting Aversion, Antipathy, and Disgust ; a thing fit to be Despised, Hated, and Abhorred ; a thing proper to be Discarded, Shunned, and forever Excluded. Many additional evidences of the negroes' intense dis- lUie and abomination of Black, and of their inborn fond ness for "VMiite, might be here cited, and would be cited. A THING OF UGLINESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 105 were it not that the space aUoted for this chapter is already fiUed. In the next succeeding chapter, many of the subjects herein barely mentioned, shaU receive further attention. And as we proceed, if we be truly diUgent and faithful in our inquiries and investigations, we shall doubt less find, in reference to the swarthiness of the negroes, as was found by Sir Thomas Bro-wne, in his researches touching the blackness of their skin, " no less of darkness in the cause than in the effect itself." Thus, in fuU accord ¦with the vrill of Heaven, may we learn to strengthen our natural and healthful aversion to all the basely black and bi-colored underworld of humanity; thus also, preparing, in our humble way, for the dawn of that glorious period promised in the future, may we co-operate more immedi ately and efficiently with Providence in those wise and wonderful fossilizing processes which are now rapidly re- mo-ring from the fair face of the earth aU ugly and useless organisms. MeanwhUe, however, it behooves us to keep it prominent ly before the pubUc, that it is not alone the horrible and hurtful blackness of the negroes, which impels us to de test them. Blackness is only one of the many vUe quaUties of their nature. We must consider attentively aU their mean and loathsome characteristics ; and from the sum total of these, we shall, if clear and unbiased in our judgments, quickly perceive that, Uke hyenas, jackals, wolves, skunks, rats, snakes, scorpions, spiders, centipedes, locusts, chinch es, fleas, Uce, and other noxious creatures, the negroes are not upon the earth to be loved and preserved, but, under the unobstructed and salutary operations of the laws of nature, to be permited to decay and die, and then to disappear, at once and forever, down, down, deep down, in the vortex of obUrion ! CHAPTEE III. WHITE : A THING OF LIFE, HEAXTH, AND BEAUTY. "WMte, as it is the color of day, is espressive to us of the cheerfulness or gayety which the return of day brings. Black, as the color of darkness, is ex pressive of gloom and melancholy. The color of the heavens, in serene "weather, is blue ; blue, therefore, is expressive to us of somewhat the same pieaaing and temperate character. Green is the color of the earth in spring ; it is consequently expressive to ue of those delightful images which we associate with that season. — ATiTROK. ¦White is applied metaphorically to denote what is pure, unspotted, unstained, unblemished, innocent, harmless. — ^Engzci,op