YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Washington During War Time YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1949 Washington During War Time A SKHIKS OF PAPERS SHOWING THE MILITARY, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL PHASES DURING 1861 TO 1865. OKFKI.U, SOUVENIR OP THE THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL EN- CAJ1PJ1BXT OF THE GRAND ARMY OP THE REPUBLIC COLLECTED AND EDITED BY MARCUS BENJAMIN Under the direction of the Committee on Literature for the Encampment THE NATIONAL. TRIBUNE CO. WASHINGTON D. Q. COMMITTKtt ON LITERATURE KOK Tllti ENCAMPMENT GENERAL THOMAS M. VINCIONT, Chairman MUS. ISAIJEL W. HALL, Secretary Dlt. MARCUS I5ENJAM1N, Editor ALLEN JJ. ALBIORT, JR. GENIOUAL IL. V. HOYNTON WILLIAM V. COX GENERAL A. W. GREELY JAMES F. PIOOD DR. CHARLES MOORE A. J. PARSONS L5RAINARD H. WARNER, JR. INTRODUCTION I'M IE objective point in a military campaign is the capital city of the enemy. "Washington was three times during our Civil War almost within the grasp of the enemy, but it was never taken. The persistent cry of "On lo Richmond !" showed the aim of the Federal armies. The object of this Souvenir is (o give to Ihe veteran sol diers the. history ol' the Capital during the years between the opening and dosing of the war. It begins with a series of descriptions of Washington, showing the peace ful nal lire of that pleasa.nl. town, taken from contempor ary writers. This is followed by an account of the anx iety of those who were loyal to the Union lest the friends of (hose who were disloyal should succeed in turning the Government over to the Southern Slates, culminating in the successful organization of Ihe military by General Slone and the arrival of the volunteer troops from the North. The defenses of Washington, so ably constructed by the engineers, show the skill with which the Capital was made impregnable, while the defending of the Po tomac by the naval forces is described as showing their part in the struggle for the protection of Washington. Then follows a description of the unsuccessful raid of Early, and an account of the check of tho Confederate forces at Fort Stevens. The fear of capture is forever dissipated by the joy of delivery. The story of the sad death of Lincoln is told by an eyc-witness of tho last scenes in the life of that groat, martyr, while tho history of tho military features comes to a close with a descrip tion of the Grand Review. [v] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME The building up of the military power of the United States; the splendid work done in the hospitals; as well as that accomplished by the Christian and Sanitary Com missions; and the transformation of Arlington into a memorial for the heroes of the war, are fully described. The final pages of the book contain an interesting ac count of the political and social conditions that prevailed in Washington during the war period, and a description of tho development of the smaller town into the greater and magnificent Washington of today. INT. B. [vi] TABLE OF CONTENTS rape. Introduction v Tabic of Contents vii List of Illustrations ix Organization of I lie Culled Stales Government xlil Washington on the Eve of the Civil War. Hy WllhelnuiH Bngnrt Bryan, Chronicler of tho Columbia Historical Society .'5 The Military Situation in Washington in ISfiL 11 y Marcus Benjamin, 1'resident of the Society of I lie War of IS 1 ^ . . I It The Defenses of Washington. By John Gross Barnard, Major General by brevet, and Colonel. Corps of Kngi- i icers 2 7 The I'arl taken liy the Naval Forces in Ihe Defense of Washington during Ihe Civil War. By Bichard Waln- wright, Commander I'. S. Navy and Superintendent Naval Academy 44 lOnrly's March lo Washington. By Thomas McCurdy Vin cent, Brigadier-General, hy brevet, II. S. Army 4!) Fort Stevens, Where Lincoln Was Under Fire. By William Vim Ziliidl Cox, Author of Ihe Defenses of VVashlnglon , . ti" The Death of I'l'esldehl l.lncidu. By Thomas McCurdy Vln- eeiil, Brlgadler-Geiiernl, by hrevel, H. S. Army Sil The < i I'll lid Itevlew. By John MclOlroy, Senior \'lce Colll- mander, Grand Army of the Bepuhlle 01 The Military Power of the (Tufted States as Shown during the War of the Rebellion. By Thomas McCurdy Vin cent, Brigadier-General, hy hrevel, II. S. Army 100 The. War Hospitals. By John Wells BulUley, Surgeon in Charge of the Patent (Mice Hospital l.'tS The Humanities of the War. By William Jones Bhecs, Archivist of Ihe Smithsonian Institution 154 Arlington and Balllelleld Cemeteries. By Isabel Worrell Hall, Chairman, Press Commlllee, Thirty-Sixth Nation al JO iichiti p ment, , , I 711 Political and Social Conditions During the War. By Brnln- jinl 11. Warner, Chairman id' Ihe Thirty-Sixth National lOneumpmonl 1ST) Washington of Today. By Henry Brown Floyd Muefurlnnd, President, Board of Commissioners, District of Colum bia 105 [vii] LTST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Vn go. Ahraham Lincoln with Signalure. A photograph by Brady, obtained through the courtesy of Mr. O. 1 1. Oldroyd... Ii A Bird's Fyo View of Washington in 1 S C» 2 . A steel engrav ing, from the collection of Mr, James F. Hood 2 Vignette Portrait of General Wlnllcld Scott. A wnr-llme engraving by II. It, Hall, from the collection of Mr. James F. Hood II A Wnr-Tline View of Pennsylvania Avenue from the Cap itol. A war-lime lithograph, from Ihe eolleellon of Mr. James l'\ Hood 12 Vij-uelle Portia!! of General Charles I', Stone. From. Ihe Brady collection, .obtained through the courtesy of General Crcoly lit Forjilieulloii in Front of Washington in ISlili. Frnmlhe Brady collection, obtained through (he courtesy of General Cicely I .r> Barricade in ( he .Treasury Building. A wood cut published in INCH, from the collection of Mr. James F. Hood.... '24 Vignette Portrait of General J. G. Barnard. A war-time engraving hy A. II, Uilchic 27 View of Battery Kemble. A lithograph In General Bar nard's Beporl on Hie Defenses of Washington Ill Bomb-proof Furl near Washington. From the ' Brady enf- leelloti, oblained through the courtesy of General (Ii ly 411 Vignette Portrait of Secretary Welles. From Ihe Brady collect Ion, oblained through the courtesy of General Greely «. 44 View of Battery Itodgers. A lithograph In General Bar nard's Iteport on Hie Defenses of Washington 47 A- War-Time View of (ho Washington Navy Yard, A Col- •¦ orcd war-time lithograph, from tho collection of Mr. James F. Hood 48 Vignette Portrait of General M. C. Meigs. From the Rrady collection, obtained through the courtesy of General .'..' Greedy 49 Confederate Cavalry Raiding New Windsor, Maryland. A. war-lline, sketch, from the collection of Mr. W. V. Cox, TiS On the Parapet at Fort Stevens. A war- II mo photograph, from the eolleellon of Mr. W. V. ('ox 02 Vlgnelle Portrait of General Horatio G. Wrlghl. A pho tograph by Prince, obtained through tho courtesy of Mrs, Rosa Wright Smith 07 [Ix] WASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME pww-wj Page. Night Attack on Fort Stevens, July 11, 1864. A war-time sketch, from the collection of Mr. W. V. Cox 71 Confederate Assault on the Works Near Washington, July 12, 1864. A war-time sketch, from the collection of Mr. W. V. Cox 7 6 Vignette Portrait of General T. M. Vincent. A war-time photograph loaned by General Vincent SO Ford's Theatre Immediately After Lincoln's Death. A con temporary wood cut from the collection of Mr. James F. Hood 8.1 .'View of the House lu Which Lincoln Died. A contempor ary wood cui, from the collection of Air. James F. Hood ill) Vignette Portrait of General II. W. Halleek. From (lie Brady collection obtained through the courtesy of Gen eral Greely jl ] The Grand Beview on Pennsylvania Avenue. A colored print, obtained through the "courtesy of General Vin cent ... ... . n;t The National Armory, now Hie H. S. Fish Commission. A war-linn- engraving, from the collection of Mr. James F. Hood . . . fin Vignette ¦ Portrait • of Secretary Stanlon. From Ille Brads' collection, oblained through the courtesy of Genera! Greely KID The Capitol Prison. A war-lime photograph, from the col lection of Mr. James F. Hood ] | ;i Old War Department Building. A war-time prlul, from the collection of Mr. James F. J lood '..... | ;{ f, Vignette Portrait of \)r. J. \V. Bulklcy. A photograph by Bachrach, obtained Ihrough tbe courtesy of Air. Barry Bulkley "_ j ;{ x Douglas and Stanton Hospitals. A colored lithograph made in 1864, obtained Ihrough the courtesy of Air. Alax Lans- burgli ' H ;j Campbell General Hospital. A colored lithograph made In 1864, obtained Ihrough the courtesy of A1 r. Max Bans- burgh I r,;{ Vlgnetto Portrait of General H. D. Townsciul. A photo graph by Brady, obtained through the courlesv of Mr Dallas B. Wuinwrlght ; _ ]r,4 View of tho Soldier's Resl. A colored lithograph made In 18C4, obtained through the courtesy of Mr. Max Buns- burgh j fi;{ View of Military Asylum now Soldiers' Home. A colored war-tlmo lithograph from tho collection of Mr, James F. Hood ,72 xj LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page. Vignette Portrait of General Irvln McDowell. A photograph taken in 1861, obtained through tho courtesy of Mr. Max Lansburgh ' 173 View of Long Bridge. From the Brady collection, obtained through the courtesy of General Greely 181 Arlington House. A steel engraving, from the collection of Mr, James F. Hood 1st Vignette Portrait of Secretary Holt. From the Brady col lection, oblained through Ihe courtesy of General Greely, I S ~i Flglith Massachusetts Beglinenl In (lie Capitol, A wood cut made In ISUI, from Ihe collection of Mr, James F. Hood, IS7 Washington Arsenal. A colored war-lime lithograph, from the collection of Mr. James F. Hood 1!)| Vignette Portrait of John Hay. A photograph taken In I 801, obtained through the courtesy of Mr. Max Lansburgh. . . I it si A Present Day View of Pennsylvania Avenue. A photograph taken by Air. Horace Woodward 197 View of City Hall. A steel engraving, from the collection of Mr. James F. Hood 202 Map Showing location of War-Time Hospitals 204 Map of Fortifications and Defenses of Washington 207 Facsimile of Military Pass Issued by Department of Wash ington in 1861. (Back of cover.) |xi| ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT Til 10 BUCHANAN ADMINISTRATION. (1857-1861.) President: James Buchanan (Ph.). Vice-President: John C. Breckinridge* (Ky.). Secretary of State: Lewis Cass (Mich.); Jeremiah S. Blade (Pa.), appointed Dec. 17, 1860. Secretary of War: John B. Floyd* (Va.); Joseph Holt (Ky.) (ad interim) Dec. 31, 1860; regularly appointed Jan. 18, 1861. Secretary of the Navy: Isaac Touccy (Conn.). Secretary of the Treasury: Howell Cobb* (Ga.); Philip F. .-. Thomas (Md.), appointed Dec. 12, I860; John A. Dix (N. Y.), appointed Jan. 11, 1861. Ailornev-Gcneral: Jeremiah S. Black, Edwin M. Stanton (Pa.), appointed Dec. 20, 1860. Secretary of tho Interior: Jacob Thompson* (Miss). Postniasler-Geiieral: Aaron V. Brown (Tcnn.), died March 8, 185!); Joseph Holt (Ky.). appointed March 14, 18G!); Hora tio King (Me.), appointed Feb. 12, 1861. II. THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION. (1861-1865.) President: Abraham Lincoln (111.). Vice-President: Hannibal Hamlin (Mc). Secretary of State: William H. Seward (N. Y.). Secretary of War: Simon Cameron (Pa.); Edwin M. Stanton (Pa.), appointed Jan. 15, 1862. Secretary of the Navy: Gideon Welles (Conn.). Secretary of the Treasury: Salmon P. Chase (Ohio); W. P. Fesscnden (Me.), appointed July 1, 1864; Hugh McCulloch (lnd.), appointed March 7, 1865. Secretary of the Interior: Caleb B. Smith (lnd.); John P. Usher (lnd.), appointe.d January 8, 1863. Attorney-General: Edward Bates (Mo.); James Speed (Ky.), appointed Dec. 2, 1864. Postmaster-General: Montgomery Blair (Md.); William Den- nison (Ohio), appointed September 24, 1864. •Afterward in the Confederate service. [xiH] OKIIANI/.ATION OP TII JO UNITIOP HTATJCS (lOVICKNMlCNT TII 10 UNITIOD H'I'ATJOS YVA It DEPARTMENT. I Secrelary of War: Joseph Hull, (appointed January IS, ISlil); Simon Cameron (appointed Mnrcli r>, 1801); lOdwin M. Sluu- lon (appolnleil January Ifi, 18112), AhhIhIiiiiI Secrelarh's of War: Thonias A, Scott (a ppolnled Aug, II, ISlil); Peter II, Watson (appolnleil Jan. 21, IK02); John Tucker (appointed Jan, 2!i, ;I8I!2); Chrlsloplier P. Wolcoil. < (appolnleil June 12, ISlil!; resigned Jan. 211, I SOU); Charles A, Dana (appointed AugUMl, ISlil!). (Colonel Scull was regu larly coiiiinlsHloiteil miller Ihe Act of August II, ISO), uullinr- l/Jng Ihe iippolnliuelil of one Assistant Secrelary of Witt'. HiihMei|uenlly three AshIhIiiiiI Seerelarles were utillmrl/.cil by law. ) Ad.litla ul-Geiieral's Depart nieul : Colonel Samuel Cooper* (resigned March 7, 1861); Brig.-Gen. Lorenzo Thomas (as signed lo oilier duly March 23, ISli.'S); Colonel Edward D. Towusciul. IJuarlermasler's Depart iiienl : Brig.-Gen. Joseph 1.0. Johnston* (resigned April 22, Istili; Brig.-Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs. Subsistence Depart iiK'lit : Colonel George Gibson (died Sept. 2!), ISlil i ; Brig.-Gen. Joseph P. Taylor (died Jan, '>'.), 1804); Brig. -( leu. Amos B. lOaloii. Medical Department: Colonel Thomas Lawson (died A1a.v I 5, ISlil); Colonel Clemen! A. Flnley (retired April 14, lSli2); Brig.-Gen. William A. Hammond; Brig.-Gen. Joseph K. Barnes (appointed Aug. 22, ISlil). Pay Department: Colonel Benjamin F. Larued (died Sept, 0, 18(12): Colonel Timothy P. Andrews (rellred Nov. 2H, ISlil); Brig.-Gen. Beiijamlli W. Brlce. Corps of Topographical lOunlnoers: Colonel John J. Abort (re tired Sepl. II, ISlil i; Colonel Stephen II. Long. (This corps was consolidated with (he Corps of lOngineers, under Act of ' March IS. I SHIM Corps cd' lOngineers: Brig.-Gen. Joseph G. Tolteu (died \pril 22. I SIM); Brig.-Gen. Bichard Delafield. Ordnance I )epa rl inenl : Colonel Henry K. Craig (until April 23, ISlil); Brig.-Gen. James W. Ripley (retired Sepl. 15, 1803); Brig.-Gen. George I). Bamsey ( ret ired Sepl. 12, 1864); Brig.- Gen. Alexander B. Dyer. Bureau of Alilitary Justice: Major John F. Lee (resigned Sept 4. IS6I2); Brig.-Gen. Joseph Holt. Bureau of the Provost Alarshal General (created by Act ot March 3, 1863); Brig.-Gen. James B. Fry. General Officers of the United States Army, January I, 1861- Brevet Lieut. -Gen. Winlield Scott (General-in-Chief) •' Brig - Generals John 10. Wool, David E. Twiggs*, William S. Har ney. (Note — 10. V. Sumner was promoted Brigadier-General March 10, J 861, vice David E. Twiggs, dismissed March 1 1801.) * Afterward in the Confederate service. [xlv] WASHINGTON DURING AVAR IT MB TII 10 UNITED STATES NAVY DEPARTMENT. Secretary of the Navy: Gideon Welles. Assistant Secretary: Gustavus V. Fox. Yards and Docks: Roar-Admiral Joseph Smith. Ordnance and Hydrography: Captain George A. Magruder (dis missed April 22, 1861); Captain Andrew A. Harwood (re lieved July 22, 1S62); Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren (re lieved June 24, 1863); Commander Henry A. Wise. (By Act of Congress of July 5, 1862, Hydrography was transferred to Bureau of Navigation.) Navigation (established by Act of July 5, 1862): Rear Admiral Charles A. Davis. Equipment and Becruiting (established by Act of July 5, 1 862): Bear Admiral Andrew H. Foolc (relieved June 3, IS6:{); Commander Albert N. Smith. Construction. Equipment, and Bepair: Chief Naval Construc tor John Lenlhall. (By Act of July 5. 1802, the Equipment and Becruiting Bureau was organized, and thereafter the old bureau was designated as Construction and Repair.) Provisions and Clothing: Pay-Director Horatio Bridge. Medicine and Surgery: Surgeon William Whelan. Steam Engineering (established by Act of July 5, 1862): Engi- ncer-in-Chief Benjamin F. Isherwood. [xv] y h*i .'',#'*'/' X*:'!XX -\i. ¦;¦ ¦ ¦I ;''1,;;f''':/-^x^!x^^ X ,? VX miw$£&p* -:.;.'¦'¦. \t 1 < ;X^.,""^Xf x h\'M W ': xX>, •• . X i- - afi\**.,ttf,'Jil .-¦¦:¦ rn^vr:' -— ¦•<--—'-: >¦ i f ' T ' * xi ¦ -» . \ ',< < ¦; :; X , - a - « , x- - 'J ii * ," '¦ ;.¦ 1 /Wy %' 'X'. I'' Xw E f* xv; X ,£¦ ffl f .-- .-- . V £ Sa ; §?¦ "-t . ; X j ~: £ , < ¦;.'*¦', "• \X,„X XX ^ V3#. ¦£"' X mm. . i«i^Mliilffil ! Washington on the Eve of the Civil War Br WIL1IELMUS BOGART BRYAN Chronicler of the Columbia Historical Society ,f A — > '4 Wm ^X&1 2 m CCN"-.. WlNuELD SCOTT \STTTNGTON at the beginning of tho Civil War, its appearance, \$$kf$i '(s nil,'°1''1^ an(l soc'!ll phases, '$J?~$Mt\\u\ (ho features incident to the opening scenes of the great drama of the war, has been described by a number of contemporary writers. A selection of extracts from some of these articles has been made for the purpose of furnishing a description, as full as possible, of the city as it was forty years £ ago. The picture presented is by no means complete, for in no instance did (hose quoted set out witli tho purpose of writing a history of the city. Otherwise wo would havo had statist ion from odicial documents, and details more or less wearisome. Tho following rather gossipy and pleasant narratives furnish some facts Avhich grave his torians arc apt to omit, but which have a recognized value in forming tiny just estimate of the times that are past. Washington of the war period as seen through tho ej'cs of contemporaries is therefore presented for the inspec tion of a later generation. Mrs. Mary K W. Sherwood, whoso delightful remin iscences of tho past havo charmed so many readers, writes [»] WASHINGTON DUItlNO AVAR TIME agreeably of "Washington Before the War" in Lippin- cottfs Magazine for August, 1894. From her paper the following extract is taken:. It was a straggling mudholo in winter, but when spring came it was as beautiful (in spots) as it is now, and it had a gentler winter climate than at present. I have picked roses in January in Mrs. Son ton's garden. Mrs. Fremont, her sister, Sue Benton, some pretty girls named Smith, the gifted nieces of Madame Cald- eroit, the beautiful Mrs. Barton Key; in fact, till our neighbors, on summer evenings would run about to visit each other without bonnets. People sat on the doorstops, and I have often seen a set of intimates walk up Pennsyl vania Avenue to the old Capitol grounds, attended by sen ators and secretaries with their heads bare, tit seven o'clock of a fine summer evening. The foUowing is an account of "The Methods of Local Travel" prior tc the building in (he year 1802 of the iirst street car lino in tho District, namely the one on Penn sylvania Avenue which extended from the Capitol to Fifteenth and G Streets. This paper was originally presented before tho Association of the Oldest liihnbi- Innls and was published in the h'vciiiiu/ Shir of December Ifi, I Si)!): The best days of the omnibus were in (he fifties, for besides the two main lines, Nailor's and the Union, which ran by a schedule for a live-cent fare from the West Capitol gate to Georgetown, each with twenty-five or thirty busses, were the Peoples' Line of Moore, Van- sciver and Cooper, the Citizens Union Line owned by Weedon, McDcrmott, Rvther, and a number of livery men, coach builders, and hackmen with some fifteen or twenty conehe-;. There were nearly a hundred such vehi cles plying. There -wore tho old lines from the Capitol to Georgetown; the Navy Yard lino; and one from Sixth Street by way of Pennsylvania Avenue, Seventh Street, ON THE EVE OF THE CIVIL WAR Maryland Avenue and Eleventh Street to and from the steamboat wharves. "Social Aspects of Washington before the Disunion" is the title of an anonymous communication that appeared in Owcc-a-'Wcek on December 0, 1802. The writer is apparently of English origin and from the account of the market was probably a woman. It contains the follow ing interesting paragraphs: The great heat in summer, which renders it desirable to have deep 1 louses, is another reason for their exceeding ugliness. The rooms tire always badly proportioned, long and narrow with windows at oneend, and often the plan is so defective that there is a dark room on every floor, merely lighted from the passage. Four years ago there were but few houses which had water led into them in pipes; every drop of water had to be fetched from the neighboring pump. In the spring the houses undergo a complete transformation; cool mattings tire laid down, and mir rors, picture frames, clocks, and ornaments of all kinds are swathed in pink net. to protect them from the swarm of Hies who tin? anathematised under the name of bugs. * * * Spring is a most enjoyable season in Washington; in March the heat begins and soon the peach trees are covered with pink blossoms as (hick as new fallen snow. The magnolias lade (he air with delicious fragrance and countless rainbow-hued blossoms adorn the stately tulip tree and it ll'ord shelter in their chalices for the fragile hum ming bird. Then is the season of picnics to Mount Vernon and the Falls; one of tho great amusements at tho last-mentioned place is catching the shad, an excel lent fish like a white salmon, and broiling it on a plank beside a fierce fire. * * * The great market at Washing ton is worth a visit. It is ten times the size of Coven t Garden. 'The stir, the excitement of venders and buyers, the quaint old niggers selling their poultry and vegeta bles, and the numerous ladies, senators' wives included, going from stall to stall inspecting fish, flesh, and fowl and pausing at the pyramids of vegetables to fill the [5] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME immense basket with which their sable attendant is laden, render it well worth the trouble of getting up at six in the morning. It is an almost universal custom among the thrifty housewives thus to attend to their household con cerns.' One senator's wife went even further and avowed with pride that being unable to get her ballroom waxed to her mind she "reckoned she just got. down on here knees and did if herself." Good kindly souls they are, and if they do pickle hams and wash up tea cups with I heir own hands, why our own great grandmothers did (he same. Congress generally prorogued alternately in March or duly, and woe betide the unhappy mortals who hud lo waif on till the close of the session in .July. The. heat then became almost tropical, !)2 degrees Fahrenheit in (he shade. The Hies rivalled those of Fgyptian fame, the stinks of the ill-drained city became pestiferous, the tierce sunlight penetrated through Ihe very walls of (he badly- built houses. Washington Avas unendurable, and all who could beat a speedy retreat, to Nahant, Saratoga, and the Sulphur Springs. There appeared in Iirntlcy\ M "wci'lltuiy for 18(51 an article entitled "Tho Federal City of Washington," by J. G. Kohl. The author is evidently a foreigner, and presents an interesting picture of Washington at Ihe time mentioned. A. few quotations are given: The streets are miles in length and superfluously broad, and in the suburbs small cottages stand at wide intervals. Only in the center is there a more compact body, and the whole resembles a frame of Berlin wool work in which the fair embroideress has made Spasmodic attempts at a commencement. * * * There is no state in the world which possesses proportionately so small, scantilv popu lated, and shabby a capital as the American Union. * * * Pennsylvania Avenue connects the House of • Congress and the White House in a straight line, and is hence one of the principal arteries of circulation in the city. It, was for a long time the only paved street in Washington, and, indeed, the majority of the streets are still without that • [G] ON THE EVE OF THE CIVIL WAR useful article. During the rainy weather, consequently, (he city is a swamp and the dry season constantly full of dust, clouds. Along Pennsylvania Avenue are (he princi pal shops, and hence it is the favorite, almost sole, prome nade of the fair sex. * * * A little muddy stream, which in winter bears a little water along the base of the Capitol, but in summer is hardly liquid enough for geese, is called Tiber Creek. * * * Washington is well provided with pleasant gardens, clumps of trees, alleys, and (lower beds. This circum stance, and especially that of the long rows of trees accompanying the streets, gives the city a very pleasant aspect and it, looks like a large rural village. The pret tiest gardens and public places are around the White House, or the Mansion as it is called in the higher and official style. * * * During spring, which often begins here in February with the pleasantest day and the mildest air. the city assumes an almost idyllic garb. The kine pasture in the streets, the bull frogs croak and roar in the side lanes. Tho birds of passage twitter in all the trees and the humming birds flash around every (lower.* * * A portion of the Washington street population consists of negroes, both free and slaves. * * * On Sunday tin1 city appears almost entirely to belong to the negroes, for on that day they, and especially their Avives, or iis they call them '"ladies," parade in the most, elegant costumes, the most glaring colors, the broadest crinolines, rustling in silks and most closelv imitating the white ladies and gentlemen. '"Washington City" is the title of an article that appeared in the Atlantic. Monthly for January, 1801, by G. W. Bagby. The following extract, taken from that paper seems indeed curious at. the present time and almost incredible: Planned on a scale of surpassing grandeur, its architec tural execution is almost, contemptible. * * * It is a city without commerce and Avithout manufactures. * * * The site of the U. S. Treasury, it is the home of every- [7] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME thing. but allluence. Its public buildings are splendid, its private buildings generally squalid. The houses are low, the rents high. The streets are broad, the crossings nar row. The hacks are black and (he horses are whites; the squares are triangular, except that of the Capitol, which is oval; and the water is so soft, that, it is hard fo drink if even with (.he admixture of alcohol. If has a, monument that Avill never be finished, a Capitol that is to have a dome, a scieulilic institute which does nothing but report Ihe rise and fall of the thermometer; and two pieces of equestrian statuary which if would be a waste of lime lo criticise. If boasts a streamlet dignified with Ihe name of (he river Tiber, and (his streamlet is of the, size and much Ihe appearance of a vein in a dirty man's arm. If has a canal, hut, this canal is a mud puddle during one half of the day and tin empty ditch during (he other.* * * After a, fortnight, of steady rain, tins sun shines out and in half an hour the streets are tilled with clouds of dust. * * * The men arc line looking, the women homely. * * * Not withstanding all these impediments and disadvantages, Washington is progressing rapidly. It is fast becoming it large cily, but if must, always remain a deserted village in (hc.suinincr. I(s destiny is that of (he Union. Captain Thomas M. Woodruff, who served during the Civil War in the Fifth Infantry, writes pleasantly on "Early War Days in the Nation's Capital" for the War Papers of the Minnesota Commandcry of the Loyal Legion. He was in the Capital at the beginning of td i e Civil War, and describes the public buildings in the fol lowing words: These buildings were not what you see them uoav, nor was the city such as it is at present. The dome of the Capitol had only reached fo (he second tier of columns, and the House and Senate wings wore quite incomplete. The north front and inner court of the Patent Odicc Avcrc in course of construction; the Post Oflice Avas only about one-third completed ; only the east front of the Treasury [8] * ON TUB EVE OE THE CIVIL WAR building existed. The State Department stood upon ground to Avhich has been extended the north wing of the Treasury. The War and Navy Departments were old three-story brick buildings, on ground Avhere now stands the beautiful granite pile comprising the ollices for the State and the (wo last-named departments. The Washington Monument, had, by the voluntary contribu tions of a grateful people, reached to one-third of its proposed height, aud had practically come to a standstill -which now is apparent by the sharp line where the cleaner marble shows a. renewal of the work by means of Congressional appropriations. Pennsylvania Avenue and about one mile of Seventh Street, were1, practically the only paved streets, and for these cobblestones Avere used, from between which, for half of (he year, (here was the ooze of some of slaved om's nastiest slime, (hat during f he- rest, of the year became a palpable dust, typical of the dark cloud that had settled over the Southern States, that just needed the Emancipation Proclamation to clear away and let in the wholesome sunlight of freedom. Our last, quotations tire from Ihe pen of Theodore Winthrop, that gifted young author whose "Cecil Dreeme" gave, such promise of genius (hat his death by a bullet at Big Bethel Avas greatly deplored both in this country and abroad. At the request of James Russell LoavoII, then editor of the Atlantic Monthly, ho wrote Iavo articles for that magazine, and from his "Washington as a Camp" that, appeared in July, 1801, a few days after his death, the following extracts are taken: We marched up the hill, and when the dust opened there was our Big Tent ready pitched. It Avas an enor mous tent, the Sibley pattern modified. A simple soul in our ranks looked up and said, "Tent! Canvas! I don't see it. That's marble." Whereupon a simpler soul informed us, "Boys, that's tho Capitol." And so it was the Capitol, as glad to seo the Now York Sovonfh Regi ment as they to see it. Tho Capitol was to bo our quarters, [»] WASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME and I Avas pleased to notice that the top of the dome had been left off for ventilation. The Seventh had had a wearisome and anxious progress from New York. We had marched from Annapolis. * * * They gave us the Representatives" chamber for quarters. * * * Some of our companies Ave re marched up stairs into the galleries. The sofas Avere to be their beds. * * * Most of us were: bestowed in the amphitheater. Each desk received its man. He Avas to scribble on it by day and sleep under it by night. When the, desks were, till taken, the com panies overflowed into the corridors and into (he lobbies. The. staff took committee rooms. The Colonel reigned in (he Speaker's parlor. Once in, firstly we washed. * * * After we washed we showed ourselves to the eves of Washington, march ing in companies each to a different hotel to dinner. This became one of the ceremonies of our barrack life. We liked it. The. Washingtonians were amused and encour aged by it. * * * Bill (he best of (he entertainment Avas within the Capitol. Some three thousand or more of its were now quartered there. The Massachusetts Eighth were under the dome. No fear for want, of air for them. The Massachusetts Sixth were eloquent for (heir stale in the Senate Chamber. In (he recesses, caves, and crvpls of (he Capitol, wha( other legions were bestowed I do not, know. * * * The men Avere sworn into the, service of (he United States the afternoon of April 20.* * * AVe were drawn up by companies in the Capitol square for mus tering in. * * * When avc had been ten days in our showy barracks, avc began to quarrel Avith litxurv. * * * The May sunshine, the birds, and the breezes of May invited us to camp — the genuine thing under canvas. Besides Uncles Sam and Abe Avanted onr room for other company. Washington was filling up fast Avith uniforms. One afternoon my company, the Ninth, and the Engi neers, the Tenth, Ave re detailed to follow Captain Viele and lay out a camp on Meridian Hill. As Ave had the first choice, Ave got on the Avhole the best site for a camp. AVe occupied (he, \'illa and farm of Dr. Stone, two miles due north of Willard's Hotel. * * * The house stands upon [10] ON 'J' I IK 14 VK Ol'' THE CIVIL AVA It the pretty terrace commanding the plain of AVashinglon. From the, upper Avindows av(>, can see the Potomac opening southAvard like a lake and between us and the Avafer ambitious Washington stretching itself along and along- like the shackly files of an army of recruits. Oaks love tlw. soil of this terrace. There tire some noble ones on the undulations before the house. Lef the ivy-covered stein of (he Big Oak of Camp Cameron take its place in litera ture. * * * The old villa serves ns for headquarters. If is a respectable place, not without its pretensions. Four granile pillars, as (rue grit as if (lie two Presidents Adams had lugged I hem on (heir shoulders from Quinoy, Mass., make! a carriage porch. Mere is I he Colonel in Ihe big west parlor, the Quartermaster and Commissary in the rooms with sliding doors in the east, (he Hospital upstairs, and so on. Other rooms numerous as Ihe. cells in ti monastery serve- its quarters for Ihe Fngineer com pany. These dens tire not monastic in aspect. * * * In the middle hours in the, day if is in order to get, a- pass to go fo Washington or to visit some of the camps which now, in ihe middle, of May, begin lo form a cordon around the city. Our Capital seems arranged by nature to be protected by fortified camps ou the circuit -of its hills. II may be made almost a Verona, if need be. Our brother regiments have posts nearly as charming as oui- own in these fair groves and ou (hose fair slopes on either side of us. The writer gives an account of the order of May l2'\, for an advance at midnight into Virginia, the beginning of Federal occupation of that State. After leaving (-ami) he s.avs: So avc pegged along lo Washinglou and across AVash inglon which. nf that point consists of- AVillavd's Hotel, few other buildings being in sight. '" "' * Opposite that bald block (he AVashinglon Monument and opposite Avhat wtis of more importance fo us — a drove, of bet! vos pulling beef on their bones.in (he seedy grounds of (he Smith sonian Institution, avo Avere halted while the Noav Jersey [H] WASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME brigade, some three thousand of them, trudged by. * * * The Long Bridge thus far has been merely a shabby causeway with Avater Avays and draws. The writer then describes (he construction of the earth - Avorks on the ridge along the road to Alexandria at the place Avhere that road IkmkIs from Avest to south and the return on May '20 of the regiment to Camp Cameron, Avhen, as the thirty days had expired, if was mustered out of the service. -f M^^iiifs^Ji yy A War-Time View of Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol. [12] The Military Situation in Washington in 1861 Bv MARCUS BENJAMIN President of the Society of the War of 1812 HE winter months of the year 1800-01 Avere full of gloom to the residents of AVashinglon. The fear ful apprehension of the terrible nearness of the dreaded Civil AVar Avas constantly before them. It ¦will be remembered that after an intensely earnest and anxious can vass, Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the Re publican party, had been elected on a platform that denied the extension of slavery in tho new States. Distinct threats that the success of tho Republican candidate would be the signal for dis union, made during the heat of the canvass by extreme leaders in the Southern States, were soon found to be (rue. On December 20, 1800, South Carolina passed an ordinance of. secession and several of the leading mem bers of Mr. Buchanan's cabinet manifested their clearly defined opinions by promptly AvithdraAving from their offices. It Avas indeed fortunate that staunch Union men, such as John A. Dix and Joseph Holt, were induced to GEN. CHAS. P.STONE [13] WASHINGTON DURING WAK TIME fake up the arduous duties of the Treasury Department and the AVar Department at that critical period, even though it was but for a few months. Of the former, Avhose appointment was made at the urgent request of the financial men of New York city, it is a matter of ollicial record that when he took office there were two revenue cutters at New Orleans, which he ordered to New York. The Captain of one of these, after consulting Avith the Collector in New Orleans, refused to obey. Secretary Dix thereupon telegraphed: Tell Lieutenant Caldwell to arrest Captain Brcshwood, assume command of the cutter, and obey the order I gave Ihrough you. I f Captain Ibvshwood, after arrest, under takes to interfere with the command of the cutler, tell Lieutenant Caldwell to consider him as a mutineer, and treat him accordingly. // anyone ;/X !;: X 'x ; X-ilL o : > '.! ' J $ -;X' X. ' / ft''.' *p '..>'. ' / . X('-X '; X X.#J till s > •* ¦ i ¦ ¦ ' - vr ¦-y. -,,¦'' i Ss^^r ':¦ -''' v 'V' -' ' Xs.' . ' "^Si. .v,. Xv. rJ >' -- X' - *-t* X ¦ i*> -- X -^.T^ m ' ¦ ¦}-¦¦• y "X" -x>\ &Xt i ..' ' " ;iv- . -'.:x*x I ' X>' f2*^ 1l.fllnn.ViiV ¦ ¦ — '-- '- - - — ¦ — "-- ---J. ifrt'-iJ/. ^*Bfc'.jii,V* WASHINGTON DU1UNG AVAlt TIME ished), and Congress had passed no laws establishing a new one. The only armed volunteer organizations in the District of Columbiii Avere: one company of riflemen at GeorgetoAvn (the Potomac Light Tnfantry), one company of riflemen in AVashington (the National Rifles), a skele ton battalion of infantry (the AVashinglon Light Infan try) of about one hundred and sixty men, and another small organization called the, National Guard Battalion. Of these local organizations the Potomac Light Infan try Company of Georgetown Avas fairly drilled, well armed, and from careful information it seemed certain that the majority of its members could be depended upon in case of need. The National Rifles, through their com manding officer, announced as their purpose "to guard the frontier of Maryland and help to keep the Yankees from coining down to coerce the South!" On the other hand, the AVashington Light Infantry organization and the National Guard Avere old volunteers, composed of resi dents of AVashington, and Avere almost to a man faithful to the Government. Colonel Stone at, once set to Avork to organize volunteers for the preservation of order in the District, and in six weeks, or by the middle of February, Avas able lo report that ''thirty-three companies of infantry and riflemen and two troops of cavalry Avere on the lists of the District volunteer force; and all had been uniformed, equipped. and put under frequent drill." The, necessity of this force soon became apparent. A plan had been organized for the purpose of seizing the public departments at an opportune moment and obtain ing possession of the seals of tho Government. The part assigned to the battalion organized under tho name of the National Volunteers was to take possession of (he Tro-iu- 10: THE MILITARY SITUATION ury Department for the benefit of a ne,Av provisional government. This project, through the energetic efforts of Colonel Stone, was effectually prevented by his refusal to honor a requisition for arms and armament. In (his connection it is eminently desirable to again quote from Colonel Stone, avIio has expressed his thorough appreciation of the services of these volunteer soldiers in the following terms: I think that the country has never properly appreci ated* the services of those District of Columbia volun teers. It certainly has not appreciated the difficulties surmounted in their organization. Those volunteers Avere citizens of the Federal District, and therefore, had not tit the' time, nor Inne they ever since, had. the powerful stimulant of a State feeling, nor the powerful support of a State government, a State's pride, a State press to set forth and make much of their services. They did their duty quietly, and they did it avoII and faithfully. Although not mustered into the service and placed on pay until after the fatal day Avhen the flag was fired upon. for the first time, at Sumter, yet they rendered great service before that time in giving confidence to those, citizens of the District who were faithful to the Govern ment, in giving confidence to members of the national legislature, and in giving confidence also to the President. in the knowledge that there Avas at least a small force at his disposal ready to respond at any moment to his call. It should also be remembered of them, that the first troops mustered into the, service, were sixteen companies of these volunteers; and that during the dark days Avhen AVash- injj'ton Avas cut off from communication Avith the North. when raihvay bridges Avere burned and tracks torn up. Avhen the Potomac Avas blockaded, these troops were the ?Tho total number of men received Into the United States service and credited to tho District from the beginning- to the close of the Rebellion, was 1G.S72. — Journal of the Executive Council of the City of Washington, 1866-67, page 728. 2 [17] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME only reliance of the Government for guarding the public departments, for preserving order and for holding the bridges and other outposts; that these Avere the troops which recovered possession of the railway from AVashing ton to Annapolis Junction and made practicable the re-opening of communication. They also formed the advance guard of the force Avhioh first crossed the Poto mac into Virginia, and captured the city of Alexandria. A military force having been organized, the next im portant consideration Avas the preparation of a plan for the defense of the Capital. Washington as a military post had no natural strength. It was accessible to an enemy on all sides. Moreover, a considerable portion of its inhabitants Avas believed to be in sympathy with the people of the South, and would have welcomed with joy the advent of the Rebel soldiers. The adjacent country Avas also the, home of those who served in the Confederate Army, and Avhose fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters and sweethearts anxiously waited for the hour when tho haled blue of the Yankees should no longer allliet them Avith its presence. These residents, peaceable and harmless though they seemed, were in reality a multitude of spies, through whom the condition of the Capital Avas ahvays known to the enemy. As Inspector General of the District of Columbia Colonel Stone Avas in command of the District troops, all the infantry and cavalry Avhich the GoA'ernment then had at its disposition for the defense of the Federal District, the preservation of order in the Capital, and the guarding of the public buildings and archives of the nation. It Avas his duty to so station the troops that all approaches to the city should be constantly Avatched, and he held pos session not only of the Long Bridge and Chain Bridge OA-er the Potomac, but also stationed pickets far out on [18] THE MILITARY SITUATION the roads leading into the city, and placed nightly guards in all of the public buildings. Mention must be made of the seizure of the railroads and telegraphs, as Avell as the interesting incidents con nected Avith the successful inauguration of President Lin coln as among the e\rents that occurred during the early months of 1801, in which active participation was had by the, volunteers under Colonel Stone. The condition of affairs soon became critical, as is shoAvn by the following conversation, which took place betAveen General Scott and Colonel Stone, early in 1801. General Scott said: "Gosport Navy Yard has been burned !" I replied, quietly : "Yes, General !" lie confined : "Harper's Ferry bridge has been burned!" Again I replied : "Yes, General." Again he spoke: "Tho bridgo at Point of Rocks was burned some days since!" I replied; "Yes, General." He continued: "The bridges over Gun powder Creek beyond Baltimore have been burned!" I still replied: "Yes,. General." He added: "They are closing their coils around us, sir!" Still I replied, in tho same tone: "Yes, General." "Now," said tho general, ''how long can we hold out here?" I replied : "Ten days. General, and Avilhin that time tho North Avill come down to us." "TToav Avill they come? The route through Baltimore is cut off." "They will come by all routes. They Avill come between the capes of Virginia, up through Chesapeake. Bay, and by the Potomac. They Avill come, if necessary, from Pennsylvania through Maryland directly to us; and they Avill come through Baltimore and Annapolis." After some further discussion, General Scott asked: "AVhere are your confers?" [19] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME "There are three, General. First, the Capitol, Avhere have been stored some Iavo thousand barrels of flour, and Avhere Major McDoavcII remains eArery night "with from tAvo hundred to three hundred of my volunteers. Second. the City Hall hill, a commanding point, Avith broad aArenues and Avide streets connecting it with most import ant points, having in its vicinity the Patent Office and the General Post Office, in each of AAdiich I place a force e\rery night. In the General Post Office avo haA-e stored a largo quantity of flour. Third, the Executive Square, including tho President's House, the War, Navy, State, and Treasury Departments, in each of Avhich, and in AVinder's building, I place a force every night after dusk. The citadel of this center is the Treasury building. The basement has been barricaded Arery strongly by Captain Franklin of the Engineers, Avho remains there at night and takes charge of the force. The front of the Treasury building is well flanked by the State Department build ing, and fifty riflemen are nightly on duty there. The building opposite is also occupied at nights. The out posts at Benning's bridge and the pickets in that direction will, in case of attack in force, retire, fighting, to the, Capitol. Those on the northeast and north will, if pressed, retire by Seventh street to the City Hall hill, Avhile those on the nortliAvest and Avest Avill, in case of attack, fall back and finally take refuge in the Treasury building, where they will be joined by the detachments guarding the river front when the attack shall have become so marked and serious that only the centers can be held. In the Treasury building are stored two thousand barrels of flour, and perhaps the best water in the city is to be found there. The' city is so admirably laid out in broad avenues and Avide streets centering on the three [20] TUT, MILITARY SITUATION positions chosen, that concentration for defense at any one of the three is made easy. The field battery can move rapidly towtird tiny outpost whore heavy firing shall indicate that the -attack is there serious, and Avith tho aid. of this battery the retreat from that point can be made slowly enough to give. time, for concentration on that line of the outlying companies in positions not threatened, In case a sharp resistance, outside the city may fail to pre-A'cnt an advance of the enemy, avc can occupy the centers until the North shall haA'c time to come to our relief. All our information tends to sIioav that tho force of Ihe enemy Avhich can immediately act against the Capital does not exceed five thousand organized men; and before that number can bo largely increased our relief will come. These District, of Columbia volunteers would be lighting in defense of (heir homes and would fight well." He (hen said : "Your plan is good. Your pickets will have to fight well, and must try to not fall back more than fifteen puces at a time and lo lire at least once at each hall. This requires good men and good, devoted officers. These sol diers of the District Avill probably light quite as well in defense of their homes as Avill the enemy in attacking them. But. you have too many centers. You cannot hold three. You Avill need all your force concentrated to hold one position against an energetic force equal to or superior in numbers to all you have. The first center to be abandoned must be the Capitol. It is a fireproof building. There is little in it that is combustible except ing the libraries of the Congress and the Supreme Court, and I do not believe that American soldiers, oven in rebel- [21] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME lion, are yet capable of burning or destroying public libraries and the archives of courts of justice. "The second center to be abandoned will be the City Hall hill. "Finally, if necessary, all else must be abandoned, to occupy, strongly and effectively, the Executive Square, with the idea of finally holding only the Treasury build ing, and, perhaps the State Department building, prop erly connected. The seals of the several departments of the Government must be deposited in the vaults of the Treasury. They must not be captured and used to deceive and create uncertainty among public servants distant from the Capital." Then, speaking more impressively, he said: "Should it conic to the defense of the Treasury building its a citadel, then the President and all the members of his cabinet must take up their quarters with us in that build ing! They shall not be permitted to desert the Capital !" Colonel Stone's confidence in the loyal soldiers of the Northern States Avas soon justified, for they came quickly. To the honor of the great Common Avealth of Pennsyl vania, it is a matter of history that several hundred unarmed militia from that State. Avere the first to reach Washington. Massachusetts came next, and it is her proud record that her Sixth regiment of state militia arrived in AVashington on April 19, after hard fighting in the streets of Baltimore, and aviis quartered in the Capitol. Finally, on April 25, the famous Seventh regiment of New York reached the Capital and the blockade Avas broken. Concerning this regiment it may be added that on April 15, the President's call for 75,000 men had been issued and two days later this "unrivalled body of citizen- * [22] THE MILITARY SITUATION soldiery" marched down Broadway on their way to Washington. On arriving at Philadelphia, they learned of the attempt to prevent the passage of the Sixth Massa chusetts through the Citv of Baltimore and accordinglv chartered a steamer for Annapolis, from Avhere they reconstructed the railroad track to Annapolis Junction and soon reached AVashington, Avhere the companies avc re quickly formed and the column marched "in correct, Seventh regiment style up Pennsylvania A\'enue to the President's Mansion, Avhere they gave a marching salute to the President." It must not be forgotten, hoAvever, that the muster in of the District volunteers was begun on April 10, in (he enclosed space on the north side of the AVar Office, and thus it Avas that, the first citizen troops called into the service of the United States to oppose secession avo re those of the District of Columbia. From day to day regiments of volunteers came from the North and from the Northwest to AA'ashington, until it was soon strong enough to resist the attack of any force its enemies could send against it. Captain Thomas M. AAroodruff, avIio was in Washing ton at that time, has described some of these regiments as f oIIoavs : I remember the First Rhode Island, under command of General Burnside, Avhich Avas quartered at the Patent Office, and avc soon found that it Avas largely composed of college students, avIio often came around to our house and sang their college songs, and several times brought their regimental band to serenade the young ladies in the neighborhood. The Second Rhode Island, Avith a light battery attached, soon afterwards came, and Governor Sprague accompanied these for the purpose of command ing all the troops from his State. These regiments Avere [23] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME well drilled, and hud dress parade:, at the Patent Office. They Avore the service blue, and two companies of the First regiment, wore armed with a breech-louding carbine. Later (hey wore moved out to the northern limits of the city and encamped in a beautiful grove called (bile's Woods, Avhere their tents Avere, put up on frames Avith wooden sides and doors. The Seventh New York (which was originally quartered at the Capitol) also had a beau tiful camp out north of the city at the old Stone estate on Columbia Heights, Ihe mansion of which is now ferX-"' ?'¦' "" y '' |"> "1 -^ X ,-|'i J |, » I ?'Avi^J jt (!„ f/'XX| P y! :rf 77 1 r "n^j^si Bnri'lciitlu in tliu Tri'iiHiiry HiilldliiR. known as Ihe home of the la(e illustrious General John A. Logan, and still occupied by his widow. The Sevenfv- lirsf Now York Light Infantry was likewise a line regi ment, and uniformed much in the same stvle as the Seventh, in cadet gray. It is said that these two reo-i- ments and the First Rhode Dand came back after thfeir' thirty days' service in great part, as officers of other [24] THE MILITARY SITUATION organizations. The TAvclfth Noav York, under General Buttcrfiold, arrived Avithout any uniforms and looked very shabby with their equipments buckled over their varicolored citizens' clothes. They Avere put into camp in the central part of the city at Franklin Park. They shortly obtained the service uniform, and in a feAV Aveeks wore called Butterfield's Regulars; their manual of arms was faultless, and they developed into one of the finest regiments in the city. Another handsome regiment Avas EIlsAvorth's Fire Zouazes (the Eleventh Ncav York). They Avere quartered in the Capitol; they marched and drilled avcII, but Avere restless and someAvhat unruly. On the occasion of a fire in the OAven House, next to AAril- lard's Hotel, they broke out and ran pellmell to the fire, where they Avorked like salamanders, running in and out of the (lames, bringing out all kinds of furniture and utensils. There Avere three regiments Avhose uniforms were particularly handsome and gay — the Thirty-ninth. Sixty-ninth, and Seventy-ninth New York. The jirst Avas the Garibaldi Guards, uniformed as is the Italian light infantry or Bersagliari of the present time — a very dark greenish blue cloth, Avith a flat-brimmed round-top hat set off with cock's feathers. The Sixty-ninth Avas an Irish regiment, commanded by the gallant, Corcoran, avIio Avas wounded at Bull Run. They have kept up their organiza tion and wear the same uniform as then Avorm — coats rather conspicuously set off with crimson and green; they carry a green flag with the harp of Frin embroidered thereon. The Seventy-ninth was the Highland regiment, com manded ''by Colonel Cameron, a brother of Simon Cam eron, then Secretary of War, avIio Avas killed at Bull Run. They Avere very showy in their kilts, and Avere fairly drilled. I remember some regiments from AArisconsin and from Minnesota, the gallant historic First, tAvo from Con necticut, and some from other Noav England States, that, came about this time, fully armed and splendidly equipped, some of the latter bringing full regimental wagon trains. Many of these regiments Avore a most serviceable gray uniform, Avhich, however, was subse- [25] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME quently put aside for the national blue. These organiza tions Avere composed of fine material — handsome, stal- Avart, intelligent men, avIio could turn their minds and hands to any occupation, and avIio a feAV Aveeks afterAvards surrounded the city with a complete cordon of field fortifications. It Avas these men, organized by Colonel Stone, under General Scott, avIio formed the army that General McDoAvell led to the first battle of Bull Run, and it is to be regretted that the story of that battle, forced upon the country by the clamor of those who stayed at home. cannot be included in this chapter. It Avas also these same volunteer soldiers Avho became the nucleus of the famous Army of the Potomac, AAdiose splendid deeds during the long campaigns that were then 3'et to come form the brightest page on the history of the greatest Avar of modern times. The bravery and heroism of these soldiers finds a fitting culmination in the "Grand RevieAv," described elsewhere in this volume. [26] /* The Defeases of Washington" By JOHN GROSS BARNARD Major General by brevet and Colonel, Corps of Engineers HEN, after the disaster of Bull Run, it became apparent that the Avar Avas to be a struggle of long duration, the necessity of the thorough fortifying of AVashington ceased to be doubt ful. The situation Avas indeed such as to admit of no elaborate plans, scarcely of the adequate study of the ground necessary to a judicious location of a line so extensive. The first exigency wits to fortify the position on the heights of Arlington, the most obvious. manner of doing Avhich Avas to connect Forts Corcoran and Albany by intermediate Avorks, within musketry or canister range of each other, and thus form, with Fort Runyon, a chain or a "couronne," covering at the same time the bridges and the heights. The ground, furrowed b}' numerous ravines, proA'ed suf ficiently favorable, and the large lunettes, Avith stockaded gorges, Forts Craig, Tillinghast, Cass, Woodbury, and De Kalb (subsequently called Fort Strong), Avere speedily laid out and begun. The location of these Avorks, as also >s;x;x Oi>! J.G BARNARD "This article is taken from General Barnard's Report on the Defenses of Washington, being No. 20 of the Professional Papers of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Washington, 1871. [27] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME their design and construction, were principally due to Majors AVoodbury and Alexander. Fort Corcoran being on a "step" or small plateau of inferior level to that of the heights, is Avas necessary to continue the line, by Fort De Kalb toAvard the river, along the higher leATel. As it requires many days to obtain, in regularly-profiled field forts, so much cover as Avill make them partially defensi ble, a temporary expedient for improvising defense Avas found in making a Avide "slashing'' through the forest in advance of the line of these intended works, and a mar ginal slashing around its edge. Half-sunk batteries for field-guns Ave re prepared between the sites of Forts De Kalb and AVoodbury and near that of Fort Craig.* From the heights north of the Potomac, betAveen George town and the "distributing reservoir," Avhich overlooked and commanded the ground in advance of the defensive line, a formidable flanking fire Avas obtained b}r the erec tion of "Battery Cameron" for tAvo rifled I2-pounders. The Avooded ridge Avhich lies north of and parallel to the lower course of Four-Mile Run, offered a ftiA'orable position from Avhich the city, the Long Bridge, and the plateau in advance of if could be overlooked and can nonaded, and from Avhich if was important, to exclude the enemy so long as our defensive line Avas thus limited. Access to it Avas made difficult by felling the forest with Avhich it Avas covered (about 200 acres) and the construc tion upon it of the large lunette (Fort Scott) Avas begun its soon as the site could be fixed. The subsequent exten sion of the line to embrace Alexandria threAv this Avork and Fort Albany into the rear, but it retained, neverthe- "11 is interesting here to remark that, with the experience our troops and engineers acquired two or three years later, this whole position would in 'li hours havo been formidably intrenched by a continuous line of (so-called) rifle-pits, strengthened by "slash ings," etc. But we had not then the men who Could be trusted to hold such line. [28] THE DEFENSES less, a considerable importance, since, taken in connection Avith Forts Richardson, Craig, and others, it completed a defensive line for AVashington independent, of (he exten sion lo Alexandria. AVhile these operations avc re going on General Richard son, avIioso division held position along tho Columbia Turnpike, had occupied and pointed out the importance of (he eminence in advance of Fort Albany commanding the, plateau along Avhich that, road passes and flanking the Arlington lines. The small inclosed polygonal Avork, "Fort Richardson," aviis begun thereon about September I, IStil. Tho defense of Alexandria and its connection with that of AVashinglon aviis a subject, of anxious study. The exigency demanding immediate measures, Ihe first idea naturally aviis, availing ourselves of Fort Ellsworth as one point, of the defensive system, to connect it Avith Fort Scott by intermediate Avorks on Mount Ida, and adjacent, heights. A protracted study of (he topography for sev eral utiles in advance showed that such a line Avouhl be indefensible. Not only Avould the Avorks themselves he commanded by heights in advance, but the troops Avhich should support them would bo restricted to a narrow space, in Avhich they Avould be overlooked and harassed by Ihe enemy's distant fire. The occupation, therefore, of the heights a mile in advance of Fort_ FllsAVorth, upon which the Theological Seminary is situated, seemed abso lutely necessary, and examination showed their topogra phy to be favorable to a defensive line, as points of which Ihe sites of Forts AVorth and "Ward were selected and the Avork begun about the first of September, and the line thence continued simultaneously by Fort Reynolds to connect Avith Forts Richardson and Craig. Somewhat later Fort Barnard, intermediate between Reynolds and [29] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME Richardson, and partially filling the gap, Avas begun. It commanded the valley of Four-Mile Run and flanked a deep tributary ravine lying across the approaches to Forts Reynolds and AVard. The heights south of Hunting Creek, overlooking Alex andria and more elevated than Fort Ellsworth, Avere for some time a subject of anxiety. The fortification of the Seminary Heights, Avhich commanded them, diminished materially the danger of their temporary seizure by the enemy. As soon, however (about the middle of Septem ber), as a sufficient force could be detached to occupy the position and protect the construction, the large fort, called Lyon, Avas begun. Major (BrcATct Major General) Newton, then attached as an engineer officer to the staff of General Franklin, selecting the site and planning the work. This extensiAre field-Avork occupied a month or t.Avo in construction, during Avhich time the position Avas made someAvhat more defensible h)' rifle-trenches across the plateau in advance. AAThile strengthening as rapidly as possible our most assailable and, at first, exceedingly Aveak position on the south shore of the Potomac,, it Avas, though perhaps less urgent, still necessary to provide some auxiliary defenses to the city itself against approaches along the northern shores. In the summer and autumn the Potomac is easily fordable, at points not distant from AATashington. The army Avhich had been victorious at Manassas, and Avhose advance posts Avere soon visible at Munson's Hill, might. it Avas thought, improve the critical period Avhich fol- loAved, ere onr rapidly-arriving Arolunteer regiments could be organized into a formidable force, and Avhile that Avhich had fought that battle, disorganized by defeat, Avas dwindling aAvay by expiration of three months' term of service, to cross the river and assail us, where the results [30] -r" Xr' - fi f $ mortars. The total infantry garrisons required for their defense, computed at 2 men per yard of front perimeter, and 1 man per yard of rear perimeter, is about 25,000. The total number of artillerymen required (to furnish throe reliefs for each gun) is about D,000. It is seldom necessary to keep the infantry supports attached to the works. The artillerymen, Avhose training requires much time, having learned the disposition of the armament, and com puted the distances of the ground over Avhich attacks . may be looked for, and the ranges and service of their guns, should not be changed; they should remain pcrma nently in the forts. The 25,000 infantry should be encamped in such posi tions as may be most coiwenient to enable them, in case of alarm, to garrison the several Avorks; and a force of 3,000 cavalry should be available for outpost duty, to give notice of the approach of autonomy. AVhenevor tin enemy is "within striking distance of the Capital, able by a rapid inarch to attempt a eoitp-de- mttin, Avhich might result in (he temporary occupation of the city, the dispersion of (he Government, and the destruction of the archives, till of avIbcIi could be accom plished by a single day's possession, a covering army of not less than 25,000 men should be held in position, ready to march to meet .the attacking column. Against more serious attacks from the main body of . the enemy, the Capital must, depend upon the concentra tion of its entire armies in Virginia or Maryland. They should, precede or follow any movement of the enemy' seriously threatening the Capital. Tho various operations recommended by the commis sion, sanctioned by the Secretary of AVar, Avere prose cuted with great vigor during the early part of the year 18G3. The ucav Avorks recommended Avere entirely com pleted during that year, and ready indeed to render [40] THE DEFENSES efficient service by the time the season of acthre field operations commenced. That on the spur behind Forts Cass and AVoodbury — Fort AVhipple — and that at the Red House, Fort C. F. Smith, became the most perfect, and beautiful specimens of Avhat may be called "semi permanent" field Avorks. So also aviis Fort Foote, designed as a Avater battery in conjunction with Battery Rodgers. The operations of 18G4 (during the latter half of the year) under charge of Lieutenant-Colonel B. S. Alex ander, avIiosc aid during their Avhole progress had been of great value to the chief engineer, were confined mainly to the repairing, strengthening, and perfecting existing works. An exception to the above statement is to be found in the beginning of a large fort, styled Fort McPherson (but never completed), behind Fort Craig, to fill the gap in the second lino, between Forts AVhipple and Albany, and of three small works over the Anacostia, between Forts Mahan and Meigs. Thus, from a few isolated Avorks coA'ering bridges or commanding a few especially important points, aviis developed a connected system of fortification by Avhich every prominent point, at intervals of 800 to 1,000 yards, Avas occupied by an inclosed field-fort, every important approach or depression of ground, unseen from the forts, SAvept by a battery for field-guns and the Avhole con nected by rifle-trenches which Avcre in fact lines of infantry parapet, furnishing emplacement for tAvo ranks of men and affording covered communication along the line, while roads Avcre opened wherever necessary, so that troops and artillery could be moved rapidly from one point of tho immense periphery to another, or under cover, from point to point along the line. The woods which prevailed along many parts of the [41] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME line were cleared for a milo or two in front of tho works tho counterscarps of which worn surrounded by abaffis, Boinb-prools wore provided in nearly nil the forts; all gmiH uol solely intended for disbud lire, placed in embrasure und well t ra versed ; hoc lire und wi'lbvcnfilated magazines ample to contain 100 rounds per gun, con structed; the original crude structures, built, after designs given in text-books for "field fortifications," replaced by others, on plans experience developed, or which the increased powers of modern artillery made necessary. All commanding points on which an enemy would bo likely to concentrate artillery lo overpower that of one or more of our forls or batteries were subjected no! only to the fires, direct and cross, of many points along Ihe line, but, also from heavy rilled guns from distant points unattainable by Ihe enemy's field-guns. With all these developments the lines certainly approximated to the maximum degree of strength Avhich can be attained from unrevetted earth-Avorks. AVhen in July, J 8(5-1, Early appeared before AVashington, all the artillery reg iments Avhich had constituted the garrisons of the works and who Avere experienced in the use of the artillery, had been AvithdraAvn and their places mainly filled by a few regiments of "one hundred days men," just mustered into the service. The advantage, under those circum stances, of established lines of infantry perapet, and prepared emplacements for field guns, can hardly be overestimated. Bodies of hastily organized men, such as teamsters, quartermaster's men, citizen volunteers, etc., sont, out to the lines, could hardly go amiss. Under other circumstances it Avould have been almost impossible speedily to have got them into any proper position and to haAre kept them in it. AVith equal facility the mova ble batteries of field guns found, Avithout a moment's [42] THE DEFENSES delay, their appropriate places where, covered by the enemy's fire, they occupied the Arery best positions Avhich the topography afforded. At the termination of the Avar in April, 1865, the "defenses of AA^ashington" consisted of G8 inclosed forts and batteries having an aggregate perimeter of- 22,800 yards (13 miles) and emplacements for 1,120 guns, 807 of Avhich and 98 mortars were actually mounted; of 93 unarmed batteries for field-guns having 401 emplace ments; and of 35,711 yards (20 miles) of rifle trenches, and 3 block houses. Thirty-tAvo miles of military roads, besides the existing roads of the District and the avenues of AVashington, served as the means of communication from the interior to the defensive lines, and from point to point thereof. Tho entire circuit, including the dis tance across the Potomac from Fort Greble to Fort Lvon (four miles), was thirty-seven miles. Bomb-Proof Fort Near Washington. [43] The Part taken by the Naval Forces in the Defense of Washington During the Givil War By KICHAKD WAIN WRIGHT Commander U. S: Naoy and Superintendent Naval Academy HE first order issued to the Naval Forces for the pro tection of Washington was dated January 5, 18(51, signed by Isaac Ton coy, Secretary of the Navy, and addressed to Colonel John Harris, Commandant, Ma rine Corps, directing that a force of Marines be sent to Fort AVashington, doAvn the Potomac, for the protec tion of public property. Forty men, commanded by Captain A. S. Taylor, U. S. Marine Corps, were sent in obedience to this order. Under pressure from Commander J. A. Dahlgren, Commodore Franklin Buchanan, Commandant of the AVashington Yard, on February 1, issued an order for the defense of the yard and prescribing the necessary organ ization and points for assembling. On April 22, Commo dore Buchanan resigned and soon after joined the Confederate NaAry. Commander Dahlgren noAv became [44] PART TAKEN BY THE NAA'AL FORCES commandant and all available means for defense AA-cre put in shape. On April 19, the Pawnee, Commander RoAvan, arrived oil' the AVashington Arsenal and on the folloAving day the packet Anacostia Avas armed and sent, under tho com mand of Lieutenant FillebroAvn, doAvn the Potomac to Kettle Bottom Shoals, to prevent obstructions being placed in the river. The Mount Vernon having been seized by the army at Alexandria, Avas armed for service. The Steamer Pocahontas, Commander J. P. Gillis, arrived from Noav York and AATas ordered to cruise down the river as far as the "AArhile House." A number of other small river steamers and tugs Avere armed at this time. They were employed in patrolling the river, in preserving and placing the aids to navigation, and over hauling all boats on the river for arms, etc. Among these armed boats Avcre the Powhatan, Lieutenant Spros- ton commanding; the Philadelphia, Lieutenant G. N. Morris and aftenvards Lieutenant AAr. N. Jcffcrs, com manding; the Robert Leslie, Lieutenant J. II. Russell. commanding; and the Baltimore, Lieutenant AA7". C. AVest, commanding. Early in May Commander J. II. AArard Avas assigned to the charge of the Potomac flotilla. He had suggested the idea to the Secretary of the Navy and brought several light draft boats from Ncav York to form a part of the flotilla. The first Confederate battery on the Potomac aviis dis covered at Aquia Creek on May 14 by Lieutenant Spros- ton, and was afterAvards reported by several of the patrolling boats. On May 24, all the steamers, lighters, and boats at the NaAry Yard Avere used to convey the NeAV York Regiment of Zouaves (EllsAvorth's Fire Zouaves) from Giesboro [45] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME Point to Alexandria. It Avas immediately after this land ing that. Colonel EllsAvorlh aviis murdered. On May 31, Commander Ward with the Thomas Free born, the Anacostia, and the Resolute, of the Potomac Flotilla, attacked the batteries at Aquia Creek. On the folloAving clay, the bombardment aviis attempted, the ships being reinforced by the Pawnee, Commander Roavihi. On the 2Gth, the bombardment ended Avithout injury to either side. The shore batteries Avere silenced only to break out again, on the cessation of firing from the \Tesscls per mitting the men to leaAre their protection. On June 23, Commander AArard applied for the aid of about tAvo hundred soldiers to assist him in the attack upon some Confederate troops at Mathias Point. These troops could not be spared, and on June 27 Avith the aid of boat's crcAV from the Pawnee, commanded by Lieu tenant Chaplin, he landed the men from the Freeborn and attacked the Confederate troops at Mathias Point, Avith the aid of the guns of the Freeborn. The landing party Avas repulsed, and Captain AVard Avas killed Avhile sighting the boAv gun of his oavii A^essel. Commander T. T. Craven aviis then ordered to command the Potomac Flotilla. In the latter part of Jul}', Lieutenant Parker, Avith one hundred and ten seamen and forty marines, Avas sent to Fort EllsAvorth beyond Alexandria. They laid the plat forms and mounted a naval battery of three 9-inch guns and five hoAvit/ers. This aviis a joint occupancy Avith the Army, Fort Ellsworth being at the time the fort nearest the Confederate lines, Fort Mttnson being their opposing fort. Lieutenant Parker aviis afterAvards relieved, and Commander R. AATaiiiAvright aviis sent in command of a detachment of three hundred seamen and four officers to man this Fort. AfterAvards a guard of thirty marines was [46] wpr+rrft 1 •< w o B. 0? (91W AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME added to the force, and manned a small Avater battery erected near the Fort. The entire force Avas AvithdraAvn in November. Commander Charles AVilkes aviis ordered to command the Potomac Flotilla in August, 18G2. He aviis succeeded in September of the sanfc year by Commodore Andrew A. Ilarwood, avIio aviis relieved in December, 18G3, by Commander Foxhall A. Parker. After NoA'ember, 1801, the Avork of the Navy in the defense of AVashington Avas confined to patrolling the Potomac River. On several occasions, on the request of the General in command of the Army of the Potomac, the Commander of the flotilla was specially cautioned to prevent the passage of the Potomac River by the Confederate Army. They grad ually obtained possession of the boats on the river. At times they avc re attacked by the Confederates from com manding positions on shore, but there Avere no other engagements on tho river of sufficient importance to be noted. A AVar-Tlmc View of the AVashington Navy Yard. [48] Early's March to Washington (IciK'l'iil .Al. (', Mi'Ikh. Bv THOMAS MeCUBDY- VINCENT Brigadier (leneral, by breed, V , S. Army V'VVAl the bailie, of New Market, May 15, I8(il, Major General Hunter assumed command of the, Department of West Virginia, at, Cedar Creek, May 21'; ami., the Lynchburg ex ped if i.o n, through the Army of the Shenandoah, assumed prom inence. Hunter started with about 8,500 men of all arms, and after uniting with Crook and Averill his force was about 18,000. During Ihe ad vance of the Army of (ho Shenandoah it was successful in several actions, and on June II, 18(i-l, Secretary Sltiufon telegraphed to General Hunter: This Department has received, Avith great, satisfaction. your special dispatch (.Inne, 8) announcing the recent brilliant, victory won by your army, and their occupation (dune (!) of the city of Staunton. These brilliant achieve ments wipe out the, antecedent disasters to our army in former campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley, and induce strong hope thai, led on by the- courage and guided by the experienced skill of its commander, the Army of the Shenandoah Avill rival other gallant armies in the suc cessful I)1oavs against the rebels. For yourself and ihe brave officers and soldiers of your command the thanks of the President and of this Department are tendered. [49 j AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME Unfortunately the great satisfaction, as thus an nounced, aviis followed by the heavy gloom connected with subsequent important operations. Lieutenant-General Jubal A. Early's forces of the C'onl'edei'iite Army of Northern Virginia moved from Gaines' Mill .to Lynchburg, to. defend that -place from Hunter's medilated attack; to strike Hunter's force in the rear, anil, if possible, to destroy if; then to move, down the Shenandoah Valley, and to cross the Potomac at Leesburg, or at, or. above, Harper's Ferry, its might be found most, practicable. Early has said: "General Lee did not expect me to be able, to enter Washington. His orders were merely to threaten the city; and, when I suggested to him (he idea of capturing if he stiid if would be. impossible." As to this movement General Early, in a telegram dated -Inne 1(5, lstil. sent lo General Breckin ridge al Lynchburg said: "My Iirst object is to destroy Hunter, and Ihe next il is not prudent to (rust lo (olo graph. Hold on and you will be amply supported." Hunter failed in his attempt on Lynchburg, and, owing (o want of ammunition, retired from before the place and fell back into AVesf A'irginia. He aviis pursued by Farly's force for three days — about GO miles — until Hunter reached the mountains, en route by Avay of Salem and Lewisburg. He left Charleston, Kanawha. July 3, and reached Parkersburg July 4, by Avater. June 22 the pursuit ceased, as Early did. not deem it proper to con tinue it. Sheridan, during his Trevilian Station cavalry raid, was to have united, by way of Charlottesville, with Hinder at Lynchburg, and their combined forces were, to have destroyed Leo's communications and depots, and then (o have joined Grant, before Richmond. After (he severe battle tit. Trevilian Station, Sheridan learned, from prisoners, that Hunter instead of coming to Charlottes- I7>01 EARLY'S MARCH ville Avas near Lexington, moving upon Lynchburg; that Early's corps Avas on its way to Lynchburg; and that Breckinridge Avas at Gordonsville. Therefore, he con cluded to return to the Army of the Potomac. Hunter's moA'oments had rendered it impracticable for Sheridan to execute his orders in the presence of the cavalry forces of Hampton and Fitz Lee. In communicating with one of Hunter's subordinates as to this movement, Stanton said: "General Sheridan, avIio Avas sent by General Grant to open communication Avith General Hunter by Avay of CharlottesAdlle, has just returned to York Rh^er Avithout effecting his object. It is therefore very probable that General Hunter Avill be compelled to fall back into AA^est Virginia." Early, after his pursuit of Hunter had ceased, became subject to the orders of General Lee directing him, "after disposing of Hunter,'' to return to Lee's army, or to carry out the original plan of an expedition across the Potomac. Early determined (o take the responsibility of the latter. He marched to Buchanan, June 23, reached Staunton in ad\~ance of his troops on the 2Gth, his troops arriving on the 27th. and on the 28th resumed the march, after detaching portions of his corps to destroy the rail road bridge over the south branch of the Potomac, and all the bridges on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad betAveen the south branch and Martinsburg. On July 2 he was in AYinchestcr, and there rccci\-od orders "to destroy the Baltimore and Ohio road and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, as far as possible." On July 3 the Union forces evacuated Martinsburg. skirmished "with and fought the enemy en route, and during the night retreated across the Potomac, at ShcpherdstoAvn, to Maryland Heights. During the night of July 4 the Union forces evacuated Harper's Ferry, burning the Potomac railroad [51] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIMK and pontoon bridges. It was not until the 5th that General Grant aviis positive that Early was not in front of Richmond ! On July 0 and 0, Early's troops crossed tho Potomac at. ShephordstoAvn, a detachment advancing towards Maryland Heights, Avhen the Union forces there took position in the Avorks. Early has said: "My desire had been to manoeuvre the enemy out of Maryland Heights, so as to move directly to AVashington; but he had taken refuge in his strongly fortified Avorks, and I therefore determined to move through the gaps of South Mountain, north of the' Heights." At an early hour on the morning. of July 8, the entire force moved; a part through ('ramp- ton's Gap; another through Fox's Gap; and a third through Boonsboro' (Jap with the trains and rear-guard which had started the night before from Harper's Ferry, after burning the trestle railroad Avorks. Early had been informed by General Lee that an effort would be made to release tho prisoners of Avar at Point Lookout; and he aviis directed to take steps to unite them with his com mand. Early has said: * * * "On the 9th, Johnson Avith his brigade of cavalry and horse artillery, moved to the north of Frederick, Avith orders to strike the railroads from Baltimore to Harrisburg and Philadelphia, burn the bridges over tho GunpoAvdcr, also to cut, the railroad between AVashinglon and Baltimore, and threaten the latter place; and then, if Ave should succeed in getting into AVashington, to move towards Point Lookout for Ihe purpose of releasing the prisoners." Tho other troops moved towards Monoeacy Junction. The, battle of the Monoeacy aviis fought on the 9th, and on the 10th the victorious Confederate army moved at daylight, and bivouacked that afternoon at and near Rockville. Thence, at daylight on the llth, the movement aviis resumed; and ' [02] KARI.V'S MARCH Early rode ahead, on the Seventh Street pike, arriving in sight of Fort Ste\rens a short time after noon. There upon he ordered his advance division to form line as rapidly as possible, throw out skirmishers, and move into the Avorks, if it could be done; but, before the divi sion could be brought up, a column of Union troops entered the Avorks, skirmishers Avcre thrown out in front, and an artillery fire opened upon the Confederate force. The attempted surprise aviis thus defeated, and it became necessary for Early to reconnoiter, Avhich consumed the remainder of the day, Avith the result that, he determined to make an assault upon the works at daylight the morn ing of the 12th. That morning "as soon as it aviis light enough to see,'' Early "rode to the front and found the parapet lined Avith troops." After that discovery avo hiwe his own Avords: "I had, therefore, reluctantly, to give up all hopes of capturing AVashington after I had arrived in sight of the dome of the Capitol and given the Federal authorities a, terrible fright." The Sixth Corps had arrived the evening of the llth ; and Major General Alex ander McD. McCook, in command of the northern line of defense, "deemed it. absolutely necessary that the immediate front should, be picketed by experienced men." Accordingly, he directed Major General Horatio G. Wright, "to furnish a force 5)00 strong of this (his) A"et- eran Corps for picket, duty during the night, constant, skirmishing being kept up between the lines until after dark on the llth." Troops from that corps, also, at (J o. m. on the 12th, made the successful assault upon the two important, points held by the enemy; and the Sixth Corps aviis selected because McCook, as said by him, belie.A'ed that its veterans could do the Avork better, and Avith less loss of life, than any other troops under his command. [«»1 AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME "Inadequately manned as the fortifications (of Wash ington) Avere, they compelled, at least, concentration on the part of the assailants, and thus gave time, for the arrival of succor." Tho Third Division of the Sixth Corps, Avhich had been detached by Avay of Baltimore, contributed, mainly, to the delay of Early's forces at the Monoeacy, and that delay proAred important in connec tion Avith the timely arrival of the other Iavo Sixth Corps Divisions, under the command of AVright. At the battle of the Monoeacy, July i), the, Third Division of (he Sixth Coups, under Major General James B. Rickelts, fought, practically, as an out-post force, in aid of the First and Second Divisions of that Corps, at the time on the Avay to AVashington. Therefore it is pertinent that the part performed by the Third Division should be noted, for it had much to do connected Avith the march of Early. Major General Lewis AVallace, Avho commanded at the battle of the Monocacj7, and fought from 9 a. m. to 5 i\ m., telegraphed, July 9, to General Halleck: * * * I am retreating a foot-sore, battered, and half demoralized column. * * * You Avill hiiA'c to use every exertion to save Baltimore and AVashington. * * * I think that the troops of the Sixth Corps fought magnifi cently. I Avas totally overAvhclmed by a force from the direction of Harper's Ferry arriving during the battle. Two fresh regiments of the Sixth Corps are, covering my retreat. I shall try to get to Baltimore. AVallace reported more fully from Ellicott's Mills, on July 10, to General Halleck, in part as folloAvs: * * * The column of cavalry and artillery of the enemy worked rapidly around to my left and crossed the river in face of my guard and charged confidently upon General Rickelts' Third Division, Sixth Army Corps. The General changed front and repulsed them, and charged in turn and drove them gallantly. The enemy ' [54] Early's march then advanced a second line. This the General repulsed and dro\rc. MeaiiAvhile the enemy placed at least tAvo bat teries in position, so that Avhen he made his final charge Avith four lines of infantry, about 3:30 v. m., the resistance of Ricketts' Division was under an enfilading fire of shell really terrific. The moment I siiav the third rebel line advance I ordered the General to make such preparation as he could and retire his command by a country road up the river to the Baltimore pike. This was accomplished with an extraordinary steadiness. The men of the Third Division avc re not Avhippod, but retired reluctantly under my orders. They bore the brunt of the battle Avith a cool ness and steadiness Avhich. I venture to say, has not been exceeded in any battle during the, Avar. Too much credit cannot, be given General Rickelts for his skill and cour age. !| ;' Each one of his (the enemy) four lines of attack presented a front greater than (hat of General Bieketts' Division all deployed. * * * I had throe objects in view: first, to keep open, if pos sible, the- communication with Harper's Ferry; second, to cover the roads lo Washinglou and Baltimore; (he last, lo make the enemy develop his force. * '" ';' The men of tho Sixth Corps reached this place (Elli- cott's Mills) in perfect order, and covered Ihe retreat. On July 10, Major General AVright, from the head quarters of the Sixth Army Corps — then at Fort Stevens with the First and Second Divisions — in transmitting a copy of the report from General Wallace presenting (he part taken by Rickelts' Third Division at the Monoeacy, said: "The terms in Avhich General AVallace commends the conduct of General Ricketts' Division is no more than I expected, but is so complimentary that I (alee ple.isurc in bringing it to the notice of the Military Authorities." In August, 18(54, General AVallace made his report in full of the operations of his command in the, vicinity of Frederick, Maryland, Avhich resulted in the battle of Mo noeacy, July 9; and to that report he appended his AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME informal report, July 10, from Ellicott's Mills. On July 5, from information that he had reechoed, he viewed that the probable objectives of Early's forces Avere. reduced to Washington, Baltimore, and Maryland Heights; and, as to that situation, he has said: * * * AVith an enemy north of the Potomac, and approaching from the Avest, having in vieAV an}7 or all the objectives mentioned, the importance of the position on which 1 ultimately gave battle cannot be overestimated. There, Avithin the space of tAvo miles, converge the pikes to AVashington and Baltimore, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; there also is the iron bridge over the Monoeacy, upon Avhich depends communication to Har per's Ferry. Moreover, as a defensive position for an army seeking lo cover the cities above mentioned from ( lit; direction I was threatened, the point is very strong; the river covers its entire front. In the low stage of water the fords are few, and particularly difficult for artillery, and the commanding heights are all on the eastern banks, while the ground on the opposite side is level and almost without obstruction. After General Wallace, had, actively and carefully, matured his plans and determined the. place for battle, he telegraphed to General Halleck, July 8: 'T shall Avith- draw immediately from Frederick City and put, myself in position to cover road to AVashington if necessary;" and in the morning of July 9, he made disposition for battle. Tho right, forming an extended line, from the railroad,Avas given to General E. B. Tyler. His troops- scant 2,500 of all arms — Avere, Avith the exception of one regiment and part, of another of the Potomac, Home Brigade and a Maryland battery, "100 days men." On the, left, likely to be the main point of attack, General Ricketts aviis directed to form his command — 3,:550 men in two lines across the AVashington pike, so as to hold the early's march rising ground south of it, and the Avoo.den bridge across the river; and still further to the left aviis placed Clen- denin's Squadron of Cavalry, to Avalch that flank and guard, by detachments, the Ioavci' fords. Ricketts and Tyler each received three guns, and later Ricketts aviis given two additional. Il is not necessary lo recite the details of the battle, so fully and candidly given in ihe reports of (J on oral AVal lace, but his following Avords may be quoted: * >;• >:< j( -would i)(, a difficult (ask lo say too much in praise of the veterans Avho made this fight. For their reputation and for the truth's sake, I wish it distinctly understood Ihal (hough (he appearance of Hut enemy's fourth lint1 of battle made their ultimate defeat certain, I hey were not whipped; on the contrary, they Avore light ing steadily in unbroken front when I ordered their retirement, all Ihe dinnie of which, if shame there was, is mine, noi theirs. Tho nine regiments (First and Second Brigades, Third Division, Sixth Corps) enumerated as those participating in the action represented but 3,500 men, of whom over 1,(500 were missing three days after. killed, wounded, or prisoners — lost on the field. The fact speaks for itself. "Monoeacy" on their flags cannot be a word of dishonor. * * * As to General Rickelts, atten tion is respectfully called lo the mention 'made of hint in (he (previous report). Fvery word of if is as deserved as if was bravely earned. * '" '" Il is also cerlain. as oiie of the results, (hat. notwith standing the disparity of forces the enemy was not able lo move from Ihe ballie-field. in prosecution of his march upon Washington until the'noxf day about noon. " " General Grunt has said: I had previously -ordered General Meade to send a division to Baltimore for the purpose bf'adding to the defenses of AVashington, and he sent Ricketts' Division of the Sixth Corps (AVright's), Avhich arrived in Balti more on tho 8th of July. Finding that AVallace had gone ' 1-571 •*X, «m/9n %M$sh y^yy *r/ • jv.x^f tenx;j| ¦ > ^xx * .^Pf }@f ^ x$ fe^i ^ #* - ' ' 4-' , >*-. ---a. .¦: „ iWvX*X X*XX -vi. • / ¦¦ X;v.,. ^•4r-r,,. ¦ WT i'.'A 6! ^-:r"-.">i. ^X,-r^^Ai iX 13 ca 4, ¦a rt O rts-,a, 0,ao O early's march to the front with his command, Ricketts immediately took the cars and followed him to the Monoeacy Avilji his entire division. They met the enemy, and, as might have been expected, Avore defeated; but they succeeded in stopping him for the day on Avhich the battle took place. The next morning Early started on his march to the Capital of (he nal ion. arriving before it on tho llth.* Learning of the gravity of (he situation, I had directed General Meade to also order AArright, Avith the rest of his corps, directly to AVashington for the relief of that place, and the latter reached there the very day that Early armed before it. The act of February :M, 18(5-1, established "the will of the President as the authority for raising troops"; and. March M, a call aviis made for 200,000, and April 2'.\, for 85,000, numbers that indicate an energetic struggle for the Union, and in July, avc had in service about 900,000 in the aggregate. Not/withstanding that vast force, AVash ington aviis not prepared for defense by the 31,000 aggre gate present July 10, composed mainly of invalids, military hospital guards, recruits under instruction, and provisional forces. The Department of AYashington had been stripped of A'eterans, sent to aid important opera tions elsewhere; and the 941 hciiA'y guns in the forts Avere Avithout skilled men to fire them. Consequently, it is not astounding that in late Juno and early July, con sternation reigned supreme. Aside from tho impaired finances of the Government and the fear of foreign inter- A'cntion, the tcntacula of Early's army had broken railroads and destroyed much property; AArashington and Baltimore Avere filled with fugitives ; tAvo passenger trains ?In connection with Early's march, reference may.be had to his report, July 14, 18G4, from Leesburg, Va., and the transmittal, July 19, by General Robert E. Lee, commanding the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, to the Confederate AVar Department, pages 346-7-8-9, Vol. 37, Part 1, Records of the Union and Con federate Armies. [59] WASHINGTON DVIRINO AVAR TIMM on the rail, between Philadelphia and Baltimore, had been upset and destroyed by the enemy — Major General AVilliam B. Franklin captured in one of them; the forces in the Department of AVest Virginia Avero par alyzed; troops' from Pennsylvania and Noav York Avere hard to obtain, and important movements of the Army of the Potomac had been delayed. Moreover, in Kentucky, conditions avc re assuming a troubled appearance; ex ternal raids and internal troubles in other Stales promised a warm summer's work; a treasonable and forged procla mation, in the name of President Lincoln, calling for 100,000 men, and appointing May 2(5 as a day of fasting and prayer had, through deception and fraud, been imposed upon prominent journals, and by I hem published, lo the injury of the Union cause; Cincinnati and ('amp Chase were thought of as probable objectives for a raid; the NiiA'y aviis applied to for gun-boats to patrol the river between Louisville and AVheeling, thus to protect Ohio; Indian troubles existed in the West, (ending in one instance lo international complications; and organizations, were reported, throughout the AVestern States, Inning for an object the, destruction of Government property and lo burn Ihe vast Government depots at SI. Louis and Indianapolis. In June, while Ihe, aggregate of the, Union forces, present and absent, was wvy large, the aggregate present, was only X ! Under such adverse conditions, the President, in almost utter despair, lelographcd July 10, 2:30 i\ lu., to General Grant as follows: * '" * "General Halleck says we have absolutely no force hero fit to fake the field. '" '" * AVal lace, with some odds and ends and part of Avhat came up with Kicketts, was so badly beaten yesterday at Mono eacy that Avhat is left can attempt no more than to defend Baltimore. * * * AVhat Ave shall get in from Pennsyl- [00] early's march vania and NeAV York will be scarcely Avorth counting, I fear. * * * Now-, Avhat I think is that you should provide to retain your hold Avhere you arc, certainly, and bring the rest Avith you, personally, and make a vigorous effort to destroy the enemy's force in this vicinity." * * * That date, 10 :30 p. m. Grant replied that he had sent the Sixth Corps, commanded by an excellent officer, besides over 3,000 other troops and one division of the Nineteenth Corps. Ho added: "Before more troops can be sent from here, Hunter will be able to join AA7right in the rear of the enemy, Avith at least 10,000 men, besides a force sulticicnt to hold Maryland Heights." * * * Here it is Avell to note that Hunter Avas forced to remain at Cumber land until July 14, "pressing forward his troops Avho continued to arrive sloAvly from the AVcst" — that dale he left Cumberland, reached Martinsburg (occupied by Sullivan's Union Cavalry on the 10th) and arrived at Harper's Ferry, on- horseback, the same night. The morning of the 14th, Early had crossed the Potomac at AAliite's Ford, and continued his retreat. AAHien Early's Army reached the gates of AArashington, and its able commander, from his position at Fort Stevens, gazed upon the dome of the Capitol, it is evident that could ho haA'c unfurled the Confederate colors from that dome, "it Avould have been the signal of 'recognition' by those foreign powers Avhosc open influence and active agency Avas likely to be too willingly throAvn, Avith Avhaf- ever plausible pretext, into the scale of dismemberment, lo become decisive of the event." The enemy aviis at Fort Stevens, Avith good chances of occupying AVashing ton, dispersing the United States Government, and destroying the archives — all of Avhich could haArc been completed by a single day's possession. Lincoln's presence at Fort Stevens proved a grand [Gl] WASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME inspiration to the troops defending the Capital. The army recognized him as the foremost of the men Avho Avere "aliAre to the great questions of the hour, and Avatch- ing the doA'elopment of minds and of events." With his military service in the Black Iltnvk AArar, as a basis, his subsequent study, particularly from 18G1 to 18G5, devel oped him "into a great military man, that is to say a man of supreme military judgment.''' AAre haAre the evidence of this through the pointed questions and mem oranda propounded by him, and submitted to his generals, during the Civil AArar. ^••,.;.¦'¦T';V.':¦;¦V,. X: ,. ¦.^jr**,""—- ** 't : , • a-; On the Parapet at Fort Stevens. AAHien the Sixth Corps arrived, the President's anxiety was so heaA'y that he Avent to the Seventh Street Avharf to Avolcome the troops and to inspire them to move, Avith haste, to Fort Stevens; and at that fort his fearlessness, characteristic of his entire life, led him to expose himself to the bullets of the enemy until he Avas forced to occupy * [G2] early's march a safe position behind the parapet. That marked bravery, of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, gave magnificent encouragement to the forces defending the fort ! The, Sixth Corps, under the distinguished AVright, saA-ed AVashington ! Halleck telegraphed to Grant on July 13: The enemy fell back during the night. * * * From the most reliable estimates avo can get of the enemy's force, it numb'.'rs 22,000 to 25,000, exclusive of cavalry. They state that a part of Hill's Corps is coming to reinforce them, and, that. Avithout them, they Avould have captured Washington, if the Sixth Corps had not arrived. The historic battlefield of Fort Stevens should, for all time, stand well to tho front in the memory of the people, as a sacred place of inspiration. Fort Stevens should be perpetuated in granite — at least the place where Lincoln stood— and be the base for figures in bronze, of Lincoln and AATright ! So intense was the gloom preceding the battle of Fort Stevens, that. July 7, the President promulgated, as expressive of the sense of the Congress of the United States, the folloAving self-explanatory Proclamation: Bv the President of the United States: A PROCLAMATION. AA'hcreas, the Senate and House of Representatives at their last session adopted a concurrent resolution, Avhich was appoved on the second day of July instant, and Avhich aviis in the Avords folloAving, namely: That the President of the United States be requested to appoint a day for humiliation and prayer by the people of the United States; that he request his constitutional [03] AVASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME advisers at the head of the Executive Departments to unite Avith him as Chief Magistrate of the Nation, at the city of AArashington, and the members of Congress, and all magistrates, all civil, military, and naval officers, all soldiers, sailors, and marines, Avith all loyal and hiAv-abid- ing people, to convene at their usual places of Avorship, or AvhereA'cr they may be, to confess and repent of their manifold sins; to implore the compassion and forgiveness of the Almighty, that, if consistent Avith His Avill, the existing rebellion may be speedily suppressed, and tho supremacy of the Constitution and hnvs of the United States may be established throughout all the States; to implore Him, as the Supreme Ruler of the world, not, to destroy us as a people, nor suffer us to be destroyed by the hostility or connivance of other nations, or by obstinate adhesion to our oavii counsels Avhich may be, in conflict Avith His eternal purposes, and to implore 1 1 i m to en lighten the, mind of the Nation to know and to do 1 1 is Avill, humbly believing that it is in accordance Avith His Avill that our place should be maintained as a united people among the family of nations; to implore Him to grant to our armed defenders and the masses of the people that courage, power of resistance, and endurance, neces sary to secure that, result; to implore Him and His infinite goodness to soften the hearts, enlighten the minds, and quicken the, consciences of those in rebellion that they lay down their arms and speedily return to their allegi ance, to the United Stales, that they may not be utterlv destroyed, that the effusion of blood may be staved, anil that unity and fraternity may be restored, and peace established throughout our borders. Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, cordially concurring Avith the Congress of the United States in the penitential and pious sentiments expressed in the aforesaid resolution, and heartilv ap proving of the devotional design and purpose thereof, do hereby appoint the first Thursday of August next to be observed by the people of the United States as a day of national humiliation and prayer. I do hereby further invite and request the heads of the early's march Executive Denarl mollis of this Government, together Avith all legislators, all judges and magistrates, and all other persons exorcising authority in the land, Avhether civil, military, or naval, and all soldiers, seamen, and marines in Ihe National' service, and all the other loyal and law-abiding people of the United Slides, to assemble in their preferred places of public Avorship on that day, and there and then to render to (he Almighty and Merci ful Ruler of the universe such homages and such confes sions, and to offer to Him such supplications as the Congress of the United States have in their aforesaid resolution so solemnly, so earnestly, and so reverently recommended. In testimony Avhoroof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United Slates to be allixed. Done al the city of Washington this seventh day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight, hundred and sixty-four, and of the Independence of (he United States the, eighty-ninth. (L. S.) AiutAii.ui Lincoln. By the President : AV.im.iam II. Seward, Secretary of Stale. The supplications of the people, oll'e red to the Supremo Kulor of the Avorld : That (he Civil AVar might, be sup pressed and the supremacy of the Constitution and laws of the United States might be established throughout all the Stales; that avo might not be destroyed as a people, among (he family of nations; and that the elfusion of blood might be stayed, and unity and fraternity restored throughout, our borders, avo re answered. Within nine months the channel of peace was opened at Appomattox, ou April !), 18(!f>, by the illustrious chief tains Grant and Lee; and the example of their armies was soon foIloAved by tho other contending forces. "The raging war that had divided the country had lulled, and private grief Avas hushed by the grandeur of the result." [05] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME The stupendous struggle from 18G1 to 18G5 involved, from first to last, Union and Confederate forces num bering 3,700,000 and Avitnessed the Avealth of tho country scattered like sand, and the blood of the country lavished like Avater. Further contributions avo re not longer to be made to distorted features, ghastly ruins, and ''the hidden anguish in the harvests of horror breathing from the silent ground." The blood of the land aviis to course anew — to mark the activities of life; and, as a reward, the iioav inseparably united North and South are haiwesting the unbounded blessings of peace, with unsurpassed pros perity and great ness. Let us have peace ! •[66] Fort Stevens, Where Lincoln Was Under Fire, ¦<*• ,<\ii'" Gen. Horatio G. Wright. Bv AVILLIAM VAN ZANDT COX Author of the Defenses of Washington IIREE times during the Civil AVar AVashington aviis in grave peril and three times it Avas saved to the Union. The first aviis at the beginning of hostilities when the militia of the District of Columbiii came to the rescue of the small body of marines and artillery, before the arrival in the Capital of (ho troops from Pennsylvania, Mas sachusetts, Ncav York, and other Northern States. The second aviis immediately after the, battle of Bull Run (July 21. 1801), Avhen it could hiiA'e been captured by the Confederates had they not been more, demoralized by victory than the Federals by defeat. The third aviis in July. 18(54, Avhen General Early made his campaign against Washington. The important buttle at Monoeacy, Maryland, on July !), 1 8(54, aviis the first day's fight to save the Nation's Capital, and General Early's army aviis victorious. So unexpected and so rapid wore the Confederale general's movements that he Avas in sight of tho dome, of tho Capi tol before his cleverly conceived plans Avcre fully realized. AAlien the roar of Early's guns aviis heard and tho tele graph announced that he had defeated Lew AVallace at [67] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME Monoeacy Bridge, the heart of the North qui\rered with emotion as it contemplated the defensclcssness of AVash ington, stripped of men and guns for the campaign against, Richmond. This daring campaign against AVashington and its skillful' execution caused a rude aAvakening in the North, impatiently Availing for Grant to take Richmond. Both AVashington and Baltimore Avere in a state of panic, Avhile gold wont up to the highest point. The capture of Wash-. inglon meant diploma tic complications of a most serious nature, -with. "foreign powers invading only for a plausible pretext for dismemberment. Never aviis a prize more ¦tempting to the Confederates. Never aviis there a time Avhen more aviis at stake for the Union. "'Wallace defeated at Monoeacy after a stubborn light," wore, the Avords contained in the message received at the War Department, but that stubborn fight, was as valuable as a victory for the Union, for a day's time had beon gained, so necessary for the safety of the Capital. During those exciting days there aviis one calm man, and he aviis none other than President Lincoln. He was then Jiving al Ihe Soldiers' Home, a mile and a quarter from Port Stevens, and in addition to his herculean duties he daily visited the camps, forts, and hospitals. Ho seemed devoid of fear and his child' concern was at that time (ho capture of Early's army. I lis telegram to Governor Swann of Maryland is characlerislic: "Let us be vigilant but keep cool." General 0. C. Augur aviis in command of (Im Depart ment of Washington. General Alexander Mel). AleCook had charge of the northern lino of troops and fortifica tions. The latter aviis ordered to establish a camp on Piney Branch creek, but the news from the front aviis so disquieting that he proceeded to Fort Stevens, ilva miles [«8j FORT STEVENS, AVHERE LINCOLN AVAS UNDER FIRE north of Pennsylvania Avenue on the Seventh Street pike, and took command of a line he had never before seen. Every man aviis utilized for defense. The hospitals Avero drawn on for convalescents, the Quartermaster's Department for employes, the National Guard of Ohio, the District, of Columbia militia, the Veteran Reserves, and the feAV unassigned regular detachments and un mounted cavalry, sailors, firemen, and citizens Avere in the trenches and on picket line. AVhen General Grant realized the gravity of the situa tion, and that Hunter could render no assistance, he first thought of returning from Petersburg to AVashington to lake command in person. On reflection, however, he decided to send the Sixth Corps, commanded by General Horatio G. Wright. The Twenty-fifth New York Cavalry which left City Point. A^irginia, on July 7, seems to haA~e been the first, regiment to reach AVashington from the James and Avent into camp about midnight of July 10, near Fort Stevens. On the same day the First and Second Divisions of the Sixth Corps left City Point for AVashington. A fcAv hours later, General AAr. II. Emory, Avith a part of the Nineteenth Corps, just returned from Noav Orleans to join Grant, left Fortress Monroe for AVashington Avith out disembarking from their ocean transports. What a picture! Early Avith his fighting legions ad- vancing on the Capital from the North, Avhile fleets bear ing the veterans of the Sixth and Nineteenth Corps Avere on their way from the James RiA^cr and the Gulf of Mexico to save the Capital they loved so Avell. North and South looked on Avith bated breath and Avondercd Avhich, in this race of armies, would reach AVashington first. On the morning of July 11, General Early left his [09] WASHINGTON DURING WAlt TiMM camp near Rockville, McCausland taking the Georgo- toAvn pike; tho infantry preceded and flanked by cavalry taking the Seventh Street pike. Major Frye, of Lowell's cavalry, met the enemy's cavalry skirmishers a short dis tance beyond the picket line near the old Stone Tavern before noon and forced them back on their reserves. lie, in turn, aviis driven back by the enemy, who fired a few shots from a battery of light artillery. About 11 o'clock, the signal oflicer, at Fort Reno, observed clouds of dust and army Avagons moving up the Seventh Street, pike. About the same time a message from Captain Berry, Eighth Illinois Cavalry, said that the enemy Avith artillery, cavalry, and infantry aviis mov ing in the direction of Sih'er Spring. General McCook ordered the picket line to contest the ground and to retire sloAvly on approach of the enemy until Avithin range of the guns of Forts Stevens, Slocum, and DcRussy.* Shortly after noon, riding in advance, with Rodes, Avhose division, consisting of Given's and Cox's North Carolinians, Crook's Georgians, and Battle's Alabamians, in the van, General Early came, as he says, in full vieAV of Fort Stevens, and found it feebly manned, as had been reported to him. Smith, of lmboden's Cavalry, accord ing to Early, drove a small body of Union cavalry before him into the Avorks. No time could be lost, and he ordered the tired and dusty A'eterails to move foi-Avard ; but before his order could be executed, to his everlasting regret, he shav trained and disciplined troops move out of the Avorks, deploy, and form a skirmish line. Undismayed and undaunted, the tireless Early and his brave men continued to advance, but Avith greater caution •William E. Leach, Co. K, One Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio, was the first man wounded on picket duty and died shortly afterwards. Seo War of the Rebellion, Sec. 1, Vol. 37, p. 245, • [TO] V. X *1 o 2? l i y - ... ' 3 tftesff ¦. Xa j M Xl' X'.;,'' X ('. 'X ;'¦'•¦ life? t V 1 1*1 '* ¦"• ¦^ - ft tX »> l~ 'V X \ z i « « i f ii * ESC', ! I ¦ J . rfasi li.f .*Xiilt ' !II V X^ WASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME than before. It was too late ! The hopes and ambitions of only an hour ago could never be realized. Washington was saved to the Union ! The Sixth Corps had arrived ! NoA-er aviis there a more opportune movement, never aviis there a more welcome arrival. Doavii the historic James, up the historic Potomac, came the Sixth Corps. Mr. Lincoln met them at the Seventh Street AVharf and avcII they cheered him! AVith what alacrity both officers and men marched to reinforce the bravo defenders on the firing line! Dr. George SteA'ens, the historian of the Sixth Army Corps, says: AVe marched up Seventh Street, meeting on our way many old friends, and hearing people who crowded on the sidewalks, exclaiming, "It is the old Sixth Corps" — "These men are the men avIio took Mayre's Heights'' — ¦ "The danger is over iioav." AVashington, an hour before, Avas in a panic; but as the people siiav the, A'eterans Avear- ing the badge of the Greek cross inarching through their streets, the excitement subsided and confidence prevailed. Thus Ave made our Avay to the north of the, city, the, sound of cannonading in our front, stimulating and has tening the steps of the men. Families Avith a fe,AV of their choicest articles of house hold furniture loaded into wagons, Avere hastening to the city, reporting that their houses Avere burned, or that they had made their escape, leaving the greater part of their goods to the mercy of the Rebel. General Frank AVheaton in his report says: AAThile on the march to. Fort Stevens, aviis passed by General AVright, and receiA'cd his verbal instructions to mass near Crystal Spring in the neighborhood of Fort Stevens, where avo arrived at 4 o'clock in, the afternoon.* At f> p. m., the force outside of Fort StoA^cns, consisting of portions of the AXeran Reserve Corps, AVar Depart ment clerks, and citizen volunteers, was driven in toward ?At 4 p. m., General Wright wired General Augur from Fort Stevens: The head of my column has nearly reached the front. [72] FORT STEVENS, AVHERE LINCOLN AVAS UNDER FIRE the fort by a portion of the enemy's forces under Early. At the same time I aviis ordered to move 500 men of my brigade out to rocoA'cr the line held in the afternoon. This aviis successfully accomplished before 7 o'clock by the Ninety-eighth Pennsylvania A'eleran Volunteers, Col. J. F. Bailler; the One Hundred and Second Pennsylvania Veteran A'Toluntccrs, Major Thomas McLaughlin; and the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Pennsylvania Aroluntccrs, Captain James McGregor, Avhich deployed as skirmishers and droA-e the enemy's advance back fo their main lines. The, position aviis strengthened at dark by tho Ninety- third Pennsylvania A^eteran Volunteers, Lieutenant- Colonel J. S. Long, and the Sixty-second Ncav York Vet eran Arolunteers, Lieutenant-Colonel T. B. Hamilton, and extended from a point opposite tho center of (ho line belAvccn Forts Stevens and Reno to the Avest and a point opposite Fort Slocum on the cast, a distance of about two miles. Skirmishing continued through the night. Tu vain all the afternoon of July 11 Early tried to find a Avcak spot in the lines, but he Avas met every Avhere by the fire of fort guns and musketry. The Avorks ho re ported exceedingly strong, consisting of Avhat appeared to be inclosed forts for heavy artillery, Avith a tier of lower works in front of each, pierced for an immense number of guns, the Avhole being connected by curtains, with ditches in front and strengthened by palisades and abaft is. The timber had beon felled Avithin cannon range all around and loft on tho ground, making a formidable obstacle, and every possible approach aviis raked by artil lery. On the right aviis Rock Creek, running through a deep ravine, Avhich had been rendered impassable by the felling of timber on each side, and beyond Avcre the Avorks on the Georgetown pike, Avhich had been reported to bo the strongest of all. On tho loft as far as tho oyo could reach tho works appeared to be of tho same imprognable character. WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME Early then held a consultation Avith his generals, Breckinridge, Rodes, Ramseur, and Gordon, pointing out the necessity of action before the fords and mountain passes Avere closed against them, and in concluding, he announced his purpose of making an assault at daylight. AAThen on examining the Avorks on the morning of July 12, General Early shav the parapets lined with troops,* he says that he then determined to abandon the idea of capturing AVashington. A distinguished Avriter who aviis at Bright wood during the battle says: July 12 came bright and glorious. The First Brigade of our Second Division and our sharpshooters were on the picket in front of Fort Stevens, from the parapet of Avhich could be seen the lines of Rebel skirmishers, from Avhose rifles the Avhite puffs of smoke rose as they dis charged their pieces at our pickets. The valley beyond presented a scene of surpassing loveliness, Avith the rich green meadoAvs, its fields of Avaving corn, its orchards and its groves. The principal force of the enemy seemed to bo in front of Fort Stevens; there it aviis determined to give them battle. About 5 o'clock in the afternoon General AVright ordered General AVheaton to drive back the Confederate skirmish lino and occupy the Avooded points near the road, Avhich, being so near our intrenchments, gave the enemy advantage of position; thereupon, Colonel Bichvell was instructed to have the Third Brigade move outside of the fort and form, under cover of a ravine and Avoods (south east of Battle Ground Cemetery) in tAvo lines directly in the rear of the First Brigade, on the skirmish line. Colonel Bichvell Avas also directed to select three of his best regiments to assist in the assault, the remaining *It is said that General Meigs instructed his quartermaster's soldiers to make themselves as conspicuous as possible on the parapets. * [74] Port Stevens, Where Lincoln avas under fire portion of the brigade to be held to support the general movement. According to General AVheaton: The Seventh Maine, the Forty-third New York, and Forty-ninth Noav York were skillfully placed in position near the skirmish line under the direction of Colonel Bidwell Avithout the enemy discovering tho movement. A preconcerted signal aviis made by a stall' oflicer, from Fort Stevens, when these regiments Avere in position, at which time the batteries from Forts Stevens and Slociun opened lire upon certain points, strongly held by the enemy. The assaulting regiments then dashed forward, surprising and hotly engaging the, enemy, avIio was found to be much stronger than supposed. If became necessary to deploy immediately (he, throe remaining regiments — the Seventy-seventh New York, the Twenty-second New York, and the Sixty-first Pennsylvania Aroluntcers — Bid- avoITs Brigade, on the right of those, he had already in the action, and the picket reserve of 150 men from the One Hundred and Second Pennsylvania Volunteers, and a detachment of 80 men from the A'ermont Brigade to support the skirmish line, immediately on the right and left of the oiko. Tho enemy's stubborn resistance showed that a further advance than already made would require more troops, and two regiments wore sont, for. Before their arrival, however, (the Thirty-seventh Massachusetts Volunteers and Second Rhode Island), an aide-de-camp from General Wright directed me, not to attempt more than holding the position gained, ns the object of (he attack had been accomplished and the important points captured and held. This whole attack aviis as gallant as it aviis successful, and the troops never evinced more energy or determina tion. The losses Avere very severe, ihe brave Colonel Bidwell losing many of his most valuable regimental commanders, The last shot aviis fired about 10 o'clock and the remainder of the night Avas occupied in strength ening the position, burying tho dead, caring for the Avounded, and relieving the skirmish line Avhich had been two days in front constantly under fire — by troops of the Second Vermont Brigade. • [75] WASHINGTON. DURING AVAR TIME Dr. Stevens describes the attack in these Avords: The heavy ordnance in the fort sent volley after volley of thirty-tAvo pound shells hoAvling over tho heads of our men into the midst of the Rebels, and through the [Car- berry] liouse Avhere so many of them had found shelter, and then at the command of "SedgAvick's Man of Iron," the brave felloAvs started eagerly forward. They reached and passed the skirmishers, and tho Avhile pull's of smoke and the sharp cracks of their rifles became more and more ¦;^ ¦\Ji?-;-.-;'#r.'.'tf^v.--to'*''T..^'*,'A *'i&$- ¦¦¦¦ ¦ v> •XX- xv-<*X P,iS"'« %* ¦•' v "M . . .„ " -Jk. fv~ »'-'^^X^^lS^^VrTX-a^!'"' /vUi'tUuj -,.,'.»•..! .. .v--- -• .*.j..v^'*>-/ —'••••"• .-4/ *^ ' '••"•¦ 'J.f-f> ...... ,(h«bX "' ' ''V X* Coiil'eclerale Assault on the Works Near Washington, July J 1, ISlil. fl frequent; first the rattle of an active skirmish and then the continuous roar of a musketry battle. In magnificent order and with light steps they ran forward up the ascent, through the orchard, through the little grove on the right, over the fence rail, up to the road niakmg straight for the objective point, the frame house 'Garberry' in front, The Rebels at first stood their • [70] FORT STEVENS, AVI I ERE LINCOLN AVAS UNDER FIRE ground, then gave Avay before the impetuous charge, and though forced to seek safety in flight, turned and poured their volleys into the ranks of the pursuers. Lieutenant- Colonel Johnson, commanding the Forty-ninth Ncav York, a brave man, avIio had never shrunk from danger, and avIio had shared all the various fortunes of the Brigade since its organization, fell mortally Avounded. Colonel A^i scher of the Forty-third Ncav York, avIio had but lately succeeded the beloved AAril son, aviis killed. Major James P. Jones, commanding the SeArenth Maine, aviis also among the, slain; and Major Crosby, command ing the Sixty-first Pennsylvania, Avho had just recovered from a bad Avound Avhich he, had received in tho AVildor- ness, aviis taken to (ho, hospital, Avhere the surgeon removed his left, arm from the, shoulder. Colonel \V. B. French, of the Seventy-seventh Ncav York, aviis injured. Tho. commanding officer of every regiment in ihe Brigade aviis either killed or Avounded. The fight had lasted but a feAv minutes, Avhen the stream of bleeding, mangled ones began to come to the rear. Men leaning upon the shoulders of comrades, or borne painfully on stretchers, the pallor of their counte nances rendered more ghastly by the thick dust which settled upon them, avc re brought into ihe hospitals by scores, Avhere the medical officers, ever active in adminis tering relief to their companions, woro hard at Avork binding up Avounds, administering stimulants, coffee, and food, or resorting to the hard necessity of amputation. At the summit of the ascent, the Confederates Avere strengthened b.y their second line of battle, and here they made a stout resistance; but even this position they Avcre forced to abandon in haste; and as darkness closed in upon the scene our men Avcre left as victors in possession of the ground, lately occupied by the Rebels, having driven their adA7crsaries more than a mile. The Vermont Brigade hoav came to the relief of the boys avIio had so gallantly Avon the field, and the Third Brigade returned at midnight to the bivouac it had left in the morning. But not all returned. Many of those brave men who Avent Avith such alacrity into the battle 1 '- "* * X~ .- rise no more, in the orchard, in the road, [771 . WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME about the frame house, and upon tho summit Avhere tho Rebels had made so determined a resistance, their forms Avere stretched upon the green sward and upon the dusty road, stiff and cold. Many more had come to the hospital severely injured, maimed for life, or mortally Avounded. Tho little brigade, numbering only a thousand men Avhen it Avent into action, had lost two hundred and i'tfty of its number. AVe gathered our dead comrades from tho field where they had fallen and gave fliein the rude burial of (he soldier on the common near Fort Slovens. No ollicor of slate, no lady of wealth, no citizen of Washing ton aviis (here, but we laid them in their graves Avifhin sight of (he Capitol, Avithout colIins, Avitli only their gory garments and their blankets around them. AVith the rude tenderness of soldiers, avo covered them in the earth, and marked their names Avith our pencils on the Utile headboards of pine, and turned sadly invay lo other scenes. On nn eminence near the Confederate advance aviis John C. Breckinridge, tho candidate receiving the Azotes of the seceding States for President, expecting to enter the Capital with tho Army of Northern Virginia. On the parapet of Fort Stevens, by the side of General Wright, amid tho whizzing bullets, stood the successful candidate in that great political struggle, Abraham Lin coln, watching with that "grave and pensive counte nance," the progress of the battle. A few years ago, in company with the old commander of the Sixth Corps, I stood upon that same parapet. After contemplating the surroundings General Wright said: Hero on the top of this parapet between this old em brasure and that, is tho placo where President Lincoln stood witnessing the light; there, by his side, a surgeon aviis Avounded by a minie ball. I entreated tl'io President not to expose his life to the FORT STEVENS, AVHERE LINCOLN WAS UNDER FIRE bullets of the enemy; but he seemed oblivious to his sur roundings; finally, Avhen I found that my entreaties failed to make any impression on him, I said, "Mr. Presi dent, j knoAV you are commander of the armies of the United States, but I am in command here, and as you are not safe Avhere you are standing, I order you to come doAvn." Mr. Lincoln looked at me and smiled, and then, more in consideration of my earnestness than from inclin ation, stepped down and took position behind the parapet. ~Even then he Avould persist in standing up and exposing his tall form. That old parapet, identified by General Horatio G. AArright, stands today, and for history's sake should be preserved in memory of Lincoln as a tribute, to the brav ery of the American soldier — a united North and South. [79] Death of President Lincoln.' .V ' \ t ¦ Bv THOMAS McCUKDY VINCKNT Brigadier (lenerah by breret, V. S. Army Uh) sad memories' of the night of April 14 and 15, lHtJo, have prevented me from entering this build ing^ until this evening. Now, in the presence of this honorable Associa tion I find the scene greatly changed. The, dreadful gloom has disap- :).'''" ,*': poured, for may it not be said, that this commemor ative meeting is more in (lelienil T. M. Vincent. COlinOclioll Willi I llC lifoof a groat man than ( lic> occasion of his death, lie who had consummated a new birth of freedom for the Nation, was himself born to a new life. A melodious birth song is better suited than a death song in connection Avith this anniversary of the night Avhen a great Luminary of History, Avith its eternal effulgence, aviis transferred to a superior realm. I had opportunities to study Abraham Lincoln. He frequently visited my office, in the old AVar Department •From an address by General Vincent before the Memorial Association of the Di.strlct of Columbia delivered Saturday, April 14, 1894, in commemoration of President Lincoln's death in the house in which he died, 516 Tenth Street, N. AV. fThc objects and officers of this Association are given on page 93. [80] THE DEATH OK PRESIDENT LINCOLN building, in order to gain information relatXe to the armies of the Union. He Avould appear there, unat tended, at an hour least subject to interruption, and seat ing himself, secure the information he desired. Then, if all things promised avcII, in a cheerful manner he Avould converse brightly. On these occasions I found his great kind heart, marked by sad earnestness, going out to all the armies, through his Avords of sympathy for the troops during their battles and marches — not alone to the armies as a whole, but to individuals as avcII. I jioav hold in my hand an illustration of his tender and sympathetic feelings in individual cases. A wayward son, through his dismissal from the army, had brought, deep grief to his father who appealed for clemency. The case aviis fully considered with an adverse result, Avhen the father presented himself to the Prod- dent in the, hope, of a reversal of the decision. The President could not take favorable, action, nor had he the heart to turn the father away by a final negative reply. Accord ino.lv he sent nie the folloAvimr note: t-> T have promised the bearer * * * an inierview with Major A'inecnl. AVill Major A nicer.t please see and hear him. May 1>S, 18(53. A. Lincoln. I explained Hie case fully to the father, Avho then, in substance said: 'T now know the attentive consideration of Mr. Lincoln in the midst of all his heavy cares. I have his kind and considerate final refusal through those papers. He could not have done otherwise; may God bless hi in." But abo\'o his interest in the armies and his knoAvlodge of them, his inspiration, as Commander-in-Chief, Avas present on every field, to organize victory. Through his o [81] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME eiforts battles were made successful, and distinction aviis made to crown generals and others. I lis labors, by day and by night, gave luster to the vast armies, Avhich from first to last numbered i2,700,000 men, entrusted to his command by his devoted country men. Subsequent to February, 1804, an Act of Congress made his will the authority for raising troops, a delicate and mighty power, under Avhich the volunteer forces Avere soon increased to 1,034,000, the largest number in service at any one time. During his four years of supreme command, the. earth shook with the, tramp of armies; events crowded rapidly; lurid flame of battle arose, — a period, as litis boon truly said, "of subversion and revolution, when each hour brought a new responsibility"' to the great Commander- in-Chief. My interviews with him impressed mo with the sublime simplicity of his character, and the marked dignity of a noble manhood. Often have I associated with him the words: "AVhose life was work, whose lanimaa'e rife, Avith rugged maxims hewn from life; who never spoke against a foe." His boyhood's ascent in life began in the humble cabin, as he "climbed at, night to his bed of leaves in the loft, by a ladder of wooden pegs driven into the logs." In later years his ascent Avas omvard and upward, by the ladder of fame, gaining at each round, the esteem and honor of his countrymen. If could not, have boon otherwise, Avhen we consider his eminent, endowment with the gifts and virtues of charity, humility, meekness, patience, diligence, Avisdom, pru dence, justice, and fortitude. He added to his studies amid the rugged Avilds of nature. "The Declaration of Independence Avas his com pendium of political Avisdom, the life of Washington his [82] *** . «£:'x x^- »aV * . ~i X X >¦*- f <-'¦%' -S rCC y '"- -V.' '¦"J* ¦ ^r~y Ford's Theater Immediately After Lincoln's Death. AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME constant study." And thus endoAved, and schooled, "His scepter Avas as the Iioav of Ulysses, Avhich could not be draAVii by a Aveaker hand. He stood alone like a beacon upon a Avaste, or a rock in the broad ocean." He Avho said, in old Independence Hall, that he had never had. "a feeling, politically, that did not spring from sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Inde pendence, Avhich gave liberty not alone to the people of this country, but to the Avorld in all future time," and, that if the country could not be saved Avithout giving up that principle, 'die Avould rather be assassinated on the spot than surrender it;" he avIio traveled in (he dead of night prior to his inauguration, to escape assassination, aviis cut doAvn by a demoniac. But Avhile the assassin's hand removed the mortal por tion of Lincoln from this life, it could not and did not touch the beacon light, Avhich has continued its eternal radiation as a guide for all peoples, in all ages. On April 14, 1865, I had returned from the AVar Department to my house at about ten o'clock at night and very soon thereafter was informed by a cousin of Mrs. Lincoln — Dr. Lyman Beecher Todd, of Lexington, Ky., — that the President had been assassinated, and the mem bers of his cabinet attacked. I at once hurried to the house of the Secretary of AArar, and there found the family greatly alarmed and excited; but the Secretary, just prior to my arrival, had started for Mr. Seward's residence. I folloAved, and there learned (hat he had gone lo the scene, of the tragedy on Tenth street; on reaching (he locality I found him in this house to which the President had been removed from Ford's Theatre. I remained here near the Secretary, and at his request, during the night. He aviis greatly saddened and referred to the change of scene from that of the cabinet meetin »g, • [84] THE DEATH OF l'RESIDENT LINCOLN a few hours before, at Avhich General Grant aviis present, Avhen the state of the country and the prospect of a speedy peace Avcre discussed, lie stated that the President during (he meeting aviis hopeful- and very cheerful, and had spoken kindly of General Lee and other officers of (he Confederacy. Particularly had his kindly feelings gone out to the enlisted inon of the Confederacy, and during the entire session of the cabinet his manner and Avords manifested emphatically a desire fo restore a satis factory peace to the South, through all due regard for her vanquished citizens. Yet, Avhilsf he aviis buoyant, on that Good Friday, in his advocacy of "Peace on earth to men of good will," he seemed depressed at times, and had referred fo his dream of Ihe previous night, Avhich had recurred several times on the, eve of some important event — "a vague sense of floating — floating away, on spine vast, and indistinct expanse, toward ini. unknown shore," These are his immortal Avords near the end of the con flict: "Let us finish the Avork avo are in, to bind up the Nation's Avounds, to care for him avIio shall have borne the battle, and for his avhIoav and orphans; to do all, which may achieve and cherish, a just and lasting peace, among ourselves and Avith all nations." So beautiful his niarvelously balanced humanity, so broad his firmly based charity. About 1 :30 o'clock in the morning it aviis fully appar ent that the President Avas then dying from his mortal wound, and that it was not probable (hat he Avould live through (ho night. Tho Secretary then informed ine that it would be necessary to stand prepared lo communicate the President's death to the Vice-President, and, soon thereafter, handed mc the rough notes of the formal notification from which I Avrote out a fair copy, and held it until after the President's death; which Avas officially fsr>] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME announced at 7:55 on the morning of April 15, by a telegram from the Secretary to Major General Dix, as folloAVs : Abraham Lincoln died this morning at tAvenly-tAvo minutes after 7 o'clock. The notification to tho Vice-President was duly signed and communicated, as recited in a subsequent telegram, as folloAVs: Official notice of the death of the late President, Abraham Lincoln, aviis given by the Heads' of Depart ments this morning to Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, upon Avhoni the Constitution devolved the office of Presi dent. Mr. Johnson,- upon receiving this notice, appeared before the Honorable Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice of the United Stales, and assumed its duties and functions. The inanimate objects in this building cause persons to rise vividly before me. That bed, Avhereon the illustrious one breathed his last; that sofa, Avhich supported the dazed and grief-stricken Avidow; that table, at Avhich the Chief dust ice of the Supreme Court of the District took evidence, as to the assassin's Avork, and another, Avhereon the AVar Minister penned dispatches to convey to the nation information respecting the condition of the dying President; and that table, on Avhich aviis prepared the notification to the Vice- President that the man "who had clung fast to the hand of tins people and moved calmly Ihrough Hie gloom of war and si rile" had passed away. Anguish snf on every coiiiileniinee, and under its weight the fool falls of hisloric men, in passing Ihrough those rooms, were mullled, and nil voices lowered lo whispers. Marked silence was without this building, although vast, densely congregated crowds, with suffering hearts, filled ' [8G] THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN the streets centering here. Thus Avas evidenced the pro found veneration, and sadness of feeling, Avhich Avent out to the departing President. The death-bed scenes Avere harrowing in the extreme. Surrounding and near the illustrious one, who aviis in sensible from the first, in consequence of his mortal avouikI, from Avhich his life's blood Avas oozing, Avere the sobbing, grief -stricken Avife, accompanied by her young son; the fervent minister; the Avatchful surgeon; all the members of the cabinet save Mr. SeAvard, and others in civil and military circles. As the sure approach of death aviis noticed, the deep sad gloom increased, and, at the solemn moment, it seemed that it had extended to Heaven to be from there promulgated back to Earth, through the agency of deep sable clouds. The attendant drops of rain seemed to htiAe been sent to mingle, sorroAvfully, Avith the tears of the Nation. And, Avhen the skill of surgeons and all other earthly means had been exhausted, and the, newer-failing claim of death had been asserted, all aviis hushed in God's great presence, while to Him aviis offered the sympathetic min ister's final prayer. "The automatic moaning Avhich had continued during the night had ceased; a look of un speakable peace rested upon the dead President's Avorn features." "Tenderly heroic the life had been all through;" and he Avho had loAred his country so avcII — he "Avhose deeds cast a luster around his head, to testify the greatness that has embodied itself in his name" — aviis, at the final in stant, scaled for preservation, in that repository of abun dance — the love of his countrymen. Soon after 8 o'clock the devoted AVar Minister had ordered all to bo arranged for the removal of the body to the Executive Mansion, and then left mo as his represen- [87] WASHINGTON DURINO WAR TIME tativo until after the transfer should take place. It Avas about this time that, after pressing and smoothing the eyes of the dead President, I placed coins on them to close them for a hist long slumber. The CongroHS of the llnilod Million, with most all'ocfion- ale form and slide, coiiiine.inornled Lincoln's birth on its anniversary day, February 12, I8(i(i. In closing my re marks, 1 may well quote George Bancroft's filling words on (hat occasion : AVhere in the history of nations had a chief magistrate possessed more sources of consolation and joy than Lin coln? His countrymen had shoAvn their lo\^e by choosing him to a second term of service. The raging Avar that had divided the country had lulled and private grief aviis hushed by the grandeur of the result. The nation had its now birlh of freedom, soon to be secured forever by an amendment to the Constitution. His persistent gentleness had conquered for him a kindlier feeling on the part of the South. I lis scoll'ors among the grandees of Europe began to do him honor. The laboring classes everywhere saw in his advancement their own. All peoples sent him their benedictions. And at. this moment of the height of fame, to Avhich his humility and modesty added charms, he fell by the hand of an assassin; and the only triumph awarded him aviis the march to the gniA'o. * * * Not in vain has Lincoln lived, for he has helped to make this Republic an example of Justice, Avith no caste hut the caste of humanity. * * * The heroes who led our armies and ships into battle and fell in the service, * * * did not die, in vain; they and the myriads of nameless martyrs, and he, the chief martyr, gave up their lives willingly "(hat government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Monuments of marble and granite have been erected to his memory; "but ho needs no chiseled stone, no storied urn, no marble bust, to perpetuate his fame." [88] THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN THE MEMORIAL. ASSOCIATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Incorporated Under the Laws of the District, March 18, 1892. This Association has been organized for the threefold purpose — 1. Of preserving the most noteworthy houses at the Capital that have been made historic by the residence of the nation's greatest men. 2. Of suitably marking, by tablets or otherwise, the houses and places throughout the city of chief interest to our own residents iind to the multitudes of Americans and foreigners who annuallly visit tlie Capital. 3. Of thus cultivating that historic spirit and that reverence for I lie memories of the founders and leaders of the Republic upon which ;in intelligent and abiding patriotism so largely depends. Officers of Ihe Association. Melville W. Fuller. President. Myron M. Parker, Secretary. Tenuis S. Hamlin, Vice-President. James E. Fitch, Treasurer. Members of the Association, Appointed by tlie President of the United States, tlie President of (lie Senate, and the Speaker of the House. Melville AV. Fuller. A. R. Spofford. John M. Sehoflel.l. John Hay. John AV. Foster. J. AV. Douglass. U. I T. AVnrder. Myron M. Parker, S. P. Langley. (Jardlner U. Hubbard. A. It. Hiigner. W. D. Davldge. .1. (*- HiiiH'iol't D;iviM. S. K. Franklin. Walter S. Cox. Tenuis S. Hamlin. K. II. KaulTinann. Charles C. G.lover. And we especially wisli to purchase the house on Tenth Street in. which President Lincoln died. It is the only building at the Capital distinctly associated with him. We wish to restore it to tlie condition in which it then was, both externally and internally; to gather in it such mementoes of Mr. Lincoln as can be procured. and to make It a perpetual shrine of patriotic pilgrimage for the millions that venerate his memory. The title to this and to any other historic houses or places preserved by the labors of tlie Association will, by our charter, vest in the United States, and remain under the control and man agement of tlie Association at the pleasure of the Congress. AVashington, D. C, 1st May, 1893. [89] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME In accordance with an Act of Congress passed on June 11, 1896, there was appropriated for the "purchase of the house on Tenth Street, Northwest, between E and F streets, in the City of Wash ington where Abraham Lincoln died, thirty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary; for repairs of said building, after purchase, one thousand dollars; In all, thirty-one thousand dollars." In consequence of this Act, this historical residence became tlie property of the I'nited States. In tills liouse there are now more than two hundred port rails of Lincoln, and thou sands of portraits and pictures illusliatlng events pertaining lo his career. On March 3, 1899, there was a further appropriation made "for repairing the house in which Abraham Lincoln died, being the property of the United States, three thousand eight hundred and thirty-three dollars and fifty cents, tlie same to be expended under the direction of the Chief of lOngineers." >-V X *^rX-y:X-^ mmm, It View of the House in Which Lincoln Died. [90] The Grand Review. General II. W. Halleck. By john Mcelroy Senior Vice Commander, Grand Army of the Republic HIS strifeful old world has seen many imposing military pageants since first the sword began to devour, by way of saying the last Avorcl in dis putes. But never, not even In the glory that was Greece, And the grandeur that was Rome, not even Avhen Napoleon marched his eagle-bearing le gions back to Paris from the Avrock of empires and tho de struction of dynasties, did the hours keep pace Avith the march of so mighty a tor rent of Avarlike, power as sAvept in unbroken tide along I'cnnsyh'ania Aa'chuo for Iavo Avide-arching May days of 18G5. In numbers it Avas beAvildering ; in history, startling; in character, 0A7erAvhelming. Its banners shoAved the scars of tAvo thousand battle fields, many of them the bloodiest in history, and Avcre consecrated by the lives of half a million young men avIio had fallen around them since first unfurled. A mightier army than Napoleon led to the mastery of Europo had perished in carrying forward those banners to victory. Each one of tho myriads of bronzed young vctorans avIio strode up the avenue in tho prido of trained and perfected [91] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME soldiership, represented an average of nearly half a score of youthful companions Avho had started in Avith him, but Avho Avere noAv sleeping in shalloAV graves, lingering on beds of pain, or scattering back to their homes as wreck age drifting from the vortex of the "far flung battle line." Four years of incessant battling with a foe of finest mottle had also burned out all the dross and the Aveak- lings, and moulded and tempered that marching host into comparatively the finest military weapon ever forged to execute a nation's will. It aviis led by men Avhose names Avill forever shine in our history as types of the highest soldiership, joined to the purest patriotism. The first day the Army of the Potomac, in a dense column Avhich filled the Avide aA'enue from curb to curb, marched by from early morn until late at night. No bet ter demonstration of the marvelous efficiency Avhich had been attained in its four years' schooling in Avar can be given than that 80,000 men should be able to pass in perfect military order by a given point in a single day. This Avould be impossible in the best drilled legions of Europe to-day. And with that army, Avhat recent and vivid memories marched? Of the months of bloody welter on the Peninsula. Of the battle surges over the oft-reddened plains of Manassas. Of that invful Sep tember day, on the banks of the Antictam, Avhich closed with 12,000 boys in blue lying dead or Avouned. Of that still more bitter December clay at Fredericksburg, Avhen American valor reached its supreme exaltation, and 13,000 fell in an assault fore-doomed as hopeless. Of that wasted opportunity at Chancellorsville, which cost 10,000 men and the sanguine hopes of the close of the Avar. Of tho momentous three days at Gettysburg, which finally turned back the tide of audacious [92] .iiKVP ^TX!X^ v X^-^XX X-V ^[a?^*'^'^' .< "?P!x The Grand Review on Pennsylvania Avenue. WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME rebellion, at the price of 5,000 Union dead, and 12,000 wounded. Of those thirty days of mortal wrest ling between the Union and Confederate armies from the Rapidan to the James, Avhich cost the Union army 45,000 men, and filled every household in the South Avith mourning. Of tho months of anxious, persistent, inflexi ble siege of Petersburg. Of that most magnificently thrilling of all man-hunts in history, the blood-hound rush of Grant's Avhole army after Lee's, for a hundred miles, over Virginia's brakes and bournes until the end came at Appomattox. For four long years the people had been Avalking daily with the grand, grim, unconquerable Army of the Poto mac through the Valley of the Shadow of Death, with only infrequent ascents to the mountain peaks of Victory, but hoav it aviis fresh from the complete overthrow of its mighty antagonist. These Avere the men who had been through all this, the survivors of the host which had accomplished it all, bearing the flags around which they had unfalteringly gathered, no matter how disasters thickened. At the head of this Mississippi of Avarlike force rode its Commander, George Gordon Meade— tall, grim, specta cled, his broad shoulders bent as if by the Aveight of the burden he had carried from Gettysburg to Appomattox. Sheridan, the Avhirhvind of battle, aviis missing from the glorious Cavalry Corps, which he had wakened to its strength, and fashioned in the forge, of war into the ¦mightiest mounted force that over drew saber. Ho had been rushed oif to the Rio (Jramjo, to throttle an exotic Empire planted in Mexico by Napoleon III, who counted us of too little worth. Sheridan aviis Avell-spared, however, for awhile later tho imported Emperor was taken out and shot. . ... . [94] THE GRAND REVIEW The Cavalry Avas led by such incomparable lieutenants as the theatric, dashing George A. Custer, and the quiet, gray-eyed George A. Crook. The Second Corps, each man in its perfectly aligned ranks prouder of his clover leaf badge than of a peerage in the United Kingdom, aviis led by AndreAV A. Hum phreys, an ideal American soldier and corps commander. The Fifth Corps, Avhose Maltese Cross had badged the dead in the forefront of every line of battle of the Army of the Potomac, aviis led by tall, slender, knightly, "Charley" Griffin, Avho had four years before entered the Corps as an enthusiastic young battery captain, and was now Avearing the double stars of a major general, avcII earned in more than a score of hard-fought battles. Those avIio on breast or cap av ore a Greek Cross as a proud armorial bearing Avere the men avIio had folloAved the leonine John SodgAvick until his character had become theirs. They Avere led by tall, precise, formal Horatio G. "Wright, an Engineer Officer all through. But he could drop his theorems and triangulations ¦with remarkable quickness Avhen the bugle called, and hurl the Sixth Corps like an avalanche to break the backbone of the Confeder acy at Petersburg, or smash the heads of Lee's columns at Sailor's Creek. Tho Ninth Corps — "Burnside's Geography Class" — Avhich had carried its cannon and anchor badge from Koanoke Island to the Antietain, and then to Vicksburg and East Tennessee, to return to the Army of the Poto mac for the Wilderness and the siege of Petersburg, Avas led by another Engineer Officer, John G. Parke, Avith the memory of tho gallant Avork of the Corps at Fort Stead- man only a feAv weeks old. The finest array of light artillery then in the world came by under command of tall, swarthy Henry J. Hunt, [95] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME a dovout believer that Providence aviis on tho side, that hud tho most cannon and Avorkod them to the best advan tage. Many of tho loved and trusted leaders now belonged lo history. The brilliant Kearny and (ho steadfast Slovens had fallen at Chanfilly, in sight of the Capitol they were defending. Keno had died at South Mountain as his Corps had reached the crest if was assaulting. Mans- lield and Richardson passed into the Beyond at, Anliofinn. Reynolds only saw the beginning of Ihe buttle he opened at Gettysburg. Grand old John Sedgwick had fallen beneath a sharpshooter's bullet at. Spoltsylvania, and that superb example of genuine American aristocracy, J nines S. Wadsworlh, had received tho last of his wounds in the Wilderness. The next, day or me another host mighty as the Iirst, vying Avith if in the greatness of its history and the magnitude of its achievements — strangely like il in many things, strangely unlike in others. It was Sherman's army ma roll ing into the Capital from tlu* conquest of half a continent, ending on the bunks of the, Potoniue a march begun four yours before, two thousand miles mvay on the banks of the Ohio. They Avere all "Western men. The Stale builders of the great country beyond the Alleghanies. Their battle (lags bore the inscriptions: "Belmont," "Donelson," "Shiloh," "Corinth," "Perryvillo," "Stone Kivor," "Vicksburg," "Chiekainauga," "Mission Pidge," "Atlanta," "Savan nah," "Carolinas," "Bentonville," and a thousand minor battles, each of Avhich had thrilled the people's hearts to the core. They Avere restless, aggressive men; tiger-like in attack, and wild boars on the defense, who had hunted down and fought their enemies in every State in the so-called •[90] THE GRAND REVIEAV Southern Confederacy. No mountain-top was too rugged, no SAvampy fastness too impenetrable to shelter any man who droAv a SAvord or raised a flag in hostility to the Gov ernment. While the Army of the Potomac Avas chained to Washington, and fought all its battles Avithin a feAV score miles of the Capital, they marched and fought over territory exceeding that of the battling grounds of all Europe. They had cut the Confederacy tAvice in tAvain, and then rove out broad SAvaths through the hearts of the seceding States. Their appearance shoAved they Avere Avider rangers, freer lances than the Army of the Potomac. Tho, men of the latter approached more nearly the, Kogular Army model of dress, marching, and mameuvres. The Western Army was rather careless as to dress and equipments, only caring lo have enough to show that they Were Union soldiers. Nor did they bother much about proper cad ence, and absolute perfection of alignment, but moved Avith the long, SAvinging stride Avhich had carried them Avith marvelous swiftness over eleven States. At their head rode tho, General-in-Chief, AVilliam Tecuinseh Sherman — Avith the laurels of Atlanta, the March to the Sea, Through the Carol inas, and the Sur render of Johnston, still recent, and fresh. Tall and sin ewy. Avith rugged face and gleaming eyes, he looked the ideal leader of battle and conquest. By his side, Avith armless sloe at-, rode one of his principal lieutenants — Oli- A'er (). Howard, the Christian soldier, and the Com mander of the Army of the, Tennessee from Atlanta to Washington. There hoav rode at the, head of the Army of the Ten nessee John A. Logan, the greatest volunteer general of the War, Avhose SAvord had Avon him that eminence from the starting point of a colonel of a regiment. [97] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME The Fifteenth Corps, Avhich had been commanded by Sherman in the Vicksburg campaign, and afterward by Logan in the Atlanta campaign, and through the Carolinas, aviis led by William B. Ha/en, the hero of Fort McAllister. The Seventeenth, McPherson's old Corps, aviis com manded by Frank P. Blair, the soldier-politician, avIio, Avith Nathaniel Lyon, had saved Missouri to the Union. The Army of Georgia aviis commanded by the quiet, scholarly Henry W. Slocum, Avhose face reminded one of Dante's. The Twentieth Corps aviis commanded by "Fighting Joe Moavoi'," avIio had entered the, army in 1817 as a private in the engineers, and had boon made a major-gen eral for the passage of the Salkehalchie. The Fourteenth Army Corps, the Corps which "Pap" Thomas had fashioned and made "the Rock of Chicka- mauga" Avas commanded by dark-faced, sour-looking Jefferson C. Davis, every inch a soldier, Avho had given the best taste of his quality at Pea Ridge, when, having fought a successful fight through, at great loss, on one part of the line, had led his brigade at once to another part and helped Avin the battle there. The triumphant troops missed on the revieAving stand the face of all others they had most longed to see, that of the great-hearted, kindly Lincoln, Avho had fallen beneath the assassin's bullet, a fcAV Aveeks before. His place avus taken by heavy-joAvled, red-faced John son. At his side stood the great organizer of victory, the iron-Avilled Stanton, Secretary of War. Most interesting of all in that group aviis the ruddy bearded, stoop-shouldered, quiet man Avith three stars in his straps, Avho had commanded all the armies of the United States in the last decisiA^e year of the Avar. A [»81 THE GRAND REVIEAV tanner's clerk Avhen the Avar began ; a colonel in his first campaign, avIio avoii every promotion by success upon the field of battle; avIio Avas constantly called to "come up higher," because he had done so Avell beloAv; avIio had never fought but to Avin; and never organized but to suc ceed. The end of the Avar saAV him the sole commander of a million battle-trained veterans, the mightiest host in every Avay that the world had ever seen subject to one man's will, and there Avas but one voice as to the eminent fitness for that pinnacle of unprecedented greatness of Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant. EX" -'.'"-'. -X r=^!s?'!~^rfii£J^^ ¦-'-' >V The National Armory, Now the U. S. Fish Commission. m The Military Power of the United States as Shown During the War of the Rebellion. By THOMAS McCURDY VINCENT Brigadier General, by brecet, U. S. Army N April, 18G1, the Government of the United States aviis, for the purpose of Avar, paralyzed. It had not, practically, an army to maintain its authority, and aviis far from being able to attack the "accessible quarter" of an in ternal enemy, in conspiracy over an area of 733,144 square miles connected Avith a shore line of 25,114 miles; a coast line of 3,522 miles; and an interior boundary of 7,031 miles. Had the people of the United Slates, through Congress, been more thoughtful concern ing the object of, and necessity for, the military arm, paralysis Avould have been avoided through the availa bility of a suitable force to crush the initial of the Rebel lion, and the State, in combat Avith its own children, would have been spared a great sacrifice of human life — including that of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy — aside from a debt of $2,718,05(5,173.13 incident to and arising from the Avar. All this independently of a pension debt, from 18G1 to 1875, of $279,791,405.30, since increased about $150,000,000; thus aggregating $429,791,405.30. Early in the struggle, the question was not: What Avill it cost? but, Can the Government be saved, at any cost? * [100] Secretary Stanton. TIIK MILITARY I'OWER OF TUB UNITED STATES The magnitude attained by tho Rebellion is most in structive, for the public debt and the money paid to pen sioners — $3,118,417,038.-19 — would support our present* ( bSSl ) military force, costing, say, $30,000,000 yearly, for one hundred and five years. Now, hoAvever, as a result of temporary expedients coupled with shameful neglect, the people have to pay the debt; expend say $30,000,000 yearly for pensions/!' and support an army costing yearly $30,000,000. That is to say, avc have lost, by not having an available force to prevent rebellion, $3,1 48,447,038.49. t PoAverless, hoAvever, as the Government, then aviis to overcome the gigantic attack, there aviis, fortunately, a grand latent power, awaiting for its development only the. demand ol: the national heart and the Regular Army to educate it and prepare it for service. After seven months of preparation that power was manifest, under an organization numbering 010,037 ollicers and enlisted men - the Volunteer Army of the United Slab's, with its elements of patriotism, wisdom, courage and moderation. Moimi.ization. 1801. On January 1, the authorized Army of the United States consisted of Iavo regiments of dragoons; Iavo regi ments of cavalry; one regiment of mounted riflemen; four regiments of artillery; and ion regiments of infantry — aggregating, present and absent, 10/102 commissioned ollicers and enlisted men, inclusive of the general ollicers and general si nil'. On April. 14, it was ofliciiilly. promulgated, by the Pres- ?TIiIh iirllcle. wiih written In .1881. tlOHllninlcd amount for tho your cmllnff Juno .10, 1882, $G8,2S2,- 30f>.(>8; Inclusive of certain arrears. JAt tills dale, June, 11)02, we have lost hy not bavins' an availa ble force to prevent rebellion, $n,:)sn,.17K.oan. An amount that would support an army costing yearly say $100,000,000, about 54 years. [ioi] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME ident of tho United States, that revolutionary combina tions existed in certain States, and 75,000 militia, for three months' service, Avere called to suppress said com binations and to cause the Iiiavs to be duly executed. In addition, all loyal citizens Avere appealed to that they might favor, facilitate, and aid the effort to maintain "the honor, the integrity, and the existence of our Na tional Union, and the perpetuity of popular government, and to redress Avrongs already long enough endured." The President deemed it proper to add, that the first service of the forces Avould, probably, be to repossess the forts, places and property Avhich had been seized from the Union, and directed that in every event, consistently Avith the objects he had referred to, care should be taken to avoid "any devastation, any destruction of or inter ference Avith property, or any disturbance of peaceful citizens in any part of the country." When the President took this first decided action against the rebellion, the danger threatening the seat of Government will be indicated in the f olloAving : Headquarters oe the Army, Washington, April %G, 1861. General Orders No. 4. I. From the knoAvn assemblage, near this city, of num erous hostile bodies of troops, it is evident that an attack upon it may be expected. In such an event, to meet and repel the enemy, it is necessary that some plan of harmonious co-operation should be adopted on the part of all the forces, regular and volunteer, present for the defense of the Capital— that is, for the defense of the Government, the peaceable inhabitants of the city, their property, the public buildings, and public archives. II. At the first moment of attack every regiment, bat talion, squadron, and independent company will promptly assemble at its established rendezvous (iii or out of the public buildings) ready for battle, and Avait for orders. [102] The military power or the united states III. The piquets (or advanced guards) Avill stand fast fill driven in by overwhelming forces; but it is ex pected, that those stationed to defend bridges — having every advunlage of position— will not give Avay till act ually pushed by flic bayonet. Such obstinacy on the parts of piqucls so stationed is absolutely necessary to give time for the troops in the rear to assemble at their places of rendezvous. IV. All advance guards and piquets drhren in, Avill fall back sloAvly to delay the advance of the enemy as much as possible before repairing to their proper rendezvous. V. On the happening of an attack, the troops lodged in the public buildings, and in the Navy Yard, Avill remain for I heir defense, respectively, unless specially ordered elsewhere; with the exceptions that the Seventh Ncav York regiment and the Massachusetts regiment Avill march rapidly toward the President's Square" for it's defense; and (ho Rhode Island regiment (in the Department of tho Interior) Avhen full, aviII make a diversion, by detach ment, to assist in the defense of Ihe General Post Office Building, if necessary. Win weld Scott. On May 3, the President deemed if indispensably neces sary to further augment the forces by 42.034 three-year volunteers (39 regiments of infantry and one of cavalry) ; and 22,714 officers and enlisted men of the regular army (8 regiments of infantry, one of cavalry and one of artillery). Tho augmentation was confirmed by the act of Congress approved August 0, 1801. Thus the forces, exclusive of the Navy, authorized "for the protection of the National Union by the suppression of the insurrectionary combinations" then existing, Avere: Regular Army (January 1, 1801) 10,402 Militia (April 15, 1801) 75^000 Regulars and Volunteers (May 3, 1801) .... 04,748 Total 156,150 [103] Washington during avar time It must be remembered that Avhile it Avas intended that the regular army should aggregate 39,110 (10,402 plus 22,714) if fell far short of that number, and did not' roach the authorized standard at any time during the war, as Avill appear from the. aggregate strength — present ami absent — at various dates, as follows: July 1, 1801, 10,-122; danuary 1, 18(52, 22,425; March 31, 1802, 23,308; danuary 1, 1803, 25,403; danuary 1, 1S04, 2-F,03(5; January 1, 1805, 22,019; IMarch 31, 18(55, 21,(509. The call for militia aviis more than met; 91,810 Avere furnished — but the force aviis hardly mustered in Avhen terms of service found their expiration. The call for 40 regiments of volunteers was more than met — 71 regiments of inl'anlrv, I of heavy arlillorv, and 10 butteries of light artillery Avore accepted and luiislored inlo I ho service before July J. In July the magnitude of (ho unlawful violence had fully dawned and it was clearly apparent flint the meas ures authorized for the impartial enforcement of constitu tional laws, and for the speedy restoration of peace and order, had failed. Congress assembled, and by the acts approved, respectively, July 22 and 25, authorized the President to accept 500,000 volunteers for three years or the Avar. Extended latitude, as to the acceptance, Avas conferred by the act approved July 31, in that "previous proclamation'' aviis done awny Avith, ami that, Ihe volun teers wore authorized lo be acceplod "in such numbers from any Slide or Slides as in his (Ihe President's) dis cretion (lie public service may require." J 802. Tho recruit ment aviis so eiiergeficnlly pressed by tho people Hint on Jiinunry 1, 553,492 men Avere in activo service, und on IMarch 31, the number had been increased to 013,813. With such a force— believed by the people ;i04] THE MILITARY I'OAA'ER OF THE UNITED STATES sufficient to overcome the rebellion — there Avere necessar ily vast expenditures, and consequently the Government aviis pressed to discontinue the recruiting service; and it was, on April 3, discontinued for every State — officers Avith their details joined their respective regiments, and the public property belonging to the service aviis sold. At this time, had any one said that it Avould require 2,000,000 enlistments, from the first to last, and an increase of the A'olunteer forces, in service at one time, to 1,000,000, in order that armed resistance to the GoArernment might be overthroAvn, the assertion Avould have been considered as marking insanity. An officer, Avith fame hoav Avorld-Avide, early in 1801, urged the calling out of 300,000 men; and more than one person alleged him to bo under a visitation of insanity — a subject fit for an institution having for its object "the most humane euro and enlightened curatiA'o treatment of the insane of the Army." Fortunately, the error of non-recruitment for the forces was soon forced to the observation of the Executive, and, June 0, tho recruiting service, Avas ordered to be resumed. The blighting effect of the discontinuance had influ ence over future attempts to recruit the Armies. On June 30, the volunteer forces Avere as folloAVs: Cavalry 70,844 Artillery 30,407 Infantry 514,723 Grand aggregate 622,034; incline of 15,007 three-months men furnished in May and June, under special authority. The entire number of volunteers furnished under the calls of May 3, 1861, and the acts approved, respectively, July 22 and 25, 1861, Avas as folloAVs: Three years, 67,868; tAvo years, 30,950; one year, 9,147; ,+Lo o 715 . a total of 70,680. [105] in s\r\ l WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME A comparison of this with the strength of the forces in service at various dates, points to the rapidity Avith which they Avere depleted, and the large numbers required to meet casualties. On Juno 28, the Governors of Maine, Now Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Noav York, New Jersey, Pennsyl vania, Maryland, Virginia, Michigan, Tennessee, Mis souri, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Illinois and Wisconsin — also the President of the Military Poard of Kentucky, requested the President to call upon the several States for such number of men as might be required to till up all organizations in the field, and to add to the. armies then organized. The request, aviis based on a desire thai, the recent success of the Federal armies might be I'olloAved by measures Avhich would secure the speedy restoration of the Union, and the belief, in view of the important military movements then in progress, that the time had arrived for prompt and' vigorous measures, thus to speed ily crush the rebellion. The decisive moment seemed near at hand, and the people Avere desirous to aid, promptly, in furnishing all needful re-enforcements to sustain the Government. The President concurred in the Avisdom of the ArieAvs expressed in the request, and, on July 2, called for 300,000 men for three years. He was enabled to do this under the extended authority conferred by the act on July 31, 1801. This call for volunteers aviis, on August 4, supplemented by one, through a draft, for 300,000 militia, for nine months' service. These eiforts secured -121,105 three-year volunteers, and 88,588 nine-months' militia. Py Septem ber 17, 212,488 of the numbers had been furnished and Avere mainly in the field; on November 2i, tho aggregate aviis 370,349; and on the same date the strength of the volunteer armies of the United States Avas: [106] THE MILITARY POAVER OF THE UNITED STATES Grand aggregate, officers and enlisted 790,197 Sick, Avounded, and absent 124,012 Leaving present for duty 000,185 1363. On January 1, the volunteer forces numbered 892,728. From that date, notwithstanding that musters out and casualties Avould soon heavily reduce the armies, there Avas a marked lethargy in the recruitment of tho forces, and, to October 1, the, volunteers and militia mustered into service onlv numbered as folloAVs : For NeAv Organizations. l6' Three years 49,009 One year 1,059 Nine months 917 Six months 12,787 63,832 For Old Organizations. Three years 19,174 One year 72 Nine months 149 Six months 15 19,410 Unassigned. NeAV 2,570 Old 1,921 Colored 970 5,461 Grand total 88,703 A number far from sufficient to maintain the necessary strength. While 100,000 militia Avere called for by the President's proclamation of June 15, only 16,361 Avcro furnished. Fortunately for the Government, on March 3, 1863, the act of Congress, "for enrolling and calling out the national forces, and for other purposes," was approved by the President; and thus the people Avere to become familiar with conscription. ¦ [107] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME Under the enrollment act the subjects of "credit" for men furnished to the military service, aviis realized as one of great importance, and it became necessary to know Iioav the respective States stood in account Avith the General Government. The folloAving exhibit served as the Avorking basis for quotas under future calls: State. Deficiency. Excess. 1,7481. 473 ' Connecticut Delaware j Illinois | Indiana Iowa Kansas . i\ot determined . Kentucky ;X,,t determined . Maine I 2,8 92 . Maryland j 13,302;. Massachusetts \ r» , S r> 1 1 Michigan I ! Missouri !\ut determined!. Minnesota J. . 60,17125,51 1 13,897 New Hampshire New Jersey. . . . New York Ohio Pennsylvania . . . Rhode Island. . . Tennessee Vermont West Virginia. . Wisconsin 388. 12,50 3!. 0,238 2,535 15,407 5,517 :X,429 Not determined None None. 1,198 Total. 52,564 3,373 3,578 149,393 The aggregate deficiency, under all calls, at the term ination of the Avar Avas 08,648; the number Avould have been obtained in full had recruiting and drafting been continued. On October 1, the strength of the volunteer armies Avas, present and absent, 812,578. On October 17, the President called for 300,000 volun teers for three years' service, and directed that any deficiency that might exist on January 5, 1864, should be filled by draft. At the spe time he addressed himself [108] THE MILITARY POAVER OE THE UNITED STATES to the people, invoking them to lend a willing, cheerful, and effective aid to the measures thus adopted, "Avith a vicAv to reinforce our victorious armies in the field, and bring our needful military operations to a prosperous end, thus closing forever the fountains of sedition and civil war." 1804. On January 1, the. volunteer forces aggregated 836,101. On February 1, a draft for 500,000 men aviis ordered, but OAving to the alloAvance of "credits by enlistment and draft," the call, practically, was only for 200,000. Under the calls of October 17, 1803, and the, draff of February 1, 1804, 317,092 men Avere oblained for three years and 52,288 paid commutation. Soon after, on February 21, by act of Congress ap proved that dab1, the President aviis authorized, whenever he deemed if necessary during the Avar, to call for such number of men for the military service of the United Stales as the public exigencies might require, it estab lished "the will of the President as the authority for rais ing troops," and conferred a delicate and mighty power. On March 14, a call aviis made for 200,000 men for three years; 259,515 Avere furnished, and 32,078 paid commuta tion. On July 18, there was a further cull for 500,000; tho volunteers Avere accepted for one, two, or three yours, as they desired, and tho Stales Ave.ro given fifty days in Avhieh to raise their quotas, in accordance Avith section 2 of the enrollment not approved on July 14; 380,401 men Avere supplied, and 1,298 paid commutation. From April 23 to July 5 inclusive, several calls for troops, to servo not exceeding 100 days, were made. Under them 95 regiments, 2 battalions, and 26 independent com panies Avere furnished — mainly infantry. [109] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME On December 19 there Avas a call for 300,000 men to serve for one, tAvo, or three years; but after 194,635 had been raised under it — actiAro military operations having ceased — April 13, 1865, orders Avero promulgated to dis continue recruitment. 1805. On January 1, tho strength of the Volunteer Army avivs 937,441; March 31, 958,471; May 1, 1,034,004. The results accomplished, during the period embraced in the foregoing, Avill be apparent from the folloAving exhibits : 1. — Number of organizations — volunteers and militia — org-anlzed and mustered into the service of the United States during- the rebellion — by calls. Calls— under which furnished. April 15, 1861 . . . May 3 and acts of July 22 and 25, 1861 . . July 2, 1862 . . . . August 4. 1862 . . . June 15, 1863 . . . October 17, 1863 . . February 1 and March 14, 1864 1864, for 100-day troops July 18, 1864 . . . December 19, 1864 . Special, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864 .... Grand total . . Infantry.No. ot— 104 560316 72 8 18 12 1)5665-1 333 SE— o o o 1,668 21 17 42 21 5o 17 18 94 128149 504 Cavalry. No. of— 82 44 1 4 20 11 a a) 52 Artillery. No. of- 6,") 232 28 4 13 1118 39 122 Ueg'ts. 9 12 II Battl's. Comp's. J3 11 129 57 08 211 o 22 '60 '[UO] 2. — Number of organizations — volunteers nnd mllltla — organized nnd mustered Into tlie service of tho United States during tho rebellion by Slates and Territories. Infantry. ' Cavalry. Artillery. No. of- Still oh and Torrll.oi'loM. Alabama Connecticut . . , . District of Columbia. (icorjiiu Indian Territory . , Kansas .Massachusetts . . . Michigan Minnesota i a 11M 28 1 27 (1 o I.Vi138 3 ¦15 1) 17 1 31 18 09 37 12 75 i "3 A ii i n 21 ./', ¦: s v,° "3" 0 1 •13 40 o (17 o 24-19 5 39 (i 11 1011 572592 (i3 1 2 1 4' 504 . *- 'aTi o ¦1 o 1 » in 11 1)8 17 >>0 1* 5 11 >>1 29 o 1 3 1 29 13 1 21 ;> 12 o 1 43 7 232 n W M A i i 0 1 3 1 ;» 9 ¦/ "¦• 2 I "2 ... [ (1 11 18 1 08 9 72 10 o T (i 5 18 13 o3 221 122 w a toi 2o i 111 8 XIV. > «) 4 11 1 13 24 2 1 12 44 Un u JS hi J ' 2 5 ,'IV > ti ec 'l , ('inn j a bn 3 1 0 1 ' 38 2« 1 4 775 19 14 38 1 (i 29 28 623 fi 13 ' 10 p'M, u, u« 'j S 1 1 3 8 Nevad.a New Hampshire , , New .Jersey .... New Mexico .... North Carolina . . . Ohio Pennsylvania . . . Khoile Island . . , Tennessee A'erinont AVashington Territory West A'irginia . . . First Army Corps . . U. S. Volunteers . . U. S. Colored Troops. 17 37 (i 245 I 218 1 189 !» Uil(i 1 18 51 9 6 133 2 10 1 • • 1,668 1 244 30 -Number of mon called for, and number furnished, etc., by each State, Territory, and tho District of Columbia, during the AVar of tho Rebellion. States and Territories. Maine New Hampshire . . Vermont Massachusetts. . . Jvliodo Island. . . . Connecticut. . . . Now Vork .... New Jersey .... Pennsylvania . . . Delaware Maryland West Virginia . . . District of Columbia Ohio Indiana ....'. Illinois Michigan Wisconsin .... Minnesota .... Iowa Missouri Kentucky Kansas Tennessee .... Arkansas North Carolina . . California Nevada Oregon Washington Terri tory Nebraska Territory Colorado Territory . Dakota Territory' . New Mexico Terri tory Alabama Florida. Louisiana Mississippi .... Texas Indian Nation . . Aggregate Quota. 73.58735,897 32,074 139,095 18,898 44,797 507,148 1)2, 8 :o 385, 3((9 13,9,' 70,905 34,163 13,973 300,322 199,788 244,496 95,007 109,080 26,326 79,521 122,496 100,782 12,931 1,560 780 15,560 Total 2,763,(170 Men furnished. Il- a 70.10733,937 33,288 1 10,730 23,23655,861 ¦148,850 76,81 I 327,936 12,284 16,638 32,068 16,534 313,180 196,363 259,092 87,304 91,327 21,020 70,242 109,111 75,701120,149 31,092 2,007 692 1 ,97 1 5,318 463 1,515 18,197 4,196 28,171 1,380 3,078 338 0,479 784 55 2,01)8 5,09' 1,032 07 3,205 o 8,289 ¦ i 3, 1 50 15,725 . • 1,080 1,810 . . . 904 3, 1 57 1, 91 '3 206 «,.r!()l 2,576 1,290 .),,:,.' i i i ¦ 545 1,965 3,530 *, 078, 1)07 80,724 Total. 72,114 31,02935,262 152,018 23,099 57,379 467,0 81,010 360,107 13,070 50,310 32,008 10,872 319,659 197,147 259,147 89,37290,421 25,05270,309 109,111 79,1.25 20.151 31.092 8,289 3,151 15.72; 1,080 1,810 90 3,154,903 206 6,5612,576 1.290 5,224 515 1,905 3,530 2.70A0IM Aggregate reduced lo a II years' standard. 56,776 30,849 2!), 068 121,101 17,860 50,023 31)2,270 57.908 265,517 10,322 ¦11.275 27,714 11,506 240,514 153.576 214,133 80,111 79,260 19,693 68,630 80,53070,832 18,706 26,391 7,8363,156 15,725 1 ,080 1,773 961 2,175 3,697 206 4,132 1,611l,29H ' 1,654 515 1,632 3,530 'J.22H ,IWI THE MILITARY POWER OF THE UNITED STATES The constant addition to the forces of iicav regiments, proved a great element of Aveakness to ihe. armies, As a great evil it may here be referred to. Under every call, the first act of Governors of States was to ask the, authority to raise iicav regiments. The, desire of the AVar Department aviis to secure recruits for old regiments, and thus maintain their organizations. The Secretary of War,' in order to a determined stand, secured, in December, 18C>4, the views of the Gcncral-in- Chief and Army commanders. All Avere in support of the opinion of the. Secretary, relative to .the necessity of recruits for old regiments; but the pressure of the States caused all, as on former occasions, to yield, and 5G new regiments and 120 new independent companies under the call of December 19, 1804, Avere added to the list of organizations in service, 77 regiments and 98 companies having been added under the call of July 18, 18G4. All this at a time aaIicii the, Army of the Potomac, alone, required 80,000 recruits to fill its organizations to the maximum — some 400,000 Avould haAre been necessary for all the armies — and when experienced and gallant lieu tenant colonels and other regimental officers, bearing the Avounds of many battles, could not receiA-e promotion OAving to the depleted state of their commands. The subject Avas pointedly referred to by the commander of one of the armies, as folloAVs: The raising of neAV regiments is a means desired to fill the quota and aAroid the draft. There is no intention, I suppose, that, these, iicav regi ments should serve the United States, and their colonels Avill hardly come into contact AA-ith the army. Still if it be the intention to put these neAV regiments into the field, Avhere they Avould haAre command of older and better regimental commanders, it is a question for the War De partment to determine, and not mine. I must take troops [113] WASHINGTON MJIUNU WAR TIM 12 ns they como to mo, and respect tho commissions they hold. Marvellous results have been achieved by the United States, as exemplified by Avhat has been recorded in the foregoing, in connection "with the folloAving summary: 1. On July 1, 1SG1, the strength of the Volunteer Army was 170,325). If there be added 77,875 militia for three months, obtained immediately under the call of April 15, 1801, avo have 248,204 men recruited and placed in service in Iavo and one-half months, an average of almost 100,000 a month. From July 1, 1801, to January 1, 1802, tho average number a month- actually added to the forces aviis 03,800, in nil, 383,103, this Avithout the aid of extra ordinary expedients and in the face of great difficulties met Avith in arming, clothing, and equipping. The foregoing is Avith reference to the actual strength on January 1, 1802, and Avithout regard to depletion from disability and other causes, so great that on August 11, 18G2, tho official returns indicated that 272,328 recruits Avere required to fill the regiments then in service. On December 1, 1801, the estimated strength of the forces aviis 010,037, and on that basis the average num ber of men a month recruited from July J, 1S0J, (<> Decem ber 1, I HOI, was 91,00 b- in a I M 70,308.' The (lilliciillies in arming, clothing, and equipments were so great that the service of hundreds of thousands Avere declined. Could arms, clothing, and equipage havo been scoured, it is safe to say that 1,000,000 of men could lniAro been placed in service Avithin five months. 2. One State, Illinois, under the calls of July 2 and August 4, 1802, placed in service 58,089 men. Of that number over 50.000— from the farmers and mechanics of tho State — Avere furnished within cloven days. "Animated by a common purpose and firmly resolved on '[114] THE MILITARY I'OAVER OF THE UNITED STATES rescuing the Government [they] left their harvest un- gathered, their tools on the benches, the ploAVS in the furrows," thus making a proud record, Avithout a palallel in the history of the Avar. 3. Under the calls of July 2 and August 4, 1802, there Avero prior to NoArember 21 of the same year, sent to the field : 2S9 regiments of infantry for 3 years, 58 regiments of infantry for 9 months, 34 batteries of artillery for 3 years, 42 companies of cavalry for 3 years, and 30 companies of cavalry for 9 months; and 50,000 recruits for old three-year regiments — a grand aggregate of 370,349 men; an aA-erage of about 82,211 a month. 4. Under the proposition (accepted by the President on April 23, 1804) of the GoArernors of Ohio, Indiana, Illi nois, Ioavh and Wisconsin, to furnish 85,000 one-hundred- day troops, the GoA'ernor of Ohio, in response to the War Department call of May 1, ordered the contribution of the State to rendezvous in the respective counties at the most eligible places, on May 2. At seven and one-half o'clock, p. m., the same date, reports recited 38,000 men in camp. In IavcU'c days 30,254 men Avero organized into 41 regi ments and one battalion, mustered, clothed, armed, equip ped, and ready for transportation to the field. On May 24, 22 days from date of rendezvous, the forty- tAvo regiments embracing the force Avere in active service. 5. During four months in 1804, 295,011 three year men Avere placed in the field — 09,533 in February and 115,000 in September. 6. February, 1865, 69,000 one, two, and three year men were furnished by four States, as follows: [115] Washington during war time Ohio 10,984 Indiana 11,317 Illinois 13,090 Wisconsin 5,015 Total 41,012 or sixty per cent, of the entire number front all the States. Inelusi\'c of March, 1805, the number aviis increased to 130,000, of which the same States furnished 18,783; 17,95)3; 22,010; and 8,1-12 respectively— 00,5)34 or forty- nine per cent, of the entire number recruited Avithin the two months. 7. More than 2,000,000 men avo re furnished on the Union side, and about 800,000, approximately, on the Con federate — an aggregate, North and South, of 3,400,000. That is to say— from April 15, 18G1, to April 28, 18G5, a period of about 48 consecutive months, the country sup plied, monthly, an average of almost 71,000 — a large army — for military service. Disbandment. April 28, 1805, in vicAv of the speedy termination of hostilities, the Secretary of War, immediately after his return from a meeting of the cabinet, directed General Orders, No. 77, series of 18G5, "for reducing the expenses of the military establishment" to be promulgated. That order Avas prepared, personally, by the Secretary, and handed to me, with directions to change it as might seem necessary. The order, in its main feature, Avas found to cover fully every essential connected Avith so great and important an undertaking, and is here referred to, as illustrating the Avonderful knowledge, in detail, Avhich the distinguished Minister of War possessed relative to the military establishment. He kneAV it, intimately, in * [116] THE MILITARY POAVER OE THE UNITED STATES all its parts; such had been the great devotion and study given by him to the personnel and materiel. Preliminary orders to muster out, Avere given as fol lows : April 29. All recruits, drafted men, substitutes, and volunteers remaining at the seA'eral State depots. May 4. All patients in hospitals; except veteran volun- teers, and the veterans of the First Army Corps (Han cock's). May 8. All troops of the cavalry arm, Avhose terms of service, would* expire prior to October 1. May 5). All ollicers and enlisted men, Avhose terms Avould expire prior to May 31, inclusive. To cover the heavy undertaking of disbanding the prin cipal portion of the forces, Avith their regimental and company organizations, General Order, No. 94, from the Adjutant General's Office, dated May 15, Avas promul gated. At the meeting Avhich decided the method, the Secre tary realized the vastness of the Avork about to be under taken, and the responsibility attaching to the War Department. When informed that I had already pre pared a method for effecting the, disbandment he, gave evidence of his great relief. The arrangements for the care of discharged troops having been completed, orders to muster out, and discharge from service Ave re issued. The. orders were, of various dates betAvecn May 17, 1805, to July 11. 1800. The rapidity Avith Avhich the Avork aviis executed Avill be apparent from the fact that, to August 7, 040,800 troops had been mustered out; August 22, 719,338; Sep tember 14, 741,107; October 15, 785,205; November 15, 800,903; January 20, 18G6, 918,722; February 15, 952,452; March 10, 967,887; May 1, 968,782; June 30, 1,010,670; [117] AA'ASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME November 1, 1,023,021, leaving then in service 11,043 volunteers, colored and Avhite. The command of Major General Sherman (Army of the Tennessee and Army of Georgia) and the Army of the Potomac Avere first to complete their musters-out, en tirely. Regiments began leaving General Sherman's com mand, then numbering present and absent, 110,183 officers and men, from the rendezvous near Washington on May 25), aud on August, 1, the last one of the regiments mus tered out. left Louisville, Kentucky, to which point the command (after the musters-out therefrom were partly completed) was transferred, and the armies composing it, merged into one, called the Army of the Tennessee. The Avork of mustering out the troops aviis not continuous — it Avas interrupted and delayed by the transfer of the two armies from Washington to Louisville and their subse quent consolidation. Regiments began leaving the Army of the Potomac (numbering, including Ninth Corps, 1G2,851 officers and men, present and absent) from the rendezvous near AVash ington on May 29, and about six weeks thereafter (July 19) the last regiment started for home. During the inter val, the Avork, like that of General Sherman's command, Avas not continuous. It aviis interrupted and delayed by the movement of the Sixth Corps from Danville, Vir ginia, to Washington, and the consolidation, by orders of June 28, of the remaining portion of the army into a pro visional corps, numbering, present and absent, 22,099 officers and men. Thus for the tAvo commands in question, and between May 29 and August 12 (two months) 279,034 officers and men, present and absent, Avere mustered out and placed on the Avay to their homes. Including other armies and departments, the number * [H8] o o AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME Avas increased by August 7 (tAvo months and seATen days) to 040,80G officers and men. From the foregoing it Avill be seen that the forces Avere mustered out mainly by September 14, or Avithin tAvo and one-half months from the time the movements of troops homeAvard began. The monthly average during that time was 296,442. Had it been possible to spare all the volunteers, the entire nunibcw, 1,034,004, could have been disbanded and returned to their homes Avithin three months from the date (May 29, 1805) when the movement homeward be gan. The (lisbandiuent progressed rapidly and quietly, and has been fittingly referred to by the General of the Army, in his report of October 20, 1805, as follows: The reduction of the army was now made by organiza tions, and during the month of July, the two most impor tant armies in tlie country — that of the Potomac and of the Tennessee — returned to the people, from avIioui they had come four years before. Since that time, the reduc tion of the troops left in the Southern States to secure order and protect the freemen in the liberty conferred on them, has been gradually going on, in proportion as con- tinned (|iiiet and good order have justilied it. On May 1, 1805, (he aggregate of the military force of the United Slates was 1,000,510'" men. On October 20 this had been reduced, as is estimated, to 210,000 and fur ther reductions are still being made. These musters-out were admirably conducted, ebdit hundred thousand men passing from the army to civil life so quietly that it was scarcely known, save by the welcome to their homes received by them. 'Subsequently found to be 1,034,1)114, [120] THE MILITAKV I'OWIOK OE Till'1, UNITED STATES LodSTK'Ali Ml'.AStUIKS — Trill SciENCK OE THE St.VI'F. 1. Involving the Personnel. Tho Adjutant General's Department, and the. Bureau of the Provost Marshal General, had to do with supply ing men for the armies. The former, in addition, Avas charged Avith the organization and disbandment of the forces. The folloAvinjr will indicate as to both: A D.I I'TANT GENERAL'S DEPARTS! ENT. The recruitment of Avhite volunteers aviis under the exclusi\re control of the Adjutant General, from the first call for troops until May, .1803, when it aviis placed under the Provost Marshal General, wholly tliohiAV aviis charged with the enrollment and draft ; thus the, entire recruiting service for white volunteers was properly placed under one head. It aviis believed that, the change Avould reduce the expenses of recruitment through the 'more rigid con trol secured by the enrollment act. The. regulations framed by the Adjutant General's Officer, for the A'olunteer recruiting service, remained in force, Avith but slight modifications, during the Avar. In addition to the recruiting of Avhite volunteers, prior to May 1, 1803, the Adjutant General aviis charged with the recruitment of all colored volunteers and the re-en listment of veteran volunteers in (he field. The/Adjutant (ienoral had, simply, to do with the .formal ¦ro-oiilislinent of the veterans. The plan for their recruitment aviis dor vised and prepared by the Provost Marshal (ienoral. The following is a summary of the number: Militia (3 and 9 months) from April 15, 1801, to May 1, 1803 195,921 Volunteers from Mav 3, 1861, to May 1. 1863 .." .' 1,149,719 Colored troops during the Avar 109,024 Total ..'. 1,515,204 [121] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME Veteran volunteers, ro-cnlistment in tho field, 1803- '04 under the recruitment system of the Provost Marshal General, 138,251. ' The foregoing involved: ,1:. The establishment and management of the general depots, or rendezvous in the several States, for collecting and instructing recruits. 2. The. care of all recruits (including those enlisted under the Provost Marshal General's hureiiu) after arriv ing at general depot. t 3. The organization of the, recruits for new commands, into rcgiinonis and companies; also the framing of (he numerous orders ami regulations relative to the organiza tion of (he, volunteer forces, and (he, responsibility for their enforcement. 4. The forwarding of all troops, new organizations and detachments of recruits for old ones, to the field. 5. The muster-in of commissioned officers and enlisted. men for all organizations in (he field, nnd for those serv ing elsewhere under the control of commanding generals of departments. This important duly, involving many dillicult. questions, upon the. solution of which depended the beginning of pay, or date of rank, required at times a corps of two hundred commissaries, and assistant com missaries of musters, or one commissary for each military geographical division- and department, and each army, and one assistant for each division of troops. 0. Tho mustering out and discharging all volunteers and militia, and the general direction of them whilst returning to their homes. 7. The charge connected Avith a personnel of 1,031,004 ollicers and enlisted men in so far as involved their mili tary records. Of this number, the records attached to 90,000 commissioned officers, invohing leaves of absence, resignations, dismissals, etc. [122] THE MILITARY P0AVER OF THE UNITED STATES I'ROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL^ BUREAU. The folloAving is a condensed summary of the results of the operations of that bureau from its organization to the close of the Avar: 1. By means of a full and exact enrollment of all per sons liable, to conscription under the laAV of March 3, 1803, and its amendments, a complete exhibit of the mili tary resources of the loyal States in men was made sIioav- ing an aggregate number of 2,254,063 men, not including 1,000,516 soldiers actually under arms Avhen hostilities ceased. 2. There Avore 1,120,021 men raised at an average cost (on account, of recruitment, exclusive of bounties) of $9.84 per man; Avhile the cost of recruiting the 1,350,55)3 raised prior to the organization of the bureau Avas $34.01 per man. A saving of 70 cents on the dollar in the cost of raising troops Avas thus effected under this bureau, notAvithstanding the increase in tho price of subsistence, transportation, rents, etc., during the last tAvo years of the Avar. There Avere '< 6,526 deserters arrested and returned to the army. The vigilance and energy of the officers of the bureau in this branch of business put an effectual check to the Avide-spread evil of desertion, which at one time impaired so seriously the numerical strength and efficiency of the army. 4. The quotas of men furnished by the Ararious parts of the country Avere equalized, and a proportionate share of military service secured from each, thus removing the very serious inequality of recruitment, which had arisen during tho first Iavo years of the Avar, and Avhich Avhen the bureau Avas organized had become an almost insuper able obstacle to further progress in raising troops. 5. Records Avere completed, shoAving minutely the phys ical condition of 1,014,776 of the men examined and tables of great scientific and professional value haA'e been compiled from these data. 6. The casualties in the entire military force of the [123] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME The loss by expiration of enlistment of entire regiments and companies, after they had seen service enough to be come valuable soldiers, proved a serious drawoack to military operations during the Iirst two years of the Avar. Soon after (he organization of this bureau its attention aviis directed to the discovery and application of a remedy for this evil. An examination in the summer of 180)3 showed that of 950 volunteer regiments, 7 independent battalions, (il independent companies, and 158 volunteer batteries then in service, the terms of 455 regiments, 3 battalions, 38 independent companies, and 81 batteries Avould expire prior to December 31, 1804, leaving the army to consist at that date of 501 regiments, 4 indepen dent battalions, 23 independent companies, and 77 bat teries, and such iicav men in addition as could be raised in the meantime. The importance of retaining in the field as many as possible of these experienced organizations aviis evident, To effect this a scheme aviis prepared and submitted by me for the re-enlistment of three-year men still in service, having less than one year longer to serve, and of men enlisted for nine months or lews, who had less than three mouths to serve. This plan aviis not carried into effect until late in the autumn of 1803, Avhen the great campaigns for that year had closed, and the troops resting from their labors'and [124] THE MILITARY POAVER OF THE UNITED STATES looking foi'Avard to a season of com pa rati a'o inactivity, Avere most anxious to visit their homes. That priA'ilege aviis guaranteed to them by your General Order of Novem ber 21. 1S03. and eminent success in their reorganization promptly folloAved. By this expedient over 130.000 tried soldiers. Avhose services Avould otherAvise have been lost, Avere secured, and capable, experienced officers continued in command. The exact value of the services rendered by any particu lar part of the military forces may not be ascertained, but it may safely be asserted that the veterans thus organ ized and retained performed in the closely contested cam paigns subsequent to their re-enlistment, a part essential to the final success Avhich attended our arms. In his official report of 180)4, the Secretary of War says in rela tion to this subject, "I knoAV of no operation connected Avith the recruitment of the army Avhich has resulted in more advantage to the service than the one referred to." The patriotic determination of these troops Avho had taken a prominent part in the Avar to continue it until brought to a satisfactory close was the foundation of the success which attended this enterprise. Its advantages were not only those resulting from the actual military force thus retained. It, produced a favorable effect on the recruiting service generally, and aviis as encouraging to the friends of the Government as discouraging to the in surgents. The accession of the veterans to the military forces was deemed so valuable by Congress, as to Avarrant that body in extending thanks, by the Joint Resolution approved March 3, 1804, General Orders, No. 88, Adjutant Gen eral's Office, series of that year. The conditions of the re-enlistment and the inducements connected thereAvith, as submitted by the Provost Marshal General, Avere promulgated in General Orders, Nos. 191 and 376, series of 1863, from the Adjutant General's Office. [125] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME 2. Involving the Material through the Supply Depart ment. quartermaster's department. During the Avhole Avar, there aviis no failure of opera tions through lack of transportation, or the supplies required of the Quartermaster's Department. Its vast and various stores had not only to be ready at numerous and Avidely extended points Avhen needed, but it had to transport to all points, there to be in readiness at the proper time, the extensiA'e quantities of provisions, medi cal and hospital stores, arms and ammunition, provided by the other supply departments. BroA'ct Major General Meigs, Quartermaster General, in his annual report for 1805, said: I have imperfectly set forth in this report some of the more important operations of the Quartermaster's De partment during the past year. I hope at a future time to be able to present to you more complete and detailed information of the extent of these sources, in material and men and money, Avhich, under your administration of the War Department, have been applied to support and sustain the armies in every part of the Avide field of operation, during the past four years of Avar. This information, properly digested, if published, will stand before the Avorld as an example and a Avarning of the poAver and resources of a free people, for any contest into which they heartily enter, and from it the soldier and statesman will be able to draw valuable lessons for use, in case it ever again becomes necessary for this Na tion to put forth its strength in arms. With reference to animals alone, the Department sup plied 050,000 horses and 450,000 mules. In the third year the armies in the field required for the cavalry, artil lery, and trains one-half as many animals as there were soldiers. [126] THE MILITARY POWER OF THE UNITED STATES MOVEMENTS OE TROOPS LONG DISTANCES AVITHIN SHORT PERIODS OE TIME. 1. The transfer in 1803, by rail, of the Eleventh and Twelfth Army Corps, the command aggregating 23,000 men — accompanied by its artillery, trains, animals, and baggage — from the Rapidan, in Virginia, to SteA'enson, in Alabama, a distance of 1,192 miles in seven days, crossing tho Ohio river tAvice. 2. The transfer of the Twenty-third Army Corps, 15,000 string, Avith its artillery, trains, animals, and bag gage, from Clifton, Tennessee, by the Tennessee and Ohio rivers, and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, to the Potomac, in eleven days, distance 1,400 miles. This movement began on January 15, 1805, Avithin fi\re days after the moArcmcnt had been determined in Washington. It aviis continued, by Avater, to North Carolina, Avhere, early in February, Wilmington aviis captured. On March 22, Avhen the right Aving of General Sherman's army reached Goldsboro, it found there the Corps Avhich a short time prior had been encamped on the Tennessee. The, movement aviis much impeded by severe Aveather — rix'ors avo re blocked Avith ice, and railroads rendered haz ardous by frost and shoav. 3. The transfer, by Avater, of the Sixteenth Army Corps from East port, Tennessee, to Ncav Orleans. Tho entire command, including a brigade of artillery and a divis ion of cavalry, consisted of 17,314 men, 1,038 horses, 2,371 mules, 351 Avagons, and 83 ambulances. Three clays Avero required to embark in on 40 steamers. Tho fleet sailed on February 9, 1805, and the command arrived at Now Orleans on the 23d, a distanco of 1,130 miles in 13 days. 4. Tho transfer by sea, from City Point, Virginia, to Texas of the Twenty-fifth Army Corps, 25,000 strong, [127] Washington during avaR time Avith its artillery, ammunition,, ambulances, wagons, har ness, subsistence, and 2,000 horses and mules. The embarkation took place betAveen May 26 and June 17, 1865, and the debarkation, at Brazos Santiago, be- tAveen June 13 and 26. Tho movement required a fleet of 57 ocean steamers. Entire tonnage — 56,987 tons. All of the vessels avo re provided for a 12-days' voyage — 947 tons of coal and 50,000 gallons of Avater Avere consumed daily. While this expedition aviis afloat, other movements by sea in steam transports, aggregated more than 10,000 men, inclusiATe of 3,000 Confederate prisoners sent from Point Lookout to Mobile. Therefore there Avere more than 35,000 troops and prisoners afloat on the ocean at the same time. 5. From November 1, 1803, to October 3.1, 1804— one year — 020,120 men Avere forwarded to the field, and 208,- 114 Avere returned to their homes on furlough and for dis charge; making the aggregate of the movement 887,240 — embracing, independently of recruits, 495 regiments and 119 batteries and companies. The following year the aggregate Avas 1,004,080, distributed to 1,12G regiments, 241 batteries, and 309 companies. SUPPLYING THE ARMIES. The army of General Sherman — embracing 100,000 men and 00,000 animals — Avas furnished Avith supplies from a base 3G0 miles distant by one single-track railroad located mainly in the country of an actiA'e enemy. The effort taxed and measured forethought, energy, patience, and Avatchfulness, and is a most instructive lesson. The line Avas maintained for months, until Atlanta Avas se cured, and supplies for a iicav campaign had been placed there. The army then moved southeast through Georgia, [128] THE MILITARY POWER OF THE UNITED STATES accompanied by thousands of beef cattle, and trains cm- bracing 3,000 Avagons filled with Avar supplies. After the capture of Savannah, the command aviis promptly met at that place by a great fleet, conveying clothing, tentage. subsistence for soldiers and animals, wagons, harness, ammunition, and all else necessary for the march or in camp. The necessary supplies avo re. again in readiness at Kin- ston and Goldsboro through the agency of railroads con structed to Kinston and to Goldsboro from Wilmington and Morehead City — each of Ihe two roads from (he lal- ler places, respectively, being 95 miles in length. While the foregoing was being accomplished, other large armies in the East and West were as promptly and energetically supplied in all their Avants. During the, fiscal year ending June 30, 1805, the de mands for water transportation required a fleet of 715) vessels (351 steamers, 111 steam tugs, 89 sail vessels, 108 barges) aggregating 224,984 tons, nt an n at rage daily cost of $92,414. MILITARY RAILROADS. The President, by the, Act. of January 31, 1802 (Gen eral Order, No. li), Adjutant General's Office of that year), aviis authorized to take military possession of all the railroads in the United States; but it Avas not found necessary to exercise the authority over any of the roads outside the limits of insurgent States. The military railroad organization (under a Director and General Manager — funds for its support being sup plied by the Quartermaster's Department^, Avas designed to be a great construction and transportation machine for carrying out the objects of tho commanding generals so far as it Avas adapted to the purpose, and it aviis managed [129] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME solely with a vieAV to efficacy in that direction. It aviis the duty of the Quartermaster's Department to load all the material upon the cars, to direct Avhere such material should be taken and to whom delivered. It then became the province of the railroad department to comply with said order in the shortest practicable time, and to perfect such arrangements as would enable it to keep the lines in repair under any and all circumstances. During the war there were employed, 419 engines and 0,330 cars — 2,105 miles of track were operated, 012 miles laid, or relaid; and twenty-six miles of bridges built, or rebuilt. The greatest number of men employed at the same time aggregated 24,5)04. Tho cost of construction and operating amounted to $42,404,142.55. The Chattahoochee bridge, 780 feet long and !>2 feet high, was completely -built in 4 1-2 days by 000 men. The lOtowah bridge. 025 feet long, 75 foot high, was burned, and was rebuilt by the labor of 000 men of the construction corps, in six days. In October, 1804. Hood's army reached the rear of Sherman's forces, first at Big Shanty, afterwards north of Resaca, destroying in the aggregate, 35 1-2 miles of trade, and 455 lineal feet of bridges. Twenty-five miles of track and 230 feet of bridges were reconstructed and trains avo re run over the distance in 7 1-2 days. In thir teen days after Hood left the line, trains avo re runninjr over the entire length. Numerous other wonderful efforts are of record but the foregoing are sufiicient to illustrate the speed with Avhich the construction corps operated. Commanders had such confidence. in it, that in advancing they avo re confident that the railroads in their rear would not. fail to meet the wants of their commands. This confidence was most hu ll 30] THE MILITARY POAVER OF THE UNITED STATES portant in connection Avith linos of operations lengthened in dejith. and resulted from the knowledge that "none of the humanly possible precautions for basing" an army had been neglected. MILITARY TELEGRAPH. Some 15,389 miles avo re constructed during the Avar, involving a total expenditure of $3,219,400. At one time, in 1805. 8,334 miles avo re in operation. From May 1, 1801, (o December 1. 1802, the cost to maintain aviis $22,- 000 a month: during ISO:', and 1804 it averaged monthly, $38,500 and $5)3,500. respectively— the total for the year ending June 30. 1805. being $1,300,000. Il may be said that not far from 1,000,000,000 tele grams Avere transmitted during the Avar. Thousands of messages Avere very lengthy, some em bracing detailed reports of important operations — all generally covered urgent and important subjects. The operations Avere under the charge of a Chief of .Military Telegraphs — funds for supporting being furn ished by the Quartermaster's Department. Sl'BSISTEXCE DEPARTMENT. The amount disbursed during the fiscal years of the Avar was as folloAvs: From Julv 1. 1801, to June 30. 1802. . $48,75)9,521.14 From Julv 1. 1802. to June 30, 1803. . 09.537.582.78 From Julv 1. 1803, to June 30, 1804. . 98.000,918.50 From Julv 1, 1804, to June 30, 1805. . 144,782,909.41 From Julv 1, 1805, to June 30, 1800. . 7,518,872.54 Total $309,305,804.37 The figures indicate the magnitude of the responsibility involved in furnishing "a constant, timely, and adequate supply of subsistence for the several large armies occu- [131] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME pying widely different fields of operation, as also for the troops at all the separate positions occupied throughout the entire country." Good and wholesome rations Avero uniformly supplied, and no campaign, expedition, or movement failed on ac count of the inability of the department to meet all proper requirements. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. Ample provision for the sick and Avounded existed from the first. A maximum of 204 general hospitals, with a capacity of 130,894 beds, aviis reached. Field hospitals, hospital transports and cars, ambulance corps, and pur veying depots Avere kept in full condition for all require ments. Aside from the vast, accommodations elscAvhere, Sherman's army found at Savannah four first-class sea going steamers complete in all respects as hospital trans ports, with extra supplies for 5,000 beds, had it been nec essary to establish large hospitals on his line of opera tions. The personnel embraced appointments of 547 surgeons and assistants of volunteers; 5,5)91 regimental surgeons and assistants; 75 acting staff-surgeons; and 5,532 acting assistant surgeons, an aggregate from first to last of 12,145 medical officers. PAY DEPARTMENT. From early June to October 31, 18G5, the large amount of $270,000,000 aviis paid to more than 800,000 disbanded officers and men of the volunteer armies. To October 20, 1800, the number aviis increased to $190,000,000 and 1,020,- 000 officers and men. The labor involved in the payments aviis stupendous. Particularly as to the payments, chiefly within the throe months of Juno, July, ami August, 1805, the immensity of the undertaking, both as fo funds and men, has not a place in the history of armies. .[132] THE MILITARY POAVER OF THE UNITED STATES The GoATernment had an abundance of money Avhere- Avith to meet its sacred obligations, and the Pay Depart ment kept its pledge "to make prompt payments in the shortest practicable time." Brevet Major General Brice, Paymaster General, in speaking of the results has said : I am enabled to reiterate the unprecedented result, that since July, 1861, in the expenditure of one thousand and eighty-three millions of dollars disbursed by this depart ment, in minute sums, and surrounded by difficulties and hazards, the total cost to the Government in expenses and losses of every character, cannot in the Avorst possible eA*ent. exceed three-fourths of one per cent. Surely this is a cost most Avonderfully cheap for the execution of duties so important and responsible. It is much questioned if there is another instance on record of public disbursement so cheaply performed. ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. The resources of the country for the production of arms and munitions of Avar had not more than begun their deA-elopment in June, 1863. Then, hoAvever, they were extensiAe, as indicated by the folloAving: Name of Articles. Siege and Sen-const Artillery.... Field Artillery Eire-arms for Infantry Fire-arms for Cavalry Sabres , Cannon Ralls and Shells Lend and Lead Bullets, in pounds Cartridges for Artillery Oartridjres for small arms Percussion caps Friction primers Gunpowder, in pounds Saltpetre, in pounds •• Accoutrements lor Infantry...-. Accoutrements lorCavnlry Equipment for Cavalry horses. Artillery Harness (double) On hand Procure 1 Issued On hand at lu-frin- ning of the War. -ince M ar begrnn. since War began. f- r issue June 3D, 1K0 :. 1,012 1,004 2,088 928 231 2.734 2.481 484 437.4:13 1.951.144 1,551.576 836,001 31 208 338.128 327,170 42,2:'0 16,933 337,555 271,817 82,671 363.591 2,562,744 1,745,580 1.180.749 1,301,760 7I.770,;74 50,054,515 23,024.025 28,248 2.73S.74G 2.274,490 4H2.5C4 8.292,9 "0 522.204,816 378.584.104 151,913,012 19,808 000 '769,475.000 715,036,470 74,246,530 83.425 7,004.709 6.082.505 1,005,629 1,110,584 13.424.363 13,071,073 1,463,874 3,923.348 5.231,731 None. 8,' 65, 079 10,030 1,831.300 1,080.220 162,010 4,320 194,460 190.298 2,498 574 216.1,58 211.670 6.662 586 18,660 17,485 1,767 [133] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME AYhon the Avar begun the Go\'orninent aviis forced to obtain from foreign countries almost the entire supply of arms and munitions, but in 1803, it became indepen dent, through home resources, both from the manufac tured articles and the material composing them. From January 1, 1861, for a period of five and one-half years inclusi\'e of the entire Avar, the department pro vided for the military service — exclusive of immense (piaiitities of parts for repairing and other purposes — the following: 7,8i)2 cannons. 11,787 artillery carriages. 0,385,295 artillery projectiles (shot and shell). 0,589,999 pounds of grape and canister shot. 2,802,177 rounds of fixed artillery ammunition. 2,477,055 small anus, (musket, rillos, carbines and pistols). 544,475 swords, sabres, and lances. 2,140,175 complete sets of infantry accoutrements. 210,871 complete sets of cavalry accoutrements. 589,544 complete sets of horse equipments. 28,104 sets of lAvo-horse artillery harness. 782,520 horse blankets. 1,022,170,474 cartridges for small arms. 1,220,555,435 percussion caps for small arms. 10,281,305 cannon primers. 4,220,877 fuses for shell. 20,440,054 pounds of gunpowder. 0,895,152 pounds of nitre. 90,410,295 pounds of lead in pigs and bullets. ('OKI'S OE EXUINEEIiS. Aside from contributing from its members to the com mand of armies the officers of the corps Avere charged Avith [184] THE MILITARY POAVER OE THE UNITED STATES important labors in connection Avith the defenses of Washington and other important places; the reconnais sance of positions held by the enemy: the investment of cities and towns; the fortifying of important points on railroads; the construction of offensive and defensive for tifications necessary to the march of large, armies; the niaiKeuvering of pontoon trains: surveys for the armies in the field, and the sea coast and lake defenses. The abilitv and eflieionev of its officers wore nolablv t\ ft- '^w-.^Wv] ,. --;fcX/X« ¦ * #-"•¦¦->•¦' "X;.-r.ii'.:y f ¦ ' j - 'Mil 1 1 illf'M «:¦«'»' (S£k'4W».w»3i ' ¦ i"':'!f;''i!'?tit«V ik/S.li(A^Ki«^.;W^'V)-;1 'X, V The War Hospitals. . Bv JOHN WFLLS BULKLFV Surgeon in charge of Patent Office Hospital. X presenting this brief sketch of the hospitals of Wash ington and their conduct during the period of the Civil War, I am prevented. because of the limited space allotod. from making oven a passing reference to the many scenes of pathos and heroic bravery enacted within their walls. What I am able to give will be, therefore, more in (he na- t u rt* of a summary than au attempt to do justice to the countless incidents crowded into the four bloody years of our civil strife. The following list will show the capacity of the gen eral hospitals in this city and vicinity on Xocember 17, 1 805 : No, ol' liotlH. N'o, occupied. Armory Square, Washington 1,000 090 Carver, Washington 1,300 722 Campbell, Washington 900 088 Columbian, Washington Sil f»88 Douglas, Washington 400 203 Fniory, AVashington 900 045 Finley, Washington 1,001 755 [138] Dr. J. W. Uulkl.y. THE AVAR HOSPITALS No, of IxmIh, N'o. occupied. Freednian, Washington 72 72 I Inrowood, Washington -2.000 1,207 Judiciary Square. Washington 510 811 Kiiloriiinn, Washington 434 51 Lincoln. 'Washington 2,575 2,012 M( ( Pleasant, Washington 1,018 898 Kicord, Washington 120 107 Stanton, Washington 120 200 Stone. Washington 170 139 Seminary. Georgetown 121 13 Augur, near Alexandria 008 108 Claroinont, Alexandria 104 8-1 L'Oiiverlure, Alexandria 717 017 First Division, Alexandria '.. 758 009 Second Division, Alexandria 998 850. Third Division. Alexandria 1.350 1.198 ' Fairfax Seminary. Virginia -..'.. 1)8(5 873 V. S. General. Point Lookout, Md . . . 1.400 450 21,42(5 18,805 After the Iirst. battle of Bull Nun, the inadequacy of hospital accommodations in the District of Columbia was clearly apparent. Indeed at the breaking out of the Avar, the Washington Infirmary, then under charge, of Columbian College, aviis the only hospital available in the District. It Avas a brick building, three stories high, Avith three Avhite Avings, and Avails rough-coated, in imitation of stone, on E Street, in the rear of the Court House, on Judiciary Square. It aviis erected originally as a jail. in 1804, at least tAventy years before, Avork aa'iis begun on the Court House. Upon the removal of the jail to the "Blue Jug*1 in the northeast corner of Judiciary Square, the medical department of Columbian College took up its quarters in the Washington Infirmary in the year 1844, assuming the name of the Xational Medical College. 189" WASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME When the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment aviis mobbed in Baltimore in April, 1801, tho wounded of that com mand were taken to this infirmary, which aviis used as a military hospital from that date until it aviis destroyed by lire on November 3, 18(51. During the greater part of that time Dr. W. J. II. White, an assistant surgeon of the United States Army, aviis in charge. The demands upon the hospital, hoAvever, soon became so great that addi tional accommodations Avere required, and shortly after the E Street Baptist Church aviis pressed into service as an adjunct, with Dr. White in charge. Its use aviis con tinued until December 20, 18(51, Avhen, on the burning of the infirmary, the school building in 'Judiciary Square, between F nnd G Streets, nnd facing on Fifth Street, aviis opened by Dr. White, and saw service until the follow ing January. If became necessary after the destruction of tho infirituiry to convert the dwelling knoAvn as 161 E Street, into a hospital, and its occupancy continued until the folloAving January. In order to meet the re quirements of the situation various public buildings Avere made into barracks and hospitals, and even the Capitol Avas used as a huge storehouse for flour aud provisions of war, as avcII as for quartering of troops. From Septem ber 20 to November, 1S02, Surgeon Fdwnrd Shippen, U. S. V., conducted n hospital Avithin the marble halls of that immense structure. As Avith the Capitol so was it with other public buildings. From time to time soldiers had boon assigned to the northwest Aving of (he Patent Office building, and then in turn it, was made a resting place for the sick, Avounded, and dying soldiers. Its use under the name, of the Patent Office Hospital aviis con tinued from October, 1801, to March, 1803. The sur geons in charge Avere Drs. John Wells Bulkley, John N. [140] THE WAR HOSPITALS Green, J. C. C. DoAvning, J. J. WoodAvard, A. Thompson, J. D. Robinson, and G. W. Hoover. The churches, too, irrespective of creed, were used for similar purposes, among them Ascension (Episcopal), then on the south side of II Street, betAveen Ninth and Tenth Streets, from July, 1802, to March, 1803, with Surgeon J. C. Dorr, U. S. V., in charge; the, Methodist Episcopal, South, (hoav a JeAvish Synagogue), on Eighth Street, between II and I Streets, N. W., also in charge of Dr. Dorr from July, 1862, for several months; Epiphany (Episcopal), on G Street, betAveen Thirteenth and Four teenth Streets, from July to December, 1802, in charge of Surgeon James Bryan, U. S. V.; and the Unitarian Church (iioaat Police Court building, Sixth and D Streets), which then AA-as knoAvn as Crunch Hospital, and Avas occupied from August to November, 1802, EdAvard Brooks, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A., and A. Wynkoop, Surgeon, U. S. V., being in charge. Ryland (Methodist Episcopal), on Tenth and D Streets, S. W., Avas simi larly used from July, 18G2, to January, 1803, having dur ing that period J. Nichols, V. B. Hubbard, and R. O. Abbott in charge. The Union (Methodist Episcopal), on TAventieth Street, betAveen Pennsylvania AArcnue and H Street, Avas so occupied from July to December, 1802, Avith W. IT. Butler, assistant army surgeon, in charge. Trinity (Episcopal), on Third and C Streets, N. W., from July, 1862, to April, 18G3, with G. W. Hatch and P. O. "Williams, assistant army surgeons, in charge, aviis also used, as avcII as the Fourth Presbyterian, on Ninth, near G Street, N. W., from July, 1802, to iMarch, 1803; and the Presbyterian Church, on Bridge Street, George- toAvn, from September 5, 1802, to December, 1802, Avith B. A. Clements and Bolivar Knickerbocker in charge; also Dumbarton (Methodist Episcopal) GeorgetoAvn, [141] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME from October, 18(52, to Jnniinry, 1803, with II. L. Burnett nnd A. E. Cnruthors in charge; Trinity (Cntholio), on Lingnn Street, Georgetown, from October, 1802, to Janu- ary, 1803, Avith M. F. Bowers, army surgeon, One Hun dred and Thirteenth Pennsylvania Regiment, and R. O. Abbott, surgeon, 1 1. S. A., in charge. Finally the Eben- ozer (Methodist Episcopal), hoav Fourth Street, East Washington, from July to December, 18(52, Aviih W. E. Waters and S. A. If. McKim in charge; Grace (Episco pal), I) and Eighth Streets, S. W., from July to Decem ber, 1802, with the surgeons avIio attended Ryland Hos pital, in charge, and the Thirteenth Street (First) Bap tist (now Builders' Fxchango) , opened and closed with Fpiphany. Drs. W. S. Jamil and W. 10. Waters, from July, 1802, lo March, 1803, conducted n hospital in what was known ns- Cnspnri's Hotel, a three-story brick house on A Street, between Now .Jersey Avenue and First Street, S. F. After its use for that purpose it aviis demolished to make room for the further extension of the Capitol grounds. In May, 1801, (here aviis opened on First Street, between C and I) Streets, X. E., a smallpox hospital, or hospital for eruptive diseases. Assistant Surgeon R. J. Thomas was in charge, and one of the nurses aviis Mrs. Ada Spur- goon. The building aviis a private residence and its smallpox and other patients having beon removed to (he Kalor.una Hospital, wards avo re added to it and its name was changed to the C Street Hospital. It aviis under the direction of Dr. T. M. Getty, V. S. A., avIiosc successor, Dr. A. L. Ingraham, served until August. 18(51, when the hospital doors wore closed. The old Kalorama mansion, then in an apparent. A\il- derness, but now in the heart of the fashionable residence section of the city, aviis used as the eruptive fever hos- [142] *-\*8^^Mmm 7: \ XX^ X;-**X- .'•.¦;'"»- *& *'"•' fe;^xfX:gx *-#*'.%,£&• '-•Xf.v'V':' :' >*" • I. \ £* ¦v v.,.. --m^-gi^ i -fip"-;,- . ¦%..¦ IWftBM ii.iii Mil? fr ' V 1 WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME pital, and upon its grounds Avere erected frame Avards and tents. Dr. Thomas served as its director until December, 1805, followed by Dr. Thomas McKenzie, until June, 1800, and Dr. Alfred Thomas until December of the same year. At the nortliAvest corner of Massachusetts Avenue and Fourteenth Street Avas Desmarre's Eye and Ear Hos pital, in Avhat aviis knoAvn as the Hill residence. It aviis under the supervision of Surgeon General John S. Hil- dreth, U. S. V., from IMarch, 1803, to December, 1805. As the demands increased it became necessary to use not only the house itself, but the vacant ground in the vicin ity aviis also utilized for hospitals and tents. At the intersection of Virginia Avenue and D Street, Avest of Sixth Street, S. W., aviis Island Hall Hospital, Avith Dr. William Hayes, U. S. V., in charge, in July, 1802, and he continued to direct it until the March fol- loAving. The site Avhere hoav stands the Tremont House aviis used as a hospital from Jury, 1802, to April, 1863. It had been the home of the National Era, and from it, aviis first pub lished the National Republican. Dr. S. A. II. McKiin, in July, 1862, opened the Odd FcIIoavs' Hall on Eighth Street, betAveen G and I Streets, S. E., as a hospital. His successor aviis Dr. W. E. Waters, assistant surgeon, U. S. A. The main halls, as avcII as the lodge room, Avere used as Avards. During the early part of the War, the Sixty-ninth New York Regiment aviis quartered in the building of George- toAvn College, Avhich first aviis used as a hospital under the care of Assistant Surgeon B. A. Clements, II. S. A., on September 5, 1802. It aviis closed on February 1, 1803, J. Morris BroAvne, assistant surgeon, U. S. A., being then in charge. [144] THE AVAR HOSPITALS Surgeons Clements and M. F. Boavccs, from September to October. 18(52, conducted a hospital in Waters' AVa re house, on High Street, below Bridge or M. Street, George town. Tho, good people of the congregation of St. Aloysius erected a hospital by that name, in October, 1802. The Government had in anticipation tho use of the church for a hospital, but the congregation, to prevent the con version of the edifice for that purpose, agreed to provide suitable quarters instead of the church. The proposi tion proving acceptable to the Government, there, aviis erected on North Capitol, K, L, and First Streets, N. W., one of the largest hospitals in Washington. Its opera tions continued for some years after the, Avar. Miss English had conducted for some time, at Ihe northwest corner of Washington nnd Guy Streets, a seminary for young ladies. On June 30, 1801, this build ing became a hospital and continued to remain so until June 14. 18(55. If aviis successively in charge of Joseph R. Smith, assistant, surgeon, IT. S. A., and Assistant Surgeons Josiah F. Kennedy, B. A. Clements, L. Wells, and II. W. Ducashet. Hotels, as avcII as churches, schools, and private resi dences, opened their doors for the, Avounded. and Union Hospital proper, at the corner of Bridge, or M Street and AVashington Street, GeorgotoAvn, aviis, in May, 1801, converted into a hospital, and so continued until March, 1803, under the charge of Drs. J. J. Gninslen, A. M. McLaren, R. O. Abbott, Josiah F. Kennedy, IT. S. A., A. M. Clark and G. AV. Stipp, IT. S. V. Many citizens Avill readily recall the attractive loca tion of Columbian College, now Columbian University, on the high grounds of Fourteenth Street, in the neigh borhood of Mount Pleasant. On this commanding site 11451 AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME Avas established on July 14, 1861, the Columbian College Hospital, consisting of wooden buildings and tents. Its surgeons Avere Eugene II. Abadie, U. S. A., Thomas C. Brainard, AV. M. Xotson, Charles Page, assistant surgeon, U. S. A., and Thomas R. Crosby, U. S. V. The use of the hospital Avas continued until June, 1805. On the beautiful site Avhere hoav stands St. Elizabeth's Hospital for the Insane, there Avas, from December 2, 1802, to December, 1804, an army hospital knoAvn as St. Elizabeth's, occupying the then new east Aving of the main building. Drs. C. IL Nichols, B. M. SteA'ens and E. Griswold, at various intervals, had charge of this establishment. In June, 1SG1, Assistant Surgeon J. Y. D. Middleton, and in turn Drs. J. J. Porter, J. R. Gibson, G. L. Porter, U. S. A., and Alfred Delany Avere caring for the Avounded in a post hospital knoAvn as AVashington Barracks, located at the Arsenal. As the demands of the Avar increased, and as its con tinuance for an indefinite time became more and more apparent, all A'arieties of buildings Avere offered to the Government for hospitals, and in many instances private dAA'ellings Avere taken for that purpose. This aviis the case with Desmarre's Eye and Ear Hospital, at the corner of Fourteenth Street and Massachusetts Avenue, which has already beon mentioned. Another excellent instance of (he use of private (IavoII- ings may be found in the Douglas Hospital, a handsome residence on Second and I Streets X'. W. Others also were used for the purpose indicated, notably the Stone residence, the home of AVilliain J. Stone, opposite the then ¦ Columbian College grounds. It Avas opened in April, 1802, and closed in June, 1805. The surgeons Avere Drs. . [146] THE AVAR HOSPITALS B. E. Fryer, P. Glennnn, C. A. McCnll, nnd J. D. Rich ards. The Douglas Hospital, to Avhich reference has previ ously been made, aviis under the direction of Surgeon Abadie, V. S. A., and, in turn, Assistant Surgeons Warren Webster, Peter Pinoo, AVilliam Thompson, and W. I*'. Morris, controlled its destinies. It aviis closed in Septem ber, 18G5. The Circle Hospital aviis established in September, 1801, and Avas in use for over a year, in charge of Sur geons L. II. Holden and Henry Bryant. Its location aviis south of AVashington Circle, bet\vcen Twenty-second and Twenty-third Streets. Surgeons O. O. Judson, C. P. Russell, and P. S. Con ner avo re in charge of the Carver Hospital, a collection of frame Avards and tents, in tho north corner of the site then occupied by the Columbian University. In the suburbs, to the Avest of Columbia Road, aviis the Clifl'burne Hospital, Avhere John S. Billings, assistant surgeon, IT. S. A., and Henry Bryant, surgeon, U. S. V., attended the Avounded and afflicted. At no great distance from Cliffburne and on Mount Pleasant on the Ilolmead estate Avas a hospital of frame buildings and tents cared for by the folloAving surgeons: Drs. B. E. Fryer, from April lo July, 1802; C. A. McCall, to November, 1801, and Harrison Allen, to August, 1805. Mount Pleasant Hospital was in use for three years, from April, 1802. lo August, 1805. The Government erected, a fo.AV years before the war, for th*' military companies of (he District, a building on Sixth and B Streets, S. AV., now used by the Fish Commission. It was originally designed for the National Guard Battalion. The United States Engineer Battalion from AVillets Point, Avhich took part in the Inauguration EH*] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME of President Lincoln, occupied this building from time to time. In 18G2 eight frame Avards fronting on Seventh Street, Avere erected, and these, with the buildings, Avere knoAvn as the Armory Square Hospital, the Avhole being under the direction of Dr. D. AV. Bliss, then a surgeon of a Michigan regiment, Avho afterAvards became famous as surgcon-in-chief in charge of President Garfield during his last illness. Dr. Bliss aviis succeeded by Dr. C. C. Byrne and Dr. C. A. Lcnle. Two of the most commodious hospital structures in the District Avere the Emory Hospital, about one mile east of the Capitol, in the vicinity of the Alms House and Congressional Cemetery and the Lincoln Hospital, also in that neighborhood. The former Avas opened in September, 1802, and con tinued until July, 1805, under tho direction of Drs. N. R. Moseley, AV. Clendenin and AV. E. AAratcrs. Lincoln Hospital contained tAventy-fivc Avards or more, arranged en echelon. Upon its opening Surgeon Henry Bryant aviis in charge, and he aviis succeeded by Dr. G. S. Palmer, Harrison Allen, Robert BartholoAV, J. Cooper McKcc, and AVebstcr Lindsley. On tho farm of AAr. AV. Corcoran, on Seventh Street Road, near Soldiers' Home, Avns located ITarowood, a makeshift of frame Avards and tents. Its period of ser vice aviis from So] it ember, 1802, to May, 1800, under the successive charge, of Surgeon F. E. Mitchell, First Alary- land Regiment, Dr. Thomas Anlisell and Robert E. Bontecou. On Boundary Street, at the northern limit of Fifth and Sixth streets, N. AAr., Surgeon Jeddidiah IT. Baxter, U. S. V., opened Avhat aviis known as tho Campbell Hos pital, and continued in charge of it for a year. He aviis [148] THE AYAR HOSPITALS succeeded by Dr. A. F. Selden, U. S. V., who then re mained until the hospital aviis closed in July, 1865, the buildings being transferred to the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, etc., and opened as Frcedmen's Hospital. The square betAveen H and I and Second and Third Streets, N. AV., aviis occupied by the Stanton Hospital, from December, 18(52, to October, 1865. Drs. J. A. Lidell, G. A. Miersiek, and B. B. AVilson, Avcre the surgeons in the order named. North of Boundary Street, on the Bladensburg Road, near Kendall Green, Avere a number of Avards, supple mented by office and other buildings, and tents, designated as the Finley Hospital, in charge, from July, 1862, to 18(55, of Drs. R. A. Bradley, Jr., and G. L. Pancoast. BcIoav are given the buildings used as hospitals in Alexandria, Avith their location: Bayne's residence, AVater and King Streets; Bellhaven Female Institute, Queen and St. Asaph Streets; Mrs. BeArcrlcy's, AVashing ton betAveen Oronoco and Princess Streets; a building on Cameron near AA^ater Street; Grace Church, Patrick Street; Friends' Meeting House, St, Asaph and AVolfe Streets; Methodist Episcopal Church, South; Second Presbyterian Church; St. Paul's Episcopal Church; Com missary Hospital, Prince Street; Mrs. Daingerfield's, AA'olfe and Pitt Streets; Female Boarding School, AVash ington, betAveen Green and Cameron Streets; AV. H. FoavIc's residence; B. HalloAvell's residence; J. S. Hallo- Avell's Female Seminary; Rev-. J. T. Johnson's, Prince Street near Columbus; L'OuA'erturc, AArashington and Prince Streets; Lyceum, AVashington and Prince Streets; Mansion House; McVeigh's residence, St. Asaph and Cameron Streets; and T. B. Robertson's residence, Prince and Columbia Streets. I haAre endeavored to give in brief and condensed form [149] AVASHINGTON DURINU WAR TIM* some of the most important hospitals in operation at various periods during tho Avar. Such as have been omitted are hereAvith subjoined : There aviis a United States Army Hospital in tho Eck- ington or Gales Mansion, on the east side of the Bladens- burg Road. Among the general hospitals may be enumerated Eben- ezer (Ebenezer Church); Ricord, same as Desmarre's; and Giesboro at Giesboro Point, D. C. Among the Post Hospitals Avere: Camp Stoneman (Cavalry depot at Giesboro Point) ; Martindale barracks, at intersection of Pennsylvania and New Hampshire Avenues and Twenty-third Street, running to Twenty- second and I Streets; Rush barracks, in White House grounds, south of Executive Mansion; Reynolds barracks, in AVhite House grounds, south of Executive Mansion; Camp Fry, same as Martindale barracks; Sedgwick bar racks, betAveen Eighteenth and Nineteenth, M and N Streets; Sherburne barracks, First and E Streets, S. E., at the intersection of North Carolina and Ncav Jersey Avenues; Russell, same as Sherburne; AViseAvell, Seventh and O Streets, running to P and Q Streets; Camp Barry, artillery camp of instruction, Corcoran Farm, II Street, N. E., near tho Toll Gate; Camp Ohio Hospital, near TennallytoAvn, D. C. ; AVilliams barracks, same ns Sedg- Avick barracks; United States barracks, Eighth Street, S. E., near Navy Yard; and Engineer Brigade Hospital, I Street, S. E., near Navy Yard. As may be readily supposed, during the early part of the Avar the hospital arrangements avo re anything but perfect, butin a comparatively little Avhile,under strict mil itary discipline, places that hitherto had hardly been deem ed possibilities as abodes for the sick and Avounded were made most acceptable and comfortable for those in need ¦ [150] THE WAR HOSPITALS of medical and surgical advice. In a number of instances the surgeons encouraged for convalescent patients such amusements as Avould be of beneficial effect to their minds. Acting by amateurs of ability, singing and dancing, and dh'ersified forms of amusement Avere introduced to help pass invay the Aveary hours of hospital detention. It is recalled that at the Campbell Hospital a theatrical party, under an actor namel AAliite. gave Aveekly entertainments Avhich Avere attended by Senators, Representath-cs, and, prominent Government dignitaries. Senator Poland, Lester AA'allack, James E. Murdock, and Mrs. Mayo at tended and Avere very complimentary in their comments upon the performance and the actors. There Avere hours set aside for the reception of visitors. The hearts of the wounded avo re made glad by fruit, floAvers, or reading matter, and a number of marriages greAV out of these sym pathetic visitations. The church buildings in use as hospitals, Avith the exception of a Arery feAv instances, may be easily recog nized, but the barracks haA-e almost altogether disap peared. The hospitals of the latter period of the Avar avc re A*ast improAcmcnts over those occupied during the early days of the struggle. At the inception of the Civil AATar, Avhen the sick in the regimental hospitals exceeded their capacity, resi dences in the neighborhood were usually turned into hos pitals, and churches, factories and other large buildings were made into brigade or general hospitals. The Medical and Surgical History of the AVar pre pared under the direction of the Surgeon General of the United States Army is a fine exposition of this important branch of the military operations of the Civil AVar. The first military hospitals opened Avere in AVashing ton. The E Street Infirmary and the Union Hotel both [151] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME received patients as early as May, 1861. OAving to the large movement of troops the demand for increased ac commodations reached such proportions that it Avas neces sary to enlarge the quarters of buildings occupied as hos pitals b}' pitching tents in the immediate vicinity so ns to form a series of elongated pavilions. At, a later period the tents Avere replaced by long Avooden pavilions. The best, arrangement of these buildings on the ground and their design Avere made the subject of much study and experiment. Early during the Avar it aviis found that. ridge-ventilated Avooden sheds for hospital purposes re sulted in maintaining a good ventilation without exposing the patients to draughts. It aviis found impossible to construct entirely hoav buildings in every instance, as the necessities of the times demanded that buildings aban doned as barracks should be used for hospital purposes. The defects in the construction of these buildings ren dered them undesirable for such purposes, and their relative positions one to another constituted another ob jectionable feature. During the Avinter of 1801-'02, through the efforts of the Sanitary Commission, the Government was induced to begin the building of hos pitals on the pavilion plan. The Judiciary Square and Mount Pleasant Hospitals were erected in accordance with that plan, and finished for occupation in April, 1802. Each of these buildings consisted of an elongated central structure, on either side of Avhich and at right angles to it Avere pavilion Avards. In the central structure or corridor were the bathrooms, Avater closets, Avater sinks, etc., so arranged that each Avard aviis connected Avith its own conveniences. There avo re two sets of avIikIoavs in each Avard. The buildings wore not ceiled nor plastered. It was soon recognized that this style of building was a failure for several reasons. Gradually the inclosed corri- . [152] THE WAR HOSPITALS dor gave place to a covered Avalk, open at the sides. Finally, the plan adopted as the most desirable Avas the erection of detached pavilions, Avhich Avere to be arranged en echelon in Iavo coiworging lines, forming a A", as aviis done, with the Harewood and Lincoln Hospitals in this city, or as a half circle, or on lines parallel to each other, or in such other arrangement as the particular site re quired. What I ha\e submitted Avill prove to many unac quainted Avith the conditions during the Civil AVar a dry presentation of facts. To the old soldier, hoAvever, to those who, by reason of avouikIs or general disability, Avere compelled to undergo hospital treatment, the summary here given will, I belioA'e, be interesting reading, recalling vividly memorable incidents in their lives and many mem ories associated Avith the trvin«- scenes of our civil strife. Sh X:~x^ ^— ^*jar?^ T^-.v ;r-jbw '" X*. . "'; * . .*• "i Campbell General Hospital. [153] The Humanities of War. By AVILLIAM JONES RHEES Archivist of the Smithsonian Institution. ATTLES, battle-fields, cap tains, commanders, deeds of daring: or endurance are the topics mainly treated in this memorial of the Avar, but con sideration is also required of another and equally import ant side of the conflict. Many volumes and thou sands of pages of official re ports, biographies, neAvspaper and magazine articles have recounted the Avork of those who aided the army by ministrations of Ioa'c and charity and the self-sacrificing devotion of noble men and Avomen whose services are equally entitled to honor and recogni tion as those Avho gave themselves in battle to preserve the Lhiion and maintain our free republic. The "•humanities'"1 may be considered as: Improvement of the sanitary condition of camps; Provision for medical and surgical treatment; Aid to the Avounded and dying; Supplies of necessities and luxuries to camps and hos pitals; Reading matter furnished; Material for correspondence and facilities for fonvard- ing mails ; . [154] General K. D. Townsend. HUMANITIES OF WAR Preaching and religious and other services and per sonal conversation ; Publication of matter to arouse the sympathies and secure contributions from the public; Formation and preservation of sentiments of loyalty to the flag and Union ; Aid to soldiers in securing their claims for compensa tion and pensions from the Go\*ernnient. Necessarily many of these. functions avo re performed by a number of different agencies nnd some of them by all. so that the recital of the Avork of the Young Men's Chris- linn Association, the Christian Commission. Ihe Sanitary Commission, etc., Avill be in some sense a repetition. Tho loading features and events of the prominent or ganizations will be, given, and they Avill serve to illustrate the whole subject. On April 12, 1801, a telegram aviis sent to the Governors of the Northern States that "The Avar is commenced. The batteries [at Charleston] began firing at 4 o'clock this morning. Major Anderson | from Fort" Sumter | replied, and a brisk cnnnonnding commenced." This startling intelligence aviis soon heard through the country and the appeal to arms aviis at once accepted, how ever much it had boon deprecated. Among the Iirst to respond wore the Kinggold Light Artillery of Heading, the Logan Guards of Lewislown, the Washington Artillery and Nnlionnl Light Infantry of Potlsville, and the Allen Rillos of Allentown. Penn sylvania. These companies proceeded to Harrisburg on April 10 and were joined on tho lSlh by a detachment of 40 Regulars of Company II, Fourth Artillery. The, live companies avo re mustered into the service of the United States, and Avith the foAV regulars left Harrisburg at 9 o'clock on tho morning of April 18, tho latter proceed- [155] AVASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME ing to Fort McHenry. The others arrived in Baltimore at, 1 o'clock in the afternoon and marched across that city, passing through an immense mob of sullen and angry men. It is an interesting fact that, Of these five companies of soldiers, only thirty-four men had muskets and there was not a single charge of powder. The men placed per cussion caps in their guns and by shoAving a bold front, intimidated the croAvd Avho had not then reached the decision Avhich led to open violence on the day folloAving. At 7 o'clock on the evening of April 18, the head of the grand column of two million of men avIio Avcre afterward mustered in and marched in their footprints arrived in Washington and Avere quartered in the United States Capitol building. Here they were furnished Avith arms, ammunition, and equipments, and the Avork at once begun of barricading the Capitol with barrels of cement and large sheets of boiler iron. As early as March 18, 1801, a resolution aviis adopted by the AVashington Young Men's Christian Association to provide for tho distribution of tracts among the regular soldiers then in the city. As soon, therefore, as the Pennsylvania volunteers ar rived in April the Association provided them Avith Testa ments and tracts, appointed a special missionary, Rev. (). P. Pitcher, to visit them, invited them to call at the rooms of the Association, on Pennsylvania Avenue, be tween Sixth and Seventh Streets, and by means of a sys tem of districting the city already established, secured attention to every camp and, subsequently, every hospital and depot, A special committee aviis appointed by the Association, consisting of Messrs. AVilliam J. Rhees, Henry Beard, and Nicholas Dubois, to take charge of the distribution of secular and religious publications to the . [l'r>0] HUMANITIES OF WAR army, and this commit fee engaged heartily in tho Avork and continued it during the Avar. A supply of noAvspapers and other periodicals from all parts of the country aviis procured for tho Association reading rooms through the liberality of the publishers. The exchanges of the Evening Star Avere freely furnished and papers avci'c received from the postmasters of the Senate and House of Representatives. Arrangements were made with the American Tract Societies of Boston and Noav York, the Massachusetts Sabbath School Society of Boston, Ihe AVashington Bible Society, tho Methodist Publishing House, and others, to supply books, tracts, and papers for the army. A large room (No. 22) aviis granted in the Post Office Department for the deposit and shipment of literature and aviis in charge of Rev. J. AV. Alvord, of the Boston Tract Society, and Mr. AVilliam J. Rhccs, of the AVash ington Young Men's Christian Association. The defeat of Bull Rim on Sunday, July 21, caused intense excitement through the country and on the third morning after, Mr. Vincent Colycr and Mr. F. AV. Bal lard arrived in AVashington as delegates from the Noav York Young Men's Christian Association. They spent several Aveeks with others in inspecting the camps and distributing literature. Mr. Colycr's labors Avcre note worthy and gratuitous. He gave up his business and devoted himself entirely to the Avork. Other cities sent members to aid in a Avork Avhich evi dently had grown far beyond the ability of the men in AArashington to meet. A resolution Avas adopted August 19, 1801, by the Asso ciation to welcome the committee of the Young Men's Christian Association of NeAV York and the Secretary of [157] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME the Evangelical Alliance (Rev. Mr. Boss) to tho city and to offer them hearty co-operation and assistance in thoir plans and labors for promo'. ing the spiritual and tem poral comfort of the soldiers of our army. The Massachusetts Sabbath School Society, besides other matter, published six books in small flexible covers, called Pocket Companion for Soldiers, also a Soldier's Pocket Companion, in six volumes, Avhich its agents and the Young Men's Christian Association distributed by tho thousands free lo camps and hospitals. The Boston Tract. Society published The Knapsack Book and a periodical called Tho Banner. These Avero handsomely printed Avith patriotic covers in colors, nnd made very attractive, in strong contrast to the old style of religious tracts. AVhon shown to General Scott he examined them carefully and said: "AVhy, these are soldiers' books, and these are the things avc Avant. God bless you in your Avork, and if you Avant any help come to me." The New York Young Men's Christian Association issued a Soldier's Hymn Book in June, 1801, which had an immense circulation. The Government gave every facility in the use of the mails for the distribution of this army literature. All that (ho military mail-bags would hold, over what wns required for the letters, were filled with it, nnd they were sent to vv^vy purl (,f (he nrmy for a single cent.' They were culled Soldier's nil ions or Gospel rations. The entire Army of Ihe Potomac was reached once n week with the packages, In ovei-y lent, distribution was made on Sundav morninir. During tho year 1802 alone 20.745.195 pages were dis tributed, representing a cost of $20,000. tins | HUMANITIES OF WAR The American Tract Society reported that it dis tributed in Washington alone: Bibles 87,2-32 Hymn books -. 1,000 Library books 1.050 Magazines 300 Religious neAvspapers 307,459 Tracts— pages 10,000 Rev. O. P. Pitcher's Avork included the distribution of: Scriptures in English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish 28,177 Religious papers 155,898 Books and pamphlets 11,855 Pages of tracts 1,773,201 Religious services held 1,498 A^isits, exclusiA*e of meetings 1,181 Miles traveled 5,240 These Ave re the labors of one man and in the District of Columbia and neighborhood. Rev. C. P. Lyford, missionary, of the AVashington Young Men's Christian Association, reported in March, 1SG3, a distribution of 10,000 books and 1,459,520 pages of tracts, and that he had held 2G5 sendees and traveled 930 miles in six months. Besides at the regular camps, services Avcre held and books and papers Avere distributed to teamsters and am bulance drh'crs in their encampment at the headquarters on TAventieth Street; to the quartermaster's men in the dining-room of the carpenter's mess-house on G near Twenty-first Street; in Nixon's ampitheatre, at Camp Barry, northeast of city; at the Soldiers' Rest; and the quartermaster's hospital on Seventeenth near M Street. [159] WASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME The AVashinglon City Young Men's Christian Associa tion took an active nnd continuous part in the grout Avork for the soldiers of the Republic, rendered especially necessary from its location at the Capital, and the large numbers of soldiers called for its protection. There Avere more than 200,000 soldiers in Camp Distribution on Arl ington Heights, and 270,000 soldiers occupied the Sol diers' Rest near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station during a single year. A conference of Air. V. Colyor, Mr. Mitchell II. Miller, (the President of the AVashinglon Association) and Mr. AVilliam Ballantyne, resulted in the issuing of a call for a special convention of the Young Men's Christian Asso ciation of the United Slates, Avhich aviis held in the rooms of the Ncav York Association, on November 14-10, 1801. The delegates from AVashington Avere Richard T. Morsel 1 and AVilliam Ballantyne, the latter being chosen as a secretary of the Coiwention. A Christian Commission of twelve members Avas then organized Avith Mr. George H. Stuart, of Philadelphia, as chairman, and Air. Mitchell II. Miller, the President of the AVashington Young Men's Christian Association, as a member. The Commission encountered peculiar difficulties in Washington. A large portion of the population, espe cially in the earlier stages of the, Avar, aviis in sympathy Avith the Southern cause and a practical indifference char acterized many others. The, sojourners there, always numerous, in pursuit mainly of political or personal ends, did not care, to identify themsehres Avith any benevolent, least of all Avith any religious, movement, That there Avere active Christian Avorkers in all these classes it is gratifying to testify, and they increased alike in num bers and activity as the society at the Capital became purged of disloyalty. * [160] HUMANITIES OF AVAR The Commission at first seems to have been regarded by the public Avith general indifference. There Avere numerous applicants for favor in the Tract, Publication, and Sunday School Societies, the Sanitary Commission, and the Ararious local societies that started up all over the country Avhich proposed looking after the troops from their seA'eral States or communities. Opposition and in difference gradually gine Avay to confidence and aid. It aviis distinctly seen that, there aviis a great opportun ity and necessity for temporal and spiritual ministration to the soldiers, and there was an earnest Christian and patriotic desire to be, of service to the army and the nation, but there Avas an absence of that, practical knowledge Avhich could only come through actual experience. AVhile some of the officers of the Army and some Gov ernment officials Avere indifferent or antagonistic, the Commission had the support of the President and many of the leading men and gradually oA'crcamc all opposition. President Lincoln said, in a letter of December 12, 1861, "Your Christian and benevolent undertaking for the benefit of the soldiers is too obviously proper and praise- Avorthy to admit any difference of opinion. I sincerely hope your plan may be as successful in execution as it is just and generous in conception." The Secretary of AA'ar, Mr. Stanton, ordered "that CArery facility consistent Avith the exigencies of the ser vice Avill be afforded to the Christian Commission for the performance of their religious and bencArolent purposes in the armies of the United States, and in the forts, gar risons, camps, and military posts." President Lincoln frequently contributed to its funds. During the progress of the work the Commission received from the city of AArashington the sum of $25,039.02, and 10 [161] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME other donations to the value of $26,620, being a total of $51,059.62. The GoArernment gave encouragement to the Commis sion by free passes on railroads and steamers, and permits avo re issued to its members to visit every part of the army. The Commission sent nearly five thousand delegates into the field, each one giAdng at least six Aveeks' time to the army Avork Avithout compensation, and its total re ceipts and disbursements during the Avar reached nearly six million dollars. It distributed a million and a half Bibles and Testaments and hymn books, thirty-nine mil lion pages of tracts, eight million Knapsack Books, and eighteen million papers and magazines. Mr. AVilliam Ballantyne, Avho had direct charge of the Avork in AArashington, deserves credit for more active and efficient religious Avork for the army in this section than any other man. ¦¦<. , ) The first anniversary of the Christian Commission Avas held on January 29, 1803, in the Academy of Music, Philadelphia. Addresses Avere delivered by George IT. Stuart, ReA\ Robert Patterson, Bishop MattheAv Simpson, Col. S. M. BoAvman, AV. E. Dodge, and former Governor James Pollock. The second anniversary of the Christian Commission aviis held in the hall of the House of Representatives. Hon. AArilliam H. Seward, Secretary of State, presided, and President Lincoln, Vice-President Hamlin, and mem bers of the Cabinet, Chief Justice Chase, Admiral Farra- gut, and many members of Congress attended. Addresses were made by Secretary SeAvard, George II. Stuart, Gen. M. R. Patrick, Gen. C. B. Fiske, and others. Chaplain McCabe sang The Battle Hymn of the Republic, and Philip Phillips Your Mission, by special request of Presi dent Lincoln. . [162] n a M o 101 w W r •Xfi*- • xf Fi;li - .'''ilx|i!'v-;VX -;:x:'-^% *>>»'> S^V*", " x,fx>Jt y y- -w^t ,X fi]'.^ \*Ml» yk- Vv*-- k: XlX ¦...,&: ; r:x fXx&XI/ -^4l Si <¦ . ' — '.(^-X , ' ' ,,"',Ji 'f'faj ¦ ^ ;x,> ^.^iHy.^li^f^1^^-. ¦IxX 'fe^;iSi-.5.'^a»*J. w G. Curlin, who suggested (hat National interinent of the Nation's heroes would be but simple justice to those avIio died in the Nation's defense. It aviis on the soil of Penn sylvania that the first shrine to the dead of a Avar fought in National defense Avas dedicated. At Gettysburg, on November 19, 1S63, this first dedication occurred and the tribute to the battlefield dead and the Union soldiers, paid by President Lincoln, is read eaoh recurring Memorial Day in every cemetery in the Avorld avIuwo a soldier of the Union sloops. Standing on the yet bai lie-roughened spot, with the Catoctin mountains for his western horizon, and the [173] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME Round Tops limned against the Southern sky, President Lincoln shav the great panorama of nearly three years spread out before him, and at his feet the graves of 3,000 men avIio had "fought the fight and kept the faith." A pitiful handful of the thousands and thousands sacrificed in the Avar Avhose end Avas not yet in sight. His great heart Avas hoiwy Avith the avoo of it all, and in homely pathos he gaAre utterance to Avords Avhich haAre been print ed in nearly every tongue and pronounced under every sky Avhere patriotism and true valor are cherished. AArords that hiiA'e long been accepted as the purest example of English expression extant. In his clear voice Avhich suf fering had softened, he said : Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a iicav Nation conceived in lib erty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Noav avc are engaged in a great. Civil AVar testing whether thai Nation or any Nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great 'battlefield of that Avar. We have come to dedicate a por tion of that field as a final resting-place for those Avho here gave their lives that that Nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that avo should do this. But. in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, Ave cannot consecrate, Ave cannot halloAv this ground. The brave men, living and dead, avIio struggled here, have conse crated it far above our poor poAver to add or detract, The Avorld Avill little note nor long remember Avhat Ave say here; but it can never forget Avhat they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated' here to the unfin ished work Avhich they Avho fought here, have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us— that from these honored dead avc take increased devotion fo that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this Nation under God shall have a now * [174] ARLINGTON BATTLEFIELD CEMETERIES birth of freedom ; and that the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. And they haA'e not "died in vain," for like Moslems to Mecca, journey the people to these "battle cemeteries," there to learn dcav lessons in patriotism Avhile the example of ''these honored dead" inspires increased de\'otion to the principles for Avhich they gave up their lives. Of the, eighty-three National cemeteries, Arlington is the most, beautiful and the best knoAvn. Much that has been said about the acquisition of Arlington by the Gov ernment is not true. It never belonged to George AVash ington nor to Robert E. Lee. It Avas not confiscated by the GoA'ernment. The United States bought Arlington estate, paying for it nearly six times as much as its broad acres had ever been declared to be Avorth by the assessor. Arlington has had but feAV oAvners and the title to the estate is easy to trace. One year less than forty after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, the 1.100 acres in Fairfax, Virginia, .were granted under a patent of Sir- William Berkeley,- Governor of A'irginia, to Robert Hoav- ser, avIio named the estate; for the Earl of Arlington. Its next, owners Avere the Alexanders. From them it aviis pur chased by John Parke Custis, the son of Martha AVashing ton by her first husband. The head of .the American Cus tis family Avas an immigrant inn-keeper, formerly of Rot terdam, Holland. John Parke Custis, at his death, devised the estate to his son, George AA'ashington Parke Custis. This AA-as the boy avIio greAv up at Mount A'ernon. He died. in 1857, and by Avill devised Arlington to his only child, Mary Ann Randolph Custis, avIio aviis married to Robert E. Lee, she to enjoy the estate during her life. At her death the plantation Avas to become the property of her son, George [175] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME AVashington Custis Lee, provided he took the name Cus tis and dropped the name of Lee. Uo aviis also to adopt the Custis arms. He never did either, and had to invoke the aid of the courts to give him a clear title to Ihe vast estates ol' his grand fill her, long nfU'r Ihe wiir, mid after the deiilh of his mother, (ho wife of Robert E. Lee. On April 20, 1861, Robert E. Lee resigned his commis sion as Colonel in the United Stales Army, and on April 22, 1861, with his wife, children, and most of his ser vants, left Arlington for Richmond. On April 23, Lee became commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces of Ihe Con federate army. The Lees thus practically aban- t foiled Arlington, to which they never returned, nor did they make the slightest attempt to assert ownership dur ing the life of Mrs. Lee. In 1861, Congress, to provide revenue for the Govern ment, passed an act levying a direct, tax apportioned among the States severally. Ii! June, 1862, a law aviis enacted providing for the collection of this tax in insur rectionary districts, and all tracts and parcels of land upon Avhich the OAvners failed or refused to pay this tax, were to be sold in about the same manner as property is sold today for delinquent taxes. This act also provided that at such sale of land, by direction of the President, if might be bid in by the tax sale commissioners for the United States to be used for Avar, military, naval, revenue, charitable, or police purposes, AX'ginia's share in this direct tax Avas something over $900,000. Arlington Heights formed a great strategical point in the defense of AVashington, and three days after the Lees left the place, the first Union troops began to arrive in AArashinglon. Beyond the Long Bridge and on Arlington Heights the Iirst camp-fires of the AVar of the Rebellion Avere kindled not to be extinguished till Lee [170] ARLINGTON BATTLEITELD CEMETERIES laid doAvn his SAvord at Appomattox. On the hills under the trees a tented toAvn sprang up, Avhose streets Avcrd pat rolled by men in Union blue. Tavo forts Avere located on tho estate. Fort AAHiipplc, iioav knoAvn as Fort Mycr, and Fort McPherson, an carth- Avork, Avhich has recently been restored to its Avar-time form. These Avcre a part of the system of forts and bat teries designed for the protection of AVashington. The Surgeon's staff of the hospital corps aviis finally established at, Arlington, and long lines of hospital tents stretched iiAvay under the dim aisles of oaks and elms, sheltering the A'ictims of Avar's iiAvful havoc. The big colonial mansion Avith its huge stuccoed pillars then housed the commanding officers. A'irginia having failed to pay her personal tax as pro vided by law, the United States, on January 11, 1861, proceeded fo sell many parcels of land. Under recom mendation of the Secretary of AVar and approved by the President, the Arlington estate aviis put. up at public auc tion, after long advertisement in the A^irginia papers. Vovy few avo re interested enough to bid upon it, and tbe United Stales being the highest bidder, got it for $26,000. Tbe estate had been assessed in 1SC0 at a valuation of $31,000. Arlington aviis by this time one vast hospital. At the breaking out of the Avar there aviis but one mili- farv cemetery in the District of Columbia, and that aviis at the Soldiers' Home. Over 8,000 soldiers avIio had died in the hospitals in and around AVashington had been buried in this cemetery, and in May, 1864, all permits for burial there Avere refused, the space being filled. The deaths from Avounds and disease in the vicinity of AVash- ino-fon reached half a hundred a day, and it Avas neces- to sary to locate another cemetery at once. On May 13, 1864, President Lincoln, as Avas his wont, u [177] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME left the AVhite House in his carriage to visit the hospitals Avhere his "boys" were confined, and took Avith him Gen eral M. C. Meigs, avIio aviis then Quartermaster General of the United States Army. Their last visit of tho after noon aviis to Arlington. Here they found twelve bodies waiting to be carried to the military cemetery at the Sol diers' Home, Avhere there was no ground in Avhich to bury them. On (he spur of llie moment, General Meigs order ed all the bodies awaiting burial to be interred on the grounds at once, and he, designated the spot near the gar dens of the Mansion House, Avhere the interment aviis to be made. Just as the sun was sinking in a red gloAV Avhich irradi ated the great unfinished dome across the Potomac and illuminated the hundreds of AvindoAvs, the tAvehe black painted coffins avo re placed beside tAvehe little mounds of clay, and a chaplain read the burial service over each. Then the bodies were lowered into the gniA'es. and the first interments in Arlington National Cemetery had been made. The first body of the IavcIvo over Avhich the bur ial service aviis read as shown by the records aviis that of a rebel prisoner Avho died in Arlington hospital. The next bixly aviis that of a New York soldier. There uoav sleep beside him nearly 1!),000 Avearers of the blue. In May, 1877, twelve vears after the Avar closed, Georire Washington Custis Lee, avIio had never complied with the conditions of bis grandfather's Avill by Avhich he aviis to inherit Arlington, provided he took the name of Cus tis. dropping (hat of Lee. and look also the Custis arms, brought suit in the courts to legalize his title. Avithout this formality, and then brought suit against the United States for the value of the estate. After many years of litigation, the United States secured a clear title to the Arlington estate of 1,100 acres by paying George AVash- [178] ARLINGTON BATTLEFIELD CEMETERIES ington Custis Lee the sum of $150,000, making $176,000 that had been paid for an estate Avhich one year before the Avar had been valued by its OAvners at $34,000. This National Necropolis is one of the famous places of the Avorld. Nature has done her best for the beautiful spot, and art has not attempted to paint the lily. A stone Avail, most of it hidden under clinging vines, surrounds the cemetery and on the river side it is entered by three historic gatcAvays. The first is the Ord and AVeitzol gate. Tavo tall columns bearing the names are over-arched and surmounted by a funeral urn. The second gate has four great columns of stone supporting a moulded cross piece of granite. The name Sheridan in bold relief on this cross piece gi\Tes the gate its title. It has also four col umns Avhich bear the names of Lincoln, Scott, Stanton, and Grant. The third gate is named for McClellan. The material of Avhich these gates are constructed Avas taken from the old AVar Department Avhich was torn down to make place for the present magnificent structure, and tne columns Avcre among the adornments of that historic structure. From these gates through primeval forests, over deep ravines and along hills for nearly a mile, road- Avays Avind up to the Mansion, to the open ground about the building and the smooth sAvard and asphalted drives and walks. No change has been made in the Mansion since it Avas built nearly a century ago. One half is occupied by the superintendent of the grounds, and the other half is giA'en over to bare floors and the walls to official maps. Into the walls of the great central hall are let large tab lets of black marble bearing in letters of Avhite, Lincoln's Gettysburg address, and Ingersoll's famous Memorial Day oration. The grounds about the Mansion are laid out in flora] [179] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME corps badges, and the names of famous generals are formed in groAving plants. A small Avhite Temple of Fame stands in the midst of these, bearing upon its siioav Avhite columns the names of Lincoln, Grant, David Por ter, Farragut, McPherson, SedgAvick, Reynolds, Humph reys, Garfield, Mansfield, Thomas, Meade, AYashington. A short distance aAvay is the amphitheater Avhere Memorial Day exercises are held. Picturesque and classic in out lines this vinc-invohed temple of oraloiy might have been plucked from ancient Greece. In betAveen these, under stately trees that lift their heads a hundred feet into the sky, stands the Tomb of the UnknoAvn Dead — just a grim pile of rough hewn granite and marble, standing four square to the avo rid, and housing the remains of 2,111 dead, Avho "to fortune aud lo fame unknown," their \ery names forgotten, sleep the sleep of heroes. From Chantilly to the Rappahan nock the bodies were gathered. They Ave re found in lonely fence corners, under tangled thickets, by running streams, in the deep forest. Sometimes there Ave re only a few bones and a belt buckle left to identify the remains, but Avherever they Avere unearthed, the poor fragments were gathered in small plain boxes of uniform size, each skeleton to itself. A great vault, thirty feet deep and two hundred feet square,- aviis constructed of solid mason ry Avhere the monument doav stands, and here the 2,111 boxes Avore deposited. Above this vault there aviis con structed, in 1876, the massive memorial sarcophagus. It. bears the simple inscription: Here lies the bones of 2,111 unknown soldiers. Their remains could not be identified, but their names and deaths are recorded in the archives of their country, and its grateful citizens honor them as of their noble army of martyrs. May they rest in peace. The graves in Arlington, as in all tho National Ceme- [180] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME teries, were at first marked with a wooden slab bearing the name, service and date of death. In 1872 the Quar termaster General decided to mark them all Avith small marble slabs, suitably inscribed, and this has been done. There are about 18,000 of these small headstones in Ar lington, but there are nearly four thousand of those that are very small indeed. They have upon them the single Avord, ''UnknoAvn"! Among the noted dead Avho sleep in Arlington are Sheridan, Porter, Farragut, AArright, Crook, Ricketts, Hazen, Myers, Baxter, MoAver, Sturgis, Harney, Paul, Meigs, Belknap, Plunnner, and many others. In one section cared for as tenderly as any other, sleep S0Areral hundred Confederates, Avho died in the hospitals about Washington. One Avhole section is gXen over to colored soldiers, and one plot contains the remains of several sol diers of earlier Avars, reinterred there in 1889. In the Spanish War section, there are nearly 1,000 graves. Scat tered about the grounds are the tombs and crumbling headstones of the former OAvners, the Randolphs, Cus- tises, and Lees. Under the tree-; and along the paths beside Avhich these heroes sleep there are tablets of bronze, bearing in Avhite letters, the folloAving Arer es from the great elegaic poem of Colonel Theodore OTIara, Avhich Avill tell throuirh con- turies to come of the tender memories that clustered about the last resting places of the battlefield dead : The muffled drum's sad roll lias beat Tlie soldier's lust tattoo; No nioi-o on Life's parade shall meet That brave and fallen few. On Fame's eternal camping- ground Their silent tents are spread, And Glory guards with solemn round The bivouac of the dead. [182] ARLINGTON BATTLEFIELD CEMETERIES No rumor of the foe's advance Now swells upon tlie wind; No troubled thought at midnight haunts Of loved ones left behind. No vision of tlie mornliiK's strlfo The warrior's dream nlarnis; X" ImiyiiiK horn nor serearnltiK' life Al dawn sluill call lo arms. Tlie 1 1 « > I K' 1 1 1 1 1 k t loop, Ilic IImhIiIiik lilaile, Tlie Iiiik'Io'h si IitIiik lilasl ; The elnil'K'e, Hie dreadful eon nouiide, The din and shout are punt. Ilesl on, cmbiilnii d and salnleil dead, I ». ar as I lie blood ye nave; No Impious footstep here shall (read The hcl'hilK'e of your K'l'.IN''. Nor shall your glories lie forn'ol While fame her record keeps, Or honor points Hie hallowed spol Where valor proudly sleeps. Nor wreck, nor change, nor winter's IiIIk'IiI, Nor Time's remorseless doom, Shall dim one ray of holy IiK'lit T Ii n L K'lhls your K'hirlous tomlj, These same lines are found in each of the eighty-three National Cemeteries. There are many beautiful cemeteries in AVashinglon Avhere thousands of soldiers sleep, but they are not Na tional in character, and are not cured for by the National Government. Tho Military Cemetery at the Soldiers1 Home, i-i maintained by a percentage of (he monthly pay of retired regulars in the Home. The National Cemetery at Alexandria contains four acres, and in it are buried the remains of :5,0(!() Union soldiers, from the hospitals and battlefields of the vicin ity. It is a beautiful tree-shaded spot, but no notable "•raves are there. In the center stands a fine monument lo the four citizen firemen of Alexandria, avIio lost their lives in a collision on the Potomac Avhilo in pursuit of the assassin Booth, on April 24, 1865. [183] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME One of the smallest of the National cemeteries, and the only one located in the District of Columbia, proper, is Battlefield Cemetery, near Fort Stevens. Forty Union dead are there interred. AVhere they lie in low green tents, cannon once thundered answering the tread of thousands of marching men. Where the flowers now bloom about them, bullets once lay like pebbles along the path- Avay and blood reddened the powder-burned herbage. On the spot Avhere these bodies lie surged the Union and Rebel armies under the oyt^ of President Lincoln in a mighty struggle for the possession of Washington. When the tide of battle rolled back, Farly was vanquished .and Ihe Nation's Capital was saved. ' Fill rlli may run red with other wars — they are at peace. In Ihe midst of battle, in the roar of conllicl, they found the serenity of death. -* •¦'.,)} - - '- ,;^4'«f^v mmx&m * -¦ i ''" M -'' : '¦¦' ' Xl' - - W '* ' -*• * -.',HS. » .*.w.i.-J ¦¦i#J.V}4j>v;j.,--:*-R /W.«'*WW».*3*. — ...- p : -¦. Arlington liouse. 1 81 Political and Social Conditions During the War BY BRAINARD IT. AArARNER. Chairman of the Thirty-Sixth National Encampment EFORE the Civil AVar AVash ington Avas in many respects but little, more than a country village. Yet for more than half a century it bad been the chief center of political excite ment in the United States. The question of shiA'ory had long been the principal cause of contention between different sections of the Union. The in creasing power of the North and West was regarded with apprehension by the South. largely in consequence of the constant and continued agi tation of extremists, who denounced human bondage of every kind. Inducements for travel were not so great as now. Tour ists from the Northern States felt they would not b.' welcome in the South and Avould be viewed Avith sus picion. They preferred to avoid the slave section, Avhere (•very property-oAvnor felt it his bounden duty to prevent the. circulation of the pronounced anti-slavery journals. Southern people looked' upon Northern men as unfair and extreme and as having designs upon the fortunes and prosperity of their political antagonists. Tn their eyes John Brown Avas only a representative of a large [!8«] Secrelary ITolI. AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME class, Avho would hesitate at nothing to gain a lixod pur pose. Moreover, tho people of tho South avIio had time and means for travel Avero glad to spend their leisure among thoir own felloAV citi/ens at tho various resorts where they could find pastimes suited to their tastes, where mint juleps and toddies were popular and the. race course and tournaments were favorite sources of pleas ure. A large 'proportion of those who lived in the Southern States Avere both religious and refined, although a belief prevailed in the North that the South aviis generally a place of ease and profligacy and that its inhabitants were largely given over to card-playing and drinking. Duels were of frequent occurrence. It aviis an open and con stant boast, that one Southern man accustomed to hunt ing and shooting was more than a match for four Yan kees; and the latter were said to be cowardly and unwil ling to light for their rights. This aviis currently believed in the South. Thus it Avill be seen readily that each section of the Union persistently misunderstood the other. The alti tude of the South, however, proved to be. the more sig nificant. The balance of influence in Congr.vs had been held from the foundation of the Union by representatives from Southern States; it aviis only natural, then, that the growth of other sections inimical lo their institutions should provoke their leaders to prepare for a cni.lKc! of interests. To this end the people of the South had been gather ing resources for defense for some time prior to lSel. Of these resources, of the Avar assets of the South, of its capacity for self-sacrifice, the North had no accurate con ception. Northerners little understood the character [186] 3q i- O y$ AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME Avhich the strain of subsequent events Avas to make mani fest. In AVashington this position of the South found abun dant, support. Public patronage for years before the Avar had been given largely to representatives from the South ern States, Avho naturally sympathized with slavery and its institutions. The chiefs of many important bureaus freely expressed their hope for the success of a secession movement, should one be undertaken. AArhen Sumter Avas fired on, therefore, and steps taken to establish a separate government, many residents of the National Capital left Ihe city hurriedly and openly cast their fortunes Avith the South. Friendships of a lifetime were disrupted. Broth ers, sisters, parents and children, sAveet hearts and lovers, and even man and Avil'e, were frequently divided in their allegiance to the cause of the Union. Although many of the prominent leaders avo re hostile to the National Government, the great majority of the people in the District of Columbia were opposed to seces sion. The loyal militia organized quietly, and with the coming of the new administration and (he inauguration of Air. Lincoln il was ready to protect, the officials of the new administration and defend the Capital until such time as overt acts of hostility should make if necessary for volunteers from Ihe North lo assist in the national defense. Meanwhile great excitement prevailed. Union senti ment in the District was strong enough to obtain a vote for appropriations to pay bounties to volunteers and the hire of drafted men. A peace convention aviis held and attended by men of prominence. A fast day aviis ob served on September L>(i, 1SC1. There aviis still a large number opposed to the loyalists, men who remained away from the peace, convention, who held numerous meefinp's [1S.S] s SOCIAIi AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS and sent messages calculated to av oaken the Federal in fluencc by arousing suspicion among the loyal defenders of the Capital. Communications of valuable secret in formation Avero constantly transmitted to the enemy. Frequent arrests Avero made and occasionally an offender aviis imprisoned. AVith local conditions such as have been indicated, the administration of Mr. Lincoln began. AVashington had been an orderly and easy-going city. The fact that in 1S61 the expenses of tho police department Avere only about $32,5S0 is proof that order Avas preserved Avith com parative case; in 1901 the corresponding expenditure was $743,565. But as (he Republican administration advanced the "situation changed. The usually quiet Capital swarmed Avith newly-enlisted men avIio avo re frequently sent on without regard to equipment or discipline. Many of them avc re unarmed and had no adequate conception of (lie struggle in which (hey were fo be important factors. It often required the assistance of (he District Militia, aided by the fully-armed, equipped, and disciplined mili tia of the North, and the small number of soldiers of the Regular Army then here, fo preserve order and discipline. Even flic ncAvly-appoinled ollicers Avcre often Avithout military experience or ideas. Army Avagons and artillery tore up the streets and roads. Thousands of mules, driven by profane drivers, added to the excitement, \n addition to this army came another of contractors and speculators, men not sufficiently patriotic to enlist as soldiers, but greedy enough to make tho largest pos sible profit out of the necessities of Avar. They Avere in some instances "shoddy," both morally and socially, and avoided no measures which Avould lead to financial suc cess. Many old residents regarded this incursion as a [189] AVASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME groat indignity. They gauged the business men of the North by those who came to AVashinglon. Ladies, gentle abd refined, avIio had been accustomed to ease and lux ury at the National Capital, looked upon the overdressed wives and companions of the neAvly-arrived business men as representing the social conditions existing in the North, and fixed their condemnation accordingly. "With the ollicers, soldiers, and contractors, their Avives and rela tives, the resident families Avanted no intercourse. Prices increased, not only for merchandise, but for board and lodging. Many avIio occupied houses charged fabulous prices for taking care of the uoav arrivals avIio had to be supplied Avith food and rooms. Others erected temporary quarters and charged exorbitant, rates in order to get back their money as soon as possible. Washington had then quite a number of residences Avhich avo re regarded as fine. Its hotel accommodations, although limited, had been sufficient to meet the demand upon them. The most noted, AYillard's Hotel, aviis the headquarters in AArashington of the radically loyal ele ment, of officers, soldiers, and citizens Avho gathered there to hear iicavs from the front, or to discuss the situation and the relative claims to public honor urged on behalf of military and civilian officers. Other prominent hotels and places of resort avo re the Ebbitt House, AYormley's, the KirkAvood, Avhich then occupied the site Avhere, the Raleigh uoav stands, the Metropolitan, the National, Mrs. Whitney's and Oaspari's House on Capitol Hill, AVelker's, Gaulier's and Hancock's restaurants, the last named bein<>' still in existence. The hosts Avhich came from the North in the early days of 1861 prior to the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln looked upon a very different city from the new and greater AVashington of to-day. The Capitol was unfin- [190] SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS ished; blocks of granite and marble Avcre scattered about waiting to be placed in position and the building had no dome. The Treasury, Post-OUice, and Interior Depart ment buildings were also incomplete. The, AVashinglon mniiimiciil hud noi atlnincd half its present height, There was ample area on which lo build a city with little promise (hat if could ever become one of the. most beautiful capitals on Ihe, earth. Take away the AVar, State, and Navy Department b"i!(!ing. Bureau of Fiiigraving and Printing, National Museum, .Agricultural Department building, Congres sional Libivry, City Post-OUice, Pension Bureau, Public Library, Pennsylvania Railroad Station, and Corcoran Gallery of Art: all the. theatres but one; the modern school buildings; Hie New AVillard, Gordon, Raleigh, Cochran, (Jim ft on, Kiggs, Shorohain, Arlington, Dewey, and ISichntniid hotels; Ihe street railways; all Ihe good si reel pavements mid ino-f of the sidewalks; a large pro- porlion of (he line residences and stores; all Ihe statues and monuments with few exceptions; cut down nearly all (he trees that border our thoroughfares; remove the im provements from all but three of our important squares; tear (Ioavii all the houses north of K Street and west of 1 !th Street end nearly all east of the Capitol; Avipe out of exi -•teneo all but three of the. banks and trust compan ies; take off the map of the District, every suburban sub division; restore, the hills and valleys Avhich have disap peared with (lie improvement of our streets and a\ronues; restore the B Street Canal and Tiber ('reek running through the city and culling oil' Avhat aviis known as "The Island"; put in their old positions all the streams, ditches, pools, and SAvamps Avhich have long since been carried into seAvers or filled up; then let horses, coavs, goats, and pigs roam at will over the larger part of the city's area— [191] AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME and you Avill haATe a fair vieAV of the place from Avhich aviis to be directed the great campaign to preserve the Republic. Here Lincoln aviis to see the Avar for the Union opened and closed, his country strengthened, perpetuated, and saved. The narroAV limits of the public school system in 1S61 may be understood from the fact that it cost but $27,061, Avhile in 1901 the appropriation for public education aviis $1,108,619. The fire department, then operated by vol unteers, cost but $1,010. In 1901, the corresponding al lowance was $325,920. The city aviis growing steadily. From 1S50 lo 1S60 its population had increased 45 per cent. There Avere but few rich residents although a large number avo re in mod erate circumstances and the cost of living was compara tively low. The social standards were peculiar. Education was considered dangerous to the masses. Those in trade were looked down upon until they attained political prefer ment or acquired fortunes large enough to give them influence. AVork demeaned everybody. A resident of the District who inherited valuable properly remarked, "I never did a day's work and I never will." He lived long enough to Avastc his ample fortune through inal tent ion, and passed into the next world leaning on charitable friends. Any occupation which would require a woman of social standing to leave her own family and home was deplored. Seclusion and poverty wore ordinarily pre ferred to self-help. Female labor, except bv persons of the middle classes, was unheard of. AVhat a wonderful change has taken place in this respect ! \ow women are employed in every department of the Government, by every corporation, firm, and individual doing business of any magnitude; and the workers are contented, happy, [192] SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS and respected. The memory of slave labor and its con comitants has almost passed iiAvay, and it is now diffi cult lo realize Avhat an important place it once occupied in the life, ol: Washington. The colored people were as a rule respectful and made good servants. Although they met with almost invari able kindness and consideration, they avc re generally treated as an inferior race, born to do menial service. They Avere not allowed lo ride on an omnibus line which was inaugurated about that time, and Avhen horse-cars were introduced separate vehicles Avero provided for them. This phase of public opinion may perhaps be bet ter understood avIioii it is recalled that in January, 1866, nearly (>,(!()(.) ballots were cast by the voters of the Dis trict, against mixed suffrage and .'55 in favor of it. No colored person could testify in legal proceedings and fre quently much embarrassment arose from this restriction. Judge Andrew AVylic, Avho Avas for a long time on tho Su preme bench of the District of Columbia and for some years prior to his appointment a practicing attorney in the District courts, said that in a case in Avhich he appeared for one of the litigants he aviis convinced that the only person thoroughly acquainted with the facts involved was a colored man; (hat he so staled to the Court and claimed that in the interest of justice his Avitncss should be alloAved to testify but his -motion Avas denied. It is Avorthv of note that Andre.Av AVvlic at that time lived in • Alexandria and aviis one of the tAvo men in that city Avho voted for Abraham Lincoln in. 1860. As the Avar progressed people of the different sections became better acquainted with each other. The generous provision made by the North for supplies for the sick and Avounded, often shared by their enemies, helped to dispel the intense bitterness Avhich existed in the early [193] AVASHINGTON DURING- WAR TIME days of 1861. Many officers and soldiers fell in love Avith the fine and beautiful Avomen Avho at first treated them with scorn and contempt, but afterAvards came lo admire the good qualities of the Yankee sufficiently to marry Northerners. The Avar brought many blessings in dis guise, and not the least of them aviis this influx of iicav and vigorous mon avIio Avere persuaded by one considera tion or another to make AArash ington their home. AAronderful results have been accomplished Avithin the last thirty years. The sluggish and unenterprising city seems to have awakened from its dreams and has assumed attractions Avhich make the people of the Union — Avith out regard to section — its admiring friends. It competes With no other city in business or manufactures. It is a city of homes and the home of the National Government. It is the charming and gracious mistress of the nation's hospitality. But more noteworthy than everything else, it is the political headquarters of (he United Slates. »»» Vsf*- f W'l: ,P,i %§fyy:Y^V%^ MrV v"^yx|« fvJ »«J&>i!r2a£a AVualiliiK'ton Arsenal. Washington of Today BY HENRY BROWN FLOYD MACFARLAND President, Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia ORTY years have changed AVashington almost more than any other American city. The boys of '61 returning here for the first time would Iciioav the city by its surroundings and by the great landmark, the Capitol, whose dome was building under Abraham Lin coln's faith, during the Civil AVar. But otherwise Wash ington must seem like a neAv city. Looking at it from any of the hills around it, but especially, perhaps, from Ar lington, itself so changed since it became the bivouac of the noble dead, they Avould see the completed AVashing ton Monument, noAv dominating every view of the Na tional Capital; the incomparable Congressional Library Building, rivaling the Capitol; the great, gray State, AATar, and Navy building, standing on the sites of the little old buildings where Stanton and AYelles directed the operations of the War and Navy Departments, and a score of high structures occupied by churches, colleges, and business corporations, besides a vast groAvth of trees, in orderly array along the streets and avenues, which make a mighty forest in the heart of the Capital. Then, as they crossed over the Potomac, on one of the un- [195] John Hay. AVASHINGTON DURING AVAR TIME changed bridges, they would see how the channel has been narroAvcd by improvements Avhich have reclaimed a Avide park land out of the shalloAvs and marshes, and if they came in through older GoorgetoAvn, itself almost as un changed as the bridges, they would find, in place, of the rough roads of the Civil AVar time, graded and asphalted streets and side-Avalks gradually changing from brick to concrete, shaded almost everywhere by some of the eighty thousand trees Avhich, with the Avell-kept Jittle parks, distinguish AVashington from all other American cities. They Avould find at once a system of street railways, with underground electric trolley motors, covering not. only aU of the. city of Washington and Georgetown, but a great part of the District of Columbia outside, and running beyond tho borders to Bladensburg, Rockville, Cabin .John's Bridge in Maryland, and Alexandria, Arlington, and Mount Vernon in Virginia. They Avould find that the best Avay to see the neAver AVashington and its surround ings is by these car lines, beginning, perhaps, Avith that special tourists' car, Avhich, in a tAvo hours' circuit, passes a thousand interesting things. Almost every important National Government building and almost every place of historic interest can be directly reached by means of these railways, and many of the most attractive private resi dences, club and apartment houses, churches and schools, can be seen from their cars. A trip through norlliAvest- ern AVashington and on beyond over the hills, reveals absolutely uoav scenes to the man avIio has not been here since the Civil AArar. Ea^cii the veteran avIio ten years ago Avho Avas here at the memorable National Encamp ment, when an ex-President of the United States was among the eminent men avIio marched in rcvieAv past the President of tho United States, will find much that is iicav and beautiful in the buildings in that quarter, and [196] I '¦nr'TfPiti — — - a /' nX mt i/f - y 'i.-. . . I. ill Ai OJ E'j c.i tn m trj 11 :rJ..l ; ^ , ' if- i " """ '' ¦' ''.'5"'ttT ' ¦V /'¦ / / 1 - /,' ** '.' -I-TH ¦¦-— " " ¦ 3 — "v X ' : ; ;" v '.-"¦ : - 1 X-;: s •* '*>'¦ - 'j»W r' '•' £> XXv ¦&_X \ .i— WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME if he goes out to Rock Creek Park and its small com panion, Zoological Park, he will be as much surprised and delighted if he had not been here since 1865. What is called Greater AVashington, spreading out in every di rection over the hills surrounding the old city on every side, except that of the Potomac, is of comparatively re cent creation. The old soldier, going out to revisit one of the forts in the circle of AVashington's defenses, will find all the older natural beauty and in addition much of the beauty that man produces. Looking at the Capital, either from the center of the city or from the circumfer ence of the hills, its grandeur ahvays appeals to the vis itor. Many persons of taste Avho have seen all the great capitals of the Avorld believe that none of them surpasses the Capital of the United States, taken with its sur roundings, in present beauty, and some consider it now the most magnificent of all. Certainly it must be ad mitted that Avhen all the plans for its development and embellishment are carried out, it Avill stand uniXaled. In the last forty years AA^ashington has quadrupled in population and the accessions have been largely of people of superior intelligence and cultivation, representing the best elements in all the States and Territories. Many rich people have become residents, at least for the Avintor months. The development of the executive departments of the National Government, Avith the groAvth of the nation's business, and the great increase in the scientific work carried on by the nation, have draAvn to AArashington many able men. The peculiar facilities for educational institutions, multiplying the number of colleges and schools, have draAvn large numbers of scholars and stu dents. Every variety of society is therefore to be found at its best in Washington. The presence of the President, the Cabinet, the Supreme Court, Congress, the Diplomatic [198] WASHINGTON OE TODAY Corps, the highest officers of the Army and Navy, and many eminent scientists and scholars -gives it a cosmopoli tan character that is most attracth'e, and driuvs visitors in increasing numbers from all over the United States and Canada and many other countries. The healthful climate, Avhich is also agreeable during the greater part of the year, the beauty, comfort, and convenience of the city, the exceptional interest of its life, the absence of local partisan politics — because the elective franchise has been abolished — and the absence of great manufacturing establishments, are among the things Avhich make AVash ington almost ideal as a residence city. The good govern ment of the District of Columbia, with its admirable pub lic school system, police and fire departments, and other municipal features, all free from the scandalous prac tices of blackmail and bribery, political favoritism, and corruption, Avhich stain so many American municipalities, may be mentioned as one of the reasons avIiv most people like to Ha-c in AVashington. If is, perhaps, not generally known that the City of AVashington itself has no government of its own such as it had during the Civil AVar. At that time, under the gen eral legislative authority of Congress, Avhich, by tho Con stitution, is given the exclusive power of legislation, but no executive or judicial authority, in the District of Co lumbia, AVashington and GeorgetoAvn (like Alexandria, which was taken out of tho District in 1846 upon tho retrocession of Virginia's contribution to tho District), had municipal governments with mayors and councils elected by the qualified voters. In 1871 fheso governments Avero abolished and a territorial form of government for tho entire District with a Governor and Legislature and a delegate in Congress Avas established by Congress. In 1878 that form of government was abolished, together [199] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME with the elective franchise, and the present form of gov ernment by three Commissioners of the District of Colum bia, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, aviis created by an act of Congress, Avhich the Supreme Court has called the "Constitution of the. Dis trict of Columbia." These Commissioners are not the successors of the Mayors of Washington or the Mayors of Georgetown, but of the Governors of the Territory. They are the executive authority not of the City of AArash- ino-ton, but of the District of Columbia. This includes not only the City of AVashington and the City of George town, but more than fifteen towns and villages. Over fifty thousand people live in the District outside of the cities of AA^ashington and GeorgetoAvn. The Congress of the United States is the legislature of the District of Columbia and its judiciary is affiliated Avith the courts of the United States. The Commissioners recommend legislation, including appropriations, Avhich are made under the organic act. of 1878, half from the National Treasury and half from the District fax funds. Tbe United States contributed little or nothing to the general expenses of the District of Columbia prior to 1878, although it aviis admitted that it ought to do so because this Avasthe National Capital and because the United States OAvned OA'cr one-half of the land, as is still the case. This land aviis donated fo the United States by the original proprietors at the request of George AVashing ton, the founder of the National Capital. With Iavo million dollars secured by the United States from the sale of a portion of this land, together Avith small grants from Maryland and Virginia, the Capitol and AVTiite House and other public buildings Avere built, from 1790 on, and the approaches to the National buildings were improved. The National Government has paid the rest [200] WASHINGTON OF TODAY of the cost of the national buildings and grounds. Con gress, besides passing on measures submitted by the Com missioners, refers to them for report all bills proposing legislation for (he District of Columbia, and is largely guided by thoir advice. The President before approving bills relating to the District of Columbia, Avhich hiiA'e been passed and sent to him by Congress, submits them lo the Commissioners for any objections they may have to oiler. No one can have a greater interest in the National Capi tal than the survivors of the men avIio maintained and preserved if during the Civil War. They kept the nation from being rent in twain and tho National Capital from being swalloAved up in tho awful gulf. They also dis covered the National Capital to (he country, Avhich had cared but little about it before (he Avar. The old, persist ent talk of moving the Capital out AA'est, started at first before the railway or telegraph gave adequate means of communication, aviis never seriously revived after the Civil War had halloAved AVashington as the Capital for which the blood of (he best had been poured out. General Grant, the leader of the grand armies of the Republic, shared the new feeling about the City of AVash ington which the Civil AArar produced, and when he became President gave the poAverful support of his in fluence to the efforts of Alexander R. Shepherd and others Avho began the transformation which has created the neAver AVashington. In the process of its improve ment through these thirty years, many other veterans of the Civil AVar Avho remained here have been prominent and useful. Many of the first citizens of the District of Columbia are survivors of the soldiers of the great con flict. They typify, in their constant and patriotic devo tion to tho National Capital, the homo of tho flag, tho [201] WASHINGTON DURING WAR TIME center of the nation, tho cordial feelings which their com rades every av here entertain respecting it. NeAV AVashington, Greater A\rash ington, Avelcomcs Avith peculiar affection the defenders and preservers of the National Capital, its best friends, the veterans of the armies of the Union, "it; ', ' '' , <~4 «TE?€Cn«-*-'. ^THrf&Szri*****- r'~ View of City Hall. [202] ? ao oa aaa ao aaa dd!±- SC aDDDDOW aaaaQOGD ^DQaai7/3aao VTiflQ , teDDB§^rai^aaDrA\fQQ 'aDDI^,aD0Di2Ml2ia.,DD(7»CJ»DI7 '/coaa qppczicjSaonao acna IsadDOOD oc sn DDDQDa^bD'/iDni'nD ??cracL/& nDnanQ'Dc/flnDDaD aaa OQDDQ.WziDOODkWzffln aDDDDS. qddddi: HMD acz3_ DaDDOB"oDdODO coc. n? OEia tDDac:ia"zi^DD aaPdiyaa&aDdaDatzjiv "iinn ai70D ansa /ao nnfi/:aDa "~ Jl — /r " ^B§9 gS$C7^Dg0Q! !; ^00000011^ r SCfyl^iS&SnDOIZlDn a*lt CaT.ClGQQGI^ angaria j£pX\ avooDDaaabi^ ^coc/jaai^uaatfCiM 'taooQooflo^sj 0 aiiaac! ,sg § „ ^OQQOCSGflDQimiSS^S™ - _jrSs30QQQDDD0DDQ AaOUDnpVj xsuc§gD0Dt]DO(7 DaaDpUL (0 YpnonF'^nStDaQai'.aaa no^i ^pciiP'r}-c^[ac3\Z3oaoiiaoa^«iC) ¦ laoaf aacHMOCv-o/ ) "¦??pai — }¦ )2(?dDL_/< ido; 1 23 4567 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 1718 10 C St., Nos. 360 and 364 C St. N. \V tween'n^n^t^' N°rth ^ °f E' N" W" be" Fk?uaSre'oSpCp1o°snehFlKS<; °n "* * W" °n JudlCiary SenmnHaw (°fficers'> Rear of Union Hotel, Cor. Gay and Washington Sts., Georgetown. Stmroad C°llese> on Meridian Hill, west of 14th CiinCgetonRi!frcIeHOUSe' C°r' 24th Md K StS" ^"h- Patent Office, 7th St.. between F and G, N. W ke?r%Hn1nntn30Ve!?,l,nent HosPftal for the Insane, near Umontown (Anacostia) D C SaTS' "Minnesot* Row," Cor. New Jersev Ave and I running- back to 2d and K Sts., X. w. on f-T' -i1 th.e EckIn*ton (or Gales) Mansion o? rCaplSl S ,**"»>«* ««* (continuation FSS^^dary St" °n «*"»*«* road ¦*?& It^a^ar^rbil^ege1 "" « sWeofwTV; BaTacks on Meridian Hill, east pital r°a ' n°rth °f Stone General Hos- JUBCto G ItTx w" °f CUJ' Hal1' *th t0 5th and CaCoUege.arraCkS °n Meridian H1". near Columbian C1JlbhU%e' C"m>urne Barracks. Meridian Hill, out p.""1 St" ™ad, west of Columbian College. r?diannHmrraCkS (dePOt Camp f°r V" R C'>' Me" St. Aloysius, Barracks. X. Capitol and K Sts N AV Near St. Aloysius Church " C°to1fn' Georg"etown College, head of O St., George- U£Si. °°r- BrldSe and ™>'ntfon Sts.. mi 2S 2ft30 31 3233 34 35 3fi37 3S Armory Square, On part of Reservation IT. east of .th St., running to B St., S. AV. In the old Colum bia Armory and Barracks. Emory, About one mile east of the Capitol, near Alms House and Congressional Cemetery. Harewood. On Corcoran farm on 7th St. road near Soldiers' Home. St., northern limit of 5th and St., X. \v., between 2d and 3d Capitol St., near Emory Gen- [205] Campbell, Boundarv 6 th Sts., X. -\V. Stanton, Barracks. I running to H. St. Lincoln Barracks, E era! Hospital. Lincoln Barracks, same as Lincoln General Hos pital. Desmarre's (eye and ear), Hill Mansion, cor. 14th St. and Massachusetts Ave., X. W. Ricord (venereal), same as Desmarre's General Hospital. Eruptive Fever, 1st St., between B and C S E Ivalorama (eruptive fever), Kalorama Heights on 21st St., X. W. Ascension. Ascension Church, H St. bet 9th 10 th. X. A\'. Cranch, Unitarian Church, cor. 6 th and D ^ . \\ . Epiphany, Epiphany Church, G St. bet. 13th 14th Sts., X. TV. Trinity. Trinity Church, cor. 3rd and C Sts X TV Caspan's. Caspari's House, Xo. 11 A St. S. E near Capitol. R.vland, Ryland Chapel, cor. 10th and D Sts S W Ebenezer, Ebenezer Church, D St. bee. 4th and 5th[ S. E. Odd Fellows' Hall. Sth St.. S. E. near Xavv Yard tnlon Chapel, 20th St., X. AA'., near Pennsylvania Ave. Presbyterian Church, cor. Bridge and Washington Ms.. Georgetown. and Sts., and 39 Citv Hull, Indiana and Louisiana Aves. bet 4th and 5th Sts., N. W. 40 AA'ater's AA'arehouse, High St. bet. Water and Bridge, Georgetown. 41 Trinity Church, Lingan St. bet. 1st and 2d Sts., ni'iir Georgetown College. 42 Dumbarton Street, M. E. Church, bet. Congress and High Sts., Georgetown. 43 Island Hall, Cor. 6th St. and Virginia Ave., S. W. 44 Capitol, part of Capitol building. 45 Giesboro, Giesboro Point, D. C. Camp Stont-man (Cavalry Depot), Giesboro Point, D. C. 46 Rush Barracks, AA'hite House Grounds, south of President's Mansion. Reynolds Barracks, AA'hite House Grounds, south of President's Mansion. 47 Capitol Biuracks, 2d St. bet. E. Capitol and A Sts., S. E. 4S Martindale Barracks, Intersection of Pennsylvania Ave., Xew Hampshire Ave. and 23d St., running to 22nd and I Sts. Camp Fry (Fry Barracks), same as Martindale Barracks. 49 Sedwick Barracks, bet. 18th and 19th and M and X Sts., X. W. Williams Barracks, same as Sedgwick Barracks. 50 Sherburne Barracks, 1st and E Sts., S. E., at inter section of Xorth Carolina and Xew Jersey Aves. Russell Barracks, 1st and E Sts., S. E., at intersec tion of Xorth Carolina and Xew Jersey Aves. 51 Wisewell Barracks, 7th and O Sts., X. W., running to P and Q Sts. 52 Camp Barry (Artillery Camp of Instruction), Cor- coran's Farm, H St., X. E., near Toll-Gate. 53 Camp Ohio Hospital, near Tennallytown, D. C. 54 Washington Arsenal, TJ. S. Arsenal grounds. 55 U. S. Barracks, Sth St. S. E., near Navy Yard. 56 Engineer Brigade Hospital (Camp Alexander), 1 St., S. E., near Xavy Yard. [206] TuWen I'rnm h map Immiio i < illi-lll ... in.,... Map of Fortifications and Defenses of Washington, YALE UNIVERSITY a39002 00292<*257b