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Gift of

HISTOBT OF COLONEL HENRY
BOUQUET

Or this book six hundred copies have been
printed from type and the type distributed.

HISTORY OF
Colonel Henry Bouquet

and the

Western Frontiers of Pennsylvania
1747-1764

Collected and Edited
BT
MARY CARSON DARLINGTON

Privately Printed

Copyright, 1920, by
Maey O'Haba DARLiifGToir

Dedicated to the Daughters of the
American Revolution
of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania

PREFACE
Several years after the publication of
"Fort Pitt and Letters from the Frontier"
— 1894 — by Mrs. Mary C. Darlington
this book was prepared but for various
reasons was not published until now.
Mrs. Darlington died June 18th, 1915.
Mary O'Hara Darlington.

INTRODUCTION
The increase of interest in the frontier history of
Pennsylvania, caused by the establishment of the
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolu
tion, has induced me to publish these historical docu
ments. Trent's Journal and the Letters were obtained by
Mr. William M. Darlington from the Library of the
British Museum some years since. For the events
and dates in the accompanying historical notes, I
consulted the earliest writers on frontier history;
John Entick's Late War, published in 1766,
Gordon's History of Pennsylvania, and French
biographies. The letters to and from General Bouquet are
copies of letters in the British Museum and give a
full and correct history of Bouquet's expedition from
Philadelphia to Fort Pitt which he rescued from the
Indians. In "Fort Pitt," pubHshed a few years
since, is the history of the Indians' attack on the Fort
and its rescue by General Bouquet.
Mary Carson Dablington.

CONTENTS
Page
Frontier of Pennsylvania  1
logstown  9
Claims of Virginia  10
Virginia's Claim to Western Pennsylvania . . 15
Trent's Journal  17
E. Ward's Deposition, 1756  41
Fort Du Quesne  48 •"
George Croghan  55
Extracts from Letters op General Shirley . . 77 ~
Thomas Pownall  81
General Edward Braddock  85
Colonel Bouquet  88 •*
Fort Pitt  102"
Redoubt of Fort Pitt  115 -
Pittsburgh  118 '
Loyalists  122'
Canada and Spain  124
BouauET Papers from British Museum .... 131'
Floods in the Rivers at Pittsburgh . .215

ILLUSTRATIONS
Henry Bouquet  Frontispiece Pacing Page
Logstown  9
Fort Duquesne  95
Map  104
Redoubt of Fort Pitt, Built 1764  115
(Photographed 1902)
Fort Bedford  135
Camp at Fort Ligonier  145

HISTORY OF COLONEL HENRY
BOUQUET

FRONTIER OF PENNSYLVANIA
In the year succeeding that in which America was
first discovered. Pope Alexander, the sixth, by his
bulls, dated 2nd and 3rd of May, 1498, munificently
gave the whole of this vast continent to Ferdinand
and Isabella of Spain, following the example of his
predecessors, who in 1440 had granted Africa to
King Alphonso, the fifth, of Portugal. A former
Pope had declared that no such continent did or could §^g
exist, and had denounced excommunication against
all who should believe the contrary opinion. Ferdi
nand, King of Spain, in 1509, established two gov
ernments upon the continent of America. The cele
brated Dr. Robertson remarks in his History of
America, "That in order to give their title to those
countries some appearance of validity, several of the
most eminent divines and lawyers in Spain were em
ployed to prescribe the mode in which they should
take possession of them." The inhabitants could not
understand how a foreign priest could have any right
to dispose of their country; they therefore fiercely
opposed the new invaders of their territories.
America at its first discovery was found to be in
habited and possessed by numerous tribes of nations.

2 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
who had divided the continent between themselves;
how long these people had occupied it is unknown,
and whatever might have been their origin, they un
doubtedly were the original and first occupants and
possessors of the country. The Indians' right to the
country was admitted by the governors of the States,
and a payment was made to the Indians before the
white colonists were permitted to occupy it. On
the 20th of August, 1760, General Monckton held a
treaty at Fort Pitt, with the Six Nations, Shawnese
and Delawares, and declared that his Britannic
Majesty had not sent him to deprive them of their
land, but to build forts, to prevent the enemy from
taking possession of their land. When Henry Bou
quet was colonel-of-foot and commanding at Fort
Pitt and dependencies in 1763, the following procla
mation was issued at Fort Pitt :
"Whereas, by a treaty at Easton, in the year 1758,
and afterwards ratified by His Majesty's Ministers,
the country to the West of the Allegheny Mountains,
is allowed to the Indians for their hunting ground.
And as it is of the highest importance to His
Majesty's service and the preservation of the peace
and a good understanding with the Indians to avoid
giving them any just cause of complaint.
"This is therefore to forbid any of His Majesty's
subjects to settle or hunt to the west of the Alle
gany Mountains on any pretence whatever, unless
such have obtained leave in writing from the General,
or the Governors of their respective provinces, and

Frontier of Pennsylvania

produce the same to the commanding officer at Fort
Pitt. And all the officers and non-commissioned
officers, commanding at the several posts erected in
that part of the country, for the protection of the
trade, are hereby ordered to seize or cause to be
seized, any of His Majesty's subjects, who without
the above authority should pretend, after the publica
tion hereof to settle or hunt upon the said lands, and
send them, with their horses and effects to Fort Pitt,
there to be tried and punished according to the na
ture of their offence, by the sentence of a court
martial." In the spring of the year 1768, Sir William John
son received the King's commands and instructions to
complete the purchase of the lands from the Alle
gany Mountains to the river Ohio; and accordingly
he gave the earliest notice thereof to the governments
of Virginia, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and to
the Six Nations, the Delawares and other Indians re
siding upon the river Ohio, and appointed a con
gress to be held with them in the autumn at Fort
Stanwix in the province of New York.
At a congress held at Fort Stanwix with the
several nations of Indians, Saturday, November the
Sth, 1768, the deed to His Majesty, one to the
proprietors of Pennsylvania, and the one to the
traders, being then laid on the table, were executed
in the presence of the governor of New Jersey, the
commissioners of Virginia and the rest of the gentle
men present. After which the chiefs of each nation

4 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
received the cash, which was piled on a table for that
purpose. This deed is recorded in the Philadelphia Record
Office, Book I, Vol. 5, Page 243, etc.
It is a well known fact that the long war between
Great Britain, France and Spain had its origin in
America. Very soon after the Peace of Aix-la-
ChapeUe in 1748, the French laid the foundation for
a future war. Canada was in possession of the
French, they claimed also all the country watered
by the Ohio River and its tributaries. This claim
was based upon that recognized law of nations, that
the discovery of the mouth of a river entitled the na
tion so discovering to the whole country drained by
that river and its tributaries. La Salle was the first
discoverer of the Ohio; he was a native of Rouen,
born about 1635. In 1667 he arrived in Canada in
the capacity of a merchant. In 1677 he set about
executing the great scheme he had long meditated of
tracing the river Mississippi. He caused to be con
structed a vessel of sixty tons. On the 7th of
August, 1679, this vessel, with thirty-four persons
on board, some of whom were priests, was launched
on Lake Erie. He arrived at Mackinaw on the 27th
of August and anchored at a small island in the
mouth of Green Bay. On the 6th of February
G?a^«. (1682), they floated their canoes on the Mississippi.
On the 6th of April, the Gulf of Mexico appeared
in view. The following day was employed in search
ing for a place, removed from the tide and inundations

Frontier of Pennsylvania 5
of the river, on which to erect a column and a cross.
The arms of France were attached to the column
with this inscription:
"Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre,
reigns, the 9th of April, 1682." This is the title
claimed by France, but the valley of the Mississippi
had been traversed 140 years earlier by Ferdinand
de Soto, one of the followers of Pizarro, with a force Bsncron.
of at least 500 men. La Salle was the first discoverer
of the Ohio. Great Britain based its claim on the
discoveries of Cabot. The first settlement the
French made in America was in Canada in 1612.
By the encouragement given by the French King,
the colony was greatly increased, and by the influ
ence of the Jesuits the trade with the Indians was
much extended.
History of French Officers Who Claimed Possession
of the Western Frontier
Roland Michel Bar, Count de la Gallissonniere,
was the administrator of the Government of New
France from 1747 to 1749, during the imprisonment
in England of Admiral de la Jonquiere. He was a
distinguished marine officer. He governed Canada
only two years. His administration is chiefly marked
by some disputes with the Enghsh and their colonists,
relative to their right of way in and about the penin
sula of Nova Scotia and the Ohio region. He
erected extensive defensive fortifications, adopted and
in part executed the vast plan of joining Canada to

6 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

Louisiana by a chain of forts along the rivers. In
1749 he visited France and was created royal geog
rapher. In 1750 he was appointed one of the com
missioners to decide on the boundaries of French and
Enghsh in Acadie. In 1754 and 1756 he commanded
a squadron in the Mediterranean and died soon after
the battle, which resulted so disastrously to Admiral
Byng. He forced Byng to retire — for which act the
admiral was tried by court-martial in England and
was shot. He was a student of natural history and
whatever foreign location he visited he enriched with
the most useful plants he could collect. It was Gal
lissonniere who sent Celeron to take possession of the
Ohio country by leaving plates of lead at the mouth
of streams along the Allegheny and Ohio rivers.
Celeron was an officer of distinction and had com
manded at several posts. In 1739 he was sent to the
Checagoes and was the only officer that went with
the Canadians to that village. Thence he went to
command at Detroit. When war broke out he was
sent to Niagara, where he remained two years. In
1749 he commanded a detachment sent to the Ohio
by order of the Governor to plant lead plates at the
mouth of streams. The detachment was formed of
a captain, eight subaltern officers, six cadets, an
armorer, twenty men of the troops, and one hundred
and eighty Canadians. He descended to the mouth
of the Wabash. When Governor Dinwiddle re
ceived notice of the intention of the French to take
possession of the land on the Ohio, he sent Captain

Frontier of Pennsylvania

Trent to Logstown to protest against this usurpa- Logstown.
tion and to take a present of powder, lead, guns, etc.
to the Six Nations and their alhes.
French Officers
Jaques Pierre de Taffanel, Marquis de la
Jonquiere, Governor of Canada from 1749 to 1752,
was born about 1686 in the Chateau de la Jonquiere
Languedoc, and was the descendant of a high family.
He served in the war of the succession, assisted in
the reduction of the Cevennes and rose to the rank
of admiral in the service. In 1751 he solicited his
recall and died at Quebec on the 17th of May, 1752.
France lost in him one of the ablest of her naval
officers. He entered the navy in 1698; was in the
expeditions in favor of Phihp V of Spain and adju
tant in the army in 1703; was taken prisoner near
Barcelona in 1706; served at the seige of Toulon
in 1707; and in the expedition to Rio Janeiro in
1711. Was created knight of St. Louis and ap
pointed captain of an independent company in
1731; captain in the navy in 1736; inspector of
marine in 1741 and in 1744 was flag officer of Vice
Admiral de Court; 1747 he was appointed governor
of Canada, was taken prisoner by the British and
did not arrive in Canada until September, 1749. He
was buried in the Church of the RecoUets. Like the
preceding governors, Jonquiere's desire was to re
tain possession of the country on the Ohio. In 1752
he reported that the Indian nations were threaten-

V 8 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

ing a general conspiracy against the French and
were encouraged by the English. He had arrested
four Enghshmen who were trading in the colonies;
he sent three of them to France, where they were im
prisoned in Rochelle. The Marquis had prepared
a plan to drive the English from the Ohio and
punish the Indians who were friends with the Eng
hsh. At a council held on the 11th of July with
the Onondagas of the five Iroquois nations, the right
to the Ohio lands was denied to these Indians and
they were urged to make war on the Cherokees who
were said to have murdered eighteen Iroquois.
Marquis Du Quesne de Menneville succeeded the
Marquis de la Jonquiere, governor of Canada. He
was a brave, judicious governor from 1752 to 1755.
He was a captain in the Royal Marine service. He
was of the family of Du Quesne, grand admiral of
France under Louis XIV. He erected forts in the
far west for the protection of the country and his
countrymen; he resisted the encroachments of the
Enghsh and colonial troops. Robert Dinwiddle,
having sent George Washington to interview Le-
gardieu de St. Pierre, the French commander, a
knight of the mihtary order of St. Louis, immediately
took measures to protect the forks of the Ohio and
the Ohio Company which had commenced to build a
fort at Chartiers Creek.
The history of the Ohio Company's plans have been
pubhshed in Gist's Journal, copied from the Ohio
Company's papers.

SURVEY RETURN AUG. 1785

LOGSTOWN
Logstown. This once noted Indian and French
town stood on the first and second bank on the north
side of the Ohio River, immediately below the present
town of Economy, eighteen miles from Pittsburgh
in Beaver County, Pennsylvania.
Logstown Run, a small stream, and the bar in the
river perpetuate the name and locahty. This town
was first described by Conrad Weiser in the Journal
of his visit to it in August, 1748. Washington and
Gist remained here five days, while on their way to
Venango and Le Boeuf in 1753. December 2d, 1758,
the Moravian missionary Christian Frederick Post
arrived there and found it deserted. There were
forty houses all built by the French and occupied
by about one hundred and twenty warriors. The
traders stores here and elsewhere in the Ohio Valley
were sacked and plundered by the Indians on the
outbreak of Pontiac's War in 1763. On the plain
a short distance below, the army under General
Wayne, known as the Legion of the United States,
encamped from November 1792 to the 30th of April,
1793. The place was called Legionville.

CLAIMS OF VIRGINIA
It is well known what were the original motives
of the first Adsitors to America. The mines of Peru
and Mexico had excited the attention of Europe.
All the lands towards the South were believed to be
repositories of the precious dust. The extent of the
American continent was not known. It was con
sidered a sort of an isthmus, not much wider per
haps than the Isthmus of Darien.
In the year 1608, the Council of Virginia con
sidered their country as a sort of isthmus of this kind.
They fitted up in England for Captain Newport, a
barge in five parts, with which he and his company
were instructed to go up James River as far as pos
sible and from thence they were to proceed carrying
their barge beyond the Falls to convey them to the
South Sea.
They were ordered not to return without a lump
of gold or news of the South Sea. The governor
of Virginia had always claimed Pennsylvania from
the mountains to the Ohio River. It was Virginia
that sent Major Trent and Ward to build a fort
at the junction of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers.
George Washington was sent by Virginia's governor
to negotiate with the French and Trent was sent
10

Claims of Virginia 11
by the governor to treat with the Indians at Logs-
town. A treaty was held between the government
of Virginia and the United Nations of Indians on
the river Ohio in the year 1752, under the manage
ment of Joshua Fry, L. Lomax and James Patton
as commissioners of said treaty and to dehver His
Majesty's present. The commissioners were met on
Thursday the 28th of May about three miles from
Shannopin's Town (Pittsburgh) on the Ohio, by
seven or eight of the Delaware Indians on horse
back. When they came near all dismounted and the
Indians having filled and lighted their long pipes or
calumets, first smoked and then handed them to the
commissioners. After this ceremony had been re
peated two or three times, the chiefs made a short
speech of welcome, which being answered they all
moimted and the Indians led the way. About two
hundred paces from the town they halted, the In
dians going on to join their own people. Then they
began saluting by firing their pieces, which was re
turned by the English, This was repeated two or
three times.
The commissioners then proceeded to the river
bank a httle above the town, where they pitched their
camp and set up the King's colours. On the 29th
of May, the council was held at Shannopin Town.
Present with the commissioners was Mr. Christopher
Gist, agent of the Ohio Company, the chiefs of the
Delaware Indians, Shingis and King Beaver, and
Mr, Andrew Montour, interpreter. Many speeches

12 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

and promises were made by both sides and a treaty
signed. At the town of Winchester, September 16th, 1753,
about three o'clock P. M., Mr. Andrew Montour, the
interpreter, brought intelligence that the Indians
were on their march about four miles off. Colonel
George William Fairfax, commanding officer, im
mediately assembled fifty of the mihtia armed with
firelocks. Whilst they were preparing. Lord Fair
fax and several gentlemen joined the commission and
agreed to walk up the road to meet the Indians.
About six o'clock they saw them coming on foot,
their firelocks shouldered; on seeing the officers they
saluted. The commissioners took the chiefs by the
hand and they proceeded until they came to the shell
of a building designed for a church and introducing
the Indians therein they all settled themselves. The
Indians numbered ninety-eight men, women and
children. Mr. Montour was directed to tell them that their
brother Assaraquoa was going to speak to them.
Assaraquoa signified a cutlass or sword. The name
was given to Lord Howard, governor of Virginia,
upon his presenting to the Indian chiefs one of
those weapons and ever since it is the name they use
in treating with the governor of Virginia, or any
other that treat with them from that colony. A
string of wampum was presented and the speech
interpreted and explained by Mr. Montour. Mona-
catoocha, a chief of the Six Nations returned an

Claims of Virginia 13
answer, promising that they would acquaint him the
next morning when they would hear him. Then
ordering some wine and rum to be brought, the
gentlemen present, in a glass of wine, drank a good
health to the Six Nations and their allies. The
Indians in a glass of rum drank prosperity to their
Father, the King of Great Britain and the English
Nation, and upon dehvering to each a pipe and a
twist of tobacco, together with the appearance of a
good supper of beef preparing for them, the Indians
seemed pleased with their welcome.
The next meeting was in the court-house at Win
chester, 11th of September, 1753, Present:
The Honorable William Fairfax, Commissioner.
The Honorable Thomas Lord Fairfax,
Colonel George W, Fairfax.
Colonel James Wood.
Major John Carlyle,
Captain William Trent,
Captain Bryan Martin.
Captain William Gilpin.
Mr. George Croghan.
Sachems or Chiefs of the Six Nations:
Monacatoocha Juanetto.
Chiefs of the Delawares.
King Shingess-— Beaver, Pisquiten — George.
Chiefs of the Shawnese — Newchycomer.
Chiefs of the Wayondotte.
Chiefs of the Twigtwees.

14 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Speeches were made denouncing the French and
protesting against the occupation of the Ohio by
them. Belts of wampum were presented at the end
of each speech.
Wampum is of two sorts — white and purple. The
white is worked out of the inside of the conque
shell, into the form of a bead, perforated to string on
leather. The purple is worked from the inside of
the mussel shell. They are woven as broad as a
man's hand, and about two feet long, which they
call belts, and give and receive at their treaties as
the seals of friendship. For less important affairs
a single string is given; every bead is of known value,
and they are current money among the Indians.
The last meeting was held on the 17th of Septem
ber, when they received a present of arms, ammuni
tion and clothing. In their speeches the proprietor
of Pennsylvania was called Onas, the Indian name
for Penn. Onondio was a name given the Governor
of Canada ; it denotes Excellency, Chief Commander.
Tocarry-hogan, the proprietor of Maryland, denotes
Precedency, Excellency. Living in the middle or
honourable place between Assaraquoa and their
brother Onas,

VIRGINIA'S CLAIM TO WESTERN
PENNSYLVANIA
Obder by His Excellency, John, Earl of Dunmore,
Lieutenant and Governor General in and over His
Majesty's Colony and Dominion of Virginia and Vice
Admiral of the same.
Whereas: the rapid Settlement made on the west
of the Allegheny Mountains by his Majesty's Sub
jects, within the course of these few years has become
an object of real concern to His Majesty's Interest
in this quarter.
And whereas: the Province of Pennsylvania has
unduly laid claim to a very valuable and extensive
Quantity of his Majesty's Territory and the Execu
tive part of that Government in consequence thereof
has most arbitrarily and unwarrantably proceeded to
abuse the laudable adventurer in this part of His
Majesty's Dominion by many oppressive and illegal
methods in the discharge of their imaginary authority.
And whereas: the ancient claim laid to this Coun
try by the Colony of Virginia founded in Reason
upon preoccupation and the general acquiesence of
all lately received from His Majesty's servants order
ing me to take this Country under my administration.
And as the evident injustice manifestly offered to
15

16 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
his Majesty in the immoderate strides taken by the
Proprietaires of Pennsylvania in the prosecution of
their wild claim to this Country, demand an im
mediate remedy. I do hereby in his Majesty's name
require and command all His Majesty's Subjects by
this my proclamation strictly prohibiting the execu
tion of any Act of Authority on behalf of the Prov
ince of Pennsylvania at their peril, in this Country.
But on the contrary that a due regard and entire
obedience to the laws of his Majesty's Colony of
Virginia under my administration be obtained to the
end that regularity may ensue, and a just regard to
the interest of his Majesty in this Quarter as well as
to his subjects in general may be the consequence
given under my hand and seal at Fort Dunmore 17th
day of September 1774.
Dunmore Commandent
CoNOLLY Major

TRENT'S JOURNAL
Mr Wiij^iam Trent's account of his proceedings
with the Six Nations of Indians and their allies and
the distribution of a present amongst them.
received with Governor Dinwiddies
Letter 17 November 1753
To the Hon''^^ Robert Dinwiddle Esq Governor and
Commander in Chief of the Colony of Virginia
May it please your Honour
In pursuance to your Instructions to proceed
with a Present of Powder, Lead, Guns etc to the
Six Nations and their Allies: An account of that
whole Affair I beg leave to lay before you, which
will appear in the following sheets
I am Y« Hon«
Most dutiful and obedient Servant
William Trent
1753 July
It was the lltii of July before I reached the Logs
Town being stopped on the Road by great Rains and
high Waters.
12th. Passed the Day in conversing with the Half
King, and the rest of the Indians and enquiring
17

18 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
News, they told me I might expect to know the cer
tainty of what the French were about in four Days,
for they expected Scaruncate with the rest of the
Indians, who they had sent to the French Army on
Piu-pose to know certainly what they were doing,
would be back in that Time and then they would call
all their People together and hear what I had to say
to them and receive the Present I brought,
13th, I conversed with a Cunnywago Runner, who
came from the French Camp here, to take his Re
lations away to the French; he says, that the French
Army consists of twelve hundred Soldiers, which are
already arrived in the Lakes besides Canoe Men and
those who carry Provisions and that there is a great
many more coming: that they have built a strong
Fort and laid out a Town, where they have finished
an hundred houses, on the Side of Lake Erie, that
eight Pieces of Cannon was already come, and that
they had pitched upon another Place to build another
Fort and Town, and that there was another Body
of French coming up Mississippi and that they had
built two Towns down the River, he says the French
say, they took Possession of all the Lands on the other
side Allegany Hill for the King of France, three
years ago, by sinking of Iron Plates at the Mouth
of several of the Creeks and puting up Tin Plates
on the Trees, At night some Indians came to Town
from Vinango; it lies sixty Miles from this Town,
up the River, they informed us, that the Delawares
had chiefly left Vinango, one part of them was gone

Trent's Journal 19

to help the French over the carrying Place and most
of the others were gone over to Sasquehanna,
14th. I dont like the Behavior of the Delawares,
five men yesterday set off for War against the South
ward Indians, and this day Shingess King of the
Delawars came to Town with a Party of Warriors
going down the River: the Half King and myself
sent for him, and told him that it was not right for
him to be out of the way when the Canaywagoes;
came, for it was with their Nation that their chief
Business was.
The Six Nations and Shawnesse called a Council
and sent after the Warriors that went away the Day
before and stop'd them, as well as those that came
to Day. The Half King told me the Day before,
that he had heard that the Cunnywagos were coming
to Venango to make the Delawares Satisfaction for
the People that was killed by them in the Winter,
and as the chief Man of the Delawares that lived at
Venango was entirely in the French Interest; we
doubted some underhand Dealings ; so the Half King
and myself concluded to send the Connywago Men
that was come to Town with the following Invitation
to them Brothers the Cunnywagos.
I have heard that you are coming to Venango to
make the Delawars Satisfaction for their people you
kill'd this last Winter, to bury the Hatchet and re
new your Friendship, the Fire that the Delawares

20 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
had kindled — there is removed down to the Forks,
near the Mouth of Monongahela or Theonderuga,
where their King and the Chief of their head men is
living, that was the proper Place for you to have
come, but as I am come to Logs Town, to hold a
Council with your brothers here, this is the place
where you must now come, and I now in behalf of
the Governor of Virginia, invite you here, and the
Six Nations and their Allies join with me in taking
you by the Hand, to bring you to this Place, and we
assure you of passing backwards and forwards in
Safety from our People; to make you strong and
take fear from your Hearts, we present you with this
String of Wampum, Brothers, Take these two
twists of Tobacco and smoke one from your Brothers
the Enghsh, the other from the Six United Nations
and their Allies and while you are smoking think
upon what we have said to you,
16th, The Half King told me that one of his Peo
ple was come to Town from the French Army and
that he informed him, that he heard the French
General say that he was coming down Ohio to take
Possession of it, that he would call at the Forks and
ask the English what they were doing there, and bid
them go off, and if they did not go they would catch
them by the Hair and beat them, and throw them
over the Hill; he was now coming to build as low
as the Mouth of Beaver Creek, so far the Sun
shined, but from there downwards it was all dark
ness; that one Part of his People was coming down

Trent's Journal 21

Scioto and up Ohio till they met, and they should
then see what they would do. Some of the Dela
wares were present when the Half King related this;
when he had done, he began to tell what a deceitful
People the French were; he then spoke to the Dela
wares. Now Cousins you see what sort of People
the French are, put no belief in them, their words
are sweet as Honey, but they dont come from their
Hearts, only from lips; the French say they have
no Hatchets with them; but it is all one to us, if
we are killed, whether we are knocked in the Head
with a Hatchet or Poisoned by drinking a Dram.
I tell you a glass of Liquor is a Frenchman's
Hatchet, for while you think you are drinking with
your Friend, he is basely poisoning you: the way
he has lately served several of us, and intended to
do so to me, but I know them, and would drink none
with them
17th. Two Frenchmen arrived at Shanopins from
the French Army.
18th. The Half King told me, the French in
formed hun, how they and the Enghsh were going
to divide the Land between them and that there was
a great Silver Mine, and several Powder Mines,
which they now were going to take possession of, and
they would have a hard Pull by the Hair with the
English, but they would have them, and that the
Line betwixt the English and French was to run on
Allegany Hill, that all the Waters that run into
Ohio is theirs. I asked hun; if we were going to

22 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
divide them, why the French came with an Army;
besides they claim as far as the Top of the Hill,
which is close by our Settlements; they leave no
Land to make a division of, unless we divide our
Settlements with them, which you may depend upon
we shall not do, besides there is no such Things as
Powder Mines: he answered, he knew very well the
French were liars, and that there was no such Things
as Powder Mines ; but he wanted to hear what answer
I would make to it.
21st. The Cunnywago Men, that went with the In
vitation from us to his People, returned here about
eleven o'clock at night from Venango, he informed
us, that their People had consulted with Custaloga,
a Delaware Man there, and that they were almost
starved, that they had all gone back to the French
Army, except four, and they did not care to come
without councihng with the rest, he also informed us,
that Custaloga, the Delaware Chief as soon as he re-
tceived the Council, went away to help the French
Tjring their Baggage over the Carrying Place: he
told us the French had begun another Fort and
Town; about half a day's journey nigher to us than
the first; and that the French Interpreter had em
ployed the Delawares to fitt up Mr. Fraizer's Houses
at Venango for him, where he was going to live; he
also says the French intend to build a Fort at
Venango; as soon as they have finished that at Ven
ango they intend down to the Forks to build one
there and one at the Mouth of Beaver Creek, then

Trent's Journal 23

they are to go down the River till they meet their
Army, that is gone the other Way, and then attack
the Shawnesse and Twightwees.
25th. A Party of Indians that were hunting see a
Party of Ottawas, about ten Miles from the Town,
when the Delawares heard it, they said, what need
they care, had not the French sent them Wampum,
and it was all white.
27th. The Frenchmans wife and some Indian chil
dren that slept in the House informed us, that the
night before, four strange Indians came there about
Midnight, and went away before Day, we watched
all the next Night expecting they might come again,
but they went off, we suppose with the news they
got the night before. One of the Six Nations, that
had been sent to the French Army, came to Town,
he says the rest of them will be down in five nights,
some of them being taken sick delayed them.
August 4th. Eight Ottawas and Chipewas arrived
here in two Canoes, going to War against the South
ward Indians ; they are Part of them that came over
to the Six Nations by their own account. Though
we suspect they are sent here by the French to do
Mischief to the White People. The Half King
talked very sharply to them and charged them
to take care they did no Mischief to the white Peo
ple. Mr. Montoiu-'s Brother came to Town, he says the
French will be down as soon as the river rises, he
talks greatly of their Numbers. I could perceive by

24 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
his Discourse that he is a Frenchman in his Heart.
I inquired of him about the Welch Indians, but he
either could not, or would not give any satisfactory
account of them; he says that there is a Nation of
white People that live due West from here a little
way from the Sea Side, who Plow their Land as the
white People do, and that the Governor of Canada
had once sent an hundred Frenchmen to make a Dis
covery of them, but that they either killed them all,
or else they perished in the Wood.
Sth. Arrived here one more of the Six Nations that
went to the French Army, to see what they were
doing; and one of the Head Men of the Cunnywago
Nation; he told us that when the Wampum came,
that I sent in behalf of the Enghsh and Six Nations
and their Allies, that they councilled upon it, and
they agreed that some should come down; but the
French would not suffer them to come, for fear they
should come off to the English. For some Time
past they have been contriving to come off to the
Enghsh and the French know it. I inquired of him
what became of Mr. Croghan's People and mine
that were taken by the Cimnywagoes, he said, he be
heved the French had taken them Home. He told
me that the French were to blame for our People
being taken, for it was by Order of the French
Officers, he says he is sure of it, when he went last
to war, the Commander of De Troit Fort, bid him
kiU the people of Virginia Carohna and Pensylvania,
fpr he wanted to pick a Quarrel with them.

Trent's Journal 25
Some White Men came here from the Lower
Shawnese Town, they say the Ottaways have killed
one of the Shawnese and that a Party of the Wyan-
dotts came into the Lower Shawnese Town and took
out two of the Cherokees that came there to Council.
The Shawnese tried to get them delivered back, but
they would not be prevailed on. The Shawnese then
thought to take them by Force, but as both sides were
preparing to fight, a Party of Wyandotts that lay
a distance from the Town, that the Shawnese knew
nothing of came up, and the Shawnese were obliged
to desist and let the Wyandots carry them off.
7th. Scaruncate with the rest of the Six nations
that went to the French army returned, the enemy
were discovered near the Town, we pursued them
upon their Tracts three miles to a stony Hill and
there lost the Tracts; the Enemy were seen again
this Evening. Word was sent to the Delawares to
go out after them, as we knew they would make off
since they were discovered. At Night we went to
the Half Kings. Scaruncate told us that the French
had finished one fort, and built an hundred houses
in the Town and that they had begvm another Fort
and Town on a little lake about three or four him
dred yards wide and about the same distance from
the French Creek, The Fort stands between the
Lake and the Creek, and that they were diging a
Canal to let the Lake into the Creek, that by raising
a Gate, they might come down with their canoes at
any time. They conversed with the Commander of

26 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
the Fort. He told them that the Commander of the
Forces was a great Man, almost equal to the King;
that they were coming to take Possession of all the
Land on that side Allegany Hill, and to drive the
English over the Hill, he told them, that they had
set bounds for the Enghsh a long Time ago, and
that they were angry to hear they were settling on
Monongehela, that he was ordered to take care of his
children and to have stores of Powder and Lead and
Guns for their use at each Fort they built. He told
them their Army when together consisted of ten
thousand Men, Scaruncate told me that there was
but eight hundred men yet arrived, that were daily
employed, Sunday not excepted, in clearing the Road
between the two Forts to make it fit for Carriages
to go, and that one Party was constantly employed
in carrying the Baggage over the Carrying Place
and another Party went towards Niagara till they
met the Party that escorted the Provisions, that came
with the Canoes were met, they returned and left
the Canoes under the Care of the Party that met
them, he says that they have only eight Pieces of
Cannon yet arrived; but that they expected a great
many more, the rest that was coming. He says that
the Men are almost dead with hard work, that an
hundred brisk young men would kill a thousand of
them, that they have a large quantity of Goods with
them; that the Fort on the big Lake is very strong
of hued Timber about six Foot apart filled in be
tween with Dirt with four Bastions and a Ditch, it

Trent's Journal 27

stands close upon the edge of the Lake, upon a ris
ing piece of ground. The bank of the Lake is very
high and soft mould. The other Fort is only a
PaUisadoed Fort and the Town is to be PaUisaded
Sth. Mr, Burney arrived here at Night, with Direc
tions in writing from Mr. Gist, to invite some par
ticular Indians to the Treaty.
9th. The Shawnese arrived here from the Lower
Town and the Mouth of big Connaway, We met
them a little way from the Tovrai, welcomed them and
wiped away their tears, for their People that was
killed by the French Indians.
10th. The Indians gathered and sent me Word they
were ready to hear what I had to say to them
Present
mi TT li? ^r¦ The two Chicfs of the Six Nations
The Half King . , ._^-. . _
with a great many Warriors and
Scaruncate ,, » , i -kt .•
others ot the same JNation
Singess King of the Delawars With many others of
The Beaver the same Nation
Nucheconner King of the Shawnese With many
The Young King others of the
same Nation
The Wyandotte Chief With several others
The Yotmg Twigtwee King the deputies of the
The Turtle several Tribes of the
Twightwees

28 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

Sachems and Warriors of the Six United Nations,
Delawars, Shawnese, Wyandotts and Twightwees
our Friends and Brethern,
His Honour the Governor of Virginia has sent me
here to speak to you in his Name, which I shall do
in the same Manner as he would have done were he
here present
Friends and Brethern.
I am come here to brighten the Chain of Friend
ship so long subsisting betwixt us, and to assure you
I will build a Trading House on that Piece of
Ground which you appointed the Commissioners last
Spring; which House shall serve as a Nursery for
you and at the same Time be a Place of Defence
where you may defend yourselves from your Enemies
and Shelter your Women and Children in Time of
Danger. To confirm what I have said and to shew
the goodwill I .^ bear you, I present you with this
String of Wampum.
Brethern Captain Trent from Ohio informed me of
the March of a French Army to attack you; which
news I have confirmed both from Onondago, New
York and Pennsylvania, he also informed me, that
you called a Council of your wise Men, at George
Croghans House where you concluded to send a Mes
sage to your Brethern the Enghsh, to acquaint them
that you were not able to defend yourselves without
their Assistance. Captain Trent dehvered your mes
sage to me, desiring me to send you some Powder,

Trent's Journal 29

Lead, Guns etc. Things suitable for your Warriors.
You then also expressed your resentment of the ill
usage of the French, both towards yourselves and
us. To be so ill used in your own Country! What
is the heroick Spirit of your Ancestors lost? Will
the Six Nations, who were formerly a Terror to the
French suffer themselves to become their Slaves? I
desire you not to let them build any strong House
in your Country, for they make a bad use of them.
As soon as they get three or four built, they will then
tell you; you must do as they would have you, and
the Six Nations will then cease to be a People, it is
much easier to keep them from building any than to
drive them away afterwards Brethern As soon as
I received your Message I sent you a Quantity of
Powder, Lead, Guns etc, such Things as I thought
most proper for your Defence at this Time, and as
soon as I have erected a Trading House on Ohio,
I will always keep in it a Quantity of Warhke Stores,
that I may always be ready to supply you upon any
Emergency. To assure you of the Goodwill of this Government
to confirm what I have said and that this speech
may have its full force upon your Minds, I present
you with this Belt of Wampum.
Friends and Brethern,
It is now just Eighty One years since the French
persuaded you to let them build a Store for Mer
chandize on Cadaracui Lake; it was only twelve

30 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
years after they had got it built, before Monsieur
de la Barrie, the Governor of Canada came with
seventeen hundred men to knock you all of the Head,
but his Men all got sick and so was obliged to go
home without doing anything against you. Three
years afterwards Monsieur De Nonville, who suc
ceeded M. de la Barrie in the Government, came to
Cadaracui with two thousand soldiers and Indians.
He surprised and took two Towns of the Five Na
tions, that lived about twenty-four Miles from
Cadaracui Fort, these people settled there at the In
vitation of the French, yet they were carried to the
Fort, and given by the French to their Indians who
burnt them. After this they marched to the chief
Town of the Senekas; the Senekas attacked them
and killed a hundred Frenchmen and ten French
Indians. The next day they went to the Town to
burn it, but the Senekas saved them the trouble;
they found two old men of the Senekas there who
they cut up and boiled, and the French Indians eat.
The French men were so frightened at the attack
the Senekas made on them the day before, that they
went Home as fast as they could ; then as your People
were going to Canada, at the Invitation of the
French to make peace; the French sent a Party of
their People who killed and took all the Ambassadors
of the six Nations that were going to make peace.
The Chief Men were Onondagas Oneydoes, This
piece of Treachery of the French renewed the War
and the Six nations killed a thousand French Men

Trent's Journal 31

at one time besides Prisoners, and ruined all the
French Country and they were obliged to desert
Cadaracui Fort The next year Count De Fonte-
nac came over Governor, he brought back all the
Prisoners of the Six Nations that the French had
sent to old France and made Slaves of.
Three years after this they made War with the
Six Nations and they sent two of them that they had
took at La Prairie to the Ottawas who burn them.
The Winter following the French surprised eighty
of the Six Nations hvmting between Cataracui Lake
and Lake Erie, a good many of which they killed,
I need not tell you how at Montreal, this year they
burnt one of your men that was taken Prisoner^ and
the other that was with him killed himself for Fear,
I need not tell you how that next January will be
sixty years since the French surprised three Mo
hawks Castles and killed and took two or three hun
dred prisoners and how they burnt one of your peo
ple at Cadaracui, and gave him to the Ottawas to
eat, I make no doubt you remember or at least,
have heard your old men say. How the French took
Possession of Cadaracui Fort again that as soon as
they had fortified it how the Governor of Canada
came there with a large Army; how he destroyed
the Onondagoes corn and took one of the Old men
and gave him to the French Indians to eat, and how
one of the Jesuits persuaded thirty-five Cajugas to
stay all of whom the French made Prisoners. I
could also put you in mind when and where they

32 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
have at several Times since killed your people. The
Shawnese know, and we all here, even the Children
can remember, how they persuaded them to leave us
and how they used them. We know how last year
they killed of us all when they attacked the Twight
wees Town and how they eat their King This year
your Cousins the Delawars have had a Fast; the
Blood is yet smoking, I can smell it strong, I tell
this to you Old Men of the Six Nations to put you
in mind what sort of People they are and to these
others that are not so well acquainted with them that
they may know them, I call you Old Men of the
Six Nations, to know whether it is not true what I
have said, is it not true? And I expect each Na
tion will open their Hearts and Minds, and tell me
what you intend to do. Whether you intend to let
the French finish their Forts and take your whole
Country away from you and make Slaves of you
all; or whether you intend to drive them off, In Ex
pectation that you will open your Hearts and tell
me Truth, I present you with this String of
Wampum. Friends and Brethern
I recommend it to you to make a Peace with all the
Southward Indians, the Cherokees, the Creeks and
Chickaswas. The Cawatawas you are already at
Peace with. I wiU use my Endeavor to bring it
about if you desire it. I also desire you to make
up the Difference between the Wyandotts and

Trent's Journal 33

Cherokees; and any Difference that may be betwixt
any others of the People that is in Alliance with you
and the Southward Indians. As Union will make
you strong and formidable So will a Division make
you weak and despicable. When the French find
you are imited they durst not attack you. It's their
interest to keep you at War with one another, for
they say it is all one which is killed, they loose an
enemy, you may now see it. The French durst
never offer to build a Strong House in your Country
without your Consent, were it not that they think
there is so wide a Breach betwixt you and the South
ward Indians, that you cannot bring them to your
assistance, but it is not too late, a Peace may yet
be brought about if you desire it, I also recommend
it to you, to keep your People from geting Drunk,
and to keep out Spies, to keep the Enemy from sur
prizing you. There is one thing more I have to
tell you. The Cunnywagoes kill both the Praying
Indians, Cherokees, Catawabas and the Enghsh and
when they have done, they say they are the Six Na
tions; this the French tells them to do on purpose,
to make a War betwixt you the Catwabas and
Cherokees and make the Enghsh angry with you
I thought proper to tell you this, that you may
endeavor to prevent it. To enforce what I have said
I present you with this String of Wampum
Friends and Brethern
The Governor of Virginia sent Mr Gist to invite

34 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
you down to Winchester, but as he was prevented by
Business, he sent the Bearer Mr, Burey to desire
that the Half King Scaruncate, Shingiss Kmg of the
Delawars and the Wyandott Chief may attend the
Twigtwees down to Winchester; at which place he,
or one of his Council will meet you where he has
provided a small present for the Twightwees and de
sires you may be there by the twentieth of this month ;
and I now take you by the Hand with this string
of Wampum, to lead you down to the Place
appointed Gave the String
After the Council was over, the Six Nations in
formed me that they were going to send to gather
all their People, that they might be in one Body and
they asked my Opinion about the French what their
Intentions were, I answered that my Opinion was,
that they would oblige the Indians to do everything
they bid them and that they would become Slaves to
the French, as our Negroes were to us if they suf
fered them to build their Forts as they intended, for
I was sure it was their Intention to make Slaves
of them, and make themselves Masters of the Land,
then I went up to the Half Kings, where the Chiefs
of the Indians were gathered, they told me they
would go and warn the French off their Land while
some come down to hear what the Governor had to
say to them, and that since the Delawars had been
under-hand consulting with the French that some of

Trent's Journal 35

them should go with them when they went to warn
them off. Then the Half King got up and spoke.
Now let our Women hold their Tongues they must
not concern themselves about our Business for we are
now Warriors,
Then Scaruncate informed us that when he with
the rest of the Deputies sent to the Ohio Indians ar
rived at the French Town, which they had quite built
on Lake Erie, they let the French Commander know
that they came there to know the truth of his Heart,
what he came about and what he intended to do, for
they heard that he was coming with an army to de
stroy them and that their Women and Children were
afraid to go abroad for fear of them and their Men
kept from Hvmting, watching their Women and
Children The French Commander answered upon four
Strmgs of black and White Wampum
Children It is true that I am coming with a great many
Men, but it is not my Fault, it is the King of France's
Orders and I must obey them, I am coming to take
Possession of all this Land, and to take care of my
Children living here; but why do you tax me with
such Discourse as you did a while ago? What do
you think I have a Hatchet under my arm? No if
I had I should not hide it, but would carry it out
at arms Length, You know my Children I conquer
all and have conquered all, so strong as I am con
quering, so strong will I be in doing Good; and so

36 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
strong as I am doing Good, so strong will I be in
Whipping my children if any thing disturbs me
The Deputies of the Six Nations speak
We thank you Father that you are come upon no
bad Design, we take you by the Arm to draw you
down to talk to our Brothers the English and say
what you have to say to them. Leave your Servants
at Home and let them do what you have to do, and
twenty of our young men shall be a Guard till you
return back
The French Commander answered upon four
Strings of Black and white Wampum
Oh! my Children hear what I have to say to you.
I am very heavy, were there a great Army they
would not be able to take me along, no were they
Devils or Masters of Devils, they could not take me
along. The French Commanders Speech upon a
large white Belt 13 rows deep with four Towns and
F'orts worked in it with black Wampum
Children. You tell me your Women and Children
are afraid of us, and that your Warriors cannot be
at Peace in their Minds on our Account, I now
tell you what I am coming about, and be at Peace
in your Minds This I send to all the Heads of the
Indian Nations, I am coming along and if your
Brethern the Enghsh are ever so thick in the Way,
they shall not stop me. I will go through the Mid
dle of them and I will build my Forts and Towns
just below them.

Trent's Journal 37

The Deputies of the Six Nations, interrupting
him spoke. Fathers We want to know what Place
you pitch upon to build your Forts and Towns.
He Answered
I dont know that country. I shaU stand and look
about me, and whatever Place I like there will I
build my Forts and Towns According to the King
of France's Orders, and here I give you this Belt,
which is my Words to take along with you — Gave
the Belt 12th The Half King in behalf of the Six
Nations and their Allies spoke upon two Strings
Wampum, Brothers We have desired the Bearer
Thomas Burney your Messenger, to be a Messenger
to go before us, to acquaint you that we have a little
Business, which we are now setting in Council on,
to finish, which we shall despatch as quick as possi
ble, and then we shall set off to meet you, and we
desire that the Governor himself would meet us at
the Place appointed. All nations are here gathered
together and we have concluded that the Half King
shall go and warn the French off our Land, and what
ever Speeches may be made by the Governor may
be sent in writing, as well as what is delivered by
Word of Mouth to our People that go down, to en
force this Speech, I send these Strings of Wampum
14th Mr, Gist arrived here in the Evening
15th I acquainted the Indians that Mr, Gist was the
Person that the Governor had sent to invite them
down, and he shewed them the Governors Instruc
tions We thought it would be proper for him to

38 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
go down and acquaint the Governor with the News
here, and as I was obliged to stay for Answer that
I should come down with them
16th At Night, a Mohawk Indian, called the Fidler
arrived here from Venango, he informed me that
a Party of French Soldiers, consisting of seventy
five men, commanded by a Captain and one Nevir-
ville a French officer, that lived all last Winter
in the Logs Town, came there and took one
John Trotter a Pennsylvania Trader and his Man
Prisoner with all his Goods and Horses and had
them tied, and that they pursued Mr Fraizer
and another Trader's man eight miles down the
River, but could not overtake them. He says they
have taken Possession of Venango, and that they
are fitting up Mr Frazier's houses, which he was
obliged to leave for fear of them, he also says
that eight days ago he was at the Town on Lake Erie
and that forty large Canoes arrived there with Pro
visions, that they brought five Pieces of Cannon over
the carrying Place to the Fort they have built be
tween the Little Lake and the French Creek, he also
says, that they have sent for all the Connywagoes,
and that a great Body of Indians are gathered at
Niagara, who are to go immediately on an Expedi
tion towards the Southward, which suppose is against
our Indians
17th The next Morning the Frenchman that hves
in the Logstown came to me and informed me that
he had received a letter from Monsieur Neverville

Trent's Journal 39

dated at Vinango, by the Fiddler wherein he in
formed him, that he came there with a detachment
of Soldiers from the Little Lake town and that they
had taken an English Trader and his man, with all
their Goods and Horses, I asked him how they durst
take the Subjects of Great Britain in time of Peace.
He answered me, it was because they traded on the
Land belonging to the King of France, I am
obhged to wait here till the Shawnese finish their
Dance, which is likely to hold these five or six days.
They seem to think of Nothing else but their danc
ing. Mr Frazier sent me a Deserter from the
French Army which his Man had found on the Road.
He says their Army consists of 800 Soldiers and
1600 Militia, I believe he is a great Liar,
20th Mr Montour came to Town
22nd There came some Wyondotts from Tussca-
rawas, they see some French Indians on the Road
himting for white men
23rd The Delawars and Shawnese by two Strings
of Wampum, told the Six Nations that they looked
upon them as their Rulers and that they were ready
to strike the French whenever they bid them. Then
the Delawars gave the Six Nations a String of Wam
pum, a great part of which was Black
Uncles Be Strong very strong, and let us do what
we have agreed on.
24th The Half King and Scaruncate told me that
they had come to a Resolution to warn the French
off their Land, and if they did not go they would

40 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
fall upon them. They told me they should give me
no other Answer then, as the Governor had sent for
them down they would answer everything there.
They then told me next day they would sett off.
One Party to warn the French off their Lands, the
other to meet the Governor ; and desired that I would
go before and acquaint the Governor that they were
comeing. Mr Montour promises to come down with
them September 4th I arrived at Winchester
14th In the Evening they acknowledged the receiv
ing the Present of Powder, Lead, Guns and Blan
kets which I carried out and returned the Govern
ment Thanks for them. When I delivered the Pres
ent I laid by themselves about one fourth of the
Powder and Lead and one fifth of the other things,
which I gave the Twightwees, The Remainder I
laid in another Heap, which the Six Nations devided
among themselves Shawness, Delawars and Wyon
dotts, each Nation taking away their own Share
William Trent.
(A True Copy)

E. WARD'S DEPOSITION 1756
Copied from the Original by W. M. Darlington
in Cumberland County
The Thirtieth Day of June in the year of Our
Lord, one thousand seven hundred and fifty six.
Before me Samuel Smith Esq, one of his Majes
ties Justices, Edward Ward of the said County Gent.
And upon his solemn oath did depose and declare,
that he this Deponent was Ensign of a Company of
Militia under the Command of Captain Wilham
Trent in the Pay of the Government of Virginia
That at the Time said Captain Trent received the
Governor of Virginias Orders, he was at Redstone
Creek about thirty seven miles from where Fort
DuQuesne is now built and was erecting a Stone
House for the Ohio Company. That when said
Trent received the Governors Instructions to raise a
Company he despatched Messengers to several parts
of the Country where the Indian Traders lived, there
being no other Inhabitants in that part of the Coun
try except four or five Famihes who had lately set
tled there and were upwards of Sixty Miles from
the inhabited Part of the Country That one of said
Messengers, employed by Captain Trent came to the
41

42 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
place where this Deponent was and informed him of
said Trent having received such Instructions and
upon the Half King and Monacatoochas receiving
advice that said Trent had orders to raise a Company
of men, they sent him a Message to come immediately
and build a Fort at the Forks of the Monongahela
and Ohio and that they would assist him as soon as
they could gather the People. On receiving such
Message said Trent got Rafts made and every other
thing necessary for his march and accordingly did
march with what few men he had then raised in order
to meet the Indians as they requested. That the said
Capt Trent had then erected but not quite fiaiished
a strong square Log house with Loop Holes suffi
cient to have made a good Defence with a few men
and very convenient for a Store House, where stores
might be lodged in order to be transported by water
to the place where Fort Du Quesne now stands
That the building this Store House was paid for by
Captain Trent, who at that time was Factor for the
Ohio Company and had orders to build said Store
House to lodge Stores which were intended for the
Building a Fort where Fort Du Quesne now stands
for the Ohio Company, which Store House was soon
after compleated by Workmen employed by said
Captain Trent for that purpose. That Captain
Trent marched from Redstone Creek to the mouth
of the Monongahela where a number of Indians of
different Nations met him, at which Time and place
this Deponent was present having met Captain

E. Ward's Deposition 1756 43
Trent on his march and received his commission as
Ensign from him. Captain Trent on meeting with
the Indians made a speech to them and delivered
them a present, which was sent by the Governor of
Virginia. After the Treaty was finished Captain
Trent laid out the Fort and cleared the Groimd and
got some logs squared, upon which the Chiefs of the
Six Nations then present went with us to the ground
and laid the first log and said, that Fort belonged
to the Enghsh and them and whoever offered to pre
vent the building of it they the Indians would make
war against them. That Captain Trent left the In
habitants and crossed the mountains in the middle of
winter and brought a quantity of flour and Indian
Meal with him on horseback over the mountains with
great difficulty. Those Mountains being impassible
in winter if deep snows happen. The first concourse
of Indians that gathered at that time during the
Treaty were maintained by Captain Trent out of the
Flour and Indian Meal, he took with him and de
pended upon the Indians killing meat for him. For
which purpose he took with him a large quantity of
goods to pay for it to the Delaware Indians, they
being the only Indians who hved adjoining, to the
place where the Fort was building, and could not be
prevailed upon to himt, tho' often apphed to and
offered great prices for any kind of meat they could
bring in, even seven shillings and sixpence for a Tur
key. At this time the Indians were much inclined
to the French, but were afraid to declare in their fa-

44 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
vour. We lived upon Flour and Indian Meal chiefly,
while, it lasted, sometimes getting a Turkey at a
very extravagant rate. After the Flour and Meal
was gone we lived chiefly upon Indian Corn, all that
could be got we purchased. Mr Gist sent word that
Major Washington with a Detachment of the Vir
ginia Regiment were on the march to join us and
would be with us in a few days and we also received
the same account from several other persons. Cap
tain Trent waited a long time, till our provisions got
scarce, having nothing but Indian Corn, and even salt
to eat with it was scarce, very little of it to be pur
chased, and the weather so hot the Men were not able
to work, having become very weak by having nothing
but corn to eat.
Upon this Captain Trent set off for the Inhabi
tants to try to get some rehef and I understand that
when he came to his House which was within fifty
miles of Winchester near where Fort Cumberland
now stands that there was no account from the Regi
ments nor any Detachment from it nor any provi
sions sent up there and that said Captain Trent pro
vided a quantity of provisions and was determined
to join the Company and wait the coming of the
Regiment, That the day before he proposed setting
off he received a letter from Major Washington de
siring him not to leave the Inhabitants till he saw
him as he wanted his advice, and the day they got
back to Captain Trents House, they received the news
of about eleven hundred Indians and French having

E. Ward's Deposition 1756 45

come down the Ohio and taken possession of the Fort,
our people were building.
And this Deponent further saith he understood
that the detachment of one hundred and fifty men
of the Virginia Regiment under Major Washington
had been but two days at Captain Trent's House be
fore we came in from the Ohio and this Deponent
further saith that he found them very ill provided,
being obliged to make use of the Flour provided by
Captain Trent and that afterwards they were sup
plied with powder by said Trent and George Crog
han, Esq, otherwise they would not have had ammu
nition to make the least defence, that day the French
defeated them. The men under the command of
Captain Trent had received no pay but what he paid
them. The Government intending to pay them as
the soldiers belonging to the Regiment were paid,
though they were raised as Militia, agreeable to the
Act of Assembly then in force.
The want of their pay and the unsafe march made
them refuse to serve upon any other footing. And
this Deponent further saith that there was no Fort
but a few Palisades he ordered to be cut and put up
four days before the French came down. And this
Deponent further saith that he often heard Captain
Trent say that he did not want a commission. That
his business was better than any commission and what
he did was to serve his Country and that if he could
get the Fort finished he would be satisfied. And this
Deponent further saith that the Soldiers who were

46 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
wilhng to work were paid by Captain Trent at the
expence of the Ohio Company and that he had often
heard Captain Trent say; it was no matter so the
Country was secured for His Majesty, which was his
view who was at the expense of the Fort, as he had
orders from the Ohio Company to build a Fort and
none from the Government to build any. And this
Deponent further saith that the Indians gave Cap
tain Trent encouragement that they would join him
and drive the French off the Ohio; but upon finding
how backward the Governor of Virginia was in send
ing Troops, the Indians told Captain Trent that for
what men he had with him they looked upon them as
no addition to their strength, as they had long hved
among them, looked upon them all one as themselves,
but if the Virginians joined them, which they saw
no signs of, then they would join heartily, and that
the Half King desired Captain Trent to go to the
Inhabitants and forward the troops and provisions.
And this Deponent further saith that after Captain
Trent, left the Fort in order to go to the Inhabitants,
and hurry out the Troops and Provisions and recruit
his Company that Mr Gist came to the Fort and
desired him to send some men with him to bring down
a quantity of Provisions which were laying at Red
stone Creek. That this Deponent then sent a num
ber of men up the Monongahela for said Provisions.
That he understood afterwards there were no provi
sions there, that before the men who were sent for
them got back, the French came down and obliged this

E. Ward's Deposition 1756 47
Deponent to surrender, he having no place of De
fence but a few Pallisadoes which he had ordered to
be put up four days before upon hearing the French
were coming down and that he had no Provisions but
a little Indian Corn and but forty one soldiers and
Workmen and Travellers who happened to be there
at the time and the French Eleven hundred in num
ber. And this Deponent saith he saw several pieces of
Cannon pointed at the Fort within musket shot but
could not tell the number, but was afterwards told
by the Indians there were nine pieces of Cannon,
Sworn to at Carhsle the
Thirtieth day of June 1756 Edward Ward.
Before me Sa Smith

FORT DU QUESNE
In accordance with instructions from the British
Ministry, George Washington had been sent by Gov-
1753. ernor Dinwiddle in the month of December 1753 to
the commandant of the French forces on the Ohio
with a protest against the encroachments of the
French, The commandant M, De St Pierre de
clined to discuss the matter, claiming that the com
plaint should be made to the Marquis Du Quesne,
governor of Canada (Washington's Journal has been
published) , Major George Washington and Captain
Trent were then commissioned to raise men to pro
tect the frontier and build a Fort at the forks of
the Ohio and Monongahela. The Ohio Company
had commenced to build a fort at Chartiers, this was
discontinued and Major Washington was commis
sioned to enlist 100 men from the mihtia of Augusta
and Frederick counties. Captain William Trent 100
among the traders. The fort was commenced un
der the direction of Ensign Ward, On the 17th of
April 1754 Captain Contrecoeur descended the Alle
gheny with a considerable force of French and In
dians, and summoned Ward to surrender his unfin
ished work. Resistance was out of the question, he
surrendered. 48

Fort Du Quesne 49

Contrecoeur finished the fort and called it Du
quesne. Pierre Claude de Picardy Seigneur of Con
trecoeur in the district of Montreal was the son of
an officer in the regiment of Carignan, who was en
nobled by letters patent dated January 1661. The
family is now extinct, the last of the race having been
accidentally killed.
Fort Du Quesne was situated at the junction of
the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers. About half
the fort was made of square logs and the other half,
near the water, of stockadoes. Entrenchments were
cast up all around the fort, about seven feet high,
against which was thrown up earth in a gradual as
cent. It had two gates, a magazine and a pit or
well. The stockadoes were round logs. The cur
tain was 18 yards, bastion 15 yards, glacis 98 yards.
Extending from the fort along the bank of the Alle
gheny River was the hornwork 55 yards by 40.
The barracks 140 yards by 38. A short distance
from the fort, on the Monongahela bank, was the
burying ground 30 yards square. Adjoining it was
the enclosed garden 60 yards square.
Monsieur le Chevalier Mercier, commissary and
ensign who delivered Contrecoeur's summons to En
sign Ward constructed Fort Du Quesne, The de
tachment of Contrecoeur to whose summons Ensign
Ward surrendered his partly built fort consisted of
60 batteaux, 300 canoes and about 1000 French and
Indians and 18 pieces of artiUery. The name of
the cemetery was the Assumption de la Sainte

50 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Vierge. In it was buried all those who had belonged
to the Holy Catholic Church.
The Indians had several burying places, marked
by mounds but not consecrated. One was in what is
now Trinity Church yard. Another was on Grants
Hill.
On July 6th, 1755, the works at Fort Duquesne were
finished. When Contrecoeur, the commander-in-
chief of the French troops, demanded surrender of
the unfinished fort, he gave Ensign Ward but one
hour to determine what he should do. The only
adviser he had was the Indian chief Tanacharison.
On the subsequent day Ensign Ward with his men
ascended the Monongahela to the mouth of Redstone
Creek, where he met Washington,
Washington immediately sent expresses to the
governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia
asking for reinforcements and then resolved to ad
vance and build a fort on the Monongahela river^
near where Brownsville now stands. While en
camped on the Youghiogany he received information
that the French were marching towards him.
He then hurried to the Great Meadows where he
rnade an intrenchment. May 28th 1754, the battle
took place, with the French; a brisk firing on both
sides was kept up for a quarter of an hour. Jumon-
ville the commandant and ten of his men were killed
and twenty-two were taken prisoners. The prison
ers were sent to Governor Dinwiddle. On the 11th
of June leaving Captain Mackay at Fort Necessity

Fort Du Quesne 51

Washington advanced to Redstone, but hearing that
reinforcements had arrived at Fort Duquesne from
Canada and that a large detachment would soon be
sent against him, he hurried back to Fort Necessity
and set his men to felling trees and carrying logs to
the fort, to enlarge and strengthen the fortifications.
At 11 o'clock on the 3rd of July the enemy amount
ing to nine hundred men began to fire. The battle
continued from 11 o'clock until eight, when M. de
Villiers the French commander proposed articles of
capitulation. The whole garrison was to retire and
take with them everything in their possession except
their artiUery. Washington agreed to restore the
prisoners who had been taken in the skirmish with
Jumonville. Two hostages Captain Van Braam and
Stobo were delivered up to the French. Captain de
ViUiers had 700 men, 600 French and 100 Indians in
his detachment. Captain de Vilhers was the brother
of Jumonville who was killed in the skirmish in the
Great Meadows. They were natives of Picardy,
France. Fort Duquesne being finished Sieur de
Beaujeau with his brigade arrived.
July 9th. M. de Contrecoeur having been informed
that the English were taking up arms in Virginia and
were on the march to attack him sent the Captains
Beaujeu, Dumas and de Lingery with four lieu
tenants, six ensigns, 100 soldiers, 100 Canadians and
600 Indians. General Braddock's army was sur
prised and defeated. The general, many of his offi
cers and the French commander were killed. Dumas

52 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
remained in command. He took to the fort 500
scalps and more than 200 prisoners.
Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu Knight of the Mihtary
Order of St. Louis, captain of the troops of the
Marine. marine. He was proprietor of a Signoury on the
River Chambly. Before marching against Braddock
he bowed before the Altar, received the sacrament
and so prepared for death. He was buried in the
cemetery of Fort Duquesne, entitled L'Assumption
de la Sainte Vierge. This burial place is now
covered by the rails of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
One plan of Fort Duquesne was drawn by Stobo
while a prisoner in the fort and was sent to George
Croghan the Indian agent. The plan whose meas
urements I have given, was sent to William Hamilton
the governor of Pennsylvania.
In the library of William M. Darlington is the
copy of the original plan.
After the battle Contrecoeur was sent to attack
the English general Bradstreet's detachment at
Frontenac and Dumas remained in command of the
1756. fort. He proved himself an active and vigilant
officer, his war parties ravaging Pennsylvania,
Maryland and Virginia. He had in the fort 800
men and 600 or 700 Indians.
March 23rd 1756 Dumas ordered Ensign Donville
to march at the head of a detachment of 50 Indians,
to observe the enemys movements back of Fort
Cumberland. He was ordered to harass their con
voys and burn their magazines, to take prisoners, but

Fort Du Quesne 53

to prevent the Indians exercising any cruelty on
them. The commandant informed M. de Vaudrieul
governor of Canada, that the fort was not in a con
dition to resist an attack of artillery. Governor
Vaudrieul gave orders to forward some Indians and
Frenchmen to the fort. Captain Dumas was
ordered to send out parties to meet the enemy in the
belief that "before the English have reached our terri
tory they will have lost more people than they will
possibly kill of ours in a decisive action." The In
dians with some Canadians made many successful
forays. Thirty scalps were sent in. They carried
off entire families which obliged the English to con
struct several forts, or enclose dwellings with stock
ades. Ensign Donville was killed in an attack on a
small fort in Virginia. Whole families have been
destroyed; several villages have been abandoned;
houses and barns fiUed with grain burned and
cattle killed. The commander reported to Gov
ernor Vaudrieul that he has been occupied for more
than eight days merely receiving scalps. He was
making plans to destroy Fort Cumberland, which is
a large entrepot for the English. September 15th
Captain de Villiers with twenty three Frenchmen and
thirty Indians burned Fort Grandville in which were
thirty three persons including women and children.
200 Indians and Frenchmen left Duquesne to set
fire to 400 houses. In 1757 M. de Lignerie relieved
Dumas from his command. In the spring of 1759
the King created him a brigade-major and inspec-

54 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
tor of the troops of the marine. At the siege of
Quebec and during the rest of the war he was ac
tively employed. The capitulation of Montreal gave
Canada to the Enghsh and Dumas passed with his
comrades in arms to France, In 1763 he was made
a brigadier and appointed to the government of the
Isles of France and Bourbon, De Lignerie having
relieved Dumas of his command received reinforce
ments from Canada.

Penna

GEORGE CROGHAN
(Reprinted from Christopher Gist's Journals
by William M. Darlington, 1893)
George Croghan. The most conspicuous name
in Western Annals, in connection with Indian Affairs
for twenty five years preceding the Revolutionary
War. He was a native of Ireland and received an
ordinary education in Dublin, Came to America in
1743 or 4, In 1746 he resided in East Penns-
boro township Lancaster (afterwards Cumberland)
County five miles west of Harris's Ferry now EvaM**'
Harrisburg, In March 1749 he was appointed by rftL
the Governor and Council one of the "Justices of the coioniw
1749.
Peace and Common Pleas for Lancaster County, ^"pp-
He engaged in the Indian Trade going as far as the j^uralJf
southwestern border of Lake Erie in 1746-7. In
1748 he had a Trading House at Logstown on the
Ohio and afterwards Trading establishments at the
principal Indian Towns, France claimed the vast
country west of the AUeghenies watered by the
Ohio and Mississippi rivers. She was now attempt
ing to establish her claim by the estabhshment of Mili
tary posts from the Lakes to the Mississippi and
along the Allegheny and Ohio rivers. The Indian
65

56 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Tribes in this region numerous and warhke were to
be conciliated. Croghan early saw the importance of
detaching them from the French by means of Pres
ents and more favorable Trade ; his suggestions on the
Col. subject were wisely heeded by the President and
17*47!'^ ' Council of the Province of Pennsylvania, and they
accordingly appointed him in 1747 their agent to de
liver presents of goods to the Ohio Indians,
In April of 1748 he met the Indian Chiefs at
"Ohio," returned thanks of the President and Council
of Pennsylvania for the French Scalp they had sent
down last Spring and delivered the present of goods
for all their brethern "settled in and about Ohio";
Powder, Lead, Vermillion, Knives and Tobacco to
the amount of £224.5.0. He further stated that a
Proclamation had been issued strictly forbidding all
Traders from carrying strong Liquors into the In
dian Country under severe penalties. The Chiefs
returned thanks for the presents, approved of the sup
pression of the traffic in Liquor but as they had re
cently induced some Nations of Indians in the French
interest to leave them, and as they had never tasted
Col. English Rum they hoped some would be sent to them.
V01.S. They significantly added "We send you this French
Scalp as a token that we dont go to visit them for
nothing." In August 1749 he was sent west by Governor
Hamilton in consequence of rumors of the French ap-
N. Y. preaching the Ohio and to secure the Indians in the
Hist. Enghsh interest. He reached Logstown soon after

George Croghan 57

Celeron with the French troops had left. The in
creasing intrusion of white settlers on the impur-
chased lands of the Indians west of the Susquehannah
in spite of the Laws, of the Governors Proclamation
and the threats of the Indians themselves determined
the government to expel them by force. Accord
ingly in May 1750 a large company headed by Secre
tary Peters, George Croghan and the other Magis
trates and sheriff of the new County of Cumberland
visited the settlers on the Big Juniata, Shermans
Creek, the Path Valley, Big Cove Auchquick creek Assembly
and other places, removed their household goods and nso!"^
burned the log cabins, doubtless by these effective
measures preventing an Indian War. In November
the same year he was dispatched in company with
Andrew Montour to the Miamies to renew the Chain
of Friendship and deliver them a present. On their
way out at Logstown on the Ohio, the few Chiefs
then there told him "their Brothers the Enghsh ought
to have a Fort on this river to secure the Trade; as ^^^
they expected War with the French in the Sprhig. vol"^^
At Muskingum he met Christopher Gist, they travel
led together to Piqua, There Croghan delivered the
message and presents and made a Treaty for which n^j^j^^
the Governor censured him as done without author- J°£''-
ity; although he said he beheved Croghan intended fou^sf
well. The latter in his accoimt says the Assembly
rejected the Treaty and condemned him for drawing
an additional expense on the Government, and the
Indians were neglected. The Treaty admits two

58

History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

CoL Rec.
VoL 5,
P. 25-24-34.

Votes of
Assembly Crf.
Records N. Y. Col.
HistoryVol. 7,
P. 268.

Tribes Autawas and Pykeskees to the Friendship
and Alliance of the King of Great Britain and his
Subjects as the other Tribes of the Miamis had been.
Signed by George Croghan in the presence of us
Christopher Gist, Robert Callender, Thomas T. K.
Kinton. Three Miami chiefs Andrew Montour
John Peter a Delaware and a Shawnese Chief pres
ent. The Governor sent them a message of approval
three months later. In May 1751 he was at Logs-
town with Andrew Montour having been commis
sioned to dehver to the Ohio Indians the Provincial
Present and friendly messages.
Jaen Coeur the French Agent and Interpreter was
there. At the Council he was menaced by the Chiefs
who ordered the French from their Lands. They de
livered Croghan a Speech for the Governor of Penn
sylvania in which they requested he should build a
Strong House on the Ohio river soon. Governor
Hamilton communicated to the House of Assembly,
Croghan and Montour's account of their Proceed
ings, in a Special Message and recommended the
building of a Strong Trading House on the Ohio and
offered on the part of the Proprietaires to bear a
portion of the expense. The Assembly dechned and
preferred the Proprietary would contribute to the ex
pense of the Presents to the Indians. That body
also asserted that the danger from the French and
the Indians request to erect a strong Trading House
was misunderstood or misrepresented by Croghan.
So the matter was dropped. In the latter part of

George Croghan 5%

April 1752 Governor Hamilton at Philadelphia re
ceived a letter from Croghan written at the Shawnese
Town. February Sth and enclosing a message from
the Shawnese to the effect that they intended to war
against the French in revenge for the 30 Miamis
killed by them and wanting to be assured of the Fvo?""
friendship of the English. In October, 1753 a large
deputation of Chiefs and Warriors of the Six Na
tions, Delawares, Shawnese, Wyandots and Miamis
held a Treaty with the Commissionares of Penna at
Carhsle. George Croghan was present. These In
dians held a Treaty at Winchester in September with s^vol*"^"
Virginia. Conferences with the Indian Chiefs were
generally held up to 1754 at George Croghans House
at Pennsboro. The road through the pass on the
mountain about six miles north of Carlisle and the
same distance west of Croghans is marked Croghans
Gap on the Map of Evans of 1749 and aU others to
a recent date when it seems changed to Sterrits Gap.
In 1753 Croghan built a house at Aughwick or
"Aughquick Old Town," doubtless the site of an old
Indian Town, now in the borough of Shirleysburgh
Huntington County, Penna, caUed Croghan's Fort —
Fort Shirley by Govenor Morris in 1756 when it was J^^wes.
enlarged and stockaded. One of the chain of Forts
established in consequence of the Defeat of Brad
dock. About twenty miles from the settlements Fort
Lytellton was built. Fifteen miles north east of
Fort Shirley, near the mouth of a Branch of the
Juniata called Kishequokihs a third Fort was

60 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
erected caUed Fort Granville. From Fort Granville
towards Susquehanna at the distance of fifteen miles
and about twelve from the River, another Fort was
established called Ponfret Castle.
Croghan also this year 1753 held a Tract of near
400 acres near the present Bedford town, surveyed
by the deputy Surveyor Armstrong and obtained a
grant from the Six Nations of a tract in Aughwick.
Feb. 3rd 1754 again Croghan wrote to Governor
Hamilton and Richard Peters Secretary urging the
building of a strong log Trading House, Stockade —
in reality a Fort, but inexpensive, he mentions that
Mr Trent has just come out with ye Virginia guards
and brought a quantity of tools and workmen to
build a Fort and as he could not talk the Indian
Language, "I am obliged to stay and assist in divid
ing the goods," This was the commencement of the
Fortification at the Forks of the Ohio — which En
sign Ward was obliged to surrender when partly
finished to the superior Force of Contrecoeur in
April, During the past winter Croghan had a large
number of Indians at Aughwick under his charge.
"The Assembly of Pennsylvania adjourned on the
9th of March without making, but refusing to make
any appropriation for the defence of the Province.
On the 13th of March 1754 Governor Hamilton
wrote to Governor Dinwiddle, "Ever since I had the
Honour to write you I have been laboring indefati-
gably with my Assembly to induce them to act vigor
ously on the present critical juncture of affairs at

George Croghan 61

Ohio, and to grant such Supplies as might enable us
to resist the Invasion of the French." In another
letter of the same date he wished Governor Din
widdle to inform him as to the situation of the
French Forts as he believes those at the Forks of the
Monongahela to be really within the bounds of Penn
sylvania. Governor Dinwiddle rephed March 21st,
"I am from all hands assured Logstown is far to the
West of Mr Penn's grant and the Forks of the
Ohio also. In January I commissioned William
Trent to raise one Hundred men; he had got Seventy
and had begun a Fort at the Forks of Monongahela.
His Majesty sent me out Thirty Pieces of Cannon,
Four-Pounders, with Carriages and all other neces
sary Impliments with Eighty Barrells of Gun
Powder" Dec, 6th 1754 This Message was received
from the Assembly. "As we apprehend the Gov
ernor will agree with us in the Necessity of regu
lating that Expense (Indian Alhes) with all possible
economy and as George Croghan (whose accounts
we have allowed) seems resolved to remove from
Aughquick, and the Indians by that means will be
left without any proper Person to take the necessary
care of providing for their Subsistence, we recom
mend it to the Governor's Consideration whether it
might not be more convenient for the Indians them
selves, and less Expense to the Province, if they were
invited to move nearer our Back Inhabitants, till by
Hunting or otherwise they may be able to subsist
themselves with Safety,"

Col. Rec.

62 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
In a letter to Governor Morris Dec 2nd 1750 he
gives the reasons for wishing to leave Aughquick.
"All the Promises made those Indians or any Ex
pectations, they may have of this government Doing
anything for them, they always expect to be fulfilled
by me, and as it is not in my power to do anything
for them, I think it proper one of the Interpreters
should be sent here to take care of them, they imagine
I have received orders from your honor to supply
them with such things as they want. I think it is my
Duty to acquaint your honour what I know of the
Indians Sentiments and what they expect of this
government, which is as follows, the Ohio Indians in
general puts their whole dependence on this govern
ment in regard to the Expedition as soon as this
government moves they will unite all their force and
attack the French."
R. Peters in a letter to George Croghan desires
him to make his opinion known to the Assembly
relative to removing the Indians from Aughquick,
"and insist that a Stockade be made this winter."
In George Croghan's answer to Mr Peters as to the
best method of moving the Indians he writes "I
think it would be of very ill consequence, for I think
they are full near the Inhabitants abeady; there was
one White Man killed this summer already by an In
dian in a drunken frolic, and if they hved among them
there would be constantly rioting and quarreUing. I
dont know what will become of the Back parts un
less there be a Stockade Fort put up this side the

George Croghan 63

Blue Hills, as certainly the Indians come to the
Virginia Camp are Spies come to view the Country
and know our strength, for I am certain there is a
great body of French and Indians at the French
Fort on Ohio." In a letter of Dec 23 1754 to Gov
ernor Morris he writes, "I am obliged to advertise the
Inhabitants of Cumberland County in your honour's
name not to barter or sell Liquor to the Indians or
to any persons to bring amongst them." Croghan
always took an important part in all Conferences and coi. Rec.
Treatys with the Indians.
Croghan was one of the Commissioners appointed
to open a road to the Ohio for the use of Troops.
May 12th 1755 the Governor wrote to Braddock.
"Agreeable to your request, immediately upon my re
turn from Alexandria I sent to George Croghan, the
person entrusted with the management of the Indians
in this Province, to join you with as large a body of
Indians as he could," General Braddock in his
answer writes, "I have engaged between forty and
fifty Indians from the Frontier of your Province to
go with me over the Mountains, and shall take
Croghan and Montour into Service,"
Letter from George Croghan to Governor Morris
May 20th 1755, "Tomorrow what Indian women
and children come to Fort Cumberland with me will
be sent back to Awequick by order of the General,
the Men entirely go with the General, and the
General insists on my going with him, so that it is
out of my Power to provide for those Women and

64 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Children. The Messengers I sent to the Shawnese,
Twigtees and Owendots are not yet returned but I
hear they are coming, so that I hope they will join
the General before the Army gets to the Ohio."
After the defeat of Braddock Croghan returned to
Aughwick. The Indians held a conference at Phila
delphia and complained of the ignorance of the
General and the haughty way he had treated them.
Letter of Croghan to Charles Swaine from Augh
wick, "says he had seen an Indian from Ohio, sent to
give him warning that he might save his scalp which
he says would be no small prize to the French and he
desires me as soon as I see the Indians remove from
Susquehanna back to Ohio to shift my quarters, for
he says that the French will, if possible, lay all the
back frontiers in ruin this Winter," "I am glad I
have no hand in Indian affairs at this critical time,"
November 12th Croghan writes to Hamilton,
"Permit me at this Critical Time to give you informa
tion of the designs of the Enemy, I would have
written to the Governor but he has not thought
proper to desire me to give him any account of Indian
Affairs since the defeat of Gen Braddock.
"The Six Nations, Delawares, Shawnese Wyan-
dottes and Twigtwees have held a Conference and de
termined to proceed against the Frontiers of Virginia,
Maryland and Pennsylvania this winter."
1755 Orders were sent to Captain George Croghan
"to proceed to Cumberland County and fix on proper
places for erecting three Stockades viz One back

George Croghan 65

of Pattersons, One upon Kishecoquillas and one
near Sideling Hill. Fifty feet Square, with a Block
house on two of the Corners and a Barrack within,
capable of lodging fifty men."
1755 Dec. 18th. James Hamilton wrote to Gov
Morris "Since you left us Conrad Weiser, James
Galbraith and George Croghan have been in town,
and have been fully examined by the Councils upon
all the Points we thought necessary to be known.
The Country is everywhere alarmed, I have given
George Croghan a Captain's Commission," "He is
to raise the men immediately and superintend the
building of Stockades."
Governor Morris gave to Governor Hardy this
character of Croghan, "There were many Indian
traders with Braddock and among others Croghan
who acted as a Captain of the Indians under a War
rant from General Braddock, and I never heard any
objections to his conduct in that capacity. For many
years he had been very largely concerned in the Ohio
Trade, was upon that river frequently, and had a
considerable influence among the Indians, speaking
the Language of several nations, and being very
liberal or rather profuse in his gifts to them which,
with the losses he sustained by the French who seized
great quantities of his goods, and by not getting the
debts due to him from the Indians, he became Bank
rupt and since has lived at a place caUed Aughwick
in the Back parts of this Province, where he had
generally a number of Indians with him, for the

66 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
maintenance of whom the Province allowed him sums
of money from time to time. After this he went by
my order with those Indians and joined General
Braddock, since Braddocks defeat he returned to
Aughwick, where he remained till an Act of As
sembly was passed here granting him a freedom from
arrest for ten years ; this was done that the Province
might have the Benefit of his Knowledge of the
woods and his influence among the Indians. A
Captains commission was given to him and he was
ordered to raise men for the defence of the Western
Frontier, which he did in a very expeditious manner,
he continued in the command of one of the Companies
he had raised, and of Fort Shirley about three months
when having a dispute with the Commissioners about
some accounts between them, in which he thought
himself ill-used; he resigned his commission. I hear
he is now at Onondago with Sir William Johnson."
At a Council held at Philadelphia December 14th
1756 the Governor informed the Council that Sir
William Johnson had appointed Mr. Croghan to
transact Indian Affairs in this Province. Mr.
Croghan was of the opinion that there should be a
Conference held with the Indians as early as possible
in the Spring, He was instructed by Sir William
Johnson to proceed to Philadelphia as soon as he
could, or to any part of that Province where the good
of his Majesties Indian Interest might require. He
was to endeavor to find out the disposition of such
Indians as are still hving in those parts and try all

George Croghan 67

means to convince them it is their interest to continue
friends with the Enghsh and to seek out the
Delawares and Shawnese and induce them to join
his Majesty's Army, During January 1757 Mr.
Croghan dispatched two of the Connestogas to Ohio,
with Messages to the Six Nations, Delawares and
Shawnese. March 29th he wrote from Harris Ferry
"that on arriving there he found 160 Indians, chiefly
Six Nations. Teedyuscung had gone to the Seneca
Country and he expected him soon with not less than
200 Indians. He asked for clothes for them which
request was granted by the Council." The Confer
ence with the Indians asked for by George Croghan
was held in the Court House at Lancaster on Mon
day May 16th 1757. Mr. Croghan thought it neces
sary that Presents should be made to the Cherokees
to consist of such articles as Mr. Croghan might think
those warriors stood most in need of particularly
Arms. This request of Mr. Croghans was granted
and he was appointed to distribute the presents. The
Sachems made the following speech, "As we have
finished the business for this time and we design to
part to-morrow, you must be sensible that we have a
long journey and a hilly country to pass over, and
several of our old men very weak, we hope that you
will not send us from your Frontiers without a walk
ing stick (Meaning a Keg of Rum) ."
In September 1757 Croghan was at Fort Johnson
New York attending Conferences between Sir Wil
ham Johnson and Indians, Six Nations and Chero-

68 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
kees, previous to that he had been sent by Johnson
1758. to the German Flats. June 30th, 1758 he marched
with a division of the Indians to join General Abe-
cromby. Sir William Johnson was with him and
near 400 Indians, amongst whom there were some of
the Five Nations.
A conference was held in the Town of Easton on
the 8th of October 1758 at which George Croghan
was present. This conference continued until the
25th, On the 28th of March 1759 Mr. Croghan, in
Conference with the Governor, gave it as his opinion,
that there should no invitations be sent fixing the
time of meeting for the Ohio Indians. If any
further invitation was necessary, it should be general,
intimating that we expected to see them, and leave
the particular time to themselves, not knowing what
time would suit the Indians who were so far distant
one from another, Mr. Croghan said further, that
the Indians in town were exceedingly uneasy, and
desired an audience of General Stanwix, on which the
Governor wrote a letter to the General desiring him
to give the Indians an audience, and to make them
presents to their satisfaction.
July 1759. A conference was held at Pittsburgh
by George Croghan, Deputy Agent. Colonel Hugh
Mercer, a number of Officers of the Garrison and
Chiefs of the Six Nations Shawnese and Delawares.
Captain Croghan held a private Conference relative
to the price of goods and skins.
May 1760 Croghan wrote to R. Peters, recommend-

George Croghan 69

ing to him Six Mohawk Indians who had come to
Fort Pitt with Montour and informing him that
several Indian Nations seem bent on carrying on a
war against the Southern Indians but are deterred by
scarcity of ammunition. A Conference was held at
Pittsburgh on the 12th of August by Brigadier Gen
eral Monckton with the Western Nation of Indians
at which Deputy Agent Croghan was present.
Croghan accompanied Major Rogers to Detroit to
receive the surrender of that and the other Posts of
the French in the west. Captain Croghan kept a
journal of this expedition which has been published.
July 1760 he accompanied Col. Bouquet from Fort
Pitt to Venango with a detachment of troops.
During the Pontiac War Croghan was active; he
was with Captain Ecuyer during the investment of
Fort Pitt by the Indians. After it was reheved by
Bouquet, he resigned out of the service, intending
to sail for England; he wrote thus from Carlisle
October 11th 1763.
"I know many people will think I am wrong, but
had I continued I could be of no more service than
I have been this eighteen months past which was
none, as no regard was had to any intelligence I sent,
no more than to my opinion."
General Gage succeeding Amherst ordered Cro
ghan to remain. Sir William Johnson in 1763 sent
him to England to confer with the ministry about an
Indian Boimdary line. In this voyage he was ship
wrecked on the coast of France. Feb. 28th he was

70 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
present at an Indian Conference at Fort Pitt, a
journal of which has been published. While on his
way in 1765, to pacify the Illinois Indians he was at
tacked June 8th, wounded and taken to Vincennes,
but was soon released, and accomplished his mission.
In May 1766 he made a settlement four miles above
Fort Pitt. He continued to render valuable service
in pacifying the Indians until 1776. He was an
object of suspicion to the Revolutionary Authorities
in 1778, but as he continued to reside on his farm,
was doubtless unjustly accused.
George Croghan's settlement was imdoubtedly the
first except Gist's within the County of Allegheny.
The house stood on the bank of the Allegheny river
a few rods from the late residence of Judge McCand-
less. Two ancient apple trees mark the exact spot
on the draft of survey. The White Mingo Castle is
marked on the north side of the river, at the mouth
of Pine Creek. At his residence here he held fre
quent conferences with the Indians, some of whom
were frequently there when he was at home. In
Washington's Journal of a Tour to the Ohio River
in 1770 is entered Oct 18th "Dined with Col
Croghan." In the Mss. Copy of Land Office Survey in June
1769 for George Croghan's Tract of 1352 acres, on
which draft the "White Mingo Castle is laid down on
the north side of the river opposite to the land sur
veyed and near the mouth of Pine Creek on the east
side. Clarkson's diary of 1766 refers to this "Indian

George Croghan

71

settlement of the Mingoes" and as the

'White Mingos

town" in Schoolcraft's Am. Ab. Archives Vol. 4
pp. 269, 271. It was, however, a much older place
of resort by the Indians. The present Kittanning
road from half a mile above the mouth of Pine Creek
direct to Kittanning was the old Kittanning Path of
the Indians and so called by the older white settlers
within the memory of the writer. In 1753-4 William
Trent and George Croghan, partners in the Indian
trade, had a Store House above the mouth of Pine
Creek; also fenced fields of Indian Corn and num
bers of large Canoes and Batteaux, all of which were
seized by the French in 1754,
Pine Creek empties into the AUegheny River on
the north side five miles above the site of Fort Pitt,
near the present towns of Sharpsburg and Etna,
Indians of the Six Nations appear to have built the
town at this point soon after the erection of Fort
Pitt. It was known as the "White Mingo town"
from the head chief. These Indians came from the
"Mingo town" on the north-west side of the Ohio
about three miles below the site of the present City
of Steubenville near the mouth of Indian Cross
Creek and "Mingo Junction" of the Pittsburgh, St.
Louis and Pittsburgh and Wheeling railways. It
was a town inhabited chiefly by the Senecas, called
with others of the Six Nations "Mingoes." Wash
ington visited it in October and November 1770 on
his way to and from the Kanhawha. He states that
it then had about twenty cabins and seventy in-

Affidavit o£
Croghanand others
CarUsle 1756.

GetwgeCroghan's
Journal.

72 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
habitants of the Six Nations. According to Thomas
Hutchins it was the only Indian Village in 1766 be
tween Fort Pitt and the Falls of the Ohio. It then
contained sixty families.
The Monsies were a tribe of the Delawares, speak
ing a somewhat different dialect. Their settlement
was probably the Sewickley town on Evan's Map of
1755 and Scull's of 1770; where the town of Spring-
dale now stands, sixteen miles above Pittsburgh on
the north-west side of the Allegheny River. Conrad
Weiser passed a night there.
John ConoUy and Captain Edward Ward were
relatives of George Croghan, their exact relationship
is not known.
Susannah, wife of General Prevost, was his only
child, she died at Milgrove, Montgomery County,
Penna,, March 1791, Her heirs tried to recover part
of his property but were unsuccessful. The history
of George Croghan, the Indians' friend and generous
protector is the history of the Indians of Pennsyl
vania — ^their Conferences, Treatys and treatment by
the white usurpers, George Croghan's House on the
fo'ur?ai* AUegheny was erected hi 1759-60; burned by the In-
Pitt.^°" dians during their outbreak in the summer of 1763,
rebuilt on the same spot, was standing the beginning
of this Century (19th).
Deed to George Croghan
Whereas Johonisse, Scarayoday and chiefs or
sachems of the Six united Nations of Indians did by

See

George Croghan 73

their deed duly executed having date the 2nd day of
August A D 1749 for the consideration therein men
tioned grant bargain and sell to George Croghan in
fee a certain tract of land Beginning on the eastern
side of the river Ohio to the northward of an old
Indian town called Shannopins Town at the mouth of
a run caUed the Two mile run and running thence up
the said two mile run to where it intersects with the
heads of the two mile springs where it empties into
the Monongahela river, thence down the said two mile
springs the same course thereof into the said river
Monongahela, thence up the said river Monongahela
to where Turtle creek empties itself into the said river
thence up the said creek to the first forks thereof,
thence up the north or northerly branch of the said
creek to the head of the same, thence north or a
northerly course until it strikes Plumb Creek thence
down said Plumb creek until it empties itself into
the river Allegheny and there down the said river
AUegheny to the place of beginning where the afore
said two mile run discharges itself into the said river
Ohio containing by estimate Forty thousand acres be
the same more or less as by the same deed more fully
appears. And whereas said Chiefs or Sachems fully
representing the six united Nations aforesaid in full
Coimcil Assembled at Fort Stanwix did by their
Deed Poll duly executed bearing date the 11th
November 1768 for the consideration therein men
tioned, granted and conveyed to his most sacred
Majesty George III King of Great Britain for the

74 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
benefit and behoof of said George Croghan all the
before mentioned tract of land; for part of which said
lands George Croghan made application unto the
Secretarys Office at Philadelphia April 1st 1769 and
obtained a special grant for part of the same from the
Proprietor of Pennsylvania as appears from the
records of the Land Office at Philadelphia, reference
being had thereto may more fully appear, which ap
plication with surveys were made and returned to the
Surveyor Generals Office at Philadelphia, And
whereas said George Croghan by Indenture 20th
April 1776 granted and conveyed to said Thomas
Girty 476% acres part of the aforesaid Land, Be
ginning at a Black Oak on the Eastern Bank of the
river Allegheny and running thence north to a Syca
more in a small island on Crab Tree run now com
monly called Plumb Creek thence down to a Syca
more at the junction with the Allegheny — See Treaty
at Fort Stanwix.
Letter from William Trent to Governor Hamilton
Virginia, April 10th, 1753
May it please your honour
I have received a letter just now from Mr Croghan
wherein he acquaints me that fifty odd Ottawas,
Conewagos, one Dutchman and one of the Six Na
tions that was their Captain met with some of our
people at a place caUed Kentucky on this side Alle
gheny river about one himdred and fifty miles from

George Croghan 75

the Lower Shawanese Town, they took eight Pris
oners, five belonging to Mr Croghan and me, the
others to Lowry, they took three or four hundred
Pounds worth of goods from us, one of them made his
escape after he had been a Prisoner three days, three
of John Finleys men are killed by the little Pict
Town and no account of himself, they robbed Michael
Teaffs People near the lakes, there was one French
man in Company, the Owendats secured his People
and five Horse load of Skins. Mr Croghan is com
ing thro' the Woods with some Indians and Whites
and the rest of the White Men and the Indians are
coming up the river in a body though tis a question
whether they escape, as three hundred Ottawas were
expected at the Lower Town every day and another
Party of French and Indians coming down the river,
the Indians are in such confusion that there is no
knowing who to trust, I expect they will all join the
French except the Delawares, as they expect no as
sistance from the Enghsh. The Low Dutchmans
name that was with the Party that robbed our People
is Phihp Phihps, his mother hves near Col Johnsons,
he was taken by the French Indians about six years
ago and has hved every since with them; he intends
some time this summer to go and see his mother, if
your Honour pleases to acquaint the Governor of
New York with it, he may possibly get him secured
by keeping it secret, and acquainting Col Johnson
with it and ordering him to apprehend him; if the
Dutchman once come to understand it, they will

76 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
contrive to send hun word to keep out of the way.
I intend leaving directly for AUegheny with pro
visions for our People that are coming through the
woods and up the river. I am Your Honours
Most obedient humble servant
William Trent.
(Endorsed James Hamilton)

EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF
GENERAL SHIRLEY
June 20, 1755, General Braddock wrote to Gen
eral Shirley from Alexandria "To take his own and
Captain Pepperell's Regiment to attempt the reduc
tion of the French Forts at the Straits of Niagara.
Two companies of William Pepperell's Regiment
and the two Independent companies of New York
with such other companies as he should judge neces
sary for its defense. The Fort at Oswego must be
put into such a state of defence, as to enable the
Garrison to make a proper resistance in case of being
attacked," Captain Bradstreet was ordered to Oswego by
General Braddock with directions to put it into the
best posture of defence. Captain Bradstreet found
the fort or trading-house so trifhng and the situa
tion so bad, that any additional works would be
wasted. He decided only to erect some palisades
round the back of it, and clear the woods around the
camp and fort, while waiting for advice and instruc
tions from General Shirley
William Shirley, colonial governor, was born at
Preston in Sussex, His commission was dated 6
May, 1741. The great event of his governorship was
77

78 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
the capture of Louisburg, In 1755 comprehensive
operations were undertaken for expelling the French
from aU territory in North Ajnerica to which Eng
land laid claim. By Braddock's death he became
commander-in-chief of the British forces in America.
In 1757 he was removed from his governorship. He
was very much alarmed during the years 1754-1755
at the French and Indian wars. The alarm was felt
not only on the Ohio and Western settlements but
along the Lakes. He wrote to Sir Thomas Robinson
one of his Majesty's secretaries of State.
"January 24th, 1755. I am concerting for driving
the French out of Nova Scotia, before they are ready
to strike the first blow there, or if we should be too
late for that, the Troops may arrive there in time, at
least to prevent the Acadians from rising, and to re
pel any attempt of the French for making themselves
Masters of the Peninsula. Could I be sure that
Major General Braddock under whose directions I
am with respect to my own Regiment, would order
that and Sir William Pepperells, or one of them to
Nova Scotia, upon the present intended expedition
there. I might from the present success of the
Levies for my own Regiment, have trusted to its be
ing completed by the beginning or middle of March,
and in such case I would not have raised more than
one Regiment of 1000 men to have proceeded with
them to Nova Scotia,
"But as the great number of the French Regular
Troops now assembled upon the Ohio, and the bad

Extracts from Letters of General Shirley 79
aspect of affairs in the Western Colonies made it
seem doubtful, whether the General might not order
mine and Sir William Pepperells Regiments to that
part of the Continent, in which case, it appears to me
that. Nova Scotia with the Bay of Funda Etc would
be exposed to the most imminent danger of being
lost to the French unless His Majestys troops should
be strengthened with 2000 men. The French on the
Ohio river and the troops sent from France to
Quebec are not so numerous as the Deserters and
the families which have settled in the country of the
Twigtwees affirm, but it is certain the French are
determined to use their utmost efforts to make them
selves Masters of the Lakes and Rivers and all the
country between Canada and the Mississippi, to
gether with the numerous Nations of Indians in
habiting it behind the Apalachian Mountains; and
if they maintain their ground this year, it seems im
possible to prevent a total defection of everyone of
the Six Nations to them. If we may judge how de
termined the French are to establish themselves in the
possession of what they pretend to have a right to in
Nova Scotia from the lengths they have gone to seize
upon and maintain themselves in their groundless pre
tentions on the Ohio and Country adjacent, it is
reasonable to expect they will make the attempt upon
the Peninsula, if not prevented by suitable measures
on our part.
"If they maintain their ground in the western parts
of his Majestys Territories here, they will soon gain

80 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
the whole Body of Indians inhabiting that cotmtry
over to their interest and have established a line of
Forts upon the Great Lakes and Rivers from Canada
to the Mississippi and the Enghsh Colonies from
South Carohna to New York. In the southern
colonies there are as many Negro slaves capable of
bearuig Arms as there are white fighting men; all
which would be in great danger of being seduced
from their fidelity to their masters by promises of
liberty, and lands to settle upon and friends to re
ceive and protect them against the English, and it is
well known that these Colonies abound with Roman
Catholics, Jacobites, Indentured servants for long
terms and transported Convicts who might instigate
the slaves to rebel or join with them, to which may
be added the great numbers of Germans scattered
through the Colonies all indifferent about changing
the English for a French government, provided they
could retain their grants of Land, As to the
Colonies of Pennsylvania and New York, in the
former the government is composed chiefly of per
sons whose religious principles prevent them from de
fending the country and of Germans who could not
be depended on by the English government,
"It is believed the city of Albany would surrender
to the French upon the first summons if they could
preserve their trade by it, and the city of New York
might be made an easy prey to the French and
Indians."

THOMAS POWNALL
Among the friends of the American Colonies
Thomas Pownall should be remembered by the de
scendants of the heroes of the American Revolution.
The designs of Andross, Randolph, Dudley and other
champions of unjust taxation, were revived by Gov
ernor Shirley. He was an enterprising man, and
having mounted to the chair of the New England
Province, he saw in a growing country, vast pros
pects of aggrandizing himself, his family and his
friends. Franklin used his influence which was suf
ficient to discourage Parliament. Mr. Shirley was
removed from the government and Mr. PownaU ap
pointed, he was a friend to liberty and to our Con
stitution. Thomas Pownall was a native of Lincoln, Eng
land. He was appointed secretary to the Commis
sioners for Trade and Plantations in 1745. Lieu
tenant-governor of New Jersey, 1755. Captain-
general and governor-in-chief of Massachusetts Bay
vice William Shirley, 1757, and captain-general and
governor of South Carolina, 1759.
At the beginning of the seven years war with
France, which commenced in America in 1754, a num
ber of persons styled commissioners were deputed
81

82 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
from each colony to assemble at Albany to consider
the best method they could devise to defend them
selves against the French. It was here Franklin
made his memorable proposal for a union of the
colonies. Pownall was present and sent from there
a strong and impressive memorial to Lord Halifax
on the subject. Governor Pownall raised seven
thousand fighting men for the war and in May, 1759,
commanded an expedition to Penobscot River.
This expedition secured to Maine a large and
valuable portion of territory. He built a fort on
Penobscot River, and "did there hoist the King's
Colours which were saluted by the artillery at sunset,
and as a Monument thereof, his Excellency ordered
a Leaden Plate to be buried at the Root of a Large
White Birch Tree." The tree was at the top of a
very high hill on the east side of the river. The in
scription was "May 23, 1759, Province of Massa
chusetts Bay — Penobscot Dominions of Great Brit
ain Possession Confirm'd by Tho^ Pownall Gov
ernor," In 1782, after the British Parliament had
declared the American colonies independent, the
question of the eastern boundary of the new country
became one of serious importance, John Adams who
with Dr, Franklin and John Jay were our commis
sioners of negotiation cited Governor Pownall's act
of possession and showed to the Count de Vergennes
the inscription on the leaden plate.
In 1761 Governor Pownall was recalled to England

Thomas Pownall 83

and received the appointment of director general
or comptroller of the commissariat, with the rank of
colonel in the army under the command of Prince
Ferdinand of Germany. At the end of the war he
was chosen representative in Parliament for Tregony
in Cornwall. At this time the hostile designs of the
British Cabinet against America became obvious.
These designs and the measures which were founded
upon them. Governor Pownall strenuously opposed
in Parliament. His speeches in Parliament, which
are many in number, were all printed by Mr. Almon
in his Parliamentary Register.
In the general election in 1775 Governor Pownall
was elected representative for Minehead in Somerset
shire. Throughout this Parliament he continued to
oppose every measure that was inimical to America.
With Dr. Franklin he was on terms of sincere friend
ship. His writings on political subjects were very
numerous, among them were "The Administration of
the Colonies," "On the Bread Bill," "The Marriage
of his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland."
He pubhshed many treatise on antiquities, viz.
"Notices and Descriptions of Antiquities of the Prov
incia Romance of Gaul," "Roman Antiquities dug up
in Bath." Antiquities of Great Britain and Ireland,
on "Roman Pottery" and "Gothic Architecture," etc.
He assisted John Almon in the compilation of "The
Remembrancer." He was among those to whom the
authorship of the Letters of Junius has been attrib-

84 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
uted. He wrote a Topographical Description of
such parts of North America as are contained in
"The (Annexed) Map of the Middle British
Colonies, etc. in North America."

GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK
General Edward Braddock was the son of
Edward Braddock who in 1709 was a major-general
in the Coldstream Guards, In 1715 he retired from
the service and died at Bath, 15th of June, 1725.
His son Edward entered the army with the rank of
ensign in the grenadier company of the Coldstream
Guards, October, 1710, he was appointed a heutenant
1st of August, 1716, April 2d, 1743, he had risen to
the rank of a lieutenant-colonel, as a reward for his
services in that memorable battle when the Irish
Brigade fiercely swept away the ranks of the British
(Fontenoy). He was with Cumberland when he pursued King
Charles in the winter of 1745-6 and was with the
army in Flanders. On the 29th of March he was
gazetted a major-general and in March he was ap
pointed to the command of the troops to be sent to
America. September, 1754, it was decided to send two regi
ments of foot, the 44th Colonel Sir Peter Halket 175s.
and the 48th Colonel Thomas Dunbar to America.
The King's Independent companies in America were
to be under Braddock's command. With his staff
and a small part of the troops he sailed on the 21st
86

86 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
of December and as soon after his arrival as he could,
summoned the different governors of the English
settlements to meet him at Alexandria to determine
on the best course. It was decided that Shirley and
Pepperell's regiments should proceed to Lake On
tario, Colonel Johnson was to invest Crown Point
and General Braddock was to attack Fort Duquesne.
As soon as M, de Contrecoeur who commanded at
that fort heard of the approach of the Enghsh
army, he sent M, Dumas with a few French and
Indians to observe the motions of the English. Not
hearing any brisk firing from them he advanced and
soon found himself surprised into a victory. The
British troops fled. Major General Braddock died
of his wounds. Sir Peter Halket was killed. There
were about 200 killed and 400 wounded.
General Braddock on landing had proceeded
towards Fort Du Quesne with about 1300 men mostly
British, and the necessary artillery, ammunition and
provisions, leaving the main body of the convoy under
the care of Colonel Dunbar, with orders to join him
as soon as possible. On the 9th of July the
Monongahela was crossed first by 300 men, then by
200, then by the general and with the column of ar
tillery, baggage and main body of the army. About
one o'clock a quick and heavy fire was heard from the
front. The detachment of the 300 men gave way
and fell back in great consternation upon the main
body, who were hastening to sustain them. The men
fell into such a panic, and confusion that could not

General Edward Braddock 87
be remedied, that the enemy obtained a complete vic
tory, killing and wounding a great many and oblig
ing the rest to quit the ground leaving behind them
the artiUery, ammunition, provisions and baggage.
The number of the enemy is imcertain. By one ac
count there were about 400 Indians and 80 French
men. But whatever may have been their number,
they made sad havoc with the British soldiers and
officers. At the lowest computation there were be
tween 600 and 700 soldiers, officers and privates
killed or wounded besides pioneers, wagoners, ser
vants, etc.
Major General Braddock died of his woimds.
The aide-de-camp, Robert Orme and Roger Morris
were wounded.
WiUiam Shirley, secretary, son of General Shirley,
was killed.
Sir John St. Clair wounded.
Sir Peter Halket Colonel killed.
Lieutenant-colonel Gage wounded.
Captain Tatton killed.
Captain Gethins killed and many subalterns killed
and woimded.

COLONEL BOUQUET
When the Enghsh learned the events in America,
they resolved to send in the winter of 1754-5 Pep-
perel's, Shirley's, Halket's and Dtmbar's regiments to
America to guard the frontiers and forts. The first
two were destined for Oswego and the other two for
Virginia and the Ohio,
France learning of the departure of these regi
ments for America, likewise resolved to send the
Queen's Regiment and the regiment of Artois, Bur
gundy, Languedoc, Guienne and Beam, Notwith
standing these active preparations for hostilities in
America, war was not formaUy declared by England
until May 18th, 1756, and by France on the 9th of
June of that year.
Vice Admiral Boscawen sailed for America on the
22nd April 1755, with a squadron of eleven ships of
the line and one frigate, bearing in all five thousand
nine hundred and forty-five men. In 1757 part of a
battalion of Royal Americans, about 1000 of the
Pennsylvania, 300 Maryland and 600 Virginia pro
vincials commanded by Colonel Stanwix were ordered
for the protection of the Western frontiers, and in
Canada part of a battalion of Royal Americans com
manded by Colonel Bouquet, with three independent
88

Colonel Bouquet 89

companies and the colony troops were to be em
ployed for the same purpose. The Royal Americans
was partly composed of German and Swiss settlers
in America and was to be formed of four battalions
each of one thousand men. As it was necessary that
the officers should speak German, an Act of Parlia
ment authorized the appointment of foreign Protes
tants who had serA'^ed abroad as officers or engineers.
Among those chosen were Henry Bouquet, Captain
Haldiman and Captain Ecuyer, all of French Hugue
not descent. The Huguenots was the name given in
the sixteenth century to the Protestants or Calvinists
of France. After a long period during which they
increased in numbers notwithstanding occasional
persecution under Francis I and Henry II, the
free exercise of their rehgion was secured to them by
the Edict of January 1562, They were driven by the
violation of that Edict to take up arms against the
government of Francis II,
Their leaders were of the Houses of Bourbon,
King of Navarre and Prince of Conde and Admiral
Coligny. They were powerful in numbers, in wealth
and consequence. A very large proportion of the
higher nobility, of the middle nobility and gentry,
especially in the central and south-western parts of
France; the whole or greater part of the population
m such towns as Rouen, La Rochelle, Dieppe and
Nismes, finally a large body among the peasantry in
some districts especially m the south belonged to the
Protestant faith. During the wars of the 16th cen-

90 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
tury they gradually lost ground, and after the con
version of Henry IV most of the chiefs among the
nobility abandoned the faith. They sustained two
civil wars in the following century against Louis
XIII. The most famous edict of modern history
is the Edict of Nantes issued by Henry V in 1598 to
secure to the Protestants the free exercise of their re
hgion, this after continuing in force nearly a century
was repealed by Louis XIV. The depopulation
caused by the sword was increased by emigration.
About half a million of France's most useful and in
dustrious subjects emigrated. About 5000 refugees
passed into England,
In the cities of Lyons, Orleans and Rouen, Bour
ges, Angers and Toulouse, the royal orders for
massacring the Protestants were most implicitly
obeyed. In Provence, Claude de Savoye Count de
Tende, absolutely refused to pay obedience to so de
testable a command, St. Heren, governor of Au-
vergne and De Gordes, who commanded in the prov
ince of Dauphine, likewise declined to obey the orders
sent to them for the extermination of the Calvinists.
The Bishop of Liezieux protected them from injury
in his diocese, as did the mareschal of Matignon in
the city of Alencon, The number of Huguenots put
to death in the various provinces is estimated as from
20,000 to 50,000, In 1682 the bishop of Quebec
announced, "It is of importance not to impair the
Edict prohibiting Huguenots settling in Canada or
Acadie." General Henry Bouquet of a noble French

Colonel Bouquet 91

family, was born at Rolle in the Canton of Berne,
Switzerland, In 1736 he was a cadet in the service
of the States-General of Holland and in 1738 was
ensign in the regiment of Constant. Thence he
passed into the service of the king of Sardinia, who
was at war with France and Spain. In 1748, he was
engaged by the Prince of Orange with the rank of
lieutenant-colonel. On the outbreak of the war be
tween the French and English settlers in America
in 1754, he was appointed by the King of England,
lieutenant-colonel of the Royal American regiment.
When Bouquet with his troops arrived in Phila
delphia, he found that no preparations had been
made for their reception. The Governor Denny ac
quainted the Council that notwithstanding the order
given by him to the magistrates and his messages to
the Assembly, and repeated applications made by
Colonel Bouquet to the Provincial commissioners,
the King's forces still remained in a most miserable
condition. The weather was cold, and the smallpox
was increasing among the soldiers to such a degree
that the whole town would soon become a hospital.
Colonel Bouquet appealed to the governor for
protection for his soldiers. A new hospital was
promised to him by the managers, but they drew back
from their promises and he could neither get the new
hospital or any house for a hospital. Quarters
were demanded for 500 men, a hospital for the sick,
a storehouse, a guardroom for an officer and men
and billets for forty-seven officers and subalterns.

92 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
or the use of private houses. Warrant was given by
the governor to the officers of the city and county
of Philadelphia to provide proper quarters for the
troops. The plan of the campaign of 1758 was
wisely matured and committed for execution to men
who had reputations to sustain and fortunes to
create. Abercrombie commanded in chief with Am
herst for his second, aided by Brigadiers Wolfe and
Forbes. The designated objects of attack were
Louisburg, the forts on the Lakes and Fort Du
Quesne on the Ohio. Major General Amherst, with
12,000 men aided by the fleet laid siege to Louisburg,
and captured it, after a defence of seven weeks.
General Abercrombie with the main body composed
of 7000 regulars and 10000 English troops undertook
the expedition against the northern forts. He first
attempted Ticonderoga, a fort erected by the French
on the narrow neck of land which divides Lake
George from Champlain. He was repulsed with the
loss of 2000 men, killed and wounded. Among the
kiUed was Brigadier-general Lord Howe. He cap
tured Fort Frontignac.
The command of the next expedition against Fort
Du Quesne was confided to Brigadier Forbes. His
force amounted to about 7000 men, consisting of
twelve himdred Highlanders, 350 Royal Americans,
2700 Provincials from Pennsylvania, 100 from Dela
ware, 1600 from Virginia, 250 from Maryland, 150
from North Carolina and about one thousand
wagoners and laborers. The troops from Virginia,

Colonel Bouquet 93
North Carolina and Maryland were ordered to as
semble at Winchester under Colonel Washington and
the Pennsylvania forces at Raystown (Bedford)
where Colonel Bouquet had marched his troops in
advance of General Forbes who remauied in Phila
delphia, until the combined army would be in
readiness to move forward. But the ill health of
General Forbes, the difficulties in procuring supplies
and means of transportation, detained the army until
late in the season. The general after leaving Phila
delphia was detained by sickness at Carhsle. He ex
pected to join Colonel Bouquet at Bedford in July,
but did not reach there until September, where he
was joined by Colonel Washington. Colonel Bou
quet had then advanced to Loyalhanna. General
Forbes with the main body did not arrive there until
the last of October. Unfortunately Major Grant
was detached with 800 men, to make observations.
The party was surprised and defeated by Captain
Aubry with seven or eight hundred Frenchmen and
an unknown number of savages. Their triumph at
Grant's HiU ruined the French, The Indians
gathered there from the distant Lakes returned home,
thinking that the English were conquered. The
troops from Detroit and the lUinois had hkewise re
tired and De Ligneries had in his command but 500
men. Post sent by the Quakers had used his influence,
otherwise there would have been a defeat like that
of Braddock. Colonel Bouquet still continuing at

1759.

94 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet 
Loyal Hanna, the enemy resolved to attack him in
Gordon. his camp. A force of about 1200 French and 200
Indians, commanded by De Vetri attacked him on
the eleventh of October, but was compelled to draw
off with considerable loss after a combat of four
hours, A second attack was made during the night,
but some shells thrown from the camp com
peUed them to retreat. The loss of the Enghsh
amounted to 67 rank and file, killed and wounded.
Upon the 24th of October General Forbes proceeded
from Raystown to Loyal Hanna, He remained
there until the 17th of November, On the twelfth
of that month Colonel Washington being out with a
scouting party, fell in with a number of the enemy
about three miles from the camp, whom he attacked,
killing one, and taking three prisoners; among the
latter was an Englishman, who had been captured
by the Indians in Lancaster County, from whom we
received information of the state of the garrison at
Quebec. Unfortunately the fire of Washington's
party being heard at the camp. Colonel Mercer with
a number of Virginians were sent to his assistance.
The two parties approaching in the dusk of the even
ing, mistook each other for enemies, a number of
shots were exchanged by which a lieutenant and some
Virginians were killed. On the 13th of November,
a force of 1000 men under Colonel John Armstrong
arrived and the general followed on the seventeenth
with 4,300 effective men leaving strong garrisons at
Raystown and Loyal Hanna,

EXPLANATION
a Fort du Quesne
b Fort at Pittsburgh
c TTie Garden
d The Burying Yard
e Rising Ground
f Houses on the Bank
of the River
g Bank of the River

Colonel Bouquet 95

The garrison of Fort Du Quesne unsustained by
their savage allies and hopeless of reinforcements, the
Canadian force lately engaged at Loyal Hanna hav
ing retired, held the place only until the approach
of the English army. On the twenty-fourth of
November, when Forbes was within a days march of
the fort they burned and abandoned it and escaped
by the Ohio River. The ruined fortification was
garrisoned by 450 men under the command of Colonel
Mercer. The remainder of the army was marched
into the interior. The Fort at Loyal Hanna was re
paired or rather rebuilt by Bouquet and its name
changed to Ligonier in honor of Lord Ligonier the
descendant of a Huguenot. The French after firing 1758.
the buildings and destroying the stores retired to
Fort Machault (Venango) and without a blow
abandoned the long desired and dearly bought prize
to the Enghsh. On the 25th of November 1758 the
standard of Great Britain was raised on the ruins
of Fort Duquesne. M. de Ligneries was ordered to
Niagara with 3000 men, where he took part in the
battle and was wounded on the arm. He had been
an active officer; he had made the campaign against
the Indians at Forts L'Assumption and Acadia.
He was at the defeat of the Mohawks and Dutch by
Chevaher de la Corne and M. St Pierre at Montreal.
Pierre Francois, Marquis de Vedreuil Cavagnac, the
last governor of Canada under French domination
was the son of the former Governor of New France
who succeeded M. de Callieres in the government of

96 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Canada in 1703, His son Pierre Francois was born
in Quebec in 1698. Having joined the military ser
vice he rose to the rank of major in the Marine
Corps. In 1733 he was appointed governor of Les
Trois Rivieres, a province in Canada, and in 1743
governor of Louisiana, In 1755 he became gov
ernor of New France, After his return to France,
he was imprisoned in the Bastile on some charges
preferred against him by the friends of Montcalm,
A trial before the Chatelet de Paris exonerated him
from all blame in his administration of the affairs of
Canada. He was released from imprisonment but
stripped of nearly all his worldly possessions ; he died
in 1764.
On the 24th of November 1758, Forbes with his
army took possession of Fort Duquesne. The
French and their savages were not very remote.
There was no shelter excepting a few tents. The
army was set to work to build a fort on the bank of
the Monongahela, at West Street, which was gar
risoned by 200 men.
A hst of Officers in First Battalion of the Penn
sylvania Regiment :
John Armstrong, Colonel Commanding
Hugh Mercer, Lieutenant Colonel
Patrick Work, Major
George Armstrong, Captain
Edward Ward, Captain
Robert Callender, Captain

Colonel Bouquet 97

James Patterson, Captain
John N Weatherholt, Captain
Patrick Davis, Captain
William Armstrong, Captain
James Potter, Captain
John Prentice, Captain
James Hynd Shaw, Captain Lieutenant
Nicholas Conrad, Lieutenant
Thomas Hutchins, Lieutenant and Quarter Master
Henry Griger, Lieutenant
William Blythe, Lieutenant
James Hughes, Lieutenant
Robert Anderson, Lieutenant
Joseph Halkner, Lieutenant
George Craighead, Lieutenant
Joseph Quicksale, Lieutenant
John Lytic, Lieutenant
John Philip DeHaas, Lieutenant
Edmund Matthews, Lieutenant
Thomas Haip, Ensign
John Kennedy, Ensign
Hugh Crawford, Ensign
Frederick von Homback, Ensign
Conrad Butcher, Ensign
Samuel Montgomery, Ensign
James Pyper, Ensign
Caspar Stadler, Ensign
-Orndt, Ensign
Andrew Wilkes, Ensign

98 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
A list of the Officers of the Second Battalion of
the Pennsylvania Regiment:
June, 1760
James Burd, Colonel Commanding
Thomas Lloyd, Lieutenant Colonel
Joseph Shippen, Major
Jacob Orndt, Captain
David Jameson, Captain
John Hambright, Captain
Levi Trump, Captain
Jacob Morgan, Captain
Asher Clayton, Captain
Thomas SmaUman, Captain
Samuel Atlee, Captain
Charles Broadhead, Captain
Jacob Thearn, Lieutenant
Samuel Humphreys, Lieutenant
William Patterson, Lieutenant
Samuel Miles, Lieutenant
Joseph Scott, Lieutenant
Patrick Allison, Lieutenant
Alexander McKee, Lieutenant
William Clapham, Lieutenant
John Morgan, Lieutenant
Caleb Graydon, Lieutenant
Edward Biddle, Lieutenant
Henry Haller, Lieutenant
Adam Henry, Ensign
Francis Johnson, Ensign
Jacob Morgan, Ensign

Colonel Bouquet 99

John Baird, Ensign
Martin Heister, Ensign
George Price, Ensign
David Clayton, Ensign
Andrew Wackerberg, Ensign
 Courshod, Ensign
Per Tot Discrimina
On the other side are represented the confluence of
the Ohio and Monongahela rivers. A fort in
flames in the forks of the rivers, at the approach of
General Forbes carried in a Litter, followed with the
army marching in columns with cannon. The
Motto "Ohio Brittanick Consilio Manuque"
This is to be worn around the neck with a dark blue
ribbon. N B General Forbes is of opinion that such of
your officers as wish to provide themselves with the
above medal should have a copy of this letter as a
warrant for their wearing it
Address. Colonel Henry Bouquet of the Royal
American Regiment
General Forbes died in Philadelphia on the 11th
of March 1759. Colonel Hugh Mercer was left in
command Officers at Fort Pitt in July 1759 were
Colonel Hugh Mercer
Captains Waggoner, Woodward, Prentice, Morgan
SmaUman, Ward and Clayton
Lieutenants — Mathews, Hydler, Biddle, Conrod,,

100 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet 
Kennedy, Sumner, Anderson, Hutchins, Danger-
field.Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum. Tendi-
mus in Latinm: sedes ubi fata quietas Ostendunt
Virgil A 1, 201
Through chance, though peril lies our way
To Latium, where the fates display
A mansion of abiding stay — Covington
General Forbes
Brigadier John Forbes born in 1710, was a son
of Colonel Forbes of Pittencrieff County, Fife. In
his younger days he was bred to the profession of
physic; pref ering a military life he purchased into
the regiment of Scots Greys. He reached the rank
of lieutenant-colonel November 29th, 1750. He
was aid-de-camp to Sir James Campbell who com
manded the British cavalry at Fontenoy.
He was present with his regiment at Lafelett, He
was given the colonelcy of the 17th foot on 25th of
February, 1757. Soon afterwards he was sent to
America as adjutant-general and on the 28th
December he was appointed a brigadier and was
charged with the capture of Fort Duquesne,
His force consisted of Highlanders and Royal
Americans, He found the fort abandoned. He
wrote to Pitt 27 November,
"I have used the freedom of giving your name to
Fort Du Quesne, as I hope it was in some measure

Colonel Bouquet 101

the being actuated by your spirits that now makes
us masters of the Place," Leaving a garrison of
200 provincials Forbes returned to Philadelphia in a
prostrate condition. He died there March 1759, in
the forty-ninth year of his age. According to Bou
quet the success of the expedition was entirely due to
him, "in all his measures he has shown the greatest
firmness and ability."
Washington also recognized his great merit.

FORT PITT
The general peace which put an end to a bloody
war, did not subdue the Indians, They were busy in
planning the destruction of all the forts and settle
ments and sudden attack upon the frontiers. The
originators of the plan were Kiashuta (Guyasuta)
a Seneca chief noted for his deceit and eloquence
and Pontiac principal chief of the Ottawas, He was
now about fifty years old and had always been a
friend of the French, At the close of the year 1762
he sent messengers to the different nations, bearing
with them the war-belt of wampum. In ancient
times wampum consisted of small shells strung to
gether and were of various sizes and colors, black,
purple and white.
The Indians first massacred the traders and seized
on their effects. They completely destroyed the
property of George Croghan and William Trent,
who had been for a long time Indian traders. They
made themselves masters of Le Boeuf, Venango,
Presque Isle and Sandusky and had entirely invested
Fort Pitt. Captain Ecuyer who commanded in this
Fort, took every possible means to maintain his post
and repulse the enemy.
Sir Jeffrey Amherst commanded in America but
102

Fort Pitt 103

he was a commander almost without troops. The
army which had conquered the French in this quarter
of America, was now almost destroyed by the West-
India service. It was necessary to put an immediate
stop to the horrid cruelties; he sent invahds to the
nearest garrisons to relieve troops that were fit for
active service. A small body was collected for the
relief of Detroit, These troops were commanded
by Captain Dalyell, he arrived at Detroit on the 30th
of July 1763. Pontiac the Indian chief with the
numerous tribes had closely blockaded it and had
summoned Major Gladwin to surrender the fort.
Colonel Bouquet was ordered to the rehef of Fort
Pitt with the poor remains of the forty-second and
seventy-seventh regiments. These corps had been
worn out by the expedition to Havanna. They
were the Royal Highlanders and Royal Americans.
Orders had been given to prepare a convoy of pro
visions, but such was the terror and consternation of
the inhabitants that no provision had been made be
fore he reached Carlisle. In eighteen days after his 1753
arrival in Carlisle the stores and necessary carriages
were ready. The county of Cumberland could
muster no militia to oppose the Indians. Colonel
Bouquet was obliged to depend entirely on himself,
having no further supplies to expect from the prov
ince, nor any reinforcements from the general, who
had already given him every man that was in a con
dition to quit the hospital. In the mean time Fort
Ligonier was in great danger of falling into the hands

104 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
of the Indians. Its defences were bad and the gar
rison weak. The attacks of the Indians were re
pulsed by the conduct and bravery of Lieutenant
Blane who commanded there. The preservation of
this post was of the utmost consequence from its situ
ation and from a magazine of provisions it contained.
Colonel Bouquet dispatched thirty men to join the
garrison. He left his wagons at Fort Ligonier and
proceeded with pack horses. When near Bushy Run
about one o'clock in the afternoon his advance guard
was attacked by the Indians, they were beaten off
Gordon's ^^d pursucd somc distance, but when the pursuit
Pmn°a?° ceased, they returned to the attack, and were joined
by others. As soon as the savages were driven from
one place they appeared at another.
At night the army encamped on the battle ground
placing the wounded in the middle, the troops encom
passing the whole. The morning was awakened by
the shouts and yells of the savages who encircled the
camp and endeavored in this way to create terror.
Knowing that everything depended upon bringing
the Indians to close combat. For this purpose he
contrived the following stratagem. He ordered two
companies most advanced to fall within the circle and
their places to be filled by opening the files to the
right and left. A company of infantry and one of
grenadiers were placed in ambush to support the
two first who moved on the feigned retreat, but were
designed to begin the real attack. The Indians fell
into the snare. Mistaking these movements for a re-

fresgisle

Fort Pitt 105

treat they abandoned the woods, advanced intrepidly,
pouring in a galhng fire. The retreating companies
suddenly turned upon them. The Indians resisted
for a time but soon gave way and fled leaving many
dead upon the ground. The loss of the Indians was
about 60, that of the English about 50 killed and 60
wounded. After their defeat the Indians removed
to the Muskingum and Bouquet was able to relieve
Fort Pitt without more fighting.
Account transmitted by Colonel Bouquet to Sir
Jeffrey Amherst, August 11, 1763.
"Sir We arrived here yesterday without further op
position, than scattered shots along the road. The
Delawares, Shawnese, Wiandots and Mingoes, had
closely beset and attacked this fort from the 27th
of July to the 1st instant, when they quitted it to
march against us. The boldness of those savages is
hardly credible. They had taken post under the
banks of both rivers, close to the fort, where digging
holes they kept an incessant fire, and threw fire
arrows. They are good marksmen and though our
people were under cover, they killed one and wounded
seven. Captain Ecuyer is wounded in the leg by an
arrow. I should not do justice to that officer, should
I omit mentioning that, without engineer, or any
other artificers than a few Shipweights he has raised
a parapet of logs around the fort, above the old one
(which, having not been finished, was too low and en
filaded) pahsaded the inside of the area, constructed
a fire engine; and in short, has taken all precautions

1763.

106 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
which art judgment could suggest for the preser
vation of this post, open before on the three sides,
which had suffered by the floods. The inhabitants
have acted with spirit against the enemy, and in the
repairs of the fort. Captain Ecuyer expresses an
entire satisfaction in their conduct. The artillery
and the smaU number of regulars, have done their
duty with distinction."
Sir Jeffrey Amherst's letters add to the above ac
count, that by his last intelligence the number of
savages in the two actions of the 5th and 6th of
August slain, was about sixty, and a great many
wounded in the pursuit. That the three principal
ringleaders of those people, who had the greatest
share in fomenting the present troubles, and were
concerned in the murder of Colonel Clapham, were
Kiasuta (Guyasuta) a Senecca chief, Custaloga
Delaware chief and some Shawnese.
Return of killed and wounded in the two actions
on the 5th and 6th of August, 1763, 42nd. or Royal
Highlanders, 1 captain, 1 lieutenant, 1 sergeant, 1
corporal, 25 privates killed.
42nd Regiment. Captain Lieutenant John Gra
ham, Lieutenant Mcintosh and Lieutenant Joseph
Randal killed. Lieutenant Duncan Campbell
wounded. 60th Regiment. Lieutenant James Dow
wounded. 77th Regiment. Lieutenant Donald
Campbell wounded. Privates, 43 killed and 46
wounded.

Fort Pitt 107

It was at this time while waiting for orders from
General Amherst that Colonel Bouquet built the
Block House. In 1763 there were 162 houses in
Pittsburgh. To prevent the houses being used by
the Indians, they were destroyed, and the inhabitants
took refuge in the fort. There were 221 men, 73
women and 38 children. The Indians having re
treated to the Muskingum were supplied with am
munition by the French traders and began revag-
ing and murdering with their usual barbarity.
Colonel Bouquet was obliged to put an end to the
operations of this campaign not having sufficient
force to pursue the enemy beyond the Ohio. The fol
lowing orders from his Majesty shows his opinion,
of the conduct and bravery of the officers and army.
"Head Quarters, New York Jan 5, 1764
"His Majesty has been graciously pleased to signify
to the Commander in Chief, his royal approbation of
the conduct and bravery of Colonel Bouquet, and the
officers and troops under his command, in the two
actions of the 5th and 6th of August, in which, not
withstanding the many circumstances of difficulty and
distress they laboured under, and the unusual spirit
and resolution of the Indians, they repeUed and de
feated the repeated attacks of the savages, and con
ducted their convoy safe to Fort Pitt.
signed Moncrif
Major of Brigade

108 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
"To Colonel Bouquet, or officer commanding at Fort
Pitt" The Indians were not only forced to give up their
designs on Fort Pitt but abandoned all the country
between Presque Isle and Sandusky, but the ensuing
spring they again commenced ravaging and murder
ing with their usual barbarity. To stop these ravages
General Gage resolved to attack them again in their
own country. Colonel Bradstreet was ordered to at
tack the nations living near the Lake, another corps
under Colonel Bouquet were ordered to attack the
other nations between the Ohio and the Lakes; the
Delawares, Shawnese, Mingoes and Mohickons,
Colonel Bouquet's expedition was to proceed by land,
through deep woods, and an unexplored country,
without roads or posts. Every necessary was to be
carried with them, ammunition, baggage and pro
vision necessary for the troops during the whole ex
pedition. Part of the 42nd and 60th regiment were
ordered on this expedition and were to be joined by
200 friendly Indians and troops from Virginia and
Pennsylvania, The Virginia troops joined the army at Pittsburgh
the latter end of September, Part of the army had
joined Colonel Bouquet at Fort Loudon August
14th. While Colonel Bouquet was at Fort Loudon,
he received dispatches from Colonel Bradstreet dated
from Presque Isle August 14, informing him that he
had concluded a peace with the Delawares and Shaw
nese. Colonel Bouquet and General Gage seeing

Fort Pitt 109

clearly that they were not sincere, but continued their
depredations, refused to ratify the treaty. Some
Indians that presented themselves at the fort desir
ing a conference were detained as spies. One of
them was sent with a message to the Indians that
Colonel Bradstreet had been asked for peace but as
they were still murdering the people he would pro
ceed against their towns as soon as the army joined
him. In his speech to them he said, "I will put it
once more in your power to save yourselves and your
famihes from total destruction. You are to leave the
path open for my expresses from here to Detroit and
as I am now to send two men with dispatches to
Colonel Bradstreet who commands on the Lakes, I
desire to know whether you will send two of your peo
ple with them to bring them safe back, I will allow
you ten days to bring me back an answer."
On the 1st of October, two of the Six Nation tribes,
an Onondago and Oneida Indian, came to Fort Pitt
and endeavored to dissuade the colonel from proceed
ing with the army. He told them he could not trust
the Indians and would proceed to Tuscarowas, where
he would hear them. Having with great difficulty
collected his troops, he was ready to proceed from
Fort Pitt with about 1500 men, including drivers and
other followers of the army. One woman belonging
to each corps, and two nurses for the general hospital
were permitted to follow the army.
The colonel addressed the troops expressing the
greatest confidence in the bravery of the troops, A

110 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
corps of Virginia volunteers advanced first. Under
cover of this corps the axmen and two companies of
hght infantry followed in three divisions under the
direction of the chief engineer to clear paths. Next
marched part of the 42nd and of the 60th on the right
hand path. Part of the 42nd two deep on the centre
path. The first battahon of Pennsylvania marched
to the left of the centre. The reserve corps followed
and then the 2nd battalion of Pennsylvania. A
party of light horsemen marched behind the square,
foUowed by an other corps of Virginia volunteers,
then the Pennsylvania volunteers.
The army decamped from Fort Pitt on Wednes
day October 3rd, and marched about one mile and a
half. October 4th marched 2 miles following the
course of the Ohio River. The next day's march was
nine miles and a quarter. October 5th they passed
through Logstown. The next day's march was
nearly 10 miles, October 6th they crossed Beaver
Creek. The next day's march 12 miles. 7th October
marched over 6 miles. 8th October over 11 miles.
October 9th reached Yellow Creek. Wednesday
10th over seven miles. 11th crossed a branch of
Muskingum River, 12th marched over 10 miles.
13th crossed Nemenshehelas Creek, marched over 8
miles, 15th the army moved 2 miles, 40 perches
down the Muskingham to camp No. 13. The day fol
lowing, six Indians came to inform the colonel that
aU their chiefs were assembled about eight miles from
the camp and were ready to treat with him for peace.

Fort Pitt 111

He answered that he would meet them the next day.
He reproached them bitterly for their cruelty. He
said "I give you twelve days from this date to dehver
into my hands all the prisoners in your possession"
and they were to furnish the prisoners with clothing,
provisions and horses to carry them to Fort Pitt.
Many chiefs were present. Among the most im
portant were chiefs Custaloga and Beaver with
twenty warriors of the Delawares, A chief and six
warriors from the Shawnese. These chiefs and
Turtle Heart were the speakers. The Indians
promised to deliver to Colonel Bouquet all their white
prisoners. On the ninth of November 206 were de
hvered to him in the camp which he had prepared
and stockaded. On November 18th the army de
camped and marched for Fort Pitt. For these mili
tary services Colonel Bouquet received the rank of
brigadier-general and was ordered to Pensacola,
Before leaving Philadelphia he made his wiU, After
specifying some legacies, he bequeathed to his father
if then living or after him to Colonel Lewis Bou
quet aU the effects of any nature which he possessed
in the continent of Europe. To Colonel Frederick
Haldiman he bequeathed everything he possessed in
North America without any exception, upon the con
dition of paying his debts and legacies. Colonel
Haldiman was his executor. He arrived in Pensa
cola, August 28th, 1765 and fell a victim to the yellow
fever nine days after.
From a note book which belonged to Wilham M,

112 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Darlington of Pittsburgh is copied this record of the
burial of Colonel Bouquet.
"On a visit to London in 1882, among the Bouquet,
Haldiman papers in the Library of the British
Museum I found an Inventory of the personal effects
of the deceased General by his Administrator and
former secretary Francis Hutchinson, among the
items are these. 'Paid six soldiers for carrying the
corpse to the grave. For furnishing railing etc
around the grave 41 pounds 5 shillings.' There is
nothing to indicate the place of burial ; but in an out
line or ground plan of the Fort, General Bouquet's
monument is marked in the centre of a space, be
tween the two ranges of Soldiers Barracks, in the
rear of the Barracks of the officers. The monument
according to the scale on the map stood near the
margin of the Bay, Fort George or St, George was
a strong stockade, the buildings of wood. It was
captured by the Spanish troops under Galvez, May
8th, 1781, after a siege of four months. Much of it
was destroyed. It is not probable that anything re
mains now of the buildings, much less of the monu
ment. The Spaniards occupied Florida until its
transfer to the United States in 1821, Being a Prot
estant of Huguenot descent he could not be buried
in the Catholic Cemetery in Pensacola.
"The Redoubt or Block House was built by Bou
quet in 1764 at Fort Pitt and is now the only monu
ment of a soldier whose memory should be preserved,

Fort Pitt 113

not only by the Daughters of the American Revolu
tion, but by all Americans,"
General Henry Bouquet was the owner of an
estate caUed Long Meadow. It was in Frederick
County, Maryland. This county was formed into
Washington County in 1776. The Long Meadows
was the name of a large body of land extending across
Maryland into Pennsylvania a few miles north-east
of Hagerstown. The first owner was Thomas Cre-
sap. He built a fort of stone and logs over a spring
at Long Meadows, now in ruins. Colonel Bouquet
was also a member of the Ohio Company, which
owned immense tracts of land.
Sir Frederick Haldiman, lieutenant-general, colo
nel commandant of the 60th foot, governor and
commander-in-chief in Canada from 1778 to 1785,
was born October 1718 in Switzerland. Like his
countryman and brother officer Colonel Henry Bou
quet he was in the Sardinian army duiing the cam
paign against the Spaniards in Italy. He was ap
pointed captain with the title of lieutenant-colonel
in the regiment of Swiss guards in the service of Hol
land in 1755.
In 1756 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel in the
62nd Royal Americans, afterwards 60th foot. He
went to America in 1758 and distinguished himself
at the attack on Ticonderoga, Sth July 1758 and by
his defence of Oswego against 4000 French and In
dians. In August, 1775, he was summoned to Eng-

Burke.

114 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
land to give information on the state of the colonies.
In 1778 he was appointed governor of Canada, which
post he held until November, 1784, when he returned
to England. He died at Yverdum Canton of
Neufchatel, 5th June 1791.
William Haviland was born in Ireland 1718.
December 1739 he was appointed ensign in Spottis-
wood's regiment with which he served at Carthagena
and Porto Bello. He became major in 1750 and
heutenant-colonel in 1752. In 1757 he took the
regiment to America and was with Abercromby at
Ticonderoga in 1758. In 1760 he commanded a force
of 3,400 men against Isle-aux-Noix. He commanded
at the conquest of Havanna, He became lieutenant-
general 1772 and general in 1783, During the
American War of Independence he had command at
Whitehaven for a short time and in 1779, during the
alarms of a French invasion, he was appointed to
command the Western district with headquarters at
Plymouth. He died 16th September, 1784, at his
seat in Buckinghamshire,
Jeffrey Amherst was born in 1717, was an ensign
in the guards in 1731 and aide-de-camp to General
Ligonier, then commanding in Germany. He served
on Ligonier's staff at Dettingen and Fontenoy.
His great military services were all performed in the
years 1758, 1759, and 1760. His greatest glory is
to have conquered Canada,

REDOUBT OF FORT PITT
Bricks in England have several names according
to their forms, dimension, uses, method of making etc.
Compas bricks which were of a circular form —
concave or hollow bricks, flat on one side, hollowed
on the other, used for conveying water underground
— cogging bricks used under the coping of walls —
Dutch or Flemish bricks, used to pave yards and
stables, vats and cisterns. Clinkers are bricks that
are glazed by the fire in burning. Sandal bricks are
such as he outmost in a kiln and consequently are
soft — bricks for walls were made very large — 12
inches long, 6 broad. Bricks are commonly red, the
method of drying bricks has changed from year to
year. Brick kilns were erected near cities — bricks being
too heavy for long transportation. The chain of
moimtains^ in Virginia was a barrier hard to over
come. General Forbes marched from Philadelphia
July 1758 and did not reach Fort Du Quesne until
November, Fort Du Quesne and the other forts in
the west were altogether of wood, called stockades —
as was also the first fort, a small military work on
the bank of the Monongahela at West Street. Fort
Pitt was built partly of brick made in the vicinity —
115

116 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
material was plentiful there. Clay and limestone for
plaster and sand. Many of the soldiers were me
chanics and for finishing the interior mechanics were
brought from Philadelphia, They had one wagon
for materials and walked all the way — when they had
finished the interior of the fort they built batteaux.
The bricks in Fort Pitt and Bouquet's brick redoubt
or block house were laid in a peculiar way, called
Flemish bonds. Bricklayers in Pittsburgh still use
that name.
August 1759 — Captain Gordon, chief engineer,
arrived with most of the artificers,
(Hugh Mercer) — "We are preparing the materials
for building with what expedition so few men are
capable of,"
The fort erected by General Stanwix was four
sided — two sides on the land side were of brick —
the others stockade. The earth was thrown up so
as to form a rampart — ^this rampart was supported
by what military men call a revetment or brick work
perpendicular. During the French, Indian and
English wars with America there was no trade be
tween Europe and America, The Flemish ports
were closed. No bricks were brought from there —
we only preserved the name Flemish bonds — that
name had been used in England.
The mountains were insuperable obstacles. En
gineers Eyres and his company of artificers walked
from Philadelphia to Fort Pitt, They had one

Redoubt of Fort Pitt 117
wagon for necessary implements and provisions.
The error which is sometimes repeated even now that
Fort Pitt was built of bricks from Flanders has un
doubtedly arisen from the name — Flemish Bond.

PITTSBURGH
Prince George was the first name given by the
governor of Virginia.
The French built the fort and called it Fort Du
quesne in honor of the Governor of Canada. Gen
eral Forbes took possession of Fort Duquesne 24th
November 1758 and called it Fort Pitt. The Indian
name for it after the erection of tbe fort was Men-
achkink, meaning an enclosure. Diondaga (meet
ing of the rivers), was an Indian name.
January 5th 1769, a warrant was issued for the
survey of the manor of Pittsburgh. It contained
5,766 acres.
In 1765 Colonel John Campbell by order of Lieu
tenant Reid, laid out that part of Pittsburgh which
lies between Water and Second Streets, Ferry and
Market Streets, being four squares. During the
siege by the Indians under the command of Pontiac
and Guyasuta, aU the houses outside of the fort
had been pulled down, the people taking refuge in the
fort. In May and June 1784 George Woods and
Thomas Vickroy of Bedford, by direction of Tench
Francis, agent of the proprietaries laid out the town,
and divided the residue of the manor into out lots
and farms. By the original plan, four lots forming
118

Pittsburgh 119

the square between, Smithfield, Second and Third
Street and Cherry Alley, were dedicated for the pur
poses of an Academy. Five contiguous lots front
ing on Sixth Street were dedicated to religious uses,
and were subsequently divided equaUy between the
Presbyterians and Episcopalians.
William Penn devised his American possessions
to his sons, John, Thomas and Richard, sons of his
second wife. John, visited Pennsylvania in 1734 and
died without issue in 1746, leaving his estate to his
brother Thomas. Thomas married Lady Juhanna
Fermor and died in 1775, his son John Penn died in
1834, without issue, his sister Sophia Penn married
in 1796 William Stuart, Archbishop of Armagh.
His issue are now the representatives of the Penn
family. Granville Penn has no descendants.
In 1779 a bill was passed 24th November by a vote
of 40 to 7, divesting the Penns of all land in Penn
sylvania excepting the manors and private property. ASralbiy *
130,000 pounds compensation was allowed. This
debt was paid with interest within eight years after
the peace of 1783. January 18th 1786, an Act was
passed by the General Assembly divesting the Penns
of manorial rights. Two orders were drawn upon
the treasurer in favor of John Penn and John
Penn, Jr. for the sum of £15000 and interest thereon
from the 3rd of September, 1784, until the 1st of
May, 1785.
By the treaty of Fort Stanwix November 1768,
a large extent of territory including all the country

120 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
south of Kittanning, east of the Allegheny River and
south of the Ohio was ceded to the Penn proprietors
by the Indians.
By a treaty made October 23d, 1784, also at Fort
Stanwix, between the commissioners of the State of
Pennsylvania and the Six Nations, viz., the Mohawks,
Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, Cayugas and Tus
caroras, all the remaining Indian lands in Pennsyl
vania were purchased.
In 1787 the town of Allegheny was laid out in lots.
"The President or Vice President in Council shall
reserve out of the lots of the said town for the use
of the State, so much land as they shall deem neces
sary for a court house, gaol and market house and
one hundred acres for a common pasture." The
earhest history of Allegheny is given in the very in
teresting journal of Christian Frederick Post, the
Moravian Missionary, on his journey from Phila
delphia to the Ohio, with a message from the Govern
ment of Pennsylvania, to the Delaware, Shawanese
and Mingo Indians settled there and formerly in
alhance with the English. Post was influenced to
take this dangerous joumey by the Quakers.
The withdrawal of the Ohio Indians from Fort
Duquesne was of great importance to the success of
General Forbes.
The great danger to the general's army, was that
it might be attacked by the Indians when on the
march. Post left Philadelphia, July 15th, 1758. He ar-

Pittsburgh 121

rived at AUegheny on the 24th where he was received
by the Indian chiefs. The French in Fort Du
quesne demanded him of the Indians, the Indians
said, "We have brought him here and will not suffer
him to be bhnded and carried into the Fort." A
great many of the French officers crossed the river
to Allegheny, to hear what he had to say. At a
council at Duquesne, the French insisted that Post
must be delivered to them, which occasioned a quarrel
between them and the Indians.
On the 27th before day he and his Indian followers
set out on his return.
Among the chiefs who accompanied him were
Shingas, KiUbuck, King Beaver, Delaware George
and Pisquetumen. The result of this negotiation
was that the Indians refused to join the French in
attacking Forbes on his march. So the French
knowing the fort was too dilapidated to stand an
assault, burned it and left the country in barges for
Venango and the lower Ohio. 200 Indians had left
the fort and gone to attack Colonel Bouquet at
Loyal Hanna. His victory over them rendered it
impossible for the French to gain the victory over
General Forbes. Colonel Bouquet remained at Fort
Pitt until recalled by General Amherst to go with
his Royal American battalhon to the Carolinas.

LOYALISTS
A list of names of people who lived near Fort
Pitt and wished to settle in Canada under the British
Government on lands provided by Government.
They are all men who did not take up arms against
his Majesty in the late Rebellion, but are men (most
of them) who served in the Highland and 60th
Regiment. Extract from letter of Lieutenant Hay to General
Haldiman. Some of the Loyalists at Detroit.
September 1784.
Mathew EUiott
Simon Girty
George Girty
John Little his wife and children
Anthony Blackburn with twenty in family
Joseph Blackburn Jr.
Conrad Winemiller
Jacob Winemiller with eight in family
Peter McCartney with ten in family
John McDonald with ten in family
Alexander Barr and family
John Girty and family
Charles Smith and family 122

Loyalists 123

A McDonald and family
Roderick Frazer and family
Thomas Steele and family
William Richmond and family
Nathaniel Stokes and family
John Bell and family
Thomas Beall and family
John Taylor and family
John Ingles and family
James McClelland and family
Nathaniel McCarty and family
John Smith and family
John Anderson and family
Joseph Cessna and family
Andrew Nangle and family

CANADA AND SPAIN
The troops raised by the province for the cam
paign were discharged soon after the capture of Fort
Du Quesne. The old troops were continued in ser
vice. On the death of General Forbes, General
Amherst was appointed commander-in-chief of aU
the forces in America. In October a convention was
held at Easton with the Indians, for the purpose of
setthng a definitive treaty of peace. At the open
ing of the council the Six Nations complained of the
occupation of Fort Pitt by the English. Immedi
ately after this conference was concluded Post was
again sent to the Indian towns on the Ohio to com
municate the result. They were wilhng to abandon
the French but expressed great unwillingness to per
mit the Enghsh to rebuild and garrison Fort Pitt.
The British ministry having resolved to attempt the
total destruction of the French power in America,
sent an army of eight thousand men under General
Wolfe to attack Quebec. General Amherst with
twelve thousand troops, was commanded to reduce
the forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point and then
join Wolfe before Quebec. The garrison capitu
lated on condition that the inhabitants should, during
the war, be protected in the free exercise of their re-
124

Canada and Spain 125
ligion, and the full enjoyment of their civil rights.
The news of this conquest was the cause of great
joy in England,
During the winter the French made great exer
tions to retrieve their affairs in Canada. At Mont
real the Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor-general of
Canada, collected his whole force, but General Am
herst had a force competent for the utter annihila
tion of the French in Canada, assisted by Sir Wil
liam Johnson and General INIurray. Colonel Havi
land with the troops from Crown Point having made
himself master of the Isle au Noix, St. Johns and
Chamblee, joined them a few days after. Before
this overwhelming power resistance was vain. The
marquis surrendered Montreal, Detroit and all other
places in Canada to his Britannic Majesty. Thus
ended the great power of France in America.
The subjugation of Canada left General Amherst
leisure to attend to the trouble in the south. The
colony of Carohna was visited with a terrible Indian
war which threatened its total extirpation. The
numerous and powerful tribe of Indians called
Yamasses, were the most active in promoting the
conspiracy against the settlements, they occupied a
large territory from Port Royal westward. The
principal Indian tribes in Carolina were the Cataw
bas, the Cherokees, the Muskoghes or Creeks, the
Chickasahs and the Choctaws. The Catawbas re
sided upon a river of the same name. When this
country was first discovered this tribe contained 1500

126 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

warriors. In the year 1743 they numbered only 400.
The Cherokees dwelt chiefly upon the head waters
of the Savannah, the Catahooche, the Alabama, the
Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. When first
known they could command more than 6000 warriors
and possessed sixty-four towns. They imagined
themselves superior to all other men; their name was
derived from Cheera, the divine fire.
The Muskoges or Creeks were the most powerful
confederacy in the south. The territory claimed by
the original tribe extends from the Tombigbee to the
Atlantic and from Florida to the 34° of North lati
tude. Their towns were stated at fifty.
The Chickkasahs and Choctahs lands were on the
Mobile and Yazoo rivers. In 1759 they numbered
2,000 warriors. General Bouquet had remained in
command at Fort Pitt during the year 1760, The
brave Colonel Montgomery who had conducted the
former expedition having embarked for England, the
command of the Highlanders devolved on Lieutenant
James Grant, The Royal Americans were com
manded by General Bouquet, They arrived in
Charleston early in 1761. A provincial regiment was
raised and the command given to Colonel Middleton.
May 27th, 1761, General Bouquet and Colonel
Grant arrived at Fort George. On the 7th of June
they began their march from the fort carrying with
them provision for thirty days. A party of ninety
Indians and thirty woodmen painted like Indians,
under the command of Captain Quintine Kennedy,

Canada and Spain 127
had orders to march in front and scour the woods.
After them the light infantry and about fifty rangers,
consisting in all of about 200 men. For three days
they made forced marches in order to get over two
narrow and dangerous defiles. Having advanced
near to the place where Colonel Montgomery was at
tacked the year before, they were attacked by a large
body of Cherokees who rushed from the top of a hill
and fired at them. From eight o'clock in the morn
ing until eleven, the savages continued to keep up
an irregular and incessant fire. At length the
Cherokees gave way. In the army there were be
tween fifty and sixty men killed and wounded.
Colonel Bouquet continued thirty days in the heart
of the Cherokee territory, A few days after his re
turn to Fort George, several of the chiefs came to
his camp and asked for peace. Thus ended the
Cherokee war. War with Spain
General Amherst with the greatest ardour, carried Mante.
on his preparations to embark the partners of his
former conquests, to reap fresh laurels in the West
Indies. The king rewarded General Amherst by
creating hun a Knight of the Bath, War between
England and Spain was declared January 4th, 1762.
It was thought by the English ministry that the
most effectual method the Enghsh could take to
annoy Spain, was vigorously to attack some of the
Spanish settlements in America,

128 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
The Havanna on the Island of Cuba was the object
selected by the Ministry, as the most proper to accom
phsh this end. The operations were to be conducted
by the Right Honorable the Earle of Albemarle, as
Commander in Chief of the Land forces. Admiral
Sir George Pocoke was to command the fleet. The
army was to be composed of 16000 men, four thou
sand from England, General Monckton was to
furnish 8,000 men and the remaining 4,000 were to be
supplied by General Amherst from the continent of
North America, Admiral Rodney's ships were al
ready in the West Indies, Among the regiments
composing the army from North America were the
Royal American Battalions and the Montgomery
Highlanders whom General Amherst had recalled
from South Carolina where they had been under the
command of General Henry Bouquet and Colonel
Grant, On the 6th of June, Havanna the aim of so
long a voyage and the object of so many hopes and
fears was before them. The Admiral brought to
about five leagues to the eastward of the city.
On the 9th the army advanced and encamped in
the woods between Coximar and the Moro, On the
10th in the evening a detachment of light infantry
and grenadiers invested the Moro, On the 11th
they carried the Spanish redoubt upon Moro hill.
A battery against the Moro Castle and the bomb
iSltick. batteries began to play against the Moro on the 20th.
July 17th the Sappers and Miners were at work.

Canada and Spain 129
The work was difficult on account of the loose earth
and hidden rocks.
About four o'clock in the morning on the 22nd a
sally was made from the town by 1500 men in three
parties, one of which pushed up the bank behind
the battery, but were stopped for near an hour by
a guard of about 30 men posted there, commanded
by Captain Stuart of the 90th regiment, till 100 Sap
pers and the third battalion of Royal Americans ar
rived to their assistance; on the 29th the mines were
sprimg and the Moro stormed and captured. On
the 11th August 1762 the city surrendered.
On the 13th of August, the negotiations were
signed by which the town and the ships in the har
bour were given up to his Majesty's arms. The sur
render saved the remains of the British forces from
destruction. They were very sickly and stood in
need of fresh provision and rest and shelter from the
heavy rains.
From the first landing to the 15th of August
this important conquest cost the English in killed,
wounded and prisoners two thousand seven hundred
and sixty four men.
The first care of the Earle of Albemarle on being
put in possession of the place, was to see the articles
of capitulation performed on both sides. The Span
ish troops were embarked for Spain. Admiral Sir
George Pococke ordered vessels to be fitted up for
the reception of the Governor of Havanna, the Span-

130 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
ish Admiral, the Viceroy of Peru and the Governor
of Carthagena; the garrisons were put on board
transports. By the treaty of 1763 France ceded to
England in North America Canada and Cape Bre
ton Island, The Mississippi was recognized as the
boundary between Louisiana and the British Colo
nies. Spain ceded to England Florida. Spain re
ceived from England all conquests in Cuba includ
ing Havana,

BOUQUET PAPERS FROM BRITISH
MUSEUM
British Museum, Add, Mss, 21,649
The Haldimand Papers, Volume VII, page 5
(Endorsed) M' Croghan S^^ Jan^ 1763.
Received the 5*^ Feby Fort Pitt Jany S^^ 1763
Dear Sir
We have Nothing New hear att present Some
partys of Indians are gon Down to Warr to whom
Capt. Ecuyer gave a Small quantity of Powder &
Lead There is a greatt Scercety of powder amoungst the
Treaders for those parts which feed the Indians
Jelouses of us from y"" Conversation I have had with
Numbers of y^ Several Nations Jtt is Clear to me
that Something was Intended against us Butt I am
of opinion they are Nott yett united So as to at
tempt putting itt in Execution.
There has been Butt four prisners Delivered up
yett by y^ Shennas there are Several more on y^ Way
a Coming & I am in hopes they wiU Bring up all they
have & Deliver up In y^ Spring Butt I have nott
that opinion of y^ Dalaways I imagen itt will be more
131

132 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Difecult to gett the Prisners from them then from
y* Shennas
I Request you will Lett me know the Ginerals
Determination with Respect to Suplying Warrers
or giveing Litle presents Some times to Some old
Chieff or other pour Indians who are Nott able to
Suply themselves by hunting
I am S"" with Great Esteem y*" Most
Humble Servant GEO: CROGHAN
To Henry Boquet Esq""
Co» of Foot

British Museum, Add, Mss. 21,649
The Bouquet Papers, Volume VII, Page 23
(Endorsed) M"" Croghan 22^ Jan^
Phild Jany 22"* 1762
S' Yesterday I Return** from New York, Inclos*
you have a Leter from y^ General and a Packett
from England y*' vesel w** brought itt brought No
publick papers by a Leter to M"" Cunigham of y^ 19***
No*" M'^ Pitt was not in y® Minestery. Major
Fulcher Browning & Ewen has gott Rank of Left
Colls & Cap* Maclain y® Rank of Major & Liberty
to Rase a Betalion of 500 Men, No Gineral action
has hapen^ between y* armys att home & boath pre
paring for Winter quarters & a Talk of Raseing

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 133
Several Regments in England So that itt is thought
a paice will Not take place Soon No acounts from
General Monckton Butt what y^ see in y^ papers w**
I Inclose you I shall Sett of in a few Days for
Fort Pitt pray Make my Complements Exceptable
to all the Gentelmen with you & blive me with
Greatt Esteem & Regard your Most
Humble Servant GEO: CROGHAN
To Co" Boquett

British Museum, Add, Mss, 21,649
The Bouquet Papers, Volume VII, page 28
Fort Pitt Jany 24*'' 1763
Dear Sir
Sence I Wrote you Last there has Litle Hapen*
heer in my Departm* worth menshoning Some
Shennas Came heer & Deliverd up four prisners &
yesterday Some Cheeffs aRive^ on the other Side
y® River who haf brought four more w** will be De
livered up tomorrow & those Cheeffs tell me they are
to Stay & hunt heer abouts till y^ Last is brought up
in y^ Spring,
Cap* Ecuyer will Write you y^ News of this place
y* Gentelmen heer are all bucks Nothing Butt
Flutes & asemblys we Realy Live in Great harmony
S'" I have Taken y^ Liberty to Draw on you for

134 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

£100 in feevor of John Welsh for w^ & y« £100 to
Cap* Basett you wiU plese to keep y^ Warrant w^ I
Expect y« Gineral has Granted for y« SmaU ac" of
£18000 pounds w*' I was in advance & Sent by you
I am D'" S"" with Great Esteem & Regard y' Most
Humble Servant GEO: CROGHAN.

British Museum, Add, Mss, 21,649,
The Bouquet Papers, Volume VII, page 132.
(Endorsed) Capt, Ourry Dated Bedford 31^* May 1763
Received the 4*** June,
Fort Bedford May y« 31^* 1763.
10 o Clock A. M.
Dear Co"
Just now, while I was repairing the Stockade of
this Fort on a Suspicion founded upon the late be
haviour of the Indians, & a report (partly true &
partly false) of M"" Coleman, I received the disagree
able News from Cap* Ecuyer.
With respect to this Post, I yesterday musterd
my Militia & prepared Some Musket Cartridges, &
examined the Oenes I got repaired this time two
years. You know I have but a Corporal and Six Men
here, I shall draw two from Juniahe leaving only a
Corp* & one Man there to attend the Canoe.

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 135

No more than 36 Men able to bear Arms, resid
ing in this Town, & 19 Guns, very little Powder.
But the Settlers round about will Strengthen my
Hands, I sent to warn them in,
I shall use my best endeavours to prevent a Sur
prise and to preserve this Magazine from being burnt
or otherways destroy'd. And shall not fail acquaint
ing you of any Material Occurrences.
Yesterday the Wolf's half brother came in here
on pretence of returning some Horse, he had found,
but I Suspected he came to Spy, And I forbid Sell
ing any ammunition to Indians, Which I now
understand he wanted to buy, I believe he is gone
off, if not I'll Secure him as soon as I have finished
and sent off this. Nothing can go up now without
an Escort, And I can't expect any reinforcement
from above. I supose some Troops will come from
below. Shall be impatient till I hear from you or
rather See you. I am
My dear Co". Very Sincerely
Your most humble
& obedient Servant
L* OURRY
N.B. I am as tranquil as I was a year
ago when I bent my Leg.
P.S. I shall Send immediately to Fort
Cumberland to acquaint Maj''. Livingston,
& desire him to send to Redstone, &
Virginia.

136 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
British Museum, Add, Mss 21,649
The Bouquet Papers, Volume VII page 136.
(Endorsed) Indian Intelhgence
Received the 10* June 1763
& forwarded forthwith to Sir Jeff.
Armherst
Copy of Intelligence Brought to Fort Pitt by M""
CoUioun June 1«* 1763
Tuskarawas May 27*'^ 1763, at 11 o'Clock at Night
King Beaver with Shingas Wheyondohela, Wing-
inum, Daniel and William Anderson, Chiefs of the
Delawares came and Delivered me the following In
telligence by a string of Wampum
Brother Out of Regard to You and the Friendship that
formerly subsisted between our Grandfathers and
the English, which has lately been renewed by us.
We come now to Inform you with what news we
have heard, which you may depend upon is True.
Brother All the Enghsh at Detroit were kild Ten Days
ago, and not one left alive. At Sandusky all the
white People there were kild five days ago, being
nineteen in number, except the Officer who Com
manded is taken prisoner and one boy who made his
Escape which we have not heard of. At the mouth
of the Twightwee River Hugh Crawford with one
Boy was taken Prisoner, and six men Kild. At the
Salt Licks we heard to Day, their was kil'd five

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 137
white Men, five days ago. We have likewise seen a
Number of Tracks On the road between this an San
dusky not far off, which we are sure is a Party com
ing to Cutt you, and your People off. But we have
sent a man to watch their motion, and request you
may think of Nothing you have Here; But Make
the Best of your way to some Place of safety; as
we would not Desire to see you kild in our Town.
Be Careful to avoid the Road, and every Part where
Indians Resort. Brother what goods and other
Effects you have here, you nede not be uneasy about
them we Assure you we will take Care and keep
them safe for six Months, Perhaps by that Time
we may see You, or send you word what to expect
from us further. And we know there is one white
man that belongs to you at Gueyahoga, do not be
concerned for him, we shall take care to send him
safe Home.
Brother We desire you to tell George Croghan, and all
your great Men, that They must not aske us any
thing aboute this News, or what has happend as we
are not at all Concern'd in it. The Nations that
have taken up the Hatchet against you, are the
Ottawas and Chepawas. And when you first went
to speak with these People, you did not Consult us
upon it. Therefore desire you may not expect that
we are to account for any Mischief they do. and
what you want to know aboute this News you must

138 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
learn by the same Road you first went. But if you
will speak with us, you must send one or two men
only, and we will hear Them —
Brother We thought Your King had made Peace with us
and all the Western Nations of Indians; for our
Parts we join'd it heartly. And desired to hold it
allways Good, and you may Depend upon it we will
take care not to be readily Cheated or drawn into
a war again. But as we are seated on the Road be
tween you and those Nations, who have taken up the
Hatchet against you, we desire you will send no
Warriors this way till we are Removed from this,
which we will do as soon as we conveniently can,
when we shall permit You to Pass without taking
Notice, Till then we desire the Warriors may go, by
the first Road You went.
Give a string of Wampum —
The following is what M"". Colhoun learnd on his
way to Fort Pitt, from one of Three Indians, who
were sent by the Aforesaid Chiefs to Conduct him
safe Here (viz Daniel who is before mentioned as
one of the above Chiefs) — That Detroit was not
really taken, but had been attack'd by the Indians
four days before the Messenger who brought the
news left it, which M''. Colhoun immagines must have
been from Aboute the 13th to the 17th of May, and
that the Indians had not then mett with much suc
cess. But strongly persisted in Carrying on the At-

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 139
tack, and Said they were determined not to give over,
till they took it. And that The English had sent
out three Belts, and the French two, desiring Them
to Desist, which they Refused —
M'', Colhoun further says that when him and his
Party (14 in number) were seting out from Tus
karawas, the Indians refused to let them bring their
Arms, telling them that the three Indians that were
going along with them, were sufficient to Conduct
them safe But that the next day passing Beaver
Creek, they were fired upon by a Party of Indians,
and their Guides immediately disappeared without
interfering for them, and he is Convinced that they
were led by these Guides knowingly to this Party to
be Cutt off, from which himself with three of his
People, have only Escaped —
Having lost his way and faling in upon the
Road leading to Venango, aboute 20 miles above this
Post, He saw a number of Indians Tracks that had
gone that way — —
Letter from Capt, Ourry to Colonel Bouquet at
Philadelphia or on the road up
Fort Bedford June 1st 1763
Dear Sir
Here is the old Trade Express upon Express the
nakedness of this Communication and wealoiess of
the Garrisons in general, have induced the Savages
to renew their barbarous Hostilities and the poor de
fenceless Officers and their Parties have fell the first
Sacrifice to their bloody Resentment.

140 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
As I make no doubt Capt Ecuyer gives you the
Dismal account, I need say nothing more than that
from Pitt to this everything is yet quiet, and we are
preparing to receive the enemy at this Post with the
best Countenance our situation will admit. I am in
some hopes if they attack Pitt they will have so many
upon the Esplenade as will discourage them from
proceeding downwards. However I am far from
depending upon that but expect them here in my
turn, and hope to give a good account of them also
in my turn.
If any troops come up they must bring Powder
for we have very little here and that damage^. The
Traders here have not an ounce. So that I am
obliged to supply the Militia. I have armed them
and they mount Guard in Town at night as I do in
the Fort, where I am about contriving to save all
the Rain water it shall please God to send us, that
in case of a blockade we may be able to make our
whiskey a quenchable Beverage and also quench any
enflamed Arrows. Adieu and be sure I will defend
the Rats in the Stores to the best of my abilities, I
wish I could convert them all into men, I would not
begrudge them all the Flour they daily continue to
eat and destroy. I am very truly dear Sir
Your most humble Servant L Ourry
PSI write by this express to the Magistrates of Carlisle,

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 141
how much it concerns the Inhabitants of Cumber
land County in particular to strengthen my hands,
immediately by a Company of Volunteers, as it
would be a great while perhaps too late before Troops
could reach this Post. I know not what effect my
Letters and their own Preservation may have
L. O

Fort Bedford June 3"* 1763
Dear Sir
I have the pleasure to acquaint you that since my
last to you, I have not heard any bad news from
above, indeed none at all beyond Ligonier. No In
dian has been seen or heard of along the Communica
tion except two (of those that were lurking here last
winter) which were brought in with two Squaws and
two children, by a scouting Party of my Militia,
which I sent out agreable to what I mentioned to
you. I have also the Satisfaction to find myself well
supported by the generallity of the Country People.
But I assure you, the Panic amongst them was so
great and unluckily too much encouraged by those
who had not resolution enough to wait for further
Intelligence that it has been with the greatest Dif
ficulty and utmost Exertion of my weak Oratory
that I could pursuade the wavering to remain, but
having once convinced the most reasonable of the
Folly of Flying from a Fort tenable and well pro-

142 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
vided, before an Enemy which, for ought they knew,
would overtake them before night; and removed the
grand difficulty of those that fled from their Planta
tions, viz the want of subsistence and lodging for
their wives and children ; the whole except a very few
determined cheerfully to assist me in the Defence
of this Barrier.
I have accordingly lodged and victualed all the
Famihes, that are come in, and armed as many of
the men as were unprovided for their defence.
No less than 93 Families are now come in here for
refuge, and more hourly arriving, I expect ten
more before Night, My Militia Returns amount
already to 155 men in two companies, under the
Captains Proctor and Lewis, My Regulars are in
creased by Expresses, etc. to 3 Corporals and 9
Privates. No despicable garrison!
We have patched up two Spirit stirring Drums
and our Parade makes no smaU appearance Morning
and Evening.
My water Casks are full and my Gutters prepared
to receive, and collect the drops from Heaven.
My stores contracted into as small Compass as
possible to make room for the People and their
Effects in case of an attack. And I hope I have
omitted nothing to preserve the Post under my
Charge and the Families under my Protection,
Notwithstanding the ready Assistance of the
Mihtia Officers (who are indefatiguable) frequent in-

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 143
terruprtions by numberless Applications prevent my
being more particular. Let it, therefore Suffice that
we are aU well, and in good Spirits,
I have the honour to be
D"" Sir your most humble
and most Obed* Serv* L, O.
P.S. I have not heard from Lieut Blane by letter
Since my last to you, but am informed by Travellers
that he has about 40 fighting men including Pack
Horse men.

Presque Isle 3d June 1763
Su- This Morning Lieut Cuyler of Quns Company of
Rangers, came here, and gave me the following mel
ancholy account of his whole Party being cut off
by a large Body of Indians at the Mouth of Detroit
River the 28th of May about eleven o'clock at Night.
He tells me he left Niagara the 13th May with 97
men. Ten Batteaux and 139 Barrels of Provisions,
He had Sergt Cope and Swinton of the Royal Amer
ican Regt, the best Rangers
Sergt Cope and 15 Privates of the Royl A
Regiment
Sergt Furlinger and 42 of the Rangers
One Woman and child
Lieutenant Cuyler and 3 privates wounded. Two
dead of their wounds since. He has lost aU the Pro-

Killed i

144 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
visions except 5 Barrels of Pork. Lost also Eight
Batteaux. He is to return to Niagara tomorrow,
with the two Batteaux he has saved and the remainder
of his Command. After the affair he made the best
of his way to Sandusky, but found it Burnt to the
Ground and everything destroyed about it. God
only knows what became of Poor Mr Polly and his
Party. He also tells me Mr Schlosser at his Post,
has met with the same fate, I have sent to Niagara
a letter to the Major Desiring some more ammuni
tion and Provisions and have kept Six men of Lieut
Cuyler as I expect a visit from the Hell Hounds.
I have ordered every Body here to move into the
Block house and shall be ready for them come when
they will
I am Sir your very humble servant
L C.
To Lieutenant Gordon.

Ligonier June 4th, 1763.
Sir By the two Expresses from Capt Ecuyer, which
I hope you have received, you would be informed of
the proceedings of the Indians, therefore shall only
inform you, of what relates to my garrison which
Thursday last, was attacked by a body of Indians,
about five in the Morning but as they only fired upon
us from the skirts of the Woods, I contented myself

mm

P3 ^ A

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 145
with giving them three Cheers, without spending a
single shot upon them, but as they still continued their
poping, upon the side next the Town, about five P.M.
I sent the Sergt of the Royal Americans with a proper
detachment to Fire the Houses, which (I beheve)
effectually disappointed them in their plan, for soon
after they all disappeared, nor has any shewn them
selves since. All the inhabitants from Bushy run to
Stony Creek are safe here, and by promises, I have
also prevailed upon a number of Pack Horse men
till we hear from you, and I hope that will be soon
and effectual. You wiU easily perceive the great and
unavoidable losses the People whom I have kept here
wiU certainly be exposed to, which I hope, the Gen
eral, when he considers the service their stay is of
here, will make as easy to them as possible, partic
ularly as I have taken the properst methods to ascer
tain it, by having all the Cattle they could produce
apraised. I have heard nothing later than you from
above, only of a number of Pack Horse men who left
Fort Pitt when the Express did, five are missing,
I am so hurried with my medly that I hope you'll
excuse the incorrectness of my Letter, and believe me
with the sincerest wishes for your safe and speedy
arrival (with a proper force)
Sir
Your most obedt. Humble Servt,
Archi*' Blane.
To CoU. Bouquet.

146 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Philadelphia 5th June 1763
Sir I received this Morning your letter of the 3d and
am much obliged to you for the timely supply of
Powder you propose to send to Fort Bedford. But
it is necessary to procure a sufficient Escort from
the County of Cumberland to prevent its faUing in
the Hands of Indians should they come so far down.
If the People have any Notion of the Importance of
that Post to cover their settlements they cannot be
so far wanting to their own Interest as to neglect to
support it while it is in their Power; till Troops can
be sent up which must require time. The Governor
writes to urge that Service, and I know you wiU do
your utmost to forward it, and dispatch that Powder
as soon as you can obtain an Escort
I am &cet Henry Bouquet
To Captain Robert Callender

Philadelphia 5th June 1763 A.M.
Dear Sir
I received last Night and this Morning your Let
ters of 29th May and June with the account of this
fatal Insurrection. I have dispatched two Ex
presses to the General, who will, no doubt, order
forthwith Troops to your assistance. But as it will
require more Time than you can perhaps wait for I

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 147
have applied to Govr Hamilton, who has wrote to
the Magistrates of Cumberland County to assist you
with all their Power, and I write to Capt Callender
to forward to you as soon as he can procure a suffi
cient Escort, ten Horses loaded with Powder, which
you are not to send further up tiU you know cer
tainly that there can be no Danger of its falling into
the Hands of the Enemy. You will not be attacked
but you are very right to guard with the utmost Pre
caution, against a Surprise. As you have abundance
of Casks you can collect water from the Creek to
put out Fire if necessary. I shall acquaint you with
the Orders I shall receive concerning the Department,
and must remain here till then, as I can do nothing
by going up at present. Inform me of every thing
I am &ct
material. You may be sure that nothing will be
postponed to put you soon out of all danger. I
wish we could as easily relieve our unfortunate
Friends scattered in the Woods. Henry Bouquet
To Captain Ourry

Letter to Captain Ecuyer
Philadelphia the 5th June 1763
Dear Sir
I received last Night and this Morning your Let
ters of the 29th and 30th May, of which I sent proper
Extracts to the General who will certainly order

148 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Troops to your Rehef with the greatest Dispatch.
I am in no aprehension for your Post where no In
dians will ever dare to attack you openly, what you
are to Guard against is a Surprize, to prevent which
besides the Greatest Vigilance in the Fort, I doubt
not but you keep constant Patroles out, particularly
in the Night when your people ought to be kept
at their alarm Posts lying on their Arms and
resting in the day time. Be as saving of your
Powder as you possibly can, till you receive a new
Supply with the first Regiment that will be sent
up. I wrote you some time ago to Discharge all the
Ship Carpenters as soon as they had finished the
Twenty Batteaux. Mr Sanhurst being prefered
must be struck off the Rolls and Returns, his Place
is not yet filled. You will acquaint me with every
material circumstance as long as the coinmunication
will be open. I wait only for the Generals Orders
to join you. In the mean time I hope to send some
Militia to Ourry, and the stores he wants to be kept
in Readiness at Bedford for your Post, Mr Croghan
is on his way up but wont be able to join you till he
has an Escort I am dear Sir Henry Bouquet
Copy of Letter to Capt. Ecuyer the 5th June 1763
by Long Express.

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 149
Fort Bedford June 7th 3 o'clock PM
Sir After inclosing you the within Letters I have only
to tell you that I am provided and prepared to make
Deffence untill I receive succours, unless I should be
deserted by the country People, in which case very
Superior Numbers may fatigue my Dozzen of Royal
Americans to Death, As to myself I find I can
bear a great deal. Since the AUarm, I never lie
doAvn till about twelve. I am walking about the fort
between 2 and 3 in the morning, turning out the
Guards, and sending out patrols, before I suffer the
Gates to remain open. I have got penns close un
der the Fort in which the cattle is drove in the Eve
ning by the Gross Guard. My greatest Difficulty
is to keep my undiciplined Militia from Stragling by
twos and threes to their dear plantations thereby ex
posing themselves to be scalped and weakening my
garrison by such numbers absenting themselves.
They are still in good Spirits, but they dont know
all the bad news. I shall use all means to prevail
on them to stay till some Troops come up. I have
made the Fort very roomly, and have thrown down
the Redoubt, and acquainted the Inhabitants that
these were stores prepared to receive their Effects,
which I advised them (from the first AUarm) to have
ready packt taking in on the shortest notice, as pos
sibly I should be under the necessity of burning some
of their Houses.

150 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
I fear much for Ligonier, the communications be
tween this and Fort Pitt, at least beyond Ligonier
is entirely cut off. I long to see my Indian Scout
come in with Intelhgence. But I long more to hear
the Grenadiers March, and to see some more Red
Coats. FareweU for I will not detain the Express, who is
just this moment come in by the way of Fort Cum
berland I am most Sincerely yours L. Ourry
P.S. The appearance of an Officer from below or
on Express with the News of some Troops being on
their March up, would greatly enliven the Spirits of
my Militia, hitherto kept up by my Eloquence, which
I am afraid wiU not be sufficient when they come to
know all.
To Colonel Bouquet, at Philadelphia.

Carhsle June 8th 1763
Dear Sir
By this Express you will Receive y^ Intelgence of
Mr. Colhoon by w*^ itt apeers that y^ Delaways have
all Declared against us, as you have known My opin
ion on this head Some Time ago I Need Say Noth
ing Now on y^ Subjectt as itt will Nott Bear Laffing
att as usual by his 
I have Wrote S"" William Johnson and Inclos*

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 151
him a Copy of y® Intilegence w** you will plese to
forward. Plese to aquaint Governor Amilton that I heve
herd this Evening that Co" Bird & Cap* M*=hee hes
Nott proceeded to Disposses the New England peo
ple having Received an Acount from Fort Agusta
that y^ Indians on Susquehenna have Summon** y*
Garrison to Remove or that they wold cut them of
— I will Proceed tomorrow for bedf ord and Indeavor
to gett Some Men to Escort y^ Powder & Lead up
there I am D'" S""
y'' Most Humble Serv*
GEO: CROGHAN

Fort Bedford June 9th 1763
6 o'clock AM
Dear Sir
I shall miss no opportunity of writing to you in
this critical Juncture, tho I am now apprehensive my
letters may not come to hand as I suppose you are
on the road. Therefore for the future I shall write
directly to Sir Jeffrey Amherst, till I have the pleas
ure of seeing you or some other red coat from below.
Since my last to you of the 7th with the Packet from
Fort Pitt, I have nothing material. A false AUarm
yesterday threw all the Inhabitants in such a con
sternation, that they were all packing up and moving
off, nay, some without taking anything with them,
that might in the least impede their flight, and I sup-

152 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

pose that before Night I should not have had twenty
men left, if any except the Soldiers, had I not been
luckily possest of a Letter the date of which con
vinced the People of the mistake, A man that was
missing at Ligonier and had been in the Woods ever
since the 3rd (the day of the attack) came in here
half starved and reported, before he spoke to me, that
the Indians had burnt the Fort Ligonier and de
stroyed the Garrison, this he affirmed Saying that
he saw the Fire burning on Friday about dusk on
the Spot where the Fort stood, and what confirmed
the People here of the truth of this Disaster, was that
he also said he had seen a matter of 50 Indians upon
the AUegchany on Monday Evening. As soon as
he came to me I asked him a few questions, and on
comparing circumstances I found and convinced the
People that the Fire he saw was from the houses,
Lieut Blane had caused to be burnt, as his letter to
me was dated the 3d at 8 o'clock PM (which was an
hour later than the Man had seen the Fire) and the
Express that brought it did not set out from Ligonier
till Saturday the 4th and brought with him two let
ters dated the 4th.
As to the 50 Indians, upon asking him if he had
counted any number even 20 or 10 or 6 he said No,
but that they seemed to be a great many, sitting down,
and only one stood up which he saw very plain, and
by the Discription of the dress, paint, time and place,
they were my Indian Scout who sat out from hence
that morning and were to lay there that night.

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 153
I mention this to show the little dependence there
is on Men that are not immediately under command,
I am pretty confident that the appearance they make
upon the Parade is what keeps off the Savages, there
for I would fain prevail on them to stay till Troops
come up, which they seem resolved to do now. If
I had but a Letter to produce with an authority
(whether true or false) of their being on the March,
it would give them Spirits and encourage their prese-
verance. The Inhabitants of the Town are very hearty.
The Settlers that have fled from their Plantations are
the most wavering, I am obliged to harangue often
and not without Effect, as I know what way to take
them, and many having known me long have some
confidence in me.
We live entirely on fresh Beef to save our own Salt
Pork. I kill no Sheep neither because I can keep
them in the Fort easily in case of a Blockade, And
I have order'd a quantity of Biscuit to be baked for
Scouting Parties, etc. as well as to have Some to eat
in the Fort, still we could get an Oven up in case we
should be shut up.
Tho' I take all these precautions, and many others,
I am of opinion the Indians will not Attack this
Post, nor indeed commit any Hostilities (at least yet
awhile) on this Side of the Mountains, which I sup
pose they look upon as the Limits — ^tho' I may be
out in my Pohticks, and therefore prepare for them.
The Garrison of Fort Burd, with the Suttlers, are

154 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
arrived Safe at F, CumberF, with a quantity of
Goods belonging to Cap" Shelby,
The Serj* threw four Casks of Powder in the
Monongehella & buried 900 lbs of Lead.
Maj' Livingston also informs me that his Fort
is now deffencible, that he has formed two Companies
of Militia, but that he is crowded hke one with
Women and Children, that he can be plentifully Sup
pUed with fresh Meat, but is scarce of Flour.
Yesterday I sent him upwards of 1800 lbs, of
Flour, by Some Horses that are gone for Indian
Corn, I am Sending a party to meet a Drove of Cattle,
I expect from Col* Cresap belonging to Capt" Cal
lender, intended for Detroit,
Adieu for they & the Working partys are on the
Parade & you know I must attend,
I am most Sincerely
Dear Sir
Y"" most Obedient
humble Servant L OURRY
P,S. the Signal of our Indian Scouts is a piece of our
Regimental White Lace round the head of one of the
Party, & on seeing friends they all display a yard or
two of it in their hands, I have made this as pub-
lich as possible.
Col* Bouquet.

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 155
From Captain Ourry to Col Bouquet
Fort Bedford 10th June 1763
Dear Sir
This morning at one o'clock I received yours of
the 5th by Long the express, and have sent up the
inclosed to Capt. Ecuyer, by one of my Militia Men.
My scouting Party returned yesterday, but had not
so good success as the time before, they were two or
three days too late, or they would have caught old
Hichquesheens and his gang, they were out four days,
and were upwards of 40 mils from hence thro' the
woods, and did not see one Indian. This day I ex
amined John Hudson one of the Indians brought in
the other day to try if I could get from him the
Motive of the late Insurrections, and what other
Intelhgence might be of use to the General, which
I have accordingly inclosed to Sir Jeffry Am
herst. If the Province intends to raise Troops they may
have two Companies compleat here in two hours.
One half of the Militia being ready wiUing and de
sirous of inlisting under their present Officers, (but
that I suppose the Assembly won't allow) I have
mentioned it to Governor Hamilton as a very favor
able opportunity of having two Companies nearly
compleat in two hours and immediately on service
they being actually on duty as volunteers. As I am
in hopes this wiU meet you almost before it is dry, I
shall say no more but that I am Tout a vous
Lieutenant Ourry.

156 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Alls well
I have no candles
I wrote you yesterday by one John Guygers that
was to go by Louderon and Chombas to Marsh
Creek, I dont expect you will get that letter and
perhaps not this, for which reason I have wrote di
rectly to General Amherst
To Colonel Boquet

Ligonier June Friday 10th 1763
Dear Colonel
I sent you an Express last Saturday, to make you
acquainted with my situation, when I acquainted you
that I forwarded an Express from Capt Ecuyer
upon the 30th of May, and another the 31st, I hope
all reached you in safety. In the Express which I
sent you I mentioned that the Indians had fired upon
this post, and since I find they have killed and carried
off a great number of Horses and I am likewise
afraid, one Rich^ Shannon (who unluckily straggled
out by himself that morning) has also fallen into
their Hands.
This Express I send you for two reasons first to
acquaint you that I have heard nothing from Pitts
burgh since the Express mentioned above, as well as
to satisfy the Garrison of this place, and to request,
that you would use your endeavour to throw in
Succors by the 16th Inst, at farthest. You no doubt
can guess the reason of my request.

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 157
I can ascribe no reason for Cap* Ecuyer's Silence,
unless it be the watchfulness of the Indians, who I
doubt not keep a very sharp look out, perhaps it
may be owing to his having nothing new to inform
you of but whatever may be his reasons I beg you
wont look upon this to proceed from any disposition
in me, to give you additional trouble, but that I am
with the most fixed resolve to do my utmost what
ever may hapen Sir
Your most obed* Humble Serv*
A Blane
To Col* Bouquet

Carhsle 13th June 1763
Dear Colonel
Having been over the Mountain for these few
Weeks past, I could not sooner acknowledge the re
ceipt — (MS torn away and much stained) — ^very
friendly Letter, which on my return I found 
 with regard to the Indians Depredations

first of the AUeghanys Cap* Trents Letter to his
Wife and the Indian Speech to Calhoon, is all I
have yet seen in writing and should have sent you
a Copy of the latter had — ^been persuaded you have
some time ago been furnish'd with — piece of Intel
ligence — all things will yet work together for good
tho' another bloody Scene may now be at the Door,
which doubtless will retard your proceeding down the

158 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
River, but at length, put that design on more Safe
and respectable footing. I am distress'd for the
State of our Frontier, scatter'd and already thrown
into great confusion and difficulty as the people al
ready are thro' Pannick infatuation and lyes, I have
wrote the Governor a few lines on this matter, and
am this morning a Setting out for the North Side
of the Hills, in Order if possible to prevent such a
ruinous and ShamefuU flight. Ammunitions is
greatly wanted throughout this County.
As I write a letter from Cap* Ourry came to hand
of the 10th Inst aU is yet well there by the bearer
I underst [torn away] to his Hon' and One to you
on the same Subject to which I can say nothing more
than that the Spirit and diligence of those people
ought to meet with some kind of reward, tho' should
the War become general, the granting of Commis
sions I now know wiU require caution, even as a
Militia, in which Style only the Governor can at pres
ent grant, and what may be proper enough at Bed
ford for the present, I have just rec'd Some pressing
requests from the Frontier for Ammunition and
Arms — the former should be immediately sent on
some f ootting or other.
I am dear Coll. Your most
Obed*. Humb*. Serv*.
JOHN ARMSTRONG
The Ammunition is gone Safe to Cap* Ourry by
Volunteers.

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 159
PhUad^ 14**^ June 1763
Dear Sir
I rec'd the 10th your Letter and duplicate of 2^
Instant which I transmitted to the Gen* who has sent
Troops to your Relief. They will take under their
Escort what may be necessary at your Post and make
all the Dispatch that the Distance and the Roads
will admit of
I cannot sufficiently express to you my entire
Satisfaction of the prudent and spirited Measures
you have taken to put the Fort out of aU Insult and
be able to prevent any Surprise, The Zeal shewn
on this Occasion by the Officer and Men, as well as
the Inhabitants, does them the greatest Honour, and
gives the People here the most sanguine Hopes of
seeing the Savages soon reduced by such brave Men.
I was glad to hear that Burent continues to de
serve your Approbation; His faithful Services will
I hope be rewarded and I shall not be sparing of my
Recommendations The Savages have blundered so much in not at
tempting to surprise our Posts that we must enter
tain the most contemptible Opinion of their Courage
and Intellects,
Their Lies about Detroit give me some Hopes that
Sandusky is not lost, I flatter myself that we shall
be able to disengage Venango and Le Boeuf if they
have Provisions for some time.
The Orders so long expected from England are

160 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
not yet arrived which makes it very inconvenient to
send Troops before one knows their intended Desti
nation I shall have the Pleasure to see you as soon as
possible. My best compliments to the Gentlemen
with you, and my Thanks to our brave Men for the
Honour they have done to the Corps by their good
Conduct and chearful Obedience to their Orders
I am &c (signed) H. Bouquet
To Cap* Ecuyer.

Philad* 14**' June 1763
Sir I rec'd your Letter of the 4th with the Account of
the Indians attacking your Post which can be in no
Danger with the prudent Measures you have taken.
I have recommended to his Excellency Sir Jeff Am
herst the Case of the People you have detained to
reinforce your Garrison who will soon be at liberty
to come down, as there are Troops on their March
for your Rehef, Be as saving of your Provisions as
possible, and continue to keep your Amunition till
it can do Execution.
You may be sure that all the Indians on the con
tinent would not dare to attack you in Earnest. Sur
prise is their only Shift, and that will always fail
with you, I go up myself as soon as I can forward
the Convoy, but you know the Distance, and the Dif-

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 161

Acuities attending a March, so don't be uneasy; you
will be supported in good Time,
If you cannot well protect your Horses, could you
not send them to Bedford? I am Sir &c
(signed) H. BOUQUET,
Lieut Blane,

New York, 16th June 1763
Sir Mr, Spencer arrived here this morning and de
livered me your letter of the 13th Instant, and I Im
mediately gave Orders for his being Examined by
the Surgeons of the Hospital, who Report him Quali
fied, as you will See by the Enclosed, so that you wiU
appoint him to be Surgeon's Mate to the First Bat
tahon, in the Room of Mr, Van Hulst.
Since then I have received yours of the same Date,
Enclosing copies of Letters from Bedford & Ligonier
concerning the Motions of the Indians. At the
same time, that I approve of the precautions taking
by the Commanding Officers at those Posts, I cannot
help Expressing my Surprize, that on the appear
ance of a few Indians, all Out Houses should be
Burnt & Destroyed, for I can See no Sort of Neces
sity for that, on the approach of so Despicable an
Enemy as the Indians are, without any kind of War
like Implements but those of 111 provided Small
arms. Captain Ourry Does very well to Receive &

162 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Protect the Inhabitants, but I would not have hun,
on any account put much Trust in them. I have
already acquainted you that the Light Infantry
Companys of the 42nd & 47th Regiments are on
their March towards Philadelphia, and likewise that
I have ordered the Remains of those Regiments to
assemble on Staaten Island, to be ready to proceed
to the Southward, should there be occasion for them;
but I must acquaint you that they are so Reduced
as to make but a very small Number of Men, the
Whole Remains of the Nine Companys of the 47th
not Exceeding Eighty Men. I have just now Re
ceived accounts from Niagara, that the Indians be
tween that Post & the Detroit are likewise in arms,
and have Obliged a Party proceeding from thence to
Return Hither; I shall however take the Necessary
Steps for putting Everything to Rights in that
Quarter; and I have only to Desire, that you will
take Every precaution in your power for Defeating
their Wild Schemes, in the Department of Fort Pitt,
and advise me, from time to time, of Everything Re
markable that may happen
I am Sir Your most Obedient Servant Jeff Amherst,
To Colonel Bouquet,

Fort Bedford June 17th 1763
Dear Sir
I just now received your favor of the 14th. As

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 163
the man who carries it to Carlisle is just setting off,
I have only time to acknowledge the receipt of it.
I wrote to you from Shippensburg on the eleventh,
to which I must refer you for my opinion of the In
dians behaviour at this time until I hear from Fort
Pitt, as no Express has come down this 12 days,
I have reason to think the place is invested, so that
none can safely escape them But they can no longer
continue there, in my opinion than the five cattle
there abouts which may fall into their way can sup
port them.
The Delawares in my opinion are the people who
have begun this Indian war and if the Ottaways and
Cheepways have attackt Detroit, I believe it will be
found that the French was acquainted with their
designs. I imagine the Delawares will remove over
the Lakes or over Mississippi, perhaps this may be
a stroke of policy of the French to get as many In
dian Nations as they can, to go to the Country over
the Mississippi which they have to people as well to
make themselves respectable with their Indian aleys
as to secure as much of the Indian Trade as they
can. The Delawares you are sensible have not be
haved so well as they did before Post went amongst
them to his Majesties Troops, and since the last
Treaty at Lancaster, they may be said to have be
haved with insolence, this you are weU acquainted
with, and I wish the Quakers may not fmd that their
interfering with Indian affairs may have done more
hurt to his Majesties Indian Interest and given them
a greater dislike to his Troops, than any settlements.

164 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
that I or any other people have made there. I am
of opinion if the Six Nations knew any thing of this
Eruption, they kept it secret in order to break off
any connections between us and the Delawares, as
I am certain they have been for some years very
jealous of the Delawares being raised so high by the
Quakers of Philla,, however time wiU evince to the
public whether I have acted with imprudence in my
Department or not as far as I was limited. I wish
the General would permit me to send one of those
Indians here for inteligence as it is the only way
left us to find out who are concerned against us for
was I now at Fort Pitt I could not have so good an
opportunity. I am dear Sir Your most Humble Servant
Geo, Croghan
To Colonel Henry Bouquet,

John Armstrong to Col Bouquet
Carhsle 20th June 3 o'clock P M 1763
Dear Colonel
Last Night a Packet fell into my hands without
any person to forward it, and finding therein a
Letter for the General and two for yourself, together
with others on his Majestys Service, I thought it in
cumbent to employ the bearer Mathew Neely to ride
Express to you on this Occasion, he is careful and
expeditious, I have only told him you would give

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 165
him a reasonable reward for the journey as I could
find no person going down occasionally, tho I en
quired over the Fort. That I don't detain your
Letters I must refer you to mine for the Governor,
which I am anxious you should read tho' there be
but little in it.
The Cloud seems to me to thicken, God its true
can easily discipate it, but that the intention to do
all possible Mischief, is strong, general and deter
minate is beyond all doubt, and Fort Pitt in all prob
ability is in some sort invested by the enemy
I am dear Colonel Yours very affectionately John Armstrong
PS I need not tell you that a small, nor even a
very considerable number of troops cannot now go
to Pittsburgh without the risk of doing much hurt
than good to the King's Service What you were
so kind as propose to bring up for me may perhaps
according to the present aspect of things be as
prudent to defer for the present J. A.
To Colonel Bouquet

Letter from Ensign Price to Colonel Bouquet.
Fort Pitt 26th June 1763
Sir I arrived here this morning from Le Bouef
which I abandoned the 18th at night

166 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
The 3d inst I had an Express from Christie with
the News of Lieutenant Cuyler's defeat &cet which
I immediately forwarded to Venango and have heard
since I got in, was sent to you. Another Express
the 13th arrived, I forwarded it likewise, but has
never been heard of since and Captain Ecuyer has
therefore desired me to give you the Heads relating
to it. About the 12th Christie seeing a Sail stand
ing towards Niagara sent a Batteau on board think
ing the Master not inclined to put in and by a Cor
poral who had it from Captain Newmans mouth
learned the following particulars. Viz That on or
about the 1st of May 1500 Indians arrived at De
troit and wanted to hold a Treaty in the Fort, but
Major Gladwin being told by Monsieur Banby that
if they were admitted they would fall upon and de
stroy every man in it, ordered the Garrison under
arms, which the Chief of the Indians seeing asked if
he was afraid. The next day they came aU-together
and repeated their former request of admittance and
being refused began to fire, ending that day with
the loss of 40 of their men and wounding but a few
of ours. Captain Campbell and Lieut McDougal
were sent to inquire what was the cause of their be
haviour and were detained, though the Indians sent
in two of their own People as Hostages.
A day or two preceeding these transactions they
killed Sir Robert Devers, Capt Robinson, Mac Hay
and one Fisher (a trader) as they were out sound-

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 167
ing the Lake ; and returning to Fishers House hanged
his wife and took the rest of his Family Prisoners.
Detroit had been two weeks besieged when Capt
Newman came out of the River to convey Lieut
Cuyler in, and the Garrison were living upon a little
Provision of Banby then. He was three weeks after
before he saw Presque Isle, being detained by con
trary winds and was afraid all the upper Posts were
cut off. He was fired upon coming out of the River
and Captain Campbell was sent on board to know if
he would strike and they would spare the lives of all
on board, but he sent them word he was determined
to fight his way and did. The 18th instant I was
attacked and the Indians, taking possession of the
lower store fired my House with their Arrows, so
that I was obliged to retreat out of it in the Night,
which I did unseen and brought in with me seven
men. Six are still in the woods but I hope will get
in safe some where. We arrived at Venango the
20th at One at night and found the block house
burned to the ground,
I am a little fatigued but in good health as is most
of those that came with me,
I hope soon to have the pleasure of seeing you and
am, Sir,
Your most obedt and
most humble Servant G. Price

168 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Carhsle the 3rd July 1763.
Sir: I am sorry to have to acquaint you that our Posts
at Presqu' Isle, Le Boeuff and Venango are cut off
and the Garrisons Massacred by the Savages. Ex
cept one officer and seven men who have escaped
from Le Boeuff. Fort Pitt was Briskly attacked on
the 22nd. Had only a few men kiUed and wounded
and dispersed the Enemy,
Fort Ligonier has likewise stood a Vigerous at
tack by means of some men who reinforced that small
Garrison from the Militia of Bedford The Indians
Expected a strong reinforcement to make new at
tempts on those two posts.
If the Measures I had the honour to recommend
to you in my Letters of Yesterday are not im
mediately put in Execution I forsee the ruin of this
part of the province on this side of the Susque
hannah, and as York County would be covered by
Cumberland I think they ought to join in assisting
to build some posts and saving the Harvest, It
would not be less Necessary to send immediately
arms and ammunition to be Distributed to the in
habitants to defend their Reapers, You may like
wise think it proper to appoint some Commissioners
to see your orders Executed in these two Counties
Two Soldiers of the 77th Regiment have been ar
rested at Lancaster by writs from Mr Edw^ Ship-
pen for Fictitious debts and Bail offered by Doctor
Thompson was refused. If it is in your power I

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 1G9
begg these Boys (both under age) may be released
and obliged to join their Companys,
I have the Honour to be Sir
To the Honble James Hamilton, Esqe
from Col. Bouquet,

From Colonel Bouquet to Mr Croghan
Carhsle 4th July 1763
Dear Sir
I had yesterday your letter of the 29th and
perused that of the 2d July to Sir William, which
I transmitted forthwith to the General with the fatal
account received from above. His Excellency writes
me. What Mr Croghan mentions with regard to the
part he beheves the Delawares, and the other Na
tions in General intend to play on this occasion, I
think is very just and I am persuaded it will turn
out exactly so; whenever they meet with a proper
check — My opinion with regard to the Indians that
are in our Power is, that they should remain as
Prisoners, as I am convinced they would be amongst
the first, were they let loose that that would join the
others, I approve of Mr Croghan's having raised the 25
men to Garrison Fort Littleton which appears to
have been very Necessary and you may acquaint Mr
Croghan that I have from time to time informed
Sir William Johnson of every intelhgence I have re
ceived and that his Letter to Sir Wilham with the

170 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
enclosures shaU be forwarded to him, so far the
Generals Letter to me, I wrote you in my last and
repeat it here that I make myself answerable for
the pay of Capt Wm Pyper, his officers and men as
you have agreed with them and will recomend them
to the Governor for Commissions, as I know them to
be good and brave men. You have forgot to pay
to Mr West the Bill you drew on me for £100,
which has been presented to me, be so good as to
settle it. I shall join you as soon as the Regiments
come up and the Carriages can be got, which will be
about the 9th of this Month. I am Dear Sir
Signed H. Bouquet
Captain Basset and I live in your Hotel here.
Swiming in Ease and Plenty. I think it very con
venient to find that you have a house, wherever I go
Your family are well

Mr. Geo. Wood 4th July 1763
Received the 11th
Answ^ the same day.
Su- The Indians is playing on us in all quarters, I
have been at this post with two Regulars and four

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 171
Volunteers, this week past and on the arrival of the
Highlanders, Captain Ourry sent us two more and
Mr Croghan sent five of his Volunteers the whole
amounts to 13 men, which if we had any Place to
Defend ourselves I think we could stand a smart at
tack, but the fort being all out of repair, we have
took to my house and prepaired it as well as possible
to defend ourselves. The Volunteers threaten go
ing away every day I hope your Honor will take
us to consideration as well for our safety, as also, for
the real needsessity of keeping Up the post, being al
most the only Pass on the Line
I am Sir your humble Servant George Wood
Crossings July 4th 1763
To Colonel Bouquet

From Col Bouquet to H Blane Carlisle
Carhsle 4th July 1763
Sir I received last night your Letter of 28th Jime.
The contents of which I transmitted to the General.
You may depend upon his approbation of the wise
Measures you have taken, and that the brave men
who have agreed to stay with you till I come to your
Rehef wUl be Punctually paid for aU the time they
will remam with you. I have Branded with Infamy

172 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
the wretches whom I discovered here to have de
serted your Post, and if you can send me the Names
of all those who so treacherously abandoned you, I
shall publish it in the Newspapers to cover them that
shame so justly due to all Tray tors and Cowards.
On the other hand I shall recommend in the
Strongest manner those Pack horse men who pro
duced your leave to come down
The vigerous Steps you have taken to Secure to
yourself a Reinforcement so Necessary does you as
great Honour as your good Disposition and Cour
age. Had Christie and Gordon behaved with such
a Spirit their important Posts would have been
lost and Christie and his Garrison massacred after a
Scandalous Capitulation, as if the Example of Fort
Loudon in the Cherokee Country ought not to be a
Sufficient warning never to Trust ones Self alive with
faithless Savages. The great importance of your
Post for the support of Port Pitt, has given me the
utmost anxiety knowing in what Condition you were
left, and all my dependence was in your Prudence,
and Firmness in which I have not been disapointed.
Be as Saving of provisions and particularly of
Amunition, as if you had no Rehef to Expect, and
after the Risk you Exposed yourself to, by Suffer
ing any men to go out of the Fort, I need not give
you Warning, never to be allured by any appear
ing Advantage to Expose your Post to the least
danger.

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 173
The bad Success the Savages have met with in
Attacking Fort Pitt and your Post will soon make
them sick of attempting them. Don't permit a
Musket to be fired but where you are sure of doing
Execution. I sent you a Reinforcement which I
shall soon follow with a Sufficient Force to clear the
roads of that Bloody race. I am Sir
Signed Henry Bouquet
P.S. What Cap* Ourry hinted to me of your In
tention before you got a Reinforcement must be
erased, if an officer should remain alone in his post,
there he must die before he Disgraces himself by
abandoning it. H. B.

Letter from Governor Hamilton
Philadelphia July 6th 1763
Sir I am to acknowledge the favour of your several
letters of the 19th June 2 and 3 of this instant, the
last containing the shocking account of the taking
of three of our Forts and murdering the Garrisons
by the Savages, from them I reckon upon the com
mencement of a general Indian War, but when it will
have a period God knows. In the mean time, it can-

174 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
not but be attended with infinite mischief to those
Colonies, as weU by the heavy expence it will oc
casion, as by retarding the progress of their settle
ment, for I would willingly flatter myself, that in the
end they will be obliged to solicit the peace they have
so wantonly broken.
As this express is just setting off I was unwiUing
to miss the opportunity of informing you as soon as
possible, that the assembly by a resolve of this day
have authorized us in conjunction with the provincial
Commissioners to take into pay seven hundred men
till the next meeting of that House, which is the
9th of September, to be employed in protecting the
Frontier Inhabitants and that the pay is settled on
such funds as will not occasion any disputes between
us. And also that a bill will be passed tomorrow for
compelling the inhabitants to furnish Carriages &c
for the kings service agreeable to the Generals Re
quest. Considering how numerous and determined
the Indians are represented to be, I am in pain for
your convoy to Fort Pitt. I shall set about giving
orders for raising the men the moment the Assembly
rises which will be tomorrow. Pray communicate to
me what you think worth my knowing, as in return
I shall do to you. The express is waiting
I am with great regard Sir your most
obedient humble servant James Hamilton
To Colonel Bouquet

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 175
Letter to Governor Hamilton
Carhsle 8th July 1763
Sir I had this day the Honour of your Letter dated
the 6th Inst and am glad for the sake of the Frontier
inhabitants that the assembly have authorized you
in conjunction with the Provincial Commissioners to
take into pay 700 men for their Protection.
The Savages being now elated by repeated Suc
cesses I join in opinion with you that there will be
some risk in forcing a convoy to Fort Pitt with the
Troops I have, partly composed of men taken out
of the Hospital. Therefore that I may not be
blamed for having neglected any precaution in my
power to avoid receiving a check. I beg the favour
to know whether your troops when raised are to act
in conjunction with the King's forces, and in case
the Enemys Strength should make it Necessary,
whether I could obtain part of them to march with
me beyond the Limits of the purchased Lands, to the
relief of Fort Pitt and escort back to the Settle
ments upwards of 300 inhabitants, women and chil
dren now shut up in that Fort, If I have no as
sistance to expect from them, and the General hav
ing not in his power to send me a man more, I must
without delay run all risks to relieve with my small
force, a Post on the preservation of which so much
depends, should I have the misfortune to fail in the
attempt. The consequences are easily forseen, I

176 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
enclose you a Letter from Captain Ourry and those
of Mr Croghan and Mr Wm Piper as relative to
the men hired for the defence of Fort Littleton, and
the offer of raisuig immediately a good company of
Rangers, The remains of the two Regiments will
be here tomorrow, or the 10th and as soon as I re
ceive the Wagons and Flour I expect from Lan
caster, I propose to proceed to Bedford
I have the honour to be Sir
Henry Bouquet
PS I suppose your Troops will be raised on condi
tion to serve during the war
To the Honble James Hamilton Esqe

Fort Detroit 10th July 1763
Sir I am sorry to have to acquaint you of my mis
fortune. On the 20th June at day break I was sur
rounded at my Post at Presqu Isle by about two
hundred Indians a quarter of an hour after they be
gan to Fire on the Block House and continued all
that day very smartly. Likewise Fire arrows were
thrown into the Roof of the Block house and
Bastions. I received my greatest hurt from the Two
HiUs, the one ascending from the Lake the other
from the bottom, they having made holes in the night
to secure themselves, Nothwithstanding two or three
did their endeavor to get in the French were killed
which made them cease fireing some hours, at which
time they was employed in digging of passes through

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 177
the earth in order to get at the bottom of the house.
21st They commenced fireing as hot as ever and
also with Fire Arrows which set the house a second
time on fire, the same day the Barrels of water I
had provided was spent in extinguishing said Fires
and found it impossible to get at a well which was
sunk on the Parade, therefore was obliged to sink
one in the house by hard labour, whilst we were dig
ging to get at the well we were again set on fire
but got it extinguished by throwing of some shingles
from the roof at the same time they had approached
as far as the Commanding Officers room on the
parade they set it on fire and communicated it to
the rushes round the Fort, We continued our fire
ing till midnight when one of them who spoke French
informed me it was in vain to pretend to hold out
for they could now set fire to the house when they
pleased if I would not surrender; we may expect
no quarters, finding they had made their approaches
aforesaid. That they could set me on fire above and
below. My men being fatigued to the greatest ex
tremity and not being able to extinguishing such fire
ing and resist their numbers, I asked them in Eng
lish if there was any amongst them which understood
that language, an Englishman then called up to me,
that if I ceased my fireing he would speak with me,
he told me they were of the Urin Nation that had
ben compeUed to take up arms by the Ottawas
against Detroit, that there was part of other Nations
with him, that they only wanted the house and that

178 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
they would have now soon, that I might have liberty
to go with my Garrison where I pleased, I desired
them to leave off their fireing and I would give them
an answer in the morning earily. After considering
my situation and of the impossibility of holding out
any longer I sent out two soldiers as if to treat with
them that they may find out their disposition and
how they had made their approaches, and to give
me a signal if they found what I imagined to be true
finding if it be so and the vessel Hovering Between
the two points all the while I was engaged could
give me no assistance. I came out with my people
they then took us prisoners, myself and four soldiers
and a woman was brought to the Wiandotte Town,
the rest of my garrison was taken by the other Na
tions. I was delivered up to Detroit with one soldier
and a woman, the other two they killed at their town ;
the night I arrived there I was delivered up to Fort
Detroit the 9th instant.
I am sir your most humble Servant John Christie
P S All the Forts beyond this have met with the
same fate. Captain Campbell, Lieut Tammet and
Ensign Holmes is killed, the rest of the gentlemen
is prisoners

Lieut Don Campbell
to Colonel Bouquet
Ligonier 11 July 1763
Su-

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 179
Enclosed I send you a return of this Garrison.
The detachment I brought up with me, I did not
include as you know their numbers.
I left Bedford the 7th Inst at night and arrived
here the 9th in the morning without seeing any of the
Enemy, tho' I believed they followed us very close,
as that evening they fired several shots at the Fort.
There is one of our men wounded by the enemy, and
I believe a Surgeon would be very necessary, in case
any more accidents should happen. I am sir Your
most Obedient, humble servant Don"* Campbell
To Col Bouquet

Lieutenant Blane to Colonel Bouquet
On his March to Fort Pitt
Fort Ligonier July 11-1763
Sir I had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 4th
Instant by Mr Campbell who got safely here the 9th
in the morning, and who being my Senior, I have de
livered aU your orders relating to the Post to him,
as well as the advice and other informations my long
stay at this Place makes me capable of. I have like
wise communicated to him your Letter of the 4th.
As Mr Campbell writes you by this opportunity and
informs you of the affairs of the Post. I have only

180 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
to return you my thanks for the satisfaction you
express with my conduct and care you promise to
take of those men that have suffered so much by
their stay here for the safety of this Place. The
Bedford Volunteers (Mr Recker excepted) are far
from meriting anything besides the wages promised,
but I have no occasion to say more as when you
receive this by them you can judge their merit
yourself, but I hope their going will make no great
odds. I must now beg leave to inform you for your and
Army's safety, that it is more necessary now than
ever I knew it, to be very watchful, for the 58 and
9 appeared only diversion to these times, for they
exert themselves to their utmost, indeed they will
have occasion for their utmost dexterity in a short
time. I remain with the sincerest wishes for your safe
arrival and Speedy
Sir Your most obet humble servt A Blane

Letter to Governor Hamilton
Carhsle 13 July 1763
Su- The accounts of the Murders committed by the
Savages in this unfortunate County will be trans
mitted to you by so many Persons that I need not be
very particular. The List of the People known to

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 181

be killed from 40 to within 16 miles of this Town,
amounted last Night to 19 besides wounded, and in
creases very fast every hour. The desolation of so
many Families reduced to the last extremities of
want and misery. The despair of those who have
lost their parents, relations and Friends, with the cries
of distracted women and children who fill the streets,
form a scene of horror painful to humanity, and im
possible to describe. Mr Galbreth sent me here
yesterday two Indians, two squaws and four children,
who had been taken prisoners in one of the Islands
of Susquehanna, where they raised corn by some
young Men living near that River. One is Conaway
Sam Cayuga Indian and a peaceable man, the other
a Mokikander equally inoffensive. It was with the
utmost difficulty I could prevail with the enraged
Multitude not to massacre them, and I don't think
them very safe in the Gaol. They cannot be released
as they would be torn to pieces by our People or
forced to join the enemy; but they ought to be re
moved to Philadelphia as soon as convenient. The
whole country to the west of this place is already
abandoned with the Harvest, Cattle and Horses and
this Town suddenly become the Frontier on that side.
The flying Inhabitants are in absolute want of arms
and ammunition and having discovered ten kegs of
powder, belonging to the Commissioners for the In
dian Trade, in the House of one Edward Moreton
a waggoner and there being none to be sold, they
were going to seize upon it, which I prevented by

182 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
writing to Mr Galbreth to distribute one Keg among
them and send the rest here this day; when I shall
desire Mr West to sell it to the People, I hope the
Commissioners will not disaprove of it in the urgent
Necessity, and if they desire it I will pay for what
I have distributed.
When I wrote you on the 2nd of July, my senti
ments relative to the measures I thought necessary
to prevent the Ruin of this country I did not expect
to be so soon a witness of it, and still less that the
Assembly would pay no regard to my representations.
Finding myself unable, in my circumstances, to afford
any direct Protection to this Frontier, I thought it
incumbent on me to recommend it to your more im
mediate Protection; as it was easy to Judge, from
the general Panic, and the dispersion of the en-
habitants that a handful of savages would soon lay
waste the Country. The few Troops voted by the
Assembly can neither be raised in time, nor when
raised will they be able to save the People and their
Harvest from destruction, which would only have
been effected by exerting the united Force of this
and York County in the manner I had proposed.
I march the Day after tomorrow to the relief of
Fort Pitt, and hope to draw the attention of the
enemy upon me, and by that means be of some ser
vice to this People I have the Honor &c
Henry Bouquet

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 183
George Wood to Henry Bouquet
Crossing Juniata July 13th 1763
Sir Yesterday our corporal Sank went out to the Back
of my file to see if there was any Deers in the Creek
and one of Mr Croghans voluntiers with him and we
have not seen him since of consequence they must be
either killed or taken; we heard two guns go off
some time after they went out. I discharged him
of going out and told him the consequence of leave-
ing his Post, but I could not prevail on him to stay.
We are certainly in danger. I have sent to Capt
Ourry for a reinforcement for us and I have got on
Express down that there is a Corporal and six men
coming down Yours George Wood

July 13th 1763 Fort Bedford
Sir I arrived here the 11th instant, and had it not been
that the Pack Horses and sheep were a good deal
fatigued, I could have reached this Place the 10th.
I encamped on the out side of the Town as I
imagined it would be more secure for the Inhabi
tants, as well as more agreeable, than if I had gone
to the Fort, where I keep a sufficient Guard for
its security. Some volunteers who had been at

184 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Ligonier for some time, arrived here last night, by
whom I had Letters from Lieut Campbell, he ar
rived there the 9th without meeting any Enemy, tho'
that Night they fired several shots at the Fort. I
am afraid that Waggons will find a great deal of
Difficulty in getting over Sideling hill, the road be
ing very much broke and out of repair. Capt Ourry
is as usual, indefatiguable and I own freely I would
be very much at a loss which hand to turn to, if it
was not for him
I am with respect
Sir your most humble servant
James Robertson

Ligonier July 15 1763
Sir When Mr Baltimore left this I acquainted you
of the safe arrival of the Highlanders &c but could
not then send you the names of the Rascals that de
serted me, but now you have it inclosed as well as
their signed agreement, the Pack horse men who de
serted at first entered into no written engagements,
and their names I transmitted to Captain Ourry who
can inform you.
As Lieutenant Campbell informs you of the
strength and intentions of those persons in the Gar
rison who are no Soldiers it will be needless for me
to repeat it; but at the same time I cant help wish
ing an engineer or some other person who could

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 185
better describe the situation of the Fortress was here.
But that you may be enabled to judge with the
greater certainty I send you the best description I
can, and that the times will allow of. First then it
is situated on the declivity of a hill, which falls off
from three sides of the Fort, and therefore requires
an advanced work (if it could be afforded) before
each curtain another is also necessary for the protec
tion of the Cattle at night before the curtain upon
the rising ground, at the same time the Fort must
not be left unguarded, and the Garrison and Guards
must be relieved. I am extremely sorry for the
fate of those important Posts (Presque Isle and
Venango) and am equally concerned that the be
haviour of the commanding Officers should expose
them to so just a censure. I am greatly obliged to
you for erasing the hint Capt Ourry wrote, and the
more so, as it is a thing I never intended.
Your orders concerning the ammunition will be as
strictly complyed with as possible as also the pro
visions. Nothing would conduce more to the saving
of the latter than the getting down the women and
children, who as their husbands have in a manner
preserved the Post have a good title to be fed while
they stay, but as that cant be done without an
escort, I imagine the best way would be to send 20
men from Bedford along with the first Party of
Highlanders who would serve to flank the one up
the other down. Tho the Indians have tried all the
little arts their cunning could invent they have as yet

186 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
found them useless, and I believe I may venture to
assure you they in all probility still will. I have
nothing more to add but that I am with the utmost
respect Sir your most obliged and obedient
Servant Arch Blane
PS I wish I knew the day you would be here, as
the Lamb I have so long preserved would then be
properly prepared for your reception A Blane
I believe the scoundrels are returned for one of them
had the impudence to come into the Pasture and
chase a horse for some time No doubt he expected
to be pursued, but he soon got into the woods.
To Col. Bouquet

Cumberland July 16, 1763 one o'clock
Morning
Sir I just now received a melancholy account from
Coll Cresaps, which is as follows. That on the 13th
Instant the Indians fired upon Six men, shocking
wheat in Col Cresaps field and killed one man, but
was prevented scalping him by one man firing on
them as they run up. On the 14th 5 Indians fired
upon 16 men as they were sitting, standing and lying
under a large tree at the End of Col Cresaps Lane
about 100 yards from his House and wounded one
man, but on being fired at by the white men, who

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 187
wounded one or more of them, as appears by the
great Quantity of Blood found on their Tracts, they
immediately ran off, and were pursued but could not
overtake them Some time after several guns were
fired in the Woods adjacent, on which a Party went
in quest of them and found three Beeves just killed.
On the 15th about 10 o'clock in the morning as Mr
Welder was going to a house of his about 300 yards
distant from Colonel Cresaps with three men and
several women the Indians to the amount of 20 or
upwards rushed on them from a rising ground, but
on being perceived by the white Party, they ran
back hollowing, which being heard by them at the
house, they immediately ran to their assistance and
met them and the Indians at the end of Col Cresaps
Lane about 100 yards from the Colonels house as
mentioned before, on which the Indians instantly
fired on them and killed Mr Welder, the Party of
white men returned their fire, killed one of them dead
on the Spot and wounded several more (as appears
by the great Quantity of Blood left in the Field and
on the Track. The Colonel expects daily to be
further distrest and is in much want of assistance.
The Indians are gone towards the Cove below Bed
ford, and it is suspected they are the party that went
to the Southward some time ago, as we have got 2
Rifles and one smooth bore, which Col Cresaps Son
thinks belongs to those who went there, with a great
many other Implements, which they were obhged to
leave behind them. The Indians were very bold and

188 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
daring for some time, and one more so in particular
who cut Mr Welder in the Back and divided his
ribs from the Back Bone, after he was shot down,
but we prevented his being scalped. Col Cresaps
youngest Son scalped the Indian, all this was done
within 100 yards of the Colonels Gate. The other
Person killed was one Wade, the Person wounded
was Richard Morris. A Party was this day up the
River and returned just now. When Mr Tomlin-
son informs me, that he came to Jos Mounts house
and found a Hog kiUed and laid upon a Shelf in the
house, bleeding fresh, by which he conjectures, they
had not been gone more than half an hour and we
tracked them from thence along the old Warrior
roads that leads up Wills Creek towards Bedford,
soon after I perceived a great Smoke coming through
the Gap of Wills Creek, which makes me conjecture
they have burnt all the houses upon the Creek, but
have not had time to be satisfied of it, as night drew
on. James Livingston

Sunday Morning July 17th 1763
The inclosed came to hand just now by a private
hand. He passed the Express sent down on Thurs
day Evening near the White Horse so that I expect
he will be here before Sun set.
We had last night a hard tryal to save the In
dians & with great difficulty obtained the same but

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 189
with great threats, no further acct. of Scalping so
I believe the little skirmish has drove them for a
while off. I wish when you write to New York you
would desire the General to direct your Letters to
Our Care as there is no dependance on the post
Office. I am just going to Church to pray for y' safe ar
rival with your Convoy at Fort Pitt and am y' most
obed* Humb. Serv* W" Plumsted

Ligonier 17 July 1763
Sir The most of the Inhabitants has agreed to remain
with me, till such time, as they hear from you, or a
Reinforcement comes up. What makes a Reinforce
ment so necessary is that we can't send the Cattle
to feed, but in one Pasture, which is almost eate up
and the Enemy has made several attempts to get
them out, by letting down the Fences. As all the
Whiskey in store is done, I have taken an Eight gal
lon Cag of Rum from a man here, for the use of
the garrison, the duty being very hard. Tonight
two of the Inhabitants sets off for Fort Pitt with
your Dispatches
The People expect the return of the express on
Friday night at farthest
I am sir your most obedient serv* Don"* CampbeU

190 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Letter to Governor Hamilton
Fort Loudon 19th July 1763
Sir I am to acknowledge the honor of your obliging
letter of the 12th which has been the more agreeable
to me as I was in doubt whether you had not disap
proved what I had mentioned to you in several of
mine. The inhabitants of this county have been in
a great Ferment imagining the Government was in
sensible of their distresses and the Measures taken
for their protection insufficient, I was totally igno
rant of the horrid crime said to have been committed
by some Soldiers at Lancaster, no complaints having
been made to me while I was in that Town, Cap
tain Robertson, with part of the two companies
under his command, is now at Bedford and the rest
of them at Ligonier, as soon as I join them, the
strictest enquiry will be made to find out the people
concerned, who shall be delivered to the civil Power,
I am obliged to you for passing the Law for car
riages, which will prove useful in case this war should
last any time and for granting pay to the 25 men
raised by Mr Croghan for one month. It would be
hurtful to the service and the inhabitants to suffer
Fort Lyttleton to be burnt by the savages, as it
would afford a proper retreat at Night to the parties
sent by Colonel Armstrong to cover the Inhabitants
of the Path VaUey, who would save it till Troops
can be raised to garrison it,
I had not proposed to go farther than Bedford,

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 191
where I expected to be sufficiently reinforced from
your Province to put our Convoy out of all risks,
but being disappointed and the few Troops I have
being now more exposed to an attack, I shall pro
ceed myself with them to Fort Pitt.
I inclose to Mr Plumsted to be transmitted to you,
the inteUigence I received from Fort Cumberland in
Maryland I have the honor &c Henry Bouquet

Detroit 29th July 1763
Su- I did myself the honour to write you of the 14th
Instant by one of the Vessels from Niagra and then
gave you a full account of all that had transpired
in this District preceeding that date. As that Letter
will certainly come to hand before this. It is now
unnecessary to trouble you with a repetition of the
same Subject. And more particularly so, as I have
wrote Lieut Carr (by the bearer and acquainted him
of every material circumstance that has happened in
this quarter) who wiU no doubt communicate the
contents and import of my Letter to you immediately
upon receipt thereof Lieut Cuyler of the Queens
Company who escaped with Thirty men in two Bat-
toes, and returned to Niagra by Presqu 'Isle, ac
quainted Ensign Christy of his unlucky accident in
consequence whereof Mr Christy immediately upon

192 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
his arrival sent an Express to Venango in order to
acquaint Lieut Gordon, and the 6th of June being
the day Lieut Cuyler arrived at Niagara Major Wil
kins dispatched an Express to the General, with an
account of that Partys being cut off on Lake Erie,
and of several traders being killed and taken Pris
oners in the Grand River, some of which Escaped
and arrived at Niagara at the same time with Mr.
Cuyler, Mon Cher Ami Monsieur Campbell, me montroit
une Lettre qu'il vous avoit ecrit date dans 1' Avril
dernier dans laquelle il vous informoit que j'etoit
maladif , et par cette raison que Je doit AUer a Fort
Pitt, mais maintenant (Dieu merci) mes yeux sont
Ouvert, et Je vois que les plue courtes fohes sont les
meilleures. Inclosed I send a return of the Detachment
whereby you will see our present state.
We expect the Army here about the 20th or at
furtherest the latter end of August, I suppose they
will meet with a warm reception in the River, as the
Indians are at present assembhng from all Quarters ;
I dare say they will at least muster a thousand men
to attack the Army. I expect to have the pleasure
of seeing some of the Barbariens brought to the most
Condign Punishment, and do assure you that will
add greatly to my happiness, I wrote to Lieut
Leslie the 19th of June and forwarded him and Cap
tain Etherington Shirts, shoes and stockings, &c'*.
for want of which, they wrote me of their being in

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 193
great Distress. I heartily condole with them, as I
do with all others who are in the hands of the
Savages, for certainly they are Objects of the
greatest Pity. I have the honour to be very respect-
fuUy Sir
your most obed* & faithful Serv*
JAMES MAC DONALD
Addressed to Col. Henry Bouquet,

Letter to Governor Hamilton
Fort Pitt 11th August 1763
Su- I have the pleasure to inform you that on our
march to the relief of this Fort we have been at
tacked by a considerable body of Indians composed
of the Delawares, Shawanes Wyandots and Mingoes,
and that after two obstinate engagements on the 5th
and 6th Instant we have obtained a compleat victory
over the Barbarians by the uncommon resolution of
our brave highlanders; before the enemy came to
meet us they had closely beset and attacked this Fort
and for five days kept an incessant fire upon it.
Captain Basset who has distinguished himself ex
tremely and has been of great service to me, carries
my dispatches to the General, I beg leave to refer
you to him for the particulars of that bloody affair
in which the most warhke of the savage tribes have
lost their boasted claim of being invincible in the

194 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
woods. of the Provinces would now enable us to fol
low this Looky Blow we might drive the Indians
over the Lakes or compel them to sue for peace but
it cannot be attempted with Prudence with the
Troops I have left and if we give them time to re
cover of their Pannic we may have the whole to do
over again.
It is so evidently true that the only method of
protecting our Settlements is by carrying the war
into the enemys country, that I shall dweU no longer
upon it.
I have the honor to be with Great respect
Sir your most humble servant Henry Bouquet

Ligonier Aug*. 18**". 1763
Sir When you passed this I found you so much hurry'd
that I Judged it needless to speak to you about the
distress of the Inhabitants that have been detained
by me for the preservation of this Post,
At the beginning of the War all the Inhabitants
wanted very much to carry down their famihes and
effects but as I was not in a situation to deffend the
Post, I found it necessary to detain them when they
represented to me, that by keeping them, they would
lose every thing they brought up with them and aU
they had in World,
What they then dreaded has turned out too true, I

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 195
have therefore to beg, you would represent their
situation to the Gineral, that the poor People may
not be ruined by my detaining them here.
There was hkewayse a number of Pack Horse
men detained at same time, and for the same reason,
whose Horses were carried off by the Indians which
I had got all apraised, that no doubt might arise
about their Value and numbers, I should be glad
to know what I am to do with the owners, as they
expect Certificates from me, and Payment for those
Horses they have lost.
At present I have nothing to add but that I am
Sir
Your most obed*. and most Hum, Serv*.
A. Blane.
To Col*. Bouquet
comm"*. the Western Expedition.

To Lieut James McDonald
Fort Pitt the 28**^. Aug*. 1763
Sir I had Last Night by the Indian Andrew Your
Letter of the 29th July with its enclosures, for which
I am much oblig'd to You, The other Letter of the
14th is not yet come to hand.
The Loss of our good and worthy Friend Captain
Campbell affects me Extremely, He had treated
those infamous Barbarians with so much Generosity
and Benevolence, that I flatter'd myself they would.

196 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
have Spar'd his Life; but they must be rank'd with
the Panther of their Forests, and treated in the same
way. I am much Concern'd of such of our Officers and
Men who have had the Misfortune to fall in their
hands. If we cannot rescue them, we shall at Least
revenge their Death, upon the perfidious Wretches
in whose power they now are.
We have on our March to the relief of this Fort,
which was closely beset, defeated in the Woods a
Large Body of Savages Compos'd of part of the
Wiandots, Shavanese, Mingoes, and all the Dela
wars who are recon'd and think them selfs the best
Warriors in the Woods; Indeed they fought with
the greatest bravery and resolution for two days, that
the Action Lasted, on the 5th and 6th Instant;
They are now all Dispers'd, and we have not Seen
any since. The Highland'* are the bravest men I
ever Saw, and their behaviour in that obstinat affair
does them the highest honor.

Of the 42« C°

Lieut. Graham

Lieut, Mcintosh KiU'd

Of the Rangers

Lieut, Randal

42*

Capt" Graham

Lieut. Dun Campbell

60th

Lieut, Dow dangerously Wounded

77th

Lieut, Donald Campbell

Vohmteer Peebles

In aU 50 killed and 60 Wounded.

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 197
I wish the same Success, with a Less considerable
Loss, may attend the other Bodies of Troops em-
ploy'd against those Villians, They may fight this
way but never with the same Spirit and Confidence,
We expect a Reinforcement to push this Luky blow
and forward some Troops to Your assistance.
Major Gladwin expresses his Sattisf action of the
Services of the Officers with him in a manner very
honorable to them, and which gives me very great
pleasure. I'll write you a duplicate by Sandusky, I beg
my Compliments to our Friends, all is well here,
I am very Sincerely Sh-
Your most Obedient humble Serv*
Henry Bouquet

Colonel John Armstrong to
Colonel Henry Bouquet
Carhsle 26th August 1763
Dear Colonel
I heartily embrace the first opportunity of con
gratulating you and the brave troops under your com
mand on your safe and very reputable arrival at
Fort Pitt; and as heartily join you in paying due
Honor to the great author of all true Heroism, con
duct and success, who has at once crowned you with
merit and made you the happy instruments of so
much peace and joy to a large part of our American

198 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

world. Those Barbarians dont in action stand so
close together as the Philistines of old who feU by the
hands of the Hebrew hero, however they may con
sist of as many different tribes. May the same Al
mighty hand fight against those modern Infidels and
extend his Sons heritage from Sea to Sea and from
Pole to Pole,
A party of Volunteers chiefly from the East side
of the River betwixt One hundred and two in number
are gone up the West Branch of Susquehannah, I
believe the Men are very good, but am doubtful of
their conduct if they miscarry, they will probably
prevent the prospect of a blow, that was equally well
designed. Our people have discovered a few single
Indians but have been quiet since you marched ex
cept the taking of one prisoner who made his escape
about the time you left Bedford
We may now expect to receive a few visits. The
Number of the Inhabitants kiUed within this country
and eastward of the AUegheny hills were Forty eight
or forty nine, as far as I have been able to learn, on
the truth of which (in case of any representation)
you may depend, I have kept the five men at
Lyttleton and Lems's Company compleat at Bedford
for particular reasons, tho' double the number of Men
allowed to any other equal number of the Inhabitants.
I have wrote Capt Ourry concerning young Culbert-
son whom its said he has in Irons at Bedford, who
went to Ligonier a Volunteer but left that post with
out leave, I dont fully know the crime, but hope

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 199
for the Service sake he has set him at liberty. The
Governor has wrote for the Indians that were in this
jail in a very pressing manner whom I have been
obliged to send off under the protection of the
Soldiers, as the Sheriff could raise no guard for that
purpose I am dear Sir, with very great respect.
Your most obedient and most
Humble Servant ,
John Armstrong

To Major Gladwin
Fort Pitt 28th August 1763
Dear Sir
I had last Night the very great pleasure to receive
your letter of the 28th July by your Express An
drew, who says he was detained by sickness at San
dusky. Your letters for the General are forwarded.
A Mohawk having reported to Sir Wm Johnson that
Detroit was taken, I could not help being uneasy
tho' long acquainted with Indian lies.
It was a great satisfaction to me to know from
yourself that you have been able to defend that post,
with so few men, against that Multitude, what was
known below of your firm and prudent conduct from
the beginning of the Insurrection, had obtained the
Generals approbation and does you the greatest
honor. The loss of all our detained posts is no more
than could be expected from their defenceless State.

200 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

But Capt Campbels Death affects me sensibly. I
pity the unfortunate who remain yet m the Power of
the Barbarians, as every step we take to rescue them,
may and will probably hasten their death.
Your Express says that after he left the De Troite,
two Wyandots told him that the detachment of 300
men from Niagara had joined you with provisions.
This will give you some ease till more effectual rein
forcements can be sent. You know that you are to
have the command of all the Troops destined for
Detroit and to retake possession of the Country now
fallen into the hands of the Enemy. To that effect
the General collects all the Troops that can be spared
at Niagara and Presque Isle. The remains of the
42nd and 77th were ordered to join you this way,
when we had Intelligence that Venango had been
surprised. Lieut Gordon and all his unfortunate
Garrison massacred. Le Boeuf abandoned and
Presque Isle surrendered, to my unspeakable as
tonishment, as I knew the strength of that Block
house, which would have been reheved from Niagra.
Fort Pitt was attacked and invested by all the Dela
wares and parts of the Shawanese, Wyandots and
Mingoes to the Number of 400, by their account,
but much more considerable as we found afterwards,
besides their women and children which they had
brought here to carry the plunder to their towns, not
doubting to take the place. Fort Burd on the
Monongahela, Bushy run and Stoney Creek were
abandoned for want of men.

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 201
Ligonier a post of great consequence to us was
defended with a handful of men by lieutenant Blane
and Captain Ecuyer baffled all their efforts here.
Tho the Fort was open on three sides. The Floods
having undermined the sod work, the rampart had
tumbled in the ditch. He Pallissadoed, and Frais'd
the whole, raised a parapet aU round and in a short
time with a small Garrison, he has made it im
pregnable for Savages. Besides their attacks on the
Fort, they kept parties on the communication and
interrupted all Expresses, while others falling upon
the Frontier settlements spread terror and desolation
through the whole country Things being in that
situation I received orders to March with the above
Troops, the only force the General could coUect at
that time for the relief of this Fort which was in great
want of Provisions. The little flour they had being
damaged. In that pressing danger the provinces re
fused to give us the least assistance.
Having formed a convoy, I marched from Carlisle
the 18th of July with about 460 Rank and File, be
ing the remains of the 42** and 77th Regiments, many
of them convalescents I left 30 men at Bedford,
and as many at Ligonier, where I arrived on the 2^
Instant Having no Intelhgence of the enemy I de
termined to leave the waggons at that post and to
proceed with 400 Horses loaded with flour, to be less
incumbered in case of an action.
I left Ligonier the 4th and on the 5th instant at
one o'clock P M after marching 17 miles we were

202 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
suddenly attacked by all the Savages collected about
Fort Pitt. I shaU not enter into the detail of that
obstinate action which lasted till Night, and begin
ning early on the 6th continued tiU one o'clock when
at last we routed them. They were pursued about
two miles, and so well dispersed, that we have not
seen one since, as we were excessively distressed by
the total want of water, we marched immediately to
the nearest Spring without inquiring into the loss of
the enemy, who must have suffered greatly by their
repeated and bold attacks in which they were con
stantly repulsed Our loss is very considerable
Of the 42** Captain Lieutenant Graham
Rangers Lieutenant Mcintosh Killed
Lieutenant Randall
42^ Captain John Graham
Lieutenant Don Campbell
60th Lieutenant Dow dangerously wounded
77th Lieutenant Donald Campbell
Volunteer Peebles
KUled 50
Wounded 60
In aU 110
After delivering our convoy here part of the
Troops were embarked and sent down the river to
cut off the Shawanese, the rest went back to Ligonier
and brought our waggons on the 22^ The great
fatigues of Long Marches and of being always under
arms has occasioned great sickness, which the loss in

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 203
the action, puts it out of my power to send you the
remains of the two regiments ordered to join you
by Presque Isle, till I receive a reinforcement
This gives me great imeasiness, as I know that they
are much wanted. But you may be assured that we
shaU do everything in the power of men to assist you.
I am to remain here myself ready to go down the
River with a strong body which is to be ordered up
for that service.
As I have no means to procure Intelligence from
Presque Isle, I am obliged to send your Express
that way, and at his return I will dispatch him by
Sandusky, with what news I may then have received
and a Duplicate of this. It is very agreeable to me
to hear that our Officers with you have been so happy
as to obtain your approbation of their services, and
I am much obliged to you for the honor you have
done them
I enclose the Latest papers we have. Two of our
Battahons are reduced I know nothing certain of
the Number of Corps remaining
I am dear Sir Your most
obedient humble servant Henry Bouquet

Letter from Governor Hamilton
Philadelphia August 29th, 1763
Sir I received with the greatest pleasure your letter of

204 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
the 11th instant and most sincerely congratulate
you, as well on your Victory and triumph over them
Indians, as on your having fully accomplished the
purpose of your expedition, by the rehef of Fort
Pitt very important services both, and of the utmost
consequence to these Colonies and which I am in
hopes will appear so considerable in the eyes of our
Superiors as to entitle the conductor to some valuable
marks of their approbation. We have heard from
Capt Basset and the Officers who are returned, the
particulars of your two engagements; and are de
lighted at the testimony given to the gallantry and
good behaviour of the Highlanders. This was all
unexpected considering the low state of health they
were in, when they passed through this city. With
regard to your self, it was nothing unexpected, as
every body was convinced that wherever you com
manded, matters would be put upon the best foot,
and conducted in the best manner they were capable
of. I agree entirely with you in the expediency of
carrying the war into the Enemy's country. A
lingering defensive one must ever be attended with
ruin, by exhausting our men and money, in attempt
ing to defend a Frontier that cannot be defended,
and whenever a plan shall be concerted for that pur
pose and a general requisition made to the Colonies
for their assistance to carry it into operation I doubt
not but ours will readily contribute its proportion;
but of this no mention hath as yet been made by
Sir Jeffrey. Having but just heard of this oppor-

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 205
tunity and that the Express sets off early in the morn
ing, I have not time to be more diffuse. But I could
not suffer him to depart without paying you my com-
phments upon an occasion so honorable to you, and
assuring you that I am with the greatest respect
Sir your most Obed* & most humble
Servant James Hamilton
Mr AUer & his family arrived at Loudoun in 40 days
with an easy passage. All well.
Colonel Bouquet

From Lieut Blane to Coll Bouquet
Ligonier Sept 17th 1763
Su- I wrote you by the Express who I hope got in
safe; where I told you I def ered sending the returns
of the Garrison till the Command should carry them,
but as the Commissary afterwards told the Contrac
tors wanted an Abstract immediatly, I afterwards
inclosed them to Gough with directions to give them
you, I have examined all the stores again and again
but can find no Garden Seeds, either Mr Boyle must
know of them or the Roi Artillery for I believe Mr
Boyle left them in the store. Capt May had given
him in this Place
I must beg leave to put you once more in mind
of Blankets &c for the Garrison, as well as some Salt,

206 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Nails and Chaulk wich are all absolutely needful
here. I must likewise beg leave to recommend to
your particular attention the situation of the Sick
Soldiers here as there is neither Surgeon or Medicine
here, it would reaUy be charity to order them up to
Fort Pitt,
I must also beg leave to ask what you intend to
do with the poor starved Mihtia who have neither
Shirts, Shoes or anything else, nor are they to be got
here. I am sorry you can do nothing for the poor
Inhabitants. The axes and Rice are sent by this
opportunity. I am sorry for the Affaire at Niagara of the Lakes.
Your obhged and most
humble Servt A Blane

Letter from Captain Robertson
Ligonier September 25th 1763
Sir This morning early a Detachment from Bedford
arrived here with Dispatches for Fort Pitt, and as
Major Campbell left it in my option to forward
them in the manner I should think most safe, I
thought it more secure to send them thro' the woods
by three men only, than by any Party I could spare
from this Post, as I am obliged to keep one third
of my Garrison always on the BuUock and Sheep
Guard, notwithstanding all the precautions that we

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 207
could take one of the Royal Americans who was on
the sheep Guard was killed within 80 yards of the
Fort — the date of his death is in the Monthly Re
turn, which I send you of this Garrison, I am with
great Respect Sir your most humble servant
James Robertson
To Colonel Bouquet

Letter to Colonel Stephen
Fort Pitt 30th September 1763
Dear Sir
I had last night the pleasure to receive your letter
of the 15th and am extremely obliged to you for your
very kind compliment on the Success of our March
to the Relief of this Post,
I had so long experienced and known your Zeal
for the Service, to be surprised at the Intention you
express to follow this lucky blow by procuring a
Party of Volunteers from tbe Men under your Com
mand and to make some New Attempts that might
compell the ViUians to Submit, The General ac
quaints me that he has lately wrote to you on the
Subject, and you may Depend upon all the assist
ance in my Power to second you effectually in the
Execution of all offensive Measures, that can be ad
visable to humble and crush the Barbarians, I think
the Generals Plan not only practicable but easy to
execute, either by land or water as we have now a

208 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Number of New Batteaux finished, and want only
Men, to strike a decisive blow. But no time should
be lost as the season advances fast, we have plenty of
Ammunition and Provisions, and nothing would de
tain us. You would have the command of the most
Promising Expedition that has been attempted yet
against the Savages and obtain great Honour to
your Government and to your self by so great and
Seasonable a service.
I will answer with my head that a Detachment
of about 700 good men wiU burn and destroy all the
Indian Towns and Settlements between this Post the
Lake and the Wabash, and drive the Brutes beyond
the Mississippi or the Lakes. One half at least
should be picked Men of your province. I am well
informed of the Roads to their Towns and of the
Numbers of men in each, and would satisfy you fully
on that head, and provide you with Guides.
I have yet seen none of your Volunteers, they can
depend upon all the Encouragement they can wish
and that they shall be very kindly received. I dont
know whether the Post at Redstone is destroyed, but
it might be built again, if your Government would
Garrison it, and it would certainly be of great Service
to cover their Frontiers. I shall be very glad to have
your answer as soon as Possible as I must soon dis
pose of the Regular Troops, if they are not rein
forced, so as to act offensively
I am dear Sir Your most obedient

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 209
Humble Servant Henry Bouquet

Carlisle October 11th 1763
Sir This day I returned here from the Norward, all
the Five Nations are quiet and I believe will con
tinue so, except the Senecas, Seven Tribes in
Canada have offered their services to act with the
kings Troops, But the General seems determined
to neither accept of Indian serving nor provincials.
There have been a few Troops killed near Niagra
some time ago for the particulars I refer you to the
papers which are sent up, I have resigned out of
the Service and will sail for England about the begin
ning of Deceinber. Sir Jeffrey Amherst would not
give his consent, so I made my resignation in writing
and gave my reasons for so doing. I know many
people will think I am wrong but had I continued
I could be of no more Service than I have been this
eighteen Months past which was none, as no regard
was had to any intelhgence I sent, no more than to
my opinions. I hope the Indian War at this time
will be lucky for his Majestys Subjects here after
provided they are suficiently punished, but it does
not apear to me that the General has Troops enough
to do it this fall, however I am not a proper Judge
of that.
The warrants for the Land I leave with my brother

210 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
who wiU see them run again as soon as the Times will
permit. I have wrote to Capt Barnsley and enclosed
it to you, open for your perusal in which I have de
sired him to pay you £70 which I think is the Bal
ance I owe you, if he does not please draw on me
for it, that it may be paid before I go to England.
I will take it as a great favor if you will press
Capt Barnsley to get the accounts settled before I
go. I am with great Esteem and regard your most
Humble Servant George Croghan
To Henry Bouquet Esq'.
Commanding att Fort Pitt

Letter from Major Gladwin to Colonel Bouquet.
Detroit November 1st 1763
Dear Sir
I am to acknowledge the receipt of your two very
kind letters of the 28th August and 29th September.
I congratulate you on the drubbing you gave the
dogs, which does you so much honor, and I doubt
not our frontier inhabitants have felt the good effects
of it, they never will enter into such a war again
with that confidence they engaged in this, which I
beheve they would not have undertaken but for our
good subjects the French.
I have had no late accounts from below, the last

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 211
I received from the General is of the 2^ July in
which I am ordered to establish the out posts im
mediately, at the time I received these orders, I knew
it was impossible to comply with any part of them.
The event shows I was right in my conjectures. I
am heartily wearied of my command, and I have
signified the same to Colonel Amherst ; I hope I shall
be relieved soon, if not, I intend to quit the service
for I would not choose to be any longer exposed to
the villany and treachery of the settlement and In
dians. I hope the General has countermanded his
order about the reinforcement you were to send me,
because they can be of no use here this advanced
season, besides I dont see how they can leave Presque
Isle, if they get thither, supposing that post was re-
istablished, which I beheve is not the case, owing to
the loss of the sloop, but if they should come contrary
to expectation, you may be assured Sir, I shall dis
patch the Royal Americans immediately, perhaps I
may have an opportunity of sending them down in
lieu of other troops that are coming up. I need not
say any thing of our affairs here, as you must have
heard enough of it from other hands, but I send you
my dispatches to the General open for your perusal,
pray let me know what passes in your department.
I shall be happy to hear of your health and welfare
and beheve me to be Dear Sir Yours very sincerely
Henry Gladwin
To Colonel Bouquet

212 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
From A Blane to Colonel Bouquet
Ligonier November Sth 1763
Sir Captain Ourry delivered me yours of the 26th
October, the contents of which I shall exactly ob
serve. Ever since Provisions were issued in pounds
I have the Receipts in such, I have received 72
blankets most of which are much eat and cut but
aU the care possible shall be taken of them. Captain
Ourry left me four Horses two of which wont haul
a bit therefore I shall only feed those that work and
change the others with the command, I have already
finished a Guard house with a chimney and fitted up
one Barrack for 36 or 40 Men upon a pinch and
tomorrow night expect to have a stone chinmey
finished in another Barrack for 18, In short I
hope to fitt up Barracks in the Fort for 3 officers
and 70 men and should a greater Garrison be needful
30 or 40 men will have good accomadations in the
Barrack before the uper gate which is an excellent
log house and a very good place for the sick. That
whatever you intend may succeed to your mind is the
sincere wish of Sir Your Most
obedient Humble servant A Blane
Be so good as to order down the Mens substance.

Letter from Captain Stewart
Camp at Smalls 29th November 1763.

Bouquet Papers from British Museum 213
I have the pleasure to acknowledge the Receipt of
your three Letters, viz two of the 13th and one of
the 16th instant and to acquaint you that I left Fort
Bedford the 22nd inst with a convoy of Pack Horses
and Bullocks of which 72 Bullocks and 60 Loads of
Salt are left at Ligonier the Remainder which con
sists of 43 Loads of Salt 9 ditto of Flour 2 d" of
Rice, 15 D" of cloathing 9 D° of Whiskey 1 D" of
Match 1 d° of Pick Axes, I have with me and also
80 Bullocks, which I expected to have reached Fort
Pitt with tomorrow but as a good deal of rain has
fallen this afternoon I fear that the Roads are so
very bad that my reaching the Fort tomorrow will
be impracticable, but shall do all in my Power, as
there is nothing I want to see more than my Good
Friends at Fort Pitt, particularly on St Andrews
day. I have left Lieutenant Puy and Wattson in arrest
at Bedford and my reasons for so doing I will ac
quaint you with, and also give you a particular ac
count of my proceedings at our first meeting. I
am extremely sorry to let you know that our friend
Capt Ecuyer was so much indisposed when I left
Bedford as to obhge me to leave him at that Post.
Your Orders with regard to the Troops at Ligonier
have been particularly comphed with. A return
of whom I shall have ready for you.
The Detachment I have with me is victualed to the
30th inclusive. We have not seen the least appear
ance of an enemy since we left Bedford, The rein-

214 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
forcement from Fort Pitt that joyned me at Bedford
were so much fatigued that I have been obliged to
leave a good many of them at that Post and at
Ligonier I am sir your most obedient and most
humble servant John Stewart
NB I can inform you for certain that General Am
herst was to sail about the 20th inst in the Weasel
Sloop of War for England and that General Gage
was expected at that time to take the Command tiU
General Moncktons arrival who is to be Commander
in Chief in America.
I did not choose to risk any of your letters as I am
to be so soon with you myself
To Henry Bouquet

FLOODS IN THE RIVERS AT
PITTSBURGH
1756. Fort Duquesne nearly carried off by a freshet.
The winter had been very cold,
1762. Fort Pitt surrounded by water 40 feet deep.
1762, Letter from Colonel Henry Bouquet com
manding at Fort Pitt to General Amherst
Commander in Chief at New York
Fort Pitt January 12 1762
Su-: I have to inform your Excellency of the
great damage this fort has sustained by an
extraordinary Flood the 9th inst. We had
snow almost every Day in December, and from
the beginning of this month, clear and cold
weather. Both rivers very low and clear of
ice. The 8th we had a rain that continued
that night and next day with a universal Thaw,
The 9th the Rivers run ten feet over the banks,
which had not happened in any flood since this
place was built. The water came upon us
through the Drains, Gate and Sally Ports and
boiled out the ground in several parts of the
215

216 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet
Area, I had the Battoes brought into the
Fort, loaded them with Provisions, and as we
had four feet of water in the Area and Nine
in the Casemates, I sent part of the Garrison,
which could be of no further service to the
upper town upon a rising ground and kept
only so many in the Fort as I could carry off
in the Battoes should we be reduced to that
extremity. The two Rivers entirely covered
with Ice and Trees had joined above the Fort,
but the most rapid current continued on each
side. We remained in that situation till one
o'clock in the morning when we were unex
pectedly relieved by a sudden Frost, The
water was then upon a level with the top of
the Rampart at the N W Side where there is
no Parapet and did not begin to fall till next
day at ten o'clock.
The 11th we could discover part of our
disaster. All the sod work of last year and
part of the year before tumbled down and a
good deal of earth and a number of Pickets
washed away. The Curtain on the Mononga
hela finished two years ago has suffered less,
though part of the sod is gone. The part re
set with brick does not appear much hurt ex
cept the Parapets.
The long Barrack built in 1759 for the ar
tillery and all the houses upon the bank of the
AUegheny beyond the Epaulment have been

Floods in the Rivers at Pittsburgh 217
carried off and several in the lower Town.
No hves have been lost — most of the effects of
the Traders by the suddenness of the Flood,
though we gave them all the assistance in our
power. Common depth of the Allegheny at low
water 4-5 or 6
Perpendicular height the 9th 39 to 41 feet
Rose in the Flood — 34 or 35 feet
which is ten feet over the banks,
1763. March 7th, Great Flood, see Fort Pitt
1764, March 28th Rivers frozen over ever since the
middle of the month,
1772. Flood in the Ohio
1784. River 35 feet
1787. January 13th River 32 feet
1807. May 40 feet at Brownsville — Monongahela
Feet Inches
1810. November 10th 32 0
1810. Pittsburgh November 11th— (Sunday) Mo
nongahela and Allegheny rivers rose rapidly
from sunset Saturday until Midnight Sunday.
Water about 37 feet above its usual level.
Measured four feet in depth on the ground
floors of the houses on the corners of Wood
and Water Streets.
Penn and Liberty Streets were flooded
From the great quantities of Pumpkins float
ing during the inundation it is usually known
as the Pumpkm Flood.

218 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

Feet

Inches

1832.

February 10th

35

0

1840.

February 1st

26

91/2

1847,

February 1st

26

0

1852,

April 19th

31

9

1858,

April th

26

0

1860.

April 12th

30

91/2

1861.

April 12th

28

7

1861.

September 29th

30

91/2

1862.

January 20th

28

7

1862.

April 22nd

25

0

1865,

March 4th

24

0

1865,

March 18th

31

4

1865,

April 1st

21

6

1865,

May 12th

21

6

1867,

March 13th

22

6

1868,

March 18th

22

0

1872,

April 11th

20

6

1873,

December 14th

25

7

1874,

January 8th

22

6

1874,

December 30th

21

6

1875.

August 3rd

21

9

1875.

December 28th

21

6

1876,

September 19th

23

5

1877.

January 28th

23

7

1878.

December 11th

24

6

1879.

January 29th

20

0

1880.

January 14th

22

0

1881.

February 12th

25

0

1882.

January 28th

21

0

Floods in the Rivers at Pittsburgh 219

1882. June 10th
1883. February 5th
1883. February 8th
1884. February 1st
1884. February 6th
1885. January 17th
1886. April 7th
1888. July 11th
1888. August 22nd
1889. June 1st
1890. March 23d
1891. January 3d
1891. February 20th
1892, January 15th
1895. January 8th
1895. February 7th
1896. July 25th
1897. February 24th
1900. November 27th
1901. April 7th
1901, April 21st
1901, December 15th
1902, March 1st
1902. April 10th
1903. January 1st
1903, January 3d
1903. March 1st
1904. January 23d
1904. March 7th

^eet

Inches

21

0

25

0

27

0

21

0

34

21/2

23

0

22

6

22

0

26

0

24

0

24

3

23

0

31

3

25

9

25

8

24

1

21

8

28

5

27

8

22

8

28

5

27

0

32

4

21

5

19

0

24

8

28

9

30

8

18

0

220 History of Colonel Henry Bouquet

Feet

Inches

1904.

March 8th

25

0

1904.

March 20th

15

0

1904.

April 2d

25

8

1905.

March 21st

30

0

1905.

December 4th

23

8

1906.

January 23d

18

0

1906.

March 28th

16

7

1907.

January 15th

21

9

1907.

January 20th

23

8

1907,

March 15th

35

5

1907.

December 25th

18

0

1908,

February 16th

30

7

1909,

February 17th

19

1

1909.

February 25th

22

3

1910.

March 3rd

23

1911.

January 15th

23

1911.
February 1st
25
1911.
August 31st
High Water
1911.
September 15th
20
1912.
February —
River very low
1912,
February 27th
Ice broke — filled the river
1912,
February 28th
High water about 22 ft. in
town.
1912,
March 22nd
28 ft, 1 inch
1912,
April 3d
River nearly 20 ft.
1912.
April 5th
River stiU very high
1912.
April 30th
River rising fast
1912.
July 26th
19 Ft. 7 inches
1912.
August lst-2nd
River very low
Floods in the Rivers at Pittsburgh 221

1912. August 27th
1913. January 13th
1913. January 13th
1913. March 28th
1915. November 2nd

River high — sudden rise in
Allegheny
32 Ft. in Allegheny River
26 Ft. 3 inches at Midnight
30 Ft. 4 inches
28 Ft. 4 inches

INDEX

Abercrombie, Gen., S'2.
Allegheny Town, 120.
Amherst, Gen., 92, 102, 103, 114;
letter, 162, 214.
Armstrong, John, letters, 158, 165,
197, 199.
Beaujeau, 51.
Blane, Arch., letters, 145, 157,
180, 186, 195, 206, 212.
Bouquet, Col., 88, 103, 105, 113;
letters, 147, 148, 160, 161, 169,
170, 173, 176, 182, 191, 194, 197,
203, 216.
Braddock, Gen., 62, 77, 78, 85.
Burney, 27.
Campbell, Lieut., letters, 178, 179,
189.
Celeron, 6, 57.
Christie, John, letters, 178.
Contrecoeur, Captain, 48.
Croghan, George, 24, 55; letters,
131, 134, 151, 164, 209.
Detroit, 103.
Dinwiddie, 6, 8, 17.
Dumas, 51, 53.
Dunmore, Gov., 15.
Duquesne, Marquis, 8.
Ecuyer, Capt., 69, 89, 102, 105.
rioods, 216.
Forbes, Gen., 1, 92, 94, 96, 100.
Port Duquesne, 48, 49, 91, 96.
Fort Ligonier, 95.
Fort Necessity, 50.
Fort Pitt, 2, 3, 100, 105, 110, 116.

Frazier, 38, 39.
Gage, 68, 108, 214.
Gallissonniere, 5.
Gist, 11, 27, 37, 57.
Gladwin, Major, 103; letters, 211.
Grant, Major, 92, 103.
Great Meadows, 49.
Guyasuta, 102, 106.
Haldiman, Col., Ill, 113, 114.
Half King, 20, 21, 37, 42.
Hamilton, James, letters, 174, 175,
205.
Havanna, 103, 128.
Haviland, Gen., 113.
Highlanders, 103.
Johnson, Sir William, 3, 68.
Jonquiere, 7.
Kittanning, 71.
Legionville, 9.
Lignerie, de, 95.
Ligonier, 95.
Livingstone, James, letter, 180.
Logstown, 7, 11, 20, 38, 57.
Louisburg, 78, 92.
Loyalhanna, 92, 96.
Loyalists, 122.
MacDonald, James, letter, 193.
Mercer, Capt., 95, 116.
Mercier, 52.
Monckton, Gen., 2, 214.
Monsies, 72.
Montour, 12, 39, 57.
Officers in First Battalion, 96;
Second Battalion, 97.

223

224

INDEX

Officers at Fort Pitt, 98.
Ourry, Lieut., letters, 135, 140,
143, 150, 154, 155.
Penn, William, 119.
Pine Creek, 71.
Pittsburgh, 107; Plan of, 118.
Plumsted, William, letters, 189.
Pontiac, 102.
Post, 93, 120.
Pownall, Thomas, 81.
Price, Ensign, letters, 165, 167.
Redoubt of Fort Pitt, 116.
Robertson, James, letters, 207.
Royal Americans, 92, 99.

Shirley, Gen., 77.
Stewart, Capt., 212, 214.
Trent, Capt., 7, 17, 41, 44; letter,
74.
Vaudrieul, de, 53, 95, 123.
Villiers, 53.
Wampum, 14.
Ward, Edward, 4, 48.
Washington, George, 8, 44, 45, 48,
50.
White Mingo Castle, 70.
Winchester, 13.
Wolfe, Gen., 124.
Wood, George, letters, 171, 183.

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