"I give thrft Books
fir the founding of a College in Ms Colony''

•YjyuE-VMVEiasirinr' . - iLniaiaaisy

BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME

01» THE

Henry W. Scott, Jr. Fund

est]

Itf THE

&£tonir 3E&ttton-~32nl8tge&,
WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.

BY

JOHN BRENT, F.S.A.

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co., LONDON;
HAL DEUEY & A. GINDER, CANTERBURY.
1879.

LONDON :— EYHE A>'D SPOTTISWOODE, HES MAJESTY'S ' PBINTEKS

PREFACE' TO THE SECOND EDITION.

A first edition of "Canterbury in the Olden Time"
having for some years been exhausted, and frequent
inquiries having been made for the book, I felt I might
venture upon a second edition, the more especially as
I wished to introduce some interesting topics previously
omitted, and to much enlarge upon others, such as
" Ancient Canterbury," " Canterbury under the Romans,"
" Antiquities," &c.
I felt it incumbent on me also to give an account as
far as I could from the information obtained of many
interesting objects found from time to time in the city.
Some of these I have sought to get faithfully illus
trated, and to preserve, as far as possible-, descriptions
of buildings and establishments which have now either
completely perished, or left such faint shadows of
their existence as will in a short time inevitably pass
away. Engravings of ancient structures have been given by
Dugdale, Grose, Stukely, and others; but most of the
works in which they are illustrated are inaccessible but
to a few. I have wished to place them together in a
volume to which most readers can refer. Some of my
illustrations I have been permitted to take from original
drawings.

IV PREFACE.

In endeavouring to give a notion of the sayings,
doings, and opinions of the people in the " Olden Time,"
I have applied to certain original sources, collating my
information by the opinions of contemporary writers.
The Records of the City afford an almost inexhaustible
mine; but it was desirable to select and use such
selection sparingly, lest by repetition of details the
patience of the reader should be wearied.

I Isr D E X

Aldermen - 104
Aldermen in Livery - 74
Almonry - - 116
Antiquities, Roman - - - 27
Archbishops - 28->
Arts and Manufactures 97
Augustine's College, St. 264
Bakers and Brewers ------ 225
Becket, Archbishop - 171
Bells, Church - - 261
Black Prince, The - - 194 & 292
Books, Ancient - - - 229
Boundaries 226
Boy Bishop, The - - 162
British and Celtic Canterbury - 3
Brooches, Chatelains, &c. - - - - - - 46
Caldecot - 132
Canterbury, a County - - 126
Canterbury from the withdrawal of the Romans from England
to the Reign of Echelbert - 53
. Castle, The - 113
Cathedral Monuments, Tombs of the Black Prince and of King
Henry IV. - - 292
Cathedral, The - - 273
Chamberlain - I OS
Chapel of St. John - - ... 983
Charters of Charles II. and James II. - 90
Chaucer's Inn, " The Chequers " - - J 3 3
Christmas Day, 1647 93
Church Ales • - - - - - - - 237
Church House, The - 237
Church Spoils - - - - - - - 263
Church Yard, The - - - - 291
Churches - - - -249
Churches, now non-existent - 2-58
City Fray- 186
City, Mansion House 228
City Workhouse, 1746 - - - 179
Clay Eigurines - - 40
Corporate Officers - - - 1 04

V1 ODES.
l'AOE
Coroner - 108
Crypt - 282
Dane John, The - 139
Dates of Cathedral Architecture - 302
Dimensions of the Cathedral and. Buildings 305.
Dissenters 89
Dress - - 217
Ducking Stool 128 & 227
Duel, A Fatal - 229
Ecclesiastical and Cine Feastings 201
Election of Mayors - 234
Ethelbert and Augustine 103
Exchange, The - -115
Faleonbridge - - - - - 197
Feast of Fools, The 160
Felons' Goods - - - 219
Freemen, The - - ... 226
Freemen and Franchises - 80
Furniture, &c. ------- 220
Gates, The City - - - - 116
Gibbets - - . _ 219
Glass Racing Cups ------ 42
Glass and Bronze Objects - . . 4g
Gold Ornaments - - 45
Graves, Roman - - 38
Guildhall, The - - . 124
Guilds and Fraternities - - - . i4g
Halford, Major, The Marquess Camden - 231
Hermitage, The . 129
Hole Clothes - - IgO
Hops_ - . - 220
Hospitals, Religious Houses, Monasteries, &c. 238
Illustrations, List of . %qq
Income of the City - ... 223
Indebtedness of the old Corporation - 905
Index - .
Insignia, Mace, Sword, Burghmote Horn, &c. - 231
Insurrections - yy
Introduction . ¦¦
Iron Bar Lane - - 95>-
Jewry, The - . . . fi
John, King, and the Jews at Canterbury - 136

Knights Templars, The

- 193

INDEX. vn

Lanes - - - 221
Latin and English - - 224
Lighting up the Streets - - - 122
Lion Baited in Canterbury - - 226
Local Government, History of - - 83
Manners, Customs, and Amusements - 182
Market Crosses, Teirne Crouche, The - - 133
Markets, Tolls, &c. - 131
Martyrs' Field, The - - - - 236
Mediaeval Remains - 50
Mills, Navigation of the River, Market Place, &c. - - 129
Miracle Plays and Mysteries - - 157
Monastery of Christ Church, The Conventional Buildings - 289
Monumental Brasses, List of Incised - 304
Musicians and Waits, The City - - - 227
Norman Canterbury - - 71
Notaries, Old Books - ... 230
Pancras, St., Chapel of - - - - - - 260
Perquisites - 214
Picture of the City in Olden Times ... - 193
Pictures, The, in the Guildhall - 234
Pilo-rims' Signs, Tokens, and Trade Marks - - 176 &.303
Pillory, The  219
Plague in Canterbury, The - - - - - 123
Population, and Municipal Expenses - 223
Pottery - - --35
Prices of Corn, &c. ------ 216
Prisons, The - - - - - - - 109
Prisoners' Basket Carrier - - - .* - 112
Privileges, Constitutional - - - - - - 73
Privileges, Disputed - - - - 126
Provisions, Value of - - - - -213&230
Recorder, The ------ 124
Records and Public Documents - - - - - 297
Representatives in Parliament - - - - 78
River Stour, Mills The - - -**226
Roman Canterbury _----- 8
Romans in Canterbury, The - - - - - 21
Royal Visitors - - 207
Salaries, The Mayors' ------ 204
Saxon Canterbury - - - - - 57
School at St. Martin's, The - - - - ' - 230
Sheriff, The -  106
Ship Money - - - - - " - 228
Slavery -  221
Sword Bearer, The - - - - " - 123

Via INDEX. r-ACE
Tokens, List of Canterbury - - - 128 & 302
Torture - - jl

Tournament at Canterbury, A - - j3~
Town Clerk, The  1U
Venisou Feasts " - '
Vineyards- - - - " "ion
Visitors at Canterbury - iyu
Walloons, The -  1^4
Warlike Preparations- - - 2^8
Watch and Police, The  Ill
Wells, Ancient  " ^4
Wills  220 & 298
Windows, Destruction of Cathedral 86
Windows, The Cathedral - - - - - - 287

toierfcurg in tfje ©Itrm Sftme,

Entrotmction.
THE origin of Canterbury, not a town or a city so
called, but a series of human dwellings collected
together upon or beside the River Stour and its various
branches, is sufficiently remote to afford ample grounds
for speculation and inquiry.
Kent abounded in forests, which continuously stretch
ed from the Blean, part of the great wood of Anderida,
into Sussex.* Even the Isle of Thanet was for
merly, according to Lewis f, thickly wooded. Men
dwelling by the Stour, or by some concourse of waters
which flowed between the chalk hills of Canterbury,
had in remote ages their dwellings at or near the
present site of Canterbury. " Durwhern " the Celts,
Belgge, or Britons, called their home ; Caer Ceint, or
" fortified city of Kent," was another designation.
The Romans latinized Durwhern into Durovernum.
Cantwarabyrig, the " City of the Cantii," or men of
Kent, was the Anglo-Saxon name.
"Were the earliest settlers influenced by that singular
law which induced so many of the human race to
establish their dwellings over shallow waters, or on
comparatively placid lakes, as in Switzerland and in
Ireland, or as certain tribes of Poenians did when
they constructed habitations on Lake Prasias;| or did
they erect those singular earthworks once observable
from the Dane John Mound, and with which they seemed
in some degree connected, but which have now for some
years been annihilated by the offices, buildings, and
works of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway ?
According to Lambard, § Canterbury is said to have
been built by Lud Hudibras, in mythical times, doubtless
*Bede. f Tenet, p. 25. + Herodotus. — Terpsichore, v. 16. §p. 262.
I - B
T: :' /

2 CANTEKBTJRY. IN THE OLDEN TIME.
by a mythical founder. Looking back to a remote
antiquity, a gloom which only one ray of light has
pierced through, we find above the chalk deposit on
which Canterbury stands the drift or bed of a river or
rivers, the very outlines of which are lost. Herein is
the existence of man revealed, in the manufacture of
incised weapons and implements of stone of archaic
character; and here also, often in juxtaposition with
flint hatchets, grubbing tools, and knife flakes, we dis
cover the tusks, the bones, and the teeth of the " elepha3
primigenius." We must not deal with speculation ; _ and although
almost universally in the gravel beds in and about
Canterbury these objects occur, they may have been
rolled along, borne for some distance by the vast tor
rential streams of ancient clays; and as the surface
and levels of the land have altered considerably from
time to time, all we can assume is, that the land was
peopled in a remote era, and that Canterbury was, or
might have been, a settlement or dwelling-place for man
in an early stage of his existence.
At a much later period, then, settlers by the Stour,
if they did not occupy its banks or waters as a species
of lake dwellers, were undoubtedly attracted to its
vicinity by the abundance of fish, the easiest mode of
obtaining food in temperate seasons of the year, whilst
the almost interminable woods which lay in its imme
diate vicinity rewarded, in colder seasons, the perse
verance and skill of the hunter.
Kent being the nearest point of landing from the
Continent would probably be the first land to be peopled,
and probably its inhabitants, from possessing greater
means of intercourse with other countries, would be the
earliest to exhibit signs of civilisation and progress-,
unless we are to suppose there survived some of the
descendants of that ancient and unknown race, the
artificers in stone, who once composed the population of
this land. But we must come, perhaps by a long leap,
over a dark period of myth and uncertainty to historical
times.

3Sritts5 atttr ©elite ffianterfcurg*

More than two thousand years since, there seemed a
strange impulse in the human race, urging vast masses
of men, under their popular leaders, and even entire
nations, suddenly to break up the homes of their fore
fathers, burn their dwellings, and march onward into
a world new or comparatively unknown. Sometimes
internal dissensions, sometimes external pressure, or
some urgent necessity compelled this emigration, but not
always. We have the early irruption of the Keltoi of the Creek
geographers, the Cymri,* probably the real ancestors of
our old Northern stock ; and hence perhaps the names
of Cumberland and Cambria. These nations, doubtless
urged by some powerful motive unknown to us, left the
countries bordering on the Cimmerian Bosphorus,
invaded Europe, and spread over its northern districts;
then turning south and west surmounted the passes of
the Alps and overran Italy itself. Here they received a
defeat from Caius Marius, which stemmed for a time
their progress, and hurled them back upon Central
Europe. They were succeeded by other waves of- invasion, and
the Goths, the Suevi, and the Huns, perhaps even' kin
dred peoples, pressed upon and for a time. occupied the
fair provinces of the South.
In the meantime occurred the extraordinary movement
of the Helvetii, described by Cesar in the Gallic war,
Book 1. Burning their towns, destroying their villages,
collecting the whole population of their people, gathering
together all their rucle wealth and moveables, compelling
even small neighbouring tribes to join them, adding, we
might suppose, rather an incumberance to their progress
than giving strength to their aggression ; onwards they
marched to claim and possess themselves of new settle-
*Dr. Hook considers that the Celts merged into the Teutonic races,
whether Saxons, Jutes, or Angles.— Vol. 3, p. 10.

4 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
ments, farther and farther, spoiling as they advanced the
land of the iEdui.*
At length Roman arms and military tactics opposed
them, and their battalions were broken and scattered.
A portion only of this fierce and warlike people were
permitted to retrace their steps. The Roman general
having taken hostages and slaves and arms, a remnant of
them was allowed to wander back and seek amongst tne
mountains of Switzerland their forsaken homes and
deserted country, and, as Cesar knew they would then
find a land without food or dwellings, he called upon
the Allobrogi, allies of Rome, to furnish them with habi
tations and a scanty supply of necessaries.
In the camp of the Helvetii, Cesar records there were
found tablets in the Greek language, giving the census
of their populations and of their allies, and other statis
tical particulars,t thus offering an unexpected revelation
of the wide-spread influence of Greek literature at this
period of history.
Of British, Celtic, or Belgic Canterbury, or rather
Canterbury before the advent of the Romans, we have few
records. There are the earth mounds round the city, which, if
they date back beyond the Roman or Christian era, were
probably constructed by some of the above ancient
nations. The early age following the remote and
obscure stone period was an age in which, if iron was at
all known, bronze, from the facility of working it, was
the metal most commonly utilised. Cesar tells us that
the_ bronze the Britons used was of imported, not of
native manufacture. The weapons, and.. implements of
this material commonly assigned to the Britons were
swords, daggers, chisels, and axes, if the palstab and
bronze Celt might come under the two latter denomi
nations. The bronze sickle found in Ireland, in the
north, and in Hungary, does not form an item in the
catalogue of British implements, although we are told
of the golden sickle of the Druids.
I might here note one or two bronze objects discovered
in or near Canterbury— a palstab found a few years
* The IEelvetii first went south to Lake Leman.
t De Bello G-allico, lib. 1, 29, p. 22.

BRITISH AND CELTIC CANTERBURY. 5
since near Tyler Hill, and an interesting specimen of a
bronze Celt from the Martyr's Field. See Plate 2, Fig. 6.
It has been contended by some, I do not think with
much reason, that the bronze Celt was rather of Romano-
British than of British manufacture. Made in this
country these objects certainly were, even in Canterbury,
several little blocks or pigs of bronze having been ex
humed, the material of some native worker in bronze ;
and several instances have occurred in this county of the
finding of the- moulds in which these implements were
cast, such as at Dover, Harty, Folkestone, &c. A
bronze Celt, ornamented, was dredged up quite lately off
the coast between Heme Bay and Reculver. Gold
torques, bracelets, rings, ax-millse, pendants, all of pre-
Roman origin, have been found in the neighbourhood of
this city, together with objects ornamented in enamel.
We shall hereafter specially allude to the relics of the
above descriptions, merely now referring to an ornament
of a circular form described in Arch., 43 vol., pt. 1,
p. 159, found in 1867-68, at the junction of Watling
Street with Saint Margaret's Street, during excavations
for sewage works under Mr. Pilbrow, CE. It consisted
of a series of plaques of green and red enamels, with
perhaps some other colours almost obliterated. It was
four inches across, of a circular form, -with two projecting
straight sides, beneath which were bars for affixing it to
a strap. It might be assigned, perhaps, to a Celtic or
Teutonic period. An example of horse ornaments from
Nismes exhibits how intent the ancient warrior was in
the adornment of his steeds. The " plaques," so called
by M. Revoil, from whom I had the description and
engravings, are circular, and designed with the figure of
an horseman and other embellishments. I have also in
my own collection two or three enamelled plaques,
evidently of Celtic origin, and analogous in material to
Mr. Pilbrow' s ornament, found a few years since in excava
tions beneath the old tilt yard at Greenwich. They are
of enamelled work, with a sort of labyrinthine pattern,
strikingly like some of the illuminations in the frontis
piece of the Book of Kells. They have been considered
by a high authority to be late Celtic. Probably, as they
have a°hook-like appendage from the back, they might

6 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
be the ornaments attached to some drinking vessel, as
we find a somewhat similar object was designed on
examples of the Anglo-Saxon vat or liquor stoup. The
enamels on the specimens in my possession are purple,
green, and blood red. Another object, a brooch, or
perhaps an appendage to some part of the dress, with a
hook at the back of it, is also enamelled, and of similar
material. It was found not very long since near Iron
Bar Lane (see Plate 10, Fig. 3), and is evidently Celtic
or Teutonic. I might also note the finding, during the
digging out of the foundations of the New Church of
St°JMary, Bredin, of a little earthen cup, of very archaic
character, the material containing spiculse of chalk or
lime, apparently unbaked or sundried, a specimen of
British pottery probably.
Tacitus, who claimed his information doubtless from
Agricola, speaks of the Silures of Wales as being
identical in size and complexion with the Iberi; and
some authorities have supposed that the Britons of the
so-called neolithic or polished stone period were a dark-
haired, long-headed people, like the Basque races found
in the north of Spain and in the south of France. Thus
it has been asserted that Western Eiirope was once
inhabited by an Iberic people, who were driven westward
by a great invasion of the Celts, who poured through
Central France, crossing the Alps, and invading Italy,
a portion of whose ancient inhabitants they subjugated,
if not expelled. Possibly a part also of the Celtic divi
sion of the Aryan people found their way into Britain,
and there settled, until in their turn they were over
whelmed by more powerful races from the east and
north of Europe. The Keltoi have been classed as a
tall, fair, round-headed people ; the Iberi were a small,
swarthy, long-headed race.
I beg here to refer to Mr. H. C. Coote's learned and
interesting work, the " Romans in Britain." Mr. Coote
supports the views that the Kymry or Celts of Britain
were the original inhabitants of this country, that
is, as far as historical records can refer to — that
these Kymry or Celts in Cesar's time had been driven
into the far West by the Belgse, the most warhke of
the Gaulish nations. This nation, upon Cesar's testimony,

BRITISH AND CELTIC CANTERBURY. 7
and upon other evidence, was of Teutonic origin. At the
invasion of Cesar, the eastern and more midland parts of
Britain were Teutonic. Anglesea, when the Celts were
driven westward, became the head quarters of their
institutions, a people over whose religious observances
the Druids presided.
The Anglo-Saxons proper of Britain, according to
Mr. Coote, were only an aristocratic caste, small in
numbers, but rich.
The Danish kings introduced into England a Danish
aristocracy. Harold and Godwin were members of thi3
aristocracy. The Roman colonists in Britain were numerous, as in
Gaul and in Spain. In one respect I feel obliged to
differ from Mr. Coote, namely, the supposed paucity of
the numbers of the Anglo-Saxons and their comparative
insignificance. As far as the Jutish portion of that people are con
cerned, we have evidence that for some centuries they
were dominant in Kent, Sussex, and the Isle of Wight,
and if extensive cemeteries containing some of the richest
examples of workmanship and material, are tests of the
importance of a people; they have left behind significant
evidences of their superiority over most if not all their
kindred tribes.
It has been suggested that the flrst eight of the Arabic numerals are of
Runic character. Tacitus found Runes in use amongst- the Anglo-Saxons,
together with the practise of divination by means of twigs cut off a fruit-
hearing tree.

lUmm ©attterfcurg.

Roman historians, geographers and poets, have made
allusions to the Roman fortresses or fortified camps and
havens in Kent, such as Regulbium, Rutupium and
Portus Lemanis; but there is a singular absence of
reference to Canterbury, Durovernum, or hy whatever
name it was then designated. Probably, the settlement
assumed no great importance, although from the evidences
of extensive cemeteries in its immediate neighbourhood
and suburbs, the municipium must have contained. a con
siderable Roman population. It united the great high
ways from the coast, on the road to Augusta (London),
from Reculver, Richborough, and Lympne, as well as
from the station at Dover..
We find no record, however, of any legion or portion of
a legion ever being stationed at Canterbury ; nevertheless
it must have been a place of importance as a military
position, and we can scarcely consistently deny but that
Roman soldiers and auxiliaries must have been from time
to time quartered at Canterbury. We have also reason
to suppose it possessed a sort of municipal government *
and a collegium or guild of knights in Roman times.
From the remains of tessellated pavements, and the
evidence derived from the finding of gold and other rings
and trinkets, many of them undoubtedly once the pro
perty of the higher class of Roman citizens, there was no
unimportant population occupying a space of ground in
the very centre of the present city of Canterbury. Five
burial grounds attest this fact.
Cesar however does not allude to Canterbury, probably
he never saw it when it existed as a British settlement,
and when repulsed in his invasion at Dover, he finally
succeeded in effecting a landing at or near Folkestone,
Lympne, or Hythe ; he marched up the country, and
first came in sight of the River Stour at or near God-
mersham or Chilham.t
* See Sammea, p. 250, & Henschell, & 'Celt. Roman and Saxon,' p. 359.
t See The Antiquary, No. 69, vol. 3, in which I have given my reasons
for believing that Cesar did not effect his landing at Deal.

ROMAN CANTERBURY. 9
The three great fortresses on the north east, on the
E. S. E. and south of Kent, were sufficient probably
for a time to secure the peace and tranquillity of the
interior of the country, and hence the soldiers of the
legions were but sparingly distributed amongst the inland
towns ; and Kent for three and a half centuries after the
final conquest of England, A.D. 44, under the generals of
Claudius, remained comparatively secure. The settle
ment at Canterbury enjoyed impunity from foreign in
vasion. The revolt of Roman generals and their usurpa
tion of imperial authority, as under Carausius and others,
probably little affected or interrupted the repose of the
Romano-British population, now gradually increasing
and prospering in Kent and in the neighbouring districts.
Battles there were, and insurrections in the northern
and eastern counties, contentions with the Brigantes,
the Iceni, and the Silures, and the misfortunes and adverse
fate of Caractacus became consecrated by the admiration
even of his enemies. The revolt of Carausius, more than
two centuries after the subjugation of England, the
presence of the Gallic fleet in the Straits of Dover, and
the possession of Roman forts and harbours on the
Kentish and southern coasts by the usurper, threatened
indeed a serious civil war. The unexpected and peaceful
issue of the struggle for a time, by the league and com
position which the Roman Emperors Maximinius and
Diocletian thought it prudent to make with Carausius,
restored a peace and tranquillity scarcely broken for
many years, a3 far as our southern county was concerned.
A coin found in our own locality, representing the por
traiture of the Emperors joining hands, informed the
Homan world of an event by which Carausius became
for a very brief period one of its masters. He was sub
sequently defeated and slain in Britain by Allectus.
Germans, Picts, Scots, Saxons, .and other tribes,
disowning the alliance of Rome, and conscious of the
decline of her power, became in the north more and
more formidable in their attacks. For a time they were
successfully repressed, and in A.D. 370, Theodosius, a
Roman general landing from Boulogne in Gaul, dis
embarked at Richborough, and marching through Kent,
came upon the invaders at London. Here they suffered

10 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
a defeat, and great booty fell into the hands of the
conquerors. Theodosius restored something like order
to the province, and so far as his military power extended,
maintained the ascendency of the Roman government.
But Britain was speedily lost to Rome.* The enlistments
by which the Roman generals mustered what levies they
could obtain of the British or Romano -British youth
were hardly voluntary. The Romans were pressed on
every side by the northern or north-eastern invaders, and
their final departure had the effect of leaving the now
deserted population to spoliation and oppression. I may
appear to have been anticipating, but this then was the
period in which our Roman Canterbury was ruthlessly
destroyed. ,
But what was the state of the " civitas," or com
munity where Canterbury now stands, under the Roman
domination ?
With the exception of a portion of a wall adjoining or
abutting upon the old church of St. Pancras, we have
unfortunately no evidence of Roman masonry above
ground. Even this wall is probably a reconstruction with
Roman materials after the Roman manner. We are
compelled then to look for such evidences of Roman
occupation as may be left under ground, and this is pretty
much what Somner told us two hundred and thirty years
ago. These indications are few comparatively, and even
these may mislead, for Canterbury, from the earliest era
of the Norman times to the reign of the Tudors, was full
of buildings dedicated to ecclesiastical or semi-ecclesi
astical purposes — churches, monasteries, priories, hos
pitals, leper houses, and almonries. TVIost of" these struc
tures have passed away, the cathedral, the gateway of
St. Augustine, and the towers at Westgate almost alone
remaining, the last, at times a fortress, a prison, and a
hall of justice, the machicolated parapet, and the iron
fastening of the drawbridge still existing to attest some
thing of its ancient uses and designation.
We seek then underground our lost Durovernum. This
mansio, civitas, or statio had an important part to play in
ancient days, since it might be considered as the central
point, at which met the Roman vias from the fortified
* 30 years later only, in the reign of Honorius.

ROMAN CANTERBURY. 11
places of Rutupium, Regulbium, and the Portus Le
manis. At a period of at least 1,470 years since the later date
of the occupation of Canterbury by Roman citizens, the
level of the city has risen considerably. Eight feet at
least below the present causeway, in the densest part of
the city, and somewhat less in the suburbs, may be given
as the level at which Roman remains and antiquities may
be expected to be found. In the dark soil of refuse
deposit, and of ancient drainage, sometimes within a few
inches of the line of brick or tile dust, which in certain
parts of Canterbury appear to have been the fining of
the roads, lay the broken pottery, coins, the bone pins
and implements, which the soil furnishes in places to the
excavator. The mortuary urn, with its accompanying
vessels, and such other articles as were deposited to grace
or to consecrate the ashes of the dead, often lay in the
cemeteries at a higher level, as the ground in which they
were placed has been for ages comparatively undisturbed.
Extensive drainage works, varying in depth from four to
sixteen feet, through the streets of Canterbury and its
suburbs, undertaken about fourteen years since, and
subsequently on- a much larger scale about ten years
ago, revealed many evidences of Roman presence and
occupation. It is indeed to signs like these we must look for our
chief clue to the labyrinths which unfold where once
stood Roman Canterbury, and of .what fashion and size
it was. I was an observer of the works above alluded to.
There were at least two localities where the evidence
of Roman walls or buildings to some extent were un
doubtedly evident. The one was in St. Margaret's Street,
the other in Sun Street. In Sun Street was a massive
wall or bulwark, which seemed to trend away towards
the Guildhall Street. Evidences of Roman sculpture, a
cornice with chamfered mouldings, and three half roll
mouldings lay in a line, though at some distance beyond
this point in High Street, close to the present Medical
Hall. _. , . „
The Stour, that branch of it called the " King s river,
was probably a boundary of the Roman town on this
side, as the same river is some twenty miles lower down

12 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
of the Roman castrum of Richborough. Walls, however,
hardly massive enough for Roman masonry, were found
extending down part of Stour Street, bordering on the
river, with a cross wall in one place-. In Lamb Lane,
just before we enter Stour Street, seme wooden- piles,
lying nine feet deep, were noticed.
I am inclined to place the limit of the Roman town
running nearly parallel to the river:, rounding by Beer
Cart Lane, taking part of Watling Street within it, or
to carry it further west to a point near Hospital Lane ;
and then rounding towards the- south-east, to- the- Ridin-
gate, thence into Burgate, thence to Sun Street. There
is, however, such slight direct evidence to guide us —
none above, and little under the soil. I exclude the
Dane John, the Castle Precincts, and St. Mildred's
Churchyard; yet it is possible that a line might be
drawn from Stour Street S. W. of the Watling Street,
which it would cross at or near the Ridingate to
Burgate, nearly in a straight line, within or by the
present walls of the city. This would include the
little Dungehill, which might have formed part of the
defences constructed by the Romans or their prede
cessors. Mr. Pilbrow would extend the Roman boundary
N.N.W. from Sun Street into King's Street. The late
Mr. T. G. G. Faussett has suggested that the Northgate
of the Roman town was near the Cathedral. He has
also referred to evidences of a wall near the Rev. Mr.
Ptouch's house on the Green Court, but from examination —
the walls being partially laid open since Mr. Faussett
wrote his paper — I should consider these ruins to be
medisBval, indeed, perhaps part of St. Michael's Church,
as the remains extend into the top of Burgate Street.
The Cathedral yard and Precincts, when drainage works
were extensively carried through them in 1S68-, were
found utterly deficient in Roman remains or relics, al
though at a short distance westward, such as in Burgate
Street and Iron Bar Lane, a great variety of Roman objects
were found, such as tessellated pavements, glass, Roman
fibulas, bone pins, rings, styli, Samian, and other, pottery.
Mr. T. G. G. Faussett, in his able paper*, would extend
the Roman settlement very considerably to the west and
* Arch. Journal, " Canterbury till Domesday."'

ROMAN CANTERBURY. jo
south, passing through Stour Street into St. Mildred's
Churchyard, including the Castle, the Worth o-ate, and
the Dane John grounds.
There is no proof that the old Castle, or the greater
portion of the Dane John grounds, formed any portion
of Roman Canterbury.
Dr. Stukeley and other antiquaries have indeed spoken
of the Worth or Wythgate— the Fortgate. Both he and
Somner inspected it, and Somner speaks of it as havino-
a perfect arch of " British brick." Assuming, however",
he meant by this Roman tiles, it would be no° conclusive'
proof it was of Roman construction, or even if it were,
that it was a city gate, there being indirect evidence to
the contrarv.
There is scarcely an ancient building in Canterburv
in which Roman tiles are not found amongst mediaeval
masonry. I need only name St. Martin's Church and
the perfect arch of Roman tile (a pointed arch by the
bye) over the medigeval structure of St. Pancras. Dr.
Stukeley is more positive. He says, "To the south is
an old obscure gate called Worthgate,* partly walled up ;
it is under the castle. This is entirely a Roman work;
the semicircular arch is of Roman brick, beautifully
turned, the piers of stone, and the thickness of it three
Roman feet. I suppose this is the original gate of the
Roman city." Now this gate might be a Roman building,
but not a gate to the Roman city, or it might be a re
construction out of Roman materials, as was most likely
the case. It was in disuse even in Stukeley's time;
"blocked up," as he describes it. It is doubtful now
as to where it exactly stood.
The Wincheap Gate was comparatively a modern con
struction, the way itself being made long subsequent to
the building up of the present city walls.t
* See Plate 14.
fin November, 1S77, I excavated the road from wall to wall where this
gate once stood. I fonnd, about six inches below the surface of the road,
the foundation of the mediaeval wall of flinb and concrete, extending no
lower than two feet four inches. Below this was the native brick-earth,
which had never been moved. The wall had been broken down to construct
the road and gateway. This is an important fact, namely, the total absence
of any masonry which could be Roman. Somner places the Worthgate ab
eighty-three perches from the Ridingate. Now this is exactly the distance
from Riding Gate to the Wincheap Gate, measured along the Terrace, the

14 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Again, if the Worthgate was a Roman gateway to the
Roman town, there is this fact connected with it, that
south of it, and behind it, within the supposed Roman
walls, numerous Roman interments have been found.
Beneath Mr. Ash's malthouse, in the old gasometer,
and in Castle Street, were discovered mortuary_ urns,
containing burnt ashes, and bone and other pins— a
large number of urns of this description were taken out
during the further excavations at the gasometer .* In
the centre of the castle, at a depth of several feet, was
found a mortuary urn, now in my possession, containing
burnt human bones. The mouth of the vessel was
secured by a piece of lava of foreign origin.
In Wincheap, Wincheap Green, and in the present
roadway, without the walls, but certainly not lying in
any line, as if by the side of a via, but promiscuously
scattered, were a considerable number of urn inter
ments.* From the same place a fine piece of Castor
pottery was taken, and further on, as if in continuation,
crossing the railway into the Wall Field, were numerous
Roman interments by inhumation, so distinguished by
bronze armillce, facetted glass beads, Roman coins, &c,
found with the skeletons.
That Castle Street and the site of the buildings behind
the Avail, and of course behind the gate, wherever it stood
in that wall, were strewed over with Roman interments,
is very important. If the Worthgate was a gateway to
Roman Canterbury, we must here record a notorious
exception to the law of the twelve tables, as quoted by
Cicero : " Hominem mortuum in urbe, ne sepelito neve
urito."
length of the walls. If, however, Somner's measurement is in a straight
line across the Dane John, not along the walls, the "Worthgate would be
earned forward. I .applied also to be permitted to excavate, at my own
expense, restoring all things to the condition they were in previous to my
undertaking the work, the supposed 3ite in Castle Street of the ancient
Worthgace, extending about one-third across the road, as it might decide
an important matter in dispute, bub I was refused permission by the city
authorities, as they saw "no public utility in it." On the same ground
Westgate was condemned to be demolished
* I can confirm the above by a reference to the workmen who exhnmed
the relics, and by a Report forwarded to the Archaeological Society of Great
Britain by Mr. Good, in whose possession most of these earthen vessel
were. In a cinery um from the Gasworks were found two large Roman
rings— one indented on the outward rim, one plain, in 1870. Both are in
the writer's possession.

ROMAN CANTERBURY. 15
Had the Dane John field been within the Roman
town*, some evidences of Roman occupation would have
been exhumed during the many changes and alterations
to which it has been subjected ; or had the walls con
stituted in any way a portion of the Roman wall, some
remains in foundation or in masonry would have attested
Roman workmanship. There is not the slightest evidence
of such a fact. Nothing of antiquarian interest has ever
been discovered in the Dane John grounds, except
Roman coins and mediaeval remains. Roman coins turn
up in every field and garden in and about Canterbury.
Leland indeed speaks of a leaden coffin having been
found in the Dane John Mound, but there is no evidence
that this object was Roman, and if so, it would have
been within the supposed forbidden line of sepulchre.
Crossing St. George's Street by a fruit shop (Mr.
Taylor's), were found in the excavations of 1867-8 some
thick parallel walls, the remains of an ancient building ;
and westward, within their enclosure, were evidences
of Roman houses and fragments of Roman pavements
(near Mr. Amos's). In Burgate Street, opposite to
Philpott's Cooperage, was discovered a fine tessellated
pavement, A.D. 1868, now in the Museum (see Plate 12),
the central design being a double-handled cantharus with
ornamental work in various cartouches surrounding the
central object. The colours of the tesselas being white,
* Somner i3 of opinion (see page 75), that the greater Dungeon mound
once "lay wholly without the city walls." If this view of the matter be
correct, it is very evident, as the city wall includes the mound within it,
the present wall from the Castle to Ridingate could never have been the
boundary on that side of the Roman city. The Castle was surely first
erected as a sort of outwork or defence for the city, and became subse
quently included when it was joined to Ridingate by a continuous wall or
rampart. ,, „ ,
Donrias, in his Nenia, p. 13S, gives a drawing of a Roman urn found
on an eminence opposite the Dane John Mound, near the Watling Street.
He could not mean the mounds in the Martyrs' Field, as they are not near
Watlin" Street. If he meant the little Dnngehill, which was not far from
Watling' Street, this mound waa probably part of the city defences in
Roman time. , .,._,-.
Dr. Stukeley gives an engraving of the Worthgate in his Iter Cnnosum,
a small round arch (see Plate 14, Fig. 2), where it is reproduced. There is
no reasou why this arch should not have been a reconstruction. In tne
same plate given by Dr. Stukeley of the Worthgate is one of the Newport
Gate at Lincoln. Let any antiquary who is a judge of Roman masonry
compare them together. The Ridingate, which Dr. Stukeley examined at
the same time, he acknowledges to be a reconstruction, although he assumes
he saw "part of a Roman arch."

10 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
red, and black. The remains of two or three_ pavements
were found in close connection, I should limit Roman
Canterbury to this fine eastward, namely, Burgate Street.
Within it Roman pottery has been found, and a massive
gold ring with a Roman intaglio, and a brooch or buckle,
apparently Anglo-Saxon, whilst from some excavations
near Iron Bar Lane were exhumed a great number of
relics. Roman brooches, styli, earthen lamps, fragments
of glass, a choice enamelled stud (see Plate 9, No. 2),
Samian, and other pottery. Opposite Christ Church
gate was found an enamelled brooch and the "base of a
Roman altar.
In the " Notitia," where Dover, Reculver, Richborough,
Pevensey, and Lympne are all alluded to as being the
stations of legions, cohorts, or detachments, no mention
is made of Canterbury whatever.
As regards Durovernum, I think the evidence is very
deficient that it was a completely walled town, although
the central part of it, in or near the present . St.
Margaret's Street, was so. Here was placed a strong
fortification or arx, and the city was, as at TTriconium,
surrounded by a vallum. At TTriconium there appears
evidence that the vallum was of masonry. Parts of the
walls are still erect, but we have no such evidence at
Canterbury. The arx in St. Margaret's Street, when I observed the
.excavations, had in one part an obliquely contrived
entrance, such as existed in the Roman wall in North
umberland, and is observable in one of the Richborough
gates. There is one suggestion, however, that the site of the
city when first occupied by the Romans was small, and
consisted of a citadel* surrounded by earth mounds ; and
if by a wall, partially so, and by one of a very different
fabric to that of Richborough. As the Roman dominion
became firm and established, extending for nearly a
period of four hundred years in Kent at least, the
boundaries of the city were enlarged; not, however, to
the dimensions assigned by Mr. Faussett on the south
west, but greatly beyond their first limits. The Dane
John field affords no evidence of ever havino- been
* The arx in St. Margaret's Street.

ROMAN CANTEBBUKY. 17
included in Roman Canterbury. Although comprising
an area of some acres, it is utterly devoid of Roman"
remains, coins excepted. The city wall which surrounds
it stands only on rubble and mortar, certainly not on any
foundation m the slightest degree resembling Roman work.
Canterbury under the Roman governors was subject
to municipal institutions, and as the Curiales or Senators
presided in. the towns of Gaul and Germany long after
the Roman power was broken and her legions were
called away, so the Duumviri, or Roman magistrates of
cities in Britain, were afterwards represented in the
two Bailiffs, and the Prefects, who continued to act
under that name, or as Reves, in the Anglo-Saxon
communities. Day after day we find fresh proofs how complete at
one time was the Roman occupation of England ; and how
deeply the genius of the conquerers had stamped itself
upon the manners, and into the very heart and feelings
of the inhabitants of this country. The subjected British
Kings became Roman tributaries; and the existence of
Roman villas, scattered far and wide over the land, and
found even in unprotected localities, prove that posses
sion was accompanied for a lengthened period by
comparative security. As in many cases the Saxons
succeeded peaceably to the possessions of the Romans,
many of the Roman towns, stations, and buildings were
for some time preserved. Such indeed were their roads
and bridges, some of which remain to the present day.
The arts and industry of this people were not unsuccess
fully imitated by their successors, so much so, that
in glass, personal ornaments, and even weapons, the
antiquary is often at a loss to decide to which nation
to assign them. Wars and the irruption of savage
hordes destroyed, after a time, the Roman towns and
edifices, as in the instances of tlriconium, Richborough,
and other places.
We may arrive at some conclusions respecting the size
and shape of Roman Canterbury by a few particulars
relating to other towns in England. At London, Chester,
Colchester, York, Bath, Wroxeter, and Caerleon, there
are or were until lately certain indications in the remains
of walls and buildings which shadowed out more or less

18 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
the dimensions of the Roman stations, municipia, _ or
settlements. There are towns on the continent, Joublains,
Lillebonne, Dax, Orange, Treves, Nismes, &c, which
still display something of the outlines of Roman occu
pation, to say nothing of places, like Pompeii and Her-
culaneum, which having been as it were hermetically
preserved by a sudden catastrophe, like the zoophite
incrusted in the fossil, rival, vitality alone excepted, the
outward form and shape of their original dimensions.
But Canterbury, wasted by the Danes in Ethelred's
reign, destroyed by fire A.D. 754, had little left above
ground to indicate its ancient size, shape, and contour.
Roman Bath had, according to Dr. Stukeley, its walls
remaining in 1724 almost entire. They measured about
500 yards east and west, by 380 yards, the direction
of the limits being in some measure influenced by the
nature of the ground. The Avon protected the city on
two sides, and the walls were adapted to the level of the
river.* A marsh lay between the walls and the river,
hence the reason for the double defence. Sir H. C. Hoare f
alludes to the somewhat irregular shape of certain British
towns, such as Silchester, AYinchester, and also to what
he considers an older Bath, in the Britons' time. These
settlements he compares with the more square and oblong
form of Roman Colchester, Winchester, Caerleon, Castor
near Norwich, and the military stations adjoining the
Wall of Severu3 in the north. Collinson gives the form of
a pentagon to the old Roman Bath. Vegetius, " De Rei
Militari," lib. i. ch. 23, informs us that the Roman
towns did not always conform to one figure, some being
rectangular, some three-sided, and some semi-rotund.
The castrum at Richborough is rectangular, although
it may be doubtful if it were walled on the river side. The
walls of Uriconium ("Wroxeter) comprise an irregular oval.
Of Reculver (Regulbium) we have remains only of
the south wall and a portion of the wall on the east,.
constructed for the most part in a less substantial
manner than those of Richborough, still, however, being
of considerable solidity. Mr. Boys considered the
walls at'Reculver formed nearly a parallelogram. J The
* Search's Bath, p. 7. t Idem, p. 8.
X See an able paper by Mr. Dowker. "Arch. Cantiana, vol. 12. " Rich
borough." C. R. Smith, p. 41.

ROMAN CANTERBURY. 19
castrum at Richborough was flanked by the square towers
on the north side, traces of one on the south side, and
one on the west side still remain. *
The walls of Lympne, according to Dr. Stukeley, were
somewhat " squarish," the ancient earthen rampart of
Rochester was of an oblong shape, as asserted by Rev.
Beale Poste. By a Roman city in Britain we must not
understand a community of houses fronting upon streets,
like those of our modern towns. Two or three, perhaps,
at the most as many as four streets,' crossing these at
right angles to each other, as far as circumstances would
allow, formed a Roman Civitas of the moderate dimen
sions which Canterbury assumed. It was not a colonia
like London, but a municipiurn, governed by knights f
or citizens under a Proses or Propositus. The houses
were for the most part congeries of buildings, rarely two
stories high, separated from each other by alleys or
passages or open courts, which communicated with the
principal vias, at the terminations of which were the
gates. At Durovernum one via lay towards the great camp or
castrum at Richborough, another pointed to Lympne, the
old Stone Street Road, and another over Saint Martin's
hill to Dover.
There were also vias leading to Londinium, otherwise
called Augusta, and towards the other strongholds on the
coast, Reculver and Richborough.
The road to Reculver is not very clearly to be defined.
It may have trended N.E., crossing the river at or near
Westgate. There was a ford or bridge here for access to
the extensive cemetery at St. Dunstan's. The road to
Reculver might have passed along the slope of the hills
below the Old Park Farm, and so crossed the river at or
* Roman gates had generally projecting towers. The forum at Sil
chester was paved with tessera. In that town were shops on two .sides o
the wall. Some of the butchers' iron hooks, ou which they suspended then
meat, have been found, and the stalls of theAxgentarn, or money changers,
and a luncheon bar full of oysters. . •„,,
tDecurionesCuriales, Municipes, with magistrates of their own choosing
Duumviri,' and Principals. From these institutions sprang the ba , Utts ot
mediaeval times and corporate jurisdictions. The Roman officer , lev le It he
taxes of the district. Previous to the time of Constantme a de «w
chosen, a sort of protector of popular rights, at least agamso unju^
taxation.

20 CANTERBCftV IN THE OLDEN TIME.
near Fordwich. The existence of an extensive Roman
cemetery along the line of the present barracks implies,
probably, a way in this direction, which might, however,
have crossed the marshes to the left nearer to Canterbury,
and ascended the opposite hill by Shelford and Broacloak,
and thence on to Maypole, Ford, and Reculver.
The river at Fordwich Bridge has yielded more than
one antiquarian object suggestive of the presence of the
Romans. Earth mounds with double or single fosse were not
unfrequently the sole defences of a Roman camp or settle
ment. These mounds were sometimes palisadoed.
"Where at Canterbury we fail in evidences of brick or
stone work, we must refer to other proofs ; and when
we find that the Romans were forbidden to construct
cemeteries, or to inter their dead within the walls of a
city, we have a rule in some degree to guide us. In some
degree only, however, Mr. Parker found even at Rome
this law had not always been enforced, for as the dimen
sions of the city increased, especially under the Emperors,
the wall of Aurelian included within its boundaries a
large number of tombs.* But at Canterbury all the
cemeteries lie beyond the boundaries which we are justi
fied in assigning to the Roman town. Five have been
discovered — viz. at St. Dunstan's, by the Old Dover Road,
by the Sturry Road, by the Barracks, Vauxhall and at
Wincheap ; and if I mistake not, one near a Roman via on
the farm of Little Barton. Yet I could point out a few
isolated instances of interments lyingwithin the boundaries
of Durovernum, such as in Burgate, in Saint George's,
opposite the church, in the old castle, and in two or three
other places.
* Battely tells us, p. 161, on the authority of Rosinus and Dempiterus
(Ant. Rom.), that emperors, noblemen, and the vestal virgins were exempt
from this law,

€i)t Ho wans m ©artterturg.

When the southern and eastern portions of England
became subjugated to Roman power, as they did in the
reign of the Emperor Claudius, the Roman citizens of
Canterbury lived in comparative security. This state of
things, with few interruptions,, prevailed"' for two or three
centuries. Whether- Durovernum was strongly fortified, either by
earthworks or by stone walls, is a question not easily
decided, but the existence after a time of the great
Castra at Reculver, and Richborough, and Lympne in
Kent, and Pevensey in Sussex, secured the interior of
the south-eastern part of the island from the marauding
excursions of the Northmen ; and although depredators,
pirates, and sea kings occasionally landed, the term
" Littus Saxonicum," indicating that the southern coasts
were not entirely unmolested, the Roman fleets, as well
as Roman discipline, secured for a considerable period
not only the tranquillity of the inhabitants of the
oppida and villas, but .the humbler dwellings of the
cultivators of the. soil,, scattered over the country far
and wide.*
The existence of outlying Roman houses in rural dis
tricts,, and of the Roman occupation of lands, as attested
by the measurements of fields by the agrimensores, and
the consequent cultivation of the country for corn, cattle
food, and vines, attest this fact.
Canterbury had its municipal institutions and its guild,
otherwise collegium,, though the civic magistrate was
probably subordinate to the military power. The Pro
Praetor or Propositus, however, was not always a resident,
and he might have delegated his authority from Rich
borough or Reculver.
If not by walls wholly or partially, Canterbury waa
defended by earthworks, and we have evidence of a forti-
* Examples are to be found, at Hartlip, Iflen, Ickha-m, Stowting, &c.

22 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
fied position held by the Romans immediately above the
Whitehall- marshes, N. W. of the river, and by a strong
hold or fort of masonry on the so-called " ScotlandHills, '
overlooking the little valley where the "Reed Pond" is
located. At Bigbury also, though more distant, the
signs of Roman occupation have been discovered. The
Roman citizen in his Canterbury villa had at hand the
conveniences, if not the luxuries, afforded by more im
portant places. His house, with Mosaic pavements, a
house of several apartments, constructed and ornamented,
as shown by the remains discovered in Burgate (see
Plate, No. 12), as well as by scattered fragments of pave
ments found in several places. Evidences of these were
noted in Sun Street, Saint George's, Palace Street, Jury
Lane, St. Margaret's Street, kc. Horace satirizes his
countrymen '; for sweeping Mosaic pavements with dirty
palm brooms" (Sat. 4, p. 208). Our Canterbury citizen,
however, did not indulge in this luxury ; yet the presence ,
in Roman graves of elegantly enamelled brooches, gold
intaglio rinses, glass vessels, embossed Samian and Castor
ware, with earrings and other trinkets, to sav nothing of
the fashion implied by the presence in the Roman lady's
grave of a rouge pot — all silently yet unequivocally reveal
a degree of luxury and civilization existing amongst the
Romans in Canterbury.
The elegant bronze sepulchral vase found in Palace
Street in 186S,* and the leaden coffins in other places,
attest the interments of Roman citizens of opulence and
consideration. Tacitus informs us that Julius Agricola, the Roman
commander, when in Britain, " in order, by a taste of
pleasures, to reclaim the natives from that rude and un
cultured state which prompted them to engage in war,
and to reconcile them also to quiet and tranquillity,
incited them to erect temples, courts of justice, and
dwelling-houses," undoubtedly thinking the best way to
induce them to do so was by setting them an example
amongst the Roman occupiers of the country. .
Canterbury had its forum, and it possessed a fort or
citadel, of which we have evidence in Saint Margaret's
Street, near to Mr. George Col lard's offices.
* " Archteologia," vol. 43, part I,

THE ROMANS IN CANTERBURY. 2-J
Roman Canterbury could not have been an ineligible
place for a settlement. The hills around, then covered
with woods, were full of game, and afforded sport for the
hunter of bears,* foxes, hares, and conies. The waters
of the Stour were rife with fish — trout, perch, roach,
pike, flounders, cray fish, and eels. Tench was to be
found in the lazy or stagnant pools, and lamphreys in
the rapid shallows of tributary streams. Salmon, pro
bably, made expeditions from the sea up the Stour, for
the waters were then wide spreading, and at times
abundant, and even that shy . old exquisite, the " Ford
wich trout," unfettered by weirs, by fishery laws and
municipal monopoly, half trout, half salmon, so dainty,
too, in what he fed upon, that he may be said never to
eat, found his way to Canterbury, and gladdened the
palates of the Roman epicures.
Oysters were plentiful, as attested by the number of
oyster shells found in the soil at the Roman level. There
was then no niggardly supply of !; natives," and shell fish
from the " Rutupian shore" was exported even to Rome
itself. We have not observed in the Roman graves at Canter
bury any of the " silver vases " which Horace has alluded
to ; but who can tell what evidences of Roman, wealth
and luxury may not from time to time have been dis
covered at a period when antiquarian objects were little
prized, and merely possessed such value as the cupidity
of the finders could realize in the market ?
The sod is still replete with Roman coins, and few
ancient nooks or foundations are attacked in certain
parts of the city, after fourteen hundred years of ravage,
excavations, and diggings, without yielding to the
antiquary some objects of interest.
The Romans were great in cookery ; at all events they
had the art of bringing down or raising up most edibles
to one level, and making a pike or a roach as savoury as
a delicate trout fed on the May fly, and taken from a
mountain stream. The condiments they _ used were
innumerable, and if the cook occasionally mixed " black
salt," he was always careful to combine "white pepper"
with it. * Bear do»s are mentioned even in medieval times.

24 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
The grape of the Falernian or Massic wine was not
produced in Kent, nor the "Venetian olive," nor the
Picenian apple;* yet the luxury of roasted shrimps, so
much enjoyed at home, might be emulated at Canterbury;
and nothing prevented the Roman citizen, like the
dwellers on Sabine farms, from enjoying their mul
berries, " black with ripeness," gathered from the tree
before the sun was potent.f There was a fastidiousness
at least, if not a refinement, in Roman luxury, when the
boar selected for a feast must have been fed upon the
acorns of the " scarlet oak."
But what were the Roman sports, games, and amuse
ments in Canterbury ? Where was their circus or
amphitheatre ? We think it lay beyond the walls or
boundaries, in the pit in the Martyr's Field, now
lately filled in, and planted over with hops. Here we
have often detected, as we thought, the remains of
the raised seats for the spectators, and compared
their appearance with those at Caerleon in Mon
mouthshire, which they strikingly resembled. Of the
horse or chariot races we have no record, unless in the
fragment of a racing cup in glass, when one " Mus,"
say "Museus," competed, perhaps not unsuccessfully
(see Plate 6, Fig. 4). The word "fave," however, is not
apparent, as it is in a similar specimen found at Lille-
bonne in France ;t it may have been broken off. If a
horse-shoe or two are sufficient records, and a bronze
ringle for harness, they might attest the presence of
Roman steeds.
The Romans, or their successors the Saxons, like
many other people, occasionally gambled, or had. their
games of chance, for dice and some objects like draughts
have been found. See Plate 17, Figure 4.
Flue tiles have- been exhumed, yet no remains of
baths. Of Roman coins, especially those in bronze, the num
ber discovered in Canterbury has been great, such as
those of Claudius, Vespasian, Carausius, Allectus,
Tetricus, Antoninus Pius, &c, and especially Constantine
* The Romans introduced into Kent the cherry trees of Pontus
t Horace, 4, book 2.
X " La Seine Inferieure," .p. 228.

THE ROMANS IN CANTER ROBY. 25
the Great. Of Augustus Cesar but a few specimens
have been noted. Two golden aurei were found, October
1876, in the circuit of the Roman embankment, over
hanging Whitehall. They represent the coinage of
Gallienus and Valerian.
Cesar informs us that the Britons used money both of
gold and brass (bronze).
Some antiquaries have supposed the gold coin was of
Gaulish origin, but wherefore? They possessed golden
ornaments, such as torques and armiUge. Mr. Akerman
seems to think that the coins of British character were
not produced until after the Roman settlement. There
is no conclusive evidence of this ; although some of the
British kings, tributary or otherwise, such as Cunobelin,
&c, with Roman terminations to their names and
Roman legends to their money, might have been assisted
by Roman money ers. The Britons, however, were
possessed of certain rude elements of art. They had
bronze axes and chisels, some elaborated with skill,
and ornamented ; golden ornaments, sickles or scythes
of metal attached to their war chariots, the chariots
themselves in some degree manifesting that their owners
were not the rude barbarians they had generally been
supposed to be.
They had horse ornaments, elaborately enamelled
brooches, and perhaps enamelled rings.
We know nothing of the deities worshipped by the
Romans at Canterbury. No doubt, as in most localities
where they permanently settled, they introduced some
of the divinities worshipped by the people they had
conquered. We have no inscriptions, however, to help us to solve
this question, nor such as are found along the Roman
wall, or at Aquae Solis, and at other places.
However, near Canterbury, on the old Roman road to
Lympne, there is a place called " Herman Sole." Sul is
evidently an affix to a name, the name of a god, perhaps
a British epithet.
At Bath, Sulinus, son of Maturas, sets up an altar to
the deity, Sid-Minerva, or Minerva Sul. Probably Her
man Sole, or Sul, indicated a temple, once erected to •
Hermes, god of travellers. It stood by the high road,

26 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
and Sid was an affix ; the Romans adopting a British, or
the Saxons a Roman deity.
Mr. Scarth, in his " Roman Bath," alludes to this
word Sul or Sol, and thinks it indicated a word synony
mous with " health giving ; " this, however, would spe
cially apply to Bath only.
Mr. C. R. Smith considers that the Sulivas were
nymphs, tutelary divinities of rivers, fountains, hills, and
roads (Roman London, p. 88). Hence, perhaps, our
epithet Herman Sole.
Of the Roman ladies of Canterbury we can form but a
faint idea. They wore brooches, chatelaines, and often
turned up their back hair in a wreath. Mr. C. R. Smith
says : They used fans in England, which opened and
shut, a fashion generally supposed to be of rather modern
invention. A fan of this description, however, has been
found scidptured on a Roman stone tablet near Carlisle.
An ivory comb, doubtless of the Roman period, was found
in Watling Street, 1878. (Plate 17, Fig. 3.) It would
indicate, as well as the rouge pot found in St. Sepulchre's,
some of the articles of the toilet.
The Roman ladies wore veils, sometimes as in ancient
busts drawn coquettishly over the brow and chin, leaving
eyes, nose, and mouth exposed.

liomatt Qntiqaitits.

The discovery of antiquities in Canterbury— pottery,
fibulae, glass vessels, coins, &c, down to the present
time— provokes the reflection that many valuable and
curious objects exhumed during the last 1,400 years
have been unnoted and ultimately lost.
An attempt is made in the following pages to record
such objects as have come under the writer's inspection,
together with those which have from time to time been
discovered, and of which any description has survived.
In respect of pottery and coins, this must relate to special
objects only.
At a depth of about seven or eight feet, in the
principal streets of the present city, antiquarian relics
are most commonly discovered. There can be little
doubt but that the destruction of the Roman town was
sudden and violent. This is proved by the confusion
in which some of the articles are distributed, and the
evidence of the action of fire upon others, which have
been preserved only, like the tessellated pavements of
Burgate Street, by the falling down of materials, under
which they were concealed for so many centuries, and
the consequent accumulation of a new soil and surface
above them.
At no very distant period, however, there must have
been many remains in certain parts of the Roman
town, signs- of Roman workmanship extant, and Roman
materials worked into mediaeval buildings.
The city wall.3 certainly offer no example, as at Chester
or Colchester, of Roman handicraft, and we are from
this fact and other evidences led to conclude that such
walls as remain do not correspond to or represent the
" circuitas " of the Roman town.
One of the earliest references to Roman remains is
made by Leland, who speaks of a leaden coffin having
been exhumed from the top of the Dane John shortly
previous to his time. Hasted and Gough,* writing much
* Gough, vol. 1, p. 344, fig. 2.

2S CANTERBURY in THE OLDEN TIME.
later, relate the discovery in the city circa, 1730, of a
Roman vase, of red ware and of elegant shape, with a
pattern bearing on it the words " Taraget de Teve.
Doubtless this inscription was inaccurate or imperfect,
perhaps both. A brass or bronze lacrymatory, together
with a gold pendant set -with two small stones or pearls,
was also found. In 1772, the same authority informs
us, a gold bracelet was exhumed in the city, weighing
fc'oz. Sdwts. This was probably British or Celtic. The
" Gentleman's Magazine" for January, 1808, p. 17, states
that a tessellated pavement was discovered 20th June
175S, at three feet under the surface of the soil, in digging
a cellar for a house next to the "King's Head." A
drawing seems to have been taken of this relic, which
was once in the possession of a Mr. Edward Jacob, of
Faversham, but I can get no further account of the
pavement in question.
Hasted also mentions a pavement found A.D. 1739,
near Jewry Lane. It was of Mosaic work, of a carpet
pattern, the tesselse being of burnt earth — red, yellow,
black, and white — laid on a bed of cement. As it was
carried away piecemeal, its remains were, doubtless, not
long preserved. A pavement of white tesselse was
found not many years since opposite the Fountain Inn
gateway. Somner mentions the discovery of a Roman pavement
exhumed in digging a cellar in Saint Margaret's parish.
Also a pavement of Mosaic work is recorded to have
been found in Saint Martin's parish. Here must have
been the remains of a Roman villa without the walls.
Gough informs us that "Druid beads," probably the
polychrome beads, similar to that placed by Mr. James
Reid in the Museum, have been discovered in Can
terbury. He also mentions coins, and tessellated pave
ments, and bronze Celts. The coins found in Canterbury,
in the lowest floors of old buildings, in sewage exca
vations, in the gardens, and adjoining hop grounds, are
too numerous to be recorded in detafl.
A few British coins have been discovered. Also a
silver Greek coin, bearing the effigy of Alexander the
Great, found in a garden in Wincheap, A.D. 1876. A
gold coin of Justin, who died A.D. 527, was found at

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 29
St. Augustine's. It bore a loop attached to it, indicating
that it was once worn as an ornament. Looped gold
coins and bracelets were discovered in Ano-lo-S^on
graves at Sarre. Also the coins of the Roman Em
perors of the East, Heraclius, and Mauritius, and of
Chlothaire IL, King of the Franks, their dates extending
from A.D. 582 to A.D. 628.
n X5 *ae Coli' Anticiua> vol. 1, pp- 63 and 177, Mr.
0. R. Smith has given somo interesting specimens of
gold coins found at Canterbury. With these coins was
found a looped Roman intaglio, and a gold circular
ornament set with coloured glass. One of these coins
may be considered Merovingian. Of the others one has
a full faced bust, and a long cross to the right and to
the left, and a cross below; the second coin has a
diademed head on the obverse and two rude figures-
Victories ; the third coin has a beautifully executed head.
I must call special attention to the last of these coins.*
The Rev. D. H. Haigh, of Erdington, has favoured
me with a description, having gone into the investigation
of the subject. The coin in question is inscribed —
LYUPARDVS EPS.
Mr. Haigh says, "I was not aware (at first) that
Liphardus was a personage distinct from Lindhardus,
the chaplain of Queen Bertha. Only recently has it
come to my knowledge that the former had his place
in the calendar on the 4th February, and that the latter
was associated with King Ethelbert on the 24th of the
same month. A careful examination of the legend,
' Liphardus ' or ' Lefardus ' in the Bollandist ' Acta
Sanctorum,' satisfies me there is nothing inconsistent
with contemporary history." Mr. Haigh continues,
" This story then briefly will be, that he accompanied
the British King Caclwallader to Rome, and was slain
on his return by the emissaries of Dagobert I. at Treeau,
on the borders of Artois, between the years 635—638.
His relics are preserved in the Abbey of Hannau, in
the diocese of Cambrai."
Liphardus was a Bishop of St. Martin, at Canterbury,
* The history and discovery of this coin at St. Martin's is an interesting
fact in connection with. Ethelbert and Bertha. It is not improbable that
some of the other ornaments once belonged to the gentle Queen herself.

30 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
a see which had a very early existence, and was only
suppressed by Lanfranc when he obtained the Arch-
bishoprick. A.D. 1860 there were found in the railway cutting
near Little Barton two golden armillae, or armlets. The
original finder sold them for one shining each as coffin
handles ! Of these relics one has disappeared ; it was
probably carried to London, and found its way to the
melting pot. The fellow specimen (see Plate 5, Fig. 6),
remains with Mr. Trimnell of this city, who, however,
did not obtain it of the original finder. Mr. Trimnell
very properly conserves and appreciates the antiquities
of Ids native city. It is an elegant ornament, weighing
2oz. 2dwts., and constructed after rather an unusual
fashion, each wire or coil being made thicker in the
centre than at the ends. Two skeletons were found
near it; and at no great distance the writer of this
account subsequently picked up a good worked specimen
of a flint knife. The armilla was worn, perhaps, on the
wrist of some Celtic or British lady, and buried with
her ages since. Boadicea, as described by Dr. Cassius,
wore armillse and torques of gold. Torques were worn
by the Trojan youth (see Aneid V., line 559). Mr.
Trimnell possesses also a beautiful gold signet ring,
found in the river Stour at Fordwich. It is Roman,
and exhibits much skill in design and finish ; its weight
is 10 dwts. ; it is an onyx intaglio, on which a cupid
leaning on a spear is engraved. In the collection of the
same gentleman is a gold twisted ring, found in Can
terbury* (Plate 5, Fig. 3) ; an Anglo-Saxon or early
Roman ring (Plate 9, Fig. 5), of cloissonne enamel design;
the head of a bird— a rare and choice specimen; a
twisted gold ring (Plate 5, Fig. 4>, Celtic), knobbed
at each end, found at the foot of Saint Thomas's Hill;
and a silver mediaeval seal, bearing an ancient inta°-lio.
Before we leave St. Martin's and its neighbourhood,
I would refer to a Roman enamelled brooch found
December, 1864, by a workman in the grounds abut
ting St. Martin's churchyard, S.E. (see Plate 10, Fig. 2).
,, * In1tSe "ArchEeologia," vol. 43, p. 2, a similar object is described by
General Pox, said to have come from Africa. Another example ploughed up
in the parish of Cranbrook, 1868, is recorded in Arch. Cantiana vol 9 p 12

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 31
It is circular, but of open cruciform design, and
enamelled in purple. A similar example is engraved in
Mr. ^ Lee's "Isca. Silurum" (Caerleon). In the precincts
of St. Augustine's Monastry was discovered, a few years
since, a fine massive B,oman gold ring, now in the pos
session of _ Alderman H. Austin. The bezel is a head
engraved in a onyx. Of other rings we might here
note — a massive silver ring with an intagho, on which is
engraved a figure of a man, seated on a fallen tree,
milking a goat; Another ring of iron with an intaglio on
a raised oval stone, engraved with the design of^a boy
holding a ball in one hand, and some implement, perhaps
a racket, in the other ; also, a third ring, of iron with a
blueish stone or piece of glass for the bezel, unengraved.
All these three rings were discovered in 1876, in making
excavations for a swimming bath in the Whitehall marshes,
and at no great distance from the Roman camp at White
hall, on the hid above, where the Aurei were found. The
rings were found in the water of the Silver Spring, with
various Roman objects, such as brass fibula?, styli, shards
of pottery, &c.
Amongst rings found in Canterbury, we may add a
silver mediaeval ring with an intaglio engraved 4- Sigell—
Secreti; a plain Roman bronze ring, Canterbury Lane,
1868 ; a Roman bronze ring, near the Ridingate, with a
glass bezel ; and about the same time, another bronze ring
of more elegant shape.
Amongst various seals found at Canterbury, I record
one discovered in Hawk's Lane, in the garden of
Mr. Lacy, town clerk, a few years previous to .1785.
Another seal (mediaeval), found in Canterbury, 1755, in
scribed "lacobe propitia sit tui copia,"* and a mediaeval
seal from a garden in Broad Street, Northgate, found by
the late Mr. S. J. B. Miette, about fifty years since. A
seal of John Le Crispe, of Thanet, time of Charles II.,
found at Fordwich, some thirty years ago ; it went into
the possession of the late Mr. Friend, of Birchington,
who was allied to the Le Crispe famdy.
There were in Roman Canterbury four, or rather five
Roman cemeteries, just beyond its boundaries. We note,
first, an extensive cemetery at St. Dunstan's, extending
* " Gent. Hag.," November, 1875.

32 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
from the South Eastern Radway cutting to the London
Road on the N N.W., and abutting on or including the
whole length of the Saint Duns tan's Road, and extending
in places, especially by Roper House, to the opposite side
of the way, then trending round by the London Road,
and occupying the present churchyard. It appeared. to be
rectangular in shape, and was several acres in extent.
Secondly. A cemetery commencing at or near the
castle adjoining Castle Street, extending in one direction
toward the station of the London, Chatham, and Dover
Railway, and Martyr's Field, a portion of which it in
cluded, together with a field tending onward S. W. beyond
the new gasometer into the premises of Messrs. Gaskin
and Godden, abutting Wincheap Street.
In the Wincheap field, at the back of Mr. Dombrain's
oast houses, the practice of inhumation almost exclusively
prevailed. In the graves where skeletons were found
were coffin nails of large dimensions, some being from
eight to ten inches in length, as if boles of trees sawn
asunder had been used, or extraordinary thick planks.
Most of these nails, through some peculiar chemical
action in the soil — a red gravel — had become porous and
hollow from head to foot, and yet possessed no external
openings. Here, in the year 1861, Roman coins, bronze armillae
(Plate 5, Figures 3, 4, and 6), and green and purple glass
beads cut into facets, were found, together with a little
bronze box or purse containing coins. The skeletons
were placed mostly with their feet towards the east.
Probably, the practice of inhumation here adopted-^a
condition so dissimilar to the usual practice, except in
tiled graves or sarcophagi — was in accordance with- the
rites of some of the foreign mercenaries enlisted in the
Roman legions when stationed at Canterbury. Tungrians,
Germans, and Gauls formed often part of the military
forees of the Roman Empire ; even men from the East,
such as Palmyrenes (see Cod. Ant. vol. 7, p. 106), were
enlisted in the Roman armies. The third Roman cemetery
might be noted as existing in the Old Dover Road, the
continuance of the present Watling Street being the
ancient Roman via leading towards Dover, and perhaps
to Portus Lemanis, as the Wincheap cemetery stood in

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 33

um

the ancient way to Chilham, Ashford, and Durolevu.
(Lenham). The practice of urn burial exclusively pre
vailed m this cemetery. Some years since, pottery und
other objects had been accidentally exhumed in makiuo-
alterations m the high road, but the appropriation o°f
land at one side of the way in 1861 for building purposes,
brought to light an extensive Roman cemetery.
The greatest product of antiquarian objects were Seriae,
commonly called Doha, Paterae of Samian ware, Upchurch
vases, a few specimens of Castor or Salopian ware,
glass vessels, bronze tweezers, styli, pins, and a few
coins. A curious little vessel of bright red polished
ware, with a spout, and about four and a half inches
high (Plate 4, Fig. 6), presented the appearance of the
sucking pot of a child. It was buried beside the ashes
of the little creature it once doubtless served to nourish.
A similar object of a ruder construction wa3 sub
sequently found in the city itself; and Mr. Parry, of
North gate, has another, found in St. Dunstan's. In this
ground were the remains of the Ustrinum, the place for
burning the bodies of the dead. It consisted of a right-
angled wall of clay, found under the surface. The wall
was about twelve_ inches thick, the soil it inclosed was
composed of burnt ashes, and the walls were thoroughly
charred through. As nails were occasionally found in
the mortuary urns amongst the bone ashes, we may
conjecture that the practice in cremation was to place
the body upon a wooden frame or litter, and when the
body and the bier were consumed together, some of the
nails which had held the frame together would be
accidentally scraped up with the burnt bone ashes, and
occasionally with these remains deposited in the urns.
These nails, not above one and a half inches long, were
too small for coffin nails ; in fact, there was no evidence
whatever that coffins had been used. A fine quadri
lateral glass vessel (Plate 6, Fig. 2), 14 inches high, was
taken from this ground ; and a Olla of Upchurch ware
curiously painted with white chevron stripes (Plate 4,
Fig. 4), with spots of the same colour in the centre. It
is now in the Canterbury Museum. Above the Roman
cemetery was the graveyard of the nuns of the Holy
Sepulchre. Here the bodies had been interred without

34 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
coffins. In no one instance did a vestige of a coffin
exist. The dead lay so thick that it might be said they
had been placed shoulder to shoulder. The ground
seemed like a deposit where the pestilence smitten had
been interred in rows. They were far too numerous
to be the remains of the ordinary inmates _ of the
nunnery, a house which Somner relates consisted of
a prioress only, and five black-veiled nuns.
There is no record of any of the victims of the plague
being specially buried in this spot. Canterbury, however,
suffered from many a fearful visitation of this disease.
Amongst the relics taken from the Roman level was a
little earthen vessel partly filled with a red pigment,
answering by chemical analysis to rouge. It indicated,
doubtless, a lady's grave.
The objects, Figures 2, 4, 5, 6 (one- third lineal size),
Plate 4, were found in the cemetery. From the quantity
of pottery taken from this cemetery, and the systematic
plan pursued in opening it, I endeavoured to ascertain
if there was any particular deposition of the vessels, as
regards their size and arrangement around the cinerary
urn. Generally a bottle-shaped vessel (Plate 4, Fig. 5)
of red clay, doubtless filled once with water or some
liquid, was present. Samian patera (Plate 4, Fig. 1), and
black saucer-shaped vessels of coarser materials, and
sometimes, but rarely, glass vessels, and bronze articles
occasionally inclosed in a box, as at Vauxhall on the
Ramsgate Road, and in the Artillery Barracks, containing
fibulas, tweezers, and coin, presented themselves. I was
unable to discover that any special arrangement of these
objects existed, for no two interments, even with nearly
similar deposits, were alike. Indeed, the Roman graves
are known to present a strange variety of objects, almost
every small article of domestic or general use being
occasionally present, weapons of war, and knives being
the exceptions. Thus we find brooches, rings, beads,
steelyards, scales, horse-shoes, horse-bits, fire dogs,
stylii, lacymatories (so called), mirrors, pins, plough,
shares, cattle goads, clay figures, earrings ; indeed, a
variety of objects too numerous to describe.

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 35

pottery.

Leland seems almost the first writer who has alluded
to our local Roman antiquities. Somner followed with
more interest, and the various historians of Canterbury
and the county of Kent have put on record a few of the
antiquarian remains which have been from time to time
discovered. No systematic plan, however, has been pur
sued ; and not till 1822 did a local museum exist, the
earliest contents of which in Anglo-Saxon and Roman
antiquities were not local, but acquired from a distance.
Dr. Stukeley tells us that the Earl Winchelsea of his
time, possessed at Eastwell many antiquities found in
Canterbury. Although the fragments of figured Samian ware are
numerous, and exhibit great variety of designs, the
specimen given in Plate 11, Fig. 3, fractured as it is, is
one of the most perfect found in Canterbury, with the
exception of a larger bowl in the possession of Mr. Pool.
The various compartments of the vase exhibit the sports
of the circus, gladiatorial combats with wild animals ;
and in all these contests the lion, prince of beasts, is
represented as victorious.
During a certain period of the empire, and perhaps
even after its fall, the fights of wild beasts, either with
one another or with human antagonists, were highly
esteemed ; and a governor or an emperor often owed
a' temporary popularity to the profusion with which he
gratified, in this respect, the taste and pleasures of
the people ; thus condoning for acts of oppression
cruelly exercised over his unfortunate subjects by tem
porarily ministering to their amusements. Sometimes
a wild revenge was enacted, and the minions and spies of
a tyrant were greeted with a shout in the circus, " Dela-
tores ad Leonem !" from the exasperated spectators,
which must have sent a thrill of terror to the hearts of
the masters of the people as they presided at the games.
Fio-. 2, Plate 11, exhibits two animals, resembling
camelopards, an unusual if not an. unique design.
Fig. 1, Plate 11, is a fragment, which displays the^
peculiarity of the patterns, being incised instead of

30 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
embossed or moulded in relief, as was most generally the
case— a process which consisted in forming the patterns
and ornaments in moulds, and then attaching them to
the vessel, and baking the whole together, an operation
which caused them to adhere firmly, and to become part
of the bowl or patera itself.
Broken fragments are occasionally found, thought to be
of sufficient importance to be riveted together. The
specimen (Plate 11, Fig. 1) found in Ivy Lane' is curious
for the name, or fragment of a name, scratched upon the
polished ware in the cursive writing of the period doubt
less by the original owner. There is also in my collection
a patera, from the upper part of which projects a lion's
head in high relief, forming a sort of spout ; the animal's
mane is marked by ridges in the substance of the ware.
Such vessels are, however, not rare. Abbe Cochet, "Nor-
mandie Souterraine," page SO (Plate 3, Fig. 16), gives a
perfect specimen of a patera so ornamented, found in
Normandy. Some of the smaller Samian vessels have a
most brilliant lustre ; amongst them are shadow little
cups or saucer-shaped objects of elegant form.* Plate 4,
Fig. 1, is an example not uncommon, having two handles
made merely for ornament. Sometimes an ivy-leafed
pattern exists, or other designs running along the rims.
Nos. 2 and 4 are black vases, with white lines or figures
of ornamentation. No. 3 is a vase of a light red colour
from St. Dunstan's, now in the Museum, and of an
unusual shape. No. 5 is a black vase of Upchurch ware.
The above objects aro drawn about ^ lineal size. They
are all from Canterbury.
The red lustrous ware, commonly called Samian, was
generally supposed to have been originally fabricated at
Samos, although subsequently simdar ware was made in
the Roman potteries on the Rhine and at other places.
The vessels when not ornamented are generally stamped
with the maker's name in the centre. Thus, " by the hand
of Aventinus," "from the kdn or workshop of Saturninus,"
or "Paulius made it." This ware is found in great
quantities in England, and is generally present in Roman
graves where other pottery abounds. Although large
* For lists of potter's names on ware found in England, see " Celt Eoman
and Saxon," and Mr. C. K Smith's works.

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 37
quantities have been dredged up off Reculver, and
specimens still continue to 'be found there on the Pan
Shoal with mortaria of a different clay*, it is generally
considered that the Samian pottery was not manufactured
in England, but was an importation from Roman colonies
on the continent. It was at Aretium, now Arezzo, in
Tuscany, where, according to Mr. T. Wright, the best
Samian ware was made. "Here the red glaze of the
pottery assumed a darker hue, . and the figures orna
menting it were better executed. It is stamped with the
potter's names, not as in the ordinary Samian ware
within the vessel, but externally."
From the Pan Shoal, a sand bank about seven miles
N.W. of Reculver, large quantities have been found. A
vessel in R,oman times might have been wrecked upon
this shoal, freighted with these articles, and we are still
supplied after a lapse of 1,400 years with some of the
cargo; or another hypothesis may obtain, namely, that
an ancient pottery, like the extensive works at Upchurch,
once existed, having been submerged, especiady as the
northern coasts of Kent and portions of Sheppy itself
have been washed away, and are still yielding to the ac
tion of the atmosphere and crumbling into the sea. The
working of a pottery in Roman times for the manufacture
of this ware, would pre-suppose the existence of materials
fitting and proper for its composition. The dredgers
and divers have testified to the existence of clay on the
shoal. The Samian bowls are very rarely found in a
perfect state. A fine specimen however was dug up some
years since in Wingham parish, and which is or was in
the possession of Rev. Mr. Gilder of Sandwich.
Earthen lamps have been found in many parts of
Canterbury, some horizontal, having a handle, together
with a spout for pouring out the oil, and ornamented
with designs, others of the simplest construction. If
the lamps after the ruder design contained oil, it was not
unlikely that a reed or dried rush constituted the wick,
and so by capillary attraction, a supply of aliment was
carried up to the flame. These lamps were doubtless
the rushlights of the poorer classes.
* A very elegant specimen of Castor ware has lately been dredged up off
this shoal.

38 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
A long line of Roman graves stretched from the In
fantry and Cavalry Barracks abutting upon the present
Ramsgate Road, crossing the same in a north-eastern
direction, thence into the brick field formerly known by
the name of " Rolfe' s Orchard." In this place several inter
ments by cremation have been opened in the process of ex
cavating the soil for the purpoe of digging out brick earth.
Pottery of the usual types, Samian paterae and Upchurch
ollae, have been found, and an urn-shaped vessel of a coars-
ish material marked with a rude head and grotesque orna
ments.* This object is very similar to some specimens of
Romano-Gaulish fabrication. A fragment of somewhat
similar design was not long since found in Canterbury.
Plates 9 and 10 represent some enamelled objects from the
same spot, discovered May, 1871. Plate 9, Fig. 4, is a
harp-shaped fibula of very elegant form; the acus and
sheath are complete, and the brooch itself is enamelled
with smaU oblong facets of red and yeUow. Fig. 1 is more
curious still, being a fibula to which are suspended small
implements of the toilet — tweezers, bodkins, ear picks, &c,
making with the lateral appendages a sort of chatelaine.
The brooch itself, which is of a semi-oval shape, is orna
mented by shield-shaped enamels, alternately of yeUow
and purple colours. It has five projecting ornaments,
the superior one containing a smaU enameUed design like
a flower with four petals. Its total length with the
objects attached is 3|- inches. Fig. 6 is of a rare, if not
an unique, design. It is a brooch, bow-shaped, with
chevrons of bright red and green pastes. Three mdled
lines or ridges cross the centre, above and below which
runs another line. Two little objects, like heads, either
of clogs or of men, terminate the brooch. The above three
fibulae had evidently been preserved in a small box, for
close to them were found six or eight bronze knobs, the
bolt of the lock somewhat elaborately formed, and to
which probably was attached a spring, and the scutcheon
of the keyhole, elegantly shaped and ornamented with a
red enamelled design, and a little hasp with a red cross-
shaped ornament upon it. Also an enameUed scutcheon
for the keyhole of the box (see Plate 3, Fig. 8). With
these objects were found two or three red paterae of
* In the possession of Colonel Cos, of Fordwich.

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 39
Samian ware, a patera of black clay, a smaU cinerary urn,
and the red bottle-shaped vessel so commonly noted in
Roman graves. The designs of these fibidce are of an
unusual character. They were arranged in a space about
three feet in diameter, and buried about 3 feet under
the surface of the field. I had previously obtained a
bronze brooch similar to the one described with chatelaine
ornaments,but of a somewhat ruder pattern; but although
probably it came eitherfrom this spot or Saint Duns tan's,
I could obtain no reliable information respecting it. See
Plate 10, Fig. 4. The grave described above atVauxhail
was probably that of a female. In the little box she had
stored her trinkets; and her wishes, or the affection of her
friends had prompted the sentiment which had placed
them in her grave. In the Vauxhall Field, where the
fibula (Plate 9, No. 1) was found, a large dolinm had
previously been exhumed, and thence sometime after
wards, a most elegant glass vessel, of which I took a
sketch. It stood in a saucer-shaped glass stand, which
was part of the substance of the glass vessel itself. Un
fortunately, shortly after the drawing was made, it was
"accidentally destroyed. The colour was of a palish yellow,
and it was about 12 inches high, with a narrow neck and
an elaborately ornamented handle. An object very like
it is in the possession of Mr. George Payne, of Sitting-
bourne. This cemetery extended at intervals nearly half
a mile. It seemed to have crossed the road, or rather
the original road must have made a curve, if a way ex
isted, here in Roman times.
Nearer Canterbury, close by the mess room of the
Artillery Barracks, but without doubt a part of the same
cemetery, an interesting discovery was made in May,
1862. It consisted of two or three mortuary urns and
other earthen vessels,* with the remains of a box, but of
larger dimensions than the one from the Vauxhall grave,
as shown by the size of its ornaments, for the woodwork
had perished— -namely, eight bronze studs and a well
preserved and ornamented bronze hasp, about four inches
long, and the bolt of the lock of the box. No fibulss
were discovered, but a twisted rod of yellow glass,
*One of these is an elegant little vase of Castor ware, Plate 1, Fig. 1.
Fig. 2, same plate, is a vase from the old Dover Eoad.

40 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
apparently about sixteen inches in length, for it had
been unfortunately fractured by the excavators^ and
probably a small portion of it, an inch or two at least,
lost from the centre (Plate 6, Fig. 1).
The Abbe Cochet in his "La Seine Inferieure,"
page 237, calls attention to a similar glass rod found
in a Roman grave, A.D. 1860, in Normandy, near Folle-
ville, and he gives an engraving of our Canterbury relic
rather too much elongated. He attaches a significance
to this object, saying, " It may be mysterious or non-
natural ; " implying, doubtless, the relic was connected
with some superstition or sepulchral rite. These glass
rods, however, are not all similarly ornamented. The
Canterbury specimen has a stamp at one end, and the
effigy of a cock at the other. There are, in the British
Museum, two or three fragments of the twisted glass
rods. They exhibit no figured designs nor ornaments,
and as I believe none of them were found in England,
our Canterbury specimen is so far unique.
Socrates, in his last hours, desired a cock to be
sacrificed to Pluto. This bird was also dedicated to
Hippocrates, the god of medicine and invalids. Had
the idea of death and mortal sickness any significancy
emblemed in this design, or was it merely an ornament ?
An experienced antiquary has, however, assured me the
rod was nothing more than the hair-pin of the deceased
Roman lady. From its length and fragflity, I should
say it was a somewhat awkward appendage ; nevertheless,
glass hair-pins do even now form part of the requisites
of female head dresses, as evidenced in two I have
received direct from Japfin.
The Saint punstan's Cemetery, N.W. of Westgate,
has for a series of years produced, either from the
church yard, or in excavating drains and foundations
of houses near the streets adjoining, a large quantity
of Roman pottery and other objects, such as glass vessels,
earthen lamps, and bronze implements. SpeciaUy we
notea little figurine in white clay, representing a female
holding twin children, and seated in a chair of wicker-
work. It is preserved in the Canterbury Museum.
Another of these figurines (Plate 6, Fig. 6) is repre
sented. In this instance the woman has one child only

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 41
in her arms. It is in the possession of the writer, and
\vas found in Sun Street in 1867. It has an inscription
on the back, probably the potter's name. These objects,
which are formed of a fine white clay hardened in the
kiln, are rare in England. An extensive manufactory
of them was discovered by M. Tudot near the village of
Toulon, in the South of France, about the year 1857,
comprising many varieties of these statuettes.
Mr. C. Roach Smith, in " Collectanea Antiqua," vol. 6,
p.. 48, has given an interesting account of these little
statues. "They will at once," he observes, "remind
the numis matist of the coins of the Roman empresses,
inscribed 'Fecunditas' and ' Fecunditas Augustse.' "
" The Dame Abunde," of the old mediaeval tales, is also
anticipated. In some of these figures we recognise such deities as
Venus Genetrix, and Epona, the " Goddess of Horses."
These clay figurines are interesting. In the drawing
given (Plate 6, No. 6), the curiously-formed wicker chair
should be observed. Some of these objects were the
Dese Matres, and the probability is, that, like the Can
terbury specimen, they were placed near the ashes of a
married woman, either as a propitiatory offering or a
descriptive symbol.
Abbe Cochet, in " La Seine Inferieure," p. 274, gives
a cut of one of these little figures, Avhich he calls a
Statuette of Latona, found with Roman remains at Caux
in a sarcophagus of tdes.
We may here observe that all the Roman cemeteries
near Canterbury stood abutting or near to highways
leading from the city.
The Saint Dunstan's, Wincheap, Vauxhall (Ramsgate
Road), and the old Dover Road, (Lympne and Dover
Roads), are manifest enough ; but the somewhat obscure
cemetery near Little Barton requires us to explain that
an old Roman road doubtless extended in this direction,
probably the via leading to Richborough, and running
into the present Deal and Sandwich Roads,
The " Siste Viator " must have thus been a constant
call upon the Roman citizen as he passed out of the city
on his journey to other localities.
Isolated interments have also been found in Canter-

42 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
bury, viz., one beneath the walls of the Roman house
in Burgate Street, close upon a tessellated pavement ; and
a cinerary urn in St. George's Street, near the Church.
The other examples scarcely apply, the localities in
which these urns were found being beyond the limits of
the Roman city, such as an urn containing burnt bones
in my possession, found at some distance below the sur
face in the centre of the Castle itself. The mouth of this
vessel was covered by a piece of lava of foreign origin.
Fish bones lay near it. A smaU mortuary urn at the
back of No. 8, Dane John Grove, and the bronze vase
with ornamented handles described by Mr. Pilbrow
(Arch., vol. 43, part 1), and found at the bottom of
Palace Street, may be noted. A Roman urn is said to have
been found in the garden of Mr. Bell, of St. Margaret's
Street, accompanied with glass beads and an ivory pin.
No Anglo-Saxon cemetery has ever been discovered
at Canterbury. A few iron spear heads, however, have
been exhumed from grounds at the top of St. Martin's,
on the west side. These when examined bore a striking
resemblance to the iron weapons exhumed at Sarre
and at Stowting.
Amongst the numerous miscellaneous articles of the
date of the Roman occupation of Canterbury, found
within the last few years, principally consequent upon
excavations for a new system of sewage works, may be
noted a choice fragment of a figured Roman glass cup,
discovered in Rose Lane, near the church of Saint Mary
Bredin, in 1868 (Plate 6, Fig. 4).
Under the rim of the cup, or rather fragment, are
inscribed the letters MVS. Below is a beading running
round the vessel, on which is delineated a charioteer in
an auriga urging, with a gigantic whip, his horses at
full speed. He is engaged in the sports of the circus.
The glass is of a palish yellow color.
L'Abbe Cochet, in his book " La Seine Inferieure,"
has described an almost perfect cup of this design, found
at Trouville, in Caux, exhibiting several chariots with
their drivers and horses engaged in a contested race.
The names of the competitors in the inscription seem
somewhat barbarous, perhaps Romano-Gaulish names.
The words " Vale, vale," addressed by the victor to

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 43
his defeated competitors is plain enough, as well as
" Fave," applied to the name of the successful
charioteer. These glass cups appear to have been cast in a mould,
and hence, if they were not ceremonial • drinking cups,
they were probably made as commemorative memorials
of some special chariot race, and presented by the victor
to his friends, or by his friends and admirers to the vic
tor. They could not very wed be the prize itself, for,
as they bear the name of the successful competitor,
they must have been cast after the issue of the race.
The letters MVS., suggest the name of MVSEVS on
the example found in Canterbury.
A similar fragment forms part of the C. Roach Smith
Collection in the British Museum. It closely resembles
our specimen in size and design, wanting, however, the
letters. Another example, in green glass, was found in Hartlip.
(See Coll. Ant., vol. 2, p. 17.) This glass vase (unfortu
nately it is imperfect) has two compartments, one above
the other. The names of the competitors appear in
each division. The upper compartment delineates the
charioteer in a biga, two-horsed chariot, fodowed by
a man on horseback. The charioteer holds a victor's
wreath in his left hand. The under division exhibits a
gladiator, armed with sword and shield, and his con
quered antagonist holding up his hand to the preces of
the games in supplication for mercy.
From ad these examples we learn something of the
mode in which these chariot races were conducted.
Sometimes two horses, on other occasions four horses
(abreast) competed. The metae or goals are delineated.
The skilful efforts of the chariot drivers was devoted to
avoid collision with, these metae, placed at spots where
the charioteers turned. They were set up in the circus,
resting upon hollow basements, and were formed like
cones. Three of these were generally placed together.
The competitors having taken their places, according
to lot, drove seven times round the course (spina), their
chief object being to go as close as possible to the metse
without touching, thus lessening the space their horses
had to run over.

44 CANTERBURY' IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Horace, ode 1, lines 4-6, alludes to this practice :—
" Metaque fervidis
Evitata rotis, palmaque nobilis,
Terrarum Dominos evehit ad Deos."
M. H. Revoil, of Treves, State architect, kindly pre
sented me with drawings and descriptions of the sports
of the circus at Nismes under the Romans. He made
some interesting discoveries in the Roman amphitheatre
of that place consisting of three circular ornaments, or
plaques, in bronze, descriptive of the sports of the circus.
On one of these objects is represented a charioteer in an
auriga ; a palm, a sign of his victory, lies at the feet of his
horses ; on one of the meta, eggs seem to be placed, as
offerings to Castor and PoUux.
Another of these ornaments represents a horseman at
full speed; and the third a groom standing beside a
horse, with various objects delineated on the ground of
the design.
At the Roman level, below the surface of the streets
in Canterbury, many specimens of Roman glass have
been found, aU, however, very fragmentary. I might
note the rim of a glass vessel found in High Street, 1867
or 1868. It has a delicate fine of beading running round
the neck, and is of a rich purple colour. Fragments of
variegated glass of a sort in which the Felix Slade Col
lection in the British Museum is rich have also appeared.
l<:s Glass beads, cut in facets of green and purple colour,
found in the Wincheap Cemetery, and the large ribbed
blue bead, generally discovered singly. (Plate 6, Fig. 2.)
The specimen drawn of this bead is from Guildhall
Street. A polychrome bead (Plate 6, Fig. 6), in the
Canterbury Museum, found by Mr. James Reid in 1861,
in the formation of an archway on the Wincheap side of
the embankment of the London, Chatham, and. Dover
Railway. It is a bead of a rare type, and not above
thirty or forty specimens are known to exist of this bead
in this country. The writer has a fine example found at
the bottom of a well in Wye in 1836; and there is one
in the collection of Mr. Cecil Brent, of Bromley, probably
found at Canterbury. It was procured from this neigh
bourhood. In the continental museums few examples of this bead

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 45
exist. In the Louvre are two or three specimens. In
the British Museum is an example, said to have been
obtained from Dakkeh in Nubia. There are specimens
in the South Kensington Museum, also in the Ashmolean
Museum at Oxford, and one at Caerleon. There are
three or four of these beads in the Felix Slade Collection
in the British Museum. There are specimens also in the
Louvre, stated to have come from Egypt, as wed as one
or two specimens in the museum at New York.
According to Dr. Schoolcraft, examples have been
found in the grave mounds of the Canadian Indians.
This is an extraordinary fact, and can, I think, only be
accounted for by the supposition that they originally
•came from the East through Scandinavia, and were
brought to Canada when, in the eleventh century, the
Northmen made a temporary settlement in Vinland.
Their colony was subsequently destroyed by the Indians.
The natives had nothing of home manufacture analogous
to these beads, which are uniformly of one colour and
fashion, formed of alternate layers of red, purple, and
white glass, moulded together and chamfered clown at
each end.
Some of these beads, the Wye specimen, and one or
two of those in the Felix Slade Collection, are two and a
half inches in length. (Efolir ©rttamtnts.
There is no doubt that many gold ornaments belonging
to the British and Celtic tribes have been from time to
time found in Kent. The Medway find, recorded in the
Arch. Cantiana, was an important one.
Some years since, a gold torque was found near Dover;
and recently, February 1878,. at Castle Mount, in a
garden near the slopes of Castle Hill, was exhumed a
very fine and perfect specimen of a golden armilla, for
the article was doubtless worn on the arm. Its weight
is twelve ounces, and it is formed of five coils.
I have in my collection a fragment, as far as it goes,
identical in make and fashion with the above, found
about October 1876, in the neighbourhood of Canterbury ;
it weighs 2 ozs., 13 dwts.
I might here note as a mediaeval relic a small gold

46 CANTERBURY TN THE OLDEN TIME.
ring brooch found in a garden in Wincheap ; its date has
been given as circa 1,400. Around the ring are the
letters VLI, LVI, LIV, LIV, which may be connected
with the inscription " Je sui ci en ler D'Ame."
Plate 10, Fig. 2, is a purple enamelled Roman brooch
of circular shape, found near St. Martin's Church,
December, 1864 (see similar example found at Caerleon,
in Mr. Lee's "Isca Silurum"). Plate 10, a Roman
brooch and pin found in front of the gate of Saint
Augustine's College, 1868. The Abbe Cochet, in ""La
Seine Inferieure," p. 147, gives a similar example found
in making a road from Auffay to Treport, 1852. The
Canterbury relic shows marks of red enamelling.
Plate 9, Fig. 3, a brooch, late Roman, found near
or in the Martyr's Field, circa February 1860-6. The
brooch is of an oval form, one and a half inches long,
with a large dark oval stone, probably a rough ame
thyst, in the centre. The stone is surrounded by a
double-edged beading or bands of ornament; it is of
very uncommon type. A similar brooch was found at
Wickham Brook, Suffolk, 1788, accompanied by Roman
coins. Two or three examples only have occurred
elsewhere. The bronze brooches, Plate 7, Fig. 6, diamond shaped,
with a cross engraved in the centre, and the brooch,
crescent shaped, Plate 3, Fig. 2, were both found in
Canterbury in 1868.
The bronze object with a very archaic design in the
centre (Plate 10, Fig. 3) exhibits marks of enamel. As
it has no catch for a pin, but the remains of a hook-like
appendage are displayed at the back, it was probably
intended to be fixed to strap, or some part of the dress.
It is of a parallelogram shape, and the design on the face
of the ornament seems to indicate two serpents. It
might be Old Northern, if not Celtic.
Plate 9,_F.ig. 2, is a circular stud or fibula, found near
Iron Bar JLane, August, 1874. It is of enamel work on
bronze, with minute tesserae let into a vitrous paste in
circular compartments. It strikingly resembles the
button worn by Romans on the left shoulder of the
toga yirilis. The colours of the field are purple, and
the rim nearly resembles the hue of ancient bronze.

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 47
The first circle on the disk near the outer edge is white,
with cross-shaped ornamentations. Then Succeeds a
ridge of gilded metal ; then a circular field of dark green,
with whitish designs; then follows another ridge of
bronze, with minute green and white squares, °with
alternate white or green designs displayed within them.
Some of the ornaments are chequer-like, as the squares
on a chess board.
A similar object found at Usk is given hy Mr. Lee in
"Isca Silurum " (Plate 28.) Abbe Cochet also gives an
example in " Normandie Souterraine " (Plate 15). A
similar brooch is in the British Museum.
The top of another Roman chatelaine was found in a
garden in St. Dunstan's, Canterbury, 1868. It exhibits
enamelled chevrons in white and green (see Plate 16,
Fig. 2), and may be compared with the examples pre
viously given from the Ramsgate Road at Vauxhad.
(See Plate 9, Fig. 1, Plate 10, Fig. 4)
Plate 3, Fig. 7, is a bronze girdle clasp of an elegant
pattern from Watling Street, 1868.
An elegant cross-shaped brooch is in the posses
sion of Mr. Pool. It is probably of late Anglo-Saxon
workmanship. I have been permitted to make a drawino-
of it. (See Plate 17, Fig. 1.) It was found in St
George's Street, 1867-8. Many modern brooches, under
the title of the *•' Canterbury Cross," have been, designed
from it.
_ In " Cod. Ant.," vol. 4, p. 162, Mr. C. R, Smith has
given an engraving of a very similar brooch or cross,
which he considers to be Anglo-Saxon, found at Ixworth
in Suffolk. A simdar relic was found at Lakenheath,
near Brandon, in the same county. The former of these
trinkets so nearly resembling the Maltese Cross seems to
connect their possessor indirectly with the profession
of the Christian faith, especially as the Lakenheath cross
bears in its centre a gold coin of the Emperor Heraclius,
a Christian monarch, who reigned A.D. 610 to 641.
The ornament could not have been anterior to the first
of these dates.
Plate 1-7, Figure 2, is an elegant enamelled stud from
Black Griffin Lane; the design is apparently a swan.
It may not be earlier than the eleventh century, but is a

48 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
very interesting relic. It belonged originally to Mr. Pool,
and was found in Canterbury, but has been transferred to
the collection of Mr. John Evans. The colours, of the
trinket are yellow, and of a deep and a pale green.
Several Roman purses or bags have been exhumed,
as proved by the circular rims of bone, which were found
in the Wall Field in 1861, which have been preserved.
Plate 3, Fig. 17, exhibits the remains of a comb from
Watling Street in 1878. Judging from similar orna
mentations appearing upon knives, &c, and described by
Mr. C. R. Smith as Roman, I should consider it of the
same nationality ; the more especially as it was found
at a considerable depth, in close proximity to objects
undoubtedly Roman. Glass.
The objects in glass belonging to the Roman period
have mostly been found in a fragmentary state. Several
pieces of stained, glass, some of which exhibit a beautiful
amber colour, having- a little ridge or elevation crossing
them in a line, have been exhumed. Also a piece or two
having various colours curiously blended.
In the Roman cemeteries a few glass vessels have been
exhumed whole, amongst which we might note lacrymato-
ries from St. Dnnstan's ; a large glass amphora from the
Old Dover Road, and one or two glass vessels in my own
collection, one being found in the Artillery Barracks.
A specimen or two (fragmentary) of the striated glass
has occurred, one being the neck of a large bottle. The
material is thin and delicate.
' We might here note the finding of a crystal ball of
oblong shape discovered in the Canterbury drainage, in
Stour Street. It might be classed with simdar objects
from Anglo-Saxon graves. 23ronjr.
The articles in bronze of the Roman period have been
so numerous that we can only particularise the most
important. The vase handles" of the vessel found in
Palace Street, 1868, to which allusion has been made.
A small bronze celt found in the Martyr's Field of
unusual type. (Plate 3, Fig. 6.) A bronze statuette,
height 6 inches, found in a neighbouring hop garden.

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EOMAX AXTIQUIT1ES. 4:9
This is an elegant figure, and undoubtedly Roman. (See
Plate 3, Fig. 3.) It appears to represent Bellona. A
slender little bronze balance was taken from the ruins of a
house in High Street when rebuilding after the fire in 1 S 6 5 .
Plate 7, Fig. 4, is the chape of a dagger from Mr. Pool's
Collection. Door handles, clasps, pins, styli, all of Roman
origin. An elegant stylus found in Canterbury Lane is
given (Plate 2,"~Fig. 6) ; a brass ligula (Plate 2, Fig. 9),
from the Swimming Bath, both in a high state of
preservation; also a fibula of simple form (Plate IS,
Fig. 5), from the same locality. Bronze needle for sewing
(Plate 2, Fig. 3), bodkin (Fig. 3), tweezers, heads and
limbs of animals in bronze— the latter fragmentary, have
been found ; buckles, handles to mirrors, and a por
tion of a mirror from Castle Street. This object seems
made of an alloy- of metal. Horse ornaments, seals, fibulce,
studs, lamps, tag of strap with buckle (Plate 3, Fig. 9),
finger rings, armilke, dagger handle. Plate 18, Fig. 1,
represents a bronze latch-key, found in St. Mary's Lane,
1868. It is a delicate object, and a curious instance of
such a contrivance existing amongst the Roman citizens
of Canterbury. Its construction however is- so slight
that it could hardly apply to a street door. Plate 18,
Fig. 3, is a double key in iron, latch-key and key of box ;
and Fig. 4, Plate 18, a finger ring, key ; the two last are
of iron. Fig. 6, head of an ox in bronze from Mr. Pool's
Collection. Figures 5 and 7, Plate 18, are bronze harp-
shaped fibulse.
Amongst objects in iron which belonged to the Roman
period we might mention — latch-keys, and. box and latch
keys united, thimbles, scissors, shears, also a thumb
key knives, &c. ; Plate 2, Fig. 1, a bronze ligula; 2,5,
6, 7, styli from Canterbury ; Plate 2, Fig. 1, elegant Roman
pin, now in the Canterbury Museum, found with relics at
Gilton, Ash, introduced merely to shew the style of some
of the Roman work ; Plate 2, Fig. 9, bronze object for
medical purposes, applicable to the small long-necked
bottles; Fig. 10, probably used for the same purpose—
Roman ; Plate 7, Figures 1 and 3, highly ornamented
bronze Roman pins ; and Figure's 2 and 5, bronze Roman
fibulas, from Mr. Pool's Collection.

i&etrtaeiml Mzwmins.

It could not be otherwise than that, in the various opera
tions of excavating for buildings, cellars, &c, numerous
objects should be discovered in Canterbury connected
with mediaeval and later times. The larger number of
these things have disappeared or passed away. However,
we may note some of the metal buckles which adorned the
shoes of our comfortable middle class, aldermen, council-
men, and citizens ; wig pins, such as in the times of
Charles the II. and Ann our gentry used for the better
arrangement of their artificial hair and flowing curls ; an
interesting fragment of oak carving of the 17th century,
being a boy holding a basket of flowers, was found in 1854,
in making some repairs to the Old Chequer's Inn.*
Some ancient figures carved in oak were a few years
since discovered in pulling down what remained of the
house of the Knights Templar3, near the Waterlock,
Northgate. Amongst ornaments, besides the little brooch of gold
previously alluded to, we might mention a silver circular
fibula, apparently an imitation of an object of a much
older type ; badges, sometimes armorial pendants, once
worn "by the servants and retainers of great men.
Several of these, mostly enamelled, have beeu found in
Canterbury. Their dates range from the 13th century.
The paucity of pilgrims' tokens, however, is surprising.
The pilgrims chiefly came from a distance, and carried
their relics home with them, yet- we might expect many
would have been lost, and subsequently buried in the
public ways. "We have two curiously incised stone
moulds for casting designs connected w'ith ecclesiastical
subjects. One, formed of a siliceous grit, represents a
bishop or priest on horseback, apparently bestowing his
blessing, and the words ""Ora pro Nobis" appear to be
delineated on the horse's neck, the figure of which is
imperfect.
* B. A. A. Journal, vol. 11, p. 65, 1853

MEDIEVAL 11KMA1NS. 51
If it be correct, as I have been informed, that Thomas
Becket prohibited all priests from giving their blessings
from the back of their palfreys, this relic must be older
than his time. The style of the priest's dress is very
archaic. Mr. C. R. Smith, in his Coll. Ant., vol. 7, p. 149,
gives an illustration of a relic from the collection of
Mr. John Evans, D.C.L., of Hemel Hempstead, some
what resembling our specimen. This he does not
hesitate to consider as referring: to Becket. The mould
I illustrate most likely refers to the same prelate. It is
rather singular it was found in digging out the foun
dations for the present church of St. Thomas, of Can
terbury. Mr. Smith also alludes to a somewhat similar
design from his own Collection, and now in the British
Museum. Plate 8, Fig. 2, is a mould with an extraordinary
design upon it.* It has been assigned to the 14th
century. It may represent the resurrection of our
Lord, or the self-immolation of some saint. The figure
on the top of the structure or cross — if cross it be
intended to represent — has the head crowned with a
nimbus. The feet appear to be nailed : the whole figure
is distorted.
Another mould found in Canterbury, 1868, is men
tioned by Mr. Pilbrow (Arch. 43, vol. 1, p. 164). It
was evidently constructed for the casting of leaden
tokens, and is remarkable for containing four complete
moulds. Several old English jugs and vessels have been
exhumed from the Canterbury soil. One, a jug of the
13th century. A similar object is engraved in the cata
logue of the Jermyn Street Museum, jSTo. 90, page_104.
The bronze rim of an alms' bag of one of the mendicant
orders, 1868, was taken out from the bed of the river
by Deane's Mill. It is inscribed with the words, " Qui
non habet pecullum, non dabit."
A fragment of a Venetian glass cup (the old Venetian)
was found near the top of Burgate Street, 1877. It is
somewhat peculiar from having a purple glass bead let
into a sort of floral ornament.
* In the Collection, of Mr. Cecil Brent.

52 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Several mediaeval spoons or ladlea have been found.
On one of them the handle terminates in an effigy like
an apostle spoon.
Plate 2, Fig. 8, exhibits a nail scraper in brass found
in North Lane, 1878. I should have claimed it as
mediaeval, had I not noticed in the Museum at Brussels
a similar object assigned to the Roman period.
Plate 15, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, exhibit knife handles in
bone and ivory. JSTo. 2 is from Mr. Pool's Collection;
the handle is very prettily ornamented. No. 4 is sup
posed to be the effigy of Catharine of Braganza, Queen
of Charles IL, from the mode in which the fan is dis
played. The whole of the above are comparatively
modern. Plate 4, Fig. 4, is a disk of bone ornamented, probably
a counter used in some game. It may be Roman. It
is from the Collection of Mr. Pool.
Plate 3, Figs. 2, 5, 8, are bronze fibulae found in Can
terbury, most likely Roman. No.. 9 is a bronze orna
mental buckle.
Plate 3, No. 1, is a bronze purse holder drawn half
lineal length found in the River Stour, near Horton,
Chartham, and in the possession of Mr. Beard. It is no
doubt mediaeval. The capital letters " T " and " W " are
marked on each side under the ring. It is probably the
handle of an ancient gypsare or purse. (See incised
brass plate, Christopher Klook) .
Plate 5, Figures 1, 2, 5, are bronze armillae found in
Roman graves at "Wincheap. Nos. 3, 4, 6, objects in
gold, in the possession of Mr. Trimnell, all from Can
terbury. 3 and 4 seem to be British or Celtic rings or
pendants. 6 is the golden armillae from Little Barton-
described, p. 30.

ffianterfmig front tfje a&ttb&ratoal of
tit liomms from lEttglantr to
Mettpt of IStijelfrert, Kfcmg of Mmt

A dim and uncertain light is thrown by our writers
over this period of our history. The Anglo-Saxon
chronicle gives but a brief relation of events. It is
silent during many a decade. What these records state,
however, may be considered for the most part reliable ;
an assurance which cannot be made in respect of other
annalists who compounded for paucity of real materials
by extensive draughts upon their 'imaginations, and upon
myths and fiction.
The British history is particularly confused. Jeffery,
of Monmouth, born A.D. 1152, is the most conspicuous
of those writers who are unreliable. He quotes William
of Malmesbury and Henry of Huntingdon amongst his
authorities; but it is from his pages we principally
derive the history of Britain, full of fables and romances,
mingled probably with a few historical truths or
traditions. He professes, indeed, to take much of his
narrative from the " Brut y Brenhinoedd," a history of
the Kings of Britain, found in Brittany.
History among ancient writers — Herodotus and a few
others being honorable exceptions— was a species of
romance, which excited the attention, and chained the
imagination of its readers. Heroes like Brute, Arthur,
or Merlin are adopted, and for want of any authentic
history relating to them, the glamour of a poetical
imagination is thrown over their lives. Their history
thus becomes a sort of epic, duly embellished with its
enchantments, wonders, and supernatural attributes.
Brutus, Corineus, Lud Hudibras, King Cole, and a
variety of mythical persons from time to time pass across
* Lappenbarg, 30, vol. 1.

5-j. CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
the stage of history. The narrative of their lives and
actions °to the few readers of subsequent ages, if not
proved to be authentic, are at least made to be enter
taining. The events which Jeffery of Monmouth has recorded
took place in frequent cases many centuries before the
publication of his account of them. The great mass of
his readers were comparatively uneducated, criticism
exacted but few conditions, and the faith of the age was
the faith and credulity of children not easily to be
shaken. Oclericus Vitalis followed Jeffery, Robert of Gloucester,
copied him, Alfred of Beverley, born 1150, quoted him,
not without expressing doubts of the authenticity of his
history. William of Newburgh and Griraldus strongly
opposed the propagation of the Arthuric fables ; William
of Malmesbury, also, who even preceded by a few years
Jeffery of Monmouth, had expressed his disbehef of
these old British traditions. These narratives, however,
as Lappenburg informs us, were welcomed with the
deepest interest by the people of England, and in the
reign of Henry I., that monarch warmly promoted their
adoption and belief.*
Popular writers always produce imitators, amongst
whom might be noted Robert Ware, author of the "Brute
a'Angleterre " (Henry IL), and in the 13th century,
Lazanion, the monk, who edited somewhat similar his
torical romances. The author of the " Chronicon Walliae,"
and the Chronicle of the Princes of Wales, continued the
wonderful history of Jeffery, or repeated portions of his
narrative with a colouring of their own. Even Irish nar
rators, such as the author of the "Annales of Tigemach,"
detailed events ranging from B.C. 305 to A.D. 1088.
The Welsh triads might also be referred to. Their
peculiarity of style, and enigmatical construction, suggest
that they may, for the most part, be included in the fist
of doubtful authorities.
C-ildas and Nennius, however, are the most conspicuous
of annalists whose narratives have been relied on. for
authentic details, for the period succeeding the abandon-
1 Edward I. to impres3 a refractory archbishop with his legal authority,

FROM THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE ROMANS TO ETHELEEET. 55
ment of Britain by the Romans to the dissolution of the
Heptarchy. The late Mr. Tliomas Wright, one of our most eminent
antiquaries, has expressed his doubts of the veracity, nay,
even of the personal existence of these writers, in accoixl-
ance with the dates at which they were said to have lived.*
Mr. Wright has stated that it is not easy to conceive a
greater number of chronological inconsistencies in a much
larger compass than we find crowded together within the
life of one man.f
Nennius is described by Leland as a bishop of Bangor,
born about the commencement of the 7th century, and
who escaped the massacre of the monks; but here
Mr. Wright demurs, and thinks the book ascribed to
Nennius contains dates and allusions which belonged to
a much later period. No MSS. exist of either Gildas or
Nennius that conform with the dates of the periods when
the writers are said to have lived. Nevertheless, we find
a confirmation of many of the events of Anglo-Saxon
history to which they allude in a learned and valuable
paper by Mr. H. C. Coote, which appeared in the " Archaeo-
Iogia," vol. 44, pt. 2, p. 363. This is produced altogether
from an independent authority. Gildas, Nennius, and
Beda, have hitherto been considered the only original
sources of that portion of history which recites the advent
of the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa, in " three long
ships," at the solicitation of the British Vortigern.
Mr. Coote has discovered an Italian historian writing
nearly as early as Beda, who confirms in leading parti
culars the account of the landing of the Saxons as com
monly received, and the subsequent subjugation of this
island by them. In the 14th book of the "Historia
Miseella," edited by Muratori, we read of the landing of
the Saxons by invitation, and their subsequent domination
over England. Hengist, the supposed Saxon leader,
however, is ignored, and Vortigern,. called in the- Saxon
chronicle Wyrtgeorn, is named as the Saxon leader.
Vortigern -reads Gortigern, that is, in Cymric, "Great
Lord;" and Nennius calls Vortigern, Guorthigern, and
'*Bede, however, refers to them, and Lappenburg, although acknowledg
ing some i-nconAsteneicH in dates, does not consider them so unreliable.
tBiographia Brittanica Liieraria, vol. 1, p. 123.

yjj CANTERBURY IN TUE OLDEN TIME.
Gildas, who alludes to him as the British, nob the Saxon,
leader, described him as a tyrant who invites over the
ferocious Saxons. Nennius, however, names Hengist and
Horsa as the leaders of the auxiliary Saxons. Mr. Coote
accounts for this narrative appearing in the pages of a
Roman historian from the well-authenticated fact that,
just previous to the time of this writer, the English (A.D.
700) of all classes, noble and ignoble, flocked to Rome
whenever opportunity occurred, or an excuse permitted
them. From them it is obvious enough that an inquiring
historian might obtain the history and traditions of the
country they had temporarily quitted. Far back, through
the mists of legend, in Friesland and the lands thereto
adjacent, existed a mythic hero called " Hengist, the
Angle, who had built the Burgh of Leyden, and stormed
the castle of Fin, a hero shadowy as himself. For these
reasons, when the Saxons became thoroughly settled in
England, the true old hero, Wyrthgeorn, or Guortigern,
was deposed, and the epic hero Hengist reigned in his
place. I cannot conclude this section without alluding to a
ponderous folio, written by Aylett Sanimes, and pub
lished A.D. 1756, entitled "Brittania," or Antiquities of
Britain. Sammes rehearses most of the histories of the
writers I have mentioned, and for those desirous of
studying the legends of this country from its earliest
inhabitants — the giants down to the Norman conquest —
Sammes is the author to refer to. He has shown great
research and extensive erudition. He does not believe
all, perhaps not half what he quotes, but certainly he does
not closely discriminate fact from fiction. Jeffery of
Monmouth, and Henry of Huntingdon, are amongst his
authorities. He delights in quoting an author, then
contradicting him flatly. Thus, in giving a sentence
from Jeffery, Sammes observes, "That it was a most
impudent He, a great one, a heavy one, and a broad thick
one."

jaxott Eanttxhiix$.

The Jutes established in Kent, thoroughly dominating
the country, and carrying their conquests to the south of
England, and reinforced by kindred tribes from the north
and the north-east of Europe, finally having subjected
the whole country up to the borders of Wales, an inquiry
arises, Where did they establish their chief settlement in
Kent P We might say at Canterbury, the old Duro
vernum. Yet, at first, it could hardly be so. The Roman
city is no longer mentioned, and, except by Latin autho
rities, its very name dies out ; nay rather, if we are to
credit Nennius, its old British or Belgic name revives,
and we hear of "Gaer Ceint." Then, after a time, how
ever, appears " Cantawarabyrig," the town or city of
the men of Kent. In the meantime, previous to this, and
following closely upon the first settlement of the Saxons,
Canterbury, the Roman Durovernum, had been ruthlessly
destroyed by the barbarians — pirates, Danes, or North
men. Mr. Faussett has suggested that the Saxon con
querors probably settled at first in one or all of the great
nautical ports of the county — Richborough, Lympne, or
Reculver, the latter place once a favourite residence of
some of the Saxon kings, Ercombert for instance. If
we are to take as data of population and occupation
the fact of the existence of extensive Anglo-Saxon ceme
teries, we might reasonably conclude that before the con
version of the Saxons to Christianity, they were grouped
in the largest masses in or near such places as Ash,
Ozengell, Sarre in Thanet, and Faversham, famous for
its rich and extensive cemetery, and the wilder districts
of the county, such as Barham and its neighbourhood,
Steventon, and Stowting. Faversham, although strangely
enough so little is told of its Saxon settlers, was un
doubtedly an important station. At Canterbury, no
Anglo-Saxon cemetery of Pagan times has been dis
covered, and this is a strong proof, if it were the only
one, that it did not form an important dwelling-place for

58 CANTERBURY IN" THE OLDEN TIME.
the first Saxon settlers. Chartham Downs to the south
west, Patrixbourne to the south-east of our city, are
the nearest localities wherein have been discovered the
burial places of the Anglo-Saxons. A distance of two
miles and of three miles, seems indeed to confute any
idea that these cemeteries could be attached to Saxon
Canterbury. Not even an isolated grave, as far as we
have been able to ascertain, has been found at or near
Canterbury which may be considered of Jutish or Saxon
character. Perhaps, on some of the slopes around our
city, the long-looked-for graveyards are yet to be dis
covered, and if so, we must revise our theory, and perhaps
some of our conclusions.
The great Roman roadway running just outside, if
not throuo-h Oanterburv, obtained its denomination of
Watling Street; and under Ethelbert, the King of Kent,
towards the close of the Oth century, Canterbury pos
sessed a royal palace, a Christian church or chapel, and
the remains of Roman temples. The old defences of the
city had in some degree been restored, and the earth
mounds or walls, the word "vallum" applying to both, had
been repaired and extended.
Many a well-accustomed, name now acquired signifi
cance. Burgate, the city gate, was probably the chief gate
of approach to the city ; and Queeningate, through which
Bertha is said to have passed to her devotions in her
chapel beyond the walls, obtained its appropriate denomi
nation. The numerous relics, such as Roman fibulae and gold
coins found at or near St. Martin's church and grounds,
indicate a spot significant and important in the history of
Canterbury. Other characteristic names and localities might be
mentioned if we were to adopt the authorities of certain
charters,* which mention " D rating Street," supposed
to be Ruttington Lane. But as these charters are
chronologically false, we should mislead our readers by
associating them with a descriptions of places which
might have had no existence at the dates they profess
to refer to. ¦
90* "JF"3 m01lk3 of Saint Austin were great adepts in forgery," Arch,

SAXON CANTERBURY. 59
To_ give anything like a map or plan of Canterbury
at this early period of the Saxon domination would be
manifestly absurd. First, because we are unable to
make out with certainty the limits of the old Roman
town; and secondly, because Ave are ignorant, saving
with a few exceptions, what the Saxons added to this
settlement, or found it necessary to curtail.
We do not even know their method of defence, or
whether they appropriated any portion of the Roman
walls, if any were left standing.
It was not until some centuries later, A.D. 1011, that
walls are mentioned, when, Roger Hovenden informs us,
that the besieging Danes hurled the citizens from them.
Ethelbert's cliarter indeed speaks of the " East Wall of
the city," but this document is unreliable as an authority.*
The earliest buildings which can be authenticated are
the church or temple at St. Martin's, St. Pancras, and
the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul, afterwards
St. Augustine, and the Cathedral.
As the population increased, the times became more
settled. It was two or three centuries, however, be
fore the latter condition could be affirmed. Numerous
churches arose, chantries, ecclesiastical buildings, hos
pitals, leper houses, and royal and other mints.
Walls were probably in existence in the time of the
Conqueror, yet to substantiate this fact Ave have only
the terms " circuitus " and "fossatum," which are more
applicable to earth mounds and their defences, than to
masonry of brick and stone. Houses are recorded in
the survey "as lying waste in the ditch of the city,"f
but this would rather apply to dwellings thrown clown
from the slopes of earthworks, upon which they had
been temporarily or intrusively erected than to houses
built on walls. Even in the time of King John, wood
to make hurdles or wattles (cleias), keys or spikes, were
enjoined to be provided for the defences of the city by
Hubert cle Burgh, the king's justiciary — stockades, in
fact, which would prove the defences Avere not walls of
stone or brick.
Lambarde speaks of gates and walls as having been

t "Burgenses

* See Spelman and Sir Henry Ellis.
ses vastrtti in lbssato civitatis." (Domesday Booh.)-

GQ CANTERBURY IX THE OLDEN TIME.
repaired in the time 'of Lanfranc, and afterwards, Simon
of Sudbury is said to have raised the Avail (of flint and
concrete) and the west gate on the west side of the city.
Lambarde adds, the city Avas not wholly Availed at this
period; and in the reign of Richard IL, Simon Burley,
Avarclen of the Cinque Ports, advises that the societies of
St. Augustine and of Christ Church, for want of walls,
be removed for security to Dover Castle. NeA^ertheless,
Eleanor, mother of Richard I., in the time of her son's
captivity, gave orders for fortifying the city, and directs
letters to that effect to the clergy and the citizens.
The institutions of our early governments— Saxon,
Danish, and Norman— exhibit more or less the spirit
impressed upon them by Roman influence and by Roman
conquest. The imperial ensigns had passed away, but
the feudal tenures of Gaul and Britain, the knights'
seiwices, the knightly order itself, the pennon, and the
oriflamme, reflect the spirit and influence of that great
power Avhich, once dominating over half the then known
world, inspired the thoughts and lighted up the imagina
tions of the rudest peoples.
In the commercial world also the same imposing-
influence prevailed, for guilds and municipal institu
tions owe their existence to Roman example.
According to Lappenberg,* landed property in England
under the Anglo-Saxons was distributed into bocland
and folcland. The first described estates by inheritance;
the second was the property of the public, not hereditary,
and probably parcelled out to individuals in the Folke-
gemot or court of the district. — p. 404.
King Ethelwulph, father of Alfred, according to Sharon
Turner, appears to have made the first provision for the
poor (Poor Law). He ordered throughout all his lands
that in every ten manors one poor person should be
maintained in food and clothing as long as the county
contained men and cattle.*
The houses of the people of Kent at this time were
built of wood, and thatched with reeds or straw. The
house of the Thane had a large apartment, the scene of
entertainment by day, the resting place of the servants
and followers by night. In the centre of this room was
*Note 42tf, vol. 1.

SAXON CANTERBURY. 01
a rude and spacious fire-place, Avith a hole in the roof to
let out the smoke. Smaller apartments received the
master and his family.
In the reign of King Edward, there Avere some good
buildings and ecclesiastical structures in stone or brick.
Westminster Abbey now arose from out of the marshes
by the Thames. The houses of the common people
Avere rude and simple enough'. The chimney stood in
the middle of the chief room, if there were more than
one, and the floors were strewn with rushes, if these
were anything better than the bare ground.
There is very little doubt but that even from a remote
period Canterbury was under municipal institutions.*
Such was the practice of Roman governments ; and as
the Curiales, or Senators, presided in the towns of Gaul
and Germany long after the Roman power was broken
and her legions were swept away, so the Duumviri, or
Roman magistrates of cities in Britain, Avere afterwards
represented in the two Bailiffs, and the Prefects, who
continued to act even under that name, or as Reves, in
the Anglo-Saxon communities.
Day after clay Ave find fresh proofs how complete at
one time AA'as the Roman occupation of England; and
how deeply the genius of this people had stamped itself
upon the manners, and into the very heart and feelings
of the inhabitants of this country. The subjected British
Kings became Roman tributaries ; and the existence of
Roman villas, scattered far and wide over the land,
and found even in unprotected localities, prove that
possession was accompanied for a lengthened period by
comparative security. As in many cases the Saxons
succeeded peaceably to the possessions of the Romans,
many of the Roman towns, stations, and buildings Avere
for some time preserved. Such indeed were their roads
and bridges, some of which remain to the present clay.
The arts and industry of this people were not unsuccess
fully imitated by their successors, so much so, that in
pottery, glass, personal ornaments, and even weapons,
the antiquary is often at a loss to decide to which nation
to assign them. Wars and the irruption of savage
hordes destroyed, after a time, the Roman towns and
*See "Celt, Roman, and Saxon," p. 437.

Q2 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
edifices, as in the instances of TTriconium, Richborough,
and other places.
The comitiae or public assemblies at Rome consisted
of tAvo sorts — one, denominated the conscio, where the
people assembled, were addressed upon some particular
question, but Avere not required to vote, and the comi
tiae, whereat measures were submitted to them for
their approval or rejection. We are, however, uncertain
whether the Roman magistrates ever held meetings of
this description in England.* The Duumviri of the
Romau period were afterwards represented by the two
Bailiff's of early English times.
Canterbury was for a time the metropolis of the kings
of Kent, and of the Jutes, the most enlightened of the
Anglo-Saxon settlers in this country. Afterwards it was
presided over by a Prefect, or by an officer called a
Portreve (Portgerefa). Thus 'in a charter of Christ
Church, dated A.D. 780, we find Adhunc mentioned as
Prefect; and A.D. 956, the name of Hlothewig, Por
treve, appears in a deed of sale in Canterbury. In the
time of Ethelred, the " Propositus Regis " is said to
have been taken prisoner by the Danes. Domesday
Book, compiled, according to Sir Henry Ellis, about
A.D. 1086, mentions Brumannus as Prefect of the city
in the time of King Edward. This Governor Avrong-
fully, as it was found, took customs of foreign merchants,!
in the lands of the Holy Trinity, and in those of Saint
Augustine. It is also manifest from the " Survey," that
as the Burgesses held of the King thirty-three acres
"in gildam suam," there existed a sort of mercantile
fraternity, and this rude union for civic or commercial
purposes was, doubtless, a step towards a municipal
government, or rather an attempt at the revival of one
of its Roman institutions. This fraternity held also
forty-five mansions without the city, of which they had
rent and custom ; the King had the " sac and soe,'"' that
is — the administration of criminal justice. This was in
the time of Edward the Confessor; but, at the period
of the " Survey," Ranulf de Columbeis Avas in possession^
* Eamsay, p. 104,
t " Estraneia mercatoribus "—foreign merchants, traders, not of the city,
or that part of the country, vendors of goods, not unlike modern pedlars.

SAXON CANTERBURY. ('¦>?,
of these houses and lands. The civil and criminal juris
diction, as well as the territorial possession of the' city,
Avas divided between the King, the Archbishop, and the
Abbot of Saint Augustine.
The King possessed Burgesses paying rent, and two
hundred and tAvelve others, over whom he had only the
" sac and soe." Houses, Ave are told, at this period laid
destroyed in the ditch— probably from hostile assault.
There Avere three mills belonging to the King, yielding
a hundred and eight shillings, and toll Avorth sixty!
eight— a somewhat valuable property for that period.
Lands there were belonging to the King's Lieutenant
(Legator Regis) ; and of unproductive woods, 1000 acres.
In the whole, in the time of King Edward, the city was
worth fifty-one pounds; and when ITaimo the Sheriff,
William's officer, received it, it produced fifty pounds.
At the time of the Survey it was worth thirty pounds,
refined and weighed, and twenty-four pounds" by com
putation. Over and above all these, the Sheriff had one
hundred and ten shillino-s. O
Ranulf de Columbeis, or Columber, appears sub
sequently to have dispossessed the Burgesses of the
lands held for their guild, and committed other acts of
spoliation ; in warrant for all which he appealed to the
Bishop of Baieux, the Conqueror's brother. Doubtless
the above Ranulf was some Norman favourite — (a
Columber fought at Hastings) — who claimed the posses
sions of certain citizens of Canterbury as his share of
the spoil over the Saxon population, and gave the
authority of the Conqueror's brother to sanction his
usurpation. Ranulf de Curbespine, probably another
adventurer, had become possessed of four mansions,
which a certain favourite of King Harold had held. The
same Ranulf held also other possessions, once belonging
to Esbernbiga.
Odo, as Earl of Kent, seems at one time to have
exercised a princely authority. " Earls were his retainers,
and Bishops his dependants." Inheriting the possessions
held by Godwin and others in the time of Edward the
Confessor, he exercised the authority and abused the
prerogatives his predecessors possessed.
The Survey then relates, that through the whole city

OS, CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
King Edward had the "sac and soe," except on the lands
of the Holy Trinity, and of Saint Augustine, and of
Ediva the Queen, Alnocl the Childe, or Prince, Esbern-
biga, and Syred cle Sillehara. This Syred of Chiiham is
supposed by Mr. Henschell to have been the celebrated
Earl of Northumberland, Sewart the Bold.
At this period there were in Canterbury three con
stituted authorities at least : — The Sovereign (represented
by his Prefect), the Archbishop, and the Abbot, holding
not perhaps conflicting, but separate jurisdictions — each
having- oA^er certain districts the "sac and soe," with other
privileges incidental to the administration of justice in
feudal times ; so that in the city — consisting at that
time of the Castle, the Church of the Holy Trinity, the
great Augustine Monastery, and a few other ecclesiastical
establishments, among which we might note a church to
Saint Martin; several small water mills, being little more
than wooden sheds with water AAdieels ; a cross or two
to indicate that markets were held there for the sale of
rushes, corn, fruit, or merchandise; and perhaps four or
five hundred houses of the rudest construction — there
Avere three separate Courts of Justice, and Mints, Avhere
the King, the Archbishop, and the Abbot coined money.
All these were comprised within a comparatively small
circuit. Thus, a criminal crossing a street, or stepping
over some invisible boundary, might escape from the
jurisdiction of the power where he had committed his
offence, and, taking advantage of the jealousy of privilege
incidental in such a state of things, evade justice al
together. On the other hand, where conviction followed,
punishment Avas severe and summary— branding, muti
lation, or else imprisonment in foul and loathsome
dungeons, for the most trivial offences ; death, likewise,
by pit or gibbet, criminals being hanged or drowned at
Canterbury, or buried alive in sand at Sandwich, and
hurled over a cliff at Dover, formerly called " Sharp
Ness," for offences Avhich would be now commuted for
a trifling fine, or a few months' imprisonment. Under
the old Saxon laws, however, money could almost always
purchase immunity ; there being scarcely an offence
which could not be expiated by a fine.
Mr. Henschell, in his work on South Britain, taking

SAXON CANTERBURY. 65
into calculation the Domesday Returns for Chartham,
Sturry, Long-port, and Saint Martin, finds attached to
each certain mansions in the City of Canterbury; and
fi-om this concludes that in the time of King Edward,
the city contained five hundred and thirty-one Burgesses.
The knights of the Archbishop, Abbots, and privileged
nobles, with their attendants, and the ecclesiastics,
added to the amount of the inhabitants.
The Monks of the Holy Trinity and of Saint Augustine
had each a market frequented by merchants. Many of
these merchants were of the condition of hucksters,
bearing a pack* wherein they stored their goods. To
these might be added a host of serfs and dependents.
The clients or serfs also of Queen Ediva, Alnod, Syred
of Chiiham, and Esbernbiga, most numerous in those
days, when the great distinction of the aristocracy con
sisted in outward state and circumstance, increased the
number of the inhabitants. At this period, the eccle
siastical orders were the great conservators of indtistry
and trade, and in some degree the protectors of the civil
rights of the community.
The houses of " Old Canterbury," in the Anglo-Saxon ,
and early Norman times, were probably nothing more
than dwelling places built of avoocL and thatched Avith
reeds. The house of the Thane, or man of superior caste,
consisted of one large apartment Avhich Avas the hall
of hospitality in the day aud the resting place of the
servants at night ; while a smaller apartment, with
. scarcely better accommodation, received the master.
The palaces of the Saxon kings were said to have
consisted of series of separate buildings, little better than
sheds, ornamented perhaps with a few gilded pinnacles.
The ecclesiastical buildings were scarcely superior.
Edgar, in his Charter to the Abbey of Malmesbury,
A.D. 974, recites "that Monastries in his realm were
nothing but worm-eaten and rotten boards ; " yet Bede
gives a far more favourable account of the cities, castles,
and churches of England in earlier times, when exten
sive remains of the genius, industry, and power of the
Romans survived, which, if they availed not to influence
the taste of their successors, supplied them with ample
* " Mercator trnsellnm deferens." Domesday, Chester, p. 263. a. 1.

6G CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
materials for the erection of more substantial and en
during buildings. In the reign of Edward the Confessor,
church architecture was much improved, and West
minster Abbey was rebuilt of stone on the site of the
more ancient edifice.
Lanfranc, the first Norman Archbishop, appears to
have obtained the city of the King, in a spiritual sense,
"in beneficium," while the King's Prefect presided over
its civil interest. Anselm, Lanfranc' s successor, held it
in a more absolute manner, it being bestowed upon him
by William Rufus, " in allodio," for the Church at
Canterbury, and for the benefit of his soul, when in a
penitential mood under grievous bodily sickness. About
this time, Calveal, the Portreve, is mentioned as being
a Avitness with the Archbishop to a deed, wherein the
knights, or chief men of the guild of merchants, join in-
an exchange of certain houses in Canterbury with the
Monks of Christ Church.
The clergy in Canterbury had a species of corporation
or guild of their OAvn,* a chapter, in fact, Avith larger
powers. The ecclesiastics seemed also the greatest
owners of ships; they were the great encouragers of
trade and promoters of industry. On the other hand,
' the nobles and tenants in capite were too often guilty of
oppression toAvards all but their military retainers.!
"Laws, indeed, were but little defined, or understood
anywhere." Oral traditions and established opinions,
or rather the wills and passions of the great proprietors
of the soil, chiefly prevailed.
The civic government of Canterbury, about A.D. 1215,
was represented by two Bailiffs. At first they Avere non- •
elective, and were appointed by the Sovereign, until the
reign of Henry III. The charter granted by Henry II
is the earliest document of that description existing in
the city archives. This charter, however, in many
instances, seems rather to have confirmed privileges
existing in the reign of previous monarchs, than to have
primarily bestowed them. It grants to the citizens that
none of them shall be called upon to plead without the
walls of the city, of any plea, except pleas of outward
*"01erici in gildam suam." Domesday Book. Gild, guild, from the
baxon word "gildan," to pay
tHen3hall, p. 10—12.

SAXON" AWTEUBUUY. 07
tenure, excepting the King's moneyers and servants. It
gives to the citizens quittance of murder in the city and
in the portsoke, " that they should have the privilege of
justice administered to them, Avhether civil or criminal,
Avithin the city Avails." The charter further directs,
" that none of them shall wage battel," and " that they
shall be quit of lastage aud toll throughout all England,
and through all the ports of the sea." The King-
alludes in this charter to his " Sheriff of Canterbury" —
this being the first official mention of such an officer.
The Sheriff alluded to in the " Survey," was doubtless
the Sheriff of the county. A.D. 1234, the Bailiffs became
elective. Henry III. not only confirms all previous franchises
and liberties, but directs the city to be held of him iu
" fee farm," by the payment of sixty pounds per annum
— the gates, walls, ditch, and all messuages, lands, rents,
tolls, markets, and tenements whatsoever, in which
the King had any rights, being thenceforth absolutely
vested in the citizens. He also conferred upon them
the power of choosing their Bailiffs among themselves. ^
By a return to a "Quo Warranto," 21st Edward I., it
appears the citizens claimed to have the return of writs,
assize of bread and ale, pillory, tumbrill, and gallows —
the right of "hanging," as the latter term indicates,
being esteemed in those days a privilege more valuable
than the possession of the elective franchise. The
jurors on this occasion, although the privilege of holding
a fair, right of waif, and having a gallows do not appear
to be specified in the above, or in any previous charter,
made a return to the effect that such fiber ties Avere
annexed to the city at the time the aforesaid charter was
granted. From this period Canterbury rose to the dignity
of a first-class municipal community. Her magistrates
exercised the power of determining causes, civil and
criminal; and, subject only to the fee farm rent, the
city became absolutely vested in the citizens and their
governing authorities.
J Subsequent charters could add but little to these pri
vileges, although they varied the style, title, and numbers
of the municipal body.

68 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Henry VI., by charter, A.D. 1448, grants to the -citi
zens the privilege of electing a Mayor instead of two
Bailiffs, as heretofore, "to govern the city and the
King's Courts as the Bailiffs do, to assess tallages* upon
the goods of all men of the city and suburbs for the
profits and necessities of the said city," with some few
privileges in addition, such as the appointment of ser
geants at Mace, these being the executive officers of the
Mayor and Sheriff.
A.D. 1498, Henry VII. increases, by charter, the
number of Aldermen to twelve, the cofferers four, after
wards reduced to one, Avere the predecessors of the officer
called the Chamberlain.
Edward IV., by charter, grants and confirms all the
privileges conceded by his predecessors, Henry IV. and
Henry V., although he styles them Kings " de facto,"
and not " cle jure." He remits also to the citizens part
of the fee farm, or annual rent due to the Crown, namely
£16 13s. 4cl., and constitutes Canterbury, with the ex
ception of Stablegate and the Castle, to be a county of
itself. He constitutes the Bailiff nominated by the Mayor
to be Sheriff of the County of Canterbury.
Subsequent Sovereigns confirm the same, and
Henry VII. exonerates the city from the remainder of
the fee farm rent, subject, however, to a payment to
the Hospital at HarbledoAvn, and that the Mayor sup
port the Town Clerk, Sergeants at Mace, and Keeper
of the Prisons in meat and drink. He increases the
number of Aldermen from six to twelve, and reduces
the Common Councilmen from thirty-six to twenty-four.
In this charter the names of the respective officers such
as " Town Clerk," " Chamberlain," and " Common
Pleader," occur.
The privilege of electing a Mayor seems to have been
someAvhat tardily conceded to a city so important as
Canterbury, which although even at that period surpassed
by many civic communities in trade and in commercial
enterprise, was inferior to few in historic associations,
and superior to all in ecclesiastical dignity. The
Mayoralty in London dates from A.D. 1188, if not
* Tallages— taxes by customs' levied bv the Norman Kings on the towns,
in gross, or individually, by the Judges itinerant, without sanction of
1 ar I lament. — Hal lam.

SAXON CANTERBURY. 69
earlier— Henry Fitz Aylwin being the first civic gover
nor on record who bore that title in England. Win
chester dates its Mayoralty from the reign of Henry II. ;
yet although the charter of Henry VI., A.D. 1448, seems
to be the first declared authority for bestoAving the title
of Mayor upon the chief civic authority, Ave find, precepts
among Parliamentary and other Avrits issued from the
Crown addressed to the " Mayors of Canterbury " nearly
two centuries previous. Thus, A.D. 1273, 2nd Edward I.,
the writ is directed to " the Mayor and Citizens of Can
terbury," for a Parliament at Shrewsbury. In A.D. 1319,
a writ " de expensis " is directed to the Mayor and
Bailiffs." The same, A.D. 1320.
From the above, Ave must conclude that the writs were
issued without due attention to the style and form,
rather than that the chief authority in Canterbury, pre
vious to the date of Henry's charter, bore the title of
" Mayor" in the public records of the kingdom.
To the uncertainty and conflicting claims of juris
diction in the towns, we might add the general uncer
tainty of the laAVS in England. Under the kings of the
Heptarchy, various differences prevailed, and when the
whole kingdom was united under one Sovereign, the
anomalies did not cease. In the east and in the north,
Danish laws prevailed; in the Midland counties the
Mercian laws existed ; in the western and southern
districts, the Saxon laws. The arbitrary will of the Con
queror outrode all obligations, except Adhere the still
more oppressive and harassing jurisdiction of the nobles
and tenants in capite in remote districts, and beyond his
immediate control, reigned paramount.

Norntan ©attterfmrg.

Great oppression prevailed in England under the
earlier years of the Norman dynasty. Hallam informs
us the Conqueror was more arbitrary than his sons.
Under plea of taking precautions against invasion from
Denmark, he had laid waste the Avhole country from the
Tyne to the Humber. " The feudal law in -England now
prevailed with far more oppressive force than it ever did
on the Continent. Men Avere fined for the king's good
will, or that he might remit his anger, or to have his
mediation in divers matters. Fines were even exacted
that men might simply have justice done them — .that
they might sue in a certain court, that they might corn-
plead a certain person. For the king's favour or help
against an adverse suitor, Dangeld was levied even after
the conquest, and where the king spared, the feudal lord
stepped in to complete the spoliation of the serf, or
minor tenant. Even at a later period fines were levied,
as Hallam informs us, eA'en in sport. Thus, the Bishop
of Winchester was fined a tun of good wine for not
reminding King John to give a girdle to the Countess of
Albemarle ; and Robert de Vaux had to contribute five
of his best palfreys to bribe the same monarch to hold
his peace about Henry Pinel's wife."
Judicial justice was often sold, and tallage was levied
by the itinerant judges at their pleasure, without the
sanction of law, upon towns and individuals.
Darkly has Matthew Paris drawn the picture of the
great barons of the times of the Norman Kings — the
Front De Beufs, of romance, the Falco cle Brents of
history, little better than robbers and oppressors', with
more of ruthlessness and daring. Their retainers were
as bad. The barons, to use the words of the old chroni
cler, " filled their castles Avith devils." And yet another
picture has been drawn, and eloquently too, and doubt
less with some colouring of truth, by a Avriter in the
Quarterly Review, No. 205, a portion of which we
cannot refrain from quoting, with abridgment.

NORMAN CANTERBURY. 7l_
" Magnificent was the position of the baron of
England in the 12th & 13th centuries. Great lords
crowded to his palace, retainers SAvarmed in the town.
The mornings were spent in huntings and tournaments,
his afternoons in free carousals and revelry. Banners
everywhere met the eye, glittering with the chequered
gold and azure of the Warrenes, or the three red
chevrons of the Clares. At such meetings in Winchester,
or in Westminster or Canterbury, or other antique
places, foreign wars and home grievances were dis
cussed, and the wardships of rich damsels were beg°-ed
of the king. At home in his county, amongst his
knights and retainers, our baron was a still greater
personage. He held periodically his ' curia baronis' to
try causes, Avherein he exercised, if of the higher class,
his privilege of ' sacha and socha,5 ' thol and theme,' and
'infangethef He had a petty regal state of his oavu,
with his ' dapifer ' or ' seneschal,' his chamberlain and.
other officers."
And yet in some minds, on some occasions, a change
came over all this dream of state. Powerful lords stripped
themselves of their coats of mail, and retired to religious
houses or died monks. You wandered out from a hall
where minstrels were singing to lords and ladies, and you
were startled in a wood by the tinkling of a leper's bell.
In the same social state, a De Bohun rode out at the
head of his followers to steal cattle, whilst a De Braouse
would salute any children he met, " to the end that he
might in return have the benediction of the Innocents."
One lord arrives from the Crusades with the neighbouring o o
convert, singing, " Benedictus ille qui yenit in nomine
Domini," Avhilst another invades the lands of the Bishop
of Durham, at the head of a troop of rascals, kills his
game, breaks open his cellars, and permits his followers
to get drunk with his wine.
Henry III. called Hugh Bigod a traitor; Hugh told
him "he lied," adding, "If you do nothing more than
what the law warranteth, you can do me no harm."
" Yes," said the king, " I can send men to thresh your
corn, and humble you." " If you do," said the baron,
" I Avill send you the heads of your threshers." "
Horse racing— the horses ridden by lads, reviews for

72 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIM 10.
military exercises, sham fights, nay, even agricultural
sIioavs, at which implements of husbandry, and beasts
remarkable for size and fatness, were exhibited in London
in the time of King Stephen; boar fights, bull fights,
and cock fights prevailed; and doubtless Canterbury, in
some degree, emulated the metropolis.*
* For a description of London in the 12th century, I refer my readers to
Dr. Hook's " Lives of the Archbishops," vol. 2. p. 607,to the " Liber Albns,"
and the " Chronicle of Fitz Stephen."

ffionstttuttmtal atttr ^tfter Ikibtleps^
©tbtl lUfcertg of tlje CKontimttriig.

The cities and towns of England, especially those en
dowed with municipal privileges, nourished a love of
independence and an attachment to liberty, which fostered
the growth of constitutional rights.
The " Free Man " (Homo Liber), who in Domesday
Book, amongst the Villani, Servi, and Bordarii, forms so
small a portion of the population of the realm, was not
more extensively represented in Kent during the reigns
of the first Norman Kings. With the exception of the
ecclesiastics, Ave might find two classes only: — the Earl,
Thane, Vavasour, and other tenants, with their sub
tenants, who were in some cases a species of landlords ;
and another class embracing all the rest of the people,
who were either absolutely prasdial slaves or cotters living
on waste lands, or renting small pieces of ground, for
which they performed offices both menial and servile to
the lords of the soil, if any might be called lords of the
soil where the King, theoretically at least, claimed all
the land.
An exception has indeed been pleaded for Kent ; and it
would be most gratifying were it but true, " that while
the great body of the English people Avere reduced to a
state of slavery by our Norman conquerors, the Kentish
man enjoyed the full blessings of liberty." In proof of
this has been adduced the " Custumal of Kent," an
ancient document, which proclaims that " All the bodies
of Kentish men- be free, as well as the other free bodies
of England." We think this proves nothing more than
that Kent was no exception to the ride, that there were
"free men" among the various classes of which the
community was composed. Mr. Robinson, however, says
" the Kentish men had a well-founded claim of exemption
from villenage," and refers to a case,* wherein a de-
* 30th Edward I., Fitzk. Villenage, p. 46.

71 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
fcndant pleading she was free solely because her father
Avas born in Kent, the court without further inquiry gave
judgment in her favour, " for there Avere no villeins in
Kent." The Survey of Domesday, however, makes a
very different statement. In that record, the whole popu
lation of Kent is returned as 12,205 ; of this, the class
Villani compose 6, -597 persons, the Servi 1,148, and the
Bordarii 3,118 ; a total of 10,863 persons in a servile
condition (for the bordarii were but one degree only more
independent than the villani), out of a population of
12.205. This statement eATen exceeds the aggregate pro
portions of the whole of the counties surveyed in the
Record, in which the villani do not much average above
one-third ; whereas in Kent we find they exceed one-half
of the population. One of two conclusions only remains
to be adopted, either that in respect to Kent, at least,
the Survey was erroneously composed; or that shortly
after its compilation the Kentish men were emancipated
from the feudal restrictions. Of this we certainly have
no account; on the contrary we find that feudal tenures
were, generally adopted throughout England from the
time of the first Great Council, A.D. 1086, * about the
date of the Domesday Record.
Thus, in spite of Magna Charta, subsequently granted,
which after all gave protection and privileges to one class,
and that one comparatively a small class only, feudal
tenures remained the law of the land, nominally at least,
down to a recent period. Many of their conditions had
doubtless fallen into abeyance, and had ceased to be en
forced; yet Knights' Service, Escuage, Tenures by homage,
Wardships, Liveries, Primer Seisins, Ouster Liveries,
Values and Forfeitures of Marriage, as well as Aids upon
the knighting of the King-'s son, or the marriage of his
daughter, are all enumerated as part of the law of
England in that Act of Charles II. by which they are
recited in order to be repealed,!
" Trial by Battel" remained on the Statute Book until
recent times. It was formally repealed in 1819, having
by a criminal indicted; for murder been successfully
claimed to his aid.
* Blackstone.
t .Sandys' ' C'onsuetudir.53 Cantins,' see also, Fuissell 'on the Constitution.'

CONSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER PRIVILEGES. 7-j
Canterbury, although the ancient capital of Anglo-
Saxon Kent, did not escape the influence of Norman
customs. The territorial influences of the great laud-
owners more or less invaded the independence even of
chartered communities.
There are many very suspicious entries in the decrees
of the Court of Burghmote; and some of the principal
citizens, nay even the Aldermen themselves, were, at one
time, desirous of entering into the service, or becoming
the retainers, of some "worshipful man," or powerful
ecclesiastic. A Court of Burghmote, held A.D. 1572,
decrees " That if any Alderman or Common Councilman
shall take any livery, or be retained as servant to any
nobleman, or man of worship, then every such Alderman
or Common Councilman shall be discharged from his
office and from this Court."
The assumption of the "livery" of some great man
appears to ha\*e served as a pretext to certain members
of the Corporation to evade the fines Avhich had been
ordered to be levied upon their resignation of office ; for
in the 18th Elizabeth it is recorded, that Alderman Leeds
Avas called before the Court, and asked if he intended " to
depart his office?" To which he replied in the affir
mative, informing the Corporation " that he had taken
My Lord Archbishop's cloathes for that purpose" — a
discreditable wray, truly, of determining an office of such
dignity !
This act, and similar ones, perhaps, called for a special
remedy. Accordingly, the Burghnaote resolved the same
year " that no one Avithout license of the Court shall take
upon himself office as retainer to any nobleman or man of
worship, or wear his livery, on pain of forfeiting tAventy
pounds to the Chamber, unless he minded and do go out
of the city to dwell." The order further enjoins, "that
every one from the time of Avearing his apparel contrary
to this decree, shall be no more of this house ; . . and
not going out of the city, shall be imprisoned until he
hath paid his fine, and if after one month he do not pay,
-he shall be disfranchised and imprisoned, and treated as
a foreigner" — that is, deprived of the civic franchises, if
not placed beyond the pale of the municipal laws them
selves.

76 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
There are various decrees of Burghmote wherein pro
vision is made for the vacating of their offices by members
old and infirm, or when reduced to poverty.
An order in Burghmote, dated 2nd and 3rd of Philip
and Mary, regulates the personal appearance of the
members of the Court. Every Alderman is enjoined
after he be sworn in, " to wear one gOAvn of scarlet colour
furred with black boge,* but when chosen Mayor he shall
Avear such gown as hath been accustomed to be worn by
the Mayor, or forfeit ten pounds." The female sex are
likewise pro Added for. The Mayor is in the same reign
enjoined to provide his wife with a scarlet gown and a
velvet bonnet. We find, A.D. 1580, a similar order is
made by the Corporation of Winchester, the Lady Mayoress
beino- supplied by her husband " with a scarlet gown, to
beAvorn on festival days, and on other times accustomed."
By the 9th of Elizabeth, Aldermen coming into the
Burghmote wearing their hats, are to be fined sixpence.
In the 39th of the same sovereign, the household of the
Mayor is increased at the public expense, a " state cook
being provided for him, and such Aldermen, and the
Sheriff, who have need."
A feAv years later vension feasts are abundant among
the Corporation, and gifts of fat bucks from Lord Maid
stone, Lady Wotton, and others, become frequent. A.D.
1630, Archbishop Laud gives a buck to the city, "ac
cording to the usage of his predecessors," and 20s. is
recorded as paid to his keeper, and 2s. expended "in
baking pasties." A.D. 1634, Lord Winchelsea gives a
buck, and 41. 12s. is expended in eating him. Lady
Wotton, two years afterwards, gives another, and the
baking of him, with wine and " ordinances," costs 31. lis.
These dinners were held according to time-honoured
usages, each Alderman, on his appointment, being called
upon to give a dinner to the Court, or to pay a fine of
3/. 6s. 8d.
Some years later the Corporation kill game on their
own account, being invited by the Earl of Winchelsea to
hunt the buck in EastAvell Park. This must have been
an interesting sight, especially if the Court of Burghmote
rode in costume. * Dyed lamb's wool.

17*7

CONSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER PRIVILEGES. 77
The Lord Mayor and Corporation of London used to
take the same sort of pastime formerly in Epping Forest.
A.D. 1773, Earl Winchelsea gives a buck to be eaten at
the "Rose." A year later, an order of Burghmote is
made that no more money be spent in feasting out of the
city stock.
In the 7th of Elizabeth, the judges are feasted at an
outlay of 201. 19s. And in gifts to the same, a few years
later, 5/. is expended. At a Court of Burghmote, 31st of
Elizabeth, it is agreed " that at the Lord Archbishop of
Canterbury's coming, he shall be provided and gratified
from the Chamber Avith some gift, such as Mr. Mayor and
the Aldermen shall think meet, to the value of 51. and
somewhat upwards, at their discretion." What they gave
is not recorded ; but the next year a tavern bill is pre
sented from Alderman Nicholls, as the expense of enter
taining the Archbishop, so it is most probable they gave
him a dinner. Four years later the Archbishop is again
expected, and the Chamberlain is ordered to provide a
gift of hi., and, " if thought meet, it is to be a hogshead
of Gascoigne wine." A few years afterwards another
hogshead is ordered for his Grace — this to be " of the
best Claret Avine."

Hiizpxzmntatihm in ^avlimntnt
antr Jfvmtlmzs.

"Canterbury appears to have sent representatives to
Parliament from an early period. The number of
Knights and Burgesses who composed the Lower House
was subject to much Awiation, especially preA'ious to
the revolution of 1688. Writs were originally issued to
the Sheriff of a county, directing him to send to Parlia
ment Burgesses for the boroughs within his shire ; and
he frequently issued the precepts according to his own
Ariews or discretion.
A.D. 1306, the Abbot of Saint Augustine, and the
Priors of Christ Church and of Saint Gregory, in Canter
bury, were summoned to Parliament by the Sheriff of
Kent.* The representatives were paid either by stated
salaries, or for their board and lodgings, and for the
charges incurred by them in proceeding to the place
Avhere the Parliament was held. These expenses were
for some centuries considered as a burthen, and certain
toAvns petitioned, and, obtained permission, to be relieved
from making a return. This was one cause of the
anomalous state of the representation preAnous to the
passing of the Reform Act of 1832. Thus, whilst
Winchelsea, Queenborough, Gatton, Old Sarum, Aid-
borough, and other decayed or almost extinct commu
nities, sent members to Parliament^ many large and
important towns had no voices in the House of Repre
sentatives. Most of these places had grown up to
importance during the progress of years, or had become
populous emporiums of trade and commerce by the
stimulus derived from those inventions of science and
those improvements in manufactures and art, which
Avere peculiarly appropriate to their locality, and the
* It was not until 1332 that knights, citizens, and burgesses were per
mitted to form a separate house ; they had hitherto sat with the peers and
great ecclesiastics.

REPRESENTATIVES in parliament. 79
natural and mineral products in which, they abounded.
In some boroughs the exercise of the elective franchise
had fallen into abeyance upon the petitions of the con
stituencies themselves, who were desirous of being
relieved of the burthen of sending representatives to
Parliament. In some instances the right was restored
after a lapse of many years, as in the case of Agmonde-
sham, which was reinstated in Parliamentary privileges
in the reign of James I., after a disfranchisement of more
than two hundred years. Three years before, Wendover
had been restored; its representative on that occasion
being John Hampden. In the reign of Charles II.
several places were reinstated in their political privi
leges; yet even then fifty-one boroughs, Avhich were
formerly represented in Parliament, remained disfran
chised. From the reign of Henry VIIL to that of
Charles I., the Lower House received an addition of one
hundred and fifty-six members.
The exact period at which Canterbury commenced to
be represented in Parliament, we have not been able to
ascertain. A writ summoning Burgesses for the city is
extant in the eleventh of Edward L, A.D. 1283.; Jo
hannes de Pykeryng and Edwardus Lespicer (Edmund
the Grocer) were Burgesses of Canterbury, A.D. 1311.
It is not unlikely but that the Bailiffs of Canterbury
occasionally represented the citizens. Like many other
places, Canterbury then paid the expenses of its mem
bers. Thus, A.D. 1314, Simon de Bertelot (Bailiff,
A.D. 1310), and Bartholomeus cle Hertford, received each,
for their attendance in ParHament, 41. 16s., being at the
rate of 2s. a day. A.D. 1319, these wages were reduced
to 20d. a day, that being the amount received by Willi-
elmus de Cote and Lapineus atte Chaunge. A.D. 1145,
the wages were reduced to 12d. a day. In 1447, in
creased to 16d. ; the same in 1513. In 1503, they were
2s.* In 1513, reduced to 16d. a day.
We have a record of a Parliamentary election at Can-
* In the early ages, ladies of the Ecclesiastical order appear not only to
have sat in the Church Synods, but in Parliament. In' the reigns of
Henry III. and Edward I., the four Abbesses of Shaftesbury, Berkrog,
St. Mary of Winchester, and Wilton, were summoned to Parliament; most
probably they appeared by proxies, as did several peeresses in the Parliament
of the 35th of Edward III. Bede relates that the Abbess Hilda presided in
an Ecclesiastical Synod. — Book 3, chap. 25.

SO CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
terbury at a later period, Avhich prominently sets forth
the small respect a Prime Minister, in the reign of Henry
the Eighth, entertained for constitutional privileges.
Thomas Cromwell, wishing to maintain his own ascen
dancy and to defeat the Anglo-Catholic party, made
strenuous efforts to return a Parliament subservient to
his interests. At Portsmouth, Southampton, Oxford,
and other places, he openly dictated to the electors the
choice of their representatives ; but at Canterbury, the
election having taken place before he sent down his
nominees, he exercised a stretch of power until then
unheard of. The election of the citizens was set aside
by the Crown, and the Mayor of Canterbury (by letter)
addressed the Prime Minister to this effect : —
" In humble wise we certify you, that on the 20th clay of the present
month, at sis o'clock in the morning, I, John Alcock, Mayor of Canter
bury, received your letter directed to me, the said Mayor, Sheriff, and
Commonalty of the said city, signifying to us thereby, the King's plea
sure and commandment, that Robert Sacknell and John Bridges should
be Burgesses of the Parliament of the same city of Canterbury. By
virtue thereof, according to our bounden duty, immediately upon the
sight of your said letter and contents thereof perceived, we caused the
Commonalty of the said city to assemble in the Court Hall, where
appeared the number of fourscore and seventeen persons, citizens and
inhabitants of the said city ; and according to the King's pleasure and
commandment freely and with one voice, and without contradiction,
have elected Robert Sacknell and John Bridges to be Burgesses of the
ParUament of the same city, which shall be duly certified by indenture
under the se;d of the said citizens and inhabitants, by the grace of the
blessed Trinity."
This despotic interference witli the free election of
Burgesses at Canterbury shows to what extent a Minister
of the Crown could strain the prerogative under the
Tudor dynasty.
In Canterbury the elective franchise was considered to
have been always vested in the freemen. The freemen
obtained their privileges either by birth as sons of free
men born in the city, by apprenticeship, by purchase,
or by marriage with a freeman's daughter. No person,
except one tolerated under peculiar circumstances, such
as were the Walloons and French Pretestants, could
exercise any art or trade in Canterbury unless he became
free under one of the above conditions. The amount
required to obtain a freedom by purchase gradually

REPRESENTATIVE* IN PARLIAMENT. 8t
rose from 5*. to 23/,. 14s., stamp and fees included— the
sum paid immediately previous to the passing of the
Reform Bill. These charges were a source of income to
the Corporation, and of emolument to the Chamberlain
and to the Town Clerk, j In the time of Queen Elizabeth
the Mayor had the privilege of making a freeman " when
he will," a power afterwards restricted to the sino-le
exercise of the right.
In the records occur some curious exemptions from
money payments : A.D. 1575, one Thomas Barnes,
surgeon, is alloAved to become " a freeman without pur
chase, provided he cure poor people of their diseases to
the amount of 51."
The payment of money to their Burgesses in Parlia
ment was generally considered by the citizens of Canter
bury as a vexatious charge. At the commencement of
Queen Mary's reign it is ordered, " That 121., before
this time delivered to the Burgesses of this city, shall by
writ be levied of the Commonalty, and no more money
paid out of the City Chamber for such a purpose." An
order made 1st and 2nd Philip and Mary enacts, " That
henceforth no money shall be paid out of the Chamber
for the wages of any Parliament," and strong penalties
are prescribed against all Avho should .attempt to con
travene this decree.
In the 23rd of Elizabeth it is enjoined, " That where
as, certain Burgesses of Parliament have been hitherto
chosen from certain gentlemen not resident within the
city, it is resolved, ' That no Burgess shall be nomi
nated in future but such as are dwellers in the city ; " — ¦
an order somewhat difficult to be enforced, for the
resolution goes on to affirm, " That the election cloe3 not
rest with the Mayor and Aldermen, but in the most
voices of the Commons." The order of the 1st of Philip
and Mary seems likeAvise to have been of no avail, for
in the 28th Elizabeth, we find it recorded that the City
pays Mr. Simon Brome, one of their Burgesses, " ten
pounds, in respect of his charges last past," but with a
reservation " That no cess be made upon the inhabitants,
until hereafter the charge for Burgesses for the Avhole
time of this Parliament be knoAvn."
One hundred years later an account of an election
G

82 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
fcastino- occurs, and a collation is bestoAved upon the
Burgesses of the city on the morrow after their election.
TheVnges had now ceased to be paid, but the citizens
feasted "their representatives. This, however, occurred
A.D. 1660, when all England was given up to revelry at
the restoration of the regal poAver in this realm. May,
1661, a collation is provided which costs 10Z. 0s. 7d., the
secretary of the Archbishop having been elected to
represent the city. The difficulty respecting the con
dition that the member of Parliament should be one of
the citizens of this city, appears to have been evaded by
making the candidate purchase his freedom before pre
senting himself upon the hustings.
A.D. 1563, a most unconstitutional proceeding occur
red, for on a certain jury having acquitted John Hart
aud others of several felonies, the Privy Council, or the
Corporation, order the jurymen to be disfranchised,
their shop windows shut up, and their persons imprisoned,
for an acquittal contrary to evidence.
As late as A.D. 1609, the indictments and present
ments were written in Latin, and it wras the duty of the
Chamberlain's clerk to expound the true sense of all
such indictments, and translate them into English at
inquests, &c.
A.D. 1643, the election of George Knott to the
Mayoralty was declared void by a Committee of the
House of Commons, and a new election ordered, under
Avhat circumstance we know- not.
1656, John Alcock, late of St. Paul's, Canterbury, a
labourer, having been indicted and found guilty of the
murder of Tliomas Stanton, of Canterbury, pleads he is
a Clerk, and prays the benefit of clergy. A question
then arises whether he can read as a Clerk; and a book
being placed in his hand, it is decided in the affirmative.
Thereupon the said John Alcock is ordered to be burnt
in the left hand.

Hocal (gobernmertt, aittr (general
l§istor|> of tfte ©t'tg.

The spear was the characteristic weapon of the An°lo-
Saxon, and the pike became the arm of the English
people at a later period. At Canterbury, loth February,
A.D. 1564, the Aldermen and Councillors and certain
inhabitants are enjoined to keep in their homes " one
armed pike." A feAV years later, an armourer, as a
salaried officer, is specially appointed ; and it is about
this period that we find frequent assessments are made
on the city to provide soldiers, ships, and powder.
Sixty years later, the entries in the Burghmote Records
evidence the increased demands made by the Govern
ment upon the citizens for warlike purposes, or for the
defence of the city itself.
A.D. 1634, King Charles I. makes a demand for a
" ship of war to be set forth at the expense of the
citizens." The Chamberlain is directed to proceed to
London to remonstrate against a charge so unpopular,
but without much effect. Earnest letters follow, ap
pealing to the High Sheriff and to the Mayor of Dover.
The Sheriff of Canterbury is directed to attend, and a
sort of compromise is effected by a payment of hi., one
half of which is devoted to their " Graces' Secretary " as
a gratuity. But a small portion of taxes thus levied
without the sanction of Parliament seem to have reached
the Exchequer, and this doubtless aggravated the un
popularity of these and similar exactions.
A.D. ,1638, a cess is levied on the city to purchase
powder " for its defence in these perilous times." The
year folloAving the citizens are taxed towards raising an
army for His Majesty against the Scots; eig-hty soldiers
Avere required. In mitigation of this demand, the Cor
poration appeal to the Lord Lieutenant, asserting that
as the whole county was assessed for one thousand men,
thirty-six men only was the proper contribution for

84 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TDrE.
Canterbury. However correct may have been this com
putation, the citizens subsequently are compelled not
only to furnish the eighty men, but the next year to raise
fifty-five more, and to find sundry horses and carters.
In 1642 the old culverins and musquets in the ToAvn
Hall are ordered to be stocked and proved. They Avere
then delivered out to thirty-six persons.
Cromwell, three years later, A.D. 1642, acted with
still oTeater rigour, for the citizens are not only assessed
for their proportion of one thousand men, but also for
their contribution for raising one hundred horse soldiers.
They pleaded that they had already sent into the North
eighty arms, one hundred and twenty men to Dover
Castle, and in money 2,600/. to London. As the city
only the year previous had been fortified at the common
charge, such public burthens must have been severely
felt. The city defences were ordered about the same
time to be repaired.
At this time Canterbury was in the hands of the
Parliamentary party, and Avas put in full defence; yet
by an order made the year following the ordnance on
the Dungeon Hill and at the Castle was ordered to be
dismounted. A.D. 1645, the importance of preserving
Canterbury for the Parliament is manifested by 400/.
being expended by the Government at Westminster in
strengthening the fortifications of this city.
A curious entry occurs a little later respecting an
order made upon the bachelors to furnish arms ; and
then, as if the fair spinsters resolved not to be behind
hand in patriotic exertions, they contributed to the pro
vision of a piece of ordnance, as we find from the notice
of a committee appohitecl to examine into the same.
The bachelors then came forward with a further
contribution. The pikes taken out of Lady Wotton's house, Sep
tember 1641, seized on account of her recusancy, Avere
ordered to be lning up in the Guildhall, where they
remain suspended, at least the greater part of them.
We find Cromwell mentioned in the records, Novem
ber 1652. Thirty shillings paid by the Mayor to his
trumpeter is ordered to be refunded; under what
circumstances Ave know not.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 85
The spoliation of the Cathedral— if much remained of
value after Henry VIII. had plundered its most costly
shrines, the destruction of the ornamental portion of the
tombs and richly-painted Avindows, together Avith tho
ripping up of the incised monumental brass plates from
the pavements of various portions of the building, as
the floor of the Chapter House attests — Avere general I v
asserted to have been the work of some unworthy
adherents of the CommoiiAvealth party. An entry in the
Burghmote Book, A.D. 1015, notes that sundry iron and
iron Avork brought from the Cathedral, is sold for the use
of the city.
The history of Richard Culmer, or " Blue Dick," as
he was denominated by his adversaries, throws some
light upon these proceedings. This noted iconoclast
was born in the Isle of Thane t, educated at the Can
terbury Grammar School, and afterwards graduated at
Magdalen College, Cambridge. He became minister of
Goodneston, in Kent, and was suspended, " ab officio et
beneficio," for refusing to read " The Book of Sports "
on the Sunday. In 1644, he published " Cathedrall
Newes from Canterbury, showing the Canterburian
Cathedral to be in an abbey-like corrupt and rotten
condition, AArhich calls for a speedy reformation or dis
solution." Two replies came out to this.
In 1644, Wharton, a Royalist writer, informs us that
Culmer " was thrust into the vicarage of Minster upon
the rejection of Dr. Casaubon, when he took down the
cross from the spire of the steeple, defaced the Avindows,
and pulled clown the hall in the vicarage house— a
man odious for his zeal and fury." He lived to the
Restoration. Culmer was one of those appointed to
detect and to cause to be demolished the so-called
superstitious inscriptions and idolatrous monuments in
the Cathedral at Canterbury. He appears to have been
a man very violent and indiscreet.
Reverting to Culmer Ave give his own words Avhilst
he describes part of one of his clay's handiwork in the
Cathedral, August 26th, 1642 :— "Many window images,
or pictures in glass, were demolished that day, and many
idols in stone. A minister (meaning himself) was on
the top of the city ladder, near sixty feet high, with a

g(j OANTERBURV IN TUB OLDEN TIME.
whole pike in his hands, rattling clown proud Becket's
glasse bones." Thus was partially destroyed the great
North Window. It was a true, yet a grotesque type
enough of the times, to see this "minister of the Gospel"
on a° ladder, pike in hand, demolishing the Cathedral
windows ! The troopers, ulcer hewing the altar rails to
pieces, thumped away upon the organ, or, as Culmer
calls it, " the case of whistles, which never Avere in tune
since." Culmer was accused, January, 1060, of being impli
cated in the plot for which Vernier, Houghkin, the
Anabaptists, and the Fifth Monarchy men, suffered.
He Avas apprehended whilst riding down Chatham Hill,
Avhereupon being committed for a time, he was asked,
among other examinations, "Why he brake those famous
Avindows in Canterbury Cathedral?" To which he
answered, " He did it by order of the Parliament; " and
being interrogated further, "Why, in one windoAV re
presenting the Devil tempting Christ, he brake cIoavu
Christ and left the Devil standing? He said, " he had
an order to take clown Christ, but not to take doAvn the
Devil." Culmer died A.D. 1662, and was buried in
Monkton Church.
In 1648, the feeling of loyalty* is predominent among
the citizens of Canterbury. A fleet in the interest of
Charles IT. being in the Channel, a rising in his favour
* In a pamphlet published at London, 1648, by '¦ B A.," is an account of
the articles agreed on, made 9th June 1648, between hia Excellency the
Lord Fairfax and the Kentish forces in Canterbury, signed by commissioners
on both .-sides : —
Imprimis. — It is concluded and agreed, that the forces under the command
of Commissary General Ireton, shall enter into the city and county of
Canterbury the next morning, about nine of the clock, being the 10th day
of this instant June. 2nd. That all then in the city should forthwith lay
down their arms, and that all the arms and ammunition in the said city of
Canterbury should be brought into Christ Church, and then delivered to
.such officers as the Commissary General should appoint. 3rd. That all the
¦weapons and furniture of warre within the said cicy and subberbs thereof
should be brought in and delivered up as aforesaid. 4th. That no soldier
shall plunder nor take away the goods of any inhabitant of the said city
and county, and that all those who hare taken up arms in the said city
should go home to their own dwellings, and conform themselves to al
ordinances of Parliament, and submit to such fine or fines as the Houses of
Parliament shall appoint, except such persons which have formerly served
the ParUament, who are to give surety not to take up arms, &c, and in
default, to depart the kingdom. 5th. That some means be used that the
"fines and other pains imposed upon the persons which made the insurrection
be with moderation and reasonable terms given, and that the Lord General

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. • 87
takes place. Arms and ammunition are brought into
the city, the authority of the Mayor and Corporation is
denied and opposed, the gaols are thrown open, and the
Avar cry of the Stuart is once more ringing in the streets
and public places. The triumph of the royal partisans,
however, was of short duration, the commmandant of
the Parliamentary forces, although the gates were thrown
open to him, scornfully enters the city by a breach con
temptuously made in the walls, and order is- again
restored. At length the Restoration takes place. Royalist
soldiers are quartered in the city, and the inhabitants
have to support them. A few years, later the influence
and example of the government in its stride towards
despotic power, and its suppression of religious liberty,
appear manifest in the proceedings of the city and
Corporation itself. A Mayor is appointed by the Court
to overawe the citizens in direct contravention of their
charters. Indeed, the King had scarcely been seated on
his throne before a royal letter is received, calling upon
the Corporation to dismiss the crier and bellman, these
humble officials being declared to be disaffected to his
Majesty. This was a great matter, indeed, for a royal
letter ; but the prerogative in those clays comprehended
the minutest and the greatest things, and possessed a
restless spirit of activity, which harassed by petty
be desired to present this case and conditions to Parliament. Cth. That all
persons whatsoever shall engage never to bear armes against the Parliament
or their forces. Signed, Commissary G. Iketon.
Signed, on the Lieutenant- General's party, by
James Whaley, J udge Advocate.
Signed, on the Kentish party, by
E. Wilkinson and James Kent.
In the Church of Canterbury (Cathedral) were delivered 3000 arms ' and
300 horse. Here also were placed a good store of arms taken at Dover.
The pamphlet then goes on to state : " A mortar piece is gomg to send
grenadoes into the revolted Castles at San don, Warborough, and Deal,
and hereafter Captain Kent may know the difference of being in a castle
or sailing in a ship. The Lieutenant-General's engineer hath made some
breaches in the walls of Canterbury, to prevent the adverse party taking
advantage by the strength thereof, as they have formerly done, to raise
combustions in the city." , . . ,
Some prisoners (32) are sent to Leeds Castle, and some put on snipboaro.
for security ; " the Lord General (Cromwell) leaving it to the Deputy
Lieutenants of the county to dispose of such of the common soldiers as
they shall see cause."

S3 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
vexatious, as Avell as by open violence. A certain
Christopher Peck is appointed instead of the disaffected
bellman, and ordered to have a coat of green cloth at
the city's charge.
Henry VIIL had resorted to violent measures to
enforce obedience to his spiritual supremacy; and the
field opposite the Dane John mound attested, in the
reio-n of Queen Mary, the devotion and moral courage
of martyrs avIio perished in the flames. Elizabeth
pressed conformity in matters of religious belief and
practice nearly as far as Mary had done. In the 5th
year of her reign, the Corporation had decreed, " That
all householders should attend morning and evening
prayers at the church of Saint Mary Bredman, or forfeit
2d. for every house." Two years later, this ordinance
is modified by a resolution to the effect " That one per
son attend for each house, except those who live by
labour, or forfeit 2d. to the poor-box for each default."
In the early period of the Revolution, a certain free
dom of conscience was permitted. A.D. 1639, the
Corporation resolve, " That the 5th of November be
kept as solemnly as hithertofore, excepting that every
man may go to what church he please." The Puritanical
spirit of the times had already suppressed the "Waits
and Minstrels ; " and, as our preceding pages have sliOAvn,
the attempt to secularize Christmas Day produced an
insurrection. T\venty years later very different measures are taken.
A .D. 1662, the Corporation are ordered " to go to the
Cathedral every Sabbath Day ; " and a certain Mr. Hol
man is appointed to take notice of defaults, with a view,
doubtless, of fining the absentees. Two years previous
some of the Aldermen and Common Councilmen had
been fined for going to the Cathedral without their
gOAvns. A.D. 1681, it is ordered that citizens elected Aldermen
be fined 30?., and those elected Common Councilmen
20/., unless they partake of the sacrament according to
the form prescribed by law. The year previous, certain
members of the Burghmote had been removed because
they had not taken the sacrament, " according to the
Corporation Act."

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. SO"
In 1684, "Dissenters" are alluded to byname; and
Churchwardens are enjoined to send in a list of all such
persons residing in each parish. A.D. 1698, Rest
Eenner and other Dissenters are fined for refusing to
take ;upon themselves corporate offices, subject to" the
tests and subscriptions required by Law. Even as late
as 1751, the city treasury at Canterbury was replenished
by fines leA'ied upon Dissenters.
It is but fair, hoAvever, to record the extravagancy of
the Puritans. We have an instance in the iconoclastic
ardour of Culmer; and doubtless owe to a similar zeal the
despoiling of monumental remains, and the destruction
of many a beautiful work of ancient art, Nor ought
Ave, in allusion to these times, and the antagonistic spirit
which the success of alternate principle or party pro
duced, to omit a notice of the celebrated antiquary,
William Somner, whose work on this city remains a
lasting record of his industry and learning. In the year
1640, Somner, who held the office of Deputy-Registrar
to the Archbishop, presents to the "city his book on
" The Antiquities of Canterbury." The times, how
ever, were full of change and tribulation ; an ancient
monarchy Avas breaking up in the tempest of revolution,
and the shibboleth of strange cries and watchwords filled
the air. Somner, who had been elected to a corporate
office, and who was well known for his attachment to
monarchical principles, having refused to be SAVorn in,
was in the year 1659 mulcted in fines, which speedily
accumulated to 20/.
At the Restoration, and under the reaction which
then ensued, all the Aldermen, Common Councilmen,
and officers, even clown to the Sword Bearer and Crier,
supposed to be favourable to the Commonwealth party,
were displaced, and Somner's fines remitted; not, how
ever, under the plea of their injustice, but because " the
said William Somner had been instrumental in persuading
the Archbishop, his grandfather, to bestow Ward gates
for this city at his OAvn expense."
Somner's work on Canterbury is a standard one of
its class, and all succeeding writers of the history of
the city or its establishments, have been more or less
indebted to the materials he amassed and arranged.

90 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
The Cathedral Library exhibits his exertions as an
antiquary. To this establishment he presented his
" Dictionarium Saxonicum." Here likewise was pre
served the manuscript of his treatise on the Roman
forts. Indeed, according to Mr. Botfield, in his " Notes
to Cathedral Libraries," many of the books in this
collection contain his marginal annotations, and attest
the extent of his reading. Here also were presented
his " Miscellanies," consisting chiefly of letters relating
to the affairs of the Cathedral, and containing curious
remarks on. the characters of many incumbents in the
diocese; Somner also annotated " Orosius Saxonicus,"
and the celebrated "Paraphrase" of the Monk Csedmon.
Somner lies interred in Saint Margaret's Church, a
marble tablet erected by Barbara, his second Avife,
daughter of John Davison, at her sole cost, A.D. 1695,
records that Somner was born 30th March, 1606, and
died 30th March, 1669.
Reverting to the political history of Canterbury, we
find that in 1683, a " Quo Warranto " was served upon
the Mayor and Commonalty, calling upon them to show
by what right they held their liberties and franchises.
A.D. 1683-4,' Charles II. demands of the citizens their
charters, in order to deprive them of their municipal
privileges. The citizens, powerless against the Court,
are compelled, April 1st, 1684, to make an unconditional
surrender of their rights and privileges, many of which
they had held for centuries, and which had been bestowed
and guaranteed by numerous charters, and received the
sanction of all previous sovereigns. In vain did the
Mayor, Recorder, and citizens remonstrate. " In token
of their loyalty," so ran the phrase, they were compelled
" to surrender to the King, his heirs, and successors, all
the manors, messuages, and lands, Avhereof they had been
seised in right of their Corporation, and all the charters
and franchises of the city, and on their knees to beseech
him to accept the same." The Recorder was ordered to
draw an absolute and unconditional surrender. The
citizens had asked the King to re-grant the same, fondly
hoping that the Royal commands were merely an excuse
for the payment of a benevolence, or a plea for exacting
a heavy fine. They were mistaken. The Monarch had

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 91
deeper designs than merely to replenish an exhausted
exchequer; he aimed at governing the realm by the
strength of his prerogative alone. Charles did indeed
accord to Canterbury, that same year, a charter in which
the names of a Mayor, Recorder, Councillors, and officers
Avere all engrossed, the same being appointed at the sole
nomination of the Crown. In this charter was inserted
a clause reserving to the King in Council power to dis
place, at any future time, any member of the Corporation
lie might deem fit. No official business was said to
have been transacted between May and October 1081,
Kino- Charles holdinp- the charters.
For this iniquitous charter, or the reneAval of the old
one as the citizens expected, various sums of money,
amounting to 50/. and upwards, Avere expended by Sir
Paul Barrett, the Recorder, in May, 1684. Again, in the
October of the same year, when Colonel Rook and
Captain Roberts brought doAvn the new charter, their
expenses, with a present to the tAvo Secretaries of State,
of two roundletts of North Down ale, and fees to the
Signet, Privy Seal, Hanaper, and other offices, amounted
to nearly 200/. Of this money, the citizens borrowed
100/. of Sir Anthony Aucher. On the receipt of this
charter the city bells were ordered to be rung and the
citizens entertained at the public-houses, at a still further
outlay of money — as if the authorities were proud of
testifying to the loss" of their ancient privileges, and the
return of their felloAV citizens to something like political
serfdom. The above charter remained in force from the 16th of
November, 1684, to 25th October, 1688 ; and notwith
standing some opinions * alleged to the contrary, it
appears to have been " accepted by the citizens, and
acted upon both by them and the King anci his suc
cessor." f
James IL, by orders in Council, dated 17th December,
1687, and 18th February, 1688, displaces and removes
the greater portion of the Corporation, many members of
Avhich were his brother's nominees. He fills up the
vacant places with men subservient, as he believes, to his
* Eobinson and Aid. Bunce. t " An Inquiry," &c. C. Sandys, 1828.

CjO CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
own designs against the Protestant religion, ordering the
citizens, Instead of their then Mayor, Henry Lee, " to
elect his trusty and well beloved John Kingsford." The
newly-appointed Mayor and other officers of the Court
are directed by the King " to be admitted without ad
ministering to them any oath or oaths, but the usual
oaths provided for the clue execution of their respective
places." Iu May, 1608, this royal cipher of a Mayor has to
surrender up the keys of the city and the custody of -its-
gales to a commandant of a troop of horse !* At the
expiration of his term of office, the citizens are directed
to re-elect him. Being requested by the Sheriff to pro
ceed to the choice of a Chief Magistrate, and to divide in
the Guildhall " those who were for Mr. Kingsford on the
one side, and those Avho Avere against him on the other,
the citizens, out of loyalty, elect and continue Mr. Kings
ford in office."
James, hoAveATer, became at last sensible of the daily
increasing disaffection of his people, and the warning-
signs of approaching revolution.
A few Aveeks only after the re-election of his nominal
Mayor, namely 25th November, 1688, he by proclamation
suddenly restores to Corporations their ancient privileges;
Canterbury regains her charters; the displaced members
of her Corporation assume their former offices ; and John
Kingsford is ignominiously removed. Too late, however,
came the royal concessions.; the folloAving December the
monarch had quitted England as a fugitive, never to
return to it again.
The two charters of Charles II. and James II. , in
various fees to the Hanaper, Signet, and other offices,
gratuities and charges to the King's secretaries, cost the
city some hundreds of pounds. Nevertheless, when
James, moved by sudden fear at the general disturb
ance of his Idngdom by the intended invasion, issued his
" Whitehall, April 18, 1668.
¦* " The King having thought fitt to send some troops of Dragoones to the
city of Canterbury, to remain there for his service until furthur order, His
Majesty commands mee to signify to you his pleasure, That you deliverthe
keys of the citty gates to the officer in chiefe commanding those troopes, to
be kept by him as usuall during their stay at Canterbury. " SUSDEIUAND."
' Ihe Mayor of Canterbury.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 93
proclamation, restoring to municipalities their ancient
charters and privileges, the sum total paid by Canterbury
to Matthias Grey, for moneys by him. disbursed to the
messenger which brought the proclamation which restored
the old charter to this city, was five shillings !
The rental of the Bailiffs of the city in, A.D. 1393, was
derived from properties and receipts asunder : — The mill
at Eastbridge, one tower at the Waterlock, Ware Lane,
in St. Mildred, a tower at Ne wingate, the King's Mead
(a meadow near Barton Mills), the Aldermanry of West-
gate, let at d/20 per annum; John Lord's house in St.
George's Street, a piece of land by the Castle, the
house of the brothers of the Sac, in Saint Peter's, and the
Gravel-pit Field of 4 acres in Wincheap (query Martyr's
Field), the yearly rents of all which, exclusive of the
mill, were 4/. Is. Id.
In A.D. 1641, Ave have indications of the disturbed
state of public affairs. Musquets and culverins are
ordered to be delivered to certain persons to be put
into order, and sundry ammunition is purchased, namely
" ten barrels of gunpowder, one roundel of pistol bullets,
one firkin of musquet bullets, one blundering musquet,
and 11 g cwt. of iron bullets." In 1643, the ordnance on
the Dane John is ordered to be watched by the house
keepers, and the fort made defensible. Where this fort
Avas situated, or whether it Avas the Castle, we are not
informed. The political history of Canterbury from the time of its
destruction by the Danes, aud the massacre of the pious
Elphege, down to the clays of popular delusion, when
John Nicholas Thorn, alias " Lord Courtenay," in 1833,
impressed the masses Avith an influence, temporary indeed,
but as absolute as any ever exercised by a Longbeard or
a Simnel, would occupy many pages. Suffice it to allude
to the troubled times of the Commonwealth. The Burgh
mote Rolls of this period are well preserved.
On Christmas Day, A.D. 1647, there was a great
tumult raised in the city owing to the proceedings of
the Mayor and other leading men, Avho endeavoured to
prevent the citizens from keeping the solemnity and
festival of the season. In defiance of the orders of the
Corporation, many persons proceeded as usual to the

9J, CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
churches, and Avere subjected to insults and annoyance.
From a curious tract preserved "in the British jMuseum
Library, and printed for Humphrey Howard, London,
1648, we learn, " That upon Wednesday, December
22nd, the Cryer of Canterbury, by the appointment of
Master Mayor, openly proclaimed that Christmas Day
and all other superstitious festivals should be put clown ;
and that a market should be kept on Christmas Day."
Upon the day in question the multitude became mutinous.
Master Mayor's proclamation was so far disregarded
that only twelve citizens opened their shops, and upon
these persons refusing to close the same their houses
were forcibly entered, and their wares thrown down and
destroyed. Soldiers, and even officers of the Corporation,
such as Bailiffs and others, fraternised Avith the rioters.
" The Mayor and Sheriff were ill-used, and the former
having taken upon himself to cudgel a citizen, Avas
knocked clown, whereby his cloak was much torn and
dirty, besides the hurt he received." The citizens appear
to have set the authorities at defiance. The next clay
being Sunday, their conduct was peaceable; but on
Monday morning, according to the tract in question,
" the multitude coming, the Mayor set a strong watch,
with muskets and halberts, in the city, both at the gates
and at St. Andrew's church : the captain of the guard
Avas White, the barber. Till noon they Avere quiet : then
came one Joyce, a hackney man, whom White bid stand.
The fellow asked him what the matter was, and, withal,
called him ' roundhead,' whereat White, being moved,
cocked his pistol, and would have shot him, but the
Mayor wished him to hold. Nevertheless, he shot, and
the fellow fell down, but Avas not dead : whence arose a
sudden clamour that the man Avas murdered, whereupon
the people came forth Avith clubs. The Mayor and
Aldermen made haste away ; the town rose again, and '
the country came in and took possession of the gates,
and made inquiry for White. They found him in a hay
loft, where they broke his head, and dragged him through
the streets, setting open the prison doors, and releasing
those that Avere in hold. Next, they vowed revenge on
the Mayor, pulling up his posts, breaking his windows ;
but at last, being persuaded by Sir William Man (Master

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 95
\10vGlisc, Master Harris, and Master Purser, had much
ado to persuade them from taking of his person), so
came tumultuously into the High Street; and their
demands were so high that those gentlemen could not
persuade them. Afterward, meeting Master Burley, the
Town Clerk, they demanded the keys of the prison from
him, which being granted, they, Avith those gentlemen
formerly named, went again to the hall to treat, and
came to an agreement, which was, that forty or fifty of
their own men should keep the town that night, beino-
completely armed ; which being performed, the mornino-
issued, and they continued in arms till Tuesday morning.
There are none as yet dead, but divers dangerously hurt.
Master Sheriff, taking White's part, and striving to keep
the peace, was knocked down, and his head fearfully
broke ; it Avas God's mercy his brains were not beat out,
but it Avould seem he had a ch.nig pate of (his) own.
They went also without St. George's g*ate, and did much
injury to M. Lee. As I am credibly informed, the
injuries that are done are these : they have beat clown
all the windoAvs of Master Mayor's, burnt the stoups at
the coming in of his door; Master Reeve's Avindows
were broke ; Master Page and Master Pollen, one Buck-
hurst, Captain Bridge, Tliomas Harris, a busy, prating
fellow, and others, were sorely wounded. It is ordered
that Richard White and Robert Hues, being in fetters,
be tried according to law; and upon fair composition,
the multitude have delivered their arms into the hands
of the city, upon engagements of the best of the city,
that no man shall further question or trouble them."
A few clays afterwards, although order had been restor
ed, the Parliamentary forces enter Canterbury in consider
able numbers, and treat it as a conquered city, and,.
although no resistance Avas offered, the gates were taken
down and burnt, portions of the wall were cast down,
and some of the principal citizens of the Court party
were imprisoned. According to Whitelock, the severest
measures (even the capital punishment of some of the
mutineers) Avere apprehended; but the Commissioners
of the Parliament met with an unexpected obstacle in
• the resistance of the' grand jury, Avhich ignored the bills
of indictment. Twenty years afterwards, the grand

90 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
juries again exhibited a spirit of independence against
the very measures of that dynasty Avhose friends and
adherents they now so determinedly and successfully
protected. This year, A.D. 164S, Kent took an active
part in the great national struggle ; Prince Charles
having roused his partizans into full activity. The
battles of Maidstone and Rochester were fought. The
latter city surrendered to Fairfax, and Dover Castle Avas
relieved from an attack made upon it by the Royalists.
Canterbury, which, like other localities-, has had its
mutations of political opinions, manifested at this period
strong Royalist predilections. It Avas too near the
metropolis, however, to make any successful stand for
the cause of the Monarchy, although the tumult de
scribed above appeared no affair of ordinary dissatis
faction, the insurgents having the boldness to raise, at
one time, the cry of " for God, King Charles, and
Kent."

&rts antJ iHattufactures.

However we may deplore the religious persecutions
Avliich on the Continent expatriated whole families, and
caused sudden and cruel disruptions of the social ties,
the advent of the Walloons and other strangers to this
country Avas of great advantage to our manufactures
specially, and to the country generally. New arts,
domestic and commercial, were introduced, and existino-
ones greatly improA7ecl.
The silk brocade, the A^elvet manufactures, and the
fine cambrics, were brought into England by refugees
from Lyons, Tours, and Cambray. BeaA^er or felt hats
came first from Flanders, pendulum clocks from Holland,
and a superior species of sail-cloth from France. Great
improvements in dyeing were introduced from Holland
and Portugal. Calico printing was brought hither,
A.D. 1690, by a Frenchman, probably a refugee. The
fabrication of plate glass was introduced by Abraham
Thevenot, A.D. 1688.
The Dutch and Walloons exhibited great ability in
drainage and waterworks, and were employed to carry
out an improved method adopted by them in various
parts of this country. Paper-making was also intro
duced by a foreigner, who built a paper mill at Dartford.
Sealing wax was introduced from the Continent; the
oldest known seal of the description of wax now used
was impressed on a letter written from London to the
Rheingrave Philip Francis Von Daun by his agent,
Gerard Herman, A.D. 1554.
In the fine arts, the foreigners early excelled. Holbein,
Rubens, and "Vandyke, Avere the leading names among
a whole host of painters, who improved the native taste
and elevated the mind of the student to a noble ambition
to excel; while our country gardens looked all the
brighter and fairer for the provence rose and the car
nation, which are all said to have owed their introduction

to foreign emigrants or exiles.

H

yy CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Takiuo- a retrospective view of the arts and manu
factures introduced into Canterbury and its neighbour
hood, Ave find psalmody and sacred music existing at a
Arery early period. Augustine and his " chanting monks"
afford us one example ; but from our knowledge of the
loAre of song early displayed among the northern nations,
we cannot doubt, that if not addressed to their deities
by the Druids in their awful ceremonies round their
stone altars, or Avithin their mysterious circles, song and
musical incantations Avere offered to the great divinities
of the Scandinavians, Thor, Odin, and Freyr.
Of the fine arts otherwise we cannot expect to find
many examples. *
In the ninth century, among the gifts of a King of
Mercia, an account is given of a golden curtain, on which
Avas wrought the taking of Troy, and a gilded cup,
chased on the outside Avith savage Avine-dressers fio-htino-
Avith serpents. This production, however, bears evident
marks of being of Eastern or Byzantine workmanship.
We are informed too, that the good King Alfred
presented to his grandson Athelstan, when a child, a
sword in a golden scabbard.
Delineations of manuscripts, and the illuminations of
missals, horariums, aud other Avritten documents, Avere
Avrought Avith much beauty and skill long previous to
the Conquest. The only example which we have in our
city archives worth alluding to is the charter of King
James I.
To the Norman and early English periods of our
history we oAve many beautiful and elaborate specimens
of carving in avooc! and ivory. At a somewhat more
recent period caiwings in wood, were executed with great
success in the stalls, pulpits, screens, and sediha of
ecclesiastical buildings. We have some valuable examples
in the Cathedral. Also, in Westgate Church are speci
mens more curious perhaps for age and quaintness, than
for any excellence of art.
Embroidery and the embellishment of tapestry, were
arts extensively CLiltivatecl in the middle ages.
The Danish Standard of the Raven, taken from the
enemy by the Saxons, A.D. 878, Avas probably the
production of the needle, and it is generally supposed at

ARTS AND MANUFACTURES. 99
a later period that the Bayeux Tapestry, descriptive of
the battle of Hastings, or rather exhibiting the adven
tures and deeds of Harold in connection with England
.and its Conquest, was the work of Queen Matilda and
her maidens.
Glass was manufactured in England at an early date.
Glass ornaments and utensils have been found in the
Roman cemeteries, in Canterbury and its neighbourhood.
The earliest application of this substance as a material
for the transmission of light occurs A.D. 669, in the
time of Wilfrid of York, who first adorned the Cathedral
of that city with windows.
The staining of glass, arranged with artistic designs,
was one of the most esteemed pursuits of the middle
ages. Our Cathedral affords many examples of the rich
dyes and artistic dispositions of the ancient stained
glass. Of the dress ornaments of the early inhabitants of
Canterbury and its neighbourhood, of the Anglo-Saxon,
if not of the Roman, many examples exist both in public
and private collections. From the cemeteries at Barham,
Breach Downs, Kingston, and Chartham Downs, and the
neighbourhoods of Ash, Richborough, Reculver, Sarre, and
Hoath, many rare specimens for personal adornment
have been exhumed.
Nor was the skill of the Anglo-Saxon artist of a low
and inferior grade. The extraordinary relic in the Ash-
molean Museum, at Oxford, attests this. This beautiful
specimen, commonly called " Alfred's Jewell," from its
supposed connection with our noble Anglo-Saxon Mon
arch, Avas discovered in the Isle of Atherly, the locality
where for a time Alfred took refuge from the Danes.
It is an enamelled jewel, and on one side is inscribed in
Anglo-Saxon characters, " Alfred me het gewyrcan " —
" Alfred ordered me to be made." It formed from its
appearances the top of a staff or sceptre, although until
lately it was generally supposed to have been adapted for
suspension from the neck.
A beautiful specimen of a fibula or brooch was found
by the late Bryan Faussett, on Kingston Downs. It is
entirely of gold, elegantly and richly set with garnets
and pale blue stones. Its diameter is 3^- inches, thick-

]Q0 CANTERBURY IN TEE OLDEN TIME.
ness about i inch; its weight is 6oz. Sdwts. The acus,
or pin underneath, is quite perfect. With it. was dis-.
covered a gold amulet and two silver fibula? ; also, a
vessel of green glass and other relics.
Numerous brooches have been found in the Saxon
graves in this neighbourhood, as they have been all over
England ; but the Jutish tribes who settled in this part
of the country generally possessed the richest and most
elaborately wrought personal ornaments. Many of these
fibula? consist of plates of silver or of bronze, with leaves
and other designs of hatched gold or diamond patterns
within. They are set Avith garnets, blue stones, and
mother of pearl, and in some rarer instances with tur
quoises and small rubies.
In one of the tumuli at Sibertswold (No. 172, Inven-
torium Sepulchrale) Avere found some rare dress orna
ments of large oval stones of a fine deep red colour, on
one of which, set in gold, was engraved a Grijfin pas
sant, — a circumstance unique in itself, and, if the relic
be Saxon, exhibiting a knowledge of art not hitherto
credited. There were two other brooches, being ame
thysts set in gold.
A very fine fibula was some years since found at
Sittingbourne, and was in the possession of Mr. Val-
lance. It has a gold rim, the interior ornament, being a
double star set with garnets, or coloured glass, upon
chequered foils of gold. The rays of the inner star are
of lapis lazuli. Between the rays of the larger star are
four studs (ivory) with a ruby in each ; the spaces being-
filled up Avith gold filagree Avork.*
Mr. Akerman, in his " Pagan Saxondom," among the
fibulae found in Kent, describes one discovered at Wing-
ham, by Lord Londesborough, A.D. 1843. It is com
posed of a disc of bronze, upon which is laid a disc of
gold, ornamented by a number of minute corded scrolls.
In the centre is a star-shaped ornament of four points,
described upon a circle, the compartments of both figures
being set with garnet-coloured glass, and a blue paste
Avliich has suffered decomposition. Between the rays of
the stars are four raised knobs or ornaments, containing
garnets or coloured glass.
* Archaeological Album.

ARTS AND MANUFACTURE'S. 101.
Gold pendant ornaments, or bulla?, have frequently
been found in Kent. Some of these relics bear the
figure of a cross within five concentric circles— relics,
perhaps, of Anglo-Saxon Christians. Fibula? have been
also found cross-formed and curved, like a rude resem
blance of an ancient harp.
The King Field at Faversham, as attested by the
Anglo-Saxon and Roman objects,* chiefly the former,
found in graves in that locality, and for the most part
acquired by the industry of the late Mr. Gibbs, prove by
the skill displayed iu the manufacture of the article.^
themselves, the importance and the wealth of the ancient
population of this place. There is not another cemetery
in England that can compete with the King Field in
either the number or the value of its relics.
One of the most elaborate specimens of Anglo-Saxon,
or rather we should say of Roman art— for although
discoArered in the Saxon Cemetery at Gilton, it seems
indicative of the more advanced Roman civilization — is the
unique and highly chased acus or pin, preserved in the
Canterbury museum. The shaft and head of the pin,
which is about 5^- inches long, is beautifully and artisti
cally ornamented. The head, which is nearly half an
inch in diameter, is shaped like two obtuse angles united
at their bases, terminating in a small knob. The sub
stance of the pin is silver or bronze, gilded. (See
Plate 2, Fig. 4.)
Crystal balls set in laps of silver, pendent to silver
rings, as in the example found on Chatham lines ;
spoons, with boAvls of perforated silver, sometimes set
with garnets — forks in handles of deer's horn— cha-
telains, once suspended from ladies' girdles, containing a
variety of knick-knacks and fancy designs in metal, as
useful, if not quite so ornamental, as those worn by our
fair countrywomen in the present day — elaborately
carved sword pommels, as in the one found at Gilton,—
scissors, tweezers, rings of silver, ear pendants,_ amulets,
— all evidence the skill and comparative civilization of
the Anglo-Saxon or Jutish settlers of Kent, and at one
time, the possessors of Canterbury.
There is in the Canterbury Museum a curious drinking
* Novr in the South Kensington Museum.

102 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
cup of twisted or pillared glass ; it is of an hazel colour,
and is 71- inches in height. This curious relic has
several large tear drop looking projections on its outer
surface, attesting the skill of the ancient artificer in
glass. Some of the cups found in Saxon tumuli were of
an olive green colour, or of a pale amber, the material
being often of a fine quality. It Avas found near Broom-
field on the borders of the parish of Reculver, now many
years since.
Now the spindles of the Walloons are silent, Can
terbury may be said, with the exception of a few weaving
establishments and soap factories, to have no manu
factories. In 1776, however, Mr. John Callaway, com
bining Sir Richard Arkwright's level cotton twist with
his looms of silk warp, introduced the making of a fabric
which bore the name of " Canterbury Muslins." At one
time fifty women and children were employed at a mill he
constructed on the Stour, below " Deane's Mill, " in the
parish of Hackington, and which gave the name to the
meadow, the Cotton Mill Field, whereon it was con
structed. Both mill and manufactory are now no more.

Utfielfcert aniJ Stugustin*

i\

Graphically has the old chronicler described the Saxon
King Ethelbert going out of his palace at Canterbury, a
building perhaps consisting mostly of wood, with gilded
pinnacles, travelling to Thanet to meet Augustine ap
proaching with his huge cross of silver borne on high,
and his picture of Christ, chanting with his monks as he
drew near to the King, who seated with his folloAvers on
the ground, awaited to hear what tidings were brought.
by the apostle from Rome. " Your Avords are fan-, and
your promises, but because they are new and doubtful,"
exclaimed the King, " we may not leave the customs of
the Anglo-Saxon race." Ethelbert, however, shortly
afterwards promises that Augustine shall not be molested",
but have full permission to gain over all he could to the
new religion. From his Christian queen, the King must
have learned previously of the new religion, and perhaps
felt inclined to give ear to its precepts. .
The conversion of the Saxons, however, was no easy
task. The example of their King- undoubtedly had great
influence, but the rude warrior swore to Odin, Thor, and
Brynhilda; had many old impressions and passions to
eradicate, especially the Avild vengeance which he had
been taught to consider as a virtue, and his love of strife,
and war and piracy. There might be something too
derived from his education congenial to his nature in the
future beyond this fife, as pictured by his priests, and
sung by his scalds.
When Augustine arrived at Oanterburv, Ethelbert
assigned to the missionaries a lodging at Stablegate, where
they remained until the King had well deliberated on the
matter. It was not long before he accepted the new
religion, and his baptism took place on the feast of Whit
Sunday, June 2, A.D. 597. At what spot we are not
told; if not performed at St. Martin's, perhaps in some
brook or stream of the Stour, for we are informed before
a year had passed, 10,000 of the Saxons were baptized in
the Swale at the mouth of the Medway.

<&ot$ovztz Offers, prisons,

gtftiMnun.
The next officer ranking in dignity to the Mayor is the
Alderman. This office was the " comes civitatis " of the
Roman era in England. The Alciermen of Canterbury
appear in some degree to have held a conflicting juris
diction with the chief authority. At all events, under
the Plantaganet Kings, they exercised certain rights and
privileges independent of the local powers; although
probably subject to some duties required by the Burgh
mote. The Aldermanries were once held of the Crown in
capite, but Henry III. permitted the citizens (other
rights being reserved) to hold these offices in fee farm.
The office was at first hereditary, and devisable by will,
and might become the property of females, as became
the Aldermanry of Westgate. Henry Garnate, Alderman,
A.D. 1386, having devised his offices, privileges, and
emoluments, to Sara, his wife.* This Avas the most
important of the ancient Aldermanries. Each Alderman
held an office of judicature, and probably it was at the
city gate of his ward, especially when the number of
Aldermen, being six, they represented the six Avards of
Northgate, Worthgate, Ridingate, Burgate, Newingate,
and Westgate.
In 1278, the latter Aldermanry was the property of
and part of the possession of the monks of Saint Augus
tine, who granted it in fee farm to Nicholas Doge, yielding
to their treasury ten pounds Stirling for all services,
except the suit of the Burghmote at Canterbury, which
in respect thereof he was bound to perform.f
In A.D. 1298, the six Aldermanries appear to have
been held in capite of the Crown. William de Lynstede,
an ecclesiastic, and rector of Sturry, 21 Edward I., held
the Aldermanry of Westgate, by the " Serjeantry of one
* Somner. t Sandys.

ALDERMEN. 105
sparrow-hawk, which is Avorth by the year ten marks."
By a quo warranto, before the justices itinerant, the
other five Aldermanries appear to have been held by
private persons of the King. Thus, John cle Handle
held Ridingate ; Edmund de Tyerne, Worthgate ; Thomas
Chicke, Burgate ; Stephen Chiche, North gate ; and John
de Holt, Newingate.
A.D. 1483, an Act of Parliament was passed, by which
the Aldermanry of Westgate was granted to the city, and
Queeningate Lane, Avith postern and bridge, is assigned
to the priory and convent of Christchurch ; and in 1485,
the same Aldermanry is restored to Sir George Brown's
heirs, and Queeningate Lane reverts to the city.
The office of Alderman is of great antiquity. As an
Anglo-Saxon title of dignity and authority, it was applied
to the earl or nobleman to Avhom the charge of a shire Avas
intrusted ; although in some instances the Alderman
acted as a Prefect, or Prepositus, over a hundred. Subse
quently, it became a civic distinction, and lost much of
its primary importance.
Sir Francis PalgraA'e is of opinion that in Anglo-Saxon
times Aldermen in cities were, as Aldermen of hundreds,
elected by the commons, and possessed the same rights
and rank. This, hoAvever, seems doubtful.
AD. July 1641, each Alderman, Common Councillor,
and the Sheriff, were at their elections to provide one
sufficient bucket for the use of the city in the event of
fire. Eventually, the Aldermen had to furnish two
buckets, and the Guildhall was formerly strung all over
Avith these utensils.
A.D. 1664, the Aldermen and Councillors were
ordered to attend the Mayor to church by 9 a.m., and
thence to Burghmote, unless sick.
A.D. 1719, the Aldermen were paid 40-5. each towards
holding the courts at their respective wards. A.D. 1700,
" Accounting day " being ordered to be held at Alderman
Wilson's house, called the "Red Lion," the Aldermen
were allowed twenty pence each only for their dinners,
and a quart of wine for two. There is a note to_ this
entry truly pathetic, namely, " Before these bad times,
eveiy man was allowed his bottle ! " Yet, for all these
privations, great were the privileges of a Canterbury

100 CANTEEIUAY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Alderman; even his house bore a special importance, a
certain Hugh Johns * being disfranchised and imprisoned
for striking a merchant with his dagger in the house of
an Alderman !
Amongst special notices of our Aldermen we read,
A.D. 1650, Alderman G. Mills Avas disfranchised anci
dismissed for joining in an insurrection ; and subsequently
Alderman Elwyn fell into disgrace, and upon a certain
charge being proved against him, his name Avas ordered
to be " blotted out " of the last court — a neat way
certainly of getting rid of an Alderman.
The Avives of the Aldermen once held a pew in the
Cathedral. A.D. 1681 , it was ordered to be new matted,
cleaned, and repaired at the expense of the chamber. In
1668, 40s. was paid towards a similar expense. Each
Alderman, on his election, tern. Elizabeth, in accordance
Avith ancient usage, had to give a dinner to the whole
court, or pay 3/. 6s. 8d. by way of fine.
A.D. 1577, the Corporation provide candles for the
morning prayers and lectures at Christchurch. Also,
some years later, they provide a rope for ringing " Bell
Harry," as a market call at a certain hour to the citizens.
These seem rather extraordinary proceedings, and an
interference which would not be permitted at the present
day. In the reign of Philip and Mary, the gowns of the
Aldermen, before being sworn, were ordered to be of
scarlet colour, trimmed with black boge (dyed lamb's
wool). After they were SAvorn, the Alciermen were
ordered to place such furs on the scarlet robes, as " hath
been accustomed to be worn by the Mayor." A very
precise piece of legislature. Sheriff.
The custody of prisoners for debt, as well as of those
charged with criminal practices, now belongs to the
Sheriff of Canterbury.
The first appointment of this civic officer is not
clearly apparent. The charter of Henry II. says :— •
" Moreover, for the amendment of the city, I have
* Records.

SUER IFF. 107
granted unto them that they be free of Brudtol, and of
Childwita, and of Erisgiena, and of Scotula, so that my
Sheriff of Canterbury, or any other Bailiff, shall not make
Scotal." _ From the above charter it does not appear that the
citizens then enjoyed jurisdiction in criminal matters, as
the Sheriff alluded' to in the above appears to have been
the King's officer, the Bailiffs themselves being then
appointed by the Crown, Henry III., as before mentioned,
grants the city itself to the citizens, in fee farm, with the
privilege of choosing their own Bailiffs; fromAvhich time,
according to Mr. Sandys, we may conclude the citizens
exercised jurisdiction, both in civil and criminal matters.
Accordingly, in the 21st year of Edward L, the citizens,
in reply to a " quo warranto," are allowed their plea,
that they possessed " the return of writs, the assize of
bread and ale, pillory, tumbril, and gallows," the last
three terms implying jurisdiction in criminal cases and
in felonies.
The second charter of Henry III. grants to the citizens
the return of writs, to plead and to be impleaded Avithin
the city ; to be tried by citizens and not by foreigners ;
not to be imprisoned out of the city ; no foreign Sheriffs
to intermeddle in the city.
Previous to the charter of Henry VI., granted in the
26th of his reign, which authorizes the citizens to elect a
Mayor, in the place of the Bailiffs, it is probable that the
Bailiffs had charge and execution of the King's writs
from the time of Henry III.
The Mayor, by Henry VI.'s charter, is invested with
cognizance of all pleas, real and personal, in the Guild
hall. He and his successors are to be justices of the
peace, and to hear and determine felonies and other
matters. Their Sergeants at Mace are to arrest persons,
sued or indicted, and to imprison them in the King's
gaol in the city, until delivered by course of law.
By another charter, dated the 31st year of the reign
of the same King, it is ordered—" That the Mayor, with
the assent of the Aldermen, shall elect a Bailiff yearly,
who shall return and execute writs, account in the Ex
chequer, and ansAver for the fee farm of the city, all
of which he may do by attorney. The same charter,

103 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
however, grants to the Mayor the custody of the gaol at
Westgate. The charter of Edward IV., 2nd August, 1462, which
confirms to the citizens all their privileges, is the .first
that mentions the Sheriff by name as a civic officer;
ordering that the Bailiff of the city for the time being
shall be also Sheriff of the county of the city, and shall
have the same power as other Sheriffs. There is a curious
entrv, however, in the minutes of Burghmote, nearly one
hundred and eighty years later, namely, 22nd June, 1638,
by which it seemed that the Mayor, not the Sheriff, Avas
answerable for the custody of prisoners. In this year,
tAvo Sergeants at Mace are discharged for having released
Mr. Anthony Auclier, for an arrest for two debts of
4,000/. without bad, taking his wrorcl for his appearance,
" whereby the Mayor was in clanger of paying the money."
The responsibility of the Mayor arose perhaps from the
fact that the Sergeants at Mace were officers of his ap
pointment. The four Sergeants at Mace acted formerly
as Sheriff's officers.
In the same year, A.D. 1683, the Sergeants were again
in trouble, two of them being discharged for arresting a
clergyman on a Sunday, as he was coming out of church.
STje ©ijam'bttlnfn.
He Avas a sort of city treasurer. A.D. 1697, he Avas
voted a salary of ten pounds per annum on account of
the trouble accruing to himself and officers in the dis
tribution of Mrs. Lovejoy' s charitable gifts.
Previously to the appointment of a Chamberlain, there
was an officer called a Cofferer to receive and account for
the monies of the court; or, still more anciently, there
were four Cofferers. ©oroner.
In a record in the chamber, dated A.D. 1396, the
office of Coroner is mentioned, and the Priory of Christ
Church named as a place where an inquest Avas held.
Probably the office was of much more ancient date. The
charter of Henry VI. directs that there should be one
Coroner for the citv, and that no Coroner for Kent

PRISONS. lfJg
should intermeddle ; aud the charter of Edward IV. says,
" that the Coroner for the city should be Coroner for the
county of the city also." prisons.
The Castle at Canterbury was for many years used as
a county prison, it being formerly out of the jurisdiction
of the city, and it has ever since remained Avith its appur
tenances an extra parochial place. The county magis
trates used to hold Sessions in the Castle.
The ancient prison of the city, according to Somner,
stood, A.D. 1175, in the parish of Saint George, on part
of the site where the White Friars afterwards had their
house. It was then called the " NeAv Prison." It
ceased to be used as a prison some time previous to
A.D. 1317; and the place where it had stood acquired
the name of the " Eald Gaole " (Old Gaol). The prison
was then constructed near St. Andrew's Church. Here
stood also the old ToAvn Hall, or " Spech House," part
of the same building. A hall on the site of the present
Guildhall was used as such about 1453. One authority
says the Guildhall was first so called A.D. 1427, and that
it was rebuilt A.D. 1437.
The gaol, or common prison, was removed afterwards
to Westgate, Avhich had been rebuilt by Archbishop
Sudbury, A.D. 1375, and chiefly at his own charges.
Westgate Gaol was enlarged A.D. 1637; and has in our
own times received considerable additions. A messuage
and garden were purchased next Westgate, A.D. 1637,
for the gaol keeper's house, for 70/.
The charter of Henry VI., dated 1453, alludes to the
gaol at Westgate. St. George's Gate Avas also used as a
prison. The city gaol, A.D. March, 1800, contained one pri
soner — a debtor.
August, 1800, 0 debtors; one felon.
July, 1810, 0 debtors; six felons.
A.D. 1802, Mr. Nield, acting justice for Kent, &c,
officially visited "Canterbury gaol." "The place," he
states, " was most offensive ; no bedding Avas allowed in
some of the cells, but an old rag of a rug, and the pri
soners—felons and debtors, male and female— Avere

HO CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
allowed promiscuously to consort together during the
day time."
Besides the gaol, there was a BrideAvell, or House of
Correction, in Stour Street, where the Old Workhouse,
now the School House' of the Blue Coat Boys, stands.
It has been unused of late years; but as recently as
1812, it was described by a competent authority as
comprised in a miserable room about 12 feet square,
furnished with two wooden bedsteads, a whipping stocks,
and a block for beating hemp. The same writer de
scribes the gaol at Westgate, A.D. 1809-10, as being a
place wretched and filthy, and without classification,
felons of the Avorst character and debtors incarcerated
for a few shillings, all huddled together ; and yet so in-
sec tirely confined that prisoners for trivial offences were
doubly ironed lest they should escape. There was no
place for exercise except the leads, on which, as a great
favour, the gaoler permitted a prisoner occasionally to
walk. A.D. 1707, a practice obtained of certain prisoners
from Westgate being allowed to be at large. This was
afterwards prohibited, except by special licence from the
Mayor. The executions in Canterbury, judging by the number
of gibbets, must have been numerous ; and among the
individuals avIio suffered we may note, A.D. 1661, two
reputed witches. The Sheriff's expenses on this occa
sion Avere 38/.
The jury presentments two hundred years since give a
vivid picture of the then state of the thoroughfares in
this city. One man, a carpenter or builder, returning
from the woods at Nether Hardres, cooly shoots down a
load of timber before his door for want of a timber yard.
Another drives posts in the footway before his house,
upon which he displays his merchandise. A third keeps
a whole _ legion of pigs, Avliich live at large in happy
freedom in the streets, like the clogs that prowl about an
Eastern city. A fourth makes an invasion upon the
narrow streets by erecting a porch or shed, or perhaps a
bay window, Avithin which to drink or to smoke and
otherwise enjoy himself. In some places ponderous
signs swung quite across from house to house, and over-

THE TOWN CLEUK. HI
hanging stories- above and covered ways beneath, as in
the ancient " Mercerie," made it a marvel that any one
Avho entered at one end of these " thoroughfares " should
ever make his exit at the other.
The somewhat reprehensible practice of certain of the
citizens, including some of the Corporation, of drinking
Avith the prisoners then confined at St. George's Gate,
was ordered, 15th Elizabeth, to be restricted to obtaining
a licence from the Mayor ®!)£ ¦2>olun Orient,
called also, 25th Henry VIIL, the "Common Clerk,"
seemed to have exercised Arery miscellaneous duties or
avocations. He was allowed to keep a shop next to
the Guildhall, called the " Fyle " — not an inappropriate
name, perhaps, if he were an " attorney" — in consider
ation that he or his deputy be there, and instruct children!
He seems also to haAre been a sort of civic messenger,
sent about the county on important occasions.
A.D. 1650, John Crane, Town Clerk, was elected
an Alderman, and then compelled to fine off, paying
5/. Law was comparatively cheap. A.D. 1636, the ToAvn
Clerk was paid 6s. 8d. for ingrossing every lease, and
6s. 8c/. for inrolling the same ; the Mayor and Alder
men being allowed 12c/. conjointly for wine on the
sealing of each lease.
The ancient Corporation of Canterbury, in connection
with the administration of the laws, had a poAver to
admit parties to act as attornies. A.D. 1665, this pri
vilege was restricted to those persons Avho had been
brought up as clerks under the Recorder and the Town
Clerk, or Avho had served under attornies.
©be miattlj anti police.
At an early period \rarious attempts were made for
providing a watch for the city of Canterbury. At first
there Avas a garrison in the Castle, but whether its in
mates were much protection to the citizens seems doubt
ful. It is recorded in the Crown Rolls, 15th Edward IL,

112 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
"'that one William Savage, janitor porke, carried off the
daughter of Hamon Trendlmrst, and detained her in the
Castle for eight days."
A.D. 1640, Isaac Bond is appointed bellman, and one
department of his duty consisted in perambulating the
city of a night, to look out after the fires and candles of
the inhabitants, and to knock at every one's house "avIio
had gone to bed Avith his doors open." Also, " to in
form Mr. Mayor, or the master of the family, of all such
servants as he should find in the streets at unseasonable
hours and gadding about." This poor man had his
politics, and was displaced at the . Restoration. A few
years later, A.D. 1660, the bellman was allowed a coat
of green cloth at the city's expense — a percpiisite not
barfly earned if he faithfully reported all he saAV, and was
never silenced by a fee.
The night watch about this time consisted of tAvelve
persons, four of whom had to stand at St. Andrew's
Church as a cor^s de reserve. The church was then in
the middle of the parade. The remainder of the watch
(eight) Avere divided into tAVO companies, who walked up
and down the streets. The watch was set at ten o'clock
by the constable of the watch, and continued until four
o'clock of the morning. Aldermen of the watch were
likewise appointed. prisoners' 33asto ffinmer.
A.D. 1703, an entry occurs in the Burghmote records
concerning the " prisoners' basket carrier." Probably
the duties consisted in perambulating the streets to
obtain gratuities of victuals for the support of the poor
prisoners. The office not being sufficiently remunerative,
he received, A.D. 1707- the additional appointment of
" swine driver," whereby he acquired official authority
to drive to pound, or elsewhere secure, all those animals
and other cattle found wandering at large in the streets
and public places. A.D. 1711, he is ordered to have a
new coat provided for him. Thirty-five years later, to
his other occupations is added the augean duty of
keeping clear the great seAver at King's Bridge. Doubt
less such a task was not very repugnant to an individual
in his humble capacity, when we find that in the pre-

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THE CASTLE. H;>
ceding year Alderman Blotting received two guineas for
making the gallows and coffin of a man named William
Hulke, who was hanged in the city.
The office of prisoners' basket carrier was in existence
as late as March, 1806, when the Court of Burghmote
order this official a new hat and a great coat.
©fjc GTastle.
The Castle is mentioned in Domesday Survey.* Wre
have no description of the edifice at that period ; pro
bably it differed entirely from the present building, which
is of Norman construction, and of similar design and
plan to that at Rochester.
The Dauphin of France, afterwards Louis VIIL, when
he invaded England to wrest the regal authority from
King John, A.D. 1216, received the submission of the
Castle of Canterbury.
That there was a Castle at Canterbury before the
Conquest is most certain, and at that period the King
had it for certain burgages in exchange Avith the Arch-
bishop and the Abbot of Saint Augustine. Henry II.
considerably increased its extent and fortifications. As
early as the reign of Edward IL, a common gaol or
prison was kept within it, and according to Lambarde, it
was at one period the principal gaol of the county.
When it ceased to be employed for this purpose, at least
about 1577, it fell into neglect and decay.
It still presents an imposing appearance: its great
extent (for its area is eighty-eight feet by eighty feet), and
its Avails about eleven feet thick, give some idea of its
former strength and magnificence.
Its massive walls have defied, in some degree, storm
and spoliation. The keep, though deprived of its towers,
still remains an imposing record of the rough and violent
times, when strong men had recourse to strong measures
alike for oppression and defence.
On the third, or state floor, were large arched Avindows ;
at the north side Avas the grand entrance, now bricked up,
and concealed by the works of a gas company. Under
this entrance, as in many Norman castles, was the prm-
* Canterbury Castle is also alluded to, "Annales Mon. Augustini" IIS.,
A.D. 1075. Lewis, p. 91. I

HI CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
cipal dungeon. There were, however, other places of
confinement ; in one of these the JeAvs, under one of the
persecutions which that people suffered from the bigotry,
or the avarice of the age, were incarcerated.
Dr. Plot mentions that, in his time, A.D. 1672, many
of the stones on the north-east staircase Avere inscribed
with versicles from the psalms; in Hebrew characters.
The writer of this work has in vain endeavoured to find
some of these interesting records. Much of the fabric
and materials of the Castle have been year by year
destroyed, or used for buildings ; and some idea of the
extent of this ancient fortress may be surmised by noting
its present remains, and then surveying the small houses
in its neighbourhood, the greater part of which have
been constructed from its materials. Before it was dis
mantled, as far back as the time of George IL, it was for
some time used as a sessions house for the county.
A portion of the Dane John Field seems at one time
to have been part of the Castle domain.
The Castle at Canterbury is said, in 1075, to have
sheltered an esquire, who had committed a robbery on
the goods of a knight. St. Mildred, to whom the said
culprit paid some devotional acts, set him free — the iron
gates of the Castle opening to liberate him. This looks
very like a parody upon Holy Scripture. (See " Annales
Mon. Augusti." MS.). Canterbury Castle and the Town
Hall were, June 1381, assaulted, taken, and plundered by
the insurgents under John Salos of Mailing, who carried
off from houses, and from private individuals, goods to
the value of one thousand pounds, and set free all the
prisoners in the Spech House and Castle. William Sep-
vans, Sheriff of Kent, was dragged to prison. They
made him SAvear he would deliver all the rolls and writs
that were in his custody. The Castle being broken into,
they liberated John Burgh, an approver, Richard Derby,
a clerk and a convict, Agnes Jehyn, and Joan Hancock*
prisoners whom they found fettered and manacled in the
said Castle. See Plate No. 22.
As a tale of olden time, namely, in the reign of
Edward IL, it is related " that Walter de Widering and
Martin de Lamberhujst sat bound as prisoners at a place
called the "Barbican," nigh unto the Castle, begging

TEE EXCHANGE. H 5
their bread. Breaking his chain and padlock, Walter
dreAV away with him the said Martin, and took sanctuary
at the Church of St. Mary. Thence he removed and
adjured the kingdom, whilst Martin of his own accord
returned to his prison." Zl!)c Sicljange.
There was a Royal Exchange in Canterbury, situated
near the Black Friars, in the time of Henry III., A.D.
1222 ; and a Mint, at which, the King, the Archbishop,
and the Abbot of St. Augustine coined money. It is
probable that the Mint existed even in the time of the
Anglo-Saxons ; at all events, Ave have the eATidence of an
Anglo-Saxon gold coin in the Louvre Collection, struck
perhaps under the direction of an Archbishop, with the
legend of " Dorovernis " on the reverse.
It is probable that the Cambium Regis did not exist
after the time of Edward III. The King bestowed it
upon Eastbridge Hospital. It is mentioned as a building
called "Le Chaunge," lying in All Saints' parish. An an
cient Mint stood not far off in the parish of Saint Mary
Bredman. Mention is made of a Mint. Office in the parish
of Saint George, over and against the Pillory. There
was, besides this, the Mint in the Cathedral precincts.
Anciently the Almonry of the Priory of Christ Church,
the Chapel of the Almonry, and the lodgings of the
Chaplains- belonging to it, formed the site of the King's
School buildings. The Kings of England and the Arch-
bishops minted coin in Canterbury; and on the Planta-
ganet money especially, the names of Canterbury mint
masters occur. Henry III. issued a prohibition, that no
Englishman should make change of plate or silver, but
only at his exchanges at London or Canterbury. King
Athelstan had in Anglo-Saxon times allowed Canterbury
seven minters, a greater number than granted to any other
place but London, which had eight. Coins of Archbishop
Plegmund, Avho lived in the time of King Alfred, were
minted at Canterbury.

110 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Stlmonvy.
An ancient Almonry (the name is retained by certain
tenements to this clay) stood on the city side without the
walls of St. Augustine's Monastery. The establishment
entertained certain poor brothers and sisters who lived
upon the broken victuals from the great Monastery close
by. There were chapels annexed to this Almonry, and
on the east side of Chantry Lane once stood " Doge's
Chantry." A small portion of the old building is said to
be still recognised in a garden.
The Chantry of Lakedale, or Lockingdale, existed in the
manor of Caldecote, in or near Mote Park, within the
jurisdiction of the city. The manor of Caldecote — a name
occurring frequently in the city records— included the
largest portion of the Old Park, part of the road of Saint
Martin's Hill, part of Babb's Hill, and the meadows
adjoining the eastern end of it.
The Jews in Canterbury seemed at one time to have
been rather numerous; until the last fifty years, they
lived mostly without the city walls. Anciently, however,
they Avere localized in the place called after them " Jewry
Lane." Their houses here, according to Somner, were
nearly twenty in number, and they had a synagogue close
by at a place Avhich was on the site of an old Inn, " the
Saracen's Head," the stone- parlour of Avhich was mounted
upon a vault, and ascended by stone steps. Here was
also the school of the Jews. Ancient inscriptions — being
canticles and extracts from the psalms — once bore witness
to the imprisonments and proscription of the Jews of
Canterbury. m>t ©ates of t§e ffittg.
There were formerly six gates to the city, or seven if
we include Queeningate. The last was probably a gate
not in use for the public generally, but more for the
occupiers of the ecclesiastical houses of the Cathedral and
Priory. It was mentioned in the time of Henry IV. as
the " Little gate called Quyningate." There were several
postern gates.* We find them existing at Northgate,
opposite Knott's Lane ; f at St. Mildred's, in the wall near
* Somner says only three. f Records, 1749.

GATES OF THE CITY. 117
St. Peter's Lane ; the Christ Church postern, near St.
Michael's Gate ; and one leading to the Saint Stephen's
Road by a tower in Pound Lane.
The six gates Avere— NeAvingate or St. George's, Ridin
gate, Worthgate, Westgate, and Northgate. Of these gates,
Westgate alone remains. St. George's Gate was taken
clown in 1801. Burgate was destroyed bit by bit some
twenty years later, and Northgate was merely an arch
way under the Church of St. Mary, and partially removed
when the church was rebuilt, and put back so as to leave
a clear and open way from the city towards the country.
The Westgate is still an ornament to the city.
It is an interesting old structure of the time of
Richard II. First a ford, then a bridge, Avas constructed
in front of it, close to which was an ancient water mill.
In the entrance arch to Westgate, the groves for the
Portcullis are still to be observed, and above it the
machicolated openings through which melted lead and
other destructive materials might be poured or cast down
upon any assailants. Westgate long remained as a place
where the ancient Aldermen, then Magistrates, sat and
dispensed justice. It was also the common prison of the
city, Avhen the "Eald Goal" (Old Goal) ceased to be
used.® A narrow lane led to the latter place from the
old church of St. Andrew. This prison, which wras
called also the Spech House, is mentioned in the Crown
Rolls, 11 Edward II. , and must have also once served the
uses of a Guildhall. Westgate is said "to have been
erected in the time of Archbishop Sudbury, who was so
cruelly slain on Tower Hill by the followers of Jack Cade.
'Ridingate, or Road Gate, led from one of the principal
Adas, the " Watlinga Strete " of the Saxons, towards
3 O
Dover and Lympne.
It is mentioned in the Records of Saint Augustine as
early as 1040, and doubtless it pointed to one of the
principal modes of egress and ingress to the Roman
Canterbury. Roman arches were said by Somner to have
existed in the ancient fabric of this gate,,. which was
destroyed in 1782, and in 1791 an arch was^thrown over
its remaining piers, making a connection with the Dane
* It is amusing to refer to the different modes in ancient deeds in which,
the existence of this old prison was expressed. Thus we haye gniolu, career
gaula, gayola, and eald goale.

118 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
John and the present terrace. (See Plate, No. 14, from
Dr. Stukeley's sketch; also, a view of the last gate,
Plate 14a.)' The Church of St. Edmund, King and
martyr, stood near this gate. The exact locality of
the church lay, I think, some twenty yards beyond it,
approaching the turning toAvards the present Cattle
Market, along the borders of which were found, during
the drainage works of 1867-8, many coffins containing
skeletons. A small metal cross taken from one of the
interments is in my collection. The ancient foundations
of the church lay almost midway in the present road.
The way through the gate, passing by Barham Downs,
obtained the name of " Dun Strete," or way over the
Downs. It is evident that Ridingate, though presenting
a very modern and mean appearance, was one of the
ancient gates of the city. A.D. 1563, the Privy Council
ordered this gate to be widened sufficiently for carriages
to pass through. When the Ridingate was taken down
in 1782, some portion seems to have remained. An arch-
Avay Avas thrown over the road by Alderman Simmons.
Of the JVortligate there remains no vestiges above
ground. It stood at or near the courtyard of the
Castle; not, however, necessarily connected with the
Castle, but as a mode of egress from the city. Its
exact site was probably in Castle Street, in a line with
the outer wall of the Castle, S.W. ; but some excavations
which the writer of this Avork proposed to make at his
own expense to decide its claim to a Roman origin Avere
prohibited by the city authorities, upon what principles
no one seems exactly to comprehend. It was a question
intimately connected Avith the boundaries of Canterbury
itself under the Romans, and might have decided an
important controversy, and was in this respect, as well
as in increasing our knowledge of the ancient boundaries
of the city, a question of utility. This gate, which is
alluded to by Dr. Stukeley as partly of a Roman
character, was pulled clown in 1791.* It was removed
* At the same time a new road was made from Wincheap across the
Castle dike and yard into the city by Castle Street. To effect this,, the
Corporation, by an exchange with Mr. J. Balderson, acquired a sufficient
portion of the Castle yard to cany out their design. The year previous,
the Corporation had obtained an Act of Parliament to make a direct road
from St. George's. Gate by a new causeway, thence denominated the New
Dover Road.

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GATES OF THE CUT. 110
piecemeal to a garden in Canterbury bordering on the
River Stour, and then re-erected after a certain fashion.
It then again migrated to the park at Lee Priory, Avhere
it Avas set up. It has, however, long since disappeared.
The late Sir Egerton Brydges has given an engraving
of it, or rather of a gate composed of its remains, in
one of the works which issued from the Lee Priory
Press.* I give an illustration of the old Worthgate
(Plate 14) as drawn by Dr. Stukeley.
The late Wincheap Gate was an erection of a com
paratively recent date. It stood over the way when a
road was turned round by the St. Mary cle Castro
Cemetery from Castle Street. An examination of its
foundations, wliich stood merely on rubble and cement,
proved that it had no claim to a remote antiquity. See
Plate 21.
St. George's Gate, otherwise Newingate, or the New
Gate, otherwise " Ote Hill Grate," presented considerable
similarity to Westgate (see Plate 19). As it stood on
the edge of the ancient city foss or ditch, there was
most likely a bridge attached to it, and -thence no doubt
the name that the street now bears. St. George's Gate
fell a victim to the Canterbury innovators. It was
removed in 180T-2,f and we give from the Records in a
note below the cost of its removal. -The summum totum
* Hasted says the Worthgate was removed in it3 integrity. The diameter
of the arch was 12 feet 3 inches. Two, if not three, gateways are engraved
as ornamental- sketches in the books printed at the Lee Priory Press ; none
of these, however, have the characteristics of Eoman work, nor do any of
them agree with the engraving of Dr. Stnkeley.
t Cost of the taking down of Saint George's Gate in 1802.
Records, 22 April, 1801.
St. George's Gate ordered to be taken down, and the cisterns to be
removed into the yard and tower, part of the city estate in St. Michael's
Lane demised to Mr. Faulkner.
22 October, 1802.
The surveyor, on the part of the court, presents a bill for the expenses
incurred in improvements of the Cattle Market, the taking down of Saint
George's Gate, removing the water cisterns, and replacing the same : —
£ s. d.
Amount  3,820 0 0
Allowance for lead and other materials - - 283 0 0
3,537 0 0
Part repaid by sale of estates - - 1,300 0 0
Balance due  ^237 0 0
Ordered sale of other estates'to meet the same.

120 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
certainly presents an astounding amount as an expense
incurred in pulling doAvn an old gateway. It is a com
ment upon the doings of a once irresponsible municipal
authority.* The date of the erection of St. George's Gate is not
exactly knoAvn. It was probably subsequent to the
Westgate. Somner, however, fells us it was built about
the period that Burgate was erected, and that there is
an allusion to it in a Bull of Pope Alexander III.
in the middle of the eleventh century, addressed to the
Church of St. George of Newingate, in the city of
Canterbury. This must, if authentic, have referred to
an older gate, whose site the recent structure occupied
some centuries afterwards. A way from this gate
trends also towards Oaten Hill.
William Bigg, Mayor, who with John Coppyn of
Whitstable, built the Market Cross at the Bull's Stake,
gave, A.D. 1460, ten pounds towards the work at
St. George's Gate. It is evident a gate was then in
existence, or being built; but whether the above donation
related to its repair or erection we cannot determine.
A.D. 1536, St. George's Gate was the prison for offenders
amongst the freemen of the city.
The Burgate, Burh, or City Gate was one of the
most interesting remains of Old Canterbury. We gave
an illustration from an original drawing (Plate No. 20).
Some of the coats of arms of the Archbishops and
others, which were once sculptured on it, are still pre
served on the wall of a neighbouring house. It fell a
victim some years later than St. George's Gate to the
hands of the destructionists, but underwent a sort of
piecemeal dissolution. By the Burghmote Records we
find, 11th May, 1809, an Alderman was permitted to take
doAvn the south side of Burgate to improve premises
* In the year 1824 the Westgate was very nearly incurring the same fate.
An allusion to this attempt appeared in a letter in the Gentleman's Maga
zine, January, 1821 : —
" I am sorry to hear that the Corporation intend talcing down that fine
gate of the jail, which is in a bad state and cannot be repaired. The
Canterbury antiquaries are asleep. 0. W. L."
JSA " public utility " could be served probably in its remaining, and "a
wagon loaded with hop bags could not pass under it." It has been repaired,
however. It still stands, and the hop bags and pockets glide round it in
safety.

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GATIA 0E TEE CiTV. 121
belonging to him. In 1781 the centre of the gate had
been taken away. In 1822 its destruction Avas com
pleted. It anciently bore also the name of St. Michael's
Gate, and was probably the principal gate of the city.
Somner tells us, in mediaeval times King Ethelbert' s
cliarter, if worthy of credence, speaks of this gate — -that
is, of an ancient gate on its site. In 1475 it is said to
have been newly built, and at the charges of certain
patriotic citizens, whose names Avere once recorded on
the gate itself, and which Ave will not omit noting,
namely, John Franingham, John Nethersole, and Edmund
Minot.* Originally there were rope Avalks betAveen
St. George's and St. Michael's Gates along the Town
Dike. Wincheap Gate is said to have been newly built in
the last century by Dr. Jacob, who was treated at the
city's expense. In 1785 the Avooden gates at Westgate
and St. George's were removed, so that the citizens
could walk in and out at any hour they pleased, at least
we presume so.
From time to time the towers on the city walls were
let out by the Corporation to private persons. Thus
Agnes Wood hired the tower by the Postern Gate, and
two parcels of land adjoining, for 43s. per annum. Another
tower in Northgate Avas leased out in 1718. A garden
and a tower near the Postern, Northgate, was leased in
1572 for 31 years for six shillings per annum.
In 1796f the " oziers" in Westgate were sold by public
auction. Even the great gate at the Augustine Friars,
Avith some land adjoining it, was hired out. Some of
the lanes even were sold by the Corporation! Thus
Fryar's Lane was purchased by a Mr. Samson for 140?.,
and the freehold of Break Pot Lane in St. Peter's was
devised to a Mr. Sutton. A.D. 1799, part of the city
wall in Pound Lane was sold.
The city towers standing in Mantles garden by the
Cattle Market were recommended to be taken down, and
no doubt they were then demolished, as a long space
now exists between the last tower in the Dane John
Field and the first along Broad Street.
* Somner, p. 9.
t In this year a road was made to the bridge (now removed) at the bottom
of Cold Harbour Lane, Northgate.

122 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TUIE.
The close of the last century and the commencement
of the present Avere periods in which the destructionists
in the Corporation had full sway, St. George's Gate,
Burgate, &c, falling before them. Westgate towers
were a few years later doomed, but happily respited.
Shops used to once exist in the city ditch or foss,
Avhen it had dried up, we hope.
A great sale of Corporation property took place in
June 1801, on account of the heavy charges pressing on
the city, or in anticipation of the expenses about to be
incurred in the destruction of St. George's Gate, and the
taking up a" few conduit pipes.
There is an entry as far back as 1363, which records
that one John de Brigge conveys to the commonalty of
the city four acres of land, now called the " Gravel Pits,"
in the suburbs of Wincheap, in the Parish of -St. Mary
de Castro. Where coidd these four acres lie ? The
present dimensions of the parish hardly seem to embrace
such a quantity. Htghttng up tfie Streets, &x.
After the following manner was the lighting of the
city provided for : — About 35th Henry VIIL, during
every dark "night, the Aldermen, Common Councilmen,
and every innholder, were severally bound to find one
candle with light at their doors;, and if any lanthorn
were stolen, the offender was to be put in the stocks or
in the pillory. The candles were to be lighted at six.
o'clock until they burnt out. No doubt there was con
siderable variation in the length and breadth of these dips,
and some of them, doubtless, very soon "burnt out."
This was positively all the lighting that Canterbury re
ceived, except such as might be supplied by occasional
links and torches ; and this state of affairs continued
until the middle of the next century, Avhen the order for
exhibiting one candle in a lanthorn was extended to
every householder living next to the gates of the city,
from the 1st of November to the 2nd of February. They
must, however, have shed a dim light enough, these little
twinkling candles.
In the 6th year of Edward VI., a petition was
*Commit:ee Book, 17 Jnne, 1801.

THE 1'L AGUE. 123
•addressed by the Mayor and Commonalty— a " humble
supplication" to the King for disparking of the "King's
Park," that the same be employed for use of the inhabit
ants of the city. Wliere this park was located, Ave are
unable to determine.
A.D. 1539, William Sanford, recalls the supremacy of
the spiritual, not the lay Pope, by tolling the " ave bell,"
contrary to the half reformation measures of Henry VIII.
A.D. 1550, there is an entry for "the burning of Arden,"
and the execution of one George Bradshaw. A.D. 1571,
Mother Hudson is presented to the grand jury as a
witch. In the reign of Elizabeth swanupers were appointed,
at a stipend of 21s. each per annum, to look after the city
SA-vans. grfcoorft 23earer.
This appointment was always vested in the Mayor,
and in December 1805 the original order was confirmed.
®fte plague, Sa.
The plague made several visitations to Canterbury.
Female inspectors and nurses were appointed by the
authorities. The Walloons, and other refugees, were
accommodated with tents in the Dungeon Field. Gun
powder was exploded to purge the air during the visi
tation of the plague in the reign of Elizabeth ; and a
certain poor discarded priest, called Friar Hull, was
employed during the thickest of the pestilence to go
about killing the cats and dogs in the streets, lest they
should convey infection, and for which perilous occu
pation he received the sum of 2s. paid out the city
chamber. 8th June, 1630, tents were erected on the Dane John
to accommodate infected persons. Also in A.D. 1637-38,
the infected had to carry white wands when they went
forth into the streets, for forty days. The penalty for
default Avas the stocks for 24 hours. No joke this, to
have had the plague, and to sit in the stocks for a day
and a night! Certain women were appointed in each
ward to attend the sick, and to buy for them. The
Great Plague of London (1665) visited Canterbury
severely.

121 CANTERBURY' IN THE OLDEN TEME.
Jury presentments appear to have been common for
almost every kind of offence. Noav a case of murder is
recorded ; uoav a breach made in the city wall ; now
a citizen is indicted for an assault made by force of arms
upon a neighbour; now for selling beer in "Avooden
bound pots;" now he is proceeded against for setting-
up a common tippling house, or for neglecting his pave
ment, or for taking more than a penny for an ale quart.
January, 1653, the grand jury present one William Lee,
" that he not having the fear of God before his eyes, but
being persuaded by the Devil, &c, to kill his wife,
Frances Lee, by certain figs and makaroons, by him
poisoned and compounded Avith ratsbane, of Avhich eating
the said Frances Lee died." 15th December, 1663, the
jury present Thomas Gray, of the parish of St. Alphage,
as "a disturber of the peace of the common people, and
daily and openly a ' common Avonder ' against his neigh
bours." ®fie (SutltifiaU or (EourNfiouse,
until the time of Henry VI. was called the " Spech
House," but since that time the Guildhall. " In 1427
the hall is first called the Guildhall. In 1437 it is re
built. In 1408 the accounts mention a payment for
carriage of gunnery from the old chamber to the new-
chamber, also great repairs clone at the old hall, and to
the south chamber next the street." — (Bunce's Minutes.)
" It was situate nigh the Lion Inn in High Street, in
Canterbury, in the parisii of St. Mary, Bredman," and is
still a conspicuous building in High Street, rebuilt about
the time of Queen Anne. A.D. 1598, a post Avas set up
at the Guildhall door, at which rogues and idle persons
were punished. In 1646 the Chamberlain of Canterbury
was ordered to provide sufficient hangings or tapestry
before the Town Hall door, for keeping the hall warm at
public meetings. Saccovier.
The name of Recorder first occurs A.D. 1592, when
John Bois, afterwards Sir John Bois, is directed to bear
the name of " Recorder " of the city.
July, A.D. 1806, the Guildhall was ordered to be put
into a complete state of repair. The same year, a sale

VINEYARDS. 125
being made of part of the laud on which the " Lyon "
public house stood, near the Guildhall, the new street,
called Guildhall Street, was made, according to the pro
visions of an Act of Parliament.
The vine, as in many parts of England, appeared to
have been extensively cultivated round Canterbury. At
least, we have notices of several vineyards.
In the plan of the Monastry attached to the Cathedral,
and contained in a MS. of the 12th century at Trinity
College, Cambridge, attributed to the Monk Eadwin,
the course of water brought into the city by means of
pipes of lead from the springs near St. Martin's Hill, is
traced through cornfields and vineyards to the city wall,
and thence to various ecclesiastical buildings attached to
the Monastry.
Sir Robert Atkyns, however, in his " History of
Gloucestershire," has endeavoured to. prove that the
Latin terms used for vineyards meant nothing more than
apple orchards, and that the liquor produced was not
wine, though so called, but cider ! Writers, however, of
good authority have alluded to the grape as being ex
pressly grown for wine.
From a roll of the household expenses of Richard de
Swinford, Bishop of Hereford, A.D. 1289-90, we find
Avine of two sorts alluded to : red Avine imported, and
white wine chiefly, if not wholly, home made. Bishop
Swinford' s vineyard at Ledbury is recorded to have
yielded seven dolia (pipes ?) of white Avine, and nearly
one of verjuice. It was the custom in this country in
the Roman Catholic times to bless the vineyards.

ffiattterimrg a ffiitg emir ffiowntg^

The charter of Edward the 4th to this city, dated
August, 1463, decrees that " Canterbury from the feast
of St. Michael noAV next to come be constituted one
wdiole county by itself, corporate in deed and name, and
distinct, and utterly separate from the said county of
Kent for ever, and not a parcel of the same county."
The charter of Edward the 4th Avas one of the most
important documents conceded to the city.- It has been
supposed amongst the. reasons assigned for making-
Canterbury a county, that it originated because the
Cathedral once contained the tomb and relics of Thomas
Becket, and was honoured by being the burial place of
the Black Prince, and the city has been from time imme
morial the metropolitan see of England ; but the only
reason Edward assigns for making our city a county is
" for the greater tranquillity, profit, and increase of the
citizens of the said city."
A.D. April, 1803, the " Lamb " arches over the river
were ordered to be taken down.
Btsputefc ^ribt'Uges, $cc.
Various causes of litigation between the Corporation,
the Sheriff of Kent, the Monks of Christ Church, and of
Saint Austin, the Dominican and other Friars were.
often occurring. A dispute arose at one time between
the citizens and the ecclesiastics, because the latter set
up a plea that they were exempt from the various im
posts and contributions' required for benevolences and
other State exactions, which Avere so frequently de
manded. The most constant sources of contention,
however, were disputes concerning privileges and boun
daries, the use of certain mills, and the diversion of
their watercourses. Among places contested in respect
of the limits of the city, and as lying beyond its juris
diction, were the Monastery of St. Austin, the Boroughs

DISPUTED PRIVILEGES, &0. 127
of Longport and Stablegate, the Mote, St. Sepulchre,
and the Hospital of St. James. There is a curious entry
respecting the latter place which occurs in a memo
randum among the city records. It was on the occasion
of a visit of Queen Mary to Canterbury. The Sovereign
was proceeding to Eastwell through Wincheap to the
house of Sir Thomas Moyle : — " Before Her Grace rode
Master Mayor, bearing the mace of the city, until he
came to the lane leading to the meadow of the late Sir
Thomas Hales, Knight ; at this place Sir Thomas Moyle,
High Sheriff of Kent, required Master Mayor to lay"
clown his mace, which the Mayor denied to do, but said
he would bear the mace as far as the Liberty of the said
city went, Avhich was to the utter part of the stone wall
of St. Jacob (St. James) ; and so did. All which way
the Sheriff of Kent gave place, and bore no rod ; and at
the utter part of the said stone wall the Mayor took
leave of the Queen's Majesty, and she departed, giving
him most hearty thanks." From this Ave perceive that
the Mayor, mace in hand, rode triumphant at the head of
the cavalcade.
The following entry records how a thanksgiving was
kept, June, 1688 : — " Ordered, a bonfire to be made on
the Dungeon Hill, and Avine to be drunh on Sunday next,
in the evening, it being Thanksgiving clay for the birth
of a Prince." This infant Avas the unfortunate "Pre
tender," as he was afterwards designated.
Nine years previous, the Prince of Orange passed
through Canterbury ; and we are informed, " that the
train bands were supplied with beer and tobacco, when
they kept guard at the ' Three Tuns ' during the time
the Prince and the Princess remained in the city."
Before this period the Castle and the city fortifications
had begun to be neglected. A.D. 1667, entries occur in
the Records which indicate encroachments and under
minings, and notices concerning the pulling down of the
city walls, and an appropriation of the materials to
building purposes. The wooden gates still remained at
the public entrances ; indeed, some new ones had been
set up, A.D. 1662, at the moderate cost of 21. 8s. 6d., and
the city musicians, as Ave are informed, played a merry
strain at their inauguration.

128 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
A.D. 1689, the Ducking Stool is directed " to be re
paired, and a new one provided for the punishment of
common scolds and brawlers, the city having of late
been much troubled by such people." Seated on the
stool, or rather chair, through the arms of which passed
a pole, penning in the offending lady, she Avas ducked
repeatedly in the River Stour, until a cure was supposed
to be effected. At Sandwich, ladies gifted Avith unruly
tono-ues Avere buried up to their chins in the sands, and
the Burgesses of Fordwich, a quiet little corporate town
on the Stour, about two miles from Canterbury, followed
the example of the cathedral city.
A.D. 1660-70, orders are issued for making these
stools. The locality of one made 1665 Avas near Brown
ing's Mill.
Complaints were made in the 17th century of the
quantity of tokens and farthings issued by various
tradesmen in Canterbury, many of them being fabricated
with metal greatly alloyed. Tokens had been issued in
much earlier times, but the coining of this species of
currency came into general practice about 1648, Avhen the
Royal prerogative of coining was set aside. They were
cried down, but apparently Avithout much effect, by a pro
clamation of Charles II. The practice of coining had not
been restricted in early times to royalty, as the Arch
bishop, the Earl and others partially enjoyed the right.
Tokens have a certain importance beyond their value,
as they bear records of guilds, companies, families, and
even of old customs. They exhibit also the heraldic arms
of cities, towns, trades, and religions, and other cor
porations, and possess an historic as well as an antiqua
rian interest. The issue of tokens seems to have been
extensive : more than sixteen hundred different impres
sions, consisting of pence, halfpence, and farthings, or
what purposed to represent such coinage, having been
circulated in England, Wales, and Ireland. Some of
these exhibit curious examples of ancient weapons, im
plements, and costume, and of signs of shops and symbols
of Ararious occupations. The most ancient tokens were
chiefly composed of lead, and were probably issued in
consequence of the great deficiency of legal coin of small
Aralue. " Tokens called setons, or missilia, and counters,

AHLLS, NAVIGATION OF THE RIVER, &C. 129
the latter used in the computation of accounts, were also
circulated." *
A.D. 1446, there occurs an entry respecting "Tho
Hermitage," being '< part of tho great Dungeon land."
It Avould now be difficult to identify this locality, nor have
we much reason to connect it Avith an incident which
occurred four years afterwards, when one " Bluberd," an
hermit, was apprehended for instigating an insurrection.
He suffered summary punishment, his head being exposed
on the ancient West Gate. " Bluberd' s " real name was
Tliomas Cheyney. He Avas one of the followers of Jack
Cade, and was taken and executedA.D.1450,29 Henry VI.,
and being questioned in London, his head Avas sent to
Canterbury. See proceedings and records of Privy
Council, vol. 6.
A.D. 1658, Robert Mills is appointed beadle. Among
the duties prescribed him is, " to go with the 'hospital
boys,' to wait upon the Mayor for the time being on the
Lord's clay, and to whip all such as shall be adjudged to
be whipped by the court of sessions of this city." The
same year exhibits the appointment of a worshipful
Alderman to an office generally considered as somewhat
derogatory to civic dignity, — " Ordered, that Mr. Alder
man Knight, one of the Aldermen of the city, be appointed
common scavenger of the city, from the feast of the
blessed Virgin noAV last past, for one Avhole year." Nor
was this appointment much of a sinecure; for in the
centre of a populous district there was kept an open place
called the " Black Dyke," wherein not only was cast the
offal of the city, but dead horses and oxen, and there left
to breed disease and contagion. No wonder the city
suffered severely from several visitations of the plague.
iBills, ETabfgatton of the lifer, $a.
In Somner's time the city contained within its liberties
five water mills ; but in the reign of King Stephen there
were in addition seven other mills, namely, a mill at
Shanford, Godleshan, Muniche Miln, Hotte's Miln, Crine's
Miln or Midle's Miln, probably in the island belonging to
the Friars, and the mills of Saliford and Saint Mildred.
Westgate Mill is mentioned in Domesday Book as be
longing to the Priory of Saint Gregory. The Abbot's
* Mr. C. Eoach Smith. K

130 CANTERr.ERY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Mill belonged to the Abbot and Monks of St. Augustine,
Barton Mill to Christ Church, the King's Mill to the city.
The mill at Westgate came afterwards into the possession
of Archbishop Peckham. The old term of " Schepes-
shote Miln " was applied to one of the above mills. It
was probably so called from the fall of Avater which drove
the wheel, as if written " Steep Shot Mill."
As early as 1393, the King's Mill Avas let at an annual
rent of 100 qrs. Avheat. A.D. 1695, Thomas Rogers un
dertakes under the Act of 6 Henry VIII. to make the river
navigable from Fordwich to Browning's, now Barton, Mill.
A lease is granted him for 41 years. Mention is made of
Fulling Mills, and one is recorded to have existed at
Barton, valued from the proprietors to the city by arbi
tration, and taken down to facilitate certain improvements
in the river. These mills were a great obstruction to the
navigation of the Stour, and an Act was passed, in the
reign of Henry VIII. for deepening and cleaning the
river, and making it navigable for boats and barges. In
Elizabeth's reign, 1,400L was expended for that purpose.
Many of the mills had been removed previous to this. A
great flood, or rather series of floods, and want of sufficient
funds, rendered abortive all efforts to maintain the Stour
as a navigable river above Fordwich Bridge ; the stream
becoming gradually obstructed by shoals, and impassable
for vessels of burthen.
Numerous wharfs once existed, at wliich vessels of
from six to ten tons burthen formerly unloaded their
freights. One of these wharves has recently been laid
open to view by some drainage works done at " Coal" or
" Cold Harbour," Northgate.
" The King's River," as the main branch of the Stour
was called, was often farmed out by the Corporation.
Thus, A.D. 1591, George Tofts and Richard Ashenton
paid 4s. per annum for the right of fishing and fowling
for twenty-one years.
The serges and woollen stuffs of the Walloons were
shipped in the city, probably near the water-lock by
Abbot's Mill.
There are 'several entries respecting the boats in the
Stour. In 1688, these boats were said to be used by
poachers, which doubtless was true. ' In 1693, the boats

Al ARRETS, 'TOLLS, &C. 1,')].
were ordered to be suppressed. In 1788, Mr. GribeU'g
nets at Barton Mills Avere burnt by order of the court
the right to fish the river at his premises being denied.
jfttaruets, GColls, See.
The freemen of Canterbury Avere free of tallage on their
goods at the London quays. The city tolls, however,
Avere oppressive, and the inhabitants on more than one
occasion endeavoured to raise a sum of money to buy
them of the authorities, and to throw the markets open."
These markets were held at various places, and
changed from time to time. The Cattle Market, about
the 22nd of Elizabeth, was kept iu the streets without
Saint George's, from the Nunnery Gate, St. Sepulchre's,
through Rotherschepe to Saint Michael's Gate : that is,
near the present locality of Bridge Street. The Rush
Market, where rushes were sold, was held at the Red
Well ; a red pump as a sign on a house in Palace Street
still indicates the locality. The demand for rushes arose
from the almost universal practice of strewing them upon
the floors of houses before the use of carpets became
general. The finding- of coin in gardens and waste
places in the neighbourhood of houses is to be attributed
to the circumstance that coin dropped upon the floors of
dwellings Avas thus carried out when the rushes were
removed. A market cross was erected at the " Bull's-stake " in
1446, in place of an older one. Here the butchers used
to bait the bulls. There was a cross at Oaten Hill, called
then " Salt Hill," salt and oats being sold there ; likewise
a cross in Wincheap. There Avas a cross at the bottom
of St. Margaret's Street, leading into Castle Street.
A market near the Church of St. Margaret is alluded
to as early as 1480. In 1481, the tollager is allowed 10s.
on account of the loss he sustained owing to the absence
of certain fish women from Whitstable. This allowance
was to last until their anger abated; at what they had
taken offence Ave are not informed. There was a market
at Wincheap, Avhere Avine was sold. A corn market,
Avhich existed, near the "White Bear," Avas in 1709
ordered to be enlarged for the purpose of placing corn
therein in bulk. There was also an Herb Market. A.D.

132 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
1521, fish shambles were rebuilt at a cost of 12Z. 15s. 4d.
In 1491, the years' toll from the fishermen for standing-
shambles in Burgate amounted to SI. 17s. 2d. The
takiim- of tolls at the markets and in the streets was
always a subject of annoyance and contention. As early
as 1665, a free trader, Mr. John Somner, moved a reso
lution in Burghmote, but without success, " That the
markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays be free of tolls."
At a later period the citizens offer the Corporation 420Z.
for free markets, but their wishes are not complied with.
Fish however, at least in 1771, was sold free of toll. The
tolls at the Bull's-stake, in 1791, Avere lowered as being
excessive. It is interesting to note the progress of civilization, and
the tardy development of many branches of trades and
.professions in departments we should now deem indis
pensable. We are informed by an epitaph, once in the
old Church of St. Andrew, " That Stephen White, citizen
(who died A.D. 1592), was the first ironmonger that
ever was dwelling in the city of Canterbury."
In the 23rd of Elizabeth, a market bell is purchased at
the cost of 271. Os. l\d., a great sum, if for the bell only.
One Francis Dale is appointed as ringer, at a salary of
ten shillings per annum. Eight years later, an iron chain
is placed across the street near the Bull's-stake, to prevent
the passing of carriages and horses in market hours.
13 years later still (44th Elizabeth), the market cross is
ordered to be pulled down, and the materials employed
towards improvements in the same place. Perhaps this
was not done, for there Avas a similar order A.D. 1645.
The Corn Market, enlarged in 1709, was new built in
1735-6, and pulled clown in 1788. Long previous to
this, namely, in 1569, a number of posts seem to have
been set up at the Bull's-stake Market, as selling places
or divisions between the stalls where goods were dis
posed of. Thus the Corporation, in Elizabeth's reign, let
to Thomas Pauleyn " five great posts upon the Queen's
ground, belonging to the same city," for 5s. per annum.
Near the city is the manor of Chaldecote, which, with
" the wood of Thorlehot," was bestowed upon the Prior
and Monks of Christ Church by Archbishop Reynolds, as
a convenient place for recreation after a period of heavy

TIERNE GROUCH, OR IRON CROSS. ]U3
duties and labour, and after the practice of "minutio
sanguinis." This custom of opening a vein for the
purpose of blood-letting, seemed frequently practised by
the ecclesiastical orders, doubtless for then- health's sake
to eArade corrupt humours, "contracted," as Somner
quaintly observes, " by their unwholesome diet, feeding
mostly upon fish or coarse fare." Polydore Vergil, how
ever, insinuates that all this bleeding was a sort of
deception, as though they shammed sick and were per
petually ill, to obtain a dispensation for the eating of
flesh, and a relaxation from their rules of diet.

©feme <2Crouch, ov Iron ©10&3.
This cross stood at the bottom of Saint Margaret's
Street, towards the Castle in the four cross Avays. The
drainage works of 1868, which in this locality laid open
some extensive brick aud stone work, doubtless came
upon the foundations of this ancient structure. Here
about was a tenement, which on the dissolution of Saint
Augustine's Monastry was bestowed upon the city, Avith
no less than ninety and more tenements and holdings
wliich once belonged to the same great establishment.
Amongst these holdings Avere public houses, orchards,
lands, sites of churches, and gardens.
The iron cross seems to have disappeared previous to
the time of Somner, but that antiquary speaks of its
existence as being Avitliin the memory of some of his
contemporaries. It once gave a name to" the locality,
and the houses in its neighbourhood are described in
ancient deeds as situated by it. These crosses, besides
being objects erected to excite devotion, Avere used as
market depositories, and provided with steps of stone on
which vendors of provisions and marketable wares placed
their goods.
®fce ©Itt Enn in tij« "J$ertcr«," commonlg callea
"©fiaucec's 3£nn."
Here, undoubtedly, when the fame of Thomas Becket's.
saintship invited thousands of pilgrims from time to time
to visit his shrine in the Cathedral, stood one of the
principal inns or hostelries. Little is now left of the
ancient building. The stone arches on the floor, level

131 CANTER BUUr IN THE OLDEN TIME.
with the street, forming the Avindows of a shop, yet
remain, and once extended much further down Mercery
Lane, but the great dormitory, called the " Hall of a
Hundred Beds," with entrance from the High Street,
was consumed a few years since by a fire, which burnt
down four or five houses adjoining it.
We have no information when this building ceased to1
be an inn. It was extensive; and probably fell into
disuse and decay soon after the Reformation, and was
eventually divided into several tenements. In 1546,
however, the " Prince's Players " performed in it before
the Mayor and Corporation.
Chaucer describes his inn as the " Chequers upon the
Hope,"* which is strongly confirmatory of the fact that
our inn in the " Mercerie " was the identical one he
describes in his " Pilgrimage."
It was celebrated in his time as an inn " that many a
man cloth know." It lay contiguous to the Cathedral,
the approach to which extended probably part of the
distance under a covered way ; the projecting houses
eAren now on each side approaching each other in their
highest stories within a few feet. The inn was not then
crowded by buildings, for Chaucer tells us of the garden
attached to it. Into this place, when his monk and
friar went out to visit a friend, and the knight and squire
made a survey of the streets and houses of Canterbury,
the " Wife of Bath," who might have had some previous
knowledge of the place, takes "the Prioress by the
hand," and leads her into the garden to spend a little
time before they all go in to supper. The garden, if we
take Chaucer's description, seems to have been well
stocked with kitchen and medical herbs, the "alleys
(paths, no doubt) Avere feir and paved." Selvage and
hyssop were among the herbs ; and as the other beds
were to the comers a " sportful sight," they were, doubt
less, full of the flowers of the season — roses, pinks,
columbines, and sweet-williams, with no lack of " Can
terbury bells."
The manner in which the pilgrims were received
seemed somewhat after this fashion. A monk stood at
* What this meant is rather doubtful. There was an old sign in Canter
bury called the "Cock npon the Hop," that is, upon "the hoop," the
bird being painted standing on a hoop.

THE OLD INN IN THE " MERCERIE." 135
the church door, Avho sprinkled them from a " spring-all "
Avith holy water as they entered. They then proceeded
up the nave to the shrine, and having made their gifts,
knelt down, and were permitted to kiss the holy relics.
Thence they visited other shrines until the service Avas
over. Before lea\n.ng the church they purchased " signs
and tokens."
Chaucer, however, hints the pilgrims Avere not always
outwardly devout or attentive, but Avould wander about
the church "curiously spying" at all the objects in
view, and then, Avhilst the knight and the more serious
part of the devotees went at once to their prayers, the
miller possessed himself of a whole " bosomfuli of Can
terbury tokens of Saint Thomas."
Chaucer describes the mode of wearing these tokens.
" They sett their signs upon thier heddes, and some
upon their capps."
The old inn, now a draper's shop, is still worthy of a
visit. The cellars stood once on the original ground-
floor underneath Mr. Skinner's establishment ; they have
a flat stone-arched roof. Here Ave perceive two wide
stone entrances, one in Mercery Lane, the other in the
High Street. The present level of the thoroughfares
without has risen eight feet. A subterraneous passage
leads from the lower part of the inn nearly parallel to
Mercery Lane, and a strongly-built archway, lying Avest,
and about six feet wide, with a ground leArel of at least
ten feet below the street, might have led "to the cellar
or store of the establishment. The stonework here is
very old. The dormitory once lay tAvo or three stories
above this spot, and was entered from a gallery; it
perhaps formed a sort of quadrangle. The inn extended
a considerable distance both down High Street and
Mercery Lane. At the back of the houses, which stood
on part of its site in High Street, and which, were
destroyed by fire, several small Roman objects of anti
quarian interest were exhumed when clearing away the
ruins for the workmen to rebuild.

13G CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Sing 3John anti the gjcfos at (Eanttrburp.
King John possessed a certain sort of popularity among
the lower orders of his subjects, and held in the songs,
ballads, and legends of this country a more favourable
position than he did in any other records. No man was
fonder of jests and revelry ; and continually wandering
up and down his dominions during the whole of his
disgraceful reign, it is possible that he may have become
popular among a class whose sense of humour was not
the most refined, aud whose appreciation of character,
in a King at least, was not the most correct. In him
posterity has recognised both a bad man and a bad
King; but the Commonalty of olden times was not
fastidious, and King John could not always avoid making
mirth and amusement for the bystanders, when he sought
recreation in practical jokes and in low buffoonery.
This Monarch was occasionally at Canterbury, and in
its immediate neighbourhood. From this city he pro
ceeded to Dover on his disgraceful mission to resign the
Crown of England to Pandulph, the Pope's Legate.
According to the "Itinerary" published of his journeys,
he appears to have proceeded in a dilatory and tortuous
manner in -his royal road to degradation. From Can
terbury he departed, on the 6th May, 1213, to Ewell, a
hamlet situated about three miles from Dover. Here he
remained a short time, and on the seventh day went to
Dover, returning to Ewell the same night. As the
Knights Templars had a house in this neighbourhood,
he probably took up his quarters with them, abiding
there twelve days ; thence he went to Wingham, about
ten miles across the country, in a somewhat retrograde
direction ; then again back to Dover ; thence again to
Wingham; and then, avoiding Canterbury, his degra
dation being consummated, he passed on to Chiiham
Castle. The next day he went to 0 springe; thence to
Rochester; then back again to Chiiham; thence to
Battle— these peregrinations occupying him about thirty-
nine days. The delay at Ewell after his submission to
the Pope was no doubt occasioned by his waiting for
his sceptre, which Pandulph is said to have withheld from
him for five clays. The charter delivered to Pandulph

KING JOHN AND TOE .1EWS AT CANTERBURY. 137
was sealed on the 15th May, containing the homage of
the King to the Pope.
A.D. 1213, 3rd October, John resigned his croAvn to
the Pope's Legate at Westminster, securing it back
again as a donation.
King John addressed many special communications to
his "good City of Canterbury," and honoured it bv
levying sundry exactions upon its inhabitants. A.D.
1205, he gives a mill at Canterbury " to his beloved
Clerk, Master Peter cle Iuglesham.'" A.D. 1212, ho
demands of the " Bailiffs and good men of Canterbury,
if they well love him, eighty men armed of the best men
of Canterbury, to be sent to him at Westminster."
A.D. 1215, he demands a supply of pick-axes, "as
many as possible, to be sent without delay to Rochester,
and that all the smiths of the city be taken off all other
work Avhatsoever" to expedite the supply. He takes
aAvay certain houses belonging to the Jews at Can
terbury, and among others he presents to William de
Warren, Earl of Surrey, the house in the Jewry, London,
belonging to Benedict, the little Jew, and to Isaac, his
brother, at Canterbury.
John, it is Avell known, considered the Jews of England
to be his special property; and although he at times
protected them against the incroachments of others —
naively observing in reference to this people in one of
his proclamations, "that if it were a dog, and he had
taken him under his protection, he would defend him" —
he never spared them Avhen his own interests were con
cerned. He would give away their houses and chattels
with impunity, sometimes to the most unworthy favourites,
in liquidation of a gambling debt, or as a reward for an
after-dinner jest. Sometimes one Jew was robbed for
the advantage of another; thus, upon "Abram, the
crossbowman, he bestowed the house of one Isaac, son
of Jacob, and Bona, his wife, at Canterbury."
The Jews are said to have formed part of the popula
tion of England even in Anglo-Saxon times. They are
alluded to in a charter of Witglaff, King of Mercia,
A.D. 833, as holding possessions in England, and m the
" Canonical Excerptions," published by Egbright, Arch
bishop of York, A.D. 740. Christians were forbidden to
be present at Jewish feasts.

13S CANTERLTRY IX THE OLDEN TIME.
Our venerable antiquary, William Somner, believed
that the Jews made a practice of crucifying every
Christian child they coidd get at about Christmas. This
Avas a very ancient and widely credited opinion, and
fostered doubtless as a colour for persecution and
exaction. The great risks which the Jews incurred as money
lenders in the middle ages, and the uncertainty of the
securities which they held against their debtors, who
were not only their lawmakers but their oppressors, no
doubt confirmed their practices, where possible, in usury
and extortion. The Jews at Canterbury were probably
not more liberal than their brethren elsewhere ; and the
material cross Somner alluded to was a figurative one
with Peter of Blois, Archdeacon of Bath, who in a letter
to his friend, the Bishop of Ely, complains " of being
dragged to Canterbury to be crucified by the perfidious
Jews, among their other debtors," and begs him to
interfere in his defence, beseeching him "to become
bound for him to Sampson, the Jew, for six pounds, and
thereby to deliver him from that cross."
This long oppressed and, at one period, everywhere
persecuted people, were formerly settled in this city in
considerable numbers. The locality of Jewry Lane
points out the district where many of them abided.
On a threatened invasion of England by Philip
Augustus, A.D. 1207, King of France, unpopular as
King John was, and stained with many crimes, the
whole of England rose as a man to resist the foreign
foe. The men of Canterbury joined the forces in
considerable numbers, and when John reviewed his army
on Barham Downs he had more than 60,000 men as
sembled — knights, crossbowmen, archers, all crowded to
his banner.
King John, and Isabella his wife, were crowned in the
Cathedral at Canterbury by the Archbishop Hubert,
A.D. May 25th, 1201.* This was the third time King
John had been crowned : first in 1199, at Westminster,
with his wife Alice ; then being divorced from Alice in
1200, he was crowned at Westminster with Isabella;
then again with Isabella, as above.
* X. de H.— 2, 160.

fotc&ents.

It was in 1380 that the Princess of Wales, Avife of the
Black Prince, returning from Canterbury, whither she
had been to visit her husband's tomb, and pay her
devotions to St, Thomas, encountered the rebels under
Wat Tyler. They treated her, says Dr. Hook, Avith a
rough gallantry. One or two demanded a kiss of the
" fair Maid of Kent," and it is said she good humouredly
paid the required ransom.
tournament at ©anterburrj.
A.D. 1347, Edward III. held a tournament at Can
terbury. Thomas cle Grey, of Codmere, received on this
occasion from the hands of the King a hood of white
cloth embroidered with "blue men dancing," buttoned
before with great pearls. He received also, for divers
military exercises, certain accoutrements of Indian silk,
whereon the arms of Sir Stephen de Cossington were
painted.* The King appeared at a tournamentf at Canterbury
A.D. 1349, Avith a white swran for his device, and the
following motto on his shield — "Hay, Hay, the Avhite
swan, by Gode's soul I am thy man."
®jje Bane ^Jo&n, or Bungeon Jitountf ana jpfelo.
There are several entries in the Records in respect of
the above locality. It appears to have been the property
of the citizens from time immemorial. Here they shot
at the butts with arrows, and here at a later period they
practised at the target with "blundering musquets,"
culverins, and other fire-arms.
Much speculation has been, hazarded respecting the
origin of the Mound, and some antiquaries have con-
* II., p. 129. t Craig, vol. 1, p. 187.

140 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TEME.
sidered it to be an erection analogous to Silbery Hill,
and other tumuli, coeval perhaps with the ritual of the
Sabean or Druidical form of worship.
DtiR-dale* informs us that Dungeon means a strong;
tower or platform upon a high mound of earth, artificially
raised. Speaking of a mound at Warwick, he says, the
place had been destroyed by the Danes, but Ethelfleda,
daughter of King Alfred, repaired it, and called it " the
Daungeon." This name, at least in Saxon times, seems
doubtful; it is certainly Norman.
The name assigned to the Mound is variously Avritten —
" Totam terrain nostram quam habuimus ad Dangonem,"
Danzonem; also, "in campo qui vocatur Dangun," in a
deed, 14th Edward I.; likewise "juxta le Daungeon,"
as also in old rentals of the Cathedral ; and Roger Brent
in his will, dated 1486, mentioning his manor there,
calls it so, and the hill hard by " Dungeon Hill." The
common and prevalent impression is that the name is a
derivative as if of the Danes, " Danes' work," being the
production of these marauders in some attack upon the
city.f But its propinquity to the Castle, and its simi
larity to the Donjon Mounds commonly erected near the
stone castles of the Norman proprietors, appear to
suggest both its origin and its denomination. Leland,
who Avrote his Itinerary in the time of Henry VIIL,
informs us that many years previous to his time, men
seeking for treasure "at a place cauled the Dungen,
Avhere Barnh ale's house is now, and ther yn digging
thei found a corse closed in lead." On the Mound, we
are also informed, an ancient Windmill once stood.
There were anciently two mounds, to say nothing of
several mounds or eminencies Avhich once lay in the
direction of the buildings of the London, Chatham, and
Dover Railway. The principal mound, the only one
now remaining, was once covered with oaks, Avhich in
the time of Queen Elizabeth a certain Hugh Johns Avas
permitted to cut doAvn, "provided he plant twenty ashes
or elms, and keep them to grow.":j:
* Warwickshire, p. 293.
t Although the term "Dane John" is of comparatively recent origin,
being unknown in Somner's time, it is worthy of remark that the Danes
did erect earth mounds as one mode af attacking fortified places.
+ City records.

THE DANE JOHN, OR DUNG-EON MOUNT) AND I-'IELD. 1J1
From time to time, however, the right of the citizens
to take pastime and recreation in this "ground appears to
have been a subject of dispute, and the Duno-eon Field,
styled more modernly " The Dane John," was a source
of contention between them and the parties to whom the
Corporation let or leased the manor. Thus, William
Pennington cut a deep dike between the mound and the
Ridingate, to prevent the ingress of the citizens into
their accustomed place of recreation. Pennino-ton was a
man of some influence, and for a time set the commonalty
at defiance. He belonged to one of the factions of the
Roses ; but no sooner had the battle of Northampton given
a temporary ascendency to the partizans of Edward IV.,
than '•' the said William Pennington," according to the
deposition of a witness upon a trial, Avas summarily be
headed nigh unto the said ground, " OAving to the great
grudge which the city had against him." Sharp practice
this, and savouring not a little of lynch laAV.
The Maypole Avas annually in former times set up in
the Dane John. It Avas removed A.D. 1588. Long
previous to this time, there is mention made of a hall
being built, A.D. 1521, "against," that is, for, the coming
of the King's Commissioners. 35th Henry VIIL, the
Black Dike, skirting the present Dane John grounds,
was made by the Corporation a certain official hole
or pit, into which the refuse of the city was ordered
to be cast.
Adjoining this spot, that is, in the parish of St. Mary de
Castro, there was a parcel of ground called the " Hermi
tage." There was an hermitage also in the old church of
Northgate. By an entry in the city Records, A.D. 20 August, 1446,
the land called the " Hermitage, with a part of the Great
Dungeon Land, Avas consigned by a William Benet to
John Lynde and others."
The Dane John Mound has always been a subject of
interest to strangers, as well as to the citizens. I have
endeavoured to obtain all the information I could re
specting both its ancient and its modern history. Of its
ancient history, no precise period can be fixed when it
first came into existence. Various theories might be
hazarded: that it was part of a series of other ancient

112 CAXTERBrRV IN TEL OLDEN TIME.
mounds contiguous to it, and connected with a very
early period of our history ; that it was erected during
one of those ruthless invasions of the Danes and North
men, either by them in their operations against the
people of Canterbury, or by the people of Canterbury
in their defence against the Danes ; that it originated
in later times, and was thrown up in connection with the
Castle as a sort of look-out place, a Donjon Mound, in
fact, an erection Avhich has examples in the mounds at
Cambridge and at Oxford, at Caerleon in Monmouth
shire, and in some other places ; or that it might have
been the accumulation of soil thrown out Avhen the city
foss was dug. This excavation is very much wider to
this day close by the mound, than at any other part of
the circuit of the city.
In the city Records, a few notices from time to time
occur, which, unconsecutive as they are, give some details
respecting the mound and the grounds surrounding- it.
Thus, in the 37th of Henry VIIL, Ave learn " That Mr.
Sergeant Hales and his heirs were released of a rent of
3s. going (arising) out of the Dungeon Hills except the
city and their successors, free egress and regress in the
said hills, upon condition that the city have all those
lands and tenements which the said Sergeant Hales
purchased of — Smith, yielding 20s. to the said Sergeant
Hales and his heirs." This affair does not seem very
clear. Again, some years previous, that is, in 1509,
John Westchyne, Mayor of Sandwich, and William Wood,
aged 70 years, declare they have known the Dungeon
Hills for many years as a common sporting place for all
who chose to repair there. Also that there was a cartway
across the same, until it was inclosed by one Butler.
A.D. 1663, the Mayor and Commonalty demised to
" John Fry, gentleman, the ground called ' Dunge Hill ' "
(Dane John), excepting liberty for the Mayor, Common
alty, and freemen to exercise the art of shooting, as well
with the long- bow as with musquets and culverins, at
marks, and to use all other games and pastimes. In 1 687,
there was a fair held at the " Dungeon," and an order
made that the ground, should not be levelled. From this
we may assume that there were almost always persons
in Canterbury, who, upon the plea of modern improve-

THE- DANE JOHN, OR DUNGEON MOUND AND FIELD. 113
ment, Avere ever ready to destroy the antiquities of the
city. In both these extracts, Ave notice the words Duno-eon
Hills, as if the grounds extended across Watling Street
to the loAver mound Avhich stood once in Gravel Lane, or
it might include the mound on the Martyr's Field. One
thing is certain, the citizens always strenuously contended
for their rights to the Dane John grounds, even to the
hanging of John Pennington ; whilst the Corporation Avere
for ever striving, but ultimately unsuccessfully, to claim
the grounds as disposable property, or to get hold of
part of them, and to let or lease them out to divers
persons. There seemed to be a jarring and confused
notion of proprietorship respecting the Dane John. Thus,
Sergeant Hales, — Smith, and the man Butler who
stopped the cartway, had, it appears, a partial occupation
of the grounds, or a portion of them to the exclusion of
.the citizens.
The above-mentioned John Westchyne, Mayor of Sand
wich, in a legal dispute between the city and John Botder,
further declares, " That such time as one Roger Brent
Avas possessed of the manor of the Dungeon Hills with
the lands thereunto belonging and appertaining, I, the
said John, was cormorant,* and still Avith him in his said
house daily for three quarters of a year, all which time
the said Daungeon Hills were a common sporting place
for all such as would there repair, and a common cartway
lying between the hills aforesaid."
A.D. 1643, the Dane John Mound presented a warlike
appearance. It was planted with ordnance, and watched
night and day by housekeepers. The guns, however, Avt-re
shortly afterwards dismounted.
We know there was a lesser mound. It was called the
"Little Dunghill," and stood near the Terrace and the
present Gravel Lane, almost on a line dividing the
parishes of St. George and Saint Mary Bredin. From an
abstract of an ancient deed, dated 6th December, 1757, in
the possession of Mr. Fryer, the present owner of the
property, I find it was situated adjoining the house of a
Mr. Tassell. It is alluded to afterwards in 1782, as being
* We may here note the cnrioas application of the word "Cormorant"
in the above.

HI CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
on the property of Mr. William Long, one of the Alder
men of the city. The house, now No. 21, in Saint
George's Terrace, is in the parisii of Saint Mary Bredin.
The house adjoining, No. 20, is in Saint George's parish.
The mound stood on the site of these two houses, next to
a lane called Sheepshank Lane, noAV Gravel Lane, ex
tending to the brick wall next to the wall of the- city.
Mention is made in the said deed of there being a
messuage upon it. We have no account when this lesser
mound was levelled, probably, however, it was demo
lished Avhen the houses above alluded to were built ; nor
are we sure it Avas in existence at the date of the deed.
It is a significant circumstance, however, in respect of
this mound, the lesser mound, standing so closely as it
did to the city wall, and probably included within the
circuit of the Roman city, that it might have been the
remains of an ancient Canterbury, defended by earthworks
rather than erections of masonry.
But to return to the greater mound, and to the Dane
John. In a portion of the latter was the " Black Dike,"
abutting almost on the precincts of the Church of St.
Mary de Castro.
Charles II. , A.D. 1684, in his charter of this date,
directs a fair or market for cattle, with a court of " Pye
Powder " (pied poudre),* to be held annually on the
first of March on " Le Dane John Field."
Over its modern history I can throw more light.
The Dane John ground appears, nearly up to the close
of the last century, to have been a spot neglected and
almost Avaste. According to a survey made 18th January,
1800, "it was found to be a ruinous and clistructecl
situation" (sic), and was recommended to be let to some
person for a short time, under certain conditions. It
Avas common property in fact, with a disputed title. It
was rugged and uneven ; it had to be levelled, perhaps
thereby indicating the remains of lesser mounds and
earthworks. At the close of the last century, James Simmonds, an
alderman, banker, and for some few years M.P. for the
city, obtained a grant of the mound and grounds from
* " Dusty foot," from the supposed condition of the shoes of the suitors
and others coming from the country places.

THE DANE JOHN, OR DUNGEON MOUND AND FIELD. 115
the Mayor and Corporation, for the term of his Hf'A and
subject to certain conditions respecting the rights of the
citizens. On the 12th January, 1802, however, as re
corded in the Burghmote book, Alderman Simmonds
resigns all claims upon the Dane John Field, and sur
renders his lease to the Corporation. An extract from
his "Remonstrance," for so it may be called, will explain
the reasons which induced him to take this step, and at
the same time will give an history of the Dane John Field
at this period.
Alderman Simmonds writes in an injured tone, and in
a grandiloquent style: — The Corporation having accepted
the surrender, resolve henceforth to devote the Dane
John Field to the recreation and amusement of the
inhabitants, provided the latter are willing, by sub
scriptions or otherwise, to keep the grounds in order,
and conserve the recent improvements.
Alderman Simmonds' remonstrance is as follows : — ¦
"That he had laid out L500L in improving: and beauti-
fying the grounds and buildings ; had erected a brickway
to support the Terrace that leads to the Ridingate, and
paid Mr. Marseille (who had a garden close by) SOL
per annum, to keep the grounds in order, besides allowing
him the grass." The Alderman then adds: — "When I
first solicited the Court of Burghmote to permit me to
alter the form of the Dane John Field, I had no other
intention than, after having made that alteration, to have
surrendered it again to the court in such a state as I
conceived they would think most improved from that in
which I found, it, and in which rude and irregular shape
it had lain beyond the memory of man, and at many farts
of the year inaccessible to the public. The possible im
provements of the ground, the various beauties of which
there was so great a capability throughout the field,
and the pleasure likely to result to all the inhabitants
of my native city from this undertaking, led me into a
much greater expense than I had at first proposed. For
this . expense I have felt myself amply repaid by the
universal satisfaction expressed by my fellow citizens,
and by the repeated thanks by which I have been grati
fied by all ranks of people. Indeed, they have clone me
the honour to say ' the Dane John Field has become a
L

110 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
public ornament to the city, conducive to the pleasure and
health of all the inhabitants. To this place travellers and
strangers resort as to a public spectacle, and, astonished
at the singular beauties of the hill, the banks, and the
plantations, have all of them declared that no city in the
kingdom has within its walls any public walk or place of
recreation to be compared with this." '
The Alderman then goes on to say why he had so
licited this grant of public ground during his life time,
that he might beautify and improve it; and " that having
expended more than 1,500L in transforming a rude and
irregular piece of ground into a beautiful promenade,
and supporting the same at an expense of 401. a year, he
is placed in a list of defaulters Avith his poor neighbours
by the court of guardians, and summoned before the
justices for the non-payment of a poor rate of eight
pounds per annum ! When I saw the summons," con
tinues the Alderman, "I exclaimed, 'Gracious Heavens!
what a return is this !" It Avas, we must own, hard
and short sighted on the part of the guardians ; if they
had legal power to waive making the assessment, which
possibly might have been done could it have been shown
that no profit was derived from the grounds, especially
as it was a place for public recreation.
Amongst the trees then planted on the Dane John,
poplar trees seem to have constituted the avenue. They
must have flourished too, for twelve years later, every
alternate tree, then valued at forty shillings per tree, was
ordered to be cut clown. All the poplars, save one or
two only, have long since disappeared.
This place of public recreation, thus abandoned by
Alderman Simmonds, the public erecting on the
mound an ungraceful pillar to his memory, soon again
became a waste — unkempt, untrimmed, if not uncared
for, until some years later the Corporation did what
they should have done long before, took it entirely
under their charge, and appointed a ranger and assis
tants. Its present annual cost is now from 1801. to
200Z. per annum.
The Canterbury fair was kept in the Dane John for
some years after Alderman Simmonds had relinquished
his Avardship 0Arer it. By an order of Burghmote, dated

THE DANE JOHN, OR DUNGEON MOUND AND FIELD. 147
2nd September, 1814, it was enjoined during the fair time,
"that no damage be done to the Avalks, slopes, and
fences." In July, 1812, the iron fence on the Avail leading to
the Ridingate Avas erected. The city tower on the Dane
John next to the Ridingate wras removed in 1769. The
gardener's cottage was erected by Alderman Simmonds
in 1812. It was supplanted by a more commodious
building in 1877-
Butts were anciently erected for the pullers of the
long bow — some of England's best defenders. Butts
were also used in Broad Street along the city Avails
without. A.D. 1580, a mark or target was painted, and
set up for " culver " shot to fire at.
Somner describes the Dane John Mound as originally
entrenched, and, when first cast up, as lying outside the
city. If this be a correct notion, it would be a fatal
objection to the theory entertained by some antiquaries
that the wall outside the mound was a part of the circuit
of Roman Canterbury.
At the close of the 17th century, the Dane John was
used as a place for military executions. From entries in
the book of the parish clerk of St. George, kindly com
municated by the rector, we learn : — " 9 November, being
AU Saint's in the year 1694, a solddyer in the regt. of
Col. Coote was shott to death on the furthur Dane John,
the day above written, and buried in the chapel yard in
common ground." Again, July 9, 1696, "A soulger ia
Col. Tittcome's regt. was shot for desertion, and in the
nether Dane John, and buried at the same place where
he ioas shot."

?utltra attft jfxattxnitiz*, &c.

Burgher-Guilds existed in Canterbury in Anglo-Saxon
times. There are numerous decrees in the Court of
Burghmote for the institution and regulation of guilds.
Their origin dates back to a remote period. An ancient
deed in Anselm's time records an exchange of tenements
in Canterbury, made between the family (Prior and
Monks) of Christ Church and the Knights at Canterbury
of the Guild of Merchants.
In the 15th century the various trades and professions
became generally incorporated, and many old fraternities (
Avere revived, and new statutes prescribed for them, j
The barbers, surgeons, and physicians were incorporated
13th Henry VII., 1498. This guild was reconstructed,
A.D. 1544, when the physicians were excluded. In the
older document, "Master Stephen Faye, doctor of
physic, Master Pasca, physician, Robt. Dine, and Wm.
Inglish, with others, the whole companie of the whole
crafte and mystery of physicians, surgeons, and barbers
are instantly required, and with most effectual labour
desired, to have good rules and orders within their
craft and mystery." The ordinance then prescribes the
regulations : — 'First, relating to the appointment of a
warden and beadle; secondly, .desiring that no one
belonging to the said crafte of physicians, surgeons,
and barbers shall not shave no man on a Sunday upon
pain of forfeiting 6s. 8d. The members are called
"Brothers"; "Sisters," however, appear to have been
admitted to this guild, but in what capacity does not
appear. Orders were made intrusting to midwives the
keys of certain gates and posterns, that they might have
egress and ingress of a night; all other parties being
strictly prohibited from using the same.
The classification of apothecaries, as professors of

GUILDS and urate rxiti la. no
the healing art, somewhat perplexed our forefathers.
They seemed to have considered them as a sort of sup
plementary genus, which those engaged in arranging
the natural history of professions did not know how to
place. Accordingly, as late as A.D. 1690, apothecaries,
grocers, chandlers, and fishmongers are all lumped
together in one fraternity; and thus united, they address
the Burghmote in a most ungallant petition against the
ladies, the prayer of which thus concludes :—
" That your petitioners sett at great rents in their houses, and pay
taxes to their Majesties (William and Mary), the minister, church
aud poor, respectively, aud undergo all troublesome offices, as I}or,s-
holders, Constables, Churchwardens, and Overseers of the Poor, v.-liU-u
-svomeu are nut taxable to do ; and if women be suffered to iuicL-lope
into the trades of the petitioners, the same will tend to tln-ir ruin
and undoing-. No man will never put his son to be an apprentice
to your petitioners, when any woman may set up in trade."
Reverting to the guild of barbers and surgeons as
reconstituted A.D. 1544, we find it ordained " that no
manner of forener, whatsoever he be, from henceforth
shall come into the seid citie with any pott, basen, knyf,
or shavyng cloth, or any other thyng belonging to the
seid crafte or mystery, to the intent to shave any man,
or otherwise to tiym any berd, except he be free of the
said crafte or mystery in the seid citie, upon payne to
forfyt for every tyme doing the contrary, 3-?. 4cl." A
prohibition then follows against " any Brother Avashyng
or shavying any berd, or polling any head,, or otherwise
trymming any berd, except at fower Sundays in the
time of harvest (the said fower Sundays to be appointed
by the Master and Wardens), or except it be at tymes
of necessite for sum grete man, or for Maister Maier, or
any of hi3 brethren, upon payne to forfeit for every
default 3s. 4c?. It is further ordered that no person
of the " seid crafte shall not take no less for polling a
hed than Id., and shall not poll any hed, nor trym a
herd under the price of 2d. ; and if it shall fortune any
of the seicl crafte and mystery to shave any man for the
quarter, then if he be a temporal man he shall pay for
the shaving 6d., and if a spiritual, then 8d." &c, &c. _
We might note in passing the eccentricities in spelling
in these extracts ; varieties occurring often in the same
document. The use of two negatives also, not to make

150 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
a positive, but to confirm the negative, as in the ancient
Greek, and some other languages, has a higher authority
than that of these poor Corporation scribes ; and, from
examples in Shakespeare and other writers, it was not
considered as a Aiolation of grammatical rule.
Among the guilds and fraternities were the Hackney
men, Avhose business was the letting out of horses; and
A'aiious ordinances were at an early period adopted for
the regulation, not only of the charges for mileage and
stated journeys out of the city, but a tariff was enacted
at what price a smith should furnish them with a nail or
a horse shoe. The prescription of stated prices held
good with almost every article — a rule in itself as useless
as it is pernicious.
These restrictions on trade, however, prevailed generally
throughout the country from an early period down to
the eighteenth century. The towns early possessed
certain franchises, and the Burgess or Citizen was com
paratively free from the services of the great landowners;
he exchanged his servitude- for one much less oppressive,
but he had nevertheless as a member of a guild or
fraternity to suffer many absurd and vexatious ex
actions. He must, in the first place, acquire his free
dom, which he could only do by birth, by purchase,
or by marriage with a freeman's daughter — without such
privilege he could carry on no trade or calling. Then
it was necessary that he should attach himself to the
fraternity or guild of the craft or mystery Avhich he
Avished to practise. Thereupon he was liable for various
services, and for payments to wardens and other officers;
whilst great demands were constantly made upon his
time, he being subject to certain fines unless he attended
the meetings of his fraternity to celebrate particular
natal and ferial days in the appointed church or
monastery; whilst the marriages and funerals of his
associates were all occasions for ceremonies and pro
cessions, Avhich it was incumbent on him to attend.
The bowyers ought to have been a conspicuous guild
in Canterbury.
A.D. 1363 (Edward III.), writs for a supply of archers
were issued. In one of these the King calls on all
his subjects to leave " all dishonest sports, such as foot-

THE EIIEWMES AND HAKEKs. 151
ball, quoits, throwing the stone, diceing, cock-fighting,
and the like," for which they had neglected the art of
archery, before his time commonly exercised.
A.D. 1511, every village was ordered by Act of Par
liament to provide a " pair of buttes," and no person
above 24 years of age was permitted to shoot with a
"light flight arrow" under 220 yards. Up to 220
yards, the "heavy war arrow" was used; and this was
the effective fighting range of old English archery.
" In the time of Henry VIII. each bow stave, was or
dered to be three inches thick, squared, and seven feet
long, got up well- polished and without knots."* Cros.s-
boAvs and hand guns wrere prohibited.
About A.D. 1680, joiners, carpenters, carvers,
masons, bricklayers, coopers, turners, glaziers, and
painters were incorporated into one fraternity.
mjz 33rcfc)ers ana takers.
The bakers being diAided into bakers of white bread,
and bakers of black bread, neither being permitted to
interfere Avith the occupation of the other, had their
fraternities. To these we may add the smiths and
armourers, innholders, saddlers, pointmakers, whifc-
tawers, f jerkmakers, collarmakers, cobblers, woollen
drapers, taylors, mercers, linen drapers, cappers,
girdlers, silk wire sellers, minstrels, &c.
Wqz Gutia of ^ftoratafars, $rc.
By a decree of Burghmote, A.D. 1518, it Avas enjoined,
"that every brother shoemaker, cobbeler, or corner,
that will sett up and occupy "as a maister within the
said citie and liberty e of the same, shall pay to the
wardeyns of the seide crafte, or ever he sett up and
occupy, 3s. 4d. to the maintenance of the aforeseide
brotherende, upon payne of forfeiture of 6 lbs. of wax."
The fraternity were ordered, "to come to Saint
Augustine on the Feast of the Assumption, and of
Saint Crispin and Crispinus, and there make then-
solemn offering at the mass, upon pain of forfeiture
* Fronde.
t Whittawers, fusarers, or fusters— saddle-tree makers.— Survyj nj London,
A.D. 1735.

153 CAXTEEEERY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
of 2 lbs. of AA-ax." Also, "That if any of the seide
fraternitie, dwelling in the liberties of the seide citie,
intende to be married, then he shall give knowledge of
hit to the wardeyns of the seide fraternyte three daies
before the marriage, and then the seide wardens to give
a commandment to the bedill of the same fraternite to
name the brerhren in due time to go with him from his
dwelling-place unto the parisshe church where the
matrimony shall be solemnised, and to offer with him."
Power is given to the warden to make visits to the
brethren, and if he find any of them have more Avork-
nie-n being "aliants" than workmen being " Engliss-
men," he is to fill up any vacancy that may occur by
setting an Englishman to Avork; and if the master have
an equal number of " aliants " and "Englissmen" at
Avork, and have an odd man, that same odd man must
be an " Englishman."
The death and burial of a brother likewise caused the
warning of the fraternity. " Upon the next ferial day
after his burial, there wa3 enjoined a ' dirige ' of the
Austen Friars"; the next day a mass of requiem, the
wardens to be present, and to offer each of them Id.,
upou pain of forfeiture of 2 lbs. of wax. The same
ordinance further enacts, "That the bedill shall see that
the deckle body of every brother have four torches to
bring him to the grave, and four tapers to be lighted or
borne about his corpse or herse if his body be in the
church in the time of dirige or mass, except there be
two corpses in one day, when the seide torches and
tapers are to be equally divided between them, upon
pain of forfeiting 2 lbs. of wax, to be levied and divided
in form aforesaid."
This was a more imposing ceremonial than many a
poor shoemaker can hope for in the present day. The
contributions required for these occasions must have
pressed heavily upon indigent brethren in the guild. .
Regulations Avere made, however, for the good be
haviour and order of this guild; and it was ordained,
"That at quarter day, if any of them utter obpropious
Avords, or Avords of disclaunder eiche to other, or to
their wardens," they are to forfeit 2 lbs. of Avax. "They
are also enjoyned to hold their wardens in good honour

MINSTRELS. 153
and manner of speaking to them without fasyng and
-brasyng." There was an ancient play house over the Bull's
Stake (Butter Market). It was ordered to be taken
down in 1787. A.D. 1612, an escutcheon of large size
was ordered to be made for the city musicians^ to be
borne by the " chiefest of them ; " but in 1640, the
privilege Avas taken away, and the band for a time
broken up on account of " disorders " arising in the
streets. The players also, about ten years previous,
were forbidden to play on account of " disorders " ami
"night stalking." Money, howeA'er, was given them as
a compensation. We are unable to determine the precise date at which
these fraternities were first incorporated, but ordinances
and rules were prescribed for many of them at the end
of the sixteenth century. We must content ourselves
with a feAV particulars concerning the minstrel. The
profession of minstrel, which among the Celtic and
Teutonic nations was synonymous with that of poet,
sometimes with that of priest or prophet, was lowered
in comparatively modern times to the occupation of men
who, disjoining the composition of song from the practice
of their profession, were nothing- more than singers or
performers on musical instruments. These instruments
Avere pipes, bag-pipes, tambourines, guitars, tabors,
drums, and trumpets. Chaucer alludes to the "rote,
harp, lute, gitene, organ, and ribible."
In the reign of Edward IL, the profession had become
so abased by being adopted by worthless and idle per
sons, who assumed the profession and garb of minstrels,
and travelled about the country in bands, sometimes
under the title of the " King's Minstrels," demanding,
with insolence and authority, fees and gratuities of the
public, that it became necessary to check the abuse, by
special enactments and proclamations.
Restrictive measures were also adopted by Edward IV.,
although he is said to have revived the ancient order of
minstrels by incorporation, by giving them for better
governance, a marshall and two wardens. Sisters were
admitted to the guild, and Ave may doubtless trace in
their appearance the revival of the glee maidens of

154 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Anglo-Saxon times. The minstrel's glory, however,
was gone. Unlike bard or scald, he occupied no
position whence effectively to appeal to the heroic
actions of the past — to arouse noble and elevated
thoughts, or to awaken such feelings and aspirations
as the highest order of poetry never fails to do. Other
sources of enthusiasm undoubtedly existed, but the in
corporated minstrel Avith his pipe, ribible, horn, or drum,
playing " from benches or barrel heads, to boys and
country fellows," no more represented a Taliesin or a
Modred, than the ballad singers of our streets do the
Rhapsodists of Greece.
The Privy Council, on the 27th June, 1557, Avrote a
letter to John Fuller, Mayor of Canterbury, thanking
him for his diligence " in the apprehending and co-
mitting of the players to warde, whom they are willed
to keep, untill they shall receive orders from home, and
in the meantime their lewde play boke is committed to
the consideration of the King and Queene's Majesty's
learned counsell, Avho are willed to declare what the
same waieth unto in law, whereupon they shall receive
further order touching the said players."
August 11th, 1557, the Mayor and the Aldermen of
Canterbury are ordered to proceed against the said
players " touching the same lewde playe."
We find in Canterbury, in the early part of the reign
of Henry VIIL, an account of a guild called the
" Fellowship of Waits and Minstrels," some of the regu
lations concerning which were as follows : — Ordered,
" That all waits and minstrels that noo doo inhabyte,
or hereafter shall inhabyte, in the seyd cytye or the
suburbes of the same citie., shall be one felowshyp, and
called by the name of the crafte and mystery of
' mynstrells,' and so shall continue for henceforth for
ev'." It goes on to prohibit any minstrel from joining
with any foreign minstrel for the purposes of his art,
and "for any fremane usyng or practysyng the seid
crafte or mystery of minstrells, to take any may-game,
garland, chyldale, or wedding, out of any other freman's
hand, uppon payne to forfett, for every suche default,
3s. 4cl. ; nor to any four minstrells to take any suche
Aveddyngs, dedycacons, may-games, or garlands,, from

MINSTRELS. 155
any freeman usyng or practysyng the seid crafte or
mystery, within the seid citie, upon payne to forfett, for
every such default, 6s. 8d. ; nor to any such persons,
&c, to play upon any instrument of a Sonday in time
of masse or evensong, in any inne, taverne, or any other
place, except it be at a weddyng, or a place where he is
hyred, or at the commandement of Mr. Maier of this
citie for the time beyg, or any worshippfull man; and
also, except it be a freeman sitting at his owne home
to tune hys instrument, or a foren mynstrell sitting at
his ost's, tunyng his instrument, uppon payne to forfett
for evy tyme doyng the contrary, 3s. 4d." Also, " That
if any of the said crafte or mystery, at any time here
after, in sport or in malice, doo call one another ' knave,'
or any other vyle words, then every personne, &c, shall
forfett for every time he so offend, 12d." In the reign
of Elizabeth this fraternity was permitted to bear a
scutcheon of arms. During the period of the Common
wealth, the guilds were broken up or remained in abey
ance, but were revived in the reigns of subsequent
Sovereigns. Although, the Guild of Minstrels in Can
terbury has long been defunct, there has ever been
exhibited in this city in the cultivation of music a taste,
ardour, and excellence unequalled by any other com
munity in the county, perhaps the kingdom at large.
Very restrictive too were some of the ordinances, of
these guilds. After noticing (A.D. 1488), "that many
simple and evil-disposed persons (we have modernised
the style) of the same city, as well as Scotch, Irish, and
others, which in no wise will apply themselves to any
labour or to laAvful occupations, but only they five upon
the sale and 'brokestry' of the said bread, beer, and
ale, and for that they have resorting to them many
vagabonds and evil-disposed persons," wherefore it is
resolved, that no man nor wroman, inhabitants within
this city, liberty, and franchise of the same, shall sell
bread, ale, or beer, or any of it to retail of foreign baker
or brewer, but only of bakers or brewers inhabitants
of this city." A penalty then is prescribed for default,
being imprisonment or fine, at the discretion of the
Mayor and Aldermen.
By an order of the court, A.D. 1505, the following

156 OANTERBURV IN THE OLDEN TIME.
assize of beer is fixed : — The common brewers of this
city of ale and beer shall sufficiently "vitell the seid
cite " Avith good and sufficient ale and beer at all times —
every gallon of ale at the tun for Id. ; every " bonne "
of double beer, containing. 36 gallons, for 3s. ; every
bonne of single beer, containing the same measure, 2s.
A.D. 1506, 21 Henry VII. , the smiths and armourers
have prices prescribed for their work and labour. " The
shoying of a courser or bere cart horse is to be 12d.
That every of the seide craft have a marke upon the
seide horseshoys. That all such smythes who sho
Avheles have for a lib. Is. 9d. ; for a pound of black work,
that is to say, as barris (bars) under the brewers' leds,
and such other bouster work, Is. Also for citches,
laches, porters, and 'hey-go-days,' lie?, the lb.; for all
square iron, that is, white tynned, the lib. Id. The
smith then is ordered to charge for a stock lock key no
more than 2d. ; for a holowe keye for a dodre, Sd. ; for
squaring a horse-mill spyndell, 16d. ; a water-mill
spyndell, 3s. The price of nails (hand wrought, of
course) for a 1000 2d. is ISd. ; for 1000 fourpenny nailes
is 4s. 8d."
The various guilds and fraternities of Canterbury
continued in force until the middle of the eighteenth
century. Their termination was sudden and undignified.
Thomas Roch., A.D. 1745, a cabinet-maker, native of
Wales, but born in Dublin, having settled at Canterbury,
and purchased his freedom, was immediately afterward
called upon by the " builders," to which fraternity he
was considered as bound to attach himself, to pay to the
master and wardens the sum of 41. for dues and fees.
Roch at first resisted, but after a time paid the demand.
Objecting, however, to the manner in Avhich this sum
and other monies similarly obtained were spent, and
having likewise a strong suspicion that the demands
made were not only unjust but illegal, pressing as they
did with peculiar severity upon young tradesmen just
entering into business — and other exactions having been
made upon him, such as a payment per head for each
workman he employed — he determined to resist the
impost. Upon his refusal to pay, a process, followed
by a declaration, extending to 192 sheets, for a sum of

MIRACLE TLAYS AND MV.STERIES. 157
1/. 4s., was served upon him. His request to inspect.
the charter and bye-laws not being complied with, he-
had to move the Court of King's Bench to obtain a sight
of the same. Herein Avas found no authority for the
exactions that had been oppressively levied for a long-
series of years. Several of the Aldermen being masters
of fraternities, the Corporation lent their utmost autho
rity to the prosecution of the demands against Roch.
Failing in their attempt to adjudicate in their own local
court, the prosecutors carried the case first to the assizes
at Rochester, then before Lord Mansfield at Maidstone.
Here, A.D. 1758, the plaintiffs, who declined to produce
their sham cliarter, were summarily non-suited. The
decision caused the general break up of the guilds and
fraternities, although some of them lingered on a feAv
years longer. The principle, however, wras established
by the courageous resistance of one man, that compulsory
contributions to them were illegal, and that for a lone;
O 3 o
series of years the great mass of the freemen had been
most unjustly taxed for the benefit of a few interested
officials. The fraternities, before their discomfiture, appear to
have had two wardens, eight assistants, and a beadle;
and to have dined annually together. The Guildhall
was allowed them for their meetings.
As late as A.D. 1736, we find a draft charter to the
barbers ordered to be ingrossed, and sealed with the
city seal. iiitrade ^Slags arttr iilystraes..
We must conclude our notice of the guilds of Can
terbury by a few remarks on those Miracle Plays and
Mysteries, which were formerly exhibited in the church
at Westgate, by the Guild of Corpus Christi. Dated
A.D. 1504 is a decree of the Burghmote "for the
sustentation and continuance of the play called ' Corpus
Christi.'" It was performed during Lent and upon
certain festivals, and is otherwise denominated " Ludus
Coventrise," from having been first exhibited in that
city. The prologue to the play was delivered by three
persons. A decree of Burghmote states, that a play having
been originally "used and continued within the same

15g CANTERBURY IN . THE OLDEN TIME.
citie, called ' Corpus Christi Play,' as well to the honour
of the same cite as to the profite of all vitelers, and
other occupacions within the same, and which play
before this time was maintained, and plaide att the costs
and charges of the crafts and mystriers within the same
citie, had now of late daies bene left and laide aparte, to
the grete waste and decaye of the seicle cite, and for
lacke of good orderyng of certain crafts, within the
seide citie, not corporate." The ordinance then proceeds
to remedy the evil complained of, by ordering the union
and incorporation of all the crafts for the support and
performance of these plays.
The original foundation of " Corpus Christi" is un
known, but in the time of King Henry VI. it is said
" to have been in existence from time immemorial."
The brotherhood called themselves the Fraternity of
" Jesus' Mass," and maintained a chaplain, and possessed
lands and houses, out of which a priest received an
annual stipend of 71., including the expenses of wax
and wine used in the church. This guild, according to
Somner, was dissolved in the time of Edward. VI.
These performances, which dealt with the most sub
lime subjects in a manner which appeared from their
style, dialogue, and scenery to exhibit a combination of
the ludicrous, the sacred, and the familiar, were a source
of immense attraction to the people of England. Nor
was the interest they excited confined to the lower
classes, for we find that shows, masques, and pageants
were constantly exhibited before the Sovereigns of this
realm, both publicly and in private.
Henry VIIL and Wolsey had their entertainment of
" Salvage Men " and grotesque monsters. Elizabeth de
lighted, or appeared to be delighted, in giants, dragons,
and colossal heathen gods ; and James I. took especial
pleasure in the personification of the cardinal virtues, who
delivered long-winded Latin orations and scholastic dis
quisitions to his heart's content.
The ancient mysteries performed by tne Guild of
" Corpus Christi"* frequently exhibited the august per-
* A Coi-pus Christi Guild was founded in Leicester as early aa A.D. 1350.
¦ — Arch. Journal, March, 1863.
The Corpus Christi Play was dissolved at Maidstone A.D. 1547, by the
Aot for '¦ The suppression of the Chantrys and Fraternities ."

MIRACLE I'LAYS AND MYSTERIES. 159
sonages of Holy Writ in a sort of comic burlesque; and
one strong part was Noah and his wife fighting, previous
to their entry into the Ark— a point Avhich not only
awakened the undisguised glee of the diabolic personages
of the drama, but called forth the unbounded applause
of what might be considered the pit, slips, and galleries
of the devout audiences at Canterbury in the " Olden
Time." The ecclesiastics of the middle ages generally looked
upon these performances with favour, and appointed
priests and chaplains to their support. Not so, how
ever, did the Fathers of the Church regard them. Cyril
openly denounced them ; Augustine held that those Avho
went to these plays were as bad as those that composed
them ; Tertullian, Clement, and Basil of Alexandria
repudiated their performance. Their existence is said
to have dated from a very early period. A Jewish play
in Greek iambics, the subject being the " Exodus," is
supposed to have been the first known drama on a
Scriptural subject.
The "Miracle Plays" alluded to by Chaucer* were
exhibited at Canterbury during the middle ages. To
the Guild of Corpus Christi in particular was assigned
the drama or mystery in forty acts which, traced the
whole progress of Bible history, beginning with the
Creation, and ending with the Last Judgment. This
guild was held in Holy Cross Church, Westgate.
Pageants were likewise numerous. The commemora
tion of the martyrdom of Saint Thomas constantly
recalled the people to the leading events of his life and
death. An entry in the Records, A.D. 1504, gives many
items of the preparations on one of these occasions.
The image of the Archbishop was mounted on a carriage
and drawn about the city. Thus we find "one Thomas
Starke, carpenter, and his felowe, are paid 3s. 8d. for
making the pageant, which took them four days." A
great deal of timber was used on the occasion, although
at a cost apparently small, 2s. 8d. being paid for " 108
fote of borde, bought for the fioring of the same pagent."
" Item, ale spent, Id. ; to four men to helpe to carry the
pagent, 8d. ; and to Jamys Colman, for his horse hyre,
* Prologue, Wife of Bath's Tale.

J GO CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
47." "Item, to Gylbert, paynter, for painting of the
-.uvbe and the hedde, 6d. Item, for lynen cloth bought
for Seint Thomas's garment, 6d. ; for a dosyn ancl-a-half
of tynen silver, Od. Glue, and earthen pot, and 'pack-
threde,' cost together Sd." "Item in colys (coals) to
mylt the gleue, a reward gevyn to Thomas Fleechere
for forgyng and making the Knygtes' hemes, to Johan
a Tent for the hyre of a sword and for wasshyng of an
albe and a amys," total 10 d. Gunpowder, among other
items, was purchased, the cost at Sandwich being 3s. 4d.,
and Id. for talowe for the whiles (wheels). A.D. 1521,
the pageant is repaired, and among other charges for it
Ave find 12d. paid " for a quarter of lambe and brede and
drink for the Knyghtes and other that holpe to carry
the pagent after the watch." The Prioress of St.
Sepulchre received 20'i. " for the standyng of the pagent
in her barne this year."
The term gild, or guild, is derived from an Anglo-
Saxon word signifying " to pay," and implied an asso
ciation for religious or secular purposes. Men of various
trades and occupations united together for their common
spiritual benefit in life, and after death. The secular
guilds eventually merged into trade companies.
©fie jftast of Jpools.
To us it may seem strange, yet it is not difficult to
account for, that medley of the grotesque and the ridiculous
which Avas sometimes blended with the sacred and re
ligious sentiment of the middle ages. This tendency may
be even observed in sculpture and architecture, when
in other respects architecture. exhibited some of its most
magnificent effects, although of course its eccentricity
Avas then apparent only in the details and minutia? of
the work, such as the ornaments on mullions, tympanums,
corbels, and mouldings. There might sometimes, be
noticed not only grotesque and distorted figures, but
immoral and indecent representations but little concealed,
and easily to be detected by the eyes of the curious.
Previous to the invention of printing and the advent
of the Reformation, when the amusements or occupations
derived from reading and education were afforded only
to the few, the human mind seems to have sought to

THE f'EAsT UE EuOLA 1(jl
gratify its activity by recourse to plays and spectacles
which appealed to its lower qualities; hence the great
popularity of maskers and mummers, puppit showsf aud
May games j and hence, by a little step, but scarcely
one much higher, to mysteries and miracle plavs.
Unable to repress this tendency, the ecclesiastical
orders sought to guide and to regulate it, or turn it, if
possible (but we believe vainly) to religious and moral
purposes. At all events, it kept many active minds
from speculating on politics and on ecclesiastical matters.
We have already alluded to mysteries and miracle
plays, often performed in the churches themselves, as
the " Jhesu Mass " was at our church at Westgate. But
of all these amusements, if so we may call them, the
"Bishop of All Fools" was the most extraordinary,
the most strangely profane. The Bishop of Fools, we
have every reason to believe, was elected on Innocents'
Day by the subordinate portion of the monks themselves.
In Canterbury, the Bishop of Fools, as Dr. Hook informs
us, sat on the marble chair. The whole staff of the
Cathedral — minor canons, choristers, and officials — at
tended upon him. As he entered the Cathedral, sur
rounded by his supporters, the " Te Deum " was solemnly
sung; wine and fruit were produced and partaken of.
The bishop then began to sing and intone in the most
ludicrous manner, imitating the peculiarities (if any)
of the higher orders of the church. Laughter, shouts,
and hisses rose on every side. The seiwices and offices
of the church were broadly and coarsely profaned. The
porter ascended the pulpit, and pretended to preach
a sermon. The mock bishop, having bestowed his bene
diction, then rushed into the streets. It wa3 like the
saturnalia of heathen — the carnival of Christian Rome,
travestied at Canterbury. The Bishop of Fools seemedto
have licence to do what he liked. The higher ecclesiastics
were sometimes present, as if they partook of the hilarity
and enjoyed the poor fun of the occasion. For three
clays did this profanity last, during which, the mock
bishop bestowed his benediction from the window of the
Archbishop's Palace to the crowds beloAV, and officiated
at matins, high mass, and vespers.. It seems scarcely to
be credible, but we give it on the authority of the
M

1G2 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
respected and learned author of the " Lives of the Arch
bishops " of Canterbury. The Bishop of Fools was all the
Avhile arrayed in pontificals, with alb and gown, but his
chaplain, instead of the barritum, bore on his head a
cushion. A.D. 1364, Archbishop Simon Langham, then Bishop
of Ely, did all he could to put down this odious practice
by issuing his injunction against it. He denounced, "the
execrable custom of making a Feast of Fools. He inhi
bited it by especial authority of apostolic rescript, lest
the house of prayer became a house of sport." *
The "Boy Bishop" was another of these popular
performances. It was a far less profane and more re
spectable affair, and probably it bore a meaning, and
sought to teach a moral, commemorative of the slaughter
of the Innocents by Herod. It was encouraged by the
religious orders ; Dean Colet expressly enjoined that his
scholars at St. Paul's " should, on Chilclermass clay, come
to Paulis' Church and hear the Chylde Bishop's sermon,
and afterwards be at the high mass, and each of them
offer a penny to the Chylde Bishop."
Henry VIIL, A.D. 1542, put down this exhibition, but
Queen Mary restored it during her reign.
The Corpus Christi play was very popular, and Avas
played as lately as the close of the 17th century. The
" Baptism of our Lord " Avas played by the Barbers' Com
pany at Newcastle, 1437. A.D. 1568, the Slaters at the
same time exhibited the " Offering up of Isaac." The
fraternities appeared to be the chief performers of these
plays, the subjects of which were often most extra
ordinary, such as the " Burial of our Lady, St. Mary the
Virgin." In the middle ages almost every church had a guild.
Thus, in Leicester, St. Mary's Church had its Guild of
the Holy Trinity, Saint Margaret its Guild of St. Mar
garet and of Saint Catherine, and St. Martin the Guild
of Corpus Christi and of St. George.
Great was the show and gorgeousness of some of their
celebrations. The priests and clergy arrayed in richly
embroidered processional vestments; their attendants,
some carrying crosses, some banners of varied hues and
* See Hook, vol. 4, p. 184-6.

THE EEAST OF FOOLS. 1G3
strange devices ; _ others bearing the richly apparelled
images of their titular saints. Sometimes twelve men
personified the twelve apostles, each bearing a name on
his bonnet. The chanting of the priests, the music, the
attentive crowds that followed, all served to impress the
scene Avith a certain solemnity and awe. On some
occasions the presence of young girls and virgins robed
in white, gave a pleasing interest, if not a variety to the
scene. Against miracle plays, however, Queen Elizabeth at one
time issued stringent orders.
St. George, in the procession at Norwich, was accom
panied by the " Lady " on horseback, or, as she was
sometimes styled, the "Maid; " and she had her henchman.
In one of the entries of the Norwich guild is this item :—
" Paid for half an hundred oranges given for borrowing
a gown and kirtle for the Margaret" (otherwise the
maid), 26 Henry VIII.
After service in the church, the procession moved
through the principal streets, and thence to feasting in
the hall of the guild.
At last came the orders for the suppression of the
religious guilds. Doavq came the hangings before the
Rood Loft; the images, mostly made of alabaster, were
roughly plucked from their tabernacles or niches of stone
or wood ; large quantities of -brass, a considerable weight
of tapers, of wax, the sepulchral light and the sepulchre
itself, were abolished, removed, and put out of sight for
ever.

aittr JTreitcJ Hefupes.

The Walloons, the French Protestants, and other
" Strangers," as they were called, formed at one time no
inconsiderable portion of the population of Canterbury.
Although from an early date after the Conquest many
foreigners engaged in various trades and occupations had
settled in England, and especially in the metropolis, their
chief influx, which appears to have taken place in the 16th
and 17th centuries, was produced by religious persecu
tions. The cruel proceedings of the Duke of Alva in the
Netherlands, where he represented the policy of his
master, the bigoted Philip II. of Spain, is said, about the
year 1567, to have driven forth as exiles 100,000 of the
people. Previous to this date, however, many Dutch and
Flemish Protestants had sought shelter in England, and
even in Canterbury. The persecutions in France, A.D.
1547, when the entry of Henry II. into Paris was cele
brated by the burning of the Huguenots in several streets,
as a holocaust to sanctify his inauguration; the massacre
on Saint Bartholomew's Day, instigated by his son,
Charles IX., A.D. 1572; the Revocation, by Louis XIV.,
A.D. 1685, of that celebrated act of toleration called the
" Edict of Nantes," which Henry IV. had promulgated
87 years previous, and by which his subjects were per
mitted to reside in all cities and places of his kingdom
without being " examined, molested, troubled, or con
strained to do anything in matters of religion against
their consciences " — were among the chief causes that led
to the immigration of the Protestant Strangers into this
country. In Canterbury, the largest influx was of the
Walloons, refugees from the Dutch and Flemish Pro
testant Churches. Certain priAileges were granted to
them, and they were permitted to exercise their various
trades without being enforced to purchase their " free
doms."

THE AVAL-LOONS AND FRENCH REFUGEES. 1G5
Some of the Walloons, according to a tradition of their
church, arrived in Canterbury in the latter years of the
reign of Henry VIII.
A Walloon church certainly existed in this city A.D.
1550, and perhaps a few years earlier ; and Elizabeth, A.D.
156.1, as a further mark of her favour, grants them for a
place of worship the undercroft of the Cathedral. A.D.
1579, Walloons appear to have had a congregation in the
parish of Holy Cross, Westgate.
The refugees were weavers in silk and stuffs, and
manufacturers of sayes and woollen cloths, and the occu
pations connected therewith, such as fullin<A dveiuf
Aveavmg, &c.
A.D. 1649, the sealer of stuffs made by the Walloons
had a shilling for sealing each piece. 9 th Elizabeth, 15G7,
the Queen directs the Corporation by an order in Council,
to receive the Walloons within the liberties of the city.
Some 19 years later, the Corporation tax the Strangers
towards the repairs of the Westgate. This they com
pound for by paying 15?.
The silk manufacturers may in some degree be said
to owe their introduction in this country to the establish
ment of the refugees, first in Canterbury, and afterwards
in Spital Fields.
Many dissensions arose from time to time among the
" Strangers " meeting in the Undercroft; jealousies pre
vailed, especially Avhen the emigrants from Lyons, Tours,
and the South of France brought considerable additions
to their numbers. The French Church separated; aud
although subsequently they rejoined their co-religionists
in the Undercroft, we find, A.D. 1709, they met at a
place then called the "Malthouse," within the precincts
of the Archbishop's Palace, and their separate church
was denominated the " French Uniform Church." It was
about 1745 that they returned to the Undercroft. A
division took place in the Walloon church in 1651 ;
another in 1662 ; but a reconciliation was speedily effected;
and, by an order from the King in Council, it was de
clared to constitute a part of the " Foreign Reformed
Churches," to avoid the penalties of nonconformity, and
the members of it were exempted from taxation for any
poor but their own.

1GG CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
. A.D. 1642, the Burghmote permitted the " Strangers "
to have two seals to mark their different sorts of " sayes."
A.D. 1680, the Corporation voted hi. for "the distressed
refuo-ees coming out of France." This benevolence was
directed to be distributed by the overseers of the Walloon
church. Driven by persecutian from their native land, the
Strangers were not unmolested by a similar spirit in this
country. As far back as the reign of Queen Mary, some
of them, probably at the instigation of Philip, had been
denied an asylum, and thrust back upon their tormentors.
Archbishop Laud, in the next century, broke through the
toleration extended to them, excommunicated some of
their members, and directed his Vicar-General to call all
of them to an account Avho did not attend the parish
churches, in order that they might be presented and
punished. Letters of the Archbishop to the King are
extant, wherein he denounces " the Dutch Churches at
Canterbury and at Sandwich, as the great nurseries of
inconformity." On one of these is a note in the margin,
by Charles himself, wherein he says, " Put me in mynd of
this at some convenient tyme, when I am at Counsell,
and I shall redress it."
Thus exposed to persecution in the land where they
sought for repose and liberty of conscience, several
thousand of these poor oppressed Huguenots turned their
backs upon England, and sought "security in Holland, a
country then happily freed from foreign oppressors and
religious bigots. No less than 140 families are said to
have left Norwich. At Canterbury, an apparent special
privilege Avas conceded to the " Strangers ; " but whilst
those who Avere born abroad were permitted the use of
their own religious services, the young children were
ordered to be separated from their parents, as far as
religious services were concerned, and directed to attend
the parish churches, and conform.
Before this period, however, that is, during Queen
Mary's reign, their Protestant church had been tempo
rarily closed.
Dr. Smiles informs* us that the first immigration to
Canterbury of these Protestant refugees took place about
* flucruenots. -

THE WALLOONS AND IAENCH EEEUGEES. 167
the middle of the 16th century. They came chiefly from
Lisle, Nuelle, Turcoing, and other places. They con
sisted of eighteen families, led by their pastor, Hector
Hamon. Landing first at Rye and Winchelsea, they
proceeded from the latter place, after a little delay, to
Canterbury. They there besought the Mayor and Cor
poration that they might settle " to labour, with freedom
of religious worship."
Their memorial, in 1564, sets forth " that they had for
the. love of their religion relinquished their country and
their worldly goods; and they humbly prayed to be
allowed a place for carrying on religious worship, and a
graveyard for their dead." Archbishop Parker had con
ceded to them the free use of a portion of the Undercroft
of the Cathedral. Here they not only celebrated their
religious rites and observances, but were allowed for a
time to set up their looms, and carry on their accustomed
occupations. The Canterbury church, from time to time, received
additions to its numbers. The church opened at the
place called the Malthouse became extinct, in con
sequence of the removal of many of the silk weavers to
Spitalfields, where, in the subsequent struggle of hand
labour against machinery, the " Strangers," or rather
their descendants, ceased to flourish, and endured many
and lasting privations.
Referring back to the persecutions inflicted on the
Strangers in the reign of Charles I., the King, on the
breaking out of the Scottish war, found his hands em
ployed Avith events of more national importance than the
molestation of these poor people; and eA-ents soon fol
lowed which deprived his ecclesiastical minister, Arch
bishop Laud, of all power to carry out his schemes of
conformity and interference.
However, in 1686, only one year after the revocation
of the Edict of Nantes, the Walloons were "troubled"
by James II. in matters of religious forms and cere
monies. Their trials on this occasion were of short
duration. Commercial restrictions, however, had, in conformity
with the spirit of the times, existed in the shape of high
duties levied upon their staples. In 1639 it was ordered

1GS CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
that there be paid on silk a tax of sixpence in the pound
to the silk office; whilst upon all manufactured stuff
sixpence in the pound was directed to be paid by
" foreigners," and two pence by " natives."
About the year 1665 the number of these "Strangers"
at Canterbury amounted to 1300. In 1694 they had one
thousand looms at work, and employed 2,700 people.
Shortly after this period their trade declined, and in
1719 they Avere reduced to 334 looms and 58 master
weavers. Many of the artizans had moved to London
and elsewhere. The importation of silks and calicoes
from India tended materially to diminish the demand for
their fabrics, so that by the close of the last century,
there were but ten master weavers in Canterbury, and
eighty communicants to their church.
Among the Burghmote entries we note the following
dispute, Avhich arose when the master weavers, being-
reproached, A.D. 1650, "for employing a non-freeman
in the conAreyance of their goods to London," they ex
cused themselves under the plea " that the Dover
waggoner travelled after sunset, which their own carrier
never did, and consequently, the former was frequently
robbed of their goods." This gives a picture of the
general insecurity of our London road after dark in the
olden time.
The plague, which had proved on many occasions so
severe a scourge at Canterbury, caused great mortality
among the Stranges. In June, 1599, out of 26 deaths,
1 7 were from plague ; in July, there were 78 deaths by
plague ; in August, 39 ; in September, 44. The ravages
of this disease, February, 1582, are evidenced from the
registers of the Canterbury church by the following
simple, yet touching memorial of deaths in one family : —
"La feme Direlin,
Un autre enfant,
Magdalene sa fille,
Un autre petit,
Et un autre le mesme jour —
La dernier fille ! "
A.D. 157-4, Queen Elizabeth was at Stonar, near Sand-
Avich, where a mock siege was got up for her entertain
ment ; and two Walloons, each armed with a spear and
shield, tilted at each other in boats, " at which the Queen

THE WALLOONS AND FRENCH REFUGEES. 109
had good sport." Afterwards "Her Majestie beheld
dyvers children, English and Dutch, to the number of
one hundred and six score, spynnyng fine bay varn
together, a thing well liked both of Her Majesty and the
ladies*." The defeat of the " Invincible Armada " was a source
of joy and triumph to these poor Strangers. At South
ampton they rendered public thanks to God, and invoked
blessings on the gallant English fleet. The Canterbury
church was warmly moved upon this glorious occasion.
A few descendants of the old families still remain in
Canterbury, and their names will be readily recognised,
as Marseille, DeLasaux, Minot (or Minotte), Fedarb,
Lepine, Boree, Beauvais, &c. Yet in some instances,
by a curious process, during the course of time the
names retaining their primitive meanings have become
transmuted into corresponding English appellations.
Thus the Del' Ors have become the Goulds; Del' Eau,
Delo or Waters; Chevallier, Hostler or Horsely; La
Planche, Plank ; Derousseaux, Brooks ; Thiery, Terry ;
Redotte, Ridout; Delme or Delamer, Delmar; Corre,
Carey ; while Eastes was originally the ancient family of
D'Este; Pout, anciently Dupont; and perhaps even
some of the Birds and Nightingales came from the
stranger immigrants at Canterbury, the Oiseaus and
Rosignols. We add to the above Le Fevre, De La Motte, Linird,
Miette, Durant, Fleury, Minotte, and Dombrain, alias
D'Embrun, a Protestant family of high distinction, the
head of which, Jacques D'Embrun, fled from the toAver
of Embrun in 1572, escaping with six others, amongst
whom appear the well-known names of their Canterbury
descendants — De LaSaux, De Cafour (Dickafour), LePin
or Lepine, Le Gvt, and Le Grand, Avho crossed the sea in
an open boat 19th August, 1572, and settled in Canter
bury ; John Six, F.R.S., the astronomer, who invented
a new sort of thermometer, was one of the Canterbury
Protestants. To these we add the name of Gambier,
from whom James Gambier descended, an eminent
lawyer; and another James, his son, who entered the
navy, and was ennobled in 1756 by the title of Lord
*Burn, page 47.

17() CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TT-A1E.
Gambier. Mr. Anthony Clark, whose original name Avas
" Macaire," and who with his wife were distinguished in
this city for their acts of benevolence, was a Huguenot.
He died A.D. 1835.
The Walloon Protestant church still meets in the
crypt of the Cathedral. Service is performed every Sun
day afternoon in the French language. A vestry still
nominally exists ; it once consisted of twelve elders and
as many deacons. The number of the congregation in
1853 did not exceed eighteen. The funds for the pur
poses of the church and the poor, once kept distinct, are
now united. They consist of 33 acres of land in Bur-
marsh, let at 111L per annum. The land was purchased
by donations and subscriptions from various members of
the French church. The income is applied to the general
purposes of the church, and to the relief of their poor.
Besides the above receipts, there are other funds derived
from the rents of land at Denstroode, in Blean parish,
the gross annual value of Avhich is 50/., subject however
to deductions for improvements. There are some cot
tages in Canterbury let as almshouses, rent free, to poor
members. There is a small dividend also from an .
investment in South Sea Annuities. The "minister"
or "reader" to the congregation now receives, out of
these funds, one hundred and ten pounds per annum.
When danger threatened the kingdom, the Walloons
Avere in no Avise behind the other citizens in patriotism.
When a call for arms arose, and armed men went forth
in the days of Elizabeth to resist the threatened invasion
of Spain by her " Invincible Armada," the " poor
Strangers" mustered their recruits; and' the "Walloon
drum," as recorded in the city Records, sounded
amongst other warhke instruments its call to summon
the men, who mustered at the camp, then formed at
Northbourne, A.D. 1588, and who doubtless would have
given a good account of their deeds had the invaders
dared to land.

^rtptsi&Dp Mztktt

There are but few allusions to the Martyr in the city
archives. St. Thomas's Hill, Ave are informed, was
formerly called " Saint Thomas a Becket' s Hill;" and ou
the neighbouring eminence of Harbledown one of the
Archbishop's shoes Avas preserved, or rather the sole of
one, set Avith jewels or coloured stones ; the which sole,
as testified by Erasmus, the pilgrims, upon the payment
of a fee, were permitted devoutly to kiss. It is, perhaps,
not generally known that Thomas Becket Avas formally
unsainted by Henry VIII. This monarch ordered his
Attorney-General to file a " Quo Warranto " against him
for usurping the office of a saint ; Becket was cited to
appear in court to answer to the charge. Judgment of
" ouster " would have passed against him by default, had
not the King, to show his impartiality and regard for the
administration of justice, assigned him counsel at the
public expense. The case having been called on, and the
Attorney-General and Becket's counsel fully heard,
sentence Avas pronounced to this effect : — " That Thomas,
sometime Archbishop of Canterbury, had been guilty of
contumacy, treason, and rebellion, and that his bones
should be publicly burnt, to admonish the Jiving of their
duty by the punishment of the dead ; and that the
offerings made to his shrine should be forfeited to the
Crown, his images and pictures destroyed, and his name
erased from the list of saints."
A.D. 1536, Henry had suppressed the lesser monas
teries. A.D. 1538, he had seized upon Saint Augustine's,
and in the summer of that year Christ Church was already
condemned. Men were then thinking, speaking, and
writing of the religious institutions of the day in a
manner they had not ventured to do since the time of
Wiclif; and although Henry was deposing one pope to
set up another, strange things Avere uttered of ecclesias
tical doings, and of the relics of saints. Every effort
was made by the Court party to expose the Romanists.
There is a curious passage in a letter of Cranmer to

172 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Cromwell* among the State Papers, dated 18th August,
1538. The Archbishop, in allusion to'the Martyr, says :—
"Farther, because I have in great suspecte that Saint
Thomas of Canterburye, his blodde in Christes' Church,
in Canterburye, is but a fayned thing, and made of some
redde okar or such like matier, I beseeche your Lordship
that Dr. Lee, and Dr. Barbour, my chapleyns, may have
the Kinges' commission to trye and examen that and all
other like thynges there."
It is generally supposed that in August, 1538, the
shrine of Becket was shown for the last time to Madame
de Montreuil and her party of ladies, for Penison, in a
letter dated 1st of September, giving an account of that
visit to Cromwell, says : — " And so yesterday ensuying
the Maister of the Rolls in the mornyng dyd present her
a plentous dissh of fresh sturgion, and so by ten of the
cloc, she, her gentil women, and the said ambassadour
Avhent to the church, wliere I showed her Sainte Thomas's
shrine, and all such things worthy of sight, at which she
was not little marveilled of the great riches thereof, saing
to be innumerable ; and that if she had not seen it, all the
men in the wourlde would never a made her to belyve it.
Thus ever looking and viewing more than an oure as well
the shryne as Sainct Thomas's hed, being at both sett
cushions to knyle, and the Priour opening Saint Thomas's
hed, saing to her three times, 'This is Sainct Thomas'
hed,' and offered her to kysse it, but she nother knyled
nor Avould kysse it, but still vewing the riches thereof."
The good Prior, doubtless full of misgivings at the warn
ings of the times, and aAvare that the King was about to
deal with Christ's Church as he had already done with
other monastic establishments, forbore to rebuke the
lady's indifference. On the contrary, he sent Lady
Montreuil that afternoon so plentiful a store of " capons,
coneys, chickens, and fruits," that she thereupon ex
claimed, " What shall we doo with so many ? Let the
Lord Prior come and helpe us to eat them to morowe at
dynner ! " — which the Lord Prior doubtless condescended
to do.
There is another letter to Cromwell of the same date
from Brian Tuke, from which we learn that St. Augus-
* Then Ticar General.

ARCHBISHOP BECKET. 173
tine's having been surrendered into the King's hands,
Tuke, on the ground that his father was a gentleman of
Kent, and on the plea, doubtless without much founda
tion, that the Abbot of Saint Austin's had usurped hinds
belonging to his family, situate near Hy the and Sandwich,
prays Cromwell to beseech the King to bestow upon him
the revenues and possessions of the suppressed abbev,
concluding his supplication by declaring " As I am his
Grace's most humble A'assal and most bounden bedesman,
so Avere I and my poor posterity obliged to be in the
place of a slave to his excellent highness."
Thus the abject spirit of the subject stands in fit accord
with the rapacity of the Sovereign. At the very time,
however, these transactions were occurring, Miles Cover-
dale was translating the Holy Scriptures, and Cranmer
was debating with Cromwell whether " the Great Bible " *
was to be sold when published for thirteen and four
pence or ten shillings.
It was in Henry III.'s reign that the corpse of Becket,
which had lain in the crypt for 50 years and upwards,
was taken up, and the bones and skull being placed in a
chest of iron, borne on the shoulders of some of the first
lords of the land to the east end of the Cathedral beyond
the high altar. The King was there, but, on account of
his tender age, he was not permitted to sustain the coffin.
The new shrine, a gorgeous work of gold and silver, had
been already prepared. — Dr. Hook, vol. ii. p. 746.
It is not generally surmised, we believe, that the
knights, the principal actors in the murder of Becket,
escaped all punishment; such, however, was the fact.
They were excommunicated certainly, but in other
respects they went off with impunity. They retired at
first to De Morville's Castle of Knaresborough.
Perhaps the action of the King in some measure ac
counted for their escape. Henry, if not really penitent,
was at all events thunderstruck, and perhaps conscience
smitten by the universal burst of horror that seemed to
rise from all ranks of the people at the sacrilege and
murder. Nor could he be less moved by the attitude of
the ecclesiastical orders. Hence he made a sort of con
fession, which in some degree turned away popular
* Known as " Cranmer's Bible."

174 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Avrath from the actual murderers. " He had not desired
the deed ; it had caused him the deepest sorrow," he said;
but then he admitted, " that he had used words that the
knights had misunderstood." Political events darkened
around him. The Scots had crossed the border. His
son Henry was meditating rebellion. Then, after a lapse
of some considerable time, he professed himself willing to
pay any penalty which the church might exact. Accord
ingly he came from France, and landed after a stormy
passage at Southampton ; thence he came to Canterbury,
making offerings at various shrines on his way.
On arriving at Harbledown he alighted, and proceeded
on his way on foot to the oratory at Saint Dunstan's. Here
he in part disrobed, put on the penitential shirt of hah-,
OArer which was thrown the coarse pilgrim's cloke ; and
then Avith bare, and after a time with bleeding feet,
Henry, King of England, great grandson of the Conqueror,
walked through the streets of the city to the Cathedral.
What a wondering crowd beheld his approach, and
then followed on his steps, in silence doubtless, if not
awe stricken at the judgment of God, at the triumph of
his church !
Tarrying a few minutes at the spot where the murder
had been done, he slowly passed into the crypt; its
gloom then broken, yet looking strange and shadowy,
with a hundred gleaming lights and tapers.
Here, we are told, he burst into tears, and flung himself
upon the ground. A group of knights and ecclesiastics
were around him. The Bishop of London stepped forth,
and repeated something like a confession for the King,
" that he had not commanded the murder, but he had
caused it by his hasty speech."
The King now moved towards the tomb or shrine.
He made offerings of silks, and it is said of wedges of
gold. To the Chapter he promised lands.
Then came the strangest scene of all, the satisfaction
to be given on his person in expiation of the crime.
The King threw off his cloak, he knelt, and laid his
head on the tomb of Becket, and Bishop and Abbot, as
many as were present, each struck him five times with
a rod. The eighty monks followed, each striking him
three times. Such was the penance. Then Henry

ARCHBISHOP BECKET. 175
Plantagenet arose, but not as yet to depart. For the
rest of the day, nay, through the night till morning, he
remained in silence, without food, without sleep, by the
Martyr's tomb.
The knights, the actual perpetrators of the murder,
are said speedily to have recovered their position and the
King's favour; at least Tracy did, being made by the
King, Chief Justiciary of Normandy. Morville lived on
until the reign of King John, and died peaceably in his
bed. Fitzurse ("son of the Bear") retired to Ireland,
and became the founder of the family of Mac Mahons —
" Sons of the Bear " in Irish. Bret, or de Brito, received
no punishment, fell into no public disgrace. Many of
the other enemies of Becket, open and avowed ones in
his lifetime, were promoted and advanced by the King.
Perhaps, however, the fact of the murderers of Becket
being ecclesiastical offenders in some way prevented their
prosecution. Wherefore, however, we cannot say.
Becket, as quoted by Hovenden, vol. i. p. 259, gives
the following description of his ancestry : — " Quod si ad
generis mei radium et progenitores meos intenderis, cives
quidem fuerunt Londonse," &c. They were London
citizens, in fact, of the middle class.
Amongst the many memorials written of Becket, we
refer our readers to Canon J. C. Robertson's most
thoughtful, interesting, and accurate life of the Arch
bishop, and to Dean Stanley's "Memorials of Canter
bury."

atttr M&%z M

We give in Plate 16 a few examples of the above.
Nos. 1 & 3 are pilgrim's tokens in honour of St. Thomas
of Canterbury. Very few of these memorials have been
found at Canterbury, as far as we know. The great
collections have been made in London from the bed of the
Thames, and from or near the site of Old London Bridge.
At Canterbury, however, Avere foundries for casting these
leaden objects, and one is said to have existed Avithinthe
precincts of the Cathedral. They were given or sold to
the pilgrims, most of whom, according to Chaucer, were
eager to carry some of them home with them as tokens
of their pilgrimages, and as a remembrance of the city
whose Cathedral enshrined the relics of so great a saint.
At page 81, Coll. Ant., vol. i., Mr. C. R. Smith, F.S.A,
by whose permission I introduce on my plate Nos. 1 & 3,
gives an interesting account of these tokens.
"At the Chequer of the Hope, that many a man doth
know," in Mercery Lane, a number of our Canterbury
pilgrims used once to lodge, and hence they proceeded to
the Cathedral to make their offerings, mostly at the
shrine of St. Thomas, to the total neglect almost, at one
time, of other supposed holy places.
An interesting account is given by Mr. C. R. Smith, in
the volume referred to, of these pilgrims : — " How they
kissed the holy relics ;" how the miller, as described by
Chaucer, "bought and pinned on his bosom signs of
' Canterbury brooches ;' " and how not a little irregu
larity prevailed at times amongst the motley group of
devotees, honesty not appearing to be one of the most
predominant virtues they possessed, for although " each
man set his silver on such things as he liked," some of
them, in spite of the old friar who stood by, with his
" doggish eye," and who Ave suppose had always a stock
of these tokens on sale, managed to secrete a lot of them

Pia

-*-%

.3,
W
</V_a ° A&
» "-A*" A 5s

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f 1< X '? 'X4* ' '•- V ' lis "*'¦¦ "» ^

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A. ' ~.lCr.

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CEHUfch.8

CHATE.LAIN E.TRADE MARKS,
TOKENS &=

PILGRIMS' SIGNS, TOKENS, TRADE MARKS, &C. 177
" privily in their pouches."* Intrinsically these leaden
or pewter objects Avere of little value, nor even of much
artistic consideration. They are curious, and manifest
considerable variety.
Those relating to St. Tliomas mostly exhibit the effigy
or head and neck of the saint. Many Avere cast re
lating to other shrines and saints. A token portraying
St. John carrying a lamb was found in the River Stour,
near Canterbury, some time since.
Mr. Cecil Brent, F.S.A., of Bromley, has a fine col
lection of these tokens, which will shortly be described
in one of our Kentish Archaeological Works. f
Plate 16, Nos. 4-8, 9, are tradesmen's marks of lead,
mostly duplex, to give them hold on the stuffs, &c,
which they sealed. Probably some of them were used
by the Walloons of Canterbury. They have been found
in considerable number and variety in this city.
Nos. 5, 6, 7, are leaden tokens or base money used by
tradesmen as small change for their customers ; and
Nos. 10 and 11 are tradesmen's tokens in copper, the
obverse and reArerse of each of Avhich are given on the
Plate 16. About 40§ of these Imve been found in con
nection with Canterbury tradesmen; they are called
halfpence, and also occasionally are described as far
things. Many of them bear the signs of the house or
place of business of the OAvner, such as the two examples
which we give : —
No. 10, "Jeremiah Matherson, at the" (Chequers),
and reverse, " In Canterbury, his Halfpenny."
No. 11, " At the 3 Kings," reverse, ^_ " In Can
terbury." These tokens were issued by the tradesmen between
the years 1640 and 1680, to supply the deficiency of the
copper coinage. Many of them exhibit signs, such as
a "vase of flowers," "roll of bread," " a ship," " a pair
of scales," "a comb," "a man making candles," "a
* See Supplement to Canterbury Tales, as quoted Ly Mr. T. Wright and
0. Pv. Smith.
t Of such special value were the Becket tokens once considered, that
Louis XL of France applied to be supplied with one of these memorial*
Noa. 4, 5, and 7 are from Mr. Pool's' Collection, who has permitted nie
to illustrate them and other antiquarian objects in his possession.
§ See List. N

178 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
pair of shears ;"¦ and on some are the arms of the Ockman
family, " a fess between three crescents."
A.D. 1646, the Recorder's opinion was taken respecting
" the great abuses which had arisen from the making
and uttering of divers farthings and pieces of metal."
However, nothing seems to have been done towards
their suppression. They were issued not only at Can
terbury, but in the towns and villages of East Kent,
Wye, Faversham, Chiiham, Sturry, Wingham, Sandwich,
Dover, &c. Before the close of the century, however,
the coining of these tokens was effectually suppressed.

Sbtate of tlje ^poor of tbe (Sitg agjorfc&ouse.

John Clarke, Master, July 1st, 1746.

Men.
Porter - 1^
Beadle - 1
School master 1
Assistant - - 1
Brewer - 1
Tuglers - 3
Shoemakers - 2
For hop bagging - 5
Draw cords - 1
Pick tow - 3
All works - - 1
Blind - - 1

21 — 1 does nothing ,- 20 work = 21

Women.
Cook - - 1
Spin hemp and flax 2
Spin - - 5
Knitt and sew - 6
School mistresses - 2
Nurses and helpers 12
Sick - - 4:
Old and - - 6
Blind - - 2
Lame - - 2

42.

4 Sick
10 Do nothing
28 Work

42

Boys.
Draw cord
Hop bagging
Pick tow -
Do nothing

20 14 |
10 |
19

63.

19 Do nothing
44 Work

63

Girls.
Spin hemp and flax
Spin
Knitt and sew
Sick Do nothing

>46.

1 Sick
9 Do nothing
36 Work
46

£

s.

d.

-j\-

190

1

31

-

128

10

0

ard -

6

2

0

324

13

V
6 2

£

s.

d.

-

1,086

10

10i

2gQ CANTERBURY IN TOE OLDEN TIAtE. £ s. d.
Maintenance of poor- - 1,411 4
Received by earnings of the poor
Rents, poor priests -
For maintaining George Hayward
(to be deducted)
Charge to the city Price of Goods.
Wheat, 22s,. 6d. to 26s., 27s., 28s., 34s., 35s., 36s. 6d.
Malt, 20s. per qr.
Beef, 4s. 6d. to 5s. per score.
Mutton, 3d. to Z\d. per pound.
Cheese, 3d. to 3|rf. do.
Coals, 30s. to 32s., 33s. per chaldron.
I^ole OTtot&es.
In the Burghmote Records of Canterbury, A.D. 1506,
there is an entry which is not easy to explain. It is
entitled a " Decree for encouraging the making of cloth
in Canterbury." This was previous to the advent of the
Walloons or Strangers, our great cloth-makers, or the
principal part of them. After reciting, " That before this
time, within the seid cite was grete plentie of clothe
mackyn used, whereby many and diverse artificers as the
poure spynsters of the seide cite were profitably occupied,
in the which tyme the seid cite flourished in prosperite,
and for lacke of continuance grete idelness and poverte
increaseth to grete decay and desolation " (this descrip
tion is somewhat surprising, as Canterbury was at this
time in the receipt of a vast crowd of pilgrims flocking to
the shrine of Becket, and consequently spending money),
the decree then enacts, " That for the year next follow
ing, at the Feast of Easter, 1507, there shall be made
by the Maior and his brethren anci other like to them, a
number of hole clothes, whereof the Maior, and each of
his brethren and siche other lyke to them, whose names
are annexed to this act, shall make two hole clothes,
every clothe containing 22 yards." " The commonalty and

HOLE CLOTHES. 181
siche like to them are to make one hole clothe" A fine
is ordained of 10s. if the Mayor is negligent or the
Aldermen be "remysinge" in the "seid clothes making."
The Mayor is to be fined 205. additionally, if he do not
look after and inforce the fines for " non makyng their
clothes "' as above specified The Chamber is to distrain
upon offenders.
We have allusions in the Records to "Aldermen in
livery;" but Ave confess we do not understand why the
Corporation thus voluntary imposed upon themselves the
task of being their own tailors, and hoAV by so doing
they could relieve the distress of the poor spinsters and
others. Did hole clothes mean holy clothes ? and even
if so, why should the Corporation individually make
them ? Or did it mean the Mayor and Aldermen, and
" siche like to them," were to order these clothes to be
made ? It does not say so ?
By another provision, all cloth-makers coming into the
city are to forfeit 6s. 8d. ; and all butchers are prohibited
selling tallow out of the city.

jfHatmers, €tt£i#ms, atttr ^limtsementB.

It Avould be interesting to obtain an insight into the
employments and amusements of the citizens of Canter
bury a few centuries since, the more especially when we
consider how our own habits, social customs, and opinions,
have been affected by the progress of science and civili
zation. Yet we are not altogether without some glimpses
of this inner life in Canterbury in the olden time.
Let us take the era of Henry VII., allowing the range
of a few years. The old ecclesiastical glory of Canterbury
was noAV at its culminating height. Mark, on festal
days, the long processions ; note the ringing of bells, the
continued calls to mass and prayers, the holiday groups,
the strange habits and costumes alike of pilgrims or of
inhabitants. The tall, narrow, overhanging houses, the
Tudor built square-windowed domiciles, the ponderous
signs, the colonnades and covered ways, as in the ancient
Mercerie, and other thoroughfares, especially in such
localities where humble dwellings were still seen with
roofs thatched with straw or rushes. Numerous were
the ecclesiastical buildings ; the stately Cathedral, its
central tower not long erected, ever exciting the wonder
and admiration of all observers. Exclusive of the present
parish churches might be noted Saint Michael near
Broad-street, Saint Edmund by the Ridingate, the old
Church of Saint Mary de Castro and St. John the Poor.
There were the Priories of Christ Church and of Saint
Gregory, whose superiors were wont to be summoned to
Parliament. Over the low buildings immediately in its
neighbourhood rose the Abbey of St. Augustine with its
lofty tower, bearing a remote tradition of Ethelbert in
its name. Scattered at unequal intervals among the
narrow ways, old courts, and odd little passages, rose the
houses and offices of the Black, White, and Grey Friars,
the Knights Hospitalers, the poor priests' domicile, cells,
chantrys, almonries, and hospitals ; while the conventual

MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND AMUSEMENTS. 180
home of the Nuns of the Holy Sepulchre loomed nigh to
Oaten Hill, and the hospital of St. Lawrence, and rudely-
carved effigy of the tortured saint — all within easy search
of the inquirer. Silently pass by, one by one, the Black
Nuns of the Holy Sepulchre, their dark sombre figures
and gliding quiet steps awaking surprise even in those
days of strange and varied garbs and vestments. They
pass by on some mission of charity and peace, and dis
appear" in the turnings of the narrow streets. By and
bye, a few years later, cries of treason and insurrection
shall gather round their cpiiet home; and, fostered by
their zeal, by their love, or by their superstition — perhaps
by a combination of all these motives — the " Holy Maid "
shall go forth from the shadow of these Avails on her
crusade against the oppressor and destroyer of the
monastic orders, and bring a miserable ruin on herself
and all who abetted her.
It is at the Cathedral, where, resplendent with the
offerings of kings and princes, shone that master wonder
of the age, the Shrine of Saint Thomas, that the people,
pilgrims, and spectators were most densely congregated.
This shrine was the richest in all Europe. To it were
brought the most costly gifts, so that while the shrines
of Christ and the Virgin were almost neglected, in some
years its offerings swelled in A'alue to nine hundred
pounds and upwards.
Chaucer has, at an earlier era, in his descriptive pages,
carried his pilgrim groups to Canterbury. How vividly
the scenes portrayed arise before us even now ! The last
stage into Canterbury, for instance, when from afar they
hail the Cathedral towers, and the little hilly hamlet
called "Bob-up-and-down" is about to be descended.
His descriptions would almost have applied to the period
we are treating of, so few of the great discoveries among
which we live, with the exception of printing, had then
influenced the social condition of mankind.
Of the daily routine of the lives of the civic dignitary,
or of his humble fellow-citizen, we can tell something : —
Early matins have sounded, and the good man has opened
Ms shop ; he is off to prayers, probably to St. Mary Brecl-
man's, then a sort of official church. On his return he
finds prepared his substantial breakfast— ale, strong and

1S4 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
heady, perhaps Avithout hops, though somewhat spiced, if
the morning be a cold one ; good beef and pork, the
latter none of the tenderest from acorn feeding, barley
meal in those clays being too good for swine, and a luxury
even for some men ; brown bread, or rather black bread,
aud white bread, bacon, and cheese. Perhaps before he
lias well nigh finished, for official business commenced
early, he hears the wailing note of the old brass Burgh
mote horn sounded at the corner of his street. He must
away, and hasten to council, wiiere he arrives just in
time to escape the fine, for the service is commenced,
perhaps well-nigh finished.'
Seated beside Mr. Mayor, he feels all the dignity of
office come around him, especially if he be an Alderman,
in every fold of his crimson robe, in every roll of its fur
of sable, or black boge (dyed lamb's-wool). Important
business is on hand. A cess is to be raised to provide
horsemen for some expedition of the Sovereign, or for a
contribution for a ship of war — ship money, illegal or
otherwise, being no new nor unfrequent exaction. Minor
details require attention — Avery Sabine is to be punished
for keeping hogs in the churchyard, Goodman Trench for
driving posts in the King's highway, and Thomas atte
Court for selling beer in wooden bound pots. Potevin,
the barber surgeon of St. Peter's, has charged 2d. for
"polling" a man, and on a Sunday too ! Nay, let the
Avardens of the barbers' and surgeons' fraternity look to
this ; they may bring the culprit before the Alderman of
his ward, and he will sit in judgment on him at the gate.
Other business is on hand; the last is the best. The
Sovereign intends to visit Canterbury : a piece of plate,
or cup of silver gilt containing 201. in gold is gladly
voted to be offered as a free gift for royalty, and an
" oration " is to be delivered by some clerkly man; whilst
heralds, trumpeters, sergeants at arms, are all to have
presents, eAren down to the "gentlemen surveyors of the
Avays." So it was in the reign of Elizabeth, it being
resolved, " That Mr. Mayor, the Aldermen, and every one
of them, ride in their scarlet gowns to meet the Queen ;
and the Common Council be on foot with their best
apparel, and likewise as many of the chief Commoners as
have gowns."

MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND AMUSEMENTS. 165
Mr. T. Wright, Avho examined our city archives in the
year 1844, extracted therefrom the following curious
account of the manner in Avhich one of our citizens spent
his time in the olden days. It is the deposition of
William Gyldwyn, a tiler, a witness, before WilhamNutte,
Mayor of the city, 25th Henry VIII. : —
"The seid William Gyldwyn seyth, that on Sunday
next, after Alle Seynts, he was at hys own parisshe chyrch
at morrow masse and mains, and byfore processioun at
Chris teschyrche he brake hys fast with M. G-oodnestoun,
monk, and after high masse then done, he came home to
dyner to hys owne house, and outlier (either) he Avas at
evensong the same day at SeyntMargarette's or at Seynt
Milclrede's, as yet he is in doughte; and after evensono-e
he went agayn to Christeschyrche and delivered Master
Goodnestoun a ribbe of bef, and a surloin for youno-
monks, and ther Avas with M. Botley till vn. of the clok,
and then Avent streyte home to bed. And the Monday
next he rose at vn. of the clok, and Avent to hys mother's
and holpe her to oven Avith a bacche of brown brede, and
Avent thence to masse to the Gray Fryers at ix. of the
clok, and heard masse, and before x. of the clok he came
home ; and after Avent and sought his servant Thomas at
the Johan Freman's and the Cardinalle's Hat, and coud
not fynd him at none of the seid places ; and then he
Avent to Johan James' and bought a rybster of pork, and
then went stroyt home, and incontinent he Avent to Johan
Rygdon's, to Nether Hardres, and a sawyer Avith him, to
shew hys saAveres such tymber as they should work for
hym, and came agayn to Thomas Halke to Harman's
Sole, and ther he ,and hys sawyer tarryed till the moon
was up, and came home, and Avere at home by estimacion
by viii. of the clok the seid Monday night ; and then he
went to Thomas Godhard, and ther had an halpeny worth
of here amonges Avyfes : that is to say, Goclclard's wife,
CorneAvelle's wyfe, and another woman, and after that
went streyte home to bed by in. of the clok. And the
Tewysday next he rose aboute vn. of the clok, and then
he went continually Avith suche company as Avent aboute
to search for the robberry done the seid Monday night to
clyverse persons ther in Stower Street." At the end of
the accompanying document Ave have a description of the

180 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME,
deponent's personal appearance : — " His apparell Avas a
jackett of red clothe, a dubiett of ledder, his hosen blake."
From another extract made by the same eminent anti
quary, we have an account of an affray in the reign of
Henry VIII.
A witness deposes, that whilst walking the streets of
Canterbury, " About x. of the clok aforenoon, and he
being about the house of Myles Ansell, he heard a great
noyse of wemen in the strete, and ther withall he looked
bfick and saw yong Holman and another, whom yt ys
said is old Holman, his man, fytyng and strykyng both
upon one Robert Bright, at his oune doore, Avhich sayd
Robert Bright, when this examynat came by hyme, but
even a little before, he was laying out of red woole in
the soune Avith his wyffe. And he seying them together
he made haste back to them, and when he returned to
them he made bothe Holman and his fellowe, who had
ther daggers draAvn in ther handes, to lay ther daggers
downe, and so they did. And the saide Bright being
sore hurt by them was stayed up agaynst the walle by
wemen, Avho bound up his harme, being sore hurt, and he
went into Vygar's house to cause them to loke to hyme,
and to give hym drynk ; and in the meane tyme Holman
had taken up his dagger and shrunck away."
To the above may be added records of proceedings
between the city and the prior and monks of Christ
Church, in a suit concerning the course of the river, and
ancient subsidies and assessments for the relief of per
sons infected Avith the plague.
The Burghmote books of city of Canterbury are
preserved from the close of the 13th century to the pre
sent day, with the exception of the records, about A.D.
14/0, and a few years later, being part of the time of the
Wars of the Roses. The accounts of the Chamberlains
of Canterbury are also extant. They contain for the
most part the receipts and expenditure of the corporate
body; also notices of monies credited for fees, franchises,
and fines.
Among the extracts given therefrom by Mr. T.Wright,
Ave find, A.D. 1520, an accurate account of the cost of
that elaborate and dreaded piece of machinery, instru
ment of torture it might be truly called by the female

MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND AMUSEMENTS. 187
portion of _ the community, " the cokyng stole." Among
other entries Ave find : — s. d.
Item, paied for a pece of tymber for the ladder of the cuck-
yng stole, and skives to the same  xx
Item, for slytting of the seid pece of tymber in 3 calves (?)
with the 2 shelle calves (?)  Vjii
Item, for a pece of tymber for the fote of the ladder, con
taining 12 fote  xv
Item, for a pynne of yren (iron), waying xn lbs., and 2
plates, waying yu lbs  n nn
Item, paied Harry Shepliard and his mate, carpenters, for
in dayes and di (half). Hewing and making of the cuck-
yng stole, takyng by the daye, xn pence. Summa  hi vi
Item, paied Chris tofer TWdy, for carry age of the seid tymber
to the place where the seid cackyng stole stondeth, etc  mi
Item, for di (half) c. (100) of in penny nailes  I ob.
Item, for a grete spykyn to n staples, and a haspe for the
seid stole  hi
s. d.
Summa  x i ob.
The above cost 10s. 0\d. It must have been an awful
machine, for which not only a ladder was requisite, but
an iron pin, twelve pounds in weight. Besides this
were required twelve feet of timber, two hasps, and a
" grete spykyn." It could scarcely have been the simple
" cuckyng stole " described in another place. However,
it appears to have been worn out in just twenty-seven
years, as, A.D. 1547, another is made, and among the
items of its cost Ave read : — s. d.
Item, paid Dodd, carpenter, for makyng of the cokyng
stole, and sawing the tymber, by grete  v vin
Item, a pair of cholls (?)  m mi
Item, paid for n yren pynnes for the same, waying v H, at
ii pence ob. Ii  xu ob.
What Avere cholls ? We do not know — they seem to
have been comparatively expensive ; but when we reflect
that the reign of the ungallant Henry VIIL had. only
just concluded, Ave are prepared for any cruel infliction
upon the ladies.
A.D. 1546, among rewards to minstrels we find : —
s. d.
Item, to the Prynce's Players at the Checker pleying before
Master Mayere and his brethren  Y
Item, to the Kynge's Pleyers on the same occasion  vi vin
Item, gevyn in reward to the Kynge's Jestou r  n

ISS CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
As early as the 17th Edward IV.-, eightpence was paid
for repairing the "gret gonne."
A.D. 1521, we have the following estimate of the ser
vices of a Canterbury artist in ornamenting the market
cross : — s. d.
Item, paied to Floraunce, the paynter, by the grete, for the
workmanship thereof, he fyndyng all maner of stuff to
the p.-iyntyng of the Crosse except gold and bise, and
gyldingof the Stars  viii vin
Doubtless this cross, which seems to have been highly
ornamented as far as stars and paint and gold could
make it, stood in the locality of the present Butter Mar
ket ; although Ave have records of ancient crosses at the
bottom of St. Margaret's Street, St. Paul's, and at Oaten
Hill. In connection with our previous remarks upon jury
presentments, we add the following : —
Item, thatt Thomas Gonely and John Hopper doe take excessyve
towle, and that they will grynde no wheate under n pence the bushel,
where they never had before but I penny.
Item, they present Thomas Getter, John Collard, Eobert Austen,
James Netherwell, and George Weston, for thatt they make nott there
common beare holesom for man's bodie.
Our forefathers were very great at May games, chil-
danes, scotales, &c. The latter were drinking bouts,
where the prize was generally adjudged to the man Avho
saw all hia companions under the table. They had to
treat him, and pay the " scot." This was reversing
Burns' order of precedence : —
" Who first beside his chair shall fa,
He is the King amang us a !"
Survey Canterbury a few centuries back from such
point of view as its ancient history and descriptions
develope, and what a strange scene it would exhibit !
Down the narrow dark streets, unlighted in the gloomiest
nights, might be seen the motley inhabitants wander
ing forth with links or lanthorns ; Avooden houses Avith
roofs of straw or rushes presented themselves, or low
buildings Avith overhanging roofs, or buildings supported
by grotesque figures, telamonies, goblins, and grinning

MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND AA1ESEMENTS. 1S9
monsters, whilst runic knots, scrolls, and zig-zags com
pleted the list of all that was ornamental. Here Avere
lanes, odd nooks, and corners, queer old buildings with
some monster or elfin carved upon the massive beams,
at which the pilgrim stared, hardly knoAving whethei- to
cross himself or not, whether it betokened a saint duly
canonized, or a deAil, or a punchinello who owed his
existence to that comic spirit which the genius of eccle
siastical architecture and art invoked in the middle ages,
iu strange contrast to its devotional tendencies.

'Ftsttovs to ^anizvhavp in ©Mix

To Canterbury, in the early times, when the " Forest
of Blen " stretched for leagues over the hills on the
northern banks of the Stour, and the outskirts of the
great wood of Andred approached it from the Weald on
the south and south-west, came the Roman with his
legions ; and, from time to time, with arms in their
hands and battle shouts upon their lips, proclaiming war,
or proffering a friendship still more dangerous, came the
Jute, the Angle, and the Saxon. Hither swarmed the
Danes too ; the beacon fires on the hills around, up the
valley of the Stour, now through the clear blue summer
skie3, now from the black December shadows, proclaiming
the advent of these marauders. In some wild bay they
landed. Quick, ready, Aiolent, they commenced their
instant march of havoc ; their success achieved rather by
the rapidity of their progress, and the terror they inspired,
than by discipline or knowledge of the arts of war.
Sometimes, as on the coast where they landed, they at
once were "horsed," as the old chronicle informs us;
sometimes, far inland, near populous town or hamlet.
Here they met in arms the holders of the country;
here raged the battle from morning glimmer until the
landscape darkened. Desperately wrestled the Saxon
with his foe ; but out of the gloom of night came often
the cry of havoc and exultation ; the Saxon array was
broken, the Northmen remained masters of the " place of

carnage.

From the sanctuary at Canterbury, the Danes led
forth the pious and brave Elphege; first to imprison
ment, and then to death, and delivered up the Cathedral
and other buildings to the flames.
Yet long before this, in better, at least in more tranquil
times, had come Augustine with his banner of Christ and
* See A. S. Chronicle.

VISITORS TO CANTERBURY, 191
his chanting priests, approaching in slow procession the
superstitious Ethelbert, who, seated in the open air as
his surest protection against magic and incantations,
thus received the strangers. Here stood his Queen, tho
gentle Bertha ; her curiosity softening to a deeper
interest as she heard proclaimed the Avonclrous doctrines
of the strangers, recalling to her the land and creed of
her fathers, and the spells of a devotion that even then
absorbed her soul.
Around and beside herself and husband Avere grouped
the priests of Woden, themselves, as we are led to believe,
not undisturbed spectators; nor were they wholly
hostile to the great missionary, but in some way pre
pared to desert the altars of them Saxon gods, and to
trample out the ashes glowing before the grim old idols
they had set up at Wodnesborough and elsewhere.
Hither came often Godwin, strong man and potent
earl; his true descent from the Norse Sea Kings pro
claimed in his violence and fierce will. Hither came he
with his sons, all stout and valiant Thanes, save Tosti
the Treacherous, and all thirsting for power and rule,
and the spilling of blood, if rule and power came not
otherwise. Yet, among this brotherhood arose one man true at
least for Saxon England, if false to his fraud-obtained
oath, Harold the Bang — he who, save for that chance
arrow at Hastings, might have been the father of our
Kings to this day. Often came Harold to Canterbury,
for he held a patrimony in this Kent of ours, and longed
to see certain roofs and pinnacles arise, for a fair lady
that he loved is known to have held possessions in this
city.* The Conqueror and his sons frequently passed through,
to and from their Norman provinces.
Stephen of Boulogne too, against whom, A.D. 1135,
the citizens, loyal to the will of the first Henry, barred
their gates.
Hither, from Saltwood Castle, the stronghold of the
fierce De Broc, came Fitzurse, Tracy, Morville, and
others, shouting "Reauxl King's Men!" to _ rouse the
country through Avhich they passed, and to give a royal
* See Domesday Record, Canterbury.

192 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
sanction to their deeds. Here came the four assassin
knights to confront and slay Archbishop Becket. Here,
A.D. 1174, came the very King in whose name they had
wrought the murder — pacing as a penitent with bare feet
the Cathedral pavements, and casting himself with all
outward abandonment of remorse and sorrow before the
shrine of the once potent and imperious ecclesiastic who
had defied him.
Then flocked that multitude of pilgrims hither, whose
offerings loaded the neAv martyr's- shrine with wealth,
and whose presence filled Canterbury with groups of men
of strange appearance and of various habits; for they
came not only from the remotest parts of England, but
from Rome and the Continent at large.
Through the covered way of the Mercerie to the Cathe
dral the continuous stream swept on. The solemn mass,
the devotional chant, filling choir and aisles, as in the
sunlight gleamed like fire the golden angel from the
central tower, and before the wooden shrine of Becket
stood " Le Brets' rusty sword ; and in the crypt, the
gloom of the old Norman aisles was broken by the long
array of lamps, suspended from rings still to be seen in
the roof, each surmounted by its crown of thorns."
A.D. 1179, Lewis VII. of France accompanied
Henry II. to the Cathedral, when the former offered
upon the shrine of Becket a rich cup of gold, and gave
that renowned jewel, " the regall," as it was called, of
France, which Henry VIII. afterwards personally appro
priated, and wore in a ring upon his thumb.
Through Canterbury passed Cceur-de-Lion, on his way
to the Holy Land, doomed, after enduring the perils of
the third Crusade, to languish long months in an Austrian
dungeon. Here came he on his return to give thanks to
" God and to St. Thomas," A.D. 1194.
Hither, A.D. 1209, came certain knights, creatures of
King John, who drove with violence from out their
monastry the Monks of St. Augustine — men who had
dared, in defiance of the King, to carry out the Interdict
which Pope Innocent III. had laid upon his kingdom.
John himself, that most restless of all Sovereigns, who
during the sixteen years of his unfortunate and disgrace
ful reign, wandered up and clown through his English

VISITORS TO CANTERBURY. 193
and Continental dominions, was often at Canterbury.
He passed through this city on his journey to resign his
crown to Pandulph, the Pope' s Legate, at Dover. He had
visited Canterbury a feAv years previous, all fresh from
the murder of his nephew Arthur.
In the Cathedral at Canterbury, 1299, Edward I. cele
brated his marriage Avith Margaret of Anjou, in the
entrance towards the cloisters, near the door of the
Martyrdom. At Canterbury, on the morrow of the Epiphany,
A.D. 1308, " twelve discreet and trustworthy men " had
met at the appointment of the Sheriff of Kent by the
command of Edward II. to receive secret- orders on a
certain perilous design. Previous to this the Sheriff had
received a mysterious writ from the hands of a clerk of
the King, avIio had thereupon bound him by oath to
secresy. Another writ followed. It is produced sealed
before the Sheriff and his knights. They solemnly SAVear
to carry out its directions. When the seals are broken,
and the document is read, they find that instantly they
are to arrest the person of every Templar at Canterbury,
to seize upon the house of the order in this city, and to
despoil it of its goods for the King's use. Such was
the despatch and secresy with, which this and similar
orders were executed on the same dav throughout
the kingdom, that feAv of the knights escaped. Thus
was the order suppressed ; and the grand master,
treasurer, and many of the brotherhood perished on the
scaffold. Their chief establishment, the magnificent Temple in
Fleet Street, London, was seized ; its goods inventoried,
then sold, or sequestered for the King's use. The
articles found therein were of a costly description : such
as chalices, spoons, phials, and thuribles of silver or of
silver gilt; curtains, tapestry, and altar cloths of cloth
of gold, or of the finest silk; crystal and enamelled
candelabra, orgaus, and bells ; service books, and the
Holy Scriptures, jewelled and adorned with plates of
silver gilt ; also banners, staves of silver, ivory crosses,
vases of choicest enamel, and the relics of saints pre
served in shrines of silver, crystal, or ivory, including a
portion of the true cross, some of the holy blood, and
o

19 i OANTRliBURY IN TEE OLDEN TIME.
the sword with Avhich it Avas said St. Thomas of Can
terbury had been slain.
Valuables of similar description, in proportionate
degree, were doubtless found and seized at Canterbury.
The accusation of dark and mysterious crimes com
mitted by the order was the ground of this sudden
attack. Philip le Bel, King of France, had in the year
previous carried out a similar " Crusade," and his son-
in-law, Edward II. , not unwillingly followed his example.
All alike Avere punished ; the riches of ¦ the order
stimulated the cupidity of its enemies ; but it is worthy
of record that, of all the brotherhood in England, John
cle Stoke, the treasurer, was the only uone who made
anything like a confession of guilt.
To Canterbury came the gallant Black Prince from
his Aictory at Poictiers, accompanied by his prisoner,
King John of France, A.D. 1357. Hither in other years
he came, or rather was he borne, amid waving- plumes
in mournful procession, along the St. Dunstan's Road
to Canterbury, as, led forth from the Westgate to meet
his bier, there went, as we are told, two stately har
nessed steeds, one caparisoned in black to follow his re
mains as the mighty lance-breaker of the tournay; the
other, rich in war trappings and in defensive armour
to represent him as the hero of the battle. Sable banners
waved over the procession. His brass gauntlets, heaulme
de lepard, the casque whose plume never bowed in
submission to earthly foe, the leathern-covered shield
of wood, the surcoat emblazoned with the arms of France
and England, are still suspended in the Cathedral over
his tomb — a sight of significance and interest alike to
citizen and to visitor, for the memory of the Black Prince
is one of those reminiscences which charm the true
English heart.
Henry IV. visited Canterbury more than once, and his
remains rest within the walls of the Cathedral.
Here fought, in Roman Catholic times, the partizans
of rival churchmen ; and as an Archbishop of York once
contended with his brother of Canterbury for precedence
in conclave and in council, so that even crosiers rose in
hostile contention, in the courts and thoroughfares of
Canterbury oft disputed friar, monk, and citizen.

VISITORS TO OAVn-IRrJAY. 19,j
Henry V- came here on his return from Agiucourt,
A.D. 1415. He had landed at Dover, and had been
brought ashore on the shoulders of the sailors.* A.D. 14-00,
came hither Emanuel, Emperor of the East. A.D. 1417,'
came hither Sigismund, Emperor of the West. A.D.
1445,_ Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, pays her
devotions at the shrine of the Martyr, and is received
by the Bailiffs of the city at the Hall in the Hospital at
Harbledown. EdAvarcl IV. and his Queen visit Canterbury, A.D.
1471, and, as related in the Paston Letters, p. G70,
" moche oder pepell ar ryden, and goone to Canterbury
never so moche pepill seyn in pylgrimage hereto at
ones, as men seye." And yet the mighty change was
approaching — the time coming, and Avithin a century, when
the shrine now sought with such homage and fervour
was to be desolated and proscribed.
A year or two before this, July, 1469, Warwick, the
"King Maker," landing with the Archbishop from
Calais, called " upon all who loved the commons to meet
them at Canterbury armed and arrayed to the best of
their power." Edward shortly afterwards fell into the
power of Warwick, but was eventually released in
London. On many occasions there Avas revelry and feast-
ings. The ancient minstrel formerly attended with the
acrobats and glee singers. In more recent times the
waits and musicians ministered to the pleasure and
entertainments of the spectators, whilst bonfires, horse-
baiting, bull-baiting, and " cock-throwing " (this last
amusement not put clown until 1734), Avere in full force
and popularity. The frequent processions, the parade
of masques and pageants, had now passed away. No
more Avere seen pilgrims, in motley garb, trudging on
foot, with palmer's branch before them, or returning to
their distant homes Avith the leaden tokens of the patron
saint in their hat-ban els or suspended from their necks.
Knight and lady, parson and minstrel, reve and par
doner, all Avere gone; even the "poor clerk," with his
*During the war of Henry V. with France, the clergy of Canterbury
exhibited their patriotism by raising forces to guard the south coast of the
kingdom.

190 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
scanty cloak, and threadbare hose, pursued another
aA'Ocation. Kings, princes, prelates have passed away ; the chiefs
of rival creeds or hierarchies in the olden times; the
eloquent, learned, yet uncompromising advocates of
Rome or England are still and hushed, and side by side
now sleep in common dust.
Many things in the material world have changed. We
have new institutions and new haws — inventions in
science surpassing- the boldest speculations of the ancient
philosophy, or the most golden dreams of the poet, re
acting upon the habits, the manners, and the civilization
of the community; yet the human heart has remained
as it was a thousand years ago ; the unsearchable
mysteries of life are still unsolved, the solemnities of
death unmitigated, the veil that shrouds the future as
impenetrable as ever.
A.D. 1515, Wolsey's scarlet hat, with all the blessings
Rome cotdd bestow upon it, was brought to Canterbury
under the charge of a special ambassador. Ipocras and
rich liqueurs were quaffed upon the occasion. Eighteen
years later the shrine of Becket was despoiled, the gold
and precious stones filling two great chests, each of
which required, according to Stow, six or seven men to
convey it out of the church. A.D. 1573, Queen Eliza
beth is entertained by Archbishop Parker at his palace
at Canterbury, on the 7th of September in that year,
" in my great hall, thoroughly furnished, Avith the
Council, Frenchmen, ladies and gentlemen, and the
Maior and his brethren," as the Archbishop himself
narrates. A.D. 1625, Charles I. conducts hither from Dover his
bride, daughter of Henry IV. of France. Charles came
again in 1641. A few years later Canterbury is involved
in the general excitement of the times ; and amid con
fused cries for the King and the Parliament, a portion
of the walls of the city is battered clown, and the leader
of the forces of the Commonwealth, the General Fairfax,
enters Canterbury in triumph. A.D. 1660 witnesses
the arrival of Charles II. from the Continent, amid the
acclamations of the people, on his way to the metropolis
to claim the throne of his ancestors. A few years later

VISITORS TO CAM TERBURY. 197
the Prince of Orange, afterwards William III., passed
through the city, the shadow of another change to come.
In the Paston Letters there are allusions to the
"brothers Falconbrydge," whose rebellion is said to
have caused the death of one of our Mayors* — Nicholas
Faunt. " Thomas Faulconbrydge, hys hed was yesterday
sett uppon London Brydge, looking into Kent warde,
and Bastard Fauconbryge is owtlier liedyd (either
beheaded) or lyke to be, and hys brother bothe. Some
men sey he wolde have diservyd it, some say naye. —
A.D. 1471."
* Taunt was Mayor 14-69, so that he could not be implicated iii this
insurrection during his mayoralty. — Letter 483, vol. 2, p. 146.

it'ctuvc af tlje ffittg.

TiiEi;r; must have been several gardens, courts, open
places, and orchards in or near the city. Among these
Ave might note the burial grounds of the Black Friars,
the Grey Friars, the precincts of St. Augustine, and. the
courts and tree-shaded retreats of the Cathedral. Oaten
Hill, the two mounds of the Dane John, the river — the
principal stream passing through the centre of the city — .
Avere conspicuous objects. Above the houses arose St.
George's, Westgate, and other towers, with banners
on festal days and holidays, the structures themselves
provided Avith machicolations, loop holes, port-cullises,
iron-bound gates, embattled and crenellated turrets, and
other modes of offence and defence. Enclosing these
were the city walls, somewhat lofty and conspicuous, at
least on the southern and eastern sides, and surmounted
with towers at stated distances. Around these walls
branched off the river; on one side, sweeping by the
Castle, it formed a defence to the north-west, whilst the
main stream, entering not far aboAre by the " Poor
Priest's Hospital," flowed through the city. A portion
of the current, however, Avas diverted through the moat
or ditch under the Dane John Avails, which, fioAving
round a considerable part of the city, entered the. main
stream at the water-lock near Abbot's Mill. The other
branch of the Sto-ur protected the Avails by Westgate,
where there was then no road-bridge, but perhaps a
drawbridge — the Parliamentary forces, when they occu
pied Canterbury, having forded the stream near this
locality. The Castle must have exhibited an imposing
appearance, for it is nearly of the date and style of
the edifice at Rochester, which so grandly sentinels the
Medway. The houses at Canterbury were for the most part
lowly and insignificant. Some, hoAvever, were highly
ornamented and heavily timbered— the eaves, and door-

PICTERi: OP THE CITY. 199
posts, and gateways, exhibiting the profuse fancy of the
Gothic architecture, in grotesque figures and emblems, a
few of which still remain. Many of the public buildings
were grand; and steeples, belfries, and glittering spires
rose above the trees in every direction. In Leland' s
time there were thirteen churches Avithin the Avails and
three without, besides which Avere once five other
churches, long since demolished. There were hospitals
at St. Margaret's, St. Lawrence, and the King's Bridge,
the latter for poor pilgrims and wayfarers ; a house-
belonging to the Black Prince's Chantry; aud a home
for the Order of Knights Templars. There Avere six
gates. There were stone crosses almost in every main
street; sanctuaries for wandering merchants, where
saints were blessed, and wares disposed of. There
were boats and barges gliding up and down the river,
and passing the mills by locks. Swans, too, might be
observed floating on the Avaters, guarded by their keepers
called " swannpers," Avho were engaged and paid by the
city authorities. The city Avails, a portion of which had
been added by Archbishop Sudbury, near Westgate, in
the time of Richard II. , were in the reign of Elizabeth
efficiently repaired and adapted for fire-arms, although
the archers still practised at the butts in the Dungeon
Field. No doubt, hoAvever, the city, with many a
quaint old court and curious building, with its ancient
hostelries, and heavy timbered Avide-projecting houses,
its narrow close lanes and alleys, bearing the romantic
epithets of " Spech House," " Little Pet," " Break Pot,"
"Lodingate," "Angel, &c, &c, exhibited a very different
aspect to that of its present appearance. It had a district
also called " Le Poulletrie "—the "Poultry." _ Canterbury
was then for the most part comprised within the walls,
although its liberties extended to the suburbs of North-
gate, Wincheap, and part of some 'adjoining parishes —
localities which, from the presence of hospitals and other
public institutions, must have collected a considerable
population around them even in those days. Toward
the north and " east might have been observed _ the
Priories of Saint John and Saint _ Gregory ; and in a
more southerly direction the ancient tower of Saint
Ethelbert, now entirely destroyed, and the gate of Saint

200 CANTERBURY IN THU OLDEN TIME.
Augustine, which yet remains as a beautiful specimen of
the decorated architecture. Beyond them, in the dis
tance, rose St. Martin's Church, founded on the site,
perhaps partly erected with the materials, of one of the
oldest Christian temples in England; near it, in a quiet
aud secluded spot, arise the springs Avhose pure waters
from the remotest ages have brought to the citizens
health and a benediction.
To the above description Ave might add an account of
Canterbury given in 1595, when, although the orders
Avere suppressed, most of the religious and monastic
houses were standing. " There were in the city of
Canterbury, divided into three parts of the city, three
Friars (Frieres). namely, the Augustine's, the Grey, and
the Black or Begging Friars. There is one main street
in the city, that goeth directly through the same city,
coming in at Westgate, and going out at St. George's
Gate, being the Eastgate. From this street every of
these Friers had a street or lane leading by .and Avithout
the walls, Avith ways from the midst or inner part3 of
them." There was in Canterbury, some two hundred years
since, existing a complete network of lanes and passages,
not only as shown from occasional mention of them in the
Burghmote Records, but from references to them in old
deeds and leases referring to city properties.

Ecclesiastical antr jltuntdpal jfeasts.

In Canterbury, at the enthronization of an Archbishop,
the state Avas great and the ceremonies numerous. Even
dukes were delighted to bear a dish before the great
Metropolitan Prelate, and men of wealth and consideration
were emulous to act as keepers and as porters. The
noblemen, however, do not appear to have served Avithout
fees or recompence ; and as the Barons of the Cinque
Ports at a royal coronization claimed the silver staves of
the canopy borne OArer the SoA'-ereign, so the Earl of
Stafford, lord of the Castle of Tonbridge, at the enthroni
zation of Simon Sudbury, tern. Richard IL, carried off
for his fee 40 marks and a cup of silver, gilt.
At the enthronization of Boniface, Richard de Clare,
Earl of Gloucester and Hereford, Avho owned the homage
and service of 1111 knights' suits of the Archbishop for
certain manors, had the privilege in return of acting as
high .steward, for which he took as fees seven competent
robes of scarlet, 30 gall, wine, 301bs. wax, his lights at
the said feast, and livery of hay and oats for eighty horses,
and the dishes and salts Avhich stood before the Arch
bishop; and at the departure of the said Earl from the
said service, he claimed entertainment for three days at
the cost of the Archbishop at four of his next manors at
four quarters of Kent, whensoever he will, " ad san-
guiuem minuendum," so that he came hither to sojourn
with fifty horse only. Then, for the office of butler, he
claimed seven other robes of scarlet, wine, Avax, and
livery of oats and hay, &c. ; also, the cup wherewith the
Archbishop was served, and the empty hogsheads, and
likewise the casks of all that was drunk up " under the
barr " the next clay up to a certain, number.
This was A.D. 1264, tern, Henry III. Strange state
of society: the Earl with his fifty horsemen, and we know

202 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
not how many camp followers on foot, sojourning in
various parts of Kent, letting of blood to reduce all gross
humours of habit, and then returning again to feastings,
" bearing off his cup aud scarlet robes, surrounded by his
idle and"" roystering followers." The installation of the
Archbishop seemed attended on the second day of
the feast with drinking unlimited " beloAV the barr."
We o-iye a portion of the bill of fare at the enthronization
of Archbishop Warham, A.D. 1504, nearly two hundred
and fifty years later.* The first course Avas of fish, and
Ave know not of Iioav many sorts — ling, conger, lamphreys,
pike, halibut, roasted eels, carp in " sharp sauce," with
that delicacy, a " fritter dolphin," f whatever it might be.
The second course consisted almost entirely of fish
also, such as turbot, " sturgeon in foyle," with welks,
carps in " arminie." Oranges, we read, were introduced
at this feast. In the third course, the Archbishop is
solemnly served with ipocras. J The " surnap (napkin)
being then brought "with courtesy," the prelate washed,
and said grace, standing. In conclusion, after the
Archbishop had been supplied with confects, sugar plates,
and. other subtleties, and ipocras again, he departed to
his chamber.
The wine supplied for similar festivities may be de
scribed as red wine, claret, malmsey, wine de Reane,
hock, and a Avhite wine for cooking.
Amongst the provisions, poultry and game were in
abundance. At the enthronization of George Nevil, Archbishop
of York, which may give an idea of these more than
regal banquets, there was furnished an enormous quan
tity of supplies: — .namely, 300 quarters of wheat,
300 tuns of ale, 100 tuns of wine, 1 pipe of ipocras,
104 oxen, 6 ivihl bulls (Avere these some of the savage
little British cattle still preserved on Chillingham Park
Northumberland, N. B. ?), 1,000 muttons, 304 calves
2,000 pigs, 2,000 geese, 400 swans, besides a vast
quantity of game and poultry. Amongst the birds con-
* Battely, Appen., ~So. x, b. p. 21.
t Seals, as well as dolphins, were served np at one of the Axchceopiscopal
feasts. See Dr. Hook's " Lives," vol. 3.
X Wine made of claret, or white wine, and spices, and strained through
a flannel bag. — Ilaileij.

ECCLESIASTICAE AND MUNICIPAL- BEASTS. 203
sidered edible Avere peacocks, cranes, herons, bitterns,
egretts, teal, mallard, Avoodcocks, curleAvs, &c.
Some of the above do not testify to a very refined
taste. At this feast, two carls, three barons, and a
vast number of squires and gentlemen Avere present.
A.D. 1503, the price of 12 capons was 10s. ; 6s. was paid
for a dozen of teal, and 2s. Id. for three loads of sand to
be laid in the street Avhen the Lord Archbishop went
bare (barefooted P) from his lodgings.
At city festivities, 39th Elizabeth, Edward Holland,
and three years later, Robert Mason, are appointed cooks
to the Mayor, and " such of the Aldermen as may need
them." They were to recei\'e 13*. 4d. yearly from the
Chamberlain. On the 19th July, the year previous, the
Mayor pays for a banquet sent by him to the Earl of
Shrewsbury, 1/. 13s. 4d. In 1638, the Corporation have
two venison feasts. We have notices of civic feasts from
time to time, but at very moderate cost. Thus, 1647, a
certain Walter Baker is paid 15s. 4d. for a banquet given
on Ascension Day to the Mayor and Alciermen. A
century later, however, prices seem to have made a con
siderable advance. What Avas the reason Ave know not,
nor whether the Corporation had been treated in a
niggardly manner by some of their Mayors ; but ou the
9th NoArember, 1802, in comparatively modern times, in
confirmation of the report of a committee specially ap
pointed, they resolve as follows :— " That in case any
Mayor shall neglect or refuse to invite the Mayor (sic),
the Recorder, the Aldermen, and Common Council, and
others of his fellow, citizens to dine with him on the day
he shall be sworn into his office of Mayor, or to give his
invitation at least seven days before the 29th September,
tho Mayor (he could not, of course, be left out), and the
three senior Aldermen, and six senior Common Council-
men, shall be a committee to make such imitation, and
to provide a public entertainment by a dinner, and that
the sum of 7 hi. shall be deducted out of the Mayor's
salary in defraying the expenses thereof." Mayor or no
Mayor inviting, the Corporation were determined to dine.
But what a per-centage out of the Mayor's salary ! And
when we consider by another resolution, or rather esti
mate made about the'same time, the following expenditure

204 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
was considered to be a necessary outlay out of the
Mayor's salary, it seems somewhat arbitrary. The
Mavor had to provide : —
J &^ ^ d.
Election supper  15 15 0
Blue Coat Boys  10 10 0
Sergeants at Mace  18 18 0
This, with the deduction as above, leave the Mayor
just 91. 17s. for all other expenses, charities, and sub
scriptions. The Mayor's salary Avas then 130?.
The Blue Coat Boys and their master breakfasted at
the Mayor's every Sunday morning, and Avere allowed
bread and cheese and beer.
A.D. 1638, the Mayor's salary was 100?. per annum;
in 1792, it was 130?. August 29, 1815, the Mayor's
salary was reduced to 60?. ; he was excused the inaugu
ration entertainment on the eve of his election, but he
had to give an Easter supper to the Upper House, a supper
to the Blue Coat Boys (16), the Sergeants at Mace, and a
public breakfast on the election of members of Parliament.
This order for the reduction of the Mayor's salary to 60?.
did not long remain in force, Alderman Jones, at the expi
ration of his office the very next year (1816), receiving 84?.
In 1808, Alderman Mount received 130?. ; but we find,
from some unexplained cause, that Alderman Cowtan, in
1809, and his successors, receive 210?. in salaries as
Mayors. In 1815 the salary was reduced to 60?., the
grand inauguration dinner being omitted ; but again, in
1831, it was raised, Alderman H. Cooper receiving 100?.
Subsequently, after the Municipal Reform Act, Alderman
W. Plummer had, in one of his mayoralty years, to per
form the duties without any salary at all. It was lately
raised at a jump from 50?. to one hundred guineas.
Having said enough on this subject, we must not omit
to allude to a Canterbury product — brawn. This, at
least from time immemorial, seemed to be a home manu
facture. Even Thorne, in his Chronicle, p. 2010, gives
an account of a feast made, A.D. 1309, by Ralf de Born,
Prior of Saint Augustine, in which lie speaks of the
Canterbury brawn (scutes), shields costing 4^d. each.
In the same account a pig cost sixpence.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND MUNICIPAL FEASTS. 205
The indebtedness of the Corporation was at times
fearful. In 1586-96, they mortgage most of their estates
to Mark Berry, and on more than one occasion pawn
their plate and insignia.
About A.D. 1698, the Corporation Avere again in
pecuniary straits. It had been customary mi the
" Accounting ^ Day," Avhen the Chamberlain, formerly
the" Cofferer," rendered his annual statement of receipts
and disbursements, for some sort of dinner or repast to
be -provided on the occasion. However, it was then
ordered that the Counting Day be held on the 23rd of
December, and be Avithout a charge for dinner or bread,
and that it commence at four or five o'clock in the
morning — rather dark, no doubt. Two years before this
period,, A.D. 1696, it is ordered, " that 50?. belonging to
Cogan's Hospital, and raised for its repairs, and now in
the hands of the Chamberlain, be borrowed by the city."
Was it ever repaid? By another order the Mayor's
salary remaining unpaid, the Corporation allow that
official 5 per cent, per annum until the debt be
liquidated. A.D. 1701, the Chamberlain was allowed a salary of
6?. 3s. 4c?., and, on " Counting Dav," a dinner. In i741
all dinners are ordered to be paid for out of private
funds. Scarcely more than a century before this period,
the Corporation had received from the Crown a share of
the spoliation of the religious houses in their neighbour
hood, obtaining out of the plunder more than ninety-
eight tenements belonging to Saint Augustine's Monastery
alone. By a charter of Henry III. they had acquired all
the lands and holdings in the city previously belonging
to the Crown, subject to the payment of a fee farm rent
of 60?. per annum, the Avhole of Avhich, after a time,
they got remitted by instalments.
As a case of individual distress, we must notice that
of Alderman Blotting, Avho, by a Burghmote order, Avas
allowed the money contributed for the poor out of the
poor box. This Alderman, amongst his other pursuits,
was gibbet-maker to the Corporation, at which occu
pation he did not appear to have got rich. We have
seen a gibbet of his construction lying in the ground-
floor of the Guildhall,

200 CANTERBURY IN TIIE OLDEN TIME.
A.D. 1749, the Corporation Avas obliged to borrow
money on bond to pay the Mayor's salary.
Mr" Hasted, in his History of Kent, in the eleventh
volume (2nd edition), relates an account supplied him
bv Mr. Bunce of several feasts given by the Corporation
from time to time to royal and. other persons. Details
Avould weary ; yet, as many of the entries contain valuable
notes of the prices of provisions and commodities, and
reveal glimpses of the habits and modes of existence of
our forefathers, I trust to be- allowed giving a few-
particulars. A.D. 1461, Edward IV. visits Canterbury. He then
receives a present of cattle, a rather strange donation,
namely, twenty wethers, costing 2?. 6s. 8d. ; four
SAvans, 13-s. 4c?. ; several capons at 2s. a couple. The
next year the King again visits Canterbury. On this.
occasion a rather singular entry occurs, namely, " Paid
for making ' Le Hale ' in the Blean " — a hall or tem
porary residence, or perhaps only a banqueting room.
But Avhere situated ? The nearest locality to the Blean
Avould be in the lands lying about Harbledown. This
mention of a Hall in the Blean, where royalty was
accommodated, occurs several times ; and on one occasion
a tent is alluded to as the temporary residence of a royal
person. At this time a piece of Sandwich cord Avas
bought for the Hall, and china, costing Is., was given to
His Majesty. A flagon, and a pint and a half of tyre,
cost 19d., a flagon, and a pint of malmsey, Is. 6d. ; more
wine is added, the whole costing 12s. 6c?.
In the accounts for the year appear the items : — For
one saddle with, harness, and one silver gilt cup, weight
30 oz., cost 17?. 7s. 6d., given to the King when he
visited the tomb of St. Thomas. 13?. 6s. 8d. is also
presented to the King in gold. For the work done at
the Hall in Le Blean, 2s. 4d. is paid. Rushes and raw
cloth brought from Fulliam are also supplied.
A.D. 1469, the King and Queen, Edward IV. and
Elizabeth Woodville, who were very popular with the
citizens, came again to Canterbury, and were received
in the " Hall " as before. It is then called the Tento
rium, Tent, or Pavilion. Their Majesties are presented
with wine, "two dozen of choynes," and bread is sup-

ECCLESIASTICAL AND MUNICIPAL FEASTS. 207
plied. Again they come in 1-171, at Easter and at
Michaelmas, and are well treated as before.
A.D. 1475, Avhilst the King pays another visit, the
city give an entertainment at the "Chequers" to the
Earl of Essex, Treasurer of England, and other noble
men, with wine and costly fare, the Avhole expense of
wliich, with that then delicacy, a porpoise, aud eight
pence paid to a cook for dressing the dinner, came" to
15s. 8}2d. The King visited the city by night, and the
porch of St. Andrew (the church then stood in the
middle of the street) Avas illuminated with four pounds
of wax lights, costing one shilling.
Again, in 1482, the King was entertained at the Hall
in the Blean, which, we are informed, the city held on
paying a composition of sixpence. It appears the King
and Queen were accustomed to reside in the "Hall"
in the day time, as there is a mention of keepers and
labourers employed by the city in work that was requisite.
His Majesty is presented on his last visit with a double-
gilt silver bowl, weighing 32 ounces at 6s. 8c?. the ounce,
in wliich were placed nobles and royals to the value of
20?. Total amount, with the bowl, 32?. 12s. 10c?. No
wonder His Majesty paid such frequent visits.
A.D. 1470, the city had contributed 251?. to the King's
expenses. In this year a great brazen gun is brought
from Blackheath to Canterbury. The gates are watched,
and the city put into defence. The Mayor goes to
London, 1470, to attend at the King's Council, doubtless
respecting the liberties of the city. Edward, three years
later, endeavours to resume the 16?. 13s. 4c?., third part
of the fee farm which he had relinquished to the city.^
The King's messenger had, in 1470, carried off one of
the city seals, Avhich however, the next year, is returned
by a herald. For what purpose it w-as taken away
we are unable to determine.* Other persons besides
royalty were feasted, as, in 1462, the Duchess of York
and the Duchess of Exeter are regaled at the city
expense. Amongst many other things, Is. Sd. is given
for 100 oranges and bread and wine to the Lord
Chancellor. Richard III. visits the city soon after his coronation ;
* It is s-M the King tcaip.»r.iri'ly v.-j'lhdrev,- the city charter.

ojjg CANTERBURY IN TEE OLDEN TIME.
but refusing the city's gift of 50 marks in money, he is
presented Avith four large fatted boars, twenty fatted
rams, and twenty of the fattest capons — a rather extra
ordinary offering, especially if it were expected the King
partook of the boars and the rams. They cost altogether
11/. 8s. 7d.; and the purse (1?. 6s. 8d., extra) which was
to luiAre contained the 50 marks, was given to the Bishop
of London.
A.D. 1494, the Corporation present a purse of gold,
containing nobles worth 13?. 6s. 8c?., to Queen Elizabeth,
wife of Henry VII., the first year after her coronation.
Also a piece of plate, their united value being 18/. 10s. 9c?.
We give the charges of some items of a dinner at the
Mayor's house, circa 1500, when a Master Poynnings, sent
by the King, Avas the city guest : — A vessel of beer, 18c?. ;
a bushel of flour, Is. ; a gallon and a pottle of malmsey, 2s. ;
good ale consumed costs 8c?. ; and a sack of coals, 3c?. ;
two gallons of bastard, 2s. 8c?. ; sugar, 84/?. ; eggs, 6d. ;
ginger, mustard, and salt, 4c?. ; meat oil, 2c?. ; and rose
water, lc?. Of course, there were edibles besides these
items, such as numerous baked meats, and a variety of
fish. The expenses of a journey to London for one person
like Mr. Mayor, were then : — For a horse to Rochester, Is. ;
from Rochester to London, 16c?. ; breakfast at Dartford,
and horse meat, 4c?. ; supper and drink at London, 6c?. ;
dinner and supper, 8c?. ; a bed for seven nights, 7d.
The Mayor the same year stayed at the Harp in Fleet
Street ; and being desirous to confer with Sir Matthew
Brown respecting a Star Chamber business, a breakfast
was provided for the latter at Westminster, consisting of
tAvo geese, 16cZ. ; a neck of mutton, 3c?.; bacon, 4c?.;
chickens, 5c?. ; dressing and roasting the meat, hd. ; total,
1?. This occurred while Mr. Mayor was in London, and
"weening " to the city that he might speak to the King.
Amongst other notices of entertainments, we find one
given at the Court Hall, 1501 : — For making of vestments,
and for the tower in the Hall, 10s. ; for 12 ells of canvas,
for three vestments, 3s. ; for painting the same, 3s. ;
for meat and drink for two men and for the candle by
the space of six days and six nights, 6s. 8c?. ; for the
King's garments and the henshemennys (henchman),

ECCLESIASTICAL AND MUNICIPAL FEASTS. 200
silver papers, gold papers, and sinoper papers for the
same, and monks' frocks and other thino-g rtecesRuw
thereto, 6s. 8d. ; for heading the henshemen%nd o-JlJino-
of a star, 5s. This indicated some sort of pao-eant. In
the same year occurs a similar series of items for an enter
tainment : — To six carpenters for 24 days' work, 7s. 6d. ;
for two hoops for the Castle, 2d. ; nails, 8c?. ; to a painter
for painting the. "Castle" in the Court Hall, and his
colours, 3s. 4c?. ; for drapery for the best (bust ?) of one
of the three kings of (Cologne ?) . At this entertainment,
whatever it was, drink is provided for the servants of the
Prior of Christ Church, and for those of my Lord of St.
Augustine. There was also a rynge of ale paid for the
same night at the Swan, 14c?., and the players had a
supper, &c.
Again, A.D. 1513, we find 2s. 10c?. is paid for making
a tent in the Blean against the King's coming; and as
bread, beer, and ale are bought at Harbledown for the
Corporation when they rode to meet the King, we pre
sume Ave are not far out in considering the Hall, or its
substitute the tent, was in that neighbourhood.
We hear shortly of the city soldiers, "guards" they were
called ; they Avore red crosses on their coats, had corvyshe
shoes, and their coats were of green cloth.
Ipocras about this time cost 4s. 3c?. per gallon.
Mr. Hasted gives an account of St. Thomas' Pageant,
which we shall omit, having alluded to it in another
place, and the account having been either as a whole or
a part printed three or four times within the few last
years.* The accounts of the Chamber, years 1503 and
1504, refer to it.
AD. 1512, the tent in the Blean is purchased for
Henry VIIL, when he Avas in progress to France.
Catherine, the Queen, is presented with a cup of silver
gilt, with the city arms engraved upon it, and filled with
new nobles. The cup, weighing 31 h ounces, cost 4s. 10c?.
an ounce, being a less amount per ounce than hitherto
expended. The servants of the King and Queen receive
presents; beer is given to- the King's guard at Harble
down, and 10c?. to a person going to Ashford to provide
two great oxen to be given to the King, — A curious gift,
* Anil Album, Arch. Cantiana, vol. 12, kc.

210 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
certainly, but in keeping with some previous presentations.
The King could not take the cattle to France with him,
probably he had them killed, and in some way or other
the beef distributed.
1513 we hear again of the tent, and 2s. 10c?. is ex
pended for making it against the King's coming. Rewards
are given to the King's servants ; the waits receive 8c?. ;
trumpeters and henchmen 6s. 8d. each, andto the Queen's
footmen lodging at St. Augustine's, 4s. The King and
Queen are also said to be lodging at the Abbey. There is
a charge for the refreshment of the Mayor, Aldermen,
and Commons, when they rode to Harbledown " to meet
the King's grace."
The year previous, the Town Clerk is paid 3s. 8cZ. for
riding to London to procure gunpowder for the city, and
3s. 4c?. is given to a pursuivant bringing a commission,
" That Frenchmen should wear white crosses." Warlike
preparations seem in hand, for a certificate is sent to the
Privy Council, stating how many men the city can send
to war, and how many " harness."
A.D. 1513-14, the King's sister, Mary, is expected at
Canterbury, and provision is made for her reception, viz.
10 lobsters, 3 turbots, &c. ; and the Town Clerk is paid
one shilling for riding to Dover in this matter to meet
the Queen. No great extravagance this certainly, and a
precedent for all future Town Clerk's charges as far as
travelling expenses are concerned. The duties of this
worthy official seemed in former clays to be infinite and
multifarious, he was constantly going journeys.
1516, 4s. is paid for ipocras per gallon, the same being
given to an ambassador who brings over Cardinal Wolsey's
hat from Rome. 6s. 8c?. is paid to a pursuivant for
bringing a letter to Mister Mayor announcing the birth
of a Prince.
1517, the King and Queen visit the city, and again
the next year, attended by the Cardinal.
A.D. 1521, the King and Emperor arrive. The streets
are strown with sand, and the city officers have new
gabardines, which cost 6s. 8c?. each.
Five pence is paid for three long bags of canvas " to
contain the King's money," and Is. for a riband of silk
to bind the keys of Westgate when presented to the

ECCLESIASTICAL AND MUNICIPAL FEASTS. 211
Emperor— either an empty compliment on the part of
Mr. Mayor, or an astounding piece of servility, perhaps
a combination of both. A canopy is hired for the occa
sion from the sexton of St. Dunstan's in the East,
London; and over this comes great grief, for the Kind's
footmen claim, when used, the canopy as their perqusite,
and wish to carry it off. By " great means " (payments
we guess) it is had again ; however, the staves of the said
canopy have to be regilded, for the white lire and silk
points of the same were injured by the haste of the
King's footmen in cutting off the canopy from the staA'es.
5?. 9c?. is paid for making one of the little crosses
in the top of the Cross at the Bullstake. The customs
of the city are proclaimed at the Cross at the beginning
of every year.
A.D. 1543, a miracle play is acted, and 10c?. is paid for
making of clothes for the tormentors in the play. These
players Avere brought from London at an expense of
1?. 3s. 3c?. Drink was given to them, and 10c/. in the
Court Hall, where they played with my Lord Warden's
players. 1558, Queen Mary passes through the city, and is pre
sented with 20 angels, worth 10s. each.
1569, a dinner is given to the judges of assizes, at a
cost of 10?. 14s.
A man wades in the city foss or ditch to catch carp, for
which he is paid Is.
The Archbishop of Canterbury and the- Bishop of
London receive presents, the one 12 couple of capons
and 100 pippins, the other 1 gallon of ipocras, 1 gallon
of sack, a box of wafers, and 100 pippins.
A.D. 1571, an odd entry occurs : Paid 9c?. for writing
papers for witches, and to the keeper's man for " ringing
the bason." * Mother Hudson, of St. Mary Dungeon
(St. Mary Bredin), is presented by the grand jury "for
they vehemently suspect her to be a witch."
1572, the Mayor is displaced from his office by order
of the Privy Council. This in Elizabeth's reign too !
1579, the first notice of a letter post occurs, a person
being paid 3s. 4c?. for carrying letters to London.
1582, Queen Elizabeth "visits the city. She came in
*Basoin, a musical instrument, a rough sort of music.

212 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
1572 or 1573. A purse of money, 20?. in a silver cup,
is given to her, and presents are bestowed upon the
marshalmen, pursuivants, clerks, noblemens' trumpeters,
Her Majesty's Black Guards, &c, &c.
1587, the celebrated Earl of Leicester receives pre
sents, namely 20s. for March pane,* " wrought and fair
gilded," Avith four pounds and two ounces of perfumed
quinces, and a quantity of perfumed cherries and spiced
comfits. 23s. is paid for white ipocras, a much costlier
liquor apparently than ipocras at 4s. This wine, not
being perfumed or spiced, is not given to the Earl,
but to the Lord Baron's son and daughter on their
marriag-e. 1613, King James I. and the Prince, and his sister
Elizabeth and her husband, arrive at Canterbury, being
received by the Mayor and Corporation in state at West-
gate, whilst the city waits play " loud music " on the
top of All Saints Church.
Orations, Avhich King James dearly loved, are made
by the Recorder to each of the royal personages, and to
the Palgrave, as they sat in their carriages.
"All the shot, eighty in number, with their halberts,
and in their red soldiers' coats, Avith new hats and
feathers, line the streets on either side from Westgate
to Christ Church and to the Deanery, where the King
and party lodged for three clays. Bread, beer, and wine
Avere contributed.
In the morning Prince Charles went home to France ;
and at the Dean's request, the Corporation lend a pike
Avhereon to hang a colour " to know Avhich way the wind
did shift Avell," for the Palgrave and the Lady Elizabeth,
his wife, to take shipping at Margate.
A.D. 1651, the Corporation give a dinner at the
expense of 20?. 2s. 3c?. to the Lord General Cromwell
upon his passing through the city.
A.D. 1660, Charles II. visits the city, and is received
with great respect. He lodges for some time at St.
Augustine's Palace. A gold cup of the value of 200?.
is presented to him, being the voluntary gift of a sub
scription raised by the citizens. The Mayor and Com-
* March Pane, Massepain, Maryapane, is a sort of confection made of
almonds, sugar, &c. — Bailey.

ECCLESIASTICAL AND MUNICIPAL LEASTS. 213
monalty give gratuities to the servants of His Majesty,
and of the Duke of York.
The following year the King, Queen, and Queen
Mother came to the city. Gifts are distributed amongst
retainers, pursuivants, the yeomen, harbingers, the way-
maker, the yeomen of the field, the jester, &c, to the
amount of 53?. 19s. 6d.
1669, the Mayor and Corporation purchase plate as a
gift to the Queen on her passage through the city to
Dover, and prepare a feast; but Her Majesty's stay is so
short that the plate is not presented, to her. The
Corporation return the same to the vendor at a loss
of 10?.
1671, the King and Queen pass through on their way
to Dover, and a banquet of sweetmeats is presented to
the Queen.
At a banquet, A.D. 1673, given to the Duke and
Duchess of York, the prices of some of the viands range
as follows : — 7 -Libs, of dried suckets* of all sorts, 25s.;
12 lbs. of green citron, 48s. ; 26s. for 44; lbs. quince paste ;
5 lbs. raspberry past (paste), 20s. (very high); 34; lbs.
candid oringo,f 21s. ; dried plums (5J lbs.), 26s. 3c?. ; rock
candles (24 lbs.), 12s.; Savoy ambers (6^- lbs.), 13s. 6c?.;
Prince's biscuits (7 lbs.), 10s. 6d. ; 9 gall, white wine and
claret, 36s.
We do not know how to account for the above
expenditure at what would be considered as " great
prices " even in these days.
A.D. 1689, King William and Mary being proclaimed,
a feast is held at the Red Lion Tavern. Here the viands
seem, though not much less costly, more substantial.
Things indeed were now very much changed since the
time when Mr. Mayor and his brethren could have a
banquet for 13s. 4c?. The prices charged appears some
what extraordinary. 2 doz. and 2 foAvls, 2?. 12s. ;
anchovies, 25s. ; a loin and a rump of beef, 2?. ; 2 doz.
and a half of neats' tongues, 3?. 15s. ; bread and beer,
21. 17s. ; and for broken glasses and tobacco-— the first
mention we find of "this weed"— 16s. 2c?. The Avine
* Sucketts, a sort of sweetmeat. — Bailey.
t Candid oringo. The herb oringo, sea holm, or sea holly.— ¦Bailey.
Howlctfc says that the root is preserved and eaten when made candid.

214 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
drunk by the whole company cost 9?. 2s. The soldiers
and the rino-ers to the Cathedral secure gratuities also.
A.D. 1694, another banquet is given to the Queen
and King. The next year the King passes through the
city on his way to the Continent.
1700; the King stops at the Deanery. Six years later
the Duke of Marlborough being in the city, is invited
by the Mayor and Alciermen to a banquet.
A.D. 1720, George I. passes through Canterbury, as
also in 1721.
A.D. 1728, George II. is at Canterbury, and waited
on by the Corporation.
A.D. 1798, the Prince of Wales (George IV.), having
taken up his residence at Charlton Place, near Bourne,
the Mayor and Corporation present him with an address,
and request him to accept the freedom of the city in a
box of gold. Upon an invitation from the Mayor elect,
Matthew William Sankey, the Prince accepts an invita
tion to a feast at the Assembly Rooms, " in a style of
m'agnificence highly creditable to the loyalty and
hospitality of the chief magistrate."
Travelling a long way back, we find as early as 1402
there is mention of an entertainment to the judges and
their associates given by the city at a cost of 1?. 6s. 8d.
This must be our last record of city feastings in
" Canterbury in the Olden Time." Wo doubt our readers
have had enough of them. Itoqufsitcs.
We may here note Iioav uncertain at these feasts were
the wages, and how undefined was the recompence of
retainers, serving men, and others.
" Perquisite " was the general word. Evren the Queens
of olden days had their perquisites, and retained cities
given them to supply them Avith trinquets, or with Avaist
girdles. Perquisite ruled the high and the low, and
was the grand idea which regulated the greed of men.
The noble Earl, who in some capacity or another at
tended Bishops and Archbishops, claimed his dues; and
as soon as the feast concluded, at least as soon as the
parting blessing had been said, he joined in the general

PERQUISITES. 215
scramble. He carried off the cup which stood before
"His Grace," the silver salts and silver dishes, and even
some of the empty wine casks. His followers were
nowise behind hand in securing their rights. Then
again when the Earl, surrounded" by his retainers, went
to - feast at the episcopal seats in the county, at four
different quarters of the year, we may guess at the
occasional havoc and confusion.
It was the fashion in those times to be attended with
a vast troop of followers, servants, and others, ill-paid,
half fed, rapacious, perhaps somewhat like clients who
flocked after Sallust and other knights throuo-h the
streets of Rome, or the retainers of Earl Doorm in
Tennyson's "Idylls of the King." Some were paid,
others received no pay, and depended for food upon the
crumbs they gathered beneath the tables of the great.
They adopted "My Lord's livery," or that of some
" worshipful man," or suspended over their soiled and
ragged clothes little scutcheons of brass (several- have
been found at Canterbury) emblazoning "My Lord's "
armorial devices.
Thus we see, at one of the civic entertainments given
to royalty, how his Highness' footmen, as soon as dinner
was over, tugged at and contended for the canopy which
the Corporation had. hired at a great expense in London.
They cut off the staves, doing considerable damage,
and finally carrying off the canopy as their perquisite.
Doubtless the staves were claimed by another set of
thieves. Something of these inconveniences and annoyances
remain under another name, when gentlemen give
banquets provided by hired caterers, who watch the
guests, cut the untouched cakes, decant superfluous
bottles, and manifest various little peculiarities, to make
large their bills.
At the enthronization of an Archbishop of Canterbury,
BartholemeAV cle Baddlesmere, in right of the mauor of
Hatfield, claimed the furniture of His Grace's bedroom.
Another claimant carried off all the knives used at the
table. Roger cle Kirkly, as cupbearer, bore off the goblet
from which the Archbishop drank.

tecellaneous.

Tue Records of Canterbury, the Chamberlains' accounts,
and various documents contain numerous entries of pay
ments to mechanics and others, which may give some
idea of the amount of wages which our industrious classes
received some centuries ago.
Saint Thomas' pageants, on more than one occasion,
afforded much employment, and occasioned considerable
outlay; however, most of these expenses have been given
elsewhere. In speaking- of the rates of wages, Ave ought
to collate them with the value of money, and the prices
of provisions at the period given. The price of pro
visions varied greatly ; a time of plenty succeeded a time
almost of famine, and wheat bought at 2s. a qr. (as-
in A.D. 1243), at other periods attained a price com
paratively equal to ten pounds per qr. of present money,
a price productive of far-spread Avant and' misery.
Wheat again 2s. per qr. 1255, rose to 20s. and 24s. in
1257.* A.D. 1393 to A.D. 1450, the price of wheat
varied from 4s. to 12s. per qr. at Canterbury. Wages
A-aried, but in no proportion to the cost of food. Thus,
in Edward IV.'s time, A.D. 1480, the pay of a tiler
at Canterbury was fourpence a day. In 1520, it had
increased a penny; but in 1546, it was at least one third
more — a master and his mon together receiving one
shilling. A carpenter at the same date earned eight-
pence, and a painter, denominated in the Records a
" daAvber," a name not then applied offensively, received
with his apprentice one shilling.
In 1548 the prices of wages had again slightly ad
vanced. In the Chamberlain's expenses, which recount the cost
of constructing a clucking stool in 1520, we find the
carpenter and his man receiving about twelvepence be
tween them per diem.
Smith's work, however, did not seem very expensive,
as half a hundred of threepenny nails cost 14/1 A load
of timber was carried from the wood into Canterbury
*Dr, Hook's "Lives," 11, p. 286.

MISCELLANEOUS. 217
for fourpence. In the 35th year of Henry VIIL, six
pence was paid for the grist of a quarter of corn.
Provisions at this period were not costly, for Ave find
at a feast given at the "Lyon" for " Mais ter" Mayor,
Messieurs Hales, Wore, and others of the Aldermen
being present, the whole expense of the entertainment
was but 5s. 7c?.
At a date somewhat later, the price of sugar was four-
pence a pound, raisins or currants lc?., nutmegs 24/?. the
ounce, ginger a penny, and cinnamon fourpence per
ounce. The Rev. Wr. Harrison, as quoted by Holinshed, Avho
lived in the time of Shakespeare's youth, circa 1575,
complains that sugar had then risen to 2s. 6c?. per lb.,
which he refers to as an exorbitant sum. The same
writer, enumerating what he calls " white meats," that
is, milk, butter, and cheese, " which were in old times the
main fare of the better classes, were now, though very
clear, eaten only by the poor, whilst all other persons
eat flesh, and wild and tame foAvls ; and as to the nobility,
whose- cooks were for the most part musical-headed
Frenchmen and Stranp-ers, there was no end to their
number of dishes. Every clay they had beef, mutton,
veal, lamb, pork, coney, capon, and pig, together with
red and fallow deer, fish, and wild fowl."
More strangely still does Harrison lament " that at
their tables, instead of silver vessels, pots, goblets, and
jugs, they must have Venice glass of all forms." This
taste seems also to have descended to " the loAver class,"
as he calls them, " who were used to drink out of
wooden or treen* bowls."
Extravagance in dress, that ever-popular theme of
reproof with the clergy and the serious minded, is loudly
inveighed against by the worthy Harrison, and rightly so
if we refer to any book of ancient costume, and therein
note the " horned head dresses " of the ladies, of which
there is an example on the incised brass of Jane Kerelt
in Ash Church, in the time of Henry V., and to the
party-coloured costume of the men, with their slashed
trousers, and their long shoes with the points of their
toe3 triced by a chain up to their knees.
* AVooden also, free made.

218 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
"Now we have," says Harrison, "the Spanish guise ;
now the French toies, (toys ?) ; now the high Almaine
fashion ; now the Turkish manner, Moresco gowns and
barbarian sleeAres, so that the English (man) with this
fickleness and folly looks more like a clog in a doublet
than anything else."
This good, honest, plain-speaking parson held pre
ferments as Rector of Radwont and Vicar of Wimbish
conjointly, bringing him in yearly the revenue of 32?.
10s. 6d, torture.
One of the worst phases of these Tudor times was the
use of torture as applied to accused persons. A fellow
named Thomas Weston was then infamous for his prac
tices on Popish recusants — lie put hundreds to death;
and this " rack master," as he was called, boasted that
he had pulled many a prisoner a foot longer than God
had made him !
Examples nearly as bad existed, A.D. 1546, in the
time of Henry VIIL when Rich, afterwards Lord Rich,
assisted Wriotesly in stretching the poor Anne Askew on
the rack, " until she Avas well nigh dead."
In the reign of Charles I. the torture of accused per
sons ceased to be exercised, on the declaration of one of
the judges " that it was contrary to the law."
James I., however, had delight in secretly super
intending this practice in the Tower, listening from a
hiding place to. the groans, and noting by furtive glances
the contortions of the sufferers.
The Stuart Kings inherited from their predecessors a
sanguinary code of laws. In the time of the Tudors,
humanity was considered a Aveakness. Women guilty
of murdering their husbands were burnt alive; murderers
were hanged in chains ; other offenders were dragged
over the River Thames at the tail of boats ; the slightest
theft was followed by capital punishment; Avitches and
heretics were burnt — " served them right too ! " pro
bably would have exclaimed some Harrison; and Canter
bury, with a population not one-fourth of its present
number, had two, if not three, hanging places within its
boundaries.

-MISCELLANEOUS. 219
A.D. 1529, there was set up a gibbet at Holland Way;
A.D. 1576, there was a gibbet at Oaten Hill, then called
"Ote Hill;" and about Edward IV.'s time a gibbet
existed at Chalder's Elm, at or near Fordwich .Laue,
beyond St. Martin's Hill.
Holinshead* relates that, at a Council held at Oxford.
A.D. 1222, before the Archbishop of Canterbury, tAvo
unfortunate fanatics, pretending to be our Lord, and
exhibiting as proofs the stigmata on their hands anci feet,
were crucified — nailed on crosses of avoocI, and so left to
expire! They had heightened their offence by setting-
up as reformers, and denouncing ecclesiastical abuses^
The right of sauctuarv was abolished in the reio-n of
Henry VIIL
\li\hxy.
The pillory, a now obsolete and discountenanced mode
of punishment, to which good as well as bad men have
been subjected, was used formerly in Canterbury.
A.D. 1524, a man was punished by the omnipotent
Star Chamber. He was set up in the Market Place at
Canterbury, with a paper attached to him, on which was
inscribed, " This is a false, perjured, and forsworn
man ! " Rather a sameness of meaning in the epithets,
certainly ! He had to stand on a table until market was
over ; thence he was led to Westgate, and so thrust out
of the city, with the same paper on his head, whereof the
account says, " If he be proud, he may go home and
show himself amongst his neighbours."
This order was executed by the Mayor, Sheriff, Ser
jeants, and officers with their great bills and Aveapons.*
A.D. 1535, 14s. 8c?. is charged in the accounts for
bringing a heretic from London, and 2s. lc?. for one and
a half load of wood, together with a pennyworth of gun
powder, a staple, and an eightpenny stake for his
burning. The goods and chattels of felons Avere claimed by the
Corporation, or compounded for, as, in A.D. 1716, the son
of a certain Thomas Bell, a man passing rich, who was
hanged for murder, paid 300?. as an acquittance to
secure the remainder of the convict's property — a little
* Quoted by Southev, " Omniana," vol. 1, p. 274
t Hasted, <>J2.

220 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TEME.
God-send for the Corporation. Thus, three, or four
centuries ago, the furniture and domestic utensils of our
forefathers, except in the houses and in the mansions of
the nobility and gentry, were extremely limited and
simple. Truckle beds seem to have been in general use,
where beds, in the ordinary sense of the term, existed.
A large cupboard or a wardrobe might be found occa
sionally, holding all that could be stowed away in it.
The kitchen utensils were mostly of wood or earthen-
Avare, or leather; the "black jack," for example, was a
leathern A'essel for holding liquids. A large brass pot
was indispensable in every household. In this Avas put
a medley of food — bread, vegetables, and, sometimes
meat ; when cooked, the family sat around it, and helped
themselves by turns with forks or spoons until the simple
and homely provisions were consumed.
Hops were introduced near Canterbury in the reign of
Henry VII.
In the inns and hostelries and the great mansions the
cook appeared " with his long ladle," as Chaucer informs
us, now to measure out the stews or broths, and now
carrying his long spit, which, in the houses of great lords
and " worshipful men," was often of silver. He passes
the spit, bearing the joint on it all hot and smoking,
along the table amongst the file of guests, each man
cutting off in turn a slice for his own trencher.
So important, however, was the brass pot, and so
universal in use, that it is specially mentioned as a be
quest in the wills dating in the 14th & 15th centuries.
Iu certain Avills in the archives at the Guildhall, Can
terbury, the aforesaid brass pot is specially recorded.
John Webbe, A.D. 1510, bequeaths to Agnes Whiting,
amongst other things, " a great brass pot, and a great
pan of brass."
John Svblv, 1519, gives to Elizabeth, his wife, "a brass
pot." " "
Of these Avills, one of the earliest date is that of Asa
de Bishopsgate. It is in Latin, and dated A.D. 1307.
The will of Juliana de Leybourne, A.D. 1328, is in
Norman French.
The will of John Webbe, quoted as above, is in
English, but with a Latin introduction.

LANES, &C. 221
In an account of the household expenses of Richard de
Swing-field, Bishop of Hereford, A.D. 1289-90, we find
the Bishop had on Fridays and fasting days, herrings,
salt and fresh eels, and lampreys, wine and beer. This
diet was occasionally varied with conger eel. On a
Sunday, the Bishop's household were served Avith pork',
mutton, beef, fowls, and larks. The spices given out were
saffron, ginger, pepper, galingale,. and cinnamon. On
Wednesdays, the Lenten diet returns; but on the Feast
of All Saints the Bishop had venison, and probably a great
entertainment, for does, fowls, geese, partridges, wild fowl,
one calf, that cost twenty pence, and pork and mutton.
Hanes.
It may amuse our readers, perhaps, if Ave give a list of
the lanes and bye-ways which once existed in Canterbury;
some are of curious and romantic signification.
Little Pet Lane, Angel Lane, in St. Andrew ; Brewer's
Lane, in the Friars ; Maclen, perhaps Maiden, Lane,
White Friars ; Break Pot Lane; St. AndreAv's Lane,
Lambert's Lane, Scepesfete's Lane, St. Gregory; Queen
ingate Lane, near Queeningate ; Spech House Lane,
near the old Guildhall, in St. Andrew's parish ; Shepe-
shank Lane, now Gravel Lane; Wellard's Lane, hoav
Hawk's Lane ; Bullock Lane, Ware Lane, in St. Mildred ;
Cokyn's Lane, St. Peter; Pikenot Alley, leading"* from
St. Margaret's Church to the High Street ; St. Thomas
Lane, near St. Mary de Castro, and Castle Street ;
Sepesoke Lane, Chepeschonke Lane, in St. George's
Parish, Silcock Lane, afterwards Clement's Lane.
=?Iabern m (BnglanU.
Referring to another subject we wish to make a feAv
remarks upon slavery in England— not the bondage of
the serf to his lord, which even in days of violence had
some redeeming characteristics, and a patriarchal ances
try, but to the absolute possession, wherein one man
treats his fellow creature as a chattel, not transferred
from owner to OAvner with the land on which he Avas
born— the homestead in which he was bred— but as a
thing of marketable value, like a dog, a horse, or a
wheelbarrow, parted Avith to minister to the avarice or to

222 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
satisfy the caprice of the owner.* The laws of the Con
queror prohibited any one selling a man out of his
country. One of the earliest descriptions given of an English
skive market is found in the life of Wulfstan, Bishop of
Worcester, who died in 1095. He speaks of witnessing
an exhibition in the public market of Bristol of young
people of both sexes, some of great beauty, subjected to
outrages, and daily sold.
Domesday Book has an allusion nearer home, re
cording that at Lewes, in Sussex, " fourpence was to be
paid to the Portreve for every man sold there."
I have found no allusion in the Canterbury Records to
any slave-selling transaction ; on the contrary, a sub
scription was raised, or rather a sum of money was voted
to ransom Englishmen out of slavery— captives of the
Algeriue pirates. It is true, however, that though the
money was subscribed, it was not ultimately devoted to
this purpose. Perhaps the captives had escaped; per
haps the money was urgently required for some other
object. Leaving Domesday and the Bishop Widfstan, and
coming doAvn to a much later period we find in the
survey of Glastonbury Abbey, tern., Henry VHL, that
after its dissolution " there were 270 bondsmen, whose
bodies and goods were at the King's Highness' pleasure."
Possibly these were feudal serfs, for serfdom had not
then been legally abolished ; not until the time of
Charles- II.
HoAvever, there is no mistake about the existence of
slavery in England, even at a much later period.
Let us refer to a public advertisement : " A black boy,
an Indian, about 13 years of age, ran away on the
8th inst. from Putney, with a collar about his neck with
this inscription, ' The Lady Bloomfield's Black, in Lin
coln's Inn Fields.' "
Again, in the " Tatler " of 1709 (not Johnson's Tatler) :
" A black boy, twelve years of age, fit to wait on a
gentleman, to be disposed of at Denis Coffee House,
Finch Lane, near the Royal Exchange." Again, in 1728,
* A slave was said to be freed by delivering him to the Sheriff by the
right hand, and pointing oat to him the ways and gates open, and delivering
unto him (a freeman's arms) a lance and a sword.

POPULATION OE CANTERBURY.

22:3

in the " Daily Journal : " " To be sold, a negro boy, ao-ed
eleven years ; inquire at the Virginia Coffee House." °
population, Income, anJj Expenses of eCantcrfautjj.
•n ^ S6^ ^t1^ 1871' ^ WflS 20'962- lT1 a Subsidyr
Roll, 51 Edward III., 1377, Canterbury numbered only
4,000 inhabitants. York, at the same period, was much
more populous, containing 10,000 people. England and
Wales at the same date numbered 2,350,000 inhabitants,
not nearly the present population of London.
A.D. 1522, the " yearly A-alue of lands and tenements
in the 6 wards in Canterbury, was 1,322?. 17s. Id. The
goods and chattels were worth 6,970?. 10s. 4d.
We give the receipts of the city some eighty years since :  ¦
Income of (he city, 1st April, 1799: —
Fish shambles
Flesh shambles .
Bull Stake Market
Weigh Bridge
Freemen * .
Inrollment of apprentices
Farm rents .
St. Augustine
Pipe money
Dividends Bank Book .
Casual receipts

Deduction expenses : —
Tradesmen, interest to Mr. Simmons,
Sheriffs sureties, quit rent to Manor of
Caldicot, 2s. ; taxes Dane John Field, 8a-.

Income Tax paid . . £38 O 0
£200 paid to the Government during the -war. The Town Clerk was
directed to take a case thereon, and procure the Recorder's opinion.
Income of the city from all sources, inclusive of rates raised by the
Local Board, year to Zlst. August, 1877 : —
:6 s. d.
City  5,565 13 1
Local Board .... 9,130 11 6

£

s.

d.

5

/

2

71

10

0

21

5

5

145

0

5}

180

6

0

2

1

8

298

18

41

S5

6

4 i

0

3

4

22

16

0

68

0

6

900 15

H

520 3

n

380 11

s£

14,696 4 7

* This item has much increased in an election year.

224- CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.

maws.
It may be a trivial thing to notice, but perhaps if the
record be not now made, it may never more be mentioned.
Several wells seem to have been covered up, and some
filled in in the heart of the city. Thus, in making the
foundations of the Roman Catholic Church, a Avellwas
found with clear water in it, covered over at some depth,
and a Roman millstone at or near its mouth; and in
April, 1870, a well, no doubt the " Old Red Pump Well,"
Avas discovered in the middle of Palace Street, opposite
Mr. Mummery's. It was 4 feet wide, and compactly
made of flint work — a very ancient well. A well was dis-
coA^ered opposite Christ Church Grate, June 21, 1871.
Hatin nno (English.
"De novis shoppis quse sunt apud wheat market," is
a specimen of the classical municipal Latin. Latin of
some sort, like Chaucer's French " of Stratford Le Bow"
in the mouth of his gentle Prioress, continued to be used
until up to a certain period in the wording of Corporation
documents. The oldest "wills in the Canterbury archives, with the
occasional exception of Norman version, were in Latin.
When, however, the entries of the Burghmote proceedings
began to be written in English about the beginning of
the 16th century, the beautiful writing of some of the
earlier official records disappeared, and the writing in the
Tudor times often became scarcely legible. The official
scribe was now dismissed, and the Town Clerk or his
assistants took his place. Indeed, although some of these
officials were allowed to keep schools, they were no
adepts at Avriting. The spelling also from the beginning
of the 16th century was somewhat extraordinary. Rafe
Brown's epitaph in Northgate Church is an instance —
Mayor in 1517. Alderman was Avritten " All-Der-Man."
The etymologists of this period delighted in the multi
tude of consonants, such, for instance, as in the Avord
henchmen, Avritten " henschemennys." From Mr. Skip-
pen's " Sketches. of Rochester" we extract the following
examples in the reign of Edward IV. : — " He payde to

LATIN ANA) ENGLISH. 225
John Stuppeuden of the Scyllde hall (Guild Hall) yn
London for hys labore to make us a boke owte of ffrench.
yn to latyne, and OAvte of latjme into hyngglysch, for yn
quiry of all manner of thynggs."
In our Canterbury Records of nearly the same date we
find — "nekys of mutton; (shoulders) schollderys; eggs,
spelt hegges ; pigs, pygges ; sessions, sessthonys ; fran
chise, fraunchese." This from the time of Edward IV. to
the middle of the next century.
Richard II.'s renunciation of the crown was clraAvn up
in Latin and English Avhen read to the Parliament. On
the other hand, the use of the French language in deeds
and pleadings was generally abolished in the reio-n of
Edward III.
A.D. 1487-8, Barrette, Mayor, the court of Burghmote
is petitioned by certain freemen, complaining of great
loss to themselves, and consequent " desolation " to the
city (and of course to the world in general), of certain
persons Avithout the walls baking of bread and. brewing of
beer, and sending the same to be sold in the city by
certain unauthorized persons, whereby they have re
sorting to themselves many vagabonds and evil-disposed
persons, keeping of lewd, seditious, and bad characters
in their houses, &c. Why this should follow, we do not
comprehend. The petitioners pray the due enforcement
of the bye laws against such evil doers and their
practices. Queen Elizabeth's Act for the Relief of the Poor was
anticipated by Sir John Oldcastle, the celebrated Lollard,
when, in A.D. 1410, he introduced a bill, but ineffectually,
into Parliament, " That every township should maintain
its own poor that could not labour," also, for a somewhat
general establishment of almshouses.*
A.D. 1685, according to an ancient custom, an iron
bar was ordered to be provided by the Chamberlain for
"Iron Bar Lane," hence no doubt came the name of that
locality. A.D. 1635, the Avooden pipes of the city conduit were
taken up, and. leaden ones provided to supply their place.
In the drainage excavations of 1868, some of these old
wooden conduit pipes were exhumed in Burgate Lane,
* Hook's " Lives," vol. 5.

22G CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
and by one of the engineers they were supposed to be
Roman !
December 6, 1687, a lion was baited by clogs in the
yard of the " Wliite Hart Inn." This is from an entry
by the clerk of St. George's in his parish register book
of that period.
A.D. 1607, the prisoners in the city gaol were allowed
threepence a clay to support themselves, and to the
keeper of the prison a new gown was given once in four
years. The River Stour, as shown by records and by the
remains of locks visible at Sturry to this day, was, in the
15th and 16th centuries, navigable from SandAvich to
Canterbury for vessels of 10 to 12 tons burthen. " Cold
Harbour," or " Coal Harbour," near the bottom of North-
gate Street, was one of the places where goods Avere
landed. The perambulating the boundaries of the city every
seAren years seemed to have been a tirne-honourecl
practice. On the 21st August, 2nd of Edward VI., on
one of these occasions, the Corporation banqueted on
" Pater Noster Hill." Jfmmcir.
Queen Elizabeth, in the 12th year of her reign, con
firms to the Mayor of Canterbury the privilege of making
a freeman according to the annual custom ; and a few
years later, the privilege which a freeman's daughter had
of making her husband free of the city, and which pri
vilege had been disputed, was fully established.
In the 5th & 6th of William and Mary, John Hayward,
an honest man, in consideration of his poverty, had the
freedom of the city bestowed upon him. Some sixty
years previous to this act of generosity and forbearance
(1637), William Santon, a Walloon goldsmith, was fined
20s. for making a wedding ring, he not being free.
. ifttais, fee., Src.
The great ecclesiastical establishments seem to have had
at one time possession of most, if not all, the mills on the
River Stour.
The Abbot's Mill was held by St. Augustine. Barton

MILLS, &C.

o->7

or Browning's Mill belonged to Christ Church. Browne's
or Dean's Mill to the Archbishops. The city had tho
King's Mill by especial grant from one of the eccle
siastical houses. The Prior and Canons had a mill
called Shepeschotes Milne. Somner especially refers to
a fact that these mills Avere not merely float mills, for in
the reign of Henry II. , at the prayer and suit of certain
ecclesiastics, a letter is directed to the Bailiffs of Canter
bury, " That the falls of certain of the mills had been
raised, and the monks had in their property been
damaged " (by flooding of the lands above them, no
doubt) ; and it is ordered, " That the height of the falls of
the said mills be brought down to the same level as they
were in the time of the King's grandfather, Henry I."
As far back as July, 1174, we have mention of the
"Eastbridge or King's Mill." It is said to have been
given to the sister of Thomas Becket by Henry II. , for
his supposed complicity in his murder.*
1698, a brazen basket and a city standard for measure
and Aveight, are bought.
The musicians and waits seem gene
rally to have been a troublesome com
munity. Thus, February, 1640, an es
cutcheon, previously granted to them, is
recalled on account of disorders and
misbehaviour. For a time they are sus
pended ; but upon the restoration of the
monarchy, A.D. 1660, and the return of
the idle part of the community to jollity
and revelry, they are again permitted to
perform. The same year the ducking stool was
restored, and several persons Avere exe- Uj-,
cuted for witchcraft. The ducking stool L
seemed to have been used not only as a
punishment for " scolds," but for "night
walkers," and women of evil fame.
We give a sketch, of one of these in
struments of "torture," for the unfor
tunate offender was lowered into the

=o

river, ducked, then pulled up, and clucked again, as long
*A. c, vol. 10, p. 18.

22'S CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TOIL*.
as the " executioners " chose to persevere. The sketch
is taken from one of these old " stools," to be seen
at this day in. the Town Hall of Fordwich, a little
boroim-h two miles east of Canterbury.
The Mayor of Canterbury seems to have had a kind of
Mansion House in Westgate, A.D. 1479, which was hired
at 40s. per annum.
A.D. 1468, the city pay SOL 17s. to soldiers, at the
rate of 8d. per clay each. As ship money was demanded
of the maritime ports, and also of some inland towns,
Canterbury had to contribute.
A.D. 1639, Canterbury was assessed in the time of
Charles I. to provide 80 men to be sent against the
Scots. A.D. 1642, the city was ordered to be fortified, aud all
the old musquets and calivers put into repair ; the
Dean and Chapter are ordered to mure up their gates;
if they refuse, they are to be examined, &c.
AD. 1649, consequent upon an insurrection in favour
of King Charles, the city authorities inquire of the Re
corder what course they are to adopt to recover the arms
and ammunition taken from the city by the Parliamentary
forces. We have not found the reply.
A.D. 1667, St. George's Gate is made a magazine;
and in- May, 1688, James II. then being King, and
marching with quick steps to his own destruction, Dra-
goous are quartered in the city, and an order is made in
the September of the same year for the Mayor to deliver
up the keys of the city at any time to the commander of
all regiments quartered in the city !
A year later the Dungeon Hill is planted with cannon,
and watched day and night by the housekeepers.
Again we hear of arms and. musquets. On this occa
sion, however, they are put back into the ToAvn Hall;
and in December, 1692, one James Harris is paid
11/. 10s. for cleansing the same. The next year, 1693,
the old match armoury is ordered to be sold as useless.
A few years previous, Sir John Hales was voted the
freedom of the city in a silver box for causing water to
be conveyed from his spring head in the old park to the
city. Sir John declines the franchise, but sends the
Corporation a buck from his park.

ANCIENT BOOKS. 229
A.D. 1746, the conduit kept near St. Andrew's Church
was illuminated upon the marriage of a Sir Edward
Hales. Eight years later this conduit was removed.
Going back half a century and more, Ave record a fatal
duel fought with swords in the North Holmes, Canter
bury, A.D. 1696, between two young gentlemen. A
memorial stone, let into a brick wall, but hoav much de
faced, still marks the spot. Their names Avere Anthony
Buckeridge and Ensign Finch Rooke. Both were killed. ,
The Corporation had various modes of " raising the
wind," othenvise the municipal revenues, in olden time, to
say nothing of fines, right and left, for every trifling-
irregularity. Alderman May was distrained upon for
refusing to wear a gOAvn. The Sheriff was fined because
he thought fit to adorn himself with a beard.
Alderman Fuller (9th Elizabeth) pays five marks to
be excused his appearance at Burghmote, " saving on
matters of weight."
From the year 1660, down to the close almost of the
last century, Dissenters Avere elected to civic offices by
the Corporation, and then fined, because they could not
conscientiously receive the Sacrament according to the
rites of the Church of England. Others Avere elected to
offices against their wishes, then fined because they re
fused to be sworn in. HoAvever, on the 29th May
(29th Elizabeth), by an extraordinary act of clemency,
Mark Berry, Sheriff, having some disorder in his head,
was allowed to wear his hat on in Burghmote without
incurring fine. A few years previous a Mr. Bull was
discharged from his corporate duties without fine, "he
being old, impotent, and much disordered."
glncfcnt 23qok5.
Amongst books relating to Canterbury lost or missing
was Sprott's Chronicle, dating from the Creation to
A.D. 1272. Its contents, however, related chiefly to
St. Augustine's Monastery.
Leland missed it when he made his pilgrimage to
Canterbury. Dugdale used a copy of it Avhen he com
piled the " Monasticon." Hearne edited a copy, but his
book was merely "excerpta." Hume borrowed. -from it

230 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
copiously. Strange, AYhen so many were acquainted
with it, no original copy should be known.
Public notaries, the functionaries of an office of much
importance some feAv centuries back, when the great
mass of the population could neither read nor write, were
once appointed in Canterbury by the Prior of Christ
Church, under the authority of the Counts Palatine of
the Empire; the mode of investiture seemed to be by
the delivery to the person selected of pen, ink, and
paper. HoAvever, this privilege was forbidden by royal
authority; "the Emperor, as we justly might suppose,
" having no authority within this realm."
There Avas a school at St. Martin's, Canterbury, A.D.
1321, of which one Robert cle Henney was at that date
the master. The scholars who were to be instructed "re
grammatica " — a term having a wider signification than
merely " grammar " — were limited to 13. HoAvever, more
boys, Ave are told, used to attend, and Avhen the master of
the Canterbury Grammar School came to make inqui
sition, the surplus boys used to dodge and abscond.
They Avere not satisfied with instruction only in " the
alphabet," " the Psalter," and " singing."
iJnlue of ^Brofatsjons.
From a document, dated A.D. 1594, we make a few
extracts of the cost of wages, &c, paid to mechanics,
labourers, servants, and others. A labourer by the day,
from Easter to Michaelmas, received with meat and
drink, -Id. ; finding himself, 10c/. From Michaelmas to
Easter, Avith meat and drink, 4c/. ; Avithout board, 8d. ;
moAvers by the day, with meat and drink, 8d. ; without
board, Is. 2d. ; mowers by the acre of oats and barley,
4c/. ; Avithout board, 8d. ; reapers by the clay, with meat
and drink, 6c/. ; women reapers, 4cZ. The chief carpenter,
with meat and drink, 8c/. ; bricklayers, tylers, and
saAvyers, from Easter to Michaelmas, without board, 6cZ. ;
master millwrights, by the day in summer, with board,
10c?. ; brickmakers, by the thousand bricks, digging the
earth, making, striking, and burning, 3s. Women servants,
by the year, the best sort, without livery, 33s. 4cZ. ; second
sort, do., 20s. Bowyer, the best, 55s. 4d. per annum, with
board we presume. Arrow-head maker and servant,

C0CP0RAT10N INSICNIA, &C. 231
with board, do., 46s. 8c?.. The prices Avere fixed by an order
of Burghmote, A.D. 1594. Many artificers, such as
shoemakers, pewterers, tanners, dyers, cutters, &c, were
paid by the year.
Coming down to a very recent period of our " Olden.
Time," yet being umvilling to leave unrecorded two grace
ful acts on the part of the Corporation of Canterbury, Ave
find, 27th September, 1814, the Court record their
thanks to Mayor Halford for his eminent services in the
field, accompanied by a jewelled sword of the value of
50 guineas. Mavor Halford was the son of Alderman
Halford, some time Chamberlain. Again, in May, 1830,
the Marquess Camden was presented with the freedom of
the city, in a "box of heart of oak," for his patriotic
conduct in resigning the perquisites and emoluments of
his Patent Office as one of the Tellers of the Exchequer — ¦
a sacrifice Ave believe on the part of the noble Marquess of
some 4,000/. a year, and which was saved henceforth to
the country.
Corporation Insignia, iiiace, ^tuorfci, burghmote f^orn,
ani( pictures.
The history of the goods and chattels of the Corpora
tion may not prove uninteresting; especially as the
vicissitudes of the city plate were many.
A.D. 1-571, the Corporation appear to have fallen into
such pecuniary distress, that the Mayor and Commonalty
pledge a silver bason and a silver ewer to Thomas Nutt
for 17/. A.D. 1587 (29th Elizabeth), an inventory is
made of the city plate, which then consisted of a" bason
and ewer, 76oz. and one quarter and half a_ grain of an
ounce; three great gilded goblets, one with a cover,
77oz., and twolesser goblets, parcel gilded, 20oz. and
one quarter." Some years later all the plate was di
rected to be sold, except the silver spoons/' which being
in pawn were redeemable at 5s. per ounce." The transfer
of the custody of the plate from one Mayor to another
was generally effected on the Burghmote day after the
new Mayor had been sworn in, the articles delivered
being duly recorded in the Burghmote Book. By another
order, the Chamberlain is directed "to make sale of the
plate remaining in the hands of Alderman Hovenden,

232 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
saving only the great gilded spoons ; and these spoons,
35oz., Mr. Hovenden is to have at 5s. an ounce — he
promising to sell them again to the city at the same
price." A.D. 1699, clivers old pieces of plate, said to be
Avorn out, Avere exchanged for a pair of candlesticks,
snuffers, and other things pertaining thereto. A.D. 1772,
a pair of silver snuffers and stand, and a pair of silver
taper candlesticks were bought at a cost of 13/. 17s. 6d.
The Corporation then, by some extraordinary freak, sell
to Alderman Frend, an ancient silver gilt tobacco box,
for 7s. 6cl. per ounce.
A.D. 17S2, Alderman Long presents the city Avith a
silver waiter, and Dr. Beauvoir bestows at the same time
the original picture of Sir John Boys, now suspended in
the Hall.
A.D. 1617, the Corporation purchase a basin and ewer
of silver gilt, Aveight 126oz., at a cost of 6s. 7d. per ounce.
They possessed also a basin and eAver of silver in 1587,
Avhich Aveighed 76oz. and a quarter. A.D. 1746, the
mace was ordered to be laid on a cushion with gold
fringe. A.D. 1681, a large and fair mace of silver was
purchased, weighing 121oz., at 10s. per ounce. This, Avith
contingent expenses, cost altogether 62/. 10s. The old
mace seems to have been sold for 8s. 4c/. per ounce. It
Aveighed nearly OOoz.
The Sword of State of the Canterbury Corporation
Avas presented by James I., during the mayoralty of
Thomas Paramor, A.D. 1607.
The sword bore, amongst other inscriptions on it,
" This Sowrde was graunted by our Gratious Soveraigne
Lorde King Jeames to this City of Canterbury, and to
Thomas Paramore, Esquire,"
The Mace has a history and an ancestry. The charter
of Henry VI., to which the citizens owe their privilege of
electing a Mayor, conferred upon that officer the right
to appoint Sergeants at Mace, directing that their maces
be borne before him. In the 26th Elizabeth, a Mace is
ordered to be made out of the maces of the Town
Sergeants ; but, although these Avere of silver, some ¦
reflection seems to have been cast upon the origin of the
mace so produced; for ten years afterwards, "One very
fair Mace" is ordered " to be made decent, to be carried

BCECHMOTE HOilN. 233
before the Mayor." A.D. 1650, we have an entry of
"the great Mace" being altered and finished; but, as
the city about this time had heavy demands upon it,
being required to furnish arms and soldiers for the
Commonwealth, the Corporation resolve — " That the
Mace be made with as little charge and addition of silver
as may be." A.D. 1680, the city decide,—" That either
the new mace be made, or the old one repaired." The
fiiends of a new mace seem to have prevailed ; we find
an entry wherein the Chamberlain is recorded to have
given " Twenty shillings for those Avho assisted him
about it." In A.D. 1721, the City Sword and Mace were
gilded and amended. A.D. 1767, new maces (silver) are
ordered to be made for the ToAvn Sergeants. These are
of small size.
Amongst later acquisitions, Ave may record a gold chain
presented by the late W. Furley, Esq., to be worn by the
Mayors for the time being, and a " lovinge " cup, pre
sented by Alderman H. Austin.
23urctfjmote fi^om.
As far back as A.D. 1376, allusion is made to the
assembling of the Corporation by sounding the Burgh
mote Horn. It appears, however, to have been in use
long previous to this period, for, in an action of trespass,
brought by the Abbot of St. Augustine against the
citizens of Canterbury, in the reign of Henry III., the
Bailiffs are accused of having raised the Commonalty,, to
the number of 5,000, by the sounding of this horn, to
commit an outrage on the Abbot's property, at the
Abbot's Mill, by plucking down his mill-stones and gear,
to the damage of 500 marks; and doing injuries to his
miller and servants, in revenge for a supposed invasion
of the rights of the citizens by the Abbot, who had taken
a woman accused of felony out of the jurisdiction of the
city (her offence was committed in Long-port), aud con
fined her in the prison of the Monastery. The Mayor
and Common Councilmen, down to 1835, Avere summoned
to Burghmote by the sounding of this horn. It now
reposes with the curiosities of the past.
The Crier, A.D. 1673, was allowed 4s. per annum for

234 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
blowing the horn to summon the Mayor and Corporation
to the Burghmote.
At the meetings of the ancient courts of Burghmote,
secresy was imposed upon its members by oath. In
spite, hoAvever, of this precaution, a certain William Hart
being called to account, is " sent to ward," for having
said that " the court were forsworn three times a year."
This, doubtless, was true enough; for though two
" Tryers " Avere appointed to receive on oath of secresy
the Arotes of the Aldermen in the nomination of Mayor,
the manner in which each individual voted was generally
known throughout the city a few hours afterwards.
Ulectt'on of jjWagor.
The election of Mayor in the "Olden Time" was in this
wise : — The Aldermen nominated two of their own body,
Avhose names were submitted to the freemen of the city,
who by a majority of votes elected. Much open bribery
took place on these occasions, the agents of each candi
date stating from the hustings Avhat each party would
give per vote, viz., 5s., 10s., or 20s., raising the price
towards the conclusion of the poll (12 p.m.) if the election
were closely contested. Several hundreds of pounds were
sometimes spent. Thomas Rock, who by successful
resistance about 1760, broke up the exactions of. the
Fraternities (see Guilds and Fraternities), notes his
attendance on a certain civic festivity, when one of the
Aldermen present, dressed out in a remarkable fashion,
observed : " This waistcoat cost me 12/. 12s., and I have
another at home I bought on the same occasion." This
was in allusion to a Mayoralty contest, A.D. 1758, be
tween Aldermen G. Knowler and G. Plomer.
^pictures tn tfie ©utlohall, $rc.
Of the pictures and portraits suspended in the Guild
hall, besides the original picture of Sir John Boys, pre
viously alluded to, we may iiote that, A.D. 1772,
Mr. Taddy, the Mayor, presented the picture Of Joseph
Colfe. Several portraits and pictures had been given
even at earlier dates. The portrait of Oogan, who gave
lands for charitable purposes, A.D. 1657, is said to be by
Jansen ; if so- it must have been Cornelius Jansen, who

riCTCRLS IN THE GUILDHALL, &C. 235
came to England 1618, and, according to Walpole, re
sided at Bridge, near this city, between the years 1630
and 1640. He left this country during the civil Avnrs,
and died at Amsterdam, 1653. A.D 1703, Robinson's
and Cogan's pictures were framed at a cost of 30s. This
might have been the period Avhen some of the portraits
Avere touched up and materially injured. A.D. 1709,
that elaborate piece of art, " Queen Anne," which adorns
the Guildhall, was purchased, frame and all, for 10/.
A.D. 1724, there occurs an allusion to a " Figure Paint
ing" — perhaps the same which now graces the Council
Chamber, and which " one Maxted, a painter, may mend
for three guineas." A.D. 1770, the fine arts appear to
have been looking up in Canterbury, for a picture of
Thomas Hanson* is ordered " with frame, not to exceed
twenty-five pounds." Of late years but few additions
have been made. We may enumerate the subscription
portrait of Alderman Henry Cooper, by Sidney Hodges ;
a portrait of the Right Hon. Stephen Rumbold Lushing-
ton, by Mr. James Pemmell; and a portrait of Lord
Tenterden, late Chief Justice, who, formerly an inhabitant
of Canterbury, from a comparatively humble origin, by
his integrity, talents, and perseverance, attained one of-
the highest legal dignities in the kingdom.
To the above list Ave add the portraits of Charles
Robinson, Recorder, and M.P. for Canterbury ; John
Whitfield, Gent ; John Watson, Mayor ; Mrs. Elizabeth
Lovejoy, Benefactor to the city charities ; Leonard
Cotton, Mayor ; Richard Halford, Chamberlain ; / Mer
man Barham, Grandfather of the author of the " Ingolcls-
by Legends;" Alderman Simmonds, and Sir Thomas
White. The picture of the. latter Avas placed in the
Guildhall A.D. 1608. It cost 61. lis. Sc/.
A.D. 1689, Alderman Gibbs is paid 10/. for a painting
over the chimney-piece in the Guildhall. There is a
tradition that this picture was the production of an
Alderman. The subject is the Judgment of Solomon ;
it is a copy from an old master. There was a Thomas
Gibbs, however, who seems to have been a painter.
* Thomaa Hanson, a London merchant. He gave 1.500Z. to the Mayor
and Commonalty, in trast for the hospitals of Maynard, Eastbndge, and
Saint John, namely. 5002. c:tch.

23G CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
©fie Jilarturs' jffehJ.
We have a few words to say about the " Martyrs'
Field." This locality has lost its identity, through the
erection of the station and offices of the London, Chat
ham, and Dover Railway, and the destruction of the
meadow, by its conversion into an hop garden.
A few relics were found during the excavations and
levelling for the station — three or four skulls, a brooch, a
bronze Celt, some Roman coins and beads.
Let us stroll along the city walls of the Dane John
Grounds, and then pause by the farthest tower upon the
noAV smooth and trimly ordered Terrace.
It is by "The White Cross Tower we stop." Of the
nineteen similar structures that once encircled Canterbury,
this remains the most perfect of them all. On its front,
towards the roadway and foss below, it bears a white
cross* of Caen stone let into a facing of black flints. The
cross, however, can only be distinguished when the leaves
are off, for a flourishing pear tree covers it Avith its
foliage. Out of the top of this tower springs an acacia
tree, beautiful in summer season with its snowy blossoms.
There is a significant reason for that cross and the name
the turret bears.
On the field opposite the tower, now known as the
Martyrs' Field, but now, even as Ave write, almost obli
terated by the encroachments of the newly constructed
railway, there was once an ugly pile of wood and a crowd
of people, and among them stood a fellow bearing a
lighted brand. By and by, half dragged, half led, from
the road below was brought up a woman. She was
to die — to be burned f upon that pyre for a matter of
theological opinion. She regards the angry and fearful
creatures around her. There is no gleam of pity in their
eyes. She dies, — the smoke of that sacrifice goes up
from the Martyrs' Field at Canterbury into the deep full
summer's sky. Thousands look on : mothers hold up
their children from the terraced walls that they may see
and clap their little hands ; boys climb trees and
* The cross is said, however, by one authority to have stood originally in
the Martyrs' Field.
t Judging from old Troodcnts, there were " burnings," as above, in various
parts of the city, some near the Cathedral.

THE CHURCH HOUSE. 237
palings ; and on the Dungeon Mound, then irregular
and broken, although planted Avith trees, old and young,
rich and poor, infirm and hale, are grouped together.
Yet, as surely as the smoke ascended, and the fire
cleared, and the faggots crackled, and a stifled sob arose
to God, was this deed held in reckoning ! The cost of
the staple and the stake, the faggot and the burning,
for this or for some other martyrdom, is it not entered in
the Records of Canterbury City ?
In the reign of Queen Mary, from A.D. 1555 to 1558,
278 persons suffered death by burning for their religious
opinions ; of these 41 Avere burnt at Canterbury, several
being women.* In Queen Elizabeth's reign 180 persons
were put to death for religious Adews, mostly by hanging,
that is, from 1578 to 1603. The individuals thus exe
cuted were chiefly secular and other Roman Catholic
priests. Four of these unfortunates were executed at
Canterbury, October 1588.
®fte ©Ijurrf) f^ouse.
There is a somewhat ancient mansion in High Street,
Canterbury, entitled "The Church House." Whether
this name has been assigned to it on account of its prox
imity to the church of St. Mary, I cannot determine,
but I -wish to inform my readers that the title Church
House is of very ancient designation, and does not
necessarily imply connection with any parish church,
although the term and institution seem in some way to
infer that it does.
A Church House was sometimes a place of refuge, a
sort of lodging house for wayfarers and travellers.
In fair time's the Church House was let to merchants
and pedlars, to expose therein their wares for sale.
"Church ales," that is, ale brewed by the parish
authorities, and which had name and origin from church
festivities, and were a source of profit and income to the
parish officers, was brewed in these houses. At other
times they were let out to gipsies, and, we should say, to
vagrants also. 7
In 1560 the Church House was let to a gipsy for 3s. bd.,
'¦' X & Q . August 17, LS78.

238 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
and another " Egyptian " hired it for a night for four-
pence. About a century since, the Church House at Canterbury
belonged to a Mr. Walcly, a barrister; he used to travel
to London upon the business of his clients ; and I have
seen an interesting and amusing diary of his, in manu
script, descriptive of the manners of the times, and his
adventures on the road. The book has, I believe, passed
into the possession of the Oxenden family, of which
Mr. Walcly was a distant connexion.
Mr. Walcly left behind him a curious library of books,
containing some rare specimens of the earliest printed
books in this country. These for the most part vegetate
in a somewhat damp room or vestry in Elham Church,
Kent. An interesting church for other reasons, as well
as for the extraordinary fact that in a large stained-glass
window of no ancient date, in a most conspicuous part,
are effigies, not of the saints, but of Lords Salisbury and
Beaconsfield, and Mr. Gladstone; and also a figure in
blue, and Madame Patti, leading a celestial choir ! It is
for all the world like a cartoon from Punch.
Somner alludes to an ancient house in High Street,
near to St. Mary's Church, which might refer to the site
where the present Church House stands. It is mentioned
in a deed of Christ Church, A.D. 1187, as a possession
belonging to the iNuns of Sexburga, Sheppy, passed over
in exchange to the church at Canterbury. From this
deed we learn that St. Mary's in High Street, having we
presume bread and fish markets close beside it, was
called " Ecclesia Piscatorum."*
hospitals, lAcltgt'ous pauses, ©fiantrgs, Almonries, See.
Amongst, the oldest of these we may note, that in
early Christian Saxon times, within the walls on the
south part of the city, was a Monastery built in honour
of Saint Mildred, whose last Abbot was named Alfwic.
The record of it we may find in the " Monasticon," vol. i.,
p. 26; and at the same time occurs an allusion to Saint
Martin's Church, said by the same authority to be
" Sedes Episcopalis." See our notice of St. Martin.
* Dormitories or cells are still to be seen in an upper story of the Church
House, Canterbury.

HOSPITALS, RELIGIOUS HOUSES, CftAXTRYS, &(.'. 239
St. Johns Hospital. — This establishment is supposed
to have been founded by Lanfranc, A.D. 1084. It was
first instituted for poor, lame, infirm, and blind men and
women. Nearly all the original buildings have disappeared
except the chapel, which has a romanesquedieadecl door
way. The domiciles are now tenanted by aged men and
women, to which they are presented by the Archdeacon.
Restorations have been made to the buildings with taste
and propriety. A.D. 1507, a complaint was made to the
Archdeacon that the Mayor of Canterbury had carried
off the ornaments of the chapel and other things, such as
a chalice, a paten of silver, surplices, and the bells. I
can find no cause assigned for this outrage. In the
chapel were once some stained-glass windows. In one
the tAvelve apostles Avere portrayed, and there Avas a
memorial to W. Sep\*ans and his wife.
The Hospital of St. Laurence is situated by the Old
Dover Road. It was founded, according to Tanner, A.D.
1137, as a hospital for leprous monks, and the poor
parents and relatives of the monks of St. Augustine.
But a small portion of the old buildings remain, and on
the Avail abutting on the road there is to be seen what is
said to be a representation of St. Laurence on the
gridiron. Certainly, a prostrate figure is discernible,
with one or two other figures beside it in an erect
position. It has been stated nevertheless that the original
patron of this house was not the martyred saint, but
Laurentius, the second Archbishop of Canterbury. It
was alienated in' the time of Edward YL to a person
named Topsal, but Queen Mary bestowed it upon Sir
John Perrot.
East Bridge, or King's Bridge, is another of the houses
ascribed to Lanfranc, but probably incorrectly, as it is
not considered to be older than the reign of Henry I.
Somner says it was founded by Thomas Beckett in
Henry II. 's reign. However, it Avas once called the
"Hospital of Saint Thomas the Martyr," and pilgrims
to his shrine were entertained Avithin its walls ; the food
supplied was limited to a certain stated allowance of
fourpence a day, together Avith a nig-ht's lodging.*
* F. Summerly.

2-10 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Archbishop Stratford, according to Tanner, Avas a great
beuefactor to it, so that he might be called its second
founder. It stood a narroAv chance at one time of being
confiscated, but Archbishop Parker gave it a new foun
dation for a school, and for a refuge for poor and infirm
brothers and sisters.
Eastbridge was found to be in a ruinous state in the
time of Queen Elizabeth, and was granted with all its
revenues to John Farnham, one of Her Majesty's gentle
men pensioners, who assigned it to G. Hayes for 500/.
From Hayes, Archbishop Parker* secured it, and re-
endowed it. John Battely, Archdeacon of Canterbury
in 1688, was one of its benefactors.
Two other ancient hospitals, Cokyn's and Cogan's, the
latter founded as late as 1657, existed close to it. The
former of these was united to Eastbridge as long since
as 1209.
Cogan's Hospital, now devoted to the widows of
clergymen, exists in a series of -handsome villa-like semi
detached houses on the London Road, just beyond Saint
Dunstan's. East Bridge Hospital is well worth the antiquary's
attention. f The level of the floor gives direct evidence
how much the surface of the street has risen since the
erection of the building, whilst the architecture within
the reclining or rather leaning columns in the hall of
early English work. In the vault below, the pillars,
after the same style, buried, we might say, almost out of
sight in a cellar, which was doubtless once an ancient
crypt, all claim attention.
Cokyn's Hospital once stood in Saint Peter's Street,
opposite the Black Friar's Gate. It was founded by
William Cokyn, a man of a worthy family, as Somner
tells us.
* Buncombe says, Parker. — ~F. S.
t Whilst this work was passing through the press, a discovery was made
at Eastbridge of a wall painting on the N".E. side of the hall, during the
process of some repairs. It is sadly mutilated, but enough remains to show-
it i3 descriptive of the murder of Beckett. The Archbishop, who is down
on his knees, is about to receive a fatal blow from the axe of one of the
assasins. Little is to be deciphered but the heads and shoulders of four or
five figures. Ahuge and unsightly chimney-piece, about to-be pulled down,
probably conceals a continuation of the design. Competent judges consider
the painting to be of the 11th or 15th century. The pilgrims who were once
entertained in this hall had thus an opportunity of contemplating an
attempt to depict the Martyrdom of the Saint, whose shrine many of them
hud travelled so many miles to visit.

HOSPITALS, RELIGIOUS HOUSES, CHAN1RYS, &C. 241
Saint Gregory is another religious house, supposed
also to OAve its foundation to Lanfranc, A.D. 1084. It
was erected for secular priests, but in the time of
Henry L, it was constituted a Priory of Black Canons.
Somner, however, considers that its building was divided
into tAvo parts, one for infirm men, the other for infirm
women, to whom the ecclesiastics Avere to administer f
religious offices. Battely informs us there was anciently
the Chapel of the Brotherhood of Saint Thomas the
Martyr, situated in. the garden of St. Gregory. At the
time of the dissolution, it contained 13 Religious. Grove
states its original foundation was for sick men and
women. An extensive burying-ground was attached to
it, not appropriate to the hospital alone, but to the
parishioners of Northgate. The Canons of St. Gregorv
were allowed 4 acres of the best wheat and 4 acres of
the best barley, cut from the manor of Northfleet. Not far
off, but lower down on the same side of the street, we
arrive at Jesus or Boys' Hospital. It is of somewhat
a late foundation, and owes its existence to Sir John
Boys of Bettshanger and Fredville. The establishment
consists of seven brothers and four sisters and a warden.
Yacancies are first filled up by the founder's kin ; the
number, however, of these being limited. Should no
claimants occur, or the number for kindred be full, the
Dean sends two names to the Mayor, who selects one.
There is a school attached to the institution, and the
quaint little chapel wherein the inmates worship is
worthy of a visit.
The ordinances given by the founder bear date 1599,
and are somewhat severe upon the crimes of " sorcery or
charming," reflecting doubtless rather strongly the
popular belief of that time.
Mavnard's Hospital in Saint Mildred was founded,
A.D. 1317,? by one of the city Aldermen, called "May-
narcl le Rich." It supports four brothers and four sisters,
who are appointed by the Mayor for the time being. An
Alderman is generally chosen by the Corporation as the
master or warden, but not always. Adjoining is another
*The Clerks of St. Gregory and their Church are alluded to in the
Domesday Eecord.
t Battely, p. 169, J Somner.

212 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
hospital or almshouse, founded by Leonard Cotton; it
uoay forms a part of the same series of domiciles.
33omt'nfcans, or Ulacft jfrwrs.
The Priory of Dominicans, or Black Friars, in St.
Alphage parish, Avas founded soon after the year 1221,
by Henry III., who is said to have built this Fraternity
a' Monastery on the banks of the Stour, on land given
them by Archbishop Leighton. A Scarcely any of these
venerable ruins remain, except the chapel and adjoining
premises, and the buildings on the opposite side of the
river. The south gateway, built not long before the
30th Edward III., and faced with black flints, was pulled
clown some years since.. The bridge with gothic arches
has been destroyed within our own time, to make way for
an unsightly but more convenient substitute. The Priory
originally formed a square, which enclosed the burying -
ground ; in this cemetery were buried some eminent
persons. The friars possessed land on the other side of
the river, down towards Abbot's Mill, and Avestward
towards Saint Peter's; here they held orchards and
pleasant gardens. The Monastery had two other gates
or passages besides the one described above, one in the
street .near St. Alphage church, and the other in Best
Lane, near the water-lock, opposite the "Prince of
Orange" Lane, near the Rush Market; this passage led
directly to their church.
The chapel now belonging to the " General Baptists"
was the original hall or refectory of the monks. John
Wenar appears to have been the last Prior ; for on
25th Henry VIIL, 6th of February, five years before the
dissolution, he grants to Richard Purcharcl in a lease for
forty years, a garden of the Friars Preachers, close
adjoining their house. The original surrender of the
Priory into the hands of Henry VIII. is lost or destroyed,
as it was not in existence in the records when Dugdale
prepared his work on monasteries.
The arms of the house were azure on a cross argent,
between four mitres labelled Or, a text Or, surmounted
by the letter S. sable. The Monastery, with cemetery,
gardens, orchards, &c, was (27 Henry VIIL) surrendered
to the King, who granted it to Thomas Wiseman, who

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flTOM'

DOMINICAN'S, OR BLACK FRIARS. 243
sublet it, for a time apparently. John Harrington held it
temp. Elizabeth, from whom it passed to Dr.'peters, Avho
was the grandfather of Mrs. Barrett, second wife of
Thomas Barrett, of Lee Priory, near Canterbury, and
mother of Mrs. Birch, Avho subsequently owned it and
brought it to her husband, the Rev. Mr. Birch.
The Black Friars appeared to have been often used as
a gathering ground for the citizens of Canterbury, and
many a tumultuous throng issued from thence. Here
under the then bailiff, William de Chiiham, they drew up
a list of grievances and items of proscription against the
monks of Christ Church, because they refused to pay
towards the supply and furnishing of tAvelve horsemen
demanded as a contribution from the city by Edward I.,
for his Scottish Avars. We give from Somner the reso
lutions made on that occasion, as a curious evidence of
the times : —
"They swore and conspired against the monks as follows : —
"First. — That they -would overthrow the pentices,* windows, and
mill, belonging to the Monks.
" Secondly. — That no citizen should dwell in any house belonging to
the monks.
" Thirdly. — That all rents belonging to the monks should be gathered
to the use of the citizens.
"Fourthly. — That no man should send or sell to the monks any
victual. " Fifthly. — That they should seize all the horses and beasts that
come into the city with carriage to the monks.
" Sixthly. — That all such monks as came forth of their house should
be despoiled of their garments.
" Seventhly. — That a trench should be cast to stop all men from going
in or coming out.
"Eighthly. — That every pilgrim should, at his entering, swear he
would make no offering.
"Also. — That every one of these commons aforesaid, should wear on
their finger a ring of gold, winch belonged to Thomas Becket."
The whole extent of the grounds was five acres and
seven perches, including the churchyard, Draiton's house
and orchard, the island— now scarcely to be recognised as
an island — the dormitory just below it, and the refectory,
now used as a chapel. On the south side of the convent
existed the cemetery adjoining the chapel. Six curious
and picturescpie arches once stood across the river,
forming a bridge connecting the buildings on either side.
* Pentices, or covered ways — enclosed alleys.

244 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
By a grant of Edward III., A.D. 1355, the Friars were
permitted to enlarge their house. The island had pre
viously been granted to them by the same monarch.
The Friars had a picturesque gateway which once
opened towards Saint Peter's Street ; it was faced with
black flints, Avith figures in niches, and it was destroyed
A;D.. 1788. A fraternity of parish clerks held their
guild at one time upon the premises of the Black Friars.
See Plates 24 and 30.
®fje ©reu jFnars, or Franciscans.
The habits of the brethren consisted of a long grey
coat, coming down to the heels, with a cowl or hood, and
a cord or rope about the loins.
In the earlier state of the foundation of the order, the
monks did not live together under one roof, but had
little cottages, built up and down through the forests and
mountains, adopting seclusion and solitude.
However, in Canterbury they always seemed tolerably
well housed on the banks of the Stour. The island
called " Binnewith " was presented to them by John
Diggs, one of the Bailiffs of the city, Hasted says, in
1273. The river in and about Westgate parish and St.
Peter's seemed formerly to have formed, by branching..
off into minor streams, more than one island in this
neio-hbourhood. Thus two little islands are mentioned, " where was
Crines Milne," leading from which ran a lane of the same
name. The Dominican or Black Friars had also an island on
that branch of the River Stour called the "King's
River," but lower doAvn.
The Grey Friars seem very early to have got into
contention with the Convent of Christ Church, having
usurped and appropriated tenements belonging to that
establishment ; although this was directly at variance
with the rule of their order, which was to the effect
that the Brethren or Friars may appropriate nothing to
themselves, neither house nor ground, nor any kind of
substance, but be as pilgrims and strangers in this
Avorld, serving the Lord in poverty and humility.
Besides the island of Binnewith, the establishment of

ran aviute rra a rs 215
the Friars had buildings over the Stour in " All Saints "
and Saint Peter's parishes, some of the arches, Avails,
and doorways of which still remain picturesquely dilapi
dated. The pleasant gardens on the river bank give an
idea that when the monastery flourished, it was no place
in external appearance, at least, for mortification ox-
solitude. The Grey Friars, Franciscan or Minorites, first came
into England, A.D. 1234* nine in number. Three
stopped at Canterbury, and founded the first house of
their order near the Poor Priests' Hospital. At the
dissolution, the Friery Avas granted (31 Henry VIII.) to
Thomas Spellman.
®i)e WBfyitz ^prints, calka otftertoisc Augustine friars.
They settled in Canterbury about A.D. 1325, not /
however without opposition, for having obtained a house
in Saint George's parish, they tolled a bell, celebrated
mass, and received oblations, without licence from the
Archbishop, contrary to the privileges accorded to the
Archiepiscopal See. Thereupon they were inhibited
from celebrating mass, and cited before the Primate.
However, a composition was finally arranged with Christ
Church, as well as with the parson of Northgate, whose
first fruits and oblations " the said Friars had infringed."
The Friars speedily enlarged their premises, and opened
their outward gate at a certain place or court within
Saint George's, upon the highway or street, at the
" Cloth Market," wliich they agreed to hold in fee of
Christ Church for 2s. 4cl. per annum. The " Old Gayole "
(gaol) abutted on the west the premises of the White
Friars. Some small portion of the ancient buildings of
the Friars' house may still be detected.
To the leper houses and hospitals at. Canterbury we --
add St. James' (Jacobus) in Wincheap. The establish
ment consisted of three priests and twenty-five leprous
*Dr. Hook's " Lives," vol. 2, 7-j6. says, A D. 1224, Sept. 11, four clerks and
five laymen landed at Dover and proceeded to Canterbury. " They were
lodged in a small room under the school-house of the Cathedral. Here in
the evening, some of the scholars joined them, when they had finished
the scanty meal— doled out to them by the charity of the monks— 'they
kindled a fire, and warmed their beer. The cup went merrily round, ail
drinking from one pot, for it was a part of their rule, wherever they might
he, to mtike themselves agreeable and happy."

246

CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME,

women. The building has, by Weever and Lambarde,
been assigned to Queen Eleanor, wife of Henry III.,
but Somner considers it of earlier date. Very little of
the original building- is now visible.

tTIje jElunnarn of ^t. ^cpulcljre.

A portion of a wall of this establishment only remains.
It is said to have been founded by Anselm, A.D. 1100.
A Prioress and five, others say seven, black veiled nuns *
constituted the establishment.
Here the sisterhood sheltered Elizabeth Barton, "the
Maid of Kent," an enthusiast, who alloAved herself to be
made the tool of certain ecclesiastics, for which she was
sacrificed to the resentment of King Henry VIIL,
especially as she inveighed against the spiritual authority
he had assumed.
An account is preserved in the British" Museum of her
effects, seized after condemnation, and handed over by
the Prioress of Saint Sepulchre to the civil authorities.
Amongst other items we note — " 2 carpettes,- whereof
on ys cut into pecys, an old matteres (corse shelles?), a
peyre of blankettes, with 2 pyllos and a bolster, a plater,
3 dysches, 2 saucers, a lyttill basin." The "lytfcell
basin " the Lady Prioress seemed to have taken a liking
to, and paid Sd. for it. "A lyttell chryst, 2 canstyckes,
* Benedktine.

POOR 1'RIESTS' HOSPITAL. 24?
a piece of plancke for a tabell, a chest," &c, &c, not a
very costly set of furniture or effects.
Some of the poor nun's clothes were also left behind,
Avhich the Lady Prioress seems to have begged for her
self or the nuns, such as an " old mantell, and a kyrtell, an
Iryshe mantell, a colere, Avith two grett chrystes," &c, &c.
The nuns, amongst other privileges, had the right to
cut as much -wood daily in the forest of Blean as one
horse could bring home twice a day. We presume, Iioav-
ever, this did not last all the year round.
In the graveyard attached to this house, abutting the
Old Dover Road, was found beneath the Christian inter
ments an extensive Roman cemetery, and below that a
few British urns.
We give a sketch of the Nunnery of St. Sepulchre
from an ancient drawing. ^oor priests' f^ospitnl,
a foundation of Simon de Langton, A.D. 1240, Arch
deacon of Canterbury, with some assistance from other
benefactors. The presentations to St. Margaret* and
Stodmarsh Churches once belonged to it. It was
originally instituted for the support of aged and infirm
ecclesiastics-. Its revenues -were given in Queen Eliza
beth's time to the Corporation, A.D. 1575, dependent
upon certain conditions, but afterwards in the 1st
George II. they were bestowed by Act of Parliament
upon the guardians of the poor, with a provision for
the education,! clothing, and putting out to apprentice
ship of sixteen poor boys, Avho were chosen in by the
Corporation as vacancies occurred. The surplus of
the rents of the estates were to be devoted to the relief
of the poor rates. Such a contingency has often occurred,
but as often has arisen some unexpected expenditure
which has absorbed that surplus.
As the property of the poor priests comprises in many
instances slips of land of small dimensions interlying the
freeholds of other parties (with the exception of houses
* Given by Eoger, Abbot of St. Augustine, AD. 1271, in perpetual alms.
The bells of the hospital had to ring in token whenever the Abbot passed.
tWhat sort of education the boys once received, we may judge trom a
fact that in going the boundaries, 2 November. 1772, of the sis boys Wtio
went the "rounds " none of them could write, but set their marks.

248 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
in Canterbury and lands at Harbledown), the rentals have
wonderfully increased in value.
In the time of Henry VIII. the gross rental was
281. 10s. Id. ; in 1746 it was 128Z. 10s. ; but for the
year ending June 1878, it amounted to 922Z. 0s. 7d.,
exclusive of 12 acres of land in Hackington, lost by the
improvidence of the Corporation a century ago, when.
they had the management of the estates.
Some portion of the ancient buildings remain in Stour
Street, upon the banks of the river, one part being used
as the Blue Coat School, and as a relief office ; the other
portion is let for business purposes to a tradesman.
When the writer had access to the archives of the
Canterbury Incorporation, he was fortunate enough to
rescue from loss or oblivion, amongst a number of un
regarded papers, Queen Elizabeth's original grant of the
poor priests' estate to the Mayor and citizens. The
indorsement informed us it was obtained by John Rose,
then Mayor, and Richard Baunce, the Sheriff of the city,
being " suitors and solicitors in and about the procuring
of the same, at the charge of the citizens to fifty pounds
and more."
A great many acres once belonging to the poor priests'
estates have been alienated improperly. A.D. 1572,
there were more than 40 acres belonging to the estate
in the parish of Ickham alone. See Grove, p. 3.
The deed of presentation from Robert, Abbot of
St. Augustine's, which bestowed the Church of Stodmarsh
on the hospital, A.D. 1243, binds the hospital to abstain
from acquiring the rents of any other lands in the parish
without the consent of the Abbot ; and enjoins the pre
sentation of a wax taper weighing one pound at the
high altar of the monastery on St. Augustine's day.

©Jurd)£3,

&U gjatnts
is a modern church of a debased style of architecture,
built near or partly upon the site of the ancient church,
which stood more in the street. We give a Plate of the
old church, No. 23.
All Saints contained at one time tombs or memorials
to some of the principal inhabitants, amongst whom we
might mention Roger Brent, M.P. for the city in the
time of Edward IV., and John Coleman, buried in the
Lady Chapel of the old building. He was a benefactor
to the church. £~at'nt Sljpfjcgt,
perhaps erected on the site of a now lost church, dedi
cated to the " Four Coronati." There is in the church a
quaint inscription on one of the pillars — " Laude Prude
Thoma, per quern fit ista columptna." It had two
rhyming epitaphs on John Piers and Richard Engeham,
respectively, and a memorial to Henry Gosborne, four
times Mayor of Canterbury in the 16th century. There
was an epitaph to Agnes Hawke. The allusion there
on, quoted as beginning " The dance in the churchyard,"
evidently bears a reference to the engravings of the
" Dance of Death," at one time highly popular. This
tablet is now gone ; it stood once against the north side
of the church. St. Elphege Church, from need of timely
repairs, is fast hastening to its fall, tower and all.
Every part of the building seems equally dilapidated. It
contains the monuments of several eminent citizens and
people of Kent.
Isabel! Fowle gave lands for a priest to celebrate
mass, and for the purchase of a lamp to burn for ever
before the high altar. John Sellom made a somewhat
similar bequest. The above-mentioned Thomas Prude

250 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
bequeathed by his will, dated 1468, 5 marks to Christ
Church, where he wished to be buried, and money to
erect a pillar in St. Elphege Church, which indicates in
some degree the date of the present building.
There is a memorial in the west aisle, with an iron
helmet above it, to one of the Hadde family. John
Caxton, the brother of the celebrated printer, lies buried
in the church. He died October 12th, 1483. His will
was proved at Canterbury the year following. He mem
tions no relations but his wife Isabella and his daughter
Celia, but bequeaths sundry chattels, such as tablecloths
and silver cups, to friends. He was a mercer of the
parisii of St. Elphege. Sbaint • JWarg 33recnrr,
formerly called " Little Lady Dungeon Church." This
is an entirely new church in the Early English style,
erected in 1866, upon the site of an ancient church,
founded by William, a descendant of Vitalis, one of the
followers of William the Conqueror. The Church of
St. Edmund of Ridingate was united to it some centuries
ago. It contains many memorials removed from the
older building. In digging for foundations for the pre
sent church a small vessel of clay, like an incense cup,
was found. It might have indicated the presence, for
religious rites, of some ancient worshippers.
The former church was very small, consisting of a
nave, an aisle, and a chancel. It had a pointed wooden
tower. The descent to the church was by several steps, -
wliich rendered it damp and unwholesome. The pre
sent modern church has a noble simplicity about it.
gbafat Jttarg 93«timnn.
This was once a sort of official church, at which the
Mayor and Corporation were accustomed to meet at the
sound of the Burghmote horn for prayers, previous to
commencing business in the " Guildhall or " Spech
House." The old church had two aisles, a chancel, and a
tower steeple ; and it projected somewhat into the High

SAINT AKDHLW,

251

Street. St. Andrew's Gate stood once not far from it.
It had a memorial tablet to John Duncombe, who Avrote
the history of Heme and Reculver. It bore at one time
the name of St. Mary Andresgate, and the names of
Bredman and Fisherman, owing to its proximity to the
Bread and Fish Markets. The Church House adjoining
has a Avindow opening into St. Mary's at the 'south
west side.

m

£>afnt Sntatfo.
The old church had one nave, a chancel, and a spire
on its tower. We give a E^IPPa'A-is^^^a^waaaisi
woodcut of it. It stood ;aAF|A aA^^^S
in the middle of the street,
nearly opposite Mercery
Lane, but not so far west.
The only ways through. St.
George's Street were by
passages on each side of
It was pulled
1763, and a
built further
the houses,

Ap
!#„
: si .sfis-A. :• ~ \  :.
r -r -mi* m '-> ¦- AA| A A^ffcw&«N
WAm0mm:

f^iftp

' -AS? :

the church
down A.D.
new church
back, behind
south. Some of the monu
ments, at first removed to
the Cathedral, were after
wards placed in the new
church, A.D. 1764.
Some of the gravestones
and tombs of the old par-
ishoners and others, lying
in the main street, are still found when our city improve
ments lead to deep drainages or to seAver connections.
The great great grandfather of Dean Swift, Thomas
Swift, was a Rector of this parish, and died 1592, and
Avas buried in the old church ; his mural monument is
preseiwed in the porch of the new one; and one of his
sons was also a Rector of this church, who died 1624.
The living was united to that of St. Mary Bredman as long
since as 1681.
A Mrs. Cadd, A.D. 1706, left lands in Stodmarsh to
the church.

BSpsSKtei'-

zo:

CANTERBURY IX THE OLDEN TIME.

&atnt eiJeorgc.
This church noAV consists of a nave, two aisles, and a
chancel. The aisles are divided from the
nave by 5 pairs of pillars, but the building-
has of late years received additions and
alterations. The church was originally of
Norman style. It has tAvo memorial
stained-glass windows, dating 1846 and
1850: — one at the east end, to Mrs. Kings
ford, and one at the Avest end, to the Hon.
Mrs. Isaacke. The Avindows of the church
are decorated and perpendicular. The
most ancient relic it contains is an
font, supported by seven shafts and a central
has an incised brass to John Lovelle, who
1438. There are entries
of the Barrett, Hasted,

in the Registers of
Hardres, and other

octagonal
pillar. It
died A.D.
the burials
families. Most of the pillars in the north aisle
from St. Mary Magdalen's, Avhen that
demolished, A.D. 1871.
The steeple of St. George's church, of which we give a
woodcut, was taken down about A.D. 1794. There is a
piscina and a shrine niche in the south aisle.

were brought
church was

S'alnt Jttarg j^ortljgate.
This church stood originally over the city gateway, at
least part of it. A vaidt of the old structure, called an
" Hermitage," was fashioned like a cross, as Hasted
informs us, in one part of it. The present church dates
from 1830 only. It contains a mural incised brass to one
of the Mayors, Ralph Brown, which, if he were a literate
man, he certainly did not compose ; it is as follows : —
"All ye that stand up pon mi corse,
Remember but lat Raff. Brown I was,
All djr man and Mayer of this cete,
Jesu a pon mi sowll have pete ! "
There is a label issuing from the mouth of the effigy
inscribed, "Mater Dei memento mei." Ralph Brown
was Mayor A.D. 1507. This memorial was removed
from the old structure.

fair (twUii'^lwus/lRliHik 23ritp«r<)ui obiit
iiTcio iw mntfi^ &ptMnbrU'&.tuu> inw niitUo

Pls.te 13

-MLb^C.'

CT KolUich aCjsO* S'Edbam E C

INCISED MONUMENTAL BRASSES BURGATE CHURCH
CHRISTOPHER AND MARGARETA KLOOK.

SAINT MARY MAGDALEN. 953
Northgate church was united to Saint Alphao-e about
two centuries since. Sra fat ittanj /fclagtralen,
now no more. The tower of the demolished church still
remains. It was built A.D. 1503. The church had two
aisles and a chancel, and a square tower. Within the
tower is an elaborate monument to the Whitfield family.
It was removed from the body of the old church,A.D.'
1871, Avhen the building was taken down. St. 'Mary
Magdalen is united to St. George. There were stolen
from the church, when it was being demolished, all the
incised monumental brasses. One of these was inscribed
to Christopher Klook and his wife Margarita : Klook was
an eminent draper of this city. The memorial is inter
esting from its age, being the oldest incised brass extant
in Canterbury, excepting an inscription in St. Martin's
Church, dated 1406. The dates on the brasses to Klook
and his wife are 1495 and 1494 and the memorial is
worth preservation as affording a description of one of
the ancient purses used by merchants and others, called
a " gypsare." The costume of the worthy citizen is also
deserving of notice. Fortunately, I am able to give an
exact representation of these two brasses — Klook and
wife — from a rubbing taken by Mr. Cecil Brent before the
destruction of the church. See Plate No. 13.
&atnt fftticfnft.
This church has a nave and a chancel, and a north aisle
running through the chancel. There is a vestry on the
south side called the "Attwood Chapel," and another
chapel on the north side of the church. The church
appears to have been the work of different periods. It
has a large perpendicular window at the east end. The
other windows, as regards style, must be called "various."
It is a fine old structure nevertheless, and very inter
esting. The greater part of the building was destroyed
by fire. A.D. 1246. The church is literally endowed for
charities to poor parishioners, but affords to its energetic
rector a very inadequate stipend. The tombs-, graves,
and memorials to several well-known families are or

254 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Avere to be found in the church and churchyard ; amongst
many others we mention Sandys, Glover, Bridger,
Rigden, Honejnvood, and Thomas Cranmer, a nephew of
the Archbishop, Captain Riou, Sir Thomas Head, &c. &c.
In the Register Book of St. Mildred is an entry dated
October 2, 1783, stating that a tax had just been levied
by the GoArernment of threepence for the entry of every
register of births, christenings, marriages, and burials.
This has been long since repealed.
gbamt JKatgarft.
Some portion is of Norman architecture. The church
has decorated and perpendicular windows. The roof is
low, but the interior of the church is very beautiful.
The tympanum .of the west doorway was filled with
sculptures, alternating with human heads, three on each
side, but they no longer exist. The present doorway
has a modern appearance. The church consists of a
nave, tAvo aisles, and a chancel. There is a chapel on
the south side, wherein the font is placed. It had two
chapels dedicated respectively to the Virgin and to
St. John. There is a piscina in the west aisle, and the
church ha3 three stained-glass windows in the chancel ; -
they are modern, but executed with taste. In the north
aisle is a tablet to William Somner, author of the " Anti
quities of Canterbury." It was erected by Barbara his
wife. This church has been much altered and decorated
within the last few years, due in some part to the
taste of a former rector, Mr. Woodall. The carvings
are chaste, and the general effect is good. The
church anciently was part of the patrimony of St.
Augustine, and was given by the convent, A.D. 1271, to
the Hospital of the Poor Priests. Besides Somner's,
there are several other mural tablets ; and in the south
aisle is a bust in a recess high up, almost out of sight,
removed from its former place near the altar. It is a
memorial to John Watson, and exhibits the practice of
colouring monumental stone or marble. There is also a
recumbent figure of Sir George Newman at the head of
the south, aisle. He died A.D. 1627. There stands
adjoining the steeple a small embattled tower to the west.

SAUNA' PAUL, &C.

£t. $aul.
This church also was part of the patrimony of St.
Augustine's. The structure has been so much enlaro-ed
during recent years, that it may be said to have been
almost rebuilt. It now consists of a nave, two aisles,
and a chancel. It has two incised monumental brasses.
The old church had round Early English pillars, which
might date from the reign of Henry III. The present
structure has a modern memorial window contributed by
the late W. Furley, Esq. There are several windoAvs
after the decorated style. fet. \Bmx.
is a church of small dimensions, with a nave and two
aisles and a chancel. There is a decorated window over
the altar. The font is ancient. The church has a square
tower. There are some monumental brasses. Sir William
Sepvans, of an ancient Kentish family, and his wife, were
interred in this church, and some of the family of the
Ickhams. The church has three pointed arches on each
side of the nave, dividing it from the aisles. These seem
ancient. On the north side of the church are two
windows of Early English style, and on the south side
some late decorated windows.
f^oly Cross, SQEUstgate.
In connection with the name which this structure
bears, a crucifix stood anciently over the porch, for the
preservation of which a bequest was left, A.D. 1521.
This church was once celebrated for the performance of
sacred dramas. It had a chantry for a priest of the
Jesus' Mass, and the guild of Corpus Christi held their
meetings in this building. The church has a nave, two
aisles, and a chancel. There are six ancient benches or
stalls of oak, with sculptured seats. Some of the Avindows
are late decorated, some perpeudicular.
The present church may have been erected in the time
of Richard IL, when an older church which existed in
the tower of the Westgate Avas demolished. The toAver

256 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
itself was then pulled down to make way for the present
gateway erected by Archbishop Sudbury. The incum
bent of Westgate was formerly a sort of chaplain to the
prisoners who were confined in the prison at the gateway.
A chantry once adjoined the church, the remains of
which were visible in Hasted's time.
Sraint Bunstan,
This building stands beyond the walls ; it has a nave
and two aisles. A sort of pilgrimage has been more
than once paid to it, to see or to endeavour to see the
decapitated head of Sir Thomas More. Twice in our
recollection has this relic been taken from the shrine in
wliich the affectionate grief and piety of a beloved
daughter had placed it (Margaret Roper), and held up in
all its ghastly state to the view of dilettanti relic
seekers and sights' mongers. One of the bells in the
church bears the name of Anthony Roper, a descendant
of Margaret Roper. It is dated 1629.
^amt iWattin's ©fturcfi.
This church must dispute with St. Pancras the
honour of representing the church of the oldest Christian
community in Canterbury, and we might, say, in Kent.
Bede would carry its foundation back to the early
Christians, when the Romans still occupied the country.
St. Martin, Bishop of Tours, to whom the church is
dedicated, died A.D. 395, so that if it existed as a
Christian church previously to this date, it could not
have primarily been dedicated to him.
The general opinion is that Queen Bertha, the Christian
wife of Ethelbert, either used this building, or one on
its site, for her devotions, or else converted a heathen
temple, forming the ancient site of St. Martin, into a
Christian church under the guidance of her chaplain,
Lindhard. Augustine is said to have celebrated mass
here — other authorities say at St. Pancras.
The present church has, within the last few years,
been restored, and some of its features of antiquity
obliterated. However, there are strong evidences of
Roman work in the external Avails (south), where the

F*

st. martin's church. 257
aisle and chancel meet. Several feet indeed of Roman
masonry exist apparently, and one or two very ancient
arches. Hasted has given an interesting en°ravino- of
the old church previous to the restorations. ° There is
still a Norman piscina in the south Avail. The font is a
cylindrical stone, two feet six high by two feet six in
width. It consists of three tiers, a circular rim, and a
rude base. The first tier, and perhaps all the tiers,
are transition Norman. The highest tier under the rim
consists of interlacing arches ; the second, of nail-headed
ornaments on circular bands, Avhich intertwine ; the third
or lowest tier exhibits scroll-work ornament. Each tier
with the rim and base are separate. The ornaments are
in low relief (see Plate 28).* The seal of St. Augustine's
Convent has been compared to the font, at least a certain
compartment of the seal, but I can see little similitude.
In the seal are St. Peter and St. Paul seated under
arched canopies (see Plate No. 26), whilst another
department of the seal portrays St. Augustine baptizing
King Ethelbert. The seal is probably of late Norman
desio-n. O
Had St. Martin's been a Christian church in the time
of Lucius, A.D. 132, whose vrery existence is involved in
obscurity, we must conclude that it became, during part
at least of the Roman occupation of Canterbury, dese
crated to heathen practices. It might then have been
restored in accordance with the Avishes and under the
directions of Queen Bertha. However, be this as it
may, it became a Christian church thenceforth; and
for nearly 350 years from the time of Theodore, it gave
a title to a bishop, who might, and probably did, con
sider this little church his own cathedral. Lanfranc,
however, by the consent of a council held in London,
1075, substituted an Archdeaconry at Canterbury for
the Bishopric of St. Martin.
In the church is an incised brass to Thomas S tough-
ton, late of Ash, who died 4th June 1591, and another
to Michael Francis Sertivoli and Jane his wife, who
died July 10th, 1587, both on the same day. There is
also a- brass plate to Stephen Falkes and Alys his wife,
*This plate was taken from a drawing made before the font waa placed;
upon its present bacse,

258 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
dated 1406. This is the oldest incised brass memorial
in Canterbury.
The church contains many memorial stones and tablets
to the relatives or connections of the families of Hales,
Finch, Hanson, Sandys, Pyott, Hougham, Conyers, &c,
&c. On the wall, over a plain stone tomb, left of the altar,
is an inscription in Latin. It records that the remains
of Queen Bertha repose beneath the tomb. The best
authorities state, however, that Bertha was not buried
at St. Martin, but in the porch of St. Augustine's Abbey,
or in the Chapel of St. Martin, at St. Augustine's.
The present church has been renovated with good
taste. An imitation of an antique oratory adorns the
interior. The floor of the communion table, as well as
that of the oratory, is richly inlaid Avith coloured tiles.
The church contains several windows of stained glass.
Some of these are comparatively modern, as is one to
St. Martin, representing the saint dividing his cloak
with the beggar.
An ancient sepulchral cross was dug up in the church
yard, circa 1815. It bore upon it the word " Herbryght,"
in raised characters within a hollowed channel. The
tracery of this cross is said to refer to the late decorated
or early perpendicular styles.
The crowded state of the churchyard, the multitude of
tombs fronting the church itself (in one of these graves
repose the remains of the respected Dean Alford*) mar in
some degree the quiet harmony of the scene. From this
spot, looking towards Canterbury, there is a prospect
of the Cathedral and its central tower, rising in ma
jestic state out of the scenery around it. As we gaze
we can hardly help being carried back to scenes in " Olden
Time," when the first group of Christians were gathered
around the altar, which Roman proselytes had set up,
and Queen Bertha's piety had consecrated.
GCfturrfces m ©anterfmrg.
The churches were formerly far more numerous than
at present, although it is possible one or two of the
*On the east end of Dean Alford's tomb, in the churchyard,, is the
following significant inscription : " Deversorium viatoris Hieroaolymam
Proficientis."

CHURCHES IN CANTERBURY. 259
later buildings have been erected upon or close by the
sites of the more ancient structures. Besides the pre
sent existing parish churches — St. Mary Magdalen having
been recently dismantled, and the parish, as far as it
relates to religious obseiwances, united to Saint George
the Martyr — we have to record the following suppressed
churches : — " The Church of the Blessed Virgin." It is
said to have stood in the west part of the city. This is
all we know. Saint Michael, near the gate in Bur
gate, afterwards united to Saint Mary Magdalen ; Saint
Edmund, just without the Ridingate, afterwards united
to Saint Mary Bredin ; Saint Sepulchre, attached to the
Nunnery in the Old Dover Road ; Saint Mary de Castro,
abutting St. Mary's Street. The old church remained
for some time, but there are no vestiges of it now
existing; Saint John le Poor, near the last, but more
eastward. It was united to Saint Mary cle Castro,
A.D. 1349.* There is an entry to that effect in the
parish book of Saint Mildred.
Hasted mentions a church called " Saint Mary of
Queeningate," which stood near the ancient gate of that
name, which led into the Cathedral precincts. In this
direction Queen Bertha might have proceeded to her
devotions at St. Martin. There was also a church called
the Church of the Four Crowned Martyrs (Coronati).
Battely does not seem to knoAV where this edifice stood.
It might have occupied the site of the present church
of St. Elphage. Of all these churches there are now
no remains above ground.
In respect of St. Mary de Castro, the district oyer
which it presided is still extra parochial ; and as mention
is made, A.D. 1542, of three of the bells being sold to
the parishioners of Lower Hardres, we may conclude
that about that period the church was dismantled.
A church is also mentioned called " The Church of St.
John the Baptist," near the east end of the Cathedral,
but it was burnt down before Battely' s time.
Of the Nonconformist chapels, of which there are
seven or eight in Canterbury, the only building which
has any claim to antiquity is that of the " Black Friars."
* The revenues of the churches at this date were valued, for St. Mary,
5 marks; for St John, 40 shillings.

260 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TDIE.
It was the ancient refectory of the Dominican Monks,
and some remains of the old AvindoAvs and arches are still
to be observed. The new Congregationalist chapel has a
handsome front ; and the Roman Catholic Church, Bur
gate, Mr. J. G. Hall, architect, erected in the early
decorated style, is a structure exhibiting much archi
tectural beauty. The church of the New Cemetery, also
by Mr. Hall, is an elegcint building.
©ftapd of gjt. pancras*
It is now completely ruinous. A pointed arclrway,
probably the chancel arch, remains, built mostly of
Roman tiles. Part of the walls are still standing, and
there is a portion of a wall adjoining built entirely of
Roman tiles, but patched in places by modern work.
The shape of the eastern arch seems to render it unlikely
that that part of the building is anything but a restora
tion. The great quantity of Roman materials still
remaining, arched in with other masonry, give evidence
of the existence of a Roman building or temple standing
in or near this spot in Roman times. The chapel now
measures 31 feet in length by 21. This little bit of
ruins, existing between St. Martin's Church on the one
side and St. Augustine's on the other, and allied with
the traditions of its ancient uses, is an object of much
interest. St. Augustine is said to have held religious
service in this chapel ; and the same thing is said of him at
St. Martin's, and that he purged it of its former idolatrous
Avorship ; but there is some confusion about its history,
and we scarcely know whether, as regards priority of
time, we are to look to St. Pancras or to St. Martin's
as the spot where Bertha worshipped and her chaplain
Lindhard officiated. It is not likely that the two places
were sites of Christian worship at the same time before
the arrival of St. Augustine. The Queen is said to have
been buried first at St. Martin's, and then removed to
St. Augustine's ; but the claim of St. Martin, in spite of
the inscription in the church to that effect, is disoAvned
by the best authorities. One thing is certain, that such
a relic as this little chapel ought to be preserved, even
if only in its ruins, and rescued from its present dese
cration. It is devoted by the present occupier to the

CHURCH BELLS. 261
keeping and fattening of hogs, and is in a most disgraceful
and ruinous condition.
The uses to Avhich it Avas once devoted in its earlv
claim as a Christian Church, and the spells of gentleness
and devotion attached to the memory of Bertha herself
ought to_ call up conservators and friends to hasten at
once to its rescue and to save it, not only from the
ravages of time, but from a pollution worse than any evils
storm or decay or open assault can inflict upon it.
Hasted tells us that in 1361 Ralph, a chaplain and a
very devout man, took shelter in St. Pancras from a
tempest, but the chancel having been newly repaired,
was shaken, and a great beam fell down over the shrine
of the Virgin and killed the poor ecclesiastic. He Avas
buried in the chapel before the cross under a marble
slab. Money was left in 1491 by one Henry Beale for the
repairs of the chapel. There were other benefactors in
1478 and 1525. John Alcock, Mayor of the city in 1525,
was buried in it beside his wife. The interments of
several other Canterbury- citizens may be recorded,
reaching down to a period as late as the middle of the
16th century.
We ask again, amongst the wealthy and high-minded
of our countrymen, is there no one prepared^ to rescue
from ruin and desecration a spot sacred in the earliest
annals of the Christian faith in England ?
©fiurcft Mzlls.
Cathedral Bells. — The great bell in St. Dunstan's
tower is one of the largest in England. It weighs Sh tons,
being heavier than any other bell rung in a peal, and
only 8 CAvt. less than the 4 quarter bell at Westminster.
The bell " Harry " on the top of the great central tower
bears date 1603 ; it is rung as a curfeAV bell, and as a pass
ing bell on the death of the Sovereign and the Archbishop.
There are ten bells in the St. Dunstan's tower. The
oldest dated bell is A.D. 1726. On one bell, No. 10, ia
the following quaint inscription, dated 1778 : —
" Ye ringers all that prize
Your health and happiness,
Be sober, merry, wise,
And you'll the .same possess."

252 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
The bell tower (campanile), once in the garden of
the 8th Prebendary, contained eight bells; the largest,
" Bell Thomas," weighed 8,000 lbs. There were three
others in the " Clocario," weighing respectively 2,400,
2,200, and 2,000 lbs.
St. Martin's Church has three bells; the oldest,
dated 1608, is by J. Hatch, as are all the other bells in
this church.
St. Peter has three bells, two not dated, and one is in
scribed " + Sancta Maria ora pro nobis." St. Dunstanhas
six bells. The oldest is by Joseph Hatch, 1605. There
is another inscribed " Antho. Roop,. avr; Sac, Peny.;
Vic, Spencer. Joseph Hatch made me, 1629." It may
be interpreted " Anthony Roper, gentleman ; Sacristan,
Penny ; Vicar, Spencer. Anthony Roper was doubtless a
descendant of Margaret Roper, daughter of Sir Thomas
More, whose decapitated head is enshrined in a vault in
St. Dunstan's Church.
St. George has four bells ; two of the bells are by
J. Hatch. On one bell is inscribed, " -j- Sa,te George ora
pro nobis." These bells are not earlier than the 17th
century. All Saints, one bell, by J. Hatch, 1627. St.
Margaret, five bells, all by Hatch, one dated 1599. St.
Paul has three bells. St. Andrew, one bell — " Robertus
Mot me fecit, 1597. St. Mary Northgate, four bells, three
by Hatch, one a modern bell by Mears, A.D. 1813.. St.
Alphage, three bells, the oldest dated 1616, by J. Hatch.
Mr. H. W. Jones, of Uppingham, who has kindly
afforded me the above information from his own personal
examination, not Avithout considerable labour, informs
me that Joseph Hatch, the chief founder of our Canter
bury bells, was of Ulcomb, Kent. He married Jane
Prode, of Canterbury, by licence, 20th December, 1607.
His tomb is still to be seen in the churchyard at
Broomfields. St. Mildred's Church has one bell ; a second bell was
some years since purchased of the Heme Bay Pier
Company, but it met with an accident on its journey to
Canterbury, and being rendered useless, was subsequently
sold for SOI.
St. Mary Bredman has one bell. St. Mary Bredin has
three bells, removed from the steeple of the former

CHURCH SPOILS. 263
church. Westgate. has five bells; one of these is a very
ancient bell, the oldest church bell in Canterbury m-o-
bably. It is inscribed " x Stephanus Nortoue de Keut
me Fecit," — no date. There are three bells from Joseph
Hatch's foundry, 1608, 1608, 1615, and one dated 1759,
inscribed " John Fisher, Church Warden."
A new clock was put up, A.D. 1856, in the St.
Dunstan's tower of the Cathedral. It strikes the
quarters on the 5th and 8th bell of the peal, and the
hour on the great single bell in the top of the tower.
The former clock was nearly Iavo hundred vears old.

CCfmtcft Spoils.
The Archaeologia Cantiana, vol. viii. p. 74, contains an
inventory of the plate, vestments, &c, carried off by the
Commissioners, temp. Edward VI. I must refer those
who wish for the whole of the particulars to the work as
above, and can only give a few details from Mr. Walcot's
interesting paper. " Relating to Saint Paul ; " there is a
curious entry, item, " a clothe of red damaske to lay upon
corpses, and for weddings." Item, " little albes for children
to bear tapers." " Five surplices, good and bad." A
monstrous of silver, parcel gilt. In Northgate Church,
three chests and the "poor man's chest." In St. Mary
Bredin, a book of the Act concerning the Rebells. Three
bells and the Waggerell bell* in the steeple. In St.
Margaret, a stock of money, 15s., a cope of white velvet
with a redd lyon. In Westgate, six corporasses with
their cases. From Christ Church there was delivered
" Becket's staff and 323 ounces of silver plate."
These are but a few of the items amongst some
hundreds of entries respecting chalices, copes, vestments,
patens, candlesticks, altar cloths, prayer books, &c,
carried off by the Commissioners. In almost every
instance the bells seem to have been taken from the
steeples. * Waggerell bell. The Rev. D. H. Haigh has informed me that this
bell was doubtless the Sacring bell. It was hung in a little cote of its own,
and not in the steeple. Its object was to warn worshippers who did not see
the altar at the time of consecration, that they might kneel down and
show proper reverence.

264 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.

St. Augustine's.
The building of the monastery, commenced in the time
of Augustine, was not completed until his successor,
Laurentius, held the See of Canterbury, and by him it
was consecrated.
The monastery of Saint Augustine was at one time
one of the most celebrated of the religious houses in
England. In Papal bulls it was called the "First-Born."
The right, however, to this title was disputed by the
monastery of Christ Church. They were, in fact, sister
foundations belonging to the earheat years of the seventh
century, the first institutions of the English Church.
The Archbishop was enjoined. " not to visit the monks as
their Prelate, but as a brother, not out of the pretence of
prelacy, but out of the duty of love." Pope John 13th,
A.D. 955, commanded the monks of Christ Church, who
are said to have envied those of St. Austin, not to molest
the convent under any plea whatever. Afterwards the
Pope exempted the monastery from any intermediate
powers of the Archbishops, and took it entirely under
his protection.
Pope Alexander IL, A.D. 1063, confers on the Abbot
Egilsine, who Avas sent to him on an embassy, honours
and privileges which belonged, to the episcopal dignity
only; nor were the Kings of England behindhand in
heaping poAvers and privileges and possessions upon the
great monastery. Athelstan granted a licence for a mint
for coining money. This lasted until the time of King
Stephen, when the privilege was taken away.
One of the Aldermanries of Canterbury was held by
the monastery in fee of the Crown, but the city subse
quently became possessed of it in exchange.
A.D. 1103, St. Augustine's monastery had the pri
vilege — a highly esteemed one in those times-— of holding
a fair for five clays yearly. This fair continued to be
held until the time of Edward L, when it was discon
tinued on account of the many quarrels and contentions
which took place in the churchyard of the convent where
the fair was held, and the exactions for beer and ale

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st. augustine's. 265
which the bailiffs of the city authorised. A fair was
subsequently granted for two days on the Feast of
St. Peter and St. Paid, and again another fair for the
sale of cattle and husbandry only, to last one day.
Large sums of money were borrowed of the convent
by the Kings, Edward III. and Richard II. Hasted tells
us that the first introduction of the art of printino- -^ras
claimed by the convent, but incorrectly ; the first press
was set up in Westminster, A.D. 1471, and another press
at St. Alban's, A.D. 1481. The convent rivalled the
Priory of Christ Church. For a long time it was the
more important of the two. In the middle ages especial
reverence was attached to the burial-place of saints, and
here lay, besides the Apostle of the English, all the dis
tinguished dead, whom we shall mention presently; but
the martyrdom of Becket, and the consequent afflux of
pilgrims who brought their contributions to his shrine,*'
and the increased importance of the Cathedral therefrom,
was a source of bitterness to the monks ; yet the Arch
bishops often visited the convent, and paid their devotions
privately to the shrine of St. Augustine. The Abbot *
had a special privilege of wearing the mitre, the sandals)
and the gloves, after the manner of Prelates of the
Episcopal order. The Abbot of St. Augustine's might in
deed be called, as he was considered, an Abbot Sovereign,
exempt from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop, and
holding in Parliament and in general councils his place
as a Spiritual Peer. His London house was in
Bermonclsey. There was attached to the monastery a high court,
where pleas were heard and actions of debt determined
between the vassals of the convent. A gaol also existed
in Longport, near the precincts of the Abbey. The
jurisdiction of the Society extended over the whole of
ten parishes, over a part of a hundred more, and into
districts of Canterbury itself.
* Dr. Hook's " Lives," vol. 4, p. 174, gives a farther description of an Abbot
of one of the great ecclesiastical monasteries. How, when he Bairn Par
liament, he appeared in his gown, his hood, and his cassock. When be
rode forth to take pastime, it was " with hawk on his fist, mounted on
his mule, with gilt bridle, and with saddle and cloth of blood co our. His
rednne of 100 horse equalled, if it did not surpass, that of a Bishop.

266 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
Whether, owing to contentions arising from the fair,
or from other causes, and that the general bearing of
the monks was haughty and unbending, the convent was
at times unpopular with the citizens, aud we may add,
Avith other religious establishments.
A.D. 1207, Avhen the Monks of Christ Church were
exiled by King John for daring to elect Stephen Langton
as Archbishop, the Monks of St. Augustine, upon appli
cation, performed religious duties in the Cathedral in
their stead, a part they are said to have fulfilled with
alacrity on. account of the hatred which they bore to the
Monks of Christ Church,*
The origin of the monastery dates back to the time of
King Ethelbert, who, by the advice of Augustine, com
menced the construction of this house.
When completed, the King, at the solemnity of Christ
mas, by the consent and approbation of all present,
Bertha his Queen, his son Eadbald, and his Nobles
attending, at the instance of Augustine, delivered up the
monastery to God and to the monks for ever.
Here were buried Ethelbert, Bertha, and all the Chris
tian Kings of Kent, as well as Augustine himself, and
the nine Archbishops who immediately succeeded him;
and long after Canterbury had been provided with paro
chial churches, St. Augustine's was the churchyard for
those parishes which had no burial-place of their own.
The memory of this is still preserved by the name of the
Cemetery Gate. Through this portal the Deal Road ran
until the monks procured its diversion to its present
position outside their walls.
The Abbey in the first instance was dedicated to
St. Peter and St. Paul. This continued until A.D. 978,
when Dunstan dedicated it also to Augustine, who had
been canonized since the erection of the Abbey. The
structure of the monastery gradually increased in size
and importance, for new buildings were being added
continually. Eadbald, son of Ethelbert, who apostatised
after his father's death, on his repentance built a fair
church within the convent. Canute, the Dane, with other
benefactors, is said to have added to the buildings.
* Matt. Paris, quoted hy Dr. Hook's " Lives," vol. 2, p. 671.

st. aui Justine's. 267
The temporalities of the convent consisted, A.D. 1162,
according to Hume, of 11,862 acres of land; and in
the reign of King Richard II. the spiritualities and tem
poralities together yielded when taxed 1,232Z. 14s. 4-W.
One of the strangest historical problems is how to
account for the escape of the monastery from those
ravages of the Danes which were so fatal to the city and
to the Cathedral.
In the calamitous year A.D. 1011, when Archbishop
Elphege was martyred, Elmer, Abbot of the monastery,
Avas left unharmed. Perhaps he paid a ransom, although
we have no evidence that he did so.{ The monastery
was not injured by the invaders to any extent. However,
in 1168 the Abbey was much damaged by fire, theBancient
writings and charters were destroyed, the church itself
almost ruined, and the shrine3 greatly impaired. It is
said the Pope granted for the restitution of the buildings
to the Abbot and convent the appropriation of Faversham,
Minster and Middleton.
A.D. 1271, when Canterbury was almost drowned by
a storm and flood, the monastery again escaped, miracu
lously, as it is stated by some of its friends.
In spite of great revenues there were periods when
the house fell into much pecuniary distress. Take, for
instance, the following relation of Henry Berry, a monk,
we presume, who, writing to his friend John Paston,*
informs him, January 28th 1464, "How. Sevenoke the
Abbot dying, left the community in great debt;" adding,
"Theholdyst brother in our place never herd nor saw
our church in that mysere that is now." " They had
hardly bread to eat." Another account relates, long
previous to this, that is, in the reign of Edward I.,t the
monastery was in pecuniary distress. One of the monks,
writing to the "Sacrist," says : " That for three weeks
they had not a grain of barley to support their household,
* Paston Letters— 483, vol. 2, p. 146.
t Edward I., on his return from Gascony, claimed the hospitality of
the monks. The King invited the Archbishop to dine with him. The
monks, however, declined to receive the prelate if he entered their presence
with his cross erect. Such were the trifles which once were sources o£
contention. — See Dr. Hook. vol. 3. p- 343. .
X The "A. S." Chronicle says, his safety was the reward of his betraying
the city.

263 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
nor could they make malt, nor sow their lands, for none
of their neighbours would let them have corn ; and,
what was still Avorse and more disgraceful to their pro
fession, they were forced to procure drink in alehouses."*
A series of bad harvests might have affected the rental
of the monastery; but there was another cause that often
impoverished the abbeys, and even the Episcopal Sees —
the exactions of the Court of Rome and the large sums
prelates often had on their election to squander to obtain
the consent of the Pope to their consecration. Not for
months only but for years had some of the newly-
elected prelates to hang about the Holy City, feeing the
cardinals and others to obtain even a hearing that they
might present the credentials of their appointments, and
procure the consent of the confirmation of their election.
Abbot Berry was for some years absent from England
on a cpiest like this ; and he spent, either from his own
resources or from the revenues of his monastery, large
sums of money before he could obtain consecration.!"
Poverty Was not the only evil the poor monks had
to endure. There is an act recorded of the Norman
Lanfranc as humiliating to the convent as it is extra
ordinary in reference to the character of the Archbishop
himself. Provoked, we are told, by many years of oppo
sition and illwill, Lanfranc determined by a despotic
act to break the pride and insubordination of the monks.
So one day (we are not even informed if the office of
Abbot were vacant, but presume it was), he appeared be
fore the gates of the monastery and peremptorily ordered
the monks to receive one Wydo as their Abbot. They
declined to do so. Then Lanfranc commanded every
one Avho refused to vote for Wydo to leave the monas
tery one by one. They left, and the Archbishop took
possession of the building " with considerable state,"
says Dr. Hook: J "Lanfranc entered the convent,
installed Wydo, and made over to him the monastery."
The Prior was imprisoned ; the unfortunate monks
* Prynne—" Registers of the Monastery of St. Augustine," vol. 3, p. 161,
quoted by Hasted, vol. 2, 699.
tDr. Hook's "Lives," vol. 2. p. 711, gives a curious anecdote of "one
Master Otho," in confirmation of the above exactions of the See of Rome.
X '-Live,," vol 2, p. 160.

ST. AUCUSTrXE'.S. 209
went in a body and took refuge in St. Mildred's Church.
Lanfranc then sent to them and told them, "that if
they returned by the ninth hour they should be re
admitted ; if they refused, to come they would be treated
as renegadoes." Pressed by hunger, it is said, the
monks gave in; they returned, aud were courteously
received by the new Abbot.
The buildings of the monastery, after its suppression
by Henry "VIIL, A.D. 1538, gradually fell into decay.
It Avas sequestrated to various persons. One proprietor
pulled down the hall to furnish materials for a public
house, which he held in High Street, near the present
Guildhall. Nay, even the foundations of the buildings
and the stone coffins of the Religious and others in the
cemetery were carried away to assist another proprietor
in erecting his mansion at Hales Place. The Avains-
cotting of the great parlour was applied to the require
ments of buildings comparatively modern. A print in
Dugdale's "Monasticon" shows that in 1655 the abbey
church, built by the two first Norman Abbots, Scoland
and Wydo, A.D. 1070 & 1091, and the greater part of
the other buildings, had disappeared; little remained
but St. Ethelbert's tower, the north-west tower of the
church, the great gateway, and some other buildings of
the great court, which is now the College quadrangle.
See Plates 25, 26, 27, 29.
Cardinal Pole secured the monastery as a gift from
Philip and Mary; and in 1573 Queen Elizabeth kept her
court here in one of her royal progresses.
A number of proprietors seem to have possessed the
Abbey in turn — Henry, Lord Cobham, Cecil, Earl of
Salisbury, also Thomas, Lord Wotton of Morley. Yet
none of these owners ever acted as conservators of the
buildings. The beautiful structure called " St. Ethelbert's
Tower" * having partly fallen in 1822, was shortly after
wards destroyed by a battering ram.
The ruins and ground plot of the Abbey were in 1844
* St. Ethelbert's Tower had an internal space about 16 feet square, walls
41* thick. It was erected A D. 1038-50, and was a fine piece of Norman
architecture. The ancient nave of the monastery was about 17o feet long,
the internal length of the minster about 320 feet.

2 70 CANTERBURY. IN THE OLDEN Tl.ME.
sold for 2,100/.., and purchased by A. J. B. Hope, Esq.,
M.P., the OAvner of Bedgebury Park. The work of
restoration speedily commenced. NeAV buildings arose,
a new life seemed to come out of the old shadows that
lay so long over and around the ruins. It was not
identical with the ancient house, but such were the
pains taken to preserve as much as possible of the old
work that seemed worth preserving, that it appeared in
parts a perfect restoration. The great gateway,* in
the decorated style of architecture,! remained nearly
intact, save for necessary repairs of such decay as
weather and time had effected for centuries, or the dese
crating hand of man had produced, when purposes of
commerce consigned it to the requirements of a brewery
for a certain period. It had, however, some years pre
viously been partially repaired through the efforts of a
few public-spirited individuals and some of the leading
members of the " Canterbury Literary Institution."
"Pull it down, and sell the materials," was the cry, as
in the case of a less important structure— St. George's
Gate. Happily, however, for the honour of the city this
act of spoliation was averted.
Mr. Hope was determined to restore the building to
its ancient appearance as far as possible. The abomi
nations of " Fives' Courts " and skittles, by which
portions of the remains had been desecrated, were swept
away. For one part of the structure (formerly one of
the guest halls of the abbey) had been converted into a
tavern, called the " Old Palace," where, within the pre
sent century, many a " main of cocks had been fought,"
whilst displays of fireAvorks, balloon ascents, &c, in the
grounds behind the inn, gave an occasional variety to
the amusements of the place, not exactly in accordance
with any sentiment which had inspired the erection of
the ancient buildings.
The foundations of the refectory having been dis
covered, the outlines of the walls accurately traced, a
building arose destined to be the college library. The
* Erected by Abbot Fyndon. It is 66 feet high by 33-9 wide. Fyndon
became Abbot A.D. 1234.
t The charter granting permission to " embattle " the New Gate waa
given by Edward II. A D. 1308.

st. augustine's. 271
great room of the tavern just mentioned Avas stript of
its modern features ; it is now the dining hall.
The ruins adjoining a small chapel traditionally
called the "Abbot's Chapel," but more probably one
intended for the use of guests, Avere restored anci
enlarged for the daily service of the Colleo-e. The re
mains of the Abbot's" house, lying to the south of this
chapel, were incorporated with the structure built for the
use of the Warden and with the rooms assigned to the
Fellows. On the north side of the quadrangle, between
the gateway and the library, an entirely new range of
buildings Avas erected to contain the separate rooms of
the students.
The crypt is interesting, not only from its retaining
some of the old work, but for the memorials of the
young soldiers of the Cross, who have gone out into far
lands and amongst strange peoples to do battle for the
truth, and one after another have laid down their lives
in the cause in which they had engaged.
The College hall has been slightly altered. It affords
an interesting specimen of an English dining hall in the
"Olden Time." It measures sixty feet by forty. A noble
building has been erected on the east side of the quad
rangle as a library. Beneath the library is a crypt,
which has been exactly restored. Plerein the young
collegians Avork at various handicrafts, carpentry chiefly,
knowing not into what strange lands, without resources,
certainly without the aid of English mechanics, they
may be sent, and what duties they may be called on to
perform — perhaps to improvise a dwelling-place, or to
run up a temporary hut, to saAv down and to plane up
timber, and to perform a variety of useful handicrafts.
They are also instructed in elementary medicine and sur
gery, through the kindness of the medical staff of the
Hospital. Printing is also one of their acquirements.
The work of restoration and construction of the new
buildings was intrusted by Mr. Hope to Mr. Butterfield,
the well-known architect. All possible care and pains
were taken. The architectural style Avhich prevails is
the geometrical or decorated ; but the west end of the
chapel is Early English. The Norman style is now only

272 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
to be seen in Avhat remains of the north aisle of the old
Abbey Church.
The College, as it is now denominated, was incor
porated June, 1848. It is an establishment for mission
aries of the Church of England, and is designed for fifty
students. Two hundred and fifty young missionaries
have already been prepared for their Avork. The Society
consists of a Warden, a Sub-Warden, and three Fellows,
a Lecturer on practical medicine, and a Professor of the
Oriental languages. Annually, on St. Augustine's Day,
the great dining hall is thrown open by the Warden and
Fellows, when the hospitality of the College is dispensed
to a number of friends, and to some of the principal
inhabitants of the city invited for the occasion.

i:VoeZ7.

M&&M

Great Gateway^ A.igusteaei; Monastery

¦--A^^:;.r;AA:::'':';"A, • ¦'¦'¦,-
Aas^i^s^&Av^'-^.vA- - ^.

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Elje (Batfitfirar.

The glory of a building does not always consist, as
Mr. Ruskin says it does, " in its age," for it may have
long ceased to maintain the uses for which it was
originally constructed, like a Roman basilica or a heathen
temple converted into a Christian church; but, as the
same author pronounces more correctly, '¦' in its deep
sense of voicefulness, aud the mysterious sympathies
with which we feel it has watched the passing of -the
ages," astir with the waves of the opinions of thinking,
and let us hope for the most part, truthful men. Thus
have our emotions been sometimes awakened, sometimes
stilled, before the influence of the higher sense of awe,
worship, and adoration.
A Cathedral — and
none more so than that
of Canterbury — is a his
tory of religion itself. ^^
Side by side within its *s ~Mj
walls sleep the active
advocates of Rome and Hjtjtj-uTI fY\sv%nr^\
of England, the enthu- ff\ Iff I
siasts of one age, perhaps ^i^-^^-<^-^XJ^^-^^^^
the martyrs of the next.. >. _^ y»
Peace be to their ashes, (/&,¥l\® 6 YXiC >
till the time come when
the truth shall be made manifest, and their creeds be
one. Canterbury Cathedral may be excelled in certain par
ticulars by other ecclesiastical structures in England.
By York, for the noble majesty of the minster; by
Salisbury, in the greater uniformity of the architectural
style, if that be a requisite ; by Winchester, for the
length of nave ; Peterborough, in the richly-ornamented
west front; Ely, for choir and lantern; Hereford, for
the beautiful Lady Chapel; Durham, for the commanding
position; Lincoln, for the angel choir; nay, m other
T

274 CANl'EKBUCY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
like buildings, for certain interesting characteristics Avant-
ing in Canterbury Cathedral; but the latter possesses
beauties or excellencies in which the structures we have
named are partially or wholly deficient, whilst for its
historical and ecclesiastical associations, Canterbury
clearly surpasses them all. It has a completeness in
spite of its Early English, decorated and perpendicular
styles manifested in various portions of it. These
peculiarities impress a sort of Mosaic-like beauty when
we survey the building within from the choir steps
down the lofty nave, with its beautiful clustered columns —
solemn, calm, majestic, speaking like a voice from the
grand old past.
The central tower — a noble specimen of the perpen
dicular style of architecture — is a structure full of
gracefulness ; and the western towers, originally of
Norman design, are fine and noble examples of the
same style.
The choir, with its Norman and Early English pillars
and variety of ornament, and the stained glass windows
of the side aisles, transepts, and chapels, has great beauty
of detail; and its very contrast with the nave is so
well arranged, and artistically introduced, that the
difference strikes us rather by the variety of its beauty
than by the dissonance of its style.
The design of this work, however, is intended not so
much to describe the present appearance of the Cathedral,
as to give an outline of the history of its buildings and
the vicissitudes which have attended it. For the portion
of the subject which follows, the author does not hesitate
to say he has nothing original to add to facts adduced
and opinions quoted by the best authorities he has been
able to refer to on the subject.
Saint Augustine is said to have found a church in
Canterbury standing east of the city. Other authorities
relate that these were only the foundations remaining of
an old church built by the believing Romans. The latter
conclusion appears the more likely, inasmuch as it seems
scarcely probable that Queen Bertha should have gone to
her devotions at St. Martin's or at St. Pancras, if there
Avere Christian, structures nearer at hand, which, even if
ruinous, might have been restored for her use.

THE CATHEDRAL. 275
Mr. Walcott says the church Avas built by Augustine
on the site of King Ethelbert's palace, and adduces
¦Thome as his authority. Others suppose St. Augustine
adapted the structure at Saint Martin as his first church.
Ethelbert, A.D. 596, we assume, gave either the site or
a building near the site of the present Cathedral to
Augustine, who, after his consecration at Aries, dedicated
the church to our Saviour. For three hundred years no
mention is made of the fabric of the Cathedral ; the
donations, however, to its revenues were abundant. Like
most of the ancient churches,* it had its entrance at the
east, and its altar at the west. When the incursions of
the Danes became frequent and devastating, the building
suffered from decay, if not from spoliation. Such was its
state A.D. 938, when Odo became Archbishop. The
roof was ruinous, and the walls uneven. Between A.D.
940-960 it was repaired, the roofs covered with lead, and,
as Osborn tells us, " there was not to be found a church
of so large a size in all the kingdom." The Cathedral
as enlarged by Odo, A.D. 950, was a basilica in form,
somewhat in imitation of the old St. Peter's at Rome,
demolished in the 16th century.
A.D. 1011 was a year of the greatest calamity both
to the city and to the Cathedral. The Danes, after a
siege of twenty-one days, entered Canterbury, burnt the
houses, slaughtered the inhabitants, and then set the
Cathedral on fire. Without a roof, its bare walls only
standing, the church remained desolate for years. Arch
bishop Egelnoth commenced its restoration, and King
Canute, who showed great zeal for the repairs of the
monasteries and religious houses which had fallen
victims to the incursions of his own people and his
forefathers, presented his crown of gold for its repa
ration, and restored to it the Port of Sandwich with its
liberties. Elphege and Livingus, the predecessors of Egelnoth,
had suffered from the outrages of the Danes, the one, as
it is well known, dying a martyr after months of grievous
incarceration, and Livingus, although his life was spared,
enduring a dreary imprisonment.
* See Willis, p. 21, and Dean Stanley's address. This opinion has been.
controverted by some eminent architects.

276 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
The church thus existing before Lanfranc' s time Avas
simple and unpretending. It contained an altar tomb of
rough unheAvn stone, erected by Odo for the body of
Wilfred, Archbishop of York. WestAvard was another altar
dedicated to our Saviour, at which divine service was daily
performed. This altar enclosed the head of St. Swithin,
with many other relics brought by Elphege from Win
chester. Passing AvestAvard, many steps led down to
the choir and the nave. At the foot of the steps there
was a passage to the undercroft, or crypt. The choir
and nave were on a level. t At the east was an altar, in
cluding, as Hasted tells us, according to an old tradition,
the head of Saint Fulseus in a certain crypt fabricated in
the likeness of the confessionary at St. Peter's — the old
church, of course.
From hence, by a winding passage at the west end of
it, Avas the tomb of St. Dunstan.| The nave was sepa
rated from the choir by a screen, so that when the
former was crowded, the singing' of the chanters in the
choir might not be disturbed. About the middle of the
nave were two towers or steeples, vvhose bases projected
beyond the walls of the church, one on the south, the
other on the north side. There was an altar to Saint
Gregory, and a hall in the southern tower, where law,
controversies, and pleas on secular matters were
decided. §
At the west end of the church was a chapel dedicated
to the Virgin Mary. To this oratory the ascent was by
steps. There were cloisters constructed to this church,
and a pontifical chair of rude workmanship, which stood
towards the western part. This church was injured by
a fire A.D. 1043.
Lanfranc became Archbishop A.D. 1070. A new style
had come into use. Timber fabrics were becoming dis-
* The Cathedral at this period, and even previously, had been fortified by
its own proper wall within, for when Canterbury was attacked, A.D. 1011,
by the Danes, they did not get possession of it nntil they had first taken
the city. In a MS. of Matthew Paris, in the British Museum, as given by
Hasted, vol. 2, there i3 a rude pen-and-ink sketch, a copy of which is given
at the beginning of this description, see page 273. It may be merely a conven
tional drawing of the Cathedral ; but if we allow for some confused notions
of perspective, one tower at each end being given instead of two, it might
represent one of the ancient forms of the Cathedral. The central tower is
very like the Angel Steeple of the early date.
t Dart. J Hasted. § This practice continued many years later.

THE CATHEDRAL. 277
carded for the greater ecclesiastical buildings. More
graceful arches, recessed doorways, were introduced, and
beautiful and life-like foliage after a time appeared. The.
towers or spires became lofty and imposing, and architec
ture for the first time in England, at least since the
departure of the Romans, Avas vindicating her right to be
considered one of the highest efforts of art. The Norman
style, however, had been introduced previous to the
Conquest, as the great Abbey at Westminster, built by
Edward the Confessor, attests. The choir and transepts
of that building, hoAvever, were the only portions com
pleted before the death of the King,* and some years
elapsed after the advent of the Conqueror before the
Norman style became thoroughly established in England.
Lanfranc is said to have rebuilt the Cathedral from its
foundations,! and such of the monastic buildings as
were destroyed by fire, and the palace. The name of
the Cathedral was altered, and it was dedicated to the
Holy Trinity. The building then constructed consisted
of a nave, aisles, choir, transepts, central and western
towers. | Some of the early Norman work was rude.
Gervase relates that the choir of Lanfranc was taken
down a few years after the death of the Archbishop.
He describes the nave remaining as supported by eight
pairs of pillars. Between nave and choir was a great
tower or steeple. Hnder the tower, on the side towards
the nave, was the altar of the Holy Cross. " Above
the pulpitum, and placed across the church, was the
beam which supported a great cross, two cherubim, and
the images of SS. Mary and John. In the north aisle
was the oratory and altar of Saint Mary."§ The Great
Tower stood in the middle of the church. It bore upon
its pinnacle a gilded cherub; and hence it derived the
name of the " Angel Steeple." This tower had a cross
on each side, north and south, each of which had in
the middle a strong pillar. Each pillar sustained a
vaulted roof. In this part of the Cathedral were
numerous tombs and altars.
* He set about to destroy it utterly, and to erect a more noble one.—
Willis, 14.
fParker, p. 24, " Gothic Architecture."
t Walcott. § Professor Willis, p. 37.

278 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
A.D. 1096 to 1110. — Lanfranc's church did not perish
by fire nor by assault. The choir was deliberately taken
down a few years after its erection, at least that portion
of it extending from the central tower eastward. The
nave was rebuilt at a subsequent period by Prior
Chillenden, A.D. 1378-1410. Professor Willis, p. 64,
informs us, however, that some portions even of the
nave of Lanfranc yet remain — the Norman plinth
within the nave, on each side of the south aisles, from
which we ascertain the width of Lanfranc's nave was
72 feet ; also portions of Norman* ashlaring about the
transepts at their extreme eastern angles. The eastern
piers of the Great Tower show Norman ashlaring on
their eastern faces ; and some of the original clerestory
windows may be traced outside of the western wall over
the cloister door. And although nave and transepts
have been transformed into the perpendicular style of
the 14th century, and the central tower carried up to
about twice its original height, certain indications show
these changed parts stand on the old foundations of
Lanfrane's church.
BetAveen the years A.D. 1095-1126, under the instruc
tion of Archbishop Anselm, Prior Ernulph, and subse
quently Prior Conrad, completed the rebuilding of the
choir and other eastern structures, " erected with such
splendour," according to William of Malmsbury, " that
the like was not to be seen in all England." Anselm,
however, died five years before the work was perfected,!
and to Prior Conrad has been assigned the chief honour
of the undertaking.
The portions of the Cathedral rebuilt! were — choir,
choir transept, the western portion of the crypt, and
the Chapel of the Holy Trinity; the Chapels of SS.
Anselm and Andrew being added, the former, of course,
after the translation of the Archbishop. Of these
* Goatling, page 109 (new edition), would assume, " That that part of ihe
church which commences at Ihe next door of the choir was not of Norman
taste, but of King Alfred's time." See also 132, respecting part of the
crypt. t Anselm was buried behind the altars of SS. Peter and Paul. — W., 133.
X Mr. Goatling, who in his history of the Cathedral often differs from
most of the accredited authorities, says that Lanfranc's choir was left in
part standing, and that Edmer's word " aactam," as applied to the choir,
meant rather that it was enlarged and improved, than rebuilt.

THE CATHEDRAL. 279
structures, the crypt and the towers of SS. Anselm and
Anchw yet remain. Conrad is said to have adorned
the choir with curious pictures, and enriched it " with
precious stones." Gervase describes the roof of the
choir as beautified with paintings representing Heaven.
The stalls Avere large, and of carved Avood. An ascent
of three steps from the choir led to the presbyterium.
The high altar was dedicated to our Lord. It stood
between the altars of St, Dunstan and St.. Elphege.
There were two pillars of wood adorned with silver
and gold. Upon these pillars Avas laid a beam, as in
Lanfranc's choir, and upon which was placed the Glory
(Majestas Domini), Avith the images of St. Dunstan and
St. Elphege, together with seven coffers covered with
gold and silver, and filled with the relics of saints.*
Between the columns there was set a gilded cross sur
rounded by sixty crystals. In the crypt, under thi3
altar of Christ, stood the altar of the Virgin, to whom
the entire crypt was dedicated. In the ambulatory, the
space between the apse wall and the altar, was placed
the Primate's chair,f made of stone, which Avas ap
proached by eight steps. The Patriarch sat in this
chair on great festivals until the elements were con
secrated, Avhen he removed to a wooden throne in the
choir.f Under the Avhole east part, from the Angel
Steeple, there was a crypt or undercroft, in which
were several altars, § chapels, and sepulchres. Amongst
these we may note the altar of Saint Augustine on the
south side. The tomb3 of Archbishop Athelred and
Eadsin were amongst many other sepulchres.
At the place where the presbyterium and the choir
met,|| was on each side a transept. On the side of each
of these transepts were semicircular apses arched over.
We may mention amongst altars and tombs that
Anselm's body lay behind the altar of SS. Peter and
Paul, under the tower on the south side, from which
circumstance that structure derived the name of Anselm's
Tower. Amongst other tombs in the chapels, transepts, and
crypts, were those of Odo,. Wilfred, Athelard, &c.
* Gervase— Willis, 44. fMade of three stone3, the seat being divided.
t Walcott, p. 13. § Hasted, 721. || Gervase, TV., 4o.

2S0 CANTERBURY. IN THE OLDEN TIME.
There were two towers, one at the north, the other at
the south side of the church. " The building," which
Hasted says " was deservedly called the glorious choir
of Conrad," was erected during the discouraging reign
of William II. Anselm, then Archbishop, endured for
the first five years of his primacy almost a living martyr
dom, such was the opposition, poverty, and discourage
ment he had to struggle with — sometimes banished
the realm, and almost always enduring vexation and
oppression from the King. Nor did he fare much better
under Henry I., Avho banished him for four years, re
taining in his own hands the revenues of the see; and
yet for all this, Avith such able coadjutors as Ernulf and
Conrad, he achieved a great work.
A.D. 1130, 30th Henry I., the Cathedral suffered some
damage from fire. It was efficiently repaired at the
expense of Archbishop Carboil. On the 4th of May, in
the same year, the church's ancient name was restored,
and it became thenceforth " Christ Church." There
was a great ceremony on the occasion. The King and
Queen, and David King of Scots, the Archbishops,
Bishops, and many nobles of the land were present.
A.D. 1174, a fire destroyed the choir, also the Chapel
of the Infirmary, the Chapel of the Virgin, and the
collegiate offices and buildings. The choir Avas after
wards undertaken to be rebuilt by William of Sens, but
he, meeting with an accident by a fall from a scaffolding,
was so severely injured that he had subsequently to
abandon the work; and was succeeded by William called
the " Englishman," who rebuilt the Trinity Chapel, the
eastern part of the crypt, and erected Becket' s crown,
the latter about A.D. 1184. A.D. 1304-5, Prior Henry
de Estria built the choir wall of inclosure. Soon after
A.D. 1363, the Black Prince's chantry was constructed
in the south transept of the crypt.
A.D. 1410-1427, St. Michael's Chapel, was added.
Prior Goldstone erected the Lady Chapel, now called the
Dean's, 1449-1468. The south-western toAver, called
the St. Dunstan's, Chicheley or Oxford Tower, which was
pulled down in the time of Archbishop Chicheley, was
rebuilt whilst Goldstone was prior, A.D. 1449-1468.
The ground story has delicate vaulting; the west side

THE CATHEDRAL. 281
is pierced by a three-light perpendicular window. The
summit of the tower is embattled. Some ornamental
work was added to this tower by Archbishop Warham.
The north-west tower, built by Lanfranc*, was 113 feet
high, Avith an octagonal leaden-cased spire 100 feet high,
erected by Archbishop Arundel. This spire, having been
shaken by a storm in 1703, was shortly afterwards re
moved. In this condition the tower remained for 130
years. It was entirely rebuilt under the superintendance
of Mr. G. Austin, f 1832-1840. It is now of similar style,
the perpendicular, to its fellow, the St. Dunstan's Tower.
The porch, being the southern entrance to the nave,
was erected about A.D. 1400. The upper story is
occupied by a tabernacle, which contains a sculpture
representing the murder of Archbishop Becket ; on each
side are also two niches. The niches on the front and
sides of this entrance, as well as on the sides of the great
western doorway, and the Arundel Tower, are filled with
modern statues, representing Ethelbert, Bertha, Augus
tine, Lanfranc, Anselm, Becket, Ernulph, the Black
Prince, the Sovereigns of England, Dean Afford, &c.
A.D. 1490, the Great Central ToAver was erected under
Priors Goldstone and Sellyng and Cardinal Morton; it
was completed A.D. 1517. It is late perpendicular in
style, and. commonly called the "Bell Harry Tower."
The height is 235-9 feet by 40-8 feet square.
The Angel Steeple Avas contemporaneous Avith the nave
up to the line of the roof. The upper portion of the work
was executed under Prior Goldstone ; and as the piers
exhibited signs of weakness, Goldstone added buttressing
arches, similar to those at Ely, of a strong and singularly
reticulated masonry, under the western and southern
arches ; but the eastern, being fortified with stronger
pillars, did not require this precaution; and the northern
were left free, that the work might not interfere with the
martyrdom. J
" Under the east arches, the choir shrine erected by
Henry De Estria about A.D. 1304, is exceedingly beauti-
* Lanfranc was buried at first close to the wall of Trinity Chapel, after
wards by the altar of St. Martin. — (W., 1.) .
t First stone of the new tower (the Arundel Steeple), was laid September
2, 1832.
iWalcott, page 30-31.

2S2 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
ful." The present navTe and transepts, commenced in A.D.
1378, Avere finished about A.D. 1410. The old structure
had been pulled doAvn by Sudbury, but his death pre
vented his completing the new building.* The monks
expended 8000 marks on the work about A.D. 1410.
After the death of Sudbury, Prior Chillenden, under
Archbishops Courteney and Arundel, and, perhaps, part
of the time even under Archbishop Chicheley, who suc
ceeded to the primacy A.D. 1414, completed the under
taking. The style is perpendicular.
The nave of Winchester Cathedral, constructed about
the same period, is longer, but not so lofty, nor so elegant
as that of Canterbury. "The general impression of
grandeur is produced by the harmonious proportion and
height of the nave. The fine rich vault is groined, and
has curved bosses ornamented with armorial bearings."
The flight of steps leading to the choir increases the
general effect. The old monkish stalls, in two rows, re
mained until 1704,when new seats were constructedintheir
places. A.D. 1706, Archbishop Tenison gave the throne.
Many years since, A.D. 1787, in excavating near the
tomb of Simon Islip, a skeleton of great size was found,
supposed to be that of the Archbishop, who was reputed
to have been between 6 and 7 feet in height.
Christ Church Gate Avas constructed in the reign of
Henry VIIL, in the primacy of Archbishop Warham,
A.D. 1517. The turrets were formerly made lofty. (See
Plate.) They have been loAvered within the present
century to a level with the top of the gateway.
©fje OTrnpt oc ^ntrercroft.
The best authorities assign the construction of the
western portion of the crypt to the years 1070-1096,
the eastern part to 1096-1110. (Willis). The great
similarity of some of the capitals on the pillars to those
existing in St. Peter's Church, Oxford, ascribed to
Grymbald, who lived in the time of King Alfred, has
induced some antiquaries, amongst Avhom we must
include Gostling, to consider the crypt of a much older
date than as above assigned. Mr. Parker, however
* Walcott, p. 11.

THE CRYPT OR UNDERCROFT. 283
(p. 36, Gothic Architecture), does not think any portion
of the crypt to be as ancient as the time of Lanfranc
and Professor Willis is of the same opinion (p. 68).
The length of the crypt is 286 feet. The columns do
notin every case stand directly under the pillars of the
choir. Under the upper south Aving was the chantry or
chapel of the Black Prince. This chantry was suppressed
by Henry VIIL To the south is the French Church;
to the east is the St. Mary's Chapel of the Undercroft.
Erasmus remarked, when he visited the Cathedral,
"That there the Virgin Mother hath an habitation, but
somewhat dark, adorned with, a double sept or rail of
iron for fear of thieves. For indeed," he continues, "I
never saw anything more laden with riches. Lio-hts beino-
brought, I saw more than a royal spectacle in beautv,
far exceeding that of WalsinghamJ" Little of this except
the stonework now remains.
The style of the chapel is perpendicular. A step
divides the chancel from the body of the chapel. There
are three pairs of pillars on each side. These pillars
have, instead of capitals, embattled cornices over them.
Some of the arches are enriched with escutcheons of
arms, and other ornaments, and stars Avith pointed rays,
the effect of which Avould be very different were it to be
lighted up with lamps. Some of the irons of the lamps
yet remain. Gostling says the chapel was built A.D.
1500. Near this chapel lay the grave wherein Becket
was first buried, until some little time after his canoni
zation in 1173.
Hither came Henry II. in 1174, barefooted, to perform
penance at the Archbishop's grave.
The crypt at Canterbury is the largest in England.
CJfcapel of £>t. gjcdm.
On the south side of the crypt, just to the east of
Saint Anselm's Tower, is the chapel generally ascribed
to Saint John. This Norman chapel terminated in an
apse; but late in the 13th century, in order to substi
tute a square east end, a wall was built on the_ chord
line of the apse. The chapel, or rather the apse, is now
known as the "dark hole," the only entrance being,
until a few months since, by a small space, 19 inches by

284 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
17 inches in dimensions, close to the ground. The
chapel is now remarkable for the beautiful series of
paintings which adorn its walls and ceilings. On the
centre of the vault is a large figure of our Lord seated
upon the world, and holding the Bible in His left hand;
the whole is enclosed in a vesica. The vesica is sup
ported by four angels in the attitude of flying or
adoration. On the north side of the chapel, just beneath the
angels' feet, is a subject representing St. Gabriel ap
pealing to Zacharias, who is offering incense at the altar.
Zacharias, as described in the 1st chapter of St. Luke,
was struck dumb for doubting the angel's message. In
the subject immediately to the left of Zacharias at the
altar, is depicted the same prophet showing himself to
the people, and pointing to his mouth, indicating he
was speechless.
Beneath these two subjects, which are enclosed in one
compartment, is the circumcision of St. John. On the
left of this picture is Elizabeth seated on a bed, and
holding the infant in her arms. Her neighbours, who
stand around, called the child Zacharias after his father,
but Elizabeth answered " Not so ; he shall be called
John." They, in amazement, appeal to the father, who
is seated on the right side of the picture, holding a label
in his hand bearing the words " Johannes est nomen
ejus " — His name is John. This subject is in good
preservation, and every detail is almost perfect. The
drawing is bold, and the grouping effectual.
On the south side of the chapel, opposite the two
compartments lastly mentioned, the paintings are much
mutilated. However, there are sufficient remains to
enable us to make out that they represented the annun
ciation of the angel Gabriel to the Blessed Virgin and
the circumcision of our Lord. There is an arched recess
in the eastern wall of the apse.
In the lower part of the arch, on the north side, is
St. John the Evangelist writing the Apocalypse. Above
this, and round the soffit of the arch, are represented
the angels of the seven churches. On the crown of the
arch are the seven stars, contained within a circle. There
are also other paintings on the western walls of the

THL ARCHBISHOPS.

:s,j

chapel, the principal figures being cherubim standiug
upon Avinged wheels, and having their bodies full of
eyes. The_ chapel, as before mentioned, has been closed for
centuries, with the exception of the small entrance
near, through which those Avho passed were obliged
to crawl on hands and knees. Owing to the accumu
lation occasioned by damp, the action of the frost, and
the cracks in the vaulting, much of the painting has
fallen or become obliterated. Fortunately, during the
summer of last year, the Dean and Chapter recognized
the great value of these works of art, and determining to
prevent further loss, placed the Avork of reparation in
the hands of Mr. James Neale, F.S.A., architect, of
London. Novel and ingenious means have been employ
ed; all the loose painted plaster has been removed and
refixed, and the work is now clraAving to completion.
Mr. Neale has made fac simile copies of the paintings
as they existed before he commenced the reparation.
The undercroft at one time had a far more imposing
effect than it now exhibits, especially when its shrines
and altars were surrounded by its priests and worshippers,
and a hundred lights twinkled through the half twilight
which now invests it with a sort of mystery and gloom,
like the shadows still fingering over a state and a
magnificence long passed away.*
®fje ^rrhbisfjops.
In the middle ages, second only; to the Sovereign him
self, at Canterbury at least, was the Archbishop. _ On his
taking possession of his see, or at his enthronization, and
on all grand occasions, all the world flocked to behold
the entry of the Archbishop into Canterbury. Graphi
cally has Dr. Hook described the advent and entry of
Winchelsey at the close of 13th century.f From his
Manor House at Ospringe, on one 17th of March, he set
out for Canterbury mounted on a white palfrey gorgeously
caparisoned, attended by a splendid cavalcade— the clerks
of his household, his tenants, his knights, and their
* Since the abovewas written, additional figures have been discovered at
the entrance of the chapel.
tDr. Hook, "Lives," vol. 3, p. 332.

286 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.

associates. As the Angel Tower of the Cathedral rose in
sight, and presently the old western gateway of the city,
(there was always a Westgate) loomed in the distance,
they beheld, issuing from the latter, an eager anci
expectant multitude. The masters of the Chapter in
their copes, their banners borne before them, the city,
authorities, their officers, with staves and halberts, and
a vast array in various costumes. The appearance of
the assembly was most picturesque. Banners floated
around and above, and wreaths of flowers, of roses,
honeysuckles, and sweet-smelling herbs, were tAvined
round caps or hung in garlands. The eyes of the Arch
bishop were fixed on the Sub Prior, who advanced,
bearing the archiepiscopal cross, wrought with gold
and sparkling with jewels. At the sight of the emblem
of his office Winchelsey dismounted, and prostrating
himself on the ground, awaited the arrival of the Sub
Prior. The latter advancing, addressed the admoni
tion to the Primate, charging him in the name of God
to discharge the duties to which he Avas called, and
presented to him the cross. The Archbishop received
it on bended knees, and then rising, handed it to one of
his chaplains, to be henceforth his cross-bearer. They
approach the Cathedral. Here the Prior, magnificently
arrayed, is standing to welcome the new Primate. They
enter the building. The Archbishop prostrates himself
before the altar. A deep silence reigns for a few
moments only, as he remains in prayer ; then suddenly
the voice of the Prior breaks the stillness ; " Salvum
fac servum" swells through the church; certain collects
are chanted, and then, as the grand Te Deum bursts
forth, all present lend their voices. Again the procession
moves; the Archbishop bends before the shrine of St.
Tliomas, and returning to the choir, takes his seat on
his wooden chair, for he is not yet enthroned. Here an
oath is administered to him ; he receives the members of
the Chapter with the kiss of peace, and retiring to the
vestry gives the order for his enthronization to take
place in the October following. When this event occurs,
October, 1294, there is a similar display. The houses
of Canterbury are hung .with the richest drapery ; " the
fair sex," says Dr. Hook, "line the streets, or gaze

THE CATHEDRAL WINDOWS. 287
from Avindows and balconies with their husbands, lovers,
or brothers." However, on this occasion, the Arch
bishop is not alone, but is attended by the gallant
Edward I. ; and as he had just returned from "fighting
the Lord's battles in the Holy Land," the. enthusiasm
of the spectators is all the greater. In the Cathedral,
" drapery festooned the tinted walls, light flowed from
the windows, dyed with azure and amber and ruby.
Great is the splendour of the priestly garments, the
glitter of the armour of the knights, the gorgeousness
of the whole array. The Sovereign of England and the
Primate of the Church being the objects of all attention.
The deep organ sounds, and tapers glitter, lighted on
twenty or thirty side shrines, as a ponderous thurible
swings its incense through the fabric, making the dim
light brilliant Avith rays cast on the gold and silver and
jewellery around."
On another occasion, November, A.D. 1503, a very
different scene is enacted ; it is the funeral of Henry
Dean. The Archbishop had died at Lambeth. A barge
was moored by the palace stairs, thirty-three sailors in
black, each bearing a lighted candle, received the coffin,
and presided over its progress as it is wafted over the
waters to the ferry at Faversham. Here a funeral car
is provided. At length the coffin, surmounted by an
effigy of the Archbishop arranged in his pontificals,
approaches the Cathedral. Fifty torch-bearers and sixty
gentlemen surround the car as the coffin slowly passes
to the place of its final destination.
£6e yjathrtral eamHofos.
Becket's miracles are delineated in the three Trinity
Chapel windoAvs. These are of 13th century date, and
have been justly admired. It is said that Gondomar,
the Spanish Ambassador, once offered its weight in gold
for one of these windows. The great window of the
north transept was the gift of Edward IV- and his
Queen, the portrait of the latter being the only one
known to exist; it has been much mutilated. Culmer,
in 1642, was the chief destructionist; there is very
little left of the original glass. The great west window
of the nave has some fine hues and combinations. A

288 CANTERBURY IN l'HE OLDEN TIME.
considerable portion, however, of the ancient glass is
gone, its place having been supplied by glass taken
from other parts of the Cathedral — from the clerestory
windows and the choir.
The subject of the three triforium windows, north side
of the choir above, is the sack of Canterbury by the
Danes, and the Martyrdom of Archbishop Elphege.
" These windows," says Felix Summerly, " are remark
able for the beauty of the scroll-work on the ruby
ground ; and viewed from a little distance, a warm rich
light seems to flood the space they occupy."
The large perpendicular window in the south transept
of the nave is made up of fragments from the old
windoAvs of the clerestory of the choir, " with the
exception of some small portion of the ancient glass of
the canopies, which once surmounted the figures which
filled them." The east or central window of the Trinity
Chapel is considered a magnificent specimen of 13th
century work.
By the western entrance of the nave there is a fine
window dedicated to the late Sir R. H. Inglis, which is
deserving of much praise; also windows to the late
Mr. G. Austin and to Mrs. H. G. Austin. These, with
the memorial window next to St. Anselm's Chapel on the
south aisle of the choir, as well as those in the south-east
transept, the two triforium windoAvs on each side the
choir, and the large circular window in the gable of the
transept, are all the composition of Mr. George Austin,
son of the late architect of the Cathedral, and have been
greatly admired. The four fine " Te Deum" windows
in the nave, and the rich windows in the clerestory
above, are also the work of Mr. Austin, as is also the
window adjoining the ancient central window in the
Trinity Chapel. In the transept of the choir, north
east, is a window presented by Dean Stanley, illustrative
of Scriptural scenes in Palestine and Syria. There is
also a window here in memory of Dr. Spry by Mr. Austin,
and a large window on the north face of the transept, and
likewise on the south side.
In the south aisles of the choir are modern Avindows,
illustrating the histories of our Saviour, of Elisha, and
of Moses, the composition by Mr. Waile. Near these is

MONUMENTAL BRASSES. 289
a memorial window to Dean Afford, the work of Messrs.
Clayton and Bell ; and some windows which the Dean
in his lifetime dedicated to the memory of his deceased
children, by Mr. Austin. There is a window in the south
aisle of the choir to Dean Lyall; also one to the Rev.
F. V. Lockwood, both by Mr. G. Austin ; also two fine
windows in the north aisle of the choir (imperfect,
however), the lower portions having been filled in with
glass from other windows. There is a window in the
north-west transept by Hughes. The cloister arcades
were once filled with stained-glass 'windows, as well as
the window ranges on one side of the Chapter. House,
now bricked in.
We must not conclude, however, without mentioning
a fine window descriptive of the murder of Becket, by
Miss Clarke, and a Avindow to Canon Chesshyre, by Mr.
Austin ; also Avindows by Mr. Waile.
There are two old windoAvs in the upper tiers of the
south transept of the choir — east, and two modern
windows below. lElommuntal 33tasses.
Those once in the Cathedral and buildings are all gone,
as the pavements of the Chapter House, the transepts, and
the chapels will attest — ruthlessly ripped up, and carried
away to satisfy the greed of now unknown spoliators.
In this respect the Cathedral fared infinitely worse than
the parish churches. — See List.
Vfye QPonbentional 33tttUim«s of the Jilonastng of CDhrtst
<£lmrtl;.
The length to which my descriptions have_ already
run, being far beyond the limits assigned to this work,
will prevent my giving a particular account of the Priory
and structures connected with the Convent of Christ
Church. I must refer my readers to a most scientific
and exhaustive history of them by the late Professor
Willis, in the seventh volume of the " Archseologia
Cantiana," p. 1, and to Dean. Stanley's address on the
same subject to the " Church of England Young Men s
Association." Very few of the ancient buildings are
u

290

CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.

now. extant.* The library is an entirely new structure:
The Chapter House was originally of Norman origin, but
has been rebuilt in later times by Archbishop Morton.
The cloisters, where
in the intervals be
tween church ser
vices aucl refresh
ment and repose
the monks were
supposed to spend
their time in medi
tation and teaching,
remain. The pillars
of the infirmary and
of the church exist
north-east of the
Cathedral as pic
turesque ruins. The
building itself shar
ed the fate of many
adjoining structures
when the choir of
Conrad was destroyed by fire. A few years since it
was laid open to public view — at least what was left
of it — its columns and stone Avindow-frames- having
been built in, or rather covered up, by the dwelling-
houses at one time occupied by the Prebendaries and
Minor Canons. In the Deanery and in the gardens, and
other portions of the monastic grounds and buildings,
some of the ancient work may be yet detected. The
" Cheker House," where the business affairs of the
convent were transacted, has been long since pulled
clown. It stood over the "Dark Entry," otherwise
the "Prior's Gate." The very ancient and curiously
twisted porphyry pillars which support the arcades of
the building yet remain on the left side, as we approach
the Green Court. The great hall of the Archbishop's
palace is described and engraved in Grose's "Antiquities,"
vol. 3., p. 3.
Professor Willis has published several ancient maps,
* See "Christ Church Gate," as above, representing the ancient turrets
staiidiijo;.

THE CHURCH YARD. 291
one showing the means adopted by the monks for the
water supply of the convent and the localities of the
vineyards and orchards of the monastery ; another map
represents the interior of the Cathedral in Norman times,
when all the conventional buildings connected with it
existed intact. In this we see described the ancient
gateway called " Porta Cemeterii," and the Campanile *
the mound of which still exists in Canon Robertson's
grounds ; and to the south-east is marked out the ancient
piscina or fish pond.
The only remains north-west of the Cathedral of
Archbishop Parker's Great Hall, is a portion of wall and
a doorway. The gateway facing Palace Street is extant.
A new building has been erected for the Middle Class
School on the site of the old reception room of the palace.
The remains of the Lollards' Tower are in a building used
as a house, and a printing establishment in Palace Street.
The old archway of the palace buildings, through which
Becket passed to the cloisters and the Cathedral on the
day of his murder is still to be seen. Some remains of
the old reception room of the Archbishop's palace have
lately been discovered ; also one of the old kitchens.
The greater portion of the Palace was destroyed by
fire in the time of Cranmer, when the Archbishop's
brother lost his life. ©fie CDfiurcft g^arti.
An old map of Canterbury Cathedral is before me,
published about 180 years since; it is very suggestive.
The spired and Norman tower (Arundel ToAver) appears
entirely out of keeping with nave, south-west tower,
and the great central tower. The cemetery gate, not
then removed, seems almost to abut on the eastern end
of the building. Beyond it apparently lies an orchard
or wooded inclosure — a portion doubtless of the Oaks.
Some poor houses flank the south side of the Cathedral.
In the yard are tombstones, amongst Avhich there are
carriages passing. A double line of cross-shaped wooden
posts guard the causeAvay, leading to the southern
entrance of the Cathedral. In this yard, fronting this
*The Campanile was thrown down by an earthquake, temp. Eichard II.
The bells were then removed to the Cathedral.

292 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
great religious house, Canterbury fair was once wont to
be holden. We may imagine something of the confusion,
noise, and discomfort, to orderly persons arising out of
the gathering consequent upon such an occasion.
We survey the same site at the present day. The
cemetery gate, which had little architectural beauty,
has been displaced (see Plate 29), the tombstones
removed, the yard levelled, the Norman tower supplied
by a new erection in keeping with the general character
of the building ; and when we consider the very large
sums of money laid out within the last forty years in
beautifying and adorning the internal structure of the
Cathedral, we cannot withhold our humble meed of ap
probation at the spirit and liberality with which the Dean
and Chapter, and all others concerned with them, have
met the requirements of the time and age, and rendered
this great church to be what it ought to be — one of the
most graceful and magnificent ecclesiastical buildings in
the kingdom.
^Tomts of HSfcfoato' tfie 23Iacfe prince antr of Stmg f^nrg W.
It is not within the compass of this work to describe
the numerous tombs and monuments in the Cathedral,
but there are two of an especial note, "to which doubt
less our readers will think we ought to refer — the tomb
of Edward the Black Prince and of King Henry IV.
The Tomb of the Black Prince. — This memorial occupies
a spot, tolerably central, in Trinity Chapel. It has been
called " a splendid and picturesque ruin ; " it is doubt
less full of interest. Within it lies the especial hero
of Crecy and Poictiers, and of many a feudal, many a
national battle — chivalrous, brave, " houmout," and we
fear, cruel,* but, as his last moments attested, deeply
repentant, and seeking mercy and pardon where alone
it could be obtained.
Edward Plantagenet, son of the great Edward III.,
was in name a watchword in English history, and at
one time indeed in Europe itself, from Scotland, to the
Mediterranean Sea.
His statue, in armour of brass, once gilded, reclines
on an altar tomb of grey marble, with a leopard at the
* See Dean Stanley's ''Memorials," p. 48.

TOMB OF EDAVARD TEH BLACK PRINCE, &C. 293
feet. The statue bears a cap with a coronet round it,
and the head rests on a casque or helmet. The Prince's
armour is plated, except the gorget, which is of mail.
On the tomb the quatrefoil panels are filled in with
scutcheons, six on each side, with two at each end, con
taining the plume of feathers alternating with the arras
of France and England quarterly, the word "Houmout "
appearing alternately Avith " Ich Diene." The tomb was
erected according to the instructions of the Prince, con
veyed in his last will. A canopy is suspended above the
tomb, and the trophies of the Prince are displayed above
the'canopy — his " heaulme " with leopard crest," his brass
gauntlets lined with leather, the knuckles studded with
minute heads of lions in brass, the surcoat quartered
with the arms of France and England, his shield also
displaying the lilies and the Plantagenet lions. The
surcoat is of velvet, now torn and faded, " but once
blazing with blue and scarlet." The shield is made of
some light wood. The sword or dagger, " estoc," is
gone from the scabbard above. The statue beloAv has a
scabbard attached to it.* The scabbard suspended above
was of red leather set with gilde'd studs. The motto
"Ich Diene" is set forth in a label to the plume of
feathers, and on a larger label above. On the under part
of the canopy is a painting, noAV nearly obliterated,
representing the Father holding an e&gj of the crucified
Son before Him. The symbols of the Evangelists are
displayed at the corners of the painting. The whole
design is powdered with golden stars. It has been
apparently a work of art, richly wrought and highly
ornamented. The Black Prince's Chapel or Chantry
is in the crypt. Two priests were appointed to -pray
for his soul therein. It is near the entrance of the
Church of the French Protestants. In Dean Stanley's
* We hope all the relics are the genuine arms and defences of the Prince?
"A custom however prevailed of funeral furniture being provided by the
official who regulated these affairs. Gough alludes to the sword and says,
" By his side lies his sword, loose, being with the sheath all of solid copper,
four feet lono-, the hilt of wire work, with enamelled lions' heads on a Dine
ground." Possibly there is some mistake here, especially respecting tne
copper sword, which might never have existed, it being thought sufficient
to display the handle only. Sir. Wentworth Hnysche, by permission oi tbe
Dean of Canterbury, has 'lately made Home fine photographs ot the relics
.described above.

294 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
" Memorials of Canterbury " there is a full and interest
ing account of the Black Prince— of his life, death, will,
and. burial; also of the tomb and trophies attached to
it, with illustrations.
Gough states that the Black Prince's helmet was
enriched with gems, of which only the collets remain.
There is an inscription in Norman-French around the
tomb, and on the outer pillar, by the head of the tomb,
another inscription, said to have been a copy of the
Prince's will, but the limited space it occupies, unless it
were an extract, seems to render this improbable.
On a brass plate surrounding the upper part of the
tomb is inscribed the epitaph, a curious specimen of the
style of the age, bearing, as Gough observes, " consider
able similarity in phrase to the ' Romaunt of the Rose.' "
Dean Stanley informs us this inscription was composed
by the Prince himself. The lines, —
" Ticl come tu es, je autiel fu,
Tu serras tiel, come je su,"
suggest the Avell-knoAvn verses so common in our church
yards, — " As I am now, so you shall be," &c.
The Shrine of Archbishop Becket. — It was demolished
A.D. 1538. It was constructed of stone to a certain
height, then of wood, covered with plates of gold,
damasked. It was garnished with brocches, images,
chains, precious stones, and great orient pearls.
The spoils of the shrine filled two great chests, one of
which six or eight strong men could do no more than
carry.— Stoioe, by Willis, p. 100.
Tomb of Henry IV. — This structure has suffered much
from time. It is highly ornamented. There is on the
panel or inclosure at the head of the tomb a painting
representing the assassination of Archbishop Becket. It
is nearly obliterated, unfortunately so, not only on
account of its age and interest, but had it been anywise
complete, it might have prevented the suspension near
the Martyrdom in the north aisle of a painting on the
same subject, executed about 1851.
The tomb of Henry IV.' is memorable for a con
troversy, perhaps more correctly speaking, for an opinion

TOMB OP EDWARD THE BLACK PRLNOE, &C 295
which prevailed in some circles, that the King was not
buried at Canterbury, in fact, never buried at all.
Warton discovered in the library of " Corpus Christi
College," Cambridge, a M.S., which he published, A.D.
1691, in his " Anglia Sacra," entitled, "A History of the
Martyrdom of Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York."
The writer of this M.S., Clement Maydestone, declared
that when the body of the King was being conveyed
from Westminster to Canterbury per ship— a very
unlikely story, as it is nowhere, else corroborated— a
violent storm arose, and Maydestone, and others with
him, finding their lives in peril, by common consent,
" taking the body of the King out of the coffin, threw
it into the sea. The storm immediately ceased." "We
then," continued the narrator, " took the chest, covered
with cloth of gold, to Canterbury, and there buried it."
Accordingly, to set all doubts at rest, and an oppor
tunity having occurred to test the truth of this assertion,
the royal vault was opened on the 21st August, 1832, in
the presence of the Dean of Canterbury, Mr. Austin,
several of the Prebendaries, and some distinguished
visitors. We give the account of the examination of the
royal coffin and remains as under : —
"Oa removing a portion of the marble pavement at the western
end of the monument, it was found to have been laid on rubbish com
posed of lime dust, small pieces of Caen stone, and a few flints, among
which were found two or three pieces of decayed stuff, or silk (perhaps
portions of the cloth of gold which covered the coffin), and also a piece
of leather. When the rubbish was cleared away, the lid of a wooden
case appeared, of very rude form and construction, which the surveyor
at once pronounced to be a coffin. It lay east and west, projecting
beyond the monument towards the west for about one-third of its
length. Upon it, to the east, and entirely within the monument, lay
a leaden coffin without any -wooden case, of much smaller size, and
very singular shape, being formed by bending one sheet of lead over
another, and soldering them at the junctions. This coffin was supposed
to contain the remains of Queen Joan, and was not disturbed. Not
being able to take off the lid of the large coffin, as a great portion of
its length was under the tomb, and being unwilling to disturb the
alabaster monument for the purpose of getting at it, it was decided to
saw through the lid about three feet from what was supposed to be
the head of the coffin. And this being done, the piece of wood was
carefully removed, and found to be elm, very coarsely worked, about
one inch and a half thick, and perfectly sound. Immediately under
this elm board was a quantity of haybands filling the coffin, and upon
the surface of them lay a very rude small cross, formed by merely

296 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME. ,
tying two twigs together, thus -f. This fell to pieces on being touched.
When the hay bands, which were very sound and perfect, were removed,
a leaden ca^e or coffin was discovered, moulded in some degree to the
shape of a human figure; and it was at once evident that this'had
never been disturbed, but lay as it was originally deposited, though it
may be difficult to conjecture why it was placed in a case so rude
and unsightly, and so much too large for it, that the haybands appeared
to have been used to keep it steady. In order to ascertain what was
contained in this leaden case, it became necessary to saw through a
portion of it, and in this manner an oval piece of the lead, about
seven inches long, and four inches over at the widest part of it, was
carefully removed. Under this were found wrappers, which seemed
to be of leather, and afterwards proved to have been folded five times
round the body. These wrappers were cut through and lifted off,
when, to the astonishment of all present, the face of the deceased
King was seen in complete preservation — the nose elevated, the carti
lage even remaining, though, on the admission of the air, they sunk rapidly
away, and had entirely disappeared before the examination was finished.
The skin of the chin was entire, of tbe consistence and thickness of
the upper leather of a shoe, brown and moist ; the beard thick and
matted, of a deep russet colour. The jaws were perfect, and all the
teeth in them, except one fore tooth, which had probably been lost
during the King's life. The opening of the lead was not large enough
to expose the whole of the features, and we did not examine the eyes
or forehead. But the surveyor stated, that when he introduced his
finger under the wrappers to remove them, he distinctly felt the orbits
of the eyes prominent in their sockets. The flesh upon the nose was
moist, clammy, and of the same brown colour as every other part of
the face. Having thus ascertained that the body of the King was
actually deposited in the tomb, the wrappers were laid again upon the
face, the lead drawn back over them, the lid of the coffin put on, the
rubbish filled in, and the marble pavement replaced immediately."

ffiftattera, Jtecortrs, antr %hiMic
Etocuments.

Among the more recent proceedings of the Court of
Burghmote, we find, A.D. 1794, " That on the 20th May
the thanks of the city were voted to Alderman Cyprian
Bunce for the infinite pains and labour with which he
had translated all the material orders and decrees of
the Court of Burghmote between the years 1542 and
1793." To this work he had added, collected, and
arranged, with much care, a schedule of all charters,
records, books, deeds, and papers, in the City Archives,
supplying copious and minute indices and references.
The Court of Burghmote, expressing their great sense
of the estimation in which they held a work so useful
and systematic, ordered the same to be laid upon their
table at every Court of Burghmote.
Mr. Bunce appeared in most cases to have contented
himself with a description, so that there still remains a
rich store whence the antiquary may collect materials.
Some of these have been for the first time brought to
light in these pages. Somner, as well as Mr. Hasted,

-it>*

also had access to them, and derived much assistance
from them in their several works.
We will give a summary of what they consist : —
A.D. 1168, claims between the Abbots of Saint
Augustine and the Bailiffs of the city.
Records of the city, written in Latin, and on small
rolls of parchment, from A.D. 1272.
A document, being a Terrar of lands in Ickham, dated
A.D. 1172.
A.D. 1352, ordinances of the city, sealed with the
seals of the Bailiffs.
Registers of wills and other documents on parchment
or vellum, from 1258 to 1556, the most ancient being
in Latin. Among these is the will of Lady Juliana
Leybourn, in Norman-French, A.D. 1328. The earliest

29S CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
English will is about the commencement of the sixteenth
century. Henry Brokes' is dated 1536, and John Webbe' s,
dated 1550, is English Avith a Latin preamble or
introduction. These wills were proved in the Court at Canterbury.
The two Will Books contain many of the same wills,
also other documents not testamentary. At the end of
No. 2 is a list of the English Sovereigns, from William I.
to Elizabeth, thereby showing this book was compiled
as late as that Queen's reign, anci that the earlier wills
are copies from some older documents. The fact also
that some of them are duplicates further proves this, I
think. The first will in No. 2 book is dated 1328 ; the last
entry is 1578.
Book No. 2 begins with the same will as book No. 1.
Mr. Bunce says this book commences with A.D. 1290,
but I could not find this date. A portion of the latter
part of the book is missing. There is an English will
dated A.D. 1495. There is a composition in No. 2
betAveen the city and. the Abbey of St. Augustine, much
interlined, dated 1258. Many of the previous documents
are much older in date.
Records of the Court of Burghmote from 1301 to the
present time, excepting from 1469 to 1479, which are
lost. Proceedings in the Court of " Pye Powder," between
the Abbot of St. Austin's and the Parson of St. Paul's-^-
no date.
A mandate from Henry I., under seal, accompanying
a Proclamation. 7th Edward I., Pleas before the Justices in Eyre.
Magna Charta, sent to the City of Canterbury by
King Edward I.
A curious old parchment book, with strings, and of
small size, containing law cases and indictments in the
time of Henry VIIL, Edward VI., and the Queens, Mary
and Elizabeth.
Amongst the actions and indictments occur prose
cutions —
For rustling a man into the river.
For ploughing up a highAvay.

CHARTERS, RECORDS, AND PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. 299
For murdering one with a stone.
For being absent from church.
For murdering an enfant.
For keeping a greyhound, and hunting.
For selling under a quart of beer for a penny.
For maintaining play at his house, &c, &c, &c,
A Burghmote book, dating from 1542 to 1579, given
by Robert Browne, Sheriff, seems to be one of the
earliest books in which the proceedings of the Court of
Burghmote were recorded in English. The introduction
or proem even here is in Latin. The Chamberlain's
books were entered in Latin to a later date.
Ancient proceedings, loose parchment sheets, from
1272 to 1363; imperfect; collected and bound 1802.
Ancient book, imperfect, Escheators, 1505-1510,
C. R. B.
Petition of the apothecaries, grocers, chandlers, fish
mongers,, against certain parties for infringing the orders
of the Court ; an ancient folding book.
Small folio book, commencing with the recital of the
will of Roger Manwood, St. Stephen's Hospital, dated
1592. In 1352 the orders of the Court were sealed with the
seals of the Bailiffs.
A.D. 1421, conveyance from the Bailiffs of a piece of
land. In 1463 all orders Avere recorded on paper rolls.
A.D. 1501, receipt books, tolls of the shambles, &c, &c.
1510, do., tolls and receipts.
Articles between the Prior of Saint Gregorys and the
Mayor and Commonalty.
Bonds and agreements relating to the estates of the
rnnr rn^^'i'^s
An agreement arising out of a lawsuit between the
Abbot of Saint Augustines' and the Mayor and. citizens.
Deeds of incorporation of guilds and fraternities.
Papers relating to the Walloons.
Letter from Charles II. requiring the Corporation to
make William Turner their Mayor, A.D. 1660.
A.D. 1542, the orders of Burghmote were first
recorded in books.

300 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
There are bundles of proclamations, Acts of Parliament,
depositions, writs, law proceedings, leases of the city
estates, bonds, court leet papers, &c.
Depositions respecting the breaking up of part of
" Babb's Hill," taken before Richard Gaunt, Mayor,
A.D. 1582.
Dated 1598, is an extract copied from an old book,
said to have been dated A.D. 1194, alleged to have been
in possession of Lord William Howard, and relating to
the lands of Garswinton and Luckdale.
King Richard IL's surety, dated 1398, to the Bailiffs
for 100 marks. This, probably, was never redeemed by
that unfortunate Monarch, or it would not have remained
among the archives.
Ancient roll, showing that the house and lands of Saint
Augustine are within the liberties of the city.
A.D. 1661, pleas in curia regis, and the curia of the
Archbishop. An old book of records, entries, &c, first date 1459.
A parchment book of pleas and judgments; small
square book in Latin and English.
Book of Burghmote proceedings; loose sheets on
parchment, from A.D. 1272 to A.D. 1373.
These are some of the most ancient documents.
I have not found all the above in the city archives.
Some may have escaped attention, being perhaps bound
up with other documents.
The following are the Royal Charters, conferring either
additional privileges on the city, or confirming those
already conceded by previous Sovereigns :— Charters of
Henry IL, Henry III.,* Edward I., Edward III.,
Richard II. (this is illuminated), Edward IV., Henry VI.,
Henry VII., Henry VIIL, James I. This charter is
handsomely illuminated. It cost the city, A.D. 1609,
for expenses, fees, &c, S691. 7s. 8d.
Although Charles IL, by his charter of 1684, destroy
ed the very life and. existence of the municipal body,
he introduced one or tAvo novelties into his charter, as
a compensation perhaps. He gave his newly appointed
* The term " ante conquestum," which often appears in ancient charters
and wills, was employed to prevent confusion of persons, Edward the
Confessor being sometimes called Edward I., and Edward, son of Henry III.,
Edward II.

CHARTERS, RECORDS, AND PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. 301
Mayor and Alciermen power to hear and determine all
charges of " sorcery, enchantment, fortune-telling, and
magic,'] and power to make laws, and levy cesses and
fines Avithout giving any account for the same.
The charter of James II. was equally iniquitous. It
remained, however, a very short time in operation.
We may note in respect of charters that William I.
issued _ some of his charters in the Saxon language.'
Sometimes, however, a Latin salutation was prefixed,°as
"Ego Wilhelmus Rex saluto omnes meos Episcopes,
Comites," &c. " The modes of signature and confir
mation," observed the late Sir Henry Ellis, "varied
occasionally. | Thus I sign and confirm with Christ's
rood token,' said Dunstan, in the document bearino- his
name." The Conqueror appears to have been the first
Sovereign who adopted the style " Dei Gratia." Some
times he used " Nutu Dei." The charter of the Saxon
iEthelbert, between A.D. 676 and 694, commences "In
nomine Domini nostri, Jesu Christi Salvatoris." Those
of Offa and iEthelwolf omit " Salvatoris." A charter of
iEdred, A.D. 946, commences " Concedente Gratia Dei,
Anno Domini incarnationis." Most of these documents
are prefixed with the sign of the cross. Sir H. Ellis
further states, " That all Latin charters purporting to be
of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, commencing with the name
of the Monarch, are spurious. This specially applies to
the so-called charter of King Ethelbert." The terms
" Inspeximus " and " Vidimus," from which some docu
ments derive their peculiar class, were not in use as
royal styles until the time of Richard I. The term
"Rex Angliae" was not adopted until the reign of
Henry I. The Conqueror styled himself " Rex

Anglorum."

302 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.

gXrcbttccnual SSorks of CCanteiburg ©atfjrtral.
Dated Examples, principally from Professor Willis' Description. Dates.
The nave, choir, crypt, transepts, and western towers,
of Lanfranc ; Norman .... 1070 to 1077.
Enlarged choir, eastern transept, crypt and Chapels of
St. Andrew, St. Anselm, and Trinity Chapel; the
work under Anselm and Priors Ernulf and Conrad.
All of these are gone, except the Chapels of St. An
selm and. of St. Andrew, the crypt, and the external
walls of other portions ; Norman -
The present choir aud aisles ; Norman, Early English,
and Decorated ......
Trinity Chapel, its crypt, Becket'a crown ; Early
English - - . - .
Choir wall of enclosure, by Prior Henry de Estria;
Early English . . - - -
Window of St. Anselm's Chapel - - -
Chantry of the Black Prince - circa,
Nave, western transepts, and St. Michael's Chapel ;
Perpendicular -
Chantry chapel, and monument to Henry IV. -
New Lady Chapel, Prior Goldstone - - -
The great central tower and buttressing arches, by
Prior Goldstone II. ; Perpendicular -
The south-west, Oxford, or St. Dunstan's tower,
finished by Prior Goldstone ; Perpendicular - circa,
Christ Church gate; Tudor - - - -
North-west or Arundel Tower, constructed on the
site of the Norman tower, built by Lanfranc;
Perpendicular -
IBmuptum of ©anterbucg Softens.
1. O. Tho. Baker, cheesmongc — A hand holding a pair of scales.
II. Of Canterbury, 1667 — His dubble toaken.
2. O. Francis Banick — A wheatsheaf.
R. In Canterbury— F. M. B.
3. O. Thomas Best, cooper — The Vintners' Arms.
R. In Canterburye— 16-50— T. M. B.
4. O. Thomas Burden, of — A vase of flowers.
R. Canterbury, 1667— His halfepenny— -T. V. B.
5. O. John Carden, in — A role of bread.
P. Canterbury, 1656—1. D. C.
6. O. Henry Carpenter — .1667.
R. In Canterbury— H. S. C.
7. O. Henrey Carpenter — 1658.
R. In Canterbery — H. S. C.

1096 to 1110.

1175 to 1178.

1179 to 1184.

1304 to 1305.
1336.
1363.

1378 to 1410.
1412. 1449 to 1468.

1495 to 1517.

1453.
1517.

1833 to 1840.

DESCRIPTION OP CANTERBURY TOKENS. 303
8. 0. James Cheever— A hand holding a pair of shears.
R. In Canterbury — 1663, his half-peny.
9. O. James Cheever — A hand holding a pair of shears
R. In Canterbury— [16]62.
10. O. Tho. Enfield, in Mercery— The Grocers' Arm3.
R. Lane, in Canterbury, 1666 — T. S. E.
11. 0. Thomas Enfield, in Mercery — The Grocers' Arms.
R. Lane, in Canterbury, 1666 — T. S. E.
12. 0. Anthony Fagg, grocer— The Grocers' Arms.
R. In Canterbury— A. M. F.
13. 0. Thomas Field, in — A Saracen's head.
R. Canterbury, 1666 — His half peny.
14. O. Edward Fray, in — The Tallow Chandlers' Arms.
R. Canterbury, 1667 — His half-peny, E. S. F.
15. 0. Thomas Hutten, pewterer — The Pewteres' Arms.
R. In Canterbury, 1669 — A griffin, Id. (octagonal).
16. O. Thomas Jeninges — His halfpeny.
R. Of Canterbury, 1669 — A man smoking and making candles.
17. O. Thomas Jenings, of — Grocei-s' Arms.
R. Canterbury, grocer — T. B. J.
18. O. The Ship, in— A ship.
R. Canterbury, 1653— M.S. K.
19. 0. Francis Maplesden — A bunch of hops.
R. In Canterbury, 1666 — His half penny.
20. 0. Walter Matdesden — A dove with an olive branch.
R. In Canterbury— W. S. M.
21. O. Jeremiah Masterton, at — Chequers (octagonal).
R. In Canterbury, his half peny — J. M. M. (in seven lines).
22. O. Thomas Mayne, grocer — A still.
R. In Canterbury, 1664— T. M. M.
23. O. Thomas Mayne, grocer — A still.
R. In Canterbury, 1654— T. M. M.
24. O. Thomas Ockman — The arms of the Ockman family; a fess
between three argents — T. 0.
R. In Canterbury — His half peny.
25. 0. At the Mairmayd — A mermaid.
R. In Canterbury— D. M. R,
26. O. John Simpson — A lion rampant.
R. In Canterbury, 1653 -J. I. S.
27. 0. Richard Smith — The Grocers' Arms.
R. In Canterbury — R. E. S.
28. O. Sibb Smith, neer— S. S.
R. Westgate, Canterb. — S. S.
29. O. Will Terrey, at. the— Globe.
R. Globe, in Canterbury — \V. E. T.
30. 0. At the 3 Kings— The Three Kings.
R. In Canterbury— E. M. W.
31. 0. Jarvise Willmott — A horse.
R. In Canterbury, 1664— His halfpeny.
32. 0. Thomas Best, cooper— The Vintners' Arms.
R. In Canterbury, 1650— T. M. B.
33. O. The bullock at the bull— A bull's head.
R. Head, iu Canterbury — T. B.

301 CANTERBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
34. 0. Edward Graford, in— A black boy smoking.
R. Canterbury, grocer — E. B. C.
35. 0. Thomas Ockman— The Ockman Arms— T. 0. (See No. 24).
R. In Canterbury— T. E. 0.
36. O. The; Sanson's Head — A Saracen's head.
R. In Canterbury, 1653— M. P.
37. O. At the 3 Marrenor3 — Three seamen standing.
R. Ia Canterbury— T. M. S.
38. 0. Joseph Sherwood, in — A woolpack.
R. Can terbury, grocer, 1653 — J. A .S.
39. O. Richard White, barber — A comb.
R. In Canterbury, 1653— R. A. W.
The above represented halfpence or farthings.

Hist of Encisefc J&lonumentul SSrasses in tbe ®butcbes of
(ffanterburri.
Elphege, Saint. — Figure of a priest, dated A.D. 1457, now under the
flooring of a pew. A brass inscription, " Thomas Prude," on a column,
north side. See " Churches " — St. Elphege. An incised brass fronting
the altar, to Robert Goseberne, clerk, dated 1563.
George, Saint. — Figure of a priest, John Lovelle, formerly Rector of
the parish; died 14th April, A.D. 1438.
Margaret, Saint. — Male figure, John Winter, Mayor of Canterbury,
A.D. 1470. It is recorded in the inscription that he placed a lamp to
burn before the altar of our Lord. Jesus Christ.
Martin, Saint. — Two figures, male and female, Michael Francis
Sertivoli and Jane his wife. Only one date, 1587. Also an inscribed
brass plate to Thomas Stoughton, who died 1591. Also, brass plate to
Stephen Fulks and Alice his wife. One date, 1406. This is the oldest
date on a monumental brass in Canterbury now extant.
Magdalen, St. Mary.— -Two brasses— stolen. They were inscribed
to Christopher Klook (draper, of the city) and M.argareta his wife.
Dates 1494-1495. See Plate No. 13.
Paul, Saint. — Two figures, George Winborne and Catherine his wife.
One date, 4th April 1531, for the husband. This church is said to
have had several bras3 insci-iptlons.
Northgate, St. Mary. — Mural brass. Inscription to Ralph Brown,
Mayor of the City, A.D. 1507.

305

e ©intensions ot tije OTatfjebral aub tije
Builcincjs connects tfjerebitf).

Name.

Length.

Breadth.

Height
from i'loor
of Nuye.

Feet,

Feet.

Feet.

Arundel Tower

31.3

30.0

157.2

Dunstan Tower

31.3

30.0

156.8

Great Central Tower, or Angel Tower

40.8

40.8

235.9

Choir & Presbytery, from Choir Screen
to Screen at Back of Altar Table

225.6

38.5

70.6

South-East Transept - -

54.8

31.0

70.6

North-East Transept

55.7

31.3

70.6

Nave

188.10

35.3

78.3

North Aisle of Nave

164.0

18.6

37.0

South Aisle of Nave - - -

164.0

18.6

37.0

Trinity Chapel and Aisles

72

6S.6

62.0

Trinity Chapel without Aisles -

55.11

31.3

62.0

Beeket's Crown

31.1

33.2

53.6

Chapter House -

91.0

36.1

66.0

Cloisters -

131.6

132.9

15.4

South- West Transept

44.10

34.2

78.3

North-West Transept

43.10

34.5

78.3

Lady Chapel

37

21

36

St. Michael's Chapel-

34

21

29

Diameter of Beeket's Crown

32

Total length of Cathedral — 511.9 interior ; 530.8 exterior.
Nearly all the above dimensions have been kindly supplied me from
the Surveyor's Office. They differ slightly from some of the figures
given by Hasted, Gostling, Willis, Woolnoth, and Walcott, who also differ
occasionally from each other.

30G

I'llustvattoits-r-CVrtrcr antr ^ubjecfs.

No. of
1'iate.

No. of Objects.

Page.

I
8
9
10
1112
13
1415
ie
17 is
19
20 21
2.2232425
2627 2829 30
31

Roman pottery (2 vases), ^ lineal size
Bronze objects, styli (pin), implements, full size (10) -
Objects in bronze (9); fibula, 2. and 5 ; statuette, 3;
and girdle clasp, 7 ; all full size except No. 1 -
Pottery, J- lineal size, 6 objects, except No. 4, -|- lineal
size - -
Arrnillce, in gold and in bronze, 6 objects, full size
Gla«s objects — statuette, No. 5, in white clay, i lineal
size; No. I, Glass roil, £ lineal size; Nos. 3, 4, and
6, full size ; No. 2, | lineal size - - -
Bronze objects, full size ; fibulas, pins, scutcheon
Stone moulds, half size - -
Roman brooches (enamelled) and A.S, ring, full size -
Roman brooches (enamelled) full size
Samian ware ; bowl, Ac.
Roman pavement - ...
Incised brasses ...
Old Worthgate and Ridingate - - -
Knife handles in ivory and bone, full size
Pilgrim's signs, tokens, trade marks, full size
Brooches, comb, counter, full size
Objects in bronze, excepting Nos. 2, 3, and 4, keys,
fibula, model of ox head
St. George's Gate
The Burgate - - -
Wincheap- Gate - -
The Old Castle ------
All Saints' Church - ...
Black Friars - - -
Old Chapel at St. Augustine's
Seal, St. Augustine's - -
Great Gateway, St. Augustine's - -
Font, St, Martin's - - - -
Cemetery Gate and Black Friars' Gate
East Transept. Cathedral - - - -
St. Ethelbert's Tower ...

48

253 118 43
177 48
48
120

113
249 242
264264272
257 242 273 ,
264

Wood Cuts.
Old Church of St. Andrew ; Nunnery of St. Sepulchre ; Christ Chureh
Gate, previous to the lowering of the towers; Matthew Paris' Sketch
of the Cathedral; The Ducking Stool; The Steeple of St. George's
Church.

Sf. Gre^or-

Copper Plate Engravings.
The Old Ridingate.

NOTICES OR THE PRESS.

iBottccs of tljt }3ress of « ©antcrbum m ipe ©font vTime "
Jpi'rst 350Jtion.
"A volume attractive as well as useful."— Gentlemans Mana-ine
"Will be perused with deep interest by ail who care to know 'the
early history of one of our most ancient, cities."  Critic
"Everything that can be desired by the visitor to a city, every inch
of which is, to the antiquary, sacred ground."— Examiner.
" A vivid representation of our ancient city in past times."— Kent
Herald. " A pleasant gossiping little volume." — Notes and Queries.
"The work has a really fascinating attraction that prevented out
laying it down before we had read it through."-. Kentish Observer.
" One of the completest and most trustworthy accounts of " the
venerable and ancient city." — Inquirer.
"The Author is a loving son of the venerable city so rich in
historical associations and architectural beauty." — Weekly Dispatch.

2S» tlje Same Author.
"Village Bells," "Lady Gwendoline," and other Poems.* 2nd
Edition. " Atalauta," l: Winnie," and other Poems. 2nd Edition. Price 4s.
Knight and Co., Loudon.
"Amid the inanities of prosaic verse, which are constantly appearing,
Mr. Brent's unpretending volume stands out as an agreeable and readable
exception. 'Atalanta' shows real power of poetical and vivid de
scription, and also much pathos and feeling; and 'Winnie' is a
charming pastoral." — Saturday Review, 8th December, 1877.
"'Atalauta' is classical in many ways in its style and finish ; and if
it wants Keats' ' large utterance of tho gods,' still the attempt is every
way creditable to the poet." — Westminster Review, January, 1878.
" ' Atalanta' is graceful and beautiful, and will be read with pleasure
even by those who are acquainted with the noble poem on the same
theme in the ' Earthly Paradise' of Mr. Morris. ' Winnie' — a story of
English rural life — 'instinct with pathos, and rich in human interest." —
Liverpool Albion.
"'Winnie,' a vigorously conceived tale of English country life,
shrewdly representing its prejudices aud temptations, and on the whole
picturesque, and not devoid of interest. — The 'Sisters,' a Cinderella
like story, executed with good taste and felicitous eflect." — Pall Mall
Gazette. " Many of the verses are likely to be favourites with a large public."
— Sunday Times.
" We meet with many passages of great beauty. Mr. Brent's
'Atalanta' seems to come nearer to us than the same heroine, drawn
by Mr. Swinburne and Mr. Morris. There is more sympathy in his
* Now out of print.

30S CAXTEKBURY IN THE OLDEN TIME.
realization of the character. 'Marcia Lione' is a story of Italian life
and passion, dark, and almost weird in colouring, expressed in terse
and forcible language." — Westminster Chronicle.
" 'Atalanta' contains many passages of real excellence. The minor
poems are all graceful and charming." — 'Civil Service Review.
"Leaf by leaf the beautiful old myth is unfolded — (i.e. ' Atalauta').
Mr. Brent is elegant, fervid, pathetic. If he fails to fascinate, he
seldom fails to please, and his readers will find tenderness, simplicity,
unaffected ease and smooth diction in the pure little poems of Air.
Brent." — Morning Post.
" We find (in 'Atalanta') several passages which cannot fail to
attract the real lovers of poetry." — Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper.
"In some parts of 'Atalanta' Mr. Brent exhibits considerable force
aud power of description, and in 'Winnie' much pathos and depth of
feeling. Mr. Brent is evidently as good a poet as he is an antiquary,
and his present volume doe3 credit alike to his heart, his head, and
his pen." — The Reliquary, July, 1873.
" Mr. Brent need never be ashamed of his efforts in poetry ; he
may fairly lay claim to the 'poet's pen,' which is said to give —
' To airy nothing
'A local habitation and a name.' " — Kentish Observer.
': Air. Brent has an individuality of his own, felicity of expression,
and a delicacy of fancy that shows he is possessed of no small measure
of p.ietic feeling.". — South Eastern Gazette.
" ' Atalanta ' is full of exquisite passages of word painting ; ' Winnie '
is a simple tale told with great tenderness." — Nonconformist.
See also for favourable notices, Victoria Magazine, Kent Herald,
The Antiquary, <§c, &,c, fyc,

LIST OP SUBSCRIBERS.

Antiquaries, The Society of, London.
Ash, George, Esq., Barton Villas, Canterbury.
Adrnans, Mr. John, St. Dunstan's, Canterbury."
Brock, Wm., Esq., J.P., St. Geor-e's Place, Canterbury
Brock, C. P. Loftus, Esq., F.S.A., 37, Bedford Place, London
Bradstreet, The Rev. William, B.A., Theberton Rectory, Saxmundham,
Suffolk.
Brent, Samuel, Esq., Lee, Inspector-General of Customs.
Brent, Captain Thomas Lee, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. (2 copies).
Borroman, Mrs. J., Beckenham.
Barber, S. N., Esq., 174, Denmark Hill, Surrey.
Brent, Captain A., 10th Kent A. V., 7, Albert Street, Glo'ster Gate
(3 cojries).
Beer, A. J., Esq., St. Paul's Street, Canterbury (2 copies).
Beer, George, Esq., Barton Fields, Canterbury.
Brent, Cecil, Esq., F.S.A., 37, The Palace Grove, Bromley, Kent.
Bush, Mr. William, St. Duustan's, Canterbury.
Beard, Frederic, Esq., Horton, near Canterbury.
Burt, J. E., Esq., Lee, Inspector-General of Customs.
Bowen, Mr. R. M., Longport, Canterbury.
Blair, Robert, Esq., South Shields.
Brine, Mr. Thomas, 37, Vernon Place, Canterbury.
Brett, Mr. Stephen, 65, Castle Street, Canterbury.
Bayly, Robert, Esq., Torr Grove, Plymouth.
Beatson, Rev. A., M.A-, Hawk's Lane, Canterbury.
Bramah, Rev. J. W., Al. A., Davington Rectory, Faversham.
Bell, R. J., Esq., Dane John Place, Canterbury.
Bell, John, Esq., St. Margaret's Street, Canterbury.
Brent, Francis, Esq., Clarendon Place, Plymouth.
Couyngham, The most Noble the Marquess of, Bifrons, Kent.
Curtis, W. Kaylet, Esq., M.R.C.S., Burgate, Canterbury.
Cooper, T. S., Esq., J.P., Thanington House, Canterbury.
Cox, Joshua, Esq., Harbledown, Canterbury.
Curtis, Mrs., Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Coote, I-I. C, Esq., F.S.A., Wallwyn House, Richmond Road, Brompton.
Curtis, Rev. H. E., M.A., St. John's College, Cambridge.
Curtis, Rev. Edward, B.A., Metheringham Vicarage, Lincolnshire.
Cooper, J . R., Esq., High Street, Canterbury.
Carter, Mr. Stephen, Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Croasdill, Mrs., Westgate House, Canterbury.
Cowell, Edward, Esq., Hanover Place, Canterbury.
Cozens, Mr. Thomas Grant, Dover House, Old Dover Road, Canterbury.
Cole, Mrs., Wincheap Green, Canterbury.
Copping, Mr. James, Rose Hotel, Canterbury.
Cole, Mr. George, Castle Street, Canterbury.
Clements, Wm., Esq., St. Margaret's Street, Canterbury.
Cozens, W., Esq., Loudon and County Bank. Canterbury.

310 LIST OE SUEJJCEIEEUS.
Dover, The Right Rev. the Bishop of, Precincts, Canterbury.
Dean of Canterbury, The Very Rev. the, Deanery, Canterbury.
De-Vaynes, Miss, Updown, Margate (2 copies).
Dean and Chapter, The Library of the, Canterbury.
Dance, John, Esq., 1, Shakespeare Terrace, Canterbury.
Dering, Colonel George, J. P., Barham Court, Kent.
Dryden, Sir Henry, Bart., Canou's Ashly, By field, Northamptonshire.
Dowkcr, George, Esq., F.G.S., Stourmouth House, Wingham.
Delmar, Miss, Dagmar House, Dane John, Canterbury.
Dunn, Mr. Herbert, Mercery Lane, Canterbury.
Drury, J. G., Esq., J. P., St. Stephen's, Canterbury.
Dresden, J., Esq., F.S.A., Bromhead Park, Sheffield.
Evans, Johu, Esq., F.R.S., D.C.L., Hemel Hempstead.
Ellerbeck, J. J., Esq., 4, St. James' Road, Liverpool.
Freeman, T. A., Esq., M.R.C.S., Ethelbert House, Canterbury (2 cojties).
Furley, George, Esq., J.P., Barton Fields, Canterbury.
Frend, George R., Esq., St. George's Street, Canterbury (2 copies).
Fairbrass, F. W., Esq., Old Dover Road, Canterbury.
Flint and Sons, Messrs., St. Dunstan's Street, Canterbury.
Furley, Robert, Esq., F.S.A., Ashford.
Fill, R. Y., Esq., J.P., St. George's Place, Canterbury.
Fleming, J., Esq., Custom House, London.
Fetherstone, Mrs., Palace Street, Canterbury.
Gouiden, Charles, Esq., Mayor of Canterbury.
Grayling, John, Esq., M.D., Sittingbourne.
Gogarty, Dr., 6, Shakespeare Terrace, Canterbury.
Gaudy, Rev. R. N., M.A., St. Alphage, Canterbury.
Grant, Miss, Cleve House, Midford, near Bath.
Gouiden, H. J., Mr., Canterbury.
Gentry, Mr. Wallace, Broad Street, Canterbury (2 copies').
Groombridge, Win., Esq., St. George's Fields, Canterbury.
Gr. M. C, Mr.
G  . Mr.
Gambier, Thomas, Esq., M.R.C.S., Northumberland Terrace, Regent's
Park Road, London, N.W.
Harrison, The Venerable the Archdeacon, M.A., F.S.A., the Precincts,
Canterbury.
Huge sseu, The Right Honourable E. H, Kuatchbull, M.P., The Paddock,
Snieeth, Ashford (2 copies).
Hales, Miss, Hales' Place, Canterbury (3 copies).
Houiisell, I-I. Strang ways, Esq., M.D., The Larches, Torquay.
Hounsell, H. E., Esq., St. Andrewis Villas, Bridport.
Hussey, R. G, Esq., F.S.A., Church Hill House, Harbledown, .Canter-
Huxley, Rev. T. S., M.A., Keston Rectory, Beckenham. [bury.
Hemery, John, Esq., J.P., Barton Fields, Canterbury.
Hoare, Rev. A. &., M.A., Harbledown, Canterbury.
Hall, J. R., Esq., St. George's Place, Canterbury.
Hall, John Green, Esq., St. Margaret's Street, Canterbury.
Darker, Miss Caroline, Woodbury Lake, Stoke Newington.
Iluysho, Wentworth, Esq., 11, Alfred Place, Kensington, W.
Ilighatn, Philip, Esq., 11, Hawk's Lane, Canterbury.

LUST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 311
Haig, Mrs. C. R., 53, Cambridge Garden^, North Kensington
Hughes, Mrs., 149. High Street, Uamsgatp.
Harris, John, Esq., Hourah Villa, Belvedere, Kent.
" Jncognitus," Plymouth (5 copies).
Jacobs, Mayer, Esq., Mayor of Taunton.
J  , Mr.
Jones, F., Esq., London.
Kensington Museum, The Secretary of the Science and Art Department
Kingsford, Frederick, Esq., 26, Pelham Crescent, South Kensington!
Kingsford, Miss Selina, 26, Pelh-im Crescent, South Kensington"
Kedclle, J. D., Esq., Stone, Dart ford, Kent.
Kerslake, Thomas, Esq., 14, West Park, Bristol.
Library, The Royal, Buckingham Palace.
Library of the Corporation of the City of London.
Lochee, Alfred, Esq., M.D., Oaten Hill House, Canterbury.
Liverpool, The Free Public library, Liverpool.
Lepard, Rev. S. C, M.A., St. George's Place, Canterbury.
Lee, John Edward, Esq., F.S.A., Villa Syracuse, Torquay.
Linom, W. IL, Esq., St. Peter's, Canterbury.
Lee- Warner, Rev. G. B., M.A., Rectory House, Dane John, Canterbury
(2 copies).
Lambert, Mrs., Barden Park, Tunbridge.
Mac Queen, Lieut -General, James, J.P., Tintock House, Canterbury.
Mayer, Joseph, Esq., F.S.A., Liverpool.
Miall, Mrs., 19, Clarendon Place, Plymouth.
Museum, Library of the, Canterbury.
Mayo, Rev. F., M.A., Dane John Terrace, Canterbury (2 copies).
Money, Walter, Esq., F.S.A., Herborough House, Newbury.
Moore, Captain Powell, London.
McMasters, John, Esq., 22, Old Dover Road, Canterbury.
Moffat, Mrs., 62, Burgate Street, Canterbury. .
Masters, Dr. M. F., 4, Mount Avenue, Ealing, London.
May, Thomas, Mr., Castle Street, Canterbury.
Morgan, Thos., Esq., F.S.A., Side House, Palace Road, Streatham Hill,
M. B. [Newbury.
Monypenny, Major, St. Andrew's, Fife.
Mason, W., Esq., Parade, Canterbury.
Neale, James, Esq., F.S.A., Adelphi Terrace, London.
Norman, George Warde, Esq., Bromley Common, Kent.
Ouvry, Frederick, Esq., F.S.A., J.P., 12, Queen Ann Street, Cavendish
Olmstead, Dr. L. G., Fort Edward, New York. [Square, W.
Papillon, Rev. John, M.A., Lexden Rectory, Colchester.
Plummer, Major W., St. Augustine's, Canterbury.
Prowse, Mrs., 1 1, London Road, St. Dunstan's, Canterbury.
Puckle, Rev. Canon, M.A., Dover.
Pearson, Rev. G. C, ALA., Hopebourne, Canterbury.
Price, J. E., Esq., F.S.A., Albion Road, Stoke Newington.
Pembroke, G. P. Amos, Esq., Yew Trees, Wye, Kent.

;T12 ltst OE SUTISCRIEEES.
Powrll, Mrs., 69, Victoria Terrace, Canterbury.
Phi! pot, John, Esq.. The Limes, Ramsgate.
Pick ford, C. F., Esq.. Custom House.
Robertson, Rev. J. C, M.A., Canon of Canterbury, the Precincts,
Rigden, George, Esq., M.R.C.S., Burgate, Canterbury. [Canterbury.
Rigden, Airs., Burgate, Canterbury.
Reid, James, Esq., M.R.C.S., Bridge Street, Canterbury.
Rigden. H. II., Esq., 6, Houghton Place, Loudon.
Rigden', G. W., Esq., Taunton.
Ridden, William, Esq., 6, Rue Mogador, Paris.
Roos, William, Esq., Craven Cottage, Merton Road, Wandsworth.
Roots, F., Esq., Stamford House, Wincheap, Canterbury (3 copies).
Koutley, Air. John, Lansdown Road, Canterbury.
Robertson, Rev. Canon W. A. Scott, M.A., Whitehall, Sittingbourne.
IA -ves and Norman, Messrs., Westgate, Canterbury.
Rovi Hedge, Rev. C. F., M.A., Canterbury (2 enjnes).
Smith, Charles Roach, Esq , F.S.A., &c, Temple Place, Stroud.
Simmons, Major, Carlyon.
Stmkey, Robert, Esq.,"' Castle Street, Canterbury.
Nankey, Major H. T., E.K.R., Canterbury.
Sadler, H. G., Esq., M.R.C.S., Watling Street, Canterbury.
Slater, Frederick, Esq., F.G.S., Grays, Chislet, Canterbury.
Starr, John, Esq., Burgate, Canterbury.
Strettel, Rev. A. B., ALA., Old Dover Road, Canterbury.
Shoobridge, W. S., Esq., J.P., Albury Hall, Herts.
Sldebotham, Rev. J. S., M.A., Aymestry Vicarage, Kingsland.
Short, George, Esq., 90, Fleet Street, London (2 copies).
Tribe, John, Esq., J.P., Borstal Road, Rochester (2 copies).
Thorp, Rev. John Frederick, M.A., the Vicarage, Heme Hill, near
Faversham.
Thomas, Miss, Dane John Terrace, Canterbury.
Teulon, Miss Juliana, 32, Avington Grove, Pcnge, S.E.
Thomson, R. Edward, Esq., J.P., Kenfield Hall, Petham.
Vertue, Naunton I-L, Esq., Strawberry Vale, Teddington.
Venning, W. A., Esq., 2, Rosslyn Terrace, Hampstead, London.
Wightwick, T. N., Esq., Dane John Hou.,e, Canterbury.
WrAht, J. W. Z., Esq., J.P., Barton Fields, Canterbury.
Wyl'ie, W. AL, Esq., F.S.A., Blackwater, Hants.
Watson, John, Esq., M.R.C.S., Spring Vale, near Ryde.
V.'etherall, Alexander, Esq., Burgate Street, Canterbury.
Wilson, Airs., Tap ton Hall, Sheffield.
Wyatt, A. G., Esq., Mercery Lane, Canterbury.
Wilson, Mr. H. B., St. George's Place, Canterbury.
Woodliouse, T. J., Esq., Bridge Street, Fulham, S.W.
White, Rev. John (Exors.), Canterbury.
Weir, Penner, Esq., Custom House, Loudon.
Woodruff, C. IL, Esq., F.S.A., Wellington, Surrey. YALE
Wilt.-hier, Air. J. E., Hawk's Lane, Canterbury.
White, A.C., Esq., 36, Park Road, Hampstead.
Walker, Captain H. B., New Romney.

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