Ehh %bb ci "I give thefe Books for the founding of a College in this Colony" G-ift of Dr. Hiram Bingham of the Class of 1898 1907 BEAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS: OK, A PRACTICAL ACCOUNT OF WHAT THE AUTHOR, AND OTHEE B, WHO VISITED THAT COUNTRY, FOE THE SAME OBJECTS, SAW AND DID WHILE IN THAT EMPIRE. BY KEV. BALLAED S. DUNN, RECTOR OF ST. PHILLIP'S CHURCH, NEW ORLEANS, > AND LATE OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMY. NEW YORK: GEORGE B. EI0HAED8ON, 540 BROADWAY. BLOOMFIELD & STEEL, NEW ORLEANS. 1866. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by - JOHN F. TROW & CO. In the Clerk's Office of the DiBtrict Court for the Sonthern District of New York. PREFACE This little book lays no claim to literary merit. It is a plain, true story, for honest, true people. It is written for such Southerners as are .seriously con templating expatriation, frotn manly motives. No attempt has been made, at givmg-reasons, why any should leave this country. If those into whose hands it may fall, have not .already good, and suf ficient reasons, for quitting the United States, I should be the last to furnish anything of that nature. On the contrary, if any simply propose to themselves to seek a country where they can ac cumulate more rapidly, the first, advice I should venture, would be, that they should remain where they are. Not that I believe they could not improve their pecuniary condition by emigrating to Brazil, but because this is an unworthy motive from which to leave one's country. And, to be right jcandid with such, we do 11 PREFACE. not desire them. , If they have no higher, nobler, more painful motive than this, and only flee now from the federal tax-gatherer ; it would not be difficult to trace them back, and identify them with that class who faited in their duty ; who shrunk from sacrifices, when sacrificing might have availed. Such men are not good members of so ciety, and therefore not desirable in the community we hope to establish. Nor is this a book that has anything to say about the constitooUonal amendment : it cannot then reasonably be expected that it will sud denly become very popular literatoor, among the politico-religionists of the North, any more than with the professional politicians of the South. All of this, too, from the same cause. For these two glorious fraternities have at last met on the same platform. And what seems singular, is the fact, that a platform which is expected, to bear up so many, and those, too, upon whose shoulders rest the future glory and vastness of the republic, should have but one plank : and that the doubtful one, of the meekness, long suffering, pusillanimous cow ardice, and great facility in belying their entire history, on the part of the South; while they make the welkin ring with hosannas for the con quering North ; and evince the greatest degree of PREFACE. Ill obsequious readiness to do anything they are bid, by the all-powerful, all-glorious, all- wise, unappeas able. This platform is adopted by the politico-re ligionists, alias, radicals ; because it is agreeable to their feelings, and in accordance with their senti ments and antecedents : they, being the " Saints of the Lord,'1 have a right to triumph over their fallen enemies. It is adopted by Southern politicians, be cause they believe that nothing short of the absolute degradation and infamy of the Southern people, voluntarily taken upon themselves, can ever give them office again, and companionship with those they woo so affectionately. I have met many Southern office seekers, since my return, and I hope I may be pardoned, if I at tempt to invent a comparison, that will illustrate, somewhat, my idea of their physical appearance, and moral condition. If you can conceive of a gang of old hyenas, that have been kept for four years in cages, upon half rations of green persimmons, and poked up, daily, by a lot of mischievous boys, with sharp sticks (no allusion to bayonets), suddenly calming down ; and then attempting, with great earnestness, to look sweet, and amiable, and dove like ; and even evincing a disposition to caress the dear boys (radicals) that poked them, you have an IV PREFACE. illustration of what has happened. But the camive- rous instincts of the animal will appear. They may point to the persimmon stain, as evidence that they are not men eaters, but it is no go. The hyena will out. Consequently, the dear boys decline the caresses. New York, Oct. 6, 1866. B R AZ I L . CHAPTEK I. OUR PRESENT CONDITION IN THE SOUTH. "When the morning light begins to dawn, after a long night of sorrowing anxiety and watching, its first beams are grateful to our eyes, even though they find us heart-riven mourners, weeping over all that remains of a loved one gone before. And, as time flows onward, and the rolling seasons bring again bright, beautiful Easter, with its vernal flowers, sweet emblems of the resurrection, we learn how to heed the voice of inspiration, and " mourn, not as those without hope." But alas ! not so with our political condition in the South ! The gloomy night of sorrow, and of death, has been lengthened out to four long and bloody years. The weary watchers who have fallen asleep, to wake no 4 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. more, this side the judgment day, are numbered by hundreds of thousands. The lurid morning that struggles, and alternates between darkness and dawning, bewildering, and disheartening indeed, can, at best, promise a day little better than the night. When this is so patent, to all who view our present condition in the broad light of history, shall any Southerner be blamed, if he seeks a land where the night of vengeance has not come, that his day may not be one of threatening ? "Why should he ? For, as surely as that these four years of dis astrous war have left most of those who have been true to themselves and their ancestors penniless; homeless, despoiled, and bereaved, so surely the future, with its cumbrous disabilities, and fearful forebodings, promises nothing better than poverty and humiliation : with no guarantee that worse, even, than these may not befall. The late scenes at Memphis and New Orleans, with many others, of like character, throughout the South, not permitted to find their way into the public prints, are but the precursors of those awful anarchical struggles that precede all radical changes in governments that have grown suddenly great, powerful, and un scrupulous : whose greatness and power, because wicked and corrupt, end in self-destruction. Those OUR PRESENT CONDITION IN THE SOUTH. 5 who oppress you, are energetic, aggressive, ambi tious, and ravenous. In them you see foulness of life, and cruelty of policy, methodized into a sys tem ; consecrated by their religion ; and these must be gratified ; peacefully, and unresisted if possible, violently, and with the sword, if necessary. The power that now holds you, like so many captives, bound to the stake, While it decides, as barbarians have done before, whether it is better to burn, flay alive, or release ; while we see in it none of the elements of permanency, or stability, is appalling enough; in the hands of such asare sufficiently vig orous and unscrupulous to set it in motion. Then whyshould we remain in a country, where we find that there is neither present, nor prospective, jsecu- rity, for life, liberty and property ? "Where we are painfully conscious of the fact, that our chiefest privilege is, to pay exorbitant taxes, to meet the demands of the debt incurred in our subjugation ; and to pay the enhanced salaries of those who have grown glorious by butchering our kindred, de stroying our cities and towns, our fields and fire sides ; and insulting our women, as they robbed, and turned them, and our little ones, out into the storm and night ? Some counsel us to stand our ground ; to stick to the soil that gave us birth, and root them out. 6 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. If the little mouse, with her helpless family plowed up in midwinter, with all her darlings cut in twain, by the cruel ploughshare ; and one of her own limbs severed from her benumbed, and en feebled body, should say to herself, " I'll stand my ground, and to-morrow, when he comes to plough again, I'll bite his horse's hoofs, and drive him away ; " it would be about as sensible, and about as hopeful of results, as this rooting policy which many propose. It sounds very absurd, after having laid down our arms, and taken a solemn parole to use them no more, only to find no abatement of the malignity of those who style the victors conquerors, for sane persons to talk about rooting them out. As well might you expect the feeble Texas cow-boy, who stalks vacantly after his ureasoning herd, would put forth his irresolute arm, bind the icy pinions of the furious north wind, that blights his native plains, remanding him back to the snowy cliffs from whence he came, with a " peace be still ; " as to imagine that your time-serving resolutions, pro claimed at cross-road political meetings, or your coalescent conventions, inaugurated for the purpose of training and managing politicians, in whom you, yourselves, have no confidence, whom the world justly despises, will stay the rapacity, or mitigate the cruelty, of those who wrought your ruin. OUR PRESENT CONDITION IN THE SOUTH. 7 No, indeed ! I have no confidence in the swinish drill, as a means of restoration and redemption. You may pass resolutions until you exhaust the prolific fountain of political falsehood and deception ; and root, till you wear you noses off, and then find yourselves about as happy, and successful, as the individual who severed the same member to " spite his face." The rooting army, who are just beginning to discover how valiantly patriotic they are, invariably inform you, after announcing their tactics, that there is a great deal of good feeling growing up between the Northern people, and the Southern people. To prove that such is the fact, they will tell you that they heard such and such a Northern general speak, in terms of admiration, of Stonewall Jackson, and of General Lee's military genius. This indicates the mode in which they would be pleased to carry on this undermining warfare. The first grand consideration is, to have it as free from danger as may be; for the rank and file, of this noble army, are generally such as kept out of harm's way ; therefore, they are pleased to see these tokens of friendship, passing, and repassing. Gallant, but peaceful scavenger-warriors, you must excuse me ; for I tell you frankly, that I have as little confidence in the sincerity of these hollow 8 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. compliments, as I have in your proposed mode of getting back our lost rights. "When I travel through the North, where we are apt to hear such compliments, in the offering of which, the mental reservation contains the very life principle, and guiding star of those who thus at tempt to deceive for a purpose, which purpose is private gain; and am entertained, by paying for more than I receive, upon substance taken, very likely, by violence, from my native State, by those who enjoy the felicity of having discovered that theft is no crime ; murder not reprehensible ; and that which is worse than murder, the peculiar pre rogative of the patriotic : hear, perhaps, the familiar tones of the identical piano, over whose keys once swept, with magic power, the taper fingers of my own loved cousins, tortured by the clumsy paws of one who never could have been mistress of such an instrument, but for the fortunes of war ; see, pos sibly, upon the shelves of a Massachusetts cobbler, the choice volumes of a Southern gentleman's libra ry ; or hear the harsh voice of a New England auc tioneer, crying off, to the highest bidder, the rare paintings of the first masters, the accumulations of years of judiciously exercised taste, (stolen from the same Southern homes, from whence came the silver plate, which, though shipped by tyrants high in OUR PRESENT CONDITION IN- THE SOUTH. 9 rank, it was deemed expedient that it should go as "soiled linen;") I am forcibly reminded of the fable of the lion, who was entertained by the man. Mr. Lion had the run of the palace, in which there were many things to be admired. There were large saloons, and long corriders, richly furnished and decorated, and filled with a profusion of fine speci mens of sculpture and paintings, the works of the finest artists. The subjects represented were vari ous, but the most prominent of them all, had an especial interest for the noble animal that stalked by them. It was that of the lion himself; and as the owner of the mansion Jed him from one apart ment into another, he did not fail to direct his at tention to the indirect homage these various groups and tableaux, paid to the importance of the lion tribe. There was, however, one remarkable feature in all of them, uppn which the host was silent ; which was, that diverse as were these representa tions, there was one point in which they all agreed. It was this. The man was always victorious, the lion always overcome. The man had it all his own way, and the lion was but a fool, to make him sport. There were exquisite works in marble, of Samson rending the lion like a kid ; and young David tak ing the lion by the beard and choking him. There was the man who ran his arm down the 10 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. lion's throat, and held him fast by the tongue; and there was that other, who, when carried off in his teeth, contrived to pull a knife from his pocket, and lodge it in the heart of the monster. Then there was a lion hunt, or what had been such ; for the brute was rolling round in the agonies of death, and his conqueror, on his bleeding horse, was surveying him at a "safe distance. There was a gladiator from a Roman amphi theatre, in mortal struggle with his powerful foe, \but it was plain who was getting the mastery. There was a lion in a net, and a lion in a trap ; four lions, yoked in harness, were drawing the car of a Roman Emperor: and elsewhere stood Hercules, clad in the lion's skin. Nor was this all. The lion was not only triumphed over, mocked, and derided ; but he was tortured into extravagant forms, as if he were not only the creature and menial of man, but the work of man's creation. He became an artist's decoration, and an heraldic emblazonment. The feet of alabaster tables fell away into lions' paws ; lions' faces grinned on each side the shining mantle piece; and lions' mouths held tight the handles of the doors. There were sphinxes, too, half lion and half woman; there were lions rampant, holding flags ; lions couchant, lions passant, lions -regardant ; lions and unicorns ; there were lions OUR PRESENT CONDITION IN THE SOUTH. 11 white, lions black, and lions red. In short, there was no variety of misconception and indignity which was thought too, great to put upon the lord of the forest, and the king of beasts. After he had gone over the mansion, his entertainer asked him what he thought of the splendors it con tained : and the lion, in return, did full justice to the riches of its owner, and the skill of its decora tors, but he added ; " Lions had fared better, had lions been the artists." The application is obvious. The Southerner who reads the accounts of the great battles that have been fought, which are now passing into permanent history, and has access to a Hie of Northern pictorials; finds himself depicted as a powerful, dangerous, warlike beast of prey ; but always vanquished ; always overcome ; always humbled ; and then caricatured, by the born citi zens of the Union : most of whom, however, when tFey came in contact with us on the field of battle, or fell into our hands as prisoners of war, managed to speak a foreign language. To me, the deceitful, hypocritical, cunning devices, employed by the cow ardly, grasping puritan, to enable him to reap, with out danger, the fruits of a victory won by others, are worse than mockery. And when they urge me to forget the past, that we may all be brethern to gether, my sense of justice teaches me that there 12 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. should be a corresponding relaxation, in good faith, on their part. I feel that I ought at least, to be permitted to mark the resting-place of my poor dead brother, or my Bishop, with a monument that, while it sings not of victory, nor defeat, would be in some measure, a testimonial of my appreciation of his merits as a man, and a Christian. No, indeed! when I am asked to forget the thou sand instances in which the strong arm upon which the weak leaned, the warm heart in which they con fided, and the clear head to which they trusted to carry them through, are now stilled in death ; and to credit fiction, that I know to be basely false, and an insult to High Heaven, my answer is, no, never. For though they be dead, and buried, without winding sheet, other than their tattered uniforms ; without requiem, other than the fierce rattle of musketry, the roar of artillery, and the fearful crash of bursting shells, they shall not be forgotten.. Though they moulder now, in yonder shapeless. mounds of blood-stained earth, the unsung heroes of a fruitless struggle ; sadly misrepresented on the distorted page of history ; yet shall they live in our hearts, till life and memory perish. And then, when we are about to follow them, we will charge our little ones to continue to honor and revere the memory of the heroic dead. And we. will continue OUR PRESENT CONDITION IN THE SOUTH. 13 to pray for those noble leaders, who languish still in prison, uncondemned, or falsely condemned; ask ing the great and good God, to "give them a happy issue out of all their afflictions." CHAPTER II. CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. It will be very natural for home-folks to ask, " How are we to harmonize the_accounts of those who return from Brazil, abusing the country, and the in habitants ; and confidently asserting, that it is not suitable, nor desirable for Southerners ; with the enthusiastic descriptions of those who return for their friends, and are actively preparing to adopt that country as their home ? " The best answer to this question, and the one most likely to do all parties justice, will be to relate once more, the fable of the two Knights, who fought, each for the truth of what he saw with his own eyes, and because his report was contradicted by the other. They met at a monument, one on either side. The first speaker was extravagant in his praise of the gold work on the shield of the warrior engraven upon the monument. The second was equally enthusiastic in his admiration, but as- CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 15 serted that it was silver. Upon this issue they fought, furiously, until both were severely wounded, and unhorsed : when each, falling upon the ground occupied by his antagonist when the contest began, looked up, and saw that the shield was gold on one side, and silver on the other. So that both had been right, and both wrong. But unlike the report of the Knights in this fable, the data upon which these conflicting statements are made are not equal ly good, nor equally coextensive with the subject in dispute. Let us examine, first, the travelling record of the bearer of bad news. He shall be Sir Knight of the golden side. This individual has made the most of the privileges generally accorded to such messengers in well regulated society ; in that he speaks first, keeps on speaking, and is encouraged to continue, by his applauding hearers, who are generally such as " knew the horse would eat up the grind-stone." Sir Knight of the golden side, being a gentle man of elegant leisure, and in no danger of prose cution, as he had never raised a finger against the " best government," took care to wait long enough, after the " break up " in the South, to find the rail roads leading to New York repaired, and a com fortable line of steamers established between that city and Rio de Janiero, upon one of which he em- 16 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. barked, vowing and declaring that the land of the Southern Cross, and of tropical fruits, should be his home for the future. On board this steamer, he is sure to find some one who is willing to give him information as to whom he had better apply for further information, on reaching Brazil. According ly, he takes his new friend's advice ; and on reach ing the Brazilian capital, goes straight to Mr. Shy- lock, deposits his gold, gets some small currency for convenience, and -then, Mr. Shylock, who com bines in himself many avocations, being real estate broker, house-to-let agent, boarding house runner, with various other profitable employments, soon fits him out with a house, if he has his family along, and wishes to keep house; or directs him to a proper place to board. At every turn, the desired inform ation pours in upon him, and additional parties are indicated, who are capable of giving more. So that the new comer soon finds himself surrounded by the warmest kind of friends ; who all concur in depre cating the unfortunate move that brought him and his interesting family, for a mere political pique, from a country so great and prosperous as the United States, to one so insignificant and treacher ous as Brazil. They will even startle his astonished and indignant imagination by roundly asserting, that there is not a man in the Empire they cannot CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 17 buy : that everything goes by favoritism, bribery, fraud, and rascality : and as for the government keeping faith with anybody, that is simply absurd. They continue their discourse something like the following : " Besides, you Southerners are an agri cultural people : you do not wish to settle in any country where the land is so wretchedly poor as you see these barren hills are ; and so steep, too, that a goat can scarcely keep his footing. What you see, is a sample of the whole." Then they conclude by advising Sir Knight of the golden side to take a run out on the Dom Pedro Segunda Railroad, that he may see for himself, that all they have told him is verity and truth. Overwhelmed with their dis interested friendship, and thoroughly convinced of their wisdom, and the matchless manner in which they state the whole case, he can do no less than take their advice to the letter. So off he goes, with the view of verifying what he already religiously believes. Full twelve hours have elapsed, when he returns, filled with indignation against Brazil, and the Brazilians. The land is as poor as poverty, for he has seen it with his own eyes. The people are depraved, and debauched in morals, as well as dis eased and decrepid in body. Henceforward, until he is ready to return to the United States, he walks the streets of Rio de Janiero, with head erect, chest 18 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. thrown forward, shoulders backward, toes out ward ; with a movement of his magnificent person so majestic, that the simple-minded might easily conclude that Dom Pedro the Second had been de posed, and that he, Sir Knight of the golden side, had been elected to the throne, and only awaited the day of his coronation. Constantine the Great was not more self-gratula- tory, when he saw his dream confirmed by the sign in the heavens, and the sign proved favorable, by his signal victory, than our noble explorer is, to find that the report of his warmly attached friends is literally true : for the country is sterile, along that line of Railroad, beyond a doubt. Mr. Shylock is now paid for the rent of the house, upon which he receives a commission, of course : and Mr. Shylcock is employed to procure passports, &c, all of which " cost, infernally." " Well, no matter ; go on and get them, for they will be the last I will pay the thieving scoundrels for." While Mr. Shylock works the ropes, our honest, indignant traveller is engaged in procuring a few curiosities ; such as beetles, set in pinchbeck jewelry ; perhaps a monkey, or a parrot. While engaged in these weighty duties, in the midst of the vexatious perplexities consequent upon one man undertaking to accomplish so much ; the side-walks CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 19 of t, ahe principal streets being narrow, and our hero largdie and portly, lo ! he is jostled, by a Brazilian citiyl^en of African descent : who presumes to apolo gise, by raising his hat, and moving politely on. Fn£e has scarcely recovered from this rude shock of flffree-negroism, when he espies, at the very next corner, a man, apparently white, conversing upon terms of perfect equality, with another citizen of the Isame extraction, as black as can be. Here is proof, positive, of the existence of that hateful thing, ' ne gro equality,' of which his dear sympathetic friends, Shylock and Go-between, have given him so many harrowing accounts.. In the midst of his burning indignation, he forgets the numerous thefts, rapes, and murders, committed by North American citi zens, descended from the same stock, officered by some of the loyal relations of his loving friend Go- between, in his own native State. He forgets how many of the ladies of the South have been violated; and how many refined ladies have been whipped, and scourged, by ladies and gentlemen of color ; protected by those wh6 had the power to have pre vented such brutal outrages. He forgets those in stances in which ladies have been tied before a slow fire, and their- feet roasted, to make tEem~disclose the hiding place of the little purse of gold, until the once lithe, fad happy creatures, are now club-footed 20 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. ! and toeless. He does not remember how his\own sisters are afraid to venture out to take an evejning walk, lest they should encounter a band of colored marauders, with arms in their hands. \ Oh no ! He does not remember the pathetic ite- count he gave of all these terrible things, a shorrj time since ; for he is now chiefly anxious to return! to " the land of the free, and the home of the brave." In Brazil, where the government is stable, the laws equitable and just ; where the smallest infrac tions of law are inevitably punished ; where the in habitants are so peaceful and honest, that he has not found it necessary to turn a key, to secure his val uables (until recently, some enterprising North American thieves were discovered to be about, and notice was given by the police to hotel keepers to , lock up, until they could be caught), he has taken fright at " negro equality ; " and proposes to mend the matter, by returning to the land where negro 'superiority is just now a prevailing mania. But amid all these disgusting things, he does not forget to note carefully down the valuable in formation he has obtained ; together with Mr. Shy- lock's and Mr. Go-between's opinion, as to the pre. cise period, in the immediate future, when the in., stitution of slavery in Brazil will cease to exist,, and the effete empire become a republic. These CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 21 last are important, for he intends to talk, and write, prodigiously on his return. In all this fascinating intercourse, these affec tionate attentions, wonderful discoveries, and un erring predictions as to the future of Brazil, there is one thing that has escaped the notice of our mighty investigator. Strange, too, that anything should escape one so erudite, so astute, and so bent upon having " the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth." But it is even so. The thing was overlooked, or neglected ; and the unfortunate re port has gone forth, which might have had a very different ring, .if this one little question had been put, at the proper time, followed up by a few others, that naturally appertain to the subject. It is this : " Why do you, Mr. Shylock, and you, Mr. Go- between, remain in this doomed, and doubly ac cursed country ? You were not born here ; and you have both informed me that you are not citizens, and never intend to become citizens. And how is it that you are able .to send such large sums of money out of the Empire ? If I recollect rightly, you have both informed me, in our delightful inter course, that you. were poor men when you came here. One of you was a carpenter and joiner, with out the tools to ply your avocation, or the means to purchase the same : no, not even a second suit of 22 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. clothes. And yet you inform me, that as time rolled on, and your daughters grew up around you, one of them was married ; and the wedding was de scribed, by a correspondent of a Philadelphia paper, as ' marriage in high life.' You have entertained me, most graciously, in your own private residences, which might easily be mistaken for palaces. How did you manage to procure them in 'this poor, bar ren, God-forsaken region % Besides, you have' in formed me that the beastly inhabitants are so abominably lazy, that they never pretend to work. How, then, comes it to pass that Brazil is able to carry on such an immense commerce, chiefly in exports ? " If Mr. Shylock, who claims to be a British sub ject, and Mr. Go-between, who is a Brother Jona than, would answer truly, they would be obliged to say : We remain in Brazil, because the country has a delightful climate, inexhaustible sources of wealth, is extremely healthy, and well governed: but chiefly, because it gives us better facilities for amassing fortunes than any other; at the same time, ample protection " for life, liberty, and proper- [tyj' And because the Brazilians are so good natured, and amiable, that they are willing to allow us any price for doing their dirty work. Much of our gains comes easily into our hands, by fleecing green-horns, CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 23 like yourself: we do not become citizens, because that would entail upon us duties, which we prefer to avoid : and it might happen, that in some of our sharp practice, we should be caught, in which event, our governments are powerful, and their representatives at this court, if properly approached, would no doubt interfere, and make sufficient noise to prevent our being punished. And to sum up : we do not want your poor, half starved, gutted, despoiled, but energetic Southerners to come here : for we can easily foresee, that in a few years you will divide with us what we consider a good thing : therefore, we have arranged this whole affair, beginning away back yonder in New York, with a view to keep you out of the country, and at the same time, cause you to give it a bad name, which will keep your coun trymen away : while you are so honest and sincere, ilTbelieving the falsehood you propagate, that, like your prototype, who fought to establish the fact that the shield was all gold, when it was half silver, you will expend much gas, a little money, and a great deal of paper and ink, to prove that Brazil is all poor, when it is, in reality, nearly all rich. This you would certainly do, if we did not now undeceive you, by this honest confession of ours : all of which goes to prove how easy a thing it is to deceive and befog the self-sufficient, self-im. 24 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. portant, self-conceited, lazy man, who is neither competent, nor willing, to investigate for himself; but quite ready to make a big noise, and send up a terrible report, by means of borrowed thunder. And, should he reach home, in his newly acquired character, of a full-fledged author and tourist, with- , out strutting his brains out, will astonish the ig norant, amuse the cultivated, and cause the prudent to resolve to ' bear those ills we have, than fly to others that we know not of.' " Come, Sir Knight, of the Silver side ; give us the results of your investigations, and an account of the manner in which you performed the same. You seem to be a Southron born : and judging from the bronze on your cheeks, the furrows upon your brow, and the premature streaks of gray that stray through your locks, you have seen service. Yes, I was there at the beginning, in the middle scene, and at the finale. . I was present at that last memorable roll-call, to take my parole, and that terrible oath, administered in, the peculiar dialect of New Eng land, which gives to the letter " r " such a strange nasal twang ; of late, so harsh, and disagreeable to the ear of a Southern gentleman. That oath of al legiance — which caused my heart to swell and ache, as doubtless the hearts of Christian martyrs do, when bound to the stake — I put into my pocket ; CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 25 resolved to keep it, inviolate, until cancelled by another, voluntarily taken, to a government more in keeping with my wishes. After procuring per mission to travel, from my new masters, I made the best of my way to the n^arestrpoTEXand was thank ful to find the little Schooner Valiant up for Rio de Janeiro. The captain, who was a kind, good soul, did not scrutinize my seedy gray very closely, nor ask me any disagreeable questions: but received me on board, abating somewhat the regular fare, in consequence of the smallness of my purse. After sixty days of buffeting with the waves, our little craft entered the matchless harbor of Rio de Janiero. Here I brushed and cleaned my very best, and only suit, and with a heart still aching, but resolved to try, sought the best means of ob taining an interview with the proper official to en courage, or dishearten. I was soon able to reach His excellency Paula Souza, then Minister of Agricul- tura, who received me more like a friend and equal than my shabby appearance would seem to warrant me in expecting. He bade me accept the hospitali ty of the Empire, and freely state my wishes. Here I was thrown quite off my balance : for the warmth and brotherly feeling he manifested for our hapless condition, rendered my carefully prepared speech, altogether too cold and formal : so that I was 2 26 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. obliged to extemporize from first to last. I suc ceeded, however, in making him understand that I wished to examine into the Brazilian system of gov ernment, with a view to becoming a citizen, and of obtaining the privilege of forming a compact settle ment of my countrymen, should things prove favor able. " Certainly," said he, "I will furnish you with- free transit to any part of the Empire you wish to examine ; and with an engineer and interpreter, who will see that your journeyings cost you noth ing." These were such words of encouragement, and offers of assistance, as I was not prepared to expect. A transition so sudden, from my floating grave, which had brought me from the bleak field of battle, where the roar of artillery, the greeting of piercing bullets, rending bayonets, and gashing sabres, had taught me hardness, to the genial sun shine of generous friendliness, offered by a minister of State, had a singular effect, and I was foolish enough to shed tears. No time was lost, however, in getting ready for the contemplated tour. We were off, in a few days, into the northern provinces of Brazil, where we found lands too dear, and in bodies too small to suit our purpose. At every point, we were received in the genuine spirit of hospitality. Some of our entertainments were upon a scale, equally, if not more magnificent than CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 27 anything of the kind I had ever witnessed. In some of these palatial residences, I saw plate which, while it was more massive than any I had ever seen, re minded me sadly of the dear old heirloom silver, which my darling sister wrote me, long before the surrender, had been torn from her own, and our poor feeble mother's hands, by the gallant officers and men, who finally succeeded, through the as sistance of Europe, and Africa, in overrunning and crushing my native South. After some two months of travel in the magnificent coffee regions of North Brazil, and being entertained frequently at fazen- das, where the annual income ranges from fifty to one hundred thousand dollars, I returned to the cap ital, and told His Excellency, the Minister of Agri- cultura, that while the immense country I had traversed was rich, healthful, and beautiful beyond my powers of description ; I had found no body of land that was cheap enough, or sufficiently extensive, to suit our people, as many as would probably wish to settle together. " Very well," said he, " would you like to go South, or into the interior ? " As I had heard some thing of the richness of the lands in the province of San Paulo, I asked to go South, that I might ex- "amine there. After a few days of preparation, we were off again, and steering southward, soon found a de- 28 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. licious climate, a most romantic, thoroughly rich, and beautiful country. In two months of travel more, I found a region surpassing anything I had expected to find. And, what was of greatest interest to me, most of the land was yet the property of the Imperial government. I here selected, and located, a tract sufficiently large for all of my friends : returned to Rio de Janiero, took out my patent of naturalization, which was given by special act of the chambers, then in session, and decree of the Emperor. I also received a pro visional title to the land, with authority to regulate its occupancy, according to the wishes of myself and friends.* ~ I now entered into some special arrangements with the government, with the view of aiding indigent persons, of good character, in emigrating to Brazil ; in all of which transactions I acted with an eye single to the best interests of my friends. But judge of my surprise, on being introduced to Sir Knight of the golden side, and other inferior Knights, who had found their way to the capital, but no further, at being informed, that my work was all unconstitutional : that the Minister of Agri- cultura, although acting under explicit instructions from our large-hearted monarch, had transcended his authority in the arrangements he had entered into CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 29 with myself; therefore my contracts and conces sions were null and void. For all of this, I was exceedingly sorrowful. But when Mr. Shylock, and Mr. Go-between, who are both constitutional law yers, were quoted to prove that such was the fact ; I could, of course, have nothing to say. However, after mature reflection, I have concluded to let my Emperor, and his Ministers of State, take the respon sibility of violating the constitution : and I have returned, for the purpose of assisting my friends to emigrate to Brazil. Sir Knight of the Golden Side says the Empire of Brazil, is all poor, because his admirable friends and benefactors, Mr. Shylock, and Mr. Go-between, have told him so : while I, Sir Knight of the Silver Side, do assert, most positively, because I have seen it with mine own eyes, that a very large proportion of Brazil, is immensely rich : and large enough to contain ten such populations as now inhabit the United States, without being too densely peopled. You have the record of each, and the diverse stories that we relate : as also the " reasons for the hope that is in us." Harmonize, if you will; believe both, if you can. , CHAPTER III. THE GOVERNMENT, THE CONSTITUTION, AND THE LANGUAGE SPOKEN. The most direct and satisfactory mode of arriv ing at a correct understanding of the character of a government, is to examine into its organic law; comparing this with the constitutions of other countries, of which we know something ; and then inform ourselves as to whether the Constitution is held sacred by the ruling sovereign, and whether the laws enacted by the legislature, and enforced by the people, are in accordance with the same. To this end, I will here give an abstract of the Brazilian constitution, and a brief account of the estimation in which it is held by the present Em peror, the legislative bodies, and the great mass of the people. It was my intention to have printed this admi rable instrument of government entire ; but lack of space must be my apology for offering the following THE GOVERNMENT. ETC. 31 ABSTRACT OP THE BRAZILIAN CONSTITUTION, Sworn to on the 25th of March, 1824, and revised in 1834. (V) Brazil is declared an Independent Empire, and its Government Monarchial, Constitutional, and Representative. (2) The Reigning Dynasty is to be Dom Pedro I. and his successors. (3) The Roman Catholic religion is constituted that of the State ; but the exercise of all others is permitted. (4) The unrestricted communication of thought, eith er by means of words, writings, or the agency of the press, exempt from censure, is guaranteed : with the condition that all who abuse this privilege shall become amenable to the law. (5) A guar antee founded on the principles of the English Habeas Corpus Act. (6) The privileges of citizen ship are extended to all free natives of Brazil, to all Portuguese resident there from the time of the In dependence, and to all naturalized strangers. (7) The law is declared equal to all ; all are liable to taxation in proportion to their possessions. (8) The highest offices of the State are all laid open to every citizen ; and all privileges, excepting those of office, abolished. (9) The political powers ac knowledged by the Constitution are the Legislative, 32 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. the Moderative, the Executive, and the Judicial ; all of which are acknowledged as delegations from the nation. (10) It is declared that the General Assembly shall consist of two chambers : the Chamber of Deputies are to hold their office for four years only ; the Senators are appointed for life (11) The especial attributes of the Assembly are to administer 'the oaths to the Emperor, the Im perial Prince, the Regent, or the Regency ; to elect the Regent or Regency, and to fix the limits of his or their authority ; to acknowledge the Imperial Prince as successor to the throne, on the first meet ing after his birth ; to nominate the guardian of the young Emperor in case such guardian has not been named in the parental testament ; to resolve all doubts relative to the succession on the death of the Emperor or vacancy of the throne ; to examine into the past administration, and to reform its abuses to elect a new dynasty in case of the extinction of the reigning family ; to pass laws, and also to inter pret, suspend, and revoke them ; to guard the Con stitution, and to promote the welfare of the nation to fix the public expenditure and taxes ; to appoint the marine and land forces annually upon the report of the Government ; to concede, or refuse, the entry of foreign forces within the Empire ; to authorize the Government to contract loans to establish means THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 33 for the payment of the public debt; to regulate the administration of national property and decree its alienation ; to create or suppress public offices, and to fix the stipend to be allotted to them ; and, lastly, to determine the weight, value, inscription, type, and denomination of the coinage. (12) During the term of their office, the mem bers of both Houses are alike exempted from arrest, unless by the authority of their respective Cham bers, or when seized in the commission of a capital offence. For the opinions uttered during the exer cise of their functions, they are inviolable. (13) All measures fcfl\ the levying of imposts and military enrolment, the choice of a new dynasty in case of the extinction of the existing one, the examination of the acts of the past administration, and the ac cusation of Ministers, and of Councillors of State, are required to have their origin with the House of Deputies. For the idemnification of its members, it is decided that a pecuniary remuneration shall be allotted to each during the period of the sessions. (14) The number of the Senators is fixed at one- half that of the Deputies, and the members are re quired to be upwards of forty years of age, and to be in actual possession of an income amounting to, at least eight hundred milreis per annum. (15) It is their exclusive attribute to take cognizance of the 2* 34 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. individual crimes committed by the members of the Imperial Family, Ministers, or Councillors of State, as well as of the crimes of Deputies during the period of the Legislature. Their annual stipend is fixed at fifty per cent, more than that of the Deputies. (16) The Members of both Chambers are to be chosen by Provincial Electors, who are themselves to be elected by universal suffrage, — in which only minors, monks, domestics, and individuals not in the receipt of one hundred milreis per annum, are excluded from voting. (17) The Senators are nom inated by the Provincial Electors in triple lists, from which three candidates the Emperor selects one, who holds office for life. (19) Each Chamber is qualified with powers for the proposition, op position, and approval of projects of. law. In case, however, the House of Deputies should disapprove of the amendments or additions of the Senate, or vice versa, the dissenting Chamber shall have the, privilege of requiring a temporary union of the two Houses, in order that the matter in dispute may be decided in General Assembly. (20) A veto is conceded to the Emperor ; but it is only suspensory in its nature. In case three successive Parliaments should present the same project for the Imperial sanction, it is declared that THE . GOVERNMENT, ETC. 35 on the third presentation it shall, under all and any circumstances, be considered that the sanction had been conceded. (21) The ordinary annual sessions of the two Houses of Legislature are limited to the period of four months. (22) To each province of the Empire there is a legislative Assembly, for the purpose of discussion on its particular interests, and the promotion of projects of law accommodated to its localities and urgencies; but these Assemblies are not invested with any power excepting that of proposing laws of provincial interest. (23) The attributes of the moderatwe power (which is designated the key to the entire political organization, and which is vested exclusively in the hands of the Emperor) are the nomination of Sena tors, according to the before-mentioned regulations ; the convocation of the General Assembly whenever the good of the Empire shall require it ; the sanc tion of the decrees or resolutions of the Assembly ; the enforcement or suspension of the projects of the provincial Assemblies during the recess of the Cham bers ; the dissolution of the House of Deputies ; the nomination of Ministers of State ; the suspen sion of magistrates ; the diminution of the penalties imposed on criminals ; and the concession of am nesties. 36 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. (24) The titles acknowledged in the Constitu tion as appertaining to His Majesty are " Constitu tional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil." His person is declared inviolable and sacred, and he himself exempt from all responsibility. He is, moreover, designated as the chief of the executive power, which power is to be exercised through the medium of his Ministers. Its principal functions are the convocation of a new General Assembly in the third year of each legislature, the nomination of bishops, magistrates, military and naval com manders, ambassadors, and diplomatic and commer cial agents ; the formation of all treaties of alliance, subsidy, and commerce ; the declaration of war and peace; the granting of patents of naturalization, and the exclusive power of conferring titles, mili tary orders, and other honorary distinctions. All acts emanating from the executive power are to be signed by the Ministers of State, before being car ried into execution ; and those Ministers are to be held responsible for all abuses of power, as well as for treason, falsehood, peculation, or attempts against the liberty of the subjects. (25) In addi tion to the Ministry, a Council of State is also ap pointed, the members of which are to hold offices for life. They are to be heard concerning all mat ters of serious import, and principally on all sub- THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 37 jects relating to war and peace, negotiations with foreign States, and the exercise of the moderative power. For all counsels wilfully tending to the prejudice of the State, they are to be held responsible. (26) The judicial power is declared independent, and is to consist of judges and juries for the adjudi cation of both civil and criminal cases, according to the disposition of future codes for this effect. The juries are to decide upon the fact, and the judges to apply the law. For all abuses of power the judges, as well as the other officers of justice, are to be held responsible. It is within the attributes of the Emperor to suspend the judges in the exercise of their functions; but they are to be dismissed from office only by a sentence of the supreme courts of appeal instituted in all the provinces. (28) The presidents of the provinces are to be nominated by the Emperor ; but their privileges, qualifications, and authority are to be regulated by the Assembly. (29) If, after the expiration of four years, it should be found that any articles of the Constitu tion required reform, it was decreed that the pro posed amendment should originate with the House of Deputies ; and if, after discussion, the necessity of the reform was conceded, an act was to be passed and sanctioned by the Emperor in the usual man- 38 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. ner, requiring the electors of the Deputies for the next Parliament to confer on their representatives especial powers regarding the proposed alteration or reform. On the assembling of the next House of Deputies, the matter in question was to be pro posed and discussed, and, if passed, to be appended to the Constitution and solemnly promulgated. (The reforms were few, — the two principal being the regulation of succession in the case of the death of Dom Pedro II. without issue, his sister Donna Januaria, or her children, becoming heirs ; and changing the provincial councils to provincial As semblies.) (30) Finally, civil and criminal codes are or ganized ; the use of torture is abolished ; the con fiscation of property is prohibited ; the custom of declaring the children and relatives of criminals in famous is abrogated, and the rights of property and the public debt are guaranteed. The present excellent ruler of Brazil looks upon the great original, (of which this is an abstract,) given by his father to the people, and proclaimed the supreme law of the land, by the unanimous voice of the nation, as the rule, and gauge, of all his official acts. He frequently remarks, in his official intercourse with native statesmen, as also in THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 39 his interviews with foreigners, who are apt to ask for extraordinary favors, and interferences : " I am a constitutional monarch ; and cannot, therefore, go beyond the letter and spirit of the instrument that/ gave us independence and nationality." In the Senate, as in the House of Deputies, . when any measure is brought forward, it is at once tried by the touchstone of the constitution; if found to accord with that, then it only remains to settle the utility of the law ; when it passes, or is rejected, as the majority deem it wholesome, or unwholesome. But, should it be found, in any sense, unconstitu tional, no amount of eloquence, or pleading for " highe/law," can keep it long before these bodies. All laws, thus enacted, are held sacredly binding by the people : so, that there exists no country under the sun, where the rights of the citizen, and the foreigner, are more happily conserved than in Brazil. The rights of property, as guaranteed in the constitution, are carried out to the letter. The •Senator, with the highest title of nobility, does not presume to enter the humblest dwelling, without first asking permission ; and should permission be withheld, he does not enter, except at his own peril. This is because the constitution makes every man lord supreme, in his own domicil ; however humble or lowly it may be. 40 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Many believe, because they have been told so, by designing knaves, and politicians, who wish to detain them in this country, that foreigners cannot .hold property in Brazil; particularly in slaves. This is utterly without foundation. Any foreigner] no matter where he may be from, can hold as many slaves as he is able to buy, or as much property, of any description, as he is able to pay for. The laws are open to all, and a foreigner stands as good a chance to get justice in the courts, as if , he had been born in the Empire. But happily for the people, there is but little litigation going on in the country. I know a Massachusetts Yankee, who refuses to be naturalized, and yet he owns several slaves. I know many southern gentlemen, who have bought large numbers of slaves, a!nd much real estate, dur ing the last year. I hope these instances will quiet the apprehen sions of the over credulous and timid, on these points. The next thing to be noticed, is the popular error that exists in the United States, as to the an cestors of the Brazilians, and the language they speak, and write. I have been greatly amused, since my return, at the talkative ignorance, and preten tious manners, of many, who have undertaken to THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 41 catechise me on the subject of Brazil. One United States Senator, was particularly confident, and as suming. He opened the conversation, by asserting, in a knowing and suggestive tone, " Government despotic, of course." " Oh no," said I, " on the con- tray; very free, and just." "Why," replied he, " have not they an Emperor \ And of course, where an Emperor rules, the government is des potic." To this master stroke of logic, which seems to be the style just now in vogue, in this country, I made no reply. Finding me dumb, he thought it needful that my pride, and folly, should be a little father humbled ; so he resumed the subject, with all the assurance of success, that a New Eng land Pedagogue feels, when he undertakes to prove to his attentive pupils that Plymouth Rock is the most sacred, and hallowed spot on earth. " Then," said he, rather sharply, " you think the government of-, Brazil is not despotic. How can it be other wise % when it is composed of such Spaniards, and their descendants, as wish to continue, in the new world, the same despotic forms of government that curse the old." " Hold a moment," said I, " you talk very learnedly, to all appearances ; and doubt less, your logic would prove conclusive, with such as you are accustomed to harangue. But, as for myself, I must beg leave to reject it ; at the same 42 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. time, I take the liberty of informing you, that your conclusions are as false, as the premises you have assumed." " Oh I " said he, " what then ? " My reply was, " I will tell you ; if you will permit me to state a few facts, that I know to be such, from personal observation, and personal experience. In the first place, the Brazilians are not Spaniards, nor the descendants of Spaniards. They are descended from the Portuguese, who discovered the country, colonized it, andv held it, until, under Dom Pedro the First, son of Dom John, the Sixth of Portugal, the Colonies declared for independence, and won it: under the glorious constitution, that has since been so dear to the heart of every Brazilian, and the ad miration of the first statesmen of the nineteenth century, in both hemispheres. So far from being Spaniards, or in any way mixed up with Spaniards, the Brazilians despise that treacherous race ; and point to Mexico, Central America, and the South American republics, when they would warn their sons against the folly, villainy, and insecure char acter of republicanism. If an intelligent Brazilian who loves liberty and security, and can appreciate. good government, were asked what he most abhors, he would doubtless answer, "Spanish American Re publicanism." They are intensely national, and loyal to the constitution, and the throne; while CHAPTER IV. LIZZIELAND : OR THE LOCALITY CHOSEN FOR OUR SETTLEMENT. After much laborious travel and investigation, I chose for our settlement, a tract of country forty miles long, and twenty-four miles wide. This sur vey contains 614,000 acres ; which, however, is not all government land. Many of the river fronts are claimed by Brazilians, who now occupy them. In every instance, these proprietors evince a disposi tion to sell out, at very low prices ; so that those of our people who desire river fronts, have only to satisfy themselves that the titles are good, when they can purchase, in most instances, as cheaply as if the land belonged to the government. They are willing to sell thus cheaply, because their lands have cost them little or nothing. According to a law of the Empire, enacted to protect squatters, their homesteads have come into their possession LIZZIELAND. 45 by occupancy, not purchase. And as they are not agriculturalists, but desirous of seeing such as cul tivate the soil settle in the country, they offer to sell, and remove to regions more remote from civil ization. If it be asked why I did not select lands that belong exclusively to the government ; the reply is, because no lands of this kind are to be found, in localities that are easy of access. The region selected is the most fertile, healthful, and accessible that I could find ; and at the same time, least encumbered with squatters. In fact, I do not regard the few private claims within our survey, (perhaps not a twentieth part of the whole,) as any disadvantage whatever ; for, as I have before stated, they can be bought quite as cheaply as the -government rates. This I know to be the fact, for I purchased for my own homestead one of the best tracts of land on the Juquia River, at less than the government price. This tract is what we term the " central residence," or nucleus of the proposed settlement. There are buildings enough already erected to shelter, temporarily, some two hundred persons ; where the ladies and children can re main, while the husbands and brothers are select ing suitable sites for plantations, and putting up such buildings as the time and circumstances may seem to justify. This survey, or Lizzieland, as it 46 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. is now called, lies along the Juquid, River ; with a strip four miles wide on one side, and the main body, or a tract twenty miles wide, on the other. To follow the meanderings of the river, through the entire survey, which is forty miles long, I sup pose the distance would be near one hundred "miles. The river is navigable for steamboats, of four feet draught, about half way through the entire tract ; there, the navigation is interrupted by an immense fall, where there is water-power sufficient to turn half the spindles of Manchester. Above this fall, the stream widens out, and is only navigable for canoes and small boats. But below the lower line of the survey, there comes into the Juquia River a beautiful stream that flows almost through the centre of the main tract : this stream is also nav igable for twenty miles, for the largest kind of pirogues, thus giving abundance of water naviga tion, which is of first importance to a planting people. Besides these streams, there are creeks and springs to be found all over the country, at convenient distances for residences ; so that I feel justified in asserting that there is no region in the world better watered than this. And, as to the quality of the water, it is not too much to say, that it is as pure as ice, clear as crystal, and quite cool enough to be palatable, whether you dip it from LIZZIELAND. 47 the spring, the creek, or the river. The land is not heavily, but well timbered. That is, I believe there is timber enough for all practical purposes, of the very best and most durable qualities ; while the same amount of labor that it requires to pre pare one acre for the plow in the Mississippi bot tom, would prepare three times that amount, as a general thing, throughout this entire region. The soil is very fertile, and also very friendly to culti vate. For a more extended description of the country, see my official report No. 2, in Chapter X. The following is a literal translation' from the Portuguese, of the terms upon which this land has been given into my hands. Eio de Jakeiro, June 30, 1866. Directory of Public Lands. By order of His Excellency, The Minister of Agriculture, I have to declare to Rev. Ballard S. Dunn, the following : 1st. The price of the land selected, is one real per square braca, (footing up forty-one and three- quarter cents per acre,) inclusive of the expenses of measuring and marking. 2d. The quantity of land that each emigrant can take, will be regulated by him, and the said 48 BRAZIL the home for SOUTHERNERS. Rev. Ballard S. Dunn, who will be held responsi ble for the respective payments to the government. 3d. The lands being selected, the said Rev. Ballard S. Dunn will receive a provisional title, clearly indicating the respective limits ; this title will be exchanged for another definite one of the property, so soon as the value of the lands occu pied is paid into the treasury. 4th. All implements of agriculture, manufac tures, machines, and utensils which the emigrants bring with them, for their own use, will be exempt from import duties, i 5th. The government will immediately make provisional housing, for the reception of the emi grants. 6th. As to transport, the government will pay the freightage of one vessel, for every two vessels freighted by Rev. Ballard S. Dunn, and bringing emigrants ; or will advance the cost of the passage of such emigrants, after their arrival in Brazil, the said gentleman (Dunn) becoming responsible for the reimbursement of the money within the term of three to four years. This responsibility will be made effective by a mortgage of the lands that he may purchase in the Empire. 7th. The emigrants will be able to disembark at Iguape, without passing through Rio de Janeiro, LIZZIELAND. 49 if the government receives a communication, through the intermediacy of the Brazilian consul, or vice con sul, of their coming, in a mode to afford time to transmit orders for that purpose, seeing that said port has no custom house. God have you in care. [Signed] Bernardo Augusto Nacente Azambuja. Reverendo, Ballard S. Dunn. The provisional title, of which the above terms speak, I have received, and now have it in my pos session ; so that I am looked upon in that country, as the legitimate controller of the land. The gov ernment has given, in the most public manner, ex plicit orders, that no one can settle there without my permission, as the land is specially set apart for myself and friends. You see, also, from the above, that I have no compensation from the government, for the labors and the responsibility they have seen fit to im pose ; beyond the right to select the people with whom we expect to cast our lot in the future. From this source, however, I hope to derive the richest compensation. If, after weighing well all 3 50 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. the circumstances, good men and women come to the conclusion that the best thing they can do, is to expatriate themselves, then, surely, it behooves them to see to it, that their new surroundings shall be equally desirable with those they leave be hind : otherwise, where lies the advantage of emi grating ? The Brazilian form of government, just, stable, and desirable as it is, will be but poor com pensation for all the toils and vexations of an expensive removal, if we are to be surrounded by adventurers, who leave their country for their country's good : by restless, unprincipled creatures, who seek new communities because, for a time, they can there practise the same villainies for which they were obliged to remove. Nor are we anxious to wel come those who flee from internal revenue stamps, and direct taxation, from the same principle thatl they dodged Confederate conscript officers, made out false returns of able-bodied negroes, or detailed fif teen hands to one son, a ferryboat to another, and a corn mill to a third, to keep them out of the army. Such men are not desirable as friends, nor to be dignified by the name of foes. We want honest, virtuous, brave people ; who do always what they believe to be right, from high principle, and are not ashamed of their record, disastrous though it has been. Such people, no matter how poor they may find themselves, shall be of us, and ours, if it be their desire. In a community formed of such materials, the little form by which I have already received several noble souls, would not be out of place. It reads as follows: " This welcomes Mr. A. into Lizzieland, a com munity to be formed of such expatiated Southern ers, from the United States, as will continue in force among themselves, we humbly trust, that law of honor, and Christian rectitude, which obviates the necessity for enforcing any other law. It is intended to make this community as compact as possible, for planting purposes, at the same time allowing ample room for the largest planters." In order to carry out these intentions fully, I have stipulated that the land shall be surveyed into sections of six hundred and forty acres each. The young man who wishes no more than six hundred and forty acres, can enter that amount : those of larger families, and greater ability to cultivate, can take more, until the amount reaches a reasonable apportionment ; say three sections. In no case, however, will persons be permitted to enter land with a view to speculation, merely, within this tract. That our lands will grow valuable most rapidly, we are very sanguine. But this increase of value will be legitimate, and in no sense detri- 52 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. mental to the general good. In fact, I look upon this, as one of the great points gained by my ex ertions. By our presence there,, we will mutually enrich each other ; while our gain will be no one's loss ; for the Brazilian government gives us the land at legal rates, and will be as happy as we, to see_it grow in value ; and are even now saying, as' the lord of those servants in the parable of the talents, "to him that hath, shall be given." I have been assured by the leading men of the Empire, , that we need have no fears for the future, once we get started, on the score of government aid, in car rying out any public works, that we shall find necessary. From Ballard, the central residence, on the Juquia River, thej^overnjoiejiiis n^w_surveying_ a road^that is to be finished at once, a distance of twelve miles into the interior, through the choicest of the lands; which will cost about fifty thousand dollars. It is to be a good eighteen feet track, well thrown up, with the timber cleared seventy feet ; with bridges that are to be secure for the heaviest wagons. The contract to construct this road had been guaranteed to one of our country men, in whose energy and ability, we have great confidence ; who holds my power of attorney to act in such matters, during my absence from the Empire. The government also ^iy^jfiv^j^Lousanji. LIZZIELAND. 53 dollars per annum, towards the steam navigation of the Ribeira River and its tributaries. I hope to find that this same gentleman has 'placed a steamer on the river by the time we return ; so that when we leave the ship at Iguape, we can go on board our own steamer, and ascend the Ribeira and Juquia Rivers, to our future homes. And I now invite all, into whose hands this book may fall, between this and the 15th of March, 1867, who can, and are willing to give satisfactory references, to communicate with me, at New Orleans, on the subject of emigrating to Brazil. State how many there are in the family, the ages and condition of ¦all ; whether they wish to pay their own passage, or whether they wish to accept the aid offered by the_government : in the way of a~Ioan for four years. It is my intention to sail from New Or leans, about the last days of March next : direct for the town of Iguape, on the coast of Brazil, about four hundred miles south of Rio de Janeiro. It will be necessary to know who is going, how many, and upon what conditions, at least fifteen days in advance, in order to make preparations accordingly. > If enough conclude to go at that time, to load three comfortable ships, with passen gers and their necessary freight, I purpose accept ing the first terms offered by the government: 54 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. that is, that we pay the charter of two ships, the government paying the charter of the third. This is a more simple arrangement, and entails less responsibility upon me. Besides, I think one to two, will meet the necessities of all the worthy indigent persons who will want to emigrate. But should this not be, the case, and enough of men of means conclude to go, we will charter a good double-decker steamer, and go quickly and com fortably. And, should any worthy person, of either sex, wish to accept the government loan, I will be happy, indeed, in assuming the responsi bility, and take them along. CHAPTER V. THE WEATHER ITS TEMPERATURE. The following statement of the weather,- was kept for one year, from December 1, 1859, to De cember 1, 1860, by Mr. Jacob Humbid, at Bran don, on the Dom Pedro Segunda Railroad, about forty miles interior from Rio de Janiero. This gentleman, as I have elsewhere stated, is the con tractor to whom Brazil is indebted for the success ful completion of a large portion of that gigantic undertaking. I am able, through his politeness and thoughtfulness, to place before our people, a table for one year, that exhibits a temperature very similar to that of our chosen locality, in the Province of San Paulo ; except that it is slightly warmer, with a climate a little drier. In all my journeyings in the Empire of Brazil, I never found the heat oppressive by day, nor any thing but pleasant by night. In fact, for the 56 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. greater portion of the year, in the Province of Sa: Paulo, the nights are so delightfully cool, tha considerable cover is necessary, in order to slee] comfortably. This, to one who has roasted in th excessive heat of Charleston, Mobile, New Orleans and Galveston ; or upon the prairies of Texas, an( the plains of Mexico, was an agreeable surprise. THERMOMETER MD WEATHER ACCOUNT ^FOR ONE TEAR. DECEMBER, 1859. 6 a. a. 12 m. 6. P. M. REMARKS. 1 80° 84° 77° 9 a. m. 88° ; 2 p. m. rain. 2 74 75 73 rain. 3 67 71 71 rain. 4 70 73 73 cloudy ; 6 p. m. rain. 5 72 78 76 « CI u a 6 72 89 76 variable; 12^ rain. 7 72 81 76 U « t( 8 73 75 73 rain. 9 71 73 72 showery. 10 69£ 73 69 rain. 11 64 69 63 variable ; 2 p. m. rain. 12 63 72 72 " 3 p. m. ther. 76° 13 61 76 76 clear ; 4 p. m. " 73° 14 72 79 74 variable. 15 72 74 72 « 16 64 72 73 a 17 68 76 72 " 2 p. m. rain. 18 66 76 72 clear. 19 69 77 74 variable. 20 70 .76 74 it 21 68 76 73 a 22 71 76 79 a 23 74 79 76 cloudy. 24 72 74 73 " forenoon rain. 25 74 76 80 variable. 26 74 76 74 rain. 27 72 74 70 n 28 68 74 73 variable. 29 68 80 76 a 30 68 72 73 cloudy. • 31 68 H 72 rain. 58 THERMOMETER AND WEATHER JANUARY, 1860. 6 A. M. 12 m. 6 P.M. REMARKS. 1 68° 74° 72° > cloudy and rainy. 2 72 76 74 " 3 p. m. rain. 3 70 76 78 variable. 4 74 77 74 cloudy ; 3 p. m. rain. 5 64 68 68 " and rainy. 6 88 74 74 ' variable. 7 72 80 76 clear. 8 74 80 84 a 9 73 81 85 a 10 74 80 84 u 11 74 82 86 a 12 75 82 87 a 13 76 86* 88 a 14 78 84 86 a 15 76 84 88 a 16 78 82 86 cloudy. 17 76 84 86 a 18 74 80 76 6 p. ra. rain. 19 70 74 76 a c .. u 20 72 76 72 rain. 21 74 78 73 variable. 22 74 80 80 a 23 74 81 84 a 24 76 79 72 cloudy and rainy. 25 73 78 74 a u 26 78 74 76 cloudy. 27 72 82 83 clear. 28 76 85 83 ther. 3 p. m. 90°. 29 78 88 83 clear. 30 76 84 85 a 31 76 84 80 a ACCOUNT FOR ONE TEAR. 59 FEBRUARY, 1860. 6 a. m. 12 m. 6 P. M. REMARKS. 1 74° 83° 80° clear. 23 7675 8287 78 80 cloudy. - variable. 4 5 6 78 7676 75 7574 888281 7880 8286 788080 cloudy; 4 p.m. rain; 2 th.91°. cloudy and rainy. cloudy. " and rainy. a a 9 10 72 74 8082 82 84 cloudy. 11 76 84 86 a 12 76 86 80 a 13 74 80 76 4 p. m. rain. 14 74 81 78 5 " " 15 74 82 79 a 16 74 82 80 clear ; ther. 3 p. m. 84°. 17 74 82 84 " " 4 '• 86°. 18 19 7576 84 86 80 84 cloudy; 5 p. m. rain. 20 " 76 84 86 clear ; ther. 4 p. m. 89°. 21 78 89 90 " " 3 " 92°. 22 80 90 86 variable. cloudy ; 1 p. m. rain. , " and rainy. a 23 24 25 79 7268 8473 71 76 71 70 26 67 74 72 a 27 70 76 80 variable. 2829 7474 80 80 7678 cloudy and rainy. 30 31 60 THERMOMETER AND WEATHER MARCH, 1860. 6 a.m. 12 m. 6 P. M. REMARKS. 1 74° 78° 76° cloudy and rainy. 2 74 78 80 it 3 72 84 86 clear. 4 76 74 76 " ther. 4 p. m. 89°. 5 78 84 88 » 6 78 90 86 a 7 78 87 86 a 8 76 86 84 a 9 78 86 88 " ther. 4 p. m. 90°. 10 80 91 90 « r 11 82 88 90 " " 3 " 92°. 12 80 88 90 a It il (( goo 13 82 •88 86 cloudy. 14 78 89 78 " and rainy. 15 76 82 78 rain. 16 78 81 80 cloudy. 17 76 83 76 it 18 78 84 78 rain. 19 76 84 80 cloudy. 20 76 82 78 a 21 76 88 80 clear. 22 78 86 78 cloudy ; 5 p. m. rain. 23 ,70 ,74 72 rain. 24 70 72 69 a 25 68 72 72 n 26 70 76 73 cloudy. 27 70 84 80 " 4 p. m. rain. 28 73 84 82 cloudy. 29 78 88 86 variable. ' 30 76 88 86 cleaf. 31 75 86 8* a to H H §ot o ¦< a M S a) rC" . £ 03 ^. »T3 'g « 3- j> o o 5! O OS JT a 2 A ns CO B . 03 t>» & l>» 'S n" -M Ti rl s «» - .. ., P„ rrf O OJ ~ OJ OS « TS S 03 OJ 0.5 t>» ,£> rQ ' t^ TS r* M.. T3 o - ¦fi 03 03 .11 *. U03 oj - - o o i^ h >> CI O 0-*TflOOD05(MCO'*COOOOT)(OOOOTfllKiOOOO-OOt-l^ o COCOQOQOOOTj(500000-ar and still lies under the protection of the bat teries. It is at the same time an excellent lookout point upon the sea. I am then any power ; I find it convenient, or am obliged to wage war against Brazil. I dispose of 20,000 soldiers, tolerably drilled and disciplined. I have just the number of ships of war and trans ports to conduct the army to its destination. I know the topography of the country better than the Brazilian government itself, because I find the port of Cananea at my disposal, undefended, and I find on land neither soldier nor organized militia to offer me resistance. My little squadron enters the port without dif-, ficulty. I land my men, and the cannon destined for the batteries ; and in a day the port is safe against any surprise by the enemy. At break of day the defensive works progress and can resist any regular attack. From this moment the fears cease, there is no need to suffer. There is excellent drink ing water, fresh fish in abundance, and more than 20,000 producers are quite happy in delivering 86 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. their produce to me. I have likewise a kind of Alabama which, from the isle of Bom Abrigo, looks out for the Brazilian merchant ships going to, or coming from the south, and she finds profi table occupation in boarding them and towing them into the port, and does not weary in continuing the same occupation. I send a corps of 2,000 soldiers to Paranagua, who within four days present themselves there with out it being known whence they come ; they go by land and rise suddenly, probably, at Guariquicaba. They take possession of the war stores there exist ing, levy a moderate contribution, in which Antoni- na will take part, and they probably raze the for tress because I do not see that it can be of any use. Thenceforward nothing enters or goes out without my express license, and I will leave there only a small force as a corps of observation, which, can com municate daily with Cananea. A corps of 10,000 men is already placed in movement for the serra above, the vanguard of which arrive in eight or ten days' march, on the road that they will open, at Castro, in the Province of Parana, intercepting every communication from the south, with the Province of Sao Paulo, and furnishing them selves in especial with horses, making raids as far as Curitiba on the other. CANANEA, AS A STRATEGIC POINT. 87 I left on purpose a corps of 8,000 at Cananea, to take charge of the fortifications and do the duties of their profession. I fear everything from the mobility of the Bra zilian forces forming in Sao Paulo, and I go to meet them, perhaps beyond Sorocaba, if for no other profitable object, to embarrass their march. I destroy the bridges in my return, and any other things that may offer. I am not, however, an enemy retiring from cowardice, L desire only to have my adversary in the convenient place, off Castro, and I begin my master movement. I order, two days before, a corps of 2,000 to open a road to the Capi tal of San Paulo, and within eight days I present a corps of 12,000 soldiers at the gates of that city, I intercept the railway and order the guarding of the serra road by a small force. Perhaps I make a visit to Santos. In any case the return of a corps, of those that went to attack me at Castro, and which may be sufficient to attack me, will be rendered dif ficult by the destruction of the bridges within a sufficient distance, which I ordered to be effected. Besides this, the road by which I came is exclusive ly mine and I can retire at the most proper mo ment, for I have no desire to sacrifice a single sol dier uselessly. If my enemy wishes to fight me he will see himself rigorously necessitated to seek 88 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. me at my head quarters at Cananea. He has even to come to me by land because he will not be able to force the port, or land any toops with the smallest success. He will come by the roads I opened, which he will find in good order because I have to use them to the last moment. My head quarters at Cananea has, however, only two entrances, made on purpose by nature, forming extended defiles which will be well furnished with batteries. If the ammunition of the batteries last, the entrances will not be forced, and if the number of the enemy were infinite, their corpses will make the entrance almost impossible. I say there are no grounds for admitting that my position may be taken, and my assailant will find it necessary to retreat, not thinking that I have already ordered him to be circled and his retreat made impossible. After this victory I renew my incursions, to at tract the enemy again. If he does not venture to at tack me again at Cananea, he must at least protect the interior against my continual invasions, and em ploy for this a force at least four times superior to mine, on a line of defence of about 100 leagues, that is from San Paulo to Curitiba. The Brazilian squadron (the enemy) may per haps blockade the Port of Cananea, but at the same CANANEA, AS A STRATEGIC POINT. 89 time must likewise blockade that of Paranagua, if it is intended to do me any effective harm. Happily I have within the bounds of my power iron, lead, coal ; as well as the ingredients of powder, or what may substitute it. W TT "JF W 7F TT A road from the Port of Cananea to the Parana is, in strategic and political points of view, of the Jhighest convenience, if not of absolute necessity. Tt eclipses in importance and utility all the others that might be made to carry Brazilian power to the Eiver Plate, and will be the shortest and least costly. Considering this communication on its useful side, for the development of agriculture and com merce, a not less satisfactory result wil be found. Starting from the port of Cananea, it crosses in a diagonal line the vast extent of public lands lying between the Eibeira and the Serra Negra, crossing the various rivers that flow to the Eibeira, and comes within a distance of ten leagues of the town of Bom Successo, above the serra which is upon the boundary of the Province. Thence it continues alternately through prairies and woods, scantily populated, and crosses the surveyed territories to the Colony of Assunguy, proceeding between set tlements to Castro. With the navigation of the Ta- 90 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. bagi, or any other serving better, the b£±Lams_oi' these jdyers wouhi_jo^n_be_juimated with labor. The Province of Matto Grosso would find there its natural road. At a certain point of the road, six or seven leagues from Cananea, it is only five leagues from Iporanga, and therefore in contact with the settlements north of the Eibeira. And it is unques tionable that if this communication existed now, it would be along it that the American, emigrants would establish themselves without hesitation, be-rf cause there are no lands more suitable. I conclude this succinct statement, observing that what I have said is not based on mere conjectures. Seven years I have studied this locality, partly in service of the Government, and in greater part for recreation. I crossed the backwoods of Assunguy and Cananea, on a right line between these two places ; I have also explored that from San Paulo to the Eibeira, on the Juquia. These two lines are the principal arteries for travel. If I permit myself to point out the strategic im portance of Cananea as eminent, it is merely with the authority of an old soldier of the Prussian Artil lery, THE GEOGEAPHICAL POSITION OF THE EMPIEE OF BEAZIL, AND THE BOUND- INGS OF THE SEVEEAL PEOVINCES WITHIN ITS LIMITS. The empire" of Brazil lies between latitudes 4° 23' north, and 32° 45' south, and longitude 34° 56' and 73° 20' west from Greenwich ; and is bounded north by Venezuela and the colonies of Guiana ; northwest east and southeast by the Atlantic Ocean ; south by Uruguay ; southwest and west by the Argentine Confederation, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador. And contains 3,956,800 square miles; being over one-third larger than the United^States. Its greatest diameter east and west, on the parallel of Cape Augustin (lat. 8.° 20' s.) is 2,630 miles ; and its greatest extent, north and south, on the medium of Cape Arange (long. 37° 27' w.) is 2,540 miles; with a coast line 3,700 miles long. PEOVINCE OF AMAZONAS. HOW BOUNDED. This immense province stretches between 4° 23' north latitude and 10° south latitude, and between 56° 59' and 75° 3' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Guiana, Venezuela, and New Granada, being divided from these by the range of mountains which, under various names, runs along the northern boundary of Brazil ; on the west by Equador and Peru, the Japura, for part of its length, and the Javari, from south latitude 10°, forming most of the dividing line ; on the south by Peru, Bolivia, and the province of Mato "Grosso, the tenth degree of south latitude being the divisional line from the two first, and the rivers Madeira and Machado that from Mato Grosso. Its length from east to west is 330 leagues, from north to south 280 leagues, and its estimated area 64,000 leagues* PEOVINCE OF PAEA. HOW BOUNDED. Para, the most northern maritime province of Brazil, is bounded on the north-east by the Atlan- * A Portuguese league equals four English miles. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 93 tic, on the north by French Guiana ; on the west by Amazonas, the river Neamunda forming, in part, the dividing line ; on the south by Maranhao and Goyaz, the chief separating lines being made by the rivers Gurupy, Araguaya, Vertentes, Fresco, Atoary, Frez Barros, Tapajoz, and Oreguatus. It lies be tween 4° 15' north latitude, and 9° 54' south lati tude, and 45° 54' and 58° 59' west longitude. Its superficial extent is estimated at 39,000 square leagues. Its capital is Belem or Para, on the south side of the river Para. PEOVINCE OF MAEANHAO. HOW BOUNDED. It is bounded on the north by the Atlantic, on the west by Para, from which it is divided by the river Gurupy; on the south-west by Goyaz, the Tocantins and Manoel Alves Grande separating them ; and on the' south and east by Piauhy, the river Parnahiba being their boundary. Its length from north to south is 195 leagues, from east to west, 163 leagues ; its seacoast, 130 leagues, and its area about 12,500 square leagues. It lies between 1° and 10° 45' south latitude, and 40° 54' and 49° 16' west longitude. 94 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. PEOVINCE OF SEEGIPE. HOW BOUNDED. It lies between 10° 20' and 1° 34' south latitude, and 36° 11' and 38° 25' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Alagoas, the river S. Francisco separating them ; on the west and south west by Bahia, the rivers Eeal and Hingo forming in part the boundaries ; and on the east by the Atlantic. Its coast extent, from the Eeal to the S. Francisco is 30 leagues, from east to west 40 leagues, and its area about 1,200 square leagues. The capital is Aracajti. PEOVINCE OF PIAUHY. HOW BOUNDED. It lies between 2° 32' and 11° 17' south lati- tude, and 38° 38' and 45° 59' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Atlantic, on the west and north-west by Maranhao, from which the river Parnahiba separates it, on the south by Goyaz, the^ Serra dos Coroados being the division:, on the south-east, by Bahia and Pernambuco, and on the east by Ceara, the Serras dos Dois Irmaos, da Bor- borema and Ibiapaba forming their dividing boun- GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 95 daries. Its greatest length is from north to south west 188 leagues, its breadth very unequal, and its area about 11,000 square leagues. It has only five leagues of sea-coast. PEOVINCE OF CEAEA. HOW BOUNDED. It lies between 2° 35' and 7° 9' south latitude, and 36° 41' and 40° 67' west longitude. It is bounded on the north and north-east by the ocean, on the west by Piauhy, on the south by Pernam- buco, and on the east by Parahyba and Eio Grande do Norte. It has a sea-coast of upwards of 120 leagues and an area of 4,500 square leagues. PEOVINCE OF EIO GEANDE DO NOETE. HOW BOUNDED. It is bounded on the west by Ceara and Para hyba, from which the Serra of Apodi separates it ; on the south by Parahyba ; and on the north-east by the ocean. It has about 75 leagues of coast, and an area of 1,500 leagues. It lies between 4° 43' and 6° 39' south latitude, and 34° 53' and 37° 24' west longitude. Its capital is Natal. 96 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. PEOVINCE OF GOYAZ. HOW BOUNDED. This province lies between 6° and 21° 40' south latitude, and 44° 39' and 53° 29' west longitude from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north by Maranhao and Para, the Manoel Alves Grande, the Tocantins, and the Araguaya separating them ; on the west by Mato Grosso, the Araguaya and the Pardo being the dividing rivers ; on the south by Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes, the Parana and Par nahiba parting them : and on the east by Minas Geraes, Bahia and Piauhy, the line of division run ning along the Cordilhera, which has the various names along its range of Serra dos Crystaes, Chapa- da da Sta. Maria, Serra da Tabatinga, and Serra das Coroadas. It has a length of 300 leagues from the con fluence of the Tocantins and Araguaya, to that of the Pardo and Parana ; an extreme breadth of 120 leagues, and a superfice of about 21,000 square leagues. Its capital is the city of Goyaz. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 97 PEOVINCE OF PAEAHYBA. HOW BOUNDED. It lies between 6° 15' and 7° 50' south latitude, and 34° 36' and 37° 52' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Eio Grande, on the west by Ceara, on the south by Pernambuco, and on the east by the Atlantic ocean. It contains about 1,500 square leagues of surface. PEOVINCE OF PEENAMBUCO. HOW BOUNDED. This province is situated between the 6° 57' and 11° 3' south latitude, 34° 32' and 41° 48' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Parahyba and Ceara, from which it is separated by the rivers Abiahy and Popoco, and by the Serra das Im- buranas ; on the north-west by Piauhy, the Serra da Borborema being the boundary ; on the south by Bahia and Alagoas, from which it is divided by the rivers S. Francisco, Casanova, and Persinunga ; and on the east by the Atlantic. Its extension along its coast is 44 leagues ; westward from Cape Agos- tinho to the Serra do Araripe 147 leagues, and its area about 6,000 square leagues. 5 98 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. ALAGO AS. HOW BOUNDED. This province lies between 8° 50' and 10° 15' south latitude and 35° 6' and 37° 49' west longitude. It is bounded on the north and west by Pemam buco, the dividing line being formed by the rivers Persinunga, Una, Jacuipy and Taquara, the Serra Pellada, and by the Moxoto, a tributary of the S. Francisco ; on the south by the province of Sergipe, being separated therefrom by the S. Francisco, and on the east by the Atlantic. It has a seacoast ex tension of 56 leagues, and a superficies of 1,200 square leagues. PEOVINCE OF BAHIA. HOW BOUNDED. The province is situated between 9° 42' and 18° 12' south latitude, and 37° 9' and 46° 9' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Sergipe and Pernambuco, being separated from the former by the river Eeal and from the latter by the S. Francisco, on the west by Minas, Geraes and Goyaz, the Serra dos Aimores dividing it from the first, and the Serra da Tabatinga and Chapada da St. Maria, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 99 from the last ; on~the south by Espirito Santo, the boundary being the Mucury, and on the east by the Atlantic ocean. Its extent from north to south is 160 leagues, from east to west 180 leagues, and its estimated area is 14,000 square leagues. PEOVINCE OF ESPIEITO SANTO. HOW BOUNDED. It lies between 17° 57' and 21° 24' south latitude, and 39° 17' and 42° 7' west longitude from Green wich. It is bounded on the north by Bahia, the Mucuiy being the boundary ; on the west by Minas Geraes, the Serras dos Aimores, dos Arrepiados, and do Pico, and the river Preto dividing them ; on the south by Eio Janeiro, the Itabapoana being the separating river ; and on the east by the Atlantic. It has a seacoast of 90 leagues, an average width of 24 leagues, and a superficial area of 1,400 square leagues. PEOVINCE OF EIO DE JANEIEO. HOW BOUNDED. The territorial limits extend from 21° 35' to 23° 25' south latitude, and from 40° 58' to 45° 7' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Espirito 100 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Santo, from which it is separated by the river Ita- bapuana; on the north and north-west by Minas Geraes, separated therefrom by the rivers Preto and Parahyba and by the mountains of Mantigueira, on the south-west by the province of S. Paulo, and on the south and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean. The whole province contains about 2,400 square leagues. The capital is Nitherohy, but its foreign port is Eio de Janeiro. PEOVINCE OF MATO GEOSSO. HOW BOUNDED. This province lies between 7° and 24°- south latitude, and 50° 4' and 65° 29' west longitude from Geenwich. It is bounded on the north by Para, and Amazonas, the separating rivers being Vertentes, Fresco, Aboary, Tres Barras, Tapajos, Oreguatus, Machado, and Madeira : on the west by Bolivia, the Madeira, Paragaxi, Serra de Albuquerque, and Paraguay forming the principal bounding lines, on the south by Paraguay, the Appa, and the Serra do Maracuju being the frontier ; and on the east by Parana and Goyaz, the Parana, Pardo, Pitombas, and Araguaya dividing the provinces. It has From this fazenda we retraced our steps some cen miles, then took a southerly direction, until we reached the Eio Novo proper, where we bi vouacked for the night, in the little colony known as Colony Eio Novo. For several miles before reaching this point, we traversed an extremely rough, yet fertile region. The lands belong chiefly to the Imperial Government, but much labor will have to be expended in making roads before it can be rend ered available for culture. This part of the country is chiefly suitable for growing coffee. The next morning, the 17th, we continued our southerly course, until we reached the splendid coffee fazenda of Major Caefano, crossing mountains, rivulets, and everliving springs, in our journey to this hospitable gentleman's residence. Here we were received in true Brazilian style, refreshments for the body, and an intellectual feast for the mind, in the way of a running account of such things as we came here to learn. This gentleman's lands are of the best qual ity for coffee culture, and immense in quantity. There is a water power on his estate sufficient to 110 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. propel a very great amount of machinery, and lum ber enough, if properly sawn and used, to build a city. He showed us also a "gruta," or sort of cavern, in which his people, some forty in number,, .took shelter while opening the fazenda. It is a remarkable opening, at the base of the mountain, in the large masses of granite that lie scattered around. To Major Caetano we are in debted for a choice troop of horses, on first setting out from Itapemirim,' for which he has our sincere thanks. Having remained over night we repaired the next morning, the 18th, to Cachoeira, a distance of about seven miles. Cachoeira is the new and thriving village at the head of navigation on the Itapemirim. Here we were warmly received by two young gentlemen engaged in the mercantile business at this point, who were friends, in their boyhood days, of our Commendador, in the Province of Minas. Their names are Monteiro da Gama and Carvalho ; to these gentlemen we are indebted for much polite ness and attention, which we hope some time to be able to return. This town, in my judgment, is des tined, at no distant day, to become a place of some importance, situated as it is, at the head of naviga tion, and in the midst of a very large and fertile dis trict of country. There is nothing lacking but an OFFICIAL REPORT NO. I. Ill energeticjjopulation, who can, and will develop the resources of that region, to make it jjrow and flourish as a centre of trade. At Cachoeira we remained during Saturday, the 18th, and Sunday the 19th. On Monday we visited the fazenda Sta. Theresa, owned and conducted by Lieut. Col. Werneck, late of the Brazilian army. This splendid country seat is situated some twelve miles south of Cachoeira, and, as I suppose, midway between the rivers Ita pemirim and Itabapoana. It is on a beautiful riv ulet, surrounded by gigantic mountains, that stand like so many grim sentinels, keeping guard over the " sweet home " of refinement, and the fruitful fazenda that nestle at their feet. Col. Werneck is a gentle man of the olden school, and dispenses- a magnificent hospitality, in the olden style; reminding me, almost painfully, of the palmy days of my own native Vir ginia, now gone, I fear, nevermore to return. On the afternoon of the 2 2d, we returned to Cochoeira, and the next morning took up our line of march for the head waters of the Itapemirim ; passing up on the south side until we reached a fa zenda known as Duas Barras, where we halted and took dinner. From Cachoeira to Duas Barras, some ten miles, the country is very beautiful and fertile, com bining the richest water scenes, and the most peace- 112 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. ful looking valley landscapes, with towering moun tains, on either side, spreading out to view very en ticing coffee lands. Here we spent the afternoon and night very pleasantly, crossed the river just be low the junction of two streams which form the Ita pemirim, and continued on up the Eio Castello, on the north side, until we reached the fazenda Fruc- tiera, situated on the north side of the Castello. From Duas Barras" to this point, is about twelve miles, over a rugged, but extremely fertile country, nearly all of which is . suitable for cultivation, par ticularly fitted for growing grapes and coffee. At this fazenda we spent the night. The next morning, mounting early, we moved off rapidly over excellent soil, until we reached Fim do Mundo, a distance of about twelve miles. This valuable estate is owned by a widowed daughter of the proprietor of Duas Barras. Here we took breakfast and spent the heat of the day, and after a long ride, of perhaps fifteen miles, reached the fazenda St. Quereno, owned and conducted by the very intelligent and scientific Dr. Antonio Olinto Pinto Coelho da Cunha. He is, also, an old friend of Commendador Figueiredo, from I the Province of Minas. He was formerly engaged , in mining for gold in that Province, but came to the I conclusion, that the surest way to obtain a rich OFFICIAL REPORT NO. I. 113 J yield of the precious metal, was to bring his slaves down to the choice lands of Espirito Santo, and [open a coffee fazenda. He did so, and is succeeding remarkably well. It is worthy of remark, too, that he employs little or no corporeal punishments among his slaves; believing J^tjkmd^jfirm treat ment, giving them plenty to eat, is the surest way tojget^ them to perform their duty in that state_pf. life which it has pleased God., to call them, and for which these child people were_jareated. The Dr. seemed, much amused at "our fondness for sugar and cotton culture, and remarked : " A short resi dence in the country will cause you to transfer your affections to the great staple of Brazil." It is his decided opinion, that the culture of coffee is the most remunerative channel into which labor can be turned. In this I would be obliged to agree with him, if the mode of culture is to remain the same. That is, the mountain side shall continue to be scraped by no other implement than the broad hoe ; while the level plains lie idle, or are only used as grazing grounds for the surplus stock of the planta tion. But let these level lands be torn up by the fertilizing plow ; let the numerous old logs and stumps that cumber the ground be removed, so that not a stalk nor a plant shall be missing, and these money yielding mountains will soon find com- 114 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. petitors, in all that is useful, in the unpretending plains that now lie, unnoticed and uncared for, at their feet. From this fazenda we moved forward, on the 25th, to Povoacao, distant about four miles, on the heacLw'aters of Castello. This is another choice cof- -fiserazenda in the midst of rugged' mountains, and is the property of the hospitable Capt. Jose Vieira Machado ; who gave us a most whole-souled wel come, and entered heartily into our views and wishes. In these comfortable quarters we remained two days, during which time it rained almost inces^ santly. While here we visited a very remarkable cavern, a brief description of which, I will here give; irrelevant though it may seem, in such a report as I am now making. It is situated one mile from the fazenda, and. is entered by climbing up the side of a very steep mountain, about one thousand feet above the little valley that lies below. The entrance is an immense aperture in the side -of the mountain, large enough for one hundred persons to stand, and look out upon the surrounding country, while they would be entirely sheltered by the huge cliff that projects at the cavern's mouth. After get ting inside, it becomes irregular, and assumes the appearance of a vast suite of chambers, connected by numerous passages, some of them so low, that we OFFICIAL REPORT NO. I. 115 were obliged to crawl, to get through. But once through, from one, into another, the grand and novel sight, of these stately vaulted halls, not made with hands, amply repays the toil of getting there. Many were the pleasant thoughts that soothed my mind, while traversing ,this subterranean abode of man and beast, in company with these remote de scendants of the Latins ; whose kindness and gener ous hospitality to me, a Christian Priest, beautifully contrasts with the fierceness of their fathers, of six teen centuries ago, who drove the Christians of that age, to take refuge in caverns, similar to the one in which we then held pious converse, and mutually glorified the Great and Good God for the magni tude of his works. At one point we came upon an exceeding great shelf, or vault, which has at some remote time been the general cemetery of the abor igines of this country. For there lie skeletons, grinning in their ghast- liness, in great numbers, while the depth of dust upon their resting place, fully attests that the de cree ; " Dust thou art, and to dust thou shalt re turn," has been fulfilled upon thousands in this cavern. As I gazed upon this scene of death long past, I felt a desire to write, over these poor sons of the forest, that comforting saying of our Saviour, with which the burial service begins i " I am the 116 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. resurrection and the life, saith the Lord ; he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live." Captain Machado gave us much valuable in formation as to the manner in which those fazendas in that part of Espirito Santo were first opened. For, according to his account, in that portion of the province of Minas, from which they nearly all came, about fourteen years ago, they began to feel them- selves crowded; and when they began to look around for lands upon which to settle their children, they found such lands were not to be had. So a considerable number of them, who were of the same way of thinking, agreed that they would remove into the province of Espirito Santo. Upon reaching the fine coffee lands were they now live, in such luxury, they all went to work, and opened one common fazenda, to which they gave the name of Centrb. Here they built and planted; and, from this common centre, in a few years have grown some of the most desirable fazendas in the Province. From Povoacao, on the morning of the 29th, with Captain Machado at the head of the column, we were up and away for Centro ; the original head quarters, of which he had spoken so much. On reaching this mangnificent fazenda, we were very OFFICIAL REPORT NO. I. 117 kindly received, by the proprietor Major Machado da Cunha, who is a quiet dignified gentleman, well advanced in years. Here, as at all our stopping places, we were made to feel ourselves entirely at home. We hadlDeen but a short time under the tiles when the rain sat in afresh. On reaching Major da Cunha's, we learned that it would be impossible to traverse, or even penetrate, the large tract of government land that lies on the head waters of the Grandu, a tributary of the Eio Doce. This was a grievous disappoint ment, as we had every reason to believe that there is a very desirable tract of land in that locality. But the obstacle that here presented itself was such as our brief time would not permit us to overcome. The time and labor requisite to open roads, or even paths such as we would gladly have crept through, to see these lands, placed the matter beyond our control. After collecting all the information attainable on the subject, my conclusion is, that what we would have seen on the Grandu, would have been almost a repetition of x what we had seen and examined on the head waters of the Itapemirim. At Centro we remained two days, and were very agreeably entertained by the hospitable in mates of the spacious mansion, which has arisen 118 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. upon the site of the wigwams of fourteen years ago. After a free consultation on the morning of the 29th, we deemed it best to retrace our steps to Duas Barras, on the Itapemirim, which point we reached on the 30th, where our reception and en tertainment on our return was of like character with that which we received as we passed up. Eemaining at Duas Barras over night, we pur sued our journey up the south side of the main branch of the Itapemirim, on the morning of De cember the 1st, reaching Bananal, a distance of seven miles, where we took breakfast. The lands from Duas Barras to Bananal are very desirable. They are equally fertile with those on the northern branches of the same river, while their position is more favorable for improved culture. The mountains are less rugged, the hills more gentle and rounded, the streams quite as frequent, and the valleys- larger. Altogether the change is a pleasing one. This proprietor has a fine water power, and a very creditable mill in operation. Having finished breakfast, we continued our journey up the river until we reached fazenda Bar tholomew where we remained over night. The next morning, December 2d, after a de lightful ride of three miles, over lands that are per fectly lovely, we stopped to breakfast at one of the OFFICIAL REPORT NO. I. 119 most highly improved fazendas in all that part of the country. It is known as Felicio de Lacerdo. The young man who received us, showed himself a gentleman, both in instinct and culture. On this estate we met with the first herd of cattle that we had seen during the journey. Every planter has a few head, but not enough to be called a herd. This gentleman has near two hundred head, many of them the improved breeds from Europe. We moved forward, the next morning, December 3d, after a most agreeable entertainment, to the village of Alegre, where we halted and obtained a guide to conduct us on our journey; which now lay through a region not much traversed. Alegre is a cleanly looking little place, situated very prettily on some small hills in the midst of very fertile lands. After resting an hour or two, taking coffee, mounting our new guide, &c, we were off again, up and down, over the mountains and some very rugged country, until we reached a pretty little fa zenda called Cafe. Here we spent the night ; took an early start the next morning, wound our way through some of the very best lands we had yet seen, and, at about 3 o'clock, brought up at the appropriately named fazenda Cachoeira Bonita. At this point we found the proprietor, Jose Francisco Furtado, a very intelligent man, building a new 120 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. house of large dimensions, into the finished- portion of which he received us cordially. After a thorough examination, we came to the conclusion that, natu rally, his is the most beautiful situation we had ever seen. The mountains on either side, slope gently down, terminating in a beautiful valley be tween them. In the midst of this valley, there is a mound, or island, about fifty feet high, containing near five acres, as graceful and equal all round, as if thrown up, and shapen by the hand of man. The little rivulet Cacado, upon which the fazenda is sit uated, as it flows against the island, divides, and, flowing equally round, the halves rejoin each other, moving joyously through the. verdant foliage and fragrant flowers in the peaceful vale below ; remind ing one of a wedding scene ,where two loving souls are united in holy wedlock's bonds, and set out afresh on life's hopeful voyage. Leaving a region where nature has bestowed such abundant charms, the next morning, Decem ber 5th, we soon reached the little village Sao Joao Cacado ; where we halted for a short time to make some enquiries about roads, animals, etc. Pushing forward through rain and mud, we reached a very extensive establishment, which, if we judge by the amount of land once in cultivation, has been at one time an important fazenda. But now every- OFFICIAL REPORT NO. I. 121 thing bears evident signs of decay. , The aged widow of the former proprietor, received us very kindly, and did everything in her power to make us comfortable. The country through which we passed, on our way to this fazenda, from Cachoeira Bonita, most of which is in a state of nature ; is truly rich, truly beautiful. Breakfasting with our worthy hostess, on the morning of December 6th, we mounted, and after a ride of seven miles, reached the ferry on the Itabapoana, at the village of Bom Jesti. At Bom Jesu, we were very much delighted at a little exhibition of good feeling, on the part of the citizens, towards our excellent friend, Commendador Figueiredo. We had no sooner put foot on the south side of the river, than up went a shower of rockets; followed by other and larger reports, which continued until we reached our hotel. His modesty on the occasion was truly refreshing. As we walked across the square, amid the rapid reports of bursting rockets, he turned to me, and remarked in very good English, most ¦ of which he has learned on this journey : 'The people are content to see the Amer icans come.' Thus giving to others, the honors in tended for himself. We soon discovered that he is looked upon by the inhabitants on this river, as a public benefactor, and treated with marked respect 6 122 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. on all occasions. His successful efforts in opening ( this valuable river to- steam navigation, have justly endeared him to the people. At Bom Jesu, we remained five days, during which time Commendador Figueiredo visited his aged father, some fifteen miles higher up the river. This village is small and insignificant at present, but situated in the midst of lands which if occupied and cultivated, would soon develop it into a pros perous inland town. During our stay here, we were the guests of Sr. Carlos Eociques Firmo, a brother in law of our Commendador. He and his truly estimable lady entertained the party very pleasantly. I have rarely seen any one of so much excellence, and yet, withal, so unobtru sive as this lady. From here we made a start, on the 11th of December, down the Itabapoana, reach ing Fortaleza, a large and flourishing fazenda, owned by Jose" Carlos de Campos, who gave us comfortable quarters for the night. The proprietor has a large and excellent tract of land, nearly all of which is susceptible of im proved culture. On the morning of the 12th we resumed our journey coastwise, reaching, late that afternoon, the fazenda Sao Pedro, one mile above the head of navi gation on the Itabapoana, at the mouth of a little OFFICIAL REPORT NO. I. 123 river bearing the same name. At this point we found much the largest and most expensive residence I have seen in the interior, in process of erection. The main building is 40 by 80 feet, with wings run ning back 70 feet ; intended to enclose a large court for flowers, etc. The 80 feet front, overlooks the river, which, for more than a mile, forms, together with the verdant valley through which it winds, all closed in by the . lofty mountains covered with im mense trees and every species of parasite, a land scape of unusual attractiveness. Early on the morning of December 13th, we mounted and rode down to Limeira, a little village situated at the head of navigation on the Itaba poana. Breakfasting here, we got ready to embark on board the little steamer Itabapoana, which was to bear, us hence to the ocean. In looking about this village, and making inquiry, I found that the amount of coffee here shipped for Eio de Janeiro, or rather to the mouth of the river there to be transhipped, was very considerable. The question occurred to r me, while making these investigations, if the com- I merce of this little river has already reached this magnitude, with the present sparse and unsystematic population ; what will it be, when thoroughly oc cupied by a population who use all the appliances of improved culture ? 124 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. At 3 o'clock, we went on board, and steamed , down the river some five miles, when we stopped and put up for the night, at Sr. A. Guera's splendid fazenda. Here we met with every attention, on the part of the proprietor, who made us feel altogether at home. The lands from Limeira to within ten miles of the coast, a distance of thirty miles, are of the best quality. Their position is far more desirable than any I had seen up to that time. The valleys are wider, varying from one to three miles, and terminating in gentle acclivities, all of which seem to invite the. husbandman to a fruitful home, and these in turn losing themselves in the stately and graceful mountains, that rise up between the Itapemirim and the Itabapoana, on the north, and the Itabapoana and the Parahyba, on the south. As I gazed upon this magnificent prospect, and felt my heart warm with real delight in the contempla tion ; and at the thought of new homes for old loves, I imagine my feelings, in contrasting the valley of the Itabapoana, with that of the more rugged, yet very fertile Itapemirim, were somewhat similar to what we may suppose would be those of a great admirer of female beauty ; who should gaze upon the charms of a mountain maiden, famed for her beauty, yet with a somewhat stately and severe as- OFFICIAL REPORT NO.. I. 125 pect, with features inclining to the aquiline ; and then, as she moves majestically away, cast his eyes upon another of Grecian mould, with the exquisite graces of refinement and ennobling culture super added. On the morning of the 14th, we went on board the little steamer, that lay chafing at the landing, as if impatient to have us come, and then gliding pleas antly down the placid little Itabapoana, reached the village at its mouth, bearing the same name, at 3 o'clock p. m. This day's travel was through the centre of what is known as the Jesuit tract ; which was the first body of land large enough, and level enough, for homes for those for whom I pioneer. If the Imperial Government of Brazil, could see its way clear, to introduce our people into this portion of the Empire, under circumstances favorable to those whose aching hearts have been riven by the dread horrors of war ; I humbly believe that the benefit would be mutual within a few years. The same broad acres, which now lie idle, producing nothing of profit, would become a fruitful source o*' revenue ; and, at the same time, the happy home 01 a brave, honorable, peace loving people. Here we could relate the story of our disasters to our children, and teach them^that a government to be just an J. equitable, must he permanent and stable; andnotthe 126 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. creature of caprice,_to_ be changed by every popular gust of passion. This tract, however, has an objec tion, which is this : it is too accessible to an invad ing force from the coast, in case of war. This will seem to the peaceful Brazilians, a remote contin gency, against which to be guarding. So it would have seemed to us, five years ago. But sad expe rience has taught us, that great advantages, in the way of accessibility, carry with them dangers of cor responding magnitude. If I were permitted to choose between this tract, and another of equal value, more remote from the operations of gunboats, I would certainly prefer the safe locality. At the mouth of this river, as also at the head of navigation, in the capacious warehouses of the Navigation Company, we found much produce wait ing shipment. Here, too, we saw much rosewood and valuable ship timber in process of preparation for shipment. On the morning of the 15th, we mounted choice saddle horses, furnished by the polite, and accom modating Major Edward de Oliveira, and bore off southward, along the coast to S. Joao's bar, at the mouth of the Parahyba, a distance of twenty-five miles. Twenty miles of this journey was made on horse-back, the remaining five in a large canoe, down one of the lagoons that empty into the Para- OFFICIAL REPORT NO. I. 127 hyba, at the Barra de S. Joao. Finding here, that we could not return to the capital before the 20th, our energetic Commendador resolved to shew us the good city of Campos, and the valley below. The town of Barra de S. Joao, contains a pop ulation of about four thousand. But the place bears evident signs of decay. This the inhabitants ascribe to the more rapid growth, and greater pros perity of Campos, forty-five miles up the river. Why the growth of an interior city should impede the prosperity of one on the coast, with the advan tage of being favorably situated for light draught ship building ; and, at the same time, the entrepot through which all commerce is obliged to pass, I could not understand. Here we found two new schooners on the stocks, and several old ones under going repairs. There was also much ship timber at the bar. On the afternooon of the 16th, we went on board the little river packet Agente, and steamed away for Campos. We had not gone far when the extreme loveliness of the landscapes, as we glided through them, caught the attention of the whole party. The placid, gently flowing Parahyba, with its many enchanting islands, clothed in perpetual verdure, resembling so many emerald stones, in one vast setting of silver; with fazenda after fazenda, 128 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. abounding in the most luxuriant growth of every thing that a fertile soil, a salubrious climate, and an eternal summer can produce; spreading out their vast extent to the admiring gaze of the delighted voyager, and the whole girt about with the mellow chain of mountains beyond, with occasionally a lofty peak, rearing its towering head, as if to pierce the very heavens ; all conspire to form, as it were, a --panoramic view of rare and exceeding beauty. While in Campos, we visited the fine sugar estate of Commendador Juliao Eibeiro Casteo, a very public spirited gentleman, one mile from the city. This plantation is finely situated, and the most advanced in the mode of culture that I have seen while on this tour. It was here that we met with the first plow. His sugar house, distillery, &c, are very creditable to the establishment. On the 19th, we returned on the steamer Agente, to Barra de S. Joao ; where we went on board the coast-packet Ceres, only to find, at the moment of starting, that the boat had too much cargo to cross the bar, and that we would have to lie over twenty-four hours for the rising of the tide. On the 20th, at a J to 4, we steamed out of the har bor, and had a delightful run, of about twenty hours, to the Capital. Very respectfully, Your obedient Servant, Ballard S. Dunn. CHAPTEE X. OFFICIAL REPORT NO. 2. OF REV. BALLARD S. DUNN, OF NEW ORLEANS, TO THE MINISTER OP AGRICUL TURE, ON A PORTION OF THE PROVINCE OF SAN N PAULO. Illustrious Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report of my second tour of observa tion. On the 9th of January, I embarked on board the coast-packet, " D. Affonso," supposing we should leave at 3 p. m., as advertised ; but from some cause we did not go until the next day at 9 a. m. After a most unpoetical voyage, in a slow, and comfortless steamer, we reached Cananea on the afternoon of the 13th at 5 p. m. Here I found Sr. Ernesto D. Street, Inspector General of Public Lands; who promptly forwarded your Excellency's orders to Director Smith, at his residence, twelve miles in terior, in the Colony of Cananea, who as promptly obeyed; reporting at my lodgings, early on the 130 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. morning of the 15th, with the gratifying intelli gence that he was ready, with good animals, to conduct me to the colony, and farther, when desired. Duing the two days that I remained in the vil lage of Cananeav I obtained some very curious in formation. I believe it is not generally known, that this, next to St. Vincent's, some distance north on the coast, is the oldest European settlement in the Western Hemisphere. It is matter of record, that the Portuguese landed here in 1535, and at that early date gave to the island the name of Cananea, or Canaan. The church here is very ancient, being now in its two hundred and sixty-fifth year. The island of Cananea is about sixteen miles long by five miles wide. It has one mountain, several springs of excellent water, and the soil in places produces well under a poor system of culture. The harbor is excellent, but the village is insig nificant, and in a very delapidated condition. The inhabitants subsist chiefly on fish and rice, with a little fat pork and dried beef. On the 15th I repaired to the Colony of Cana nea in company with Director Smith. Our road thither was, most of the way, through the lands of the colony. After getting some four miles from the coast, the distance which the poor lands of the OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 131 sea-shore here extend, we began to pass through a more fertile region. The colonial road, a short distance from the coast, crosses the little river Itapetanga, which flows though the colony from west to east. This road is up the main branch of the Itapetanga to its source ; thence across the mountain, which divides the waters of the Pinda- vina — a tributary of the Garahti; from those of the Itapetanga, and on down the rivulet Pinda- vina, to the western extremity of the colony. It is in places a tolerable road, -for pack mules ; and in other places might be very much improved by a little labor judiciously expended ; but a large portion of it will require much labor, and some good engineering, to render it passable for wagons and carriages. As I traversed this colony in various directions, in company with the Director, and spoke of its susceptibility of improvement, his reply was : " A general can do nothing with- out soldiers." The application, to my mind, was obvious. He is there with a few superannuated men, most of them verging towards three score years, who are poor in the extreme ; who, if ever fhey_had_ any _aspjrations after a better estate, have lost them entirely. This reminds me, that I have found, by observation, in South America, as in North America, that yicious^ Europeans, are 132 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. not improved morally, intellectually, nor indus- trially by emigration. On the contrary, they easily fall into the indolent habits of the more "virtuous and ingenuous natives of the lower classes. The fruitfulness of Brazil is such, that they can subsist almost without exertion ; there fore they cease to perform that labor, which neces- sity, in their native land, rendered compulsory^ The soil throughout this colony, is very pecu liar. In places it has the compact, adhesive qual ity of the best vermilion-colored earth, but of a greyish, ashy color. It appears to rest upon a uniform bed of yellowish clay. Loose boulders are to be found of detached pieces of granite ; also a hard, flinty gravel appears in places on the sur face. I noticed, too, in many places, a soft kind of quartz, resembling very much a soiled mass of alum. On the 17th Inspector-General Street detailed Sr. Manoel Cunha Sampaio, an engineer of the commission, and a Brazilian gentleman of educa tion and refinement, to accompany me farther into the interior, in the capacity of engineer and inter preter. Accordingly, on the morning of the 18th, Sr. Sampaio joined me in the colony, and we sat out for the Colony of Pariquera, passing up the Itapetanga, crossing the mountain, which separates OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 133 its waters from those of the Garahii, and down the rivulet Pindavina, to where it falls into the Garahii. Here we stopped to breakfast, at Mr. Francisco Cavier's, after a morning-ride of twelve miles. Breakfast despatched, we took a canoe, and de scended the Garahii to its confluence with the Jacupiranga — a distance of six miles, then on down the Jacupiranga to Botujuru — a kind of trading post and fazenda," where we put up for the night. The lands of the Garahu and Jacupiranga are very fertile : better suited, however, for the cul ture of sugar cane and tobacco, than for the staple products of the country. The river bottoms are generally very level, and somewhat subject to over flow ; but I believe these overflows to be of such short duration as not to prove detrimental to the growing crops. At any rate, I noticed a fine field of corn, through which the water passed to the depth of two feet several days before, which seemed to have sustained no injury, but rather' to have been invigorated by the irrigation. On the morning of the 19th, we resumed our voyage down the Jacupiranga, reaching Hilde- brande, a fazenda on the river, at 9 p. m., where we spent the night. At this point my suspicions that these lower river lands are subject to a sort of low, malarious fever, were confirmed. I examined a 134 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. boy here, who suffers from what the physicians term " enlargement of the spleen," but better known throughout the miasmatic districts of the United States, to the common people, as " ague-cake." That many of their trifling ailments, and much of the tal- low-facedness that we see, are due to their habits, and the meagre diet upon which they subsist, there can be no doubt. On the morning of the 20th, we were again in our canoe, darting swiftly down the Jacupiranga, which soon carried us put on the broad, blue face of the deep, majestic Eibeira. Down the Eibeira we glided smoothly, reaching the town of Iguape at 9 p. m. Iguape is beautifully situated on an island, formed by Mar Pequeno, or Little Sea, the river Eibeira, and an artificial canal, which connects the river with Mar Pequeno. If we were to judge by the immense fleet of canoes that line this splendid beach, and the numerous stores, and shops that are open, the commerce of Iguape is by no means in significant ; but, upon close examination I have found it very trifling. While here, I went up on the Mount of View, an elevation of some two thou sand feet above the level of the sea, and there I found that it had been appropriately named ; for the view is one of the grandest I have yet enjoyed in this land of the magnificent and sublime. The OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 135 mountain is situated near the centre of the island. From its summit I could see the placid Maa- Peque no, stretching out fifty miles, separating' from the mainland Ilha do Mar, or Island of; the Sea — vary ing in width from ore- m two miles — covered all over with everliving green — lying amiably, but firmly there — opposing a quiet yet effective barrier to the farther progress of the mighty Atlantic; — forming part of a picture over which the Christian's eye will ever wander with almost inexpressible de light. But when I extended my gaze beyond the island, far out upon the broad expansej which now spreads out for many dreary thousands of miles, between this land of hope, and that which gave me birth, I could not repress the heart swelling, as I thought of the dear ones beyond where those dark, blue waters roll. Turning a little, I could look down on the busy town of Iguape, which lies snug ly in at the foot of the mountain. Everything be low wore the appearance of a gala-day. Bell-ring ing, drums, sky-rockets, banners, and processions were the order of the day : for that was the feast of St. Sebastian. Turning still farther, my eyes rested upon the blue mountains of peaceful Brazil, far away interior, where many a silver rivulet sweetly winds between, and many a lovely valley spreads out its soul-inspiring landscapes, 136 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. inviting to a land of comfort, my own distressed countrymen, thousands of whom, I humbly trust, will at no very distant day, there bivouac, and learn to call it home.%_. On the afternoon of t^e 20th we had every thing ready for an ¦ early start the next morning, when .very unexpectedly Dr. Gaston, of South Caro lina, arrived from Xiririca, and being engaged in a similar work, we thought it best I should defer leaving one day, that we might compare notes, and each get the benefit of the other's experience. Most of the 21st was so occupied. Dr. Gaston is a high ly cultivated, candid, sensible man, and his notes evince the fact that he is an accurate obseryer. On the 22d we left Iguape, and toiled up the Eibeira to the mouth of the little river Pariquera, where we arrived late in the evening, and stopped for the night. On the morning of the 24th, we commenced the ascent of the Pariquera, which we found a crooked, muddy little stream, deep enough for navigation when swollen as at that time, but too shallow for anything but small canoes when low, according to the account of those who reside upon its banks. Late in the afternoon we reached a bluff on the river, and made our arrangements to spend the night. This bluff is owned and occupied by an old mulatto man, who has a large family of OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 137 little children, and who treated us very kindly. We hired him to accompany us the next day, to the Colony of Pariquera, where we arrived at 3 o'clock, p. m. on the 25th. Dr. Sampaio and myself got out of the canoe at the lower line of the colony and walked across its lands to the nucleus — some six miles, the better to judge of the character of the soil. The lands of this colony are similar to those of Cananea, but inferior in quality. The buildings put up by the government are very large and com modious. There are three, all of the same dimen sions — about seventy-five by thirty-five feet, and in a good state of preservation. Should emigrants elect to go there, they will find ample shelter for a large number. As for myself, I am convinced that neither the locality, nor the quality of the soil would suit our people. There are already some thirty families of squatters on these lands. It was here I saw a great curiosity inthe way of a plow. It is very large, very clumsy, and as nearly as I can judge, after the pattern in use in Europe two centuries ago. This plow has a cast plate nailed to the beam, marked, " Paris." I should be sorry to have Brazilians judge of the utility of plows, by a trial of this one. On the morning of the 26th we commenced the descent of the Pari quera, reaching a fazenda bearing the name of Vin- 138 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. cent's, late in the afternoon. Here we remained over night. Vincent's is the most desirable locality I saw on the Pariquera Eiver. It is owned by Mrs. Maria Goncalves de Mangunca, a widow lady, who treated us very hospitably. Leaving this point early on the morning of the 27th, we reached the mouth of the river, in time to ascend the Eibeira one league, where we got lodg ings for the night with a colored man, who owns several thousand acres of valuable land, but sub sists chiefly upon fish, taken from the Eibeira, and rice raised upon a small field not yet enclosed. Up the Eibeira we toiled all day of the 28th, reaching Ponta Grossa late at night. The 29th was spent at Ponta Grossa, examining this magnificent estate ; magnificent, I mean, in its undeveloped resources. First, I inspected a field of cotton on the south side of the river, containing, I suppose, about eighty acres. This cotton is from imported North Amer ican seed, is now about five months old, and, as a general thing, about five feet high. It is well filled with blooms and bolls, some of the latter beginning now to open. I am sorry to be obliged to note almost a fatal mistake in the planting and management of_this cotton. In North America it would prove entirely fatal. First of all, the ground is new. Having OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 139 been cleared, or rather chopped and burnt off, just previous to planting. No plow has yet been used, either in preparing the soil or cultivating the cot ton. But the slaves have taken the cotton seed, just as the North. American In'dians take corn, and after opening a small orifice in the virgin soil, placed the seed carefully in, and then raked a little soil upon it. When the young plants were up, and the^ weeds began to. grow, they went in with broad hoes, and, scraping from the plant, cleared away the weeds. Here the culture has ended : so that the cotton stands in the middle of a considerable depression, instead of upon an elevation of eight or ten inches above the general level, as its health and maturity require. As a consequence, I noticed that the lower bolls, which are entirely excluded from a free circulation of the air, are inclined to rot and fall off. This would not have happened if the sun and air had been permitted to do their work in crisping and drying the ripening bolls. While traversing this field, the overseer, who had me in charge, pulled up a single plant of the ground pea, alias " Guber," and, to my astonishment, it brought up a full pint of the very best developed and matured peas I ever saw. Oh ! thought I, if the North Carolinians, and 140 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Georgians, could but see that cluster, how they would make haste to dispose of their piney woods fields and bald clay knobs, that they might emi grate to Brazil. From this field we crossed the river to another of much larger dimensions — per haps two hundred acres, which was also cleared last year, and, is what we should term up-land. That is, upon an undulating table land, about one hundred feet above the level of the river. The soil is entirely different from that of the river bottom. From here to the mouth of the Pariquera, which empties into the Eibeira some twenty miles from the sea coast, the bottoms are a rich loamy earth, resembling very much the soil on the Mississippi and its tributaries. The table lands on thev lower Eibeira, are not so good as these rich bottoms ; yet they are of good quality. The character of the soil is that of a coarse, dark sand, very heavily sur charged with the fine fertile matter of decayed vegetation, and very friendly to cultivate. As a general thing the soil is not deep, but rests upon masses of compact clay, which will make it wear well. This large field is also planted in her baceous cotton. The young plants are now some two months old and about knee-high. They have a- healthy color and seem to be growing well ; but the same lack of a practical knowledge of planting OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 141 is here apparent, which I have described, on the other side of the river. From Ponta Grossa we started, at peep of day, on the morning of the 30th, and at 9 a. m. stopped to breakfast at Sr. David Gonealves Fortes'. Here a day was lost in waiting for a Brazilian gentle man, who had engaged to accompany us up the Juquid Eiver. Finding that he was not coming, we got Sr. Jose Eodolpho Gonealves Fortes, a brother of our host, to act as pilot and guide, and started for the Juquia. We had gone some ten miles up this river, when night overtook us, just as we were near- ing a very small establishment, where we obtained shelter for the night. At gray dawn we were off again, forcing our immense canoe to stem the deep, swift current of the bold Juquia. This was a day of toil, and when it was over, just as the glorious day-god was sinking out of sight behind the grand old range of mountains, that lay off to the west ward of us, we reached the romantic little village of Santo Antonio, where we were received, and hospitably entertained, by the Eev. Eector, of the neat little church, which stands upon one of the beautiful mounds that here approach very near the river. Again, early on the morning of the 2d, we might have been seen urging our great river horse, with pole and paddle, to ascend still farther the 142 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. deep, flowing river. This day's journey was to me like the realization of a fond dream of happiness. At every turn of the beautiful stream I felt like exclaiming, " Eureka ! Eureka ! " The magnificent valley of the Juquia, which is very wide in places, terminates in a gentle range of hills, every foot of which, both hills and valley, are susceptible of im proved culture. Back of these hills rise up great fertile mountains, that seem to have laid aside the nodding crest of threatening granite, and to be paternally contemplating the hills below, and the river that rolls between, or offering friendly saluta tions across from one to another, as if conscious of the mighty dignity in which they there repose. I have had bright day dreams, for many months, of a country where the homes of the great staple products of the world could be found in close prox imity. And here it is. If four brothers, or friends, wish to engage in the culture of the four great commercial products of Christendom, and have their plantations adjoining each other, they can here do so. They who wish to cultivate cotton and sugar cane, can find a most genial and productive soil im mediately on the river. The tobacco raiser and the coffee planter, need not go out of sight to find the mother land of the coffee tree and the tobacco plant, OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 143 on the gentle hills, or the giant mountain side. And each may raise upon his own plantation all the minor products, yea, all the luxuries of this luxury pro ducing country. The crowning glory of Juquid country is this : while it combines all characters of fertile soil, each is the best of its kind. The mountains are fully equal, if not superior, to those of Espirito Santo, and Eio de Janeiro, for the growth of coffee, while the hills and valleys sur pass any part of the country I have seen for sugar, cotton, and rice. As proof of the correctness of my statements, I will here give the dimensions of a coffee tree, which I measured at Sr. Jose Dionisio Sanches', on the north bank of the Juquia. This tree is twenty-eight inches in circumference, one foot from the ground, is fifteen feet high, and around its greatest circumference of foliage is sixty- eight feet. I ought to state that there is a slender young tree standing very near the trunk of the large one, whose foliage was included in this measurement. This tree, however, might be re moved, and not diminish the outline of the one measured, so completely is it encircled by the boughs of the great one. From the two, the pro prietor informed us, he gathered forty-two pounds of coffee last year. This young giant is now in his eighth year. 144 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Late in the afternoon of the 2d, we arrived at the plantation of Sr. Jose Eodolpho Gonealves Fortes, where we went ashore, and, after looking round a little, were so much delighted with the country, that we thought it expedient to penetrate somewhat the interior. Accordingly, everything was arranged for an early start next morning. Immediately after breakfast, Dr. Sampaio, myself, an old Brazilian hunter as guide, and two servants, commenced a pedestrian march up the beautiful rivulet that flows through this plantation, to which, finding it nameless, I gave the name of Brook Cor nelia, after my first-born. Just as we were ready to start, our guide informed us that there was a high waterfall on this brook, which we could reach by going right forward before night. At the thought of a roaring cascade, in the deep, dark, forest, surrounded by cool dripping springs, my heart fairly bounded forward in enthusiasm. Away we went, the old guide in front, armed with his long wood's knife, with which he slew alike, the tender, blooming reed, and the tough, hardy vine, that ventured to extend themselves across our path ; while I followed close upon his heels, urging him to take longer strides and bolder strokes ; Dr. Sam paio and the two blacks bringing up the rear. In this order we marched, with many a break in the OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 145 ranks, to get water, pluck fruit, or examine curious things, until about 3 p. m., when a dark cloud made its appearance in the south-west, and distant thun der could be heard. At this our guide shook his head, gave an ominous shrug of his shoulders, and advised that we go no further, but stop, make ranche, and so get ready for the threatening storm. To this, however, I would not agree; but sug gested to Dr. Sampaio, that he and the servants stop and extemporize a camp, while the guide and I would go forward to the fall, and return, if possi ble. To this the Dr. readily consented. When it was fully decided that the line of march should again be taken up, though with ranks very much thinned, the old hunter informed me that we should save time by going right up the channel of the stream. Anything, said I, to reach the fall, and get back before night. So in we went, and off we started, at a rapid pace for waders. We had not gone far, when we came upon the fresh tracks of an anta, and as one deep hole in the wet sand (where his immense weight had forced his huge feet), after another, greeted our eyes, the old woodsman seemed to grasp his long knife more firmly, while I kept my revolver- in a position for instantaneous use. But we never came up with him, consequently we did not get to kill an anta. After some two miles ' 7 146 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. of wading in water as pure, cool, and clear, as any I ever saw, we reached the fall. And although a few moments of inactivity served to convince me that my muscles were rendered sore, and my joints stiffened like those of an overstrained courser, I felt compensated for all, by the rapturous beauty of the scene. This cascade leaps, at one bound, from the top of a perpendicular rock, sixty feet high, and strikes with such force upon the rocky bed below, that the whole volume is knocked, instantaneously, into spray. But the fragments soon collect again, and go laughing and dancing over many small falls be low, until the re-united springs and sprays, form again one beautiful stream, which soon reaches a point where it behaves with more dignity and com posure. The deepening shadows, of the shady dell, warned us that it was time to commence retracing our steps to the spot where we expected to spend the night. Slowly, and with pain to my physical system, did I return to that new-made wigwam in the depths of the virgin forest. But the rich glow of hope that then animated » my bosom, and the bright gleams of anticipation which I then felt, seemed to illuminate my whole being. After re turning to camp, and drying my clothes as best I could, I was too weary to sleep, but tossed upon my cool couch of palm leaves, unable and unwilling OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 147 to banish the bright vision of a new, and happy home, for the brave men and fair women of my na tive land, where we mayTwithout iau^ti^calinter- ferehce,15ring up our sons to emulate the virtues ofThewise and/good. ; and_6ur ^daughters, as the "polished cornersL.of the Jejnple." Just as the glorious~sun of the morning had tipped with gold the rich crowns of the " everlasting hills," that sur round the valley of Brook Cornelia, we took up our return line of march, and, by taking a more direct route, reached the residence of Sr. Fortes about mid-day. Here we feasted, and rested, until near sun-set, when our canoe was re-loaded, and we began the descent of the Juquid. Eiver. I returned from this point, and discontinued the explorations, which the generous government of Brazil has afforded me the facilities to prosecute, because I have found a region to which I can, con scientiously, and with enthusiasm advise my coun trymen to emigrate. Nearly four months have elapsed since the fore going report of my tour in the Province of S. Paulo was written, during which time I have found it necessary to make two voyages from the Capital to our chosen locality, in order to complete, and settle, beyond a peradventure, all the titles to lands, and the boundaries of our community. In short, every- 148 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. thing which appertains for the forming of a new settlement. The first of these voyages was without interest, farther than that it served to convince me that a second was unavoidable. I left Eio de Janeiro on the 11th of May, on this second voyage, on board the fleet little schoon er " Third of May," in company with a goodly num ber of choice companions ; among whom, were Mr. Jacob Humbird, of Maryland, Dr. E. M. Davis, of Virginia, and Capt. W. Frank Shippey, of Florida. After a lively sail of three days, we reached Cana nea, where we were joined by our worthy friend, Major Ernesto D. Street, Inspector-General of the Province of Sao Paulo. When we reached the region selected for the future homes of our unfortu nate Southerners, Mr. Humbird, who - is an emi nently practical, go-ahead man, was so much pleased, and so well convinced that our labors will result successfully, that he invested largely in the choice fronts on the Eibeira and Juquia rivers, paying the cash, and giving these sitios into my charge,, with instructions to turn them over, at- cost, to our peo ple. This I have already done in one instance, in the case of Capt. Shippey, who has gone to work, on a splendid tract of river bottom land, to get ready for his coming relations and friends. After completing all our work on these rivers, passing OFFICIAL REPORT NO II. 149 Escrituras Publicas, clearing and making the ground for the house your Excellency has ordered to be built, we set out, in company with Inspector-Gen eral Street, to explore the region lying between the head-waters of the Juquia Eiver, and the old town of Sorocaba,' — back of the coast range. We found this expedition a rough undertaking, rendered more difficult by four days of incessant rain that pelted us thoroughly, while in the mountains. But we finally got through, making almost the whole jour ney on foot. After crossing the mountains, I saw specimens of cotton in the field, equal to any I have ever seen in the United States. This is emphati cally the cotton-growing region of Brazil, and only needs the appliances of labor and improved culture "to make it profitable indeed. Here, also, is an exhaustless supply of mules and horses, where our people can procure their necessary animals, much cheaper than in any part of the United States. I purchased in Sorocaba, two match mules — large and fine, perfectly gentle and tractable — for $35 each, and sent them back for plantation use in the Ju quia valley. I am much gratified that we passed through this region, since it gives us a more prac tical knowledge of the route for the proposed road, all of which the Inspector-General will doubtless report upon. 150 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. From Sorocaba we rode through on horse-back, to the city of Sao Paulo, in two days — a distance of seventy-two miles. Here we rested one day, took the train for Santos at 6 a. m., and arrived at 11 a. m., just in time to breakfast and go on board the swift steamer S. Jos6, which brought us safely and pleasantly to Eio de Janeiro in about eighteen hours. And now, Illustrious Sir, that the time nears when I am to return to the land that gave me birth, to superintend the removal of those tried ones to these shores, whose aching hearts crave the repose and security so nobly extended, it seems fit ting that I should indicate the course that I pro pose to pursue. First, then, of all, I do. not intend to encourage any one to cast_his_lot with us, whose moraTcharacter, and social status, are not decidedly good. This one rule, closely adhered to, will gi^e us," in all respects, a desirable population. That many of them will be poor, yea, poor in the ex treme, is an evil for which we, of the South, are not responsible. In fact, if wordly goods, just now, were made the standard of excellence in the devas tated districts of the United States, the poorest would be the best, since, in most instances, men re tained their property by sacrificing that which was of far greater value. And further, if my life is OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 151 spared, to return to this land of my adoption, I shall deem it my duty to warn our people that they may avoid alike those alien croakers, who hang with the tenacity of real parasites, to the vitals of Brazil, whence they draw the means of self-aggran dizement, at the same time they endeavor, parasite like, by false representations, to smother the young giant that gives them life ; and those, who ap proach under the guise of friendship, professing deepest interest and warmest affection, placing the velvet paw so gently on, that it is not felt, until all of a sudden, it hardens into the stony clutch of the remorseless Shylock. If those of my countrymen, who look to this Empire as their home, immediate ly, or infuturo, do not escape the bewildering fogs and disheartening quicksands, into which these aliens to the commonwealth of Brazil, would lead them on the one hand, and the cunningly arranged traps on the other, baited with " what money they need for the present," it shall be no fault of mine. With profound sentiments of esteem, • , I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, Ballard S. Dunn. CHAPTEE XI. OFFICIAL REPORT OP MESSRS. M'MULLAN AND BOWEN, OP TEXAS, TO THE MINISTER OP AGRICULTURE. Rio de Janeiro, May 24, 1866. To his Excellency the Minister of Agriculture: J Exmo. Sr. : The undersigned, after returning their warmest thanks for the many favors received at the hands of your Excellency, and for the facili ties afforded them in search of homes for themselves and friends, beg leave to present the following re port on the result of their observations, after an experience of five months' almost continual travel in this magnificent and peculiarly favored Empire. On 9th of January, under arrangements made by order of your Excellency, we went on board the Dom Affonso, accompanied by several other Amer ican friends, and all bound for Cananea in the Province of Sao Paulo. On the morning of the 10th our vessel put to OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III. 153 sea, and on the 13th, at 4 p. m., we dropped anchor in the fine harbor of the ancient village of Cananea, having touched at the accustomed points of Ubatu- ba, Sao Sebastiao, and Santos ; the latter of which has a spacious karbor, well situated in a military point of view, and enjoying peculiar advantages commercially. Santos is destined to be one of the finest cities of the Empire, being the port of an extensive fer tile region, soon to be populated by an industrious, intelligent agricultural people, from the Southern States of North America. Cananea is on an island, and near the lower en trance of the Mar Pequeno, a sort of inland sea nearly fifty miles in length, and varying from one and a half to three miles in width, and with suf ficient depth -for vessels drawing fifteen feet of water. Cananea (or the land of Canaan) is one of the oldest settlements in the Empire ; and although quite small at present, it is destined to grow into a place of some importance, enjoying, as it does, an excel lent harbor, and with a fertile region in its rear to build it up. Here we met the Inspector- General, Major Street, who very promptly made the neces sary arrangements for our penetrating the interior, appointing Mr. Louis Donker Van der Hoff, a very 7* 154 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. competent gentleman, at the suggestion of our friend Capt. Buhlaw, to accompany us in our explo rations. Among the acquaintances made at Cana nea were the Delegado and Vigario, both of whoin offered us every civility, and seemed anxious that we should establish ourselves in their midst. After spending several days at this place, on the evening of the 18th we set out on foot for the port, a distance of some three miles, two of which are by land, through a low, generally wet, and very sandy soil, covered with a stunted growth of trees which have barely been able to raise their heads above the thick jungle which mats the earth beneath them. Crossing the interior arm of the Mar Pe queno, about one mile in width, and with a depth sufficient to admit large vessels, we found ourselves at the Port (of the Colony of Cananea). Here we obtained horses, which we mounted, and were soon off in the direction of the colony, over a road which, with very little labor, could be made transitable for all kinds of wagons. For the first four miles the country very much resembled that traversed in reaching the Port ; but, on arriving at the Itapetanga, the whole face and character of the country are changed to a rich mulatto, sticky soil, and a fine, thrifty growth of timber. OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III. 155 The Itapetanga is a beautiful, clear, bold-run ning creek, flowing over a bed of sand and gravel, and meandering through a fertile valley of four or five hundred yards in width, bounded on either side by lofty hills almost deserving the name of moun tains, and covered with an abundance of fine large timb^1, suitable either for building purposes or fur niture. This stream flows into the interior arm of the Mar Pequeno a short distance below the Port (before mentioned), and is navigable for canoes sev eral leagues. Following up the valley some two and a half miles, we reached the comfortable dwelling of Mr. Van der Hoff, where we stopped for the night. Mr. Van der Hoff is a Dutchman, and lives on the good old " milk and butter " style, his being the only place in Brazil where we found those excellent (not to say luxurious) articles 01s food, notwith standing the peculiar adaptation of the country for them in plenty and to spare at all seasons. The 19th, being rainy, we spent at Van der Hoff's, feasting on pine-apples, examining the young coffee-trees, which, at two and a half years, were ' bending under their load of berries, and six or seven kinds of potatoes, one of which has a heavy top not unlike a thrifty collard, and equally as palatable. On the morning of the 20th we set out early for 156 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. the colony, where we arrived in time for breakfast — the Director (Mr. Smith) extending to us a hearty welcome, and offering us the hospitalities of his bountiful board. The colony is located on the head- waters of the Itapetanga and Pindavina, in a healthy though rather broken country. m From Mr. Smith's house to the Port (before mentioned) it is about twelve miles. After breakfast we pushed on through the col ony, crossing the dividing ridge (before suggested), taking down the Pindavina in the direction of Sr. Francisco Xavier's,. the Director himself, our friend Major Totten, and Captain Hanson accom panying us. The Pindavina is a small creek emptying into the Garahu. near Xavier's. This gentleman gave us a kind reception, offering us the civilities of his house, which we were thankful to accept after a rather hard trip over a desperate road, and through a rough, hilly country, having made some dozen miles since leaving the house of Director Smith. On the following morning, accompanied by Sr. Xavier, we took canoe and hastened up the Gara hu to the falls, a distance of four miles by water. Major .Totten, who is a professional mechanic, see ing the advantages which this place offered for a OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III. 157 saw-mill, at once secured it, and within a very short time from this date will (with his associate, Capt. Hanson,) be floating large quantities of excel lent lumber down this beautiful stream to the Jacu piranga, and down the latter to the great Eibeira (in all about twenty-five miles by water), whence it will be taken to Iguape (the sea-port). On the 22d we descended (Major Totten con cluding to accompany us) to the newly begun vil lage of Botujuru, a run of twelve miles below Xa- vier. This place is on the Jacupiranga, six miles below the mouth of the Garahii; and when the country becomes settled, and the commerce will jus tify it, will be about the head of steamboat naviga tion on this stream — subsequent investigations de veloping that, with very little labor, the Jacupiran ga may be made navigable thus far for small steam ers for at least half the year. The site of Botujuru is well selected, in the midst of a fertile region, and commands a fine view of the surrounding country. Leaving this place, we ascended the Jacupiranga, a good canoe run of two days, reaching the great falls. Here, as on the Garahii, is an excellent seat for any amount of machinery, and with plenty of good timber ; but, as the valleys are small and the hills high and rugged, we deemed it unsuitable for 158 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. a large settlement of Americans. So we resolved to retrace our steps, taking a short run up the Bananal (a small confluent of the Jacupiranga) in the de scent, and again reached Botujuru, having been absent four or five days. The lands in this region are of excellent quality, resembling somewhat the Eed Eiver lands of Texas and Louisiana, of the United States, and well situ ated up to the falls ; but the margins of the rivers are all private property. Before leaving this place, we took a short run up the Canho, a large creek which empties into the Jacupiranga a few hundred yards below the vil lage; but finding the country rough and broken, we resolved to return and shift the base of our explo rations to Xiririca on the Eibeira. Descending the Jacupiranga to the mouth of the Turvo, some seven miles, we ascended the lat ter a distance of perhaps twelve miles by water, whence we prepared to cross- the country on horse back. The Turvo is a small, swift-running creek, winding through a rich and beautiful valley of a quarter of a mile in width, and bounded by ranges of hills often low and undulating. We were much pleased with the valley of the Turvo, but found it all owned and occupied. We now had a long ride of sixteen miles over OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III. 159 one of the roughest countries we had yet seen, and along a dim trailway, often barely perceivable for the first eight miles ; and over this part of the road in particular our party presented quite a novel ap pearance. Imagine a party of six (including a couple of camaradas to carry baggage) with only two horses in the crowd, and these without bridle or saddle — our blankets answering for the latter, while thongs of bark, tied to the under jaw of the ani mals, made substitutes for the former. We afterwards procured two other animals with Brazilian saddles, when we got on quite well, and, after a fatiguing journey, reached the lovely and inviting village of Xiririca, one day and a half after leaving Botujurii. Here we received a hearty welcome by the Sr. Bernardo Jose Cabral, who kindly tendered us the hospitalities of his house, and made us feel at home at Xiririca. During the next day we were visited by the principal inhabitants of the place, who offered us every attention that a warm-hearted peo ple could, and expressed a desire that we should find in their muncipio a suitable location for our selves and our friends. Leaving Xiririca with letters from the Delegado and Sub-delegado, we proceeded up the Eibeira, a distance of some twenty miles, to the mouth of the 160 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Batatal; and ascending this large, rapid-running creek ten or twelve miles, we arrived at the house of Sr. Franco, to whom we bore letters. Here we met with the usual kind reception ; and as this was the head of canoe navigation (on account of the falls)^ this gentleman made arrangements for our pursuing our journey still farther into the interior; so we set out up the Batatal in a good horse-path, clomb a considerable mountain, on the very- top of which a very large rosewood tree was pointed out to us, as also a quinine tree, from which latter we pulled a portion of bark, descending into one of the most romantic valleys we had ever seen, in the midst of which dwells with peace and plenty Sr. Franco, son of the old gentleman whose house we had left an hour before. This valley contains about one hundred ' and sixty acres of superior land, surrounded on all sides by steep mountains from 1,500 to 2,000 feet high ; and the same Batatal skirts the base of the moun tains on one side, barely finding an entrance into and out of this romantic place. Here Telemachus, might have found an abode suited to his fastidious ness, and desired to wander no more. At an early hour on the following morning, we set out over the mountains in the direction of the Ariado, a tributary of the Batatal, our clever host OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III. 161 accompanying us as guide. This was the roughest work we had yet encountered ; for a tall mountain, 2,000 feet high, loomed up before us, standing at an angle of 45° ; and our only way of crossing it was to cut our way as we went. After a hard struggle we reached the summit, where we were amazed to find ourselves on an elevated plane, large enough for a considerable farm, and literally matted with large tall cane. One would sooner have imagined himself in the midst of a swamp in the United States than on the top of a tall mountain in Brazil. But this we found to be one of the peculiarities of the country — on the tops of the highest mountains is found the largest cane, while in the valleys it is rarely seen. On the top of this mountain, too, we crossed a large, rippling branch, which finds its way off into the Ariado Tjelow, into the valley of which we soon descended. We found three or four families on the Ariado, and were told that one or two of these were squat ters. Following up the margin of the stream some two miles, we reached the house of the Sr. Antonio de Prado. This gentleman and his brother are the outside settlers in this direction. Here we got din ner ; and as our friend had just killed a fine year ling buck, we fared sumptuously. He told us this excellent game is abundant in these woods, and he kills them whenever he wishes. 162 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. The valley of the Ariado is about five miles long, and from five hundred to seven hundred yards in width, and, like the valleys on most of the small streams, is bounded by tall mountains near the top of one of which our host pointed out a tre mendous ledge of rocks, which, he said, were lime — • the first of the kind we had yet seen in Brazil, the principal being granite, which seems to form the base of all the mountains in the Empire. Two miles beyond where we were, the waters turn to the Prado, a large, shoaly river, which emp ties into the Eibeira a short distance above Iporan- ga, this place being about twenty miles above the mouth of the Batatal. The situation of the coun try is such, however, that, the waters of the Batatal and Prado, both coming out of the same side of the same tall mountain, there is no perceivable eleva tion between, and the valley of the Ariado unites with the valley lands of the waters of the Prado. So, within less than three miles from where we were, we were told by all that there was one of the most magnificent of valleys, which, according to estimates made of distance, must contain twenty- five thousand acres of excellent level land, through the midst of which flow many small streams. We regretted not penetrating the heart of this magnificent region; but, being worn out with OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III. 163 fatigue, being a little unwell, there being no road, and desirous of finding a place a little nearer navi gation, we slowly retraced our steps ; and when the sun was low in the west we were again at home with our friend on the Batatal, where we had left our canoe the day before. We were informed that there is plenty of mar ble (red, blue, and white) on the Batatal and Pra do, and that specimens, which had been sent to Eio to be examined, were pronounced No. 1 ; and cer tain it is that the lead-mines of Iporanga (all in the same section of country) are among the richest and best in the world. The valley of the Batatal is small ; but from what we saw of the interior, and from information collected from reliable sources, from the superior quality of the land, from the amount and quality of the timber, the fine water-power for machinery, the mineral wealth, the salubrity of the climate — this must become one of the most attractive portions of the Empire ; and as the Eibeira is navigable for steamboats to the mouth of the Batatal,' there will probably be no portion of this section farther than forty miles from navigation. The road which the Government is now build ing from Iporanga to Cananea will greatly facilitate the settlement of this very desirable country by industrious, intelligent agriculturists. 164 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Descending the Batatal, we dropped down the Eibeira to one of the farms of the Srs. Guimaraes, and with this gentleman ascended the Eio Taquary (a northern tributary of the Eibeira) a distance of more than twenty miles, to the great falls. The valleys of this stream, like those of the Batatal, are narrow up to the falls ; but above these we were told that the mountains recede from the river, leaving an extensive valley region of superior country. These falls are the best for machinery that we have seen in the Empire, and the river affords sufficient water to float a steamboat, were it not for the rapids. Major Totten, who still accom panies us, seeing the value of this place, has taken steps to secure it. His lumber may be floated on flats to the Eibeira, thence to the sea-port, a dis tance of about one hundred and thirty miles by water. Here there are thousands of superior timber, and the largest cane we have yet seen in our travels in this country, it being quite common to see the reed reaching the enormous height of eighty or ninety feet, with a diameter of four or even five inches. This cane likes to run up the bodies of the trees for support, where it may be seen reaching out be yond the tallest of them fifteen or twenty feet. We are satisfied we saw cane on the Taquary OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III. 165 one hundred feet high, with branches (of the same cane) fifty feet long and two inches in diameter, and this, in its turn, would have other branches more than fifteen feet long. In places this tall reed grows so thick that it was impossible to get through it without cutting our road. Our friend Guimaraes took great pains to give us all the infor mation in his power, and treated us with true Bra zilian hospitality. He is quite a genius, has a con siderable amount of machinery, and, under favor able circumstances, would have made a first-class machinist. Leaving the Taquary, we returned to Xiririca, March 9th, after an absence of six or seven days. We regret having lost the name of our young friend who accompanied us on this week's tour, for he was very attentive, and of great service to us. Before leaving Xiririca, there is a circumstance associated with this name that we deem worthy of mention. On our way up, the Sr. Guerra, this gentleman's wife, and a couple of daughters about, grown, met us in the parlor, and soon engaged in conversation with us, asking us many questions about the man ners and customs of our native country, and express ing a desire to have some American neighbors. We spent a pleasant evening, and, had it not been for the difference in language, might easily have 166 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. imagined ourselves in an American family. In the morning, at breakfast, we all ate together at the same table. We mention this circumstance because it was the first time we had the pleasure of con versing with the Brazilian ladies. After taking some refreshments here (at Xiri rica), we dropped down to the large fazenda of Sr. Miguel Antonio Jorge, about ten miles. This gentleman met us and told us to make ourselves at home. Miguel Jorge is the largest planter of the Eibeira, owning large quantities of slaves, and probably several hundred thousand acres, of land. He has a spacious dwelling, an iron sugar-mill, a saw-mill, grist-mill, distillery, &c, ¦ • / $78,422 13,969 82,572 5423 45,303 125,956 1,129 1,554 $92,391 $1,948,967 $1,141,966 $53,684 Espirito Santo. Rio Grande do Norte. PlACHY. Mato Grosso. $26,264 $72,432 .... 39,118 $ 236,304 $24,894 $26,264 $236,304 $111,550 $24,894 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Imperial Exports to Whence Exported. 1661-'58. 1858-'69. $22,210,804 6,709,806 7,129,634 1,385,3131,774,8161,647,346 584,511 28,833 147,523 1,639,383 949,009 46,481 1,569,867 570,543 63,836 1,060,601 357,581187,451 36,52623,864 $329 25,987,298 7,732,7927,002,983 1,227,0521,958,689 2,077,400 617,600 43,865 1,866,579 537,081 30,809 1,448,988 645,976 60,175 1,124,394 464,588 iii,053 65,113 118,750 Pari S. Jose do Norte Parahyba Ceara Rio Grande do Norte .... Mato Grosso Total $48,123,731 $53,421,590 o ooehccIOhCOE- EH a 0o O hHHM O COCO(Mi-4->!HOOSOBCOCO-*tNb-.00-^00 -*.-*, CO CO 00 oooosooocoosi-iosoo-*oscocooocoos 05 O O OS OS «o eo^co^oo^'c^oo^o^i-H co_co_-h^cs co^os^os^cq^b-^i-^CM^co^o^^ OS "l o"-^o"r-Tco~co"t-"cq"Tfco"co"cCocrTH"eo"c^co"cD~cD"i--r->^ os~ cf iH"o~o"ocTorocror-*'co''i--ro-TH" ; t-^cTo" OS~ *"* -r co~ ih' CO T-T CO OSCMOSCO©CDTHuT~l. °i. "l CD* i-T cm" o~ co" ©" o~ b— ' b— ' cd*- Co" i-T t— ' od" r-T co" oT ; oTo*c^os_TH-cf^ cm oo^oo co_eo i-h co cm . CO CO l-H b- ISCO 00 -* I-t ocTo~o~!-r<>f53 • H ao HHH MH 53 D O O l-Hpa « o OTH©e0C000b-CMCMb-OC000©©Ol CO CO i-H©©i-HCOCOCOCMio-'Vl. 1861-'62. -ARTICLES. 1862-'63. Average Value. Average Value. / $471,944 $432,921 $409,616 2,730,836 3,118,028 8,408,904 9,602,268 10,048,541 9,640,514 207,823379,236 - 184,095 159,466 755,535 789,468 Coffee 21,995,310 29,229,018 28,287,467 Hides (salt).. . ' 1,596,253 4 208 ^Q ( 2,417,294 \ 1,207,423 Hides (dry). . . 1,632,093 Diamonds .... 1,825,454 1,650,401 2,058,088 1,081,171 1,670,458 3,101,005 Gum Elastic . . 1,168,498 1,189,561 1,637,956 Mate 668,104 924,596 757,391 Gold in dust or 90,934 669,676 388,812 Quantities of Articles Exported. Spirits Cotton Sugar Hair Cocoa Coffee Hides (salt). Hides (dry). Diamonds. . . Tobacco .... Gum Elastic Mate Gold in dust or bar lbs, oz. lbs. oz. 2,875,340 31,233,184 270,411,968 1,526,080 73,238,184 360,496,928 502,796 13,235,520 1,523 18,258,176 4,578,080 13,982,272 6,299 2,189,807 24,423,904 260,587,360 1,299,6488,332,736 356,245,728 594,152 11,379,296 1,213 16,817,088 4,626,472 16,614,176 46,234 2,995,186 34,740,096 323,895,008 1,202.144 10,020,864 279,172,544 675,562 12,294,656 " 1,556 36,494,944 6,672,416 19,365,728 24,799 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Imperial Imports from Foreign Countries, From Total, 18BS-'B4. Total, 1862-'63. $23,249,739 2,596,156 892,978 2,856,374 328,562 2,237,023 344,108 363,257 131,067122,549 4,977,549 337,396 4,026,741 30,041 I 415,887 $25,382,849 268,966504,055 2,983,068 293,786 3,275,288 453,701927,275 34,055 58,337 9,191,287 , 396,864 352,206 65,601 1,078 j 146,183 \ 112,097 Portuguese Possessions . . . River Plate Imperial Ports United States Holland African Ports not specified Other Ports not specified . Total $42,919,376 $49,536,356 ITS PRESENT CONDITION. ^.showing the Import at each Port in 1862-'63. Rio de Janeiro. Bahia. Pernambuco. $12,835,086 $4,307,216 $4,155,188 827,386 582,548 293,181 236,183 58,505 52,627 1,097,581 615,479 438.002 184,286 63,982 18,657 1,982,071 640,508 304,339 36,490 268,457 49.639 370,819 144,223 114,871 12,392 2,317 43,193 6,275 1,444,388 538,584 1,448,192 76,328 195,357 95,359 567,298 1,089,056 137,988 45,589 20,016 > . . • 146,i83 $24,810,802 $8,568,771 $7,534,539 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Imperial Imports/toto Foreign Countries, showing From Maranhao. Para. $1,053,323 14,90215,386 179,069 ' 4,i79 26,941 36l',279 8,592 138,576 $1,075,794 ' 74,093 24,811 367,428 ' 2,557 22,877 4,824 225,561 5,517 431,591 Portuguese Possessions . . . Holland African Ports not specified Other Ports not specified.. Total $1,802,201 $2,235,153 its present condition. the Import at each Port in 1862-63 — continued. Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. Urugttayana. Santos. $507,301 $20,492 - 731,546 364,463 293,643 .... 120,012 97,377 12,943 .... 3,566 191,724 13,399 . . . • 75,747 11,941 9,394 .... 5,521 10,643 6,647 $67,554 502 15,301 5,416 .... 28,056 222,281 •• 14,214 233,515 •• 24,049 12,138 . . ,. ., . .. , 151,073 *• .6,534 $1,862,761 . $361,934 $67,554. $1,009,767 13 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Imperial Imports from Foreign Countries, showing From British Possessions Hanse Towns Belgium River Plate Imperial Ports Spain Denmark French Possessions Austria Fishery Other Ports not specified. Total From British Possessions Portuguese Possessions. . . Imperial Ports Spain Denmark Sweden French Possessions Other Ports not specified . Total Paranagua. Antonina. $135,801 15,838 20 $151,689 $504 $504 Alacioas. Sergipe. $44,162 264 7,242 202 $51,870 $12,209 4,0984,376 215 5,621 3,369 ITS PRESENT CONDITION. the Import at each Port in 1862-'63 — continued. Parahiba. Ceara. Santa Catharina. $24,576 $500,742 $7,077 . . . • 60,956 53,478 3,174 76,197 837 6,857 4,819 5,740 .... .... .... 8,849 • • • • .... 67,486 .... 2,672 .... .... 1,078 $31,143 $647,562 $145,824 Rio Grande do Espirito Santo. Norte. PlAUHT. Mato Grosso. $106,627 $22i .... $1,976 1,641 15 ' ' 218 $111,896 " $1,476 $1,862 $106,860 $111~896 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Imports from — 1857-'S8. • l'858-'59. 1859-'60. Rio de Janeiro $34,769,873 9,839,765 12,392,020 1,815,500 1,844,302 2,105,015 360,801 424,551 204,297 75,691 2,826 145,191 551,507 54,515 188,461 40,454 530 248,058 69,530 37,800 $34,270,176 9,732,220 11,643,289 1,974,506 1,873,182 2,265,444 281,232 180,978 • 187,081110,666 2,565 123,456 458,993 81,834 247,014 27,681 496 160,912 85,249 54,185 $30,114,706 8,102,970 9,746,055 1,570,626 2,354,948 " 2,603,099 343,981 230,361 283,766 37,471 561 70,124 453,030 87,481 79,245 13,589 234 255,849 91,449 88,875 Rio Grande do Sul . Santa Catharina . . . Espirito Santo Rio Grande do Norte $65,220,087 $43,861,309 $56,513,997 S5 O oo Hla HOQH « CO Eh CO H M M EHS3 1= O O I MwM O Jm (MM©Mb-Mb-©(MCMTt(TH-*Tt(CO©CO CO © CD CD • ©CNCOOOCDMiO©TH©OOCOCNb-©b— co co © o CD 00 t- O CM CD_b- OS^O^tH.OO O M_© OO,,00. °°, OJ. oq^co^oo^ oo *~l ©"c^-HjcM~o"C^f i-TotT©"^ CO~©~o"m ©"r-T m"co"m" co" « CD CO CO O CO CD CO CD © O COtHtH-OcM © M CO CO CO CO^O^if^OO^CM^OO^CO iP^M CD M l-H l-H o i-H Ttroo"t-rM"cM"T-r i-T CM ©"tH e& 4& b-t-MC0©MOTf©i— Ib-OOCD© © O 00 © © CD CD CO CM CM b- CD © O OTb-^CM^CO^CD^i-^CO CO^CO^CO.tH b-^C0_O_ CM^ ST 'H"-*"b^"b-^TH">f5"M b-T ©"co" r-T Tfeo"o"oo" cm" OOOOOCOTHb-CHOO © © © M CM CD~©"t~" Th" F-t CO © b- tH 1 OS^Tl^tM^CD^M^T^TtH CM Tt< Tt< M M lM © -«( b-^eo"©'M"cM'"cM ©~ CO l-H CD b-OOOCDCMM©CMCMb-COb-©OCDT|( t~ CO i-H © • MOCOCO©COCN©©Tt © OO CO M © © CO CM iH CM © CO CDCO im cq.©jco_oo_o.o i-h oo o m M M CM i-H ©~oo"o6~m"m"cm"66 o"o OTt<©MCMb-MCOOM ©CMC0©Tt*O Tt< CO 00 iH Mb-# © CO Ttl CO b- t^ i-H to © b- © © CO CO 1-J^OS.^b-^ Th_CD^OS.O.OO CM ©co_b- M a of co~co"o~cM~T|H~©~oo"b-^"od" ; co~TH"u3"co"b-^ TH~b-"cM" ©" OOOM-*OCOt-TfOOCM . M -* Tfl CO ©CM © co CO •* © b-^T(H CO 00_TH M CD .Mt(*M iH M M oo^ 2 co~b^"oo"i-rTtrcM' co m" CO «©, «9° BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. Imports from — 18B7-'58. 1858-'59. 18B9-'60. Oils $466,493 2,121,091 625,898787,242 1,567,333 787,205 1,000,129 496,820 614,801 4,535,6392,653,982 752,683 1,189,490 240,182946,446 17,739,842 4,132,117 1,484,065 1,869,284 1,599,574 3,340,256 2,458,9605,575,850 271,738 728,547 583,251 1,547,403 10,058,820 $543,874 2,265,272 650.508792,936 2,051,669 1,053,713 853,008 438,087 721,571 4,352,867 3,327,915 741,214946,225366,729 1,161,9251,895,948 3,029,757 1,430,8981,803,2771,662,339 2,924,424 2,997,626 440,775 253.127 721,272 446,650 1,945,644 9,083,193 $522,962 1,804,510 595,300 788,231 1,709,642 1,060,353 883,437 451,417 1,054,740 5,342,931 2,827,003 570,862792,974 449,344 1,179,994 13,757,489 2,891,785 1,493,109 1,702,766 1,265,816 2,022,592 1,061,766 514,529 280,072 817,659564,397 2,855,181 6,733,184 Fish Spirits Boots & Shoes.. . Meat Coal Hats Leather Iron Earthenware and glass Butter Manufactures. : Wool Silk Gold and silver Salt Wines Other articles . . . Total.... $65,220,086 $63,861,309 $56,513,997 o A ,£ o Q g 03« Pm8 ¦M CD ft TO w IH M EH S3 t= O o S3C5HH "PI M O cDcoeooo-*M©coOTFcoTh o co co CO Th O © CO CO © CO 00 00 00 © © CO CDCOC0 10COb-lHCO©MTHCO t~ CO CD O CM © O CO Th b- Th © Th CO CO M O CO OC^b- b- O b- M.O O 00 CO CJS^CO 00 Th M b-_O_M_00_ CD Th CO_!>_b-_Th_©_C0^©_ co «o -cf tH*" oo" b-~ oo" oo" co"b-" ©" i-T co" o" ©'©"co" co" co" o" co" co" rtT ©"co"©"o"Th~Th"io" CD~ ~l CD-cJHToO~©"Th"co"M~ CO l-H CD_Th CO_b-_Th b-^"co"i-H"Ttrco"co"Ttr M_ ©" o ©CD©CO00©M00ThThCOb- © Tt* O i— i o Th © © co © © t^ © © b- CM co CO00T— t Th CO b- b- b-_CN b-COb- cD_0_CD ** m" cm"m" co~co" co co ©. F-H CM_O_C0 Th M CO b^"cM~i-rM"i-rCM"T-H CC_CO CM 00 Th t~ CM m" cm"©" oq_ T-TCO 4» YALE UNIVERSITY a39002 001905299b