''; ) 1 \

\{\\ '- ,:. viy -rv, •¦¦¦ ¦ -¦¦-¦¦¦¦¦. -^\ • .¦'..¦.-iis-*..'
JUjV >"" ""-W'--\ ,.-':\v--: ¦¦'
vii? V. - jv>V\ - -¦vr.1-- '
'¦¦-¦¦ m^m.iWsk ¦¦¦¦¦ }tyw\-\*mfy,
¦>---V-v^^^^v-''-^:-----\:^ - f '¦¦'¦' 3
.. -A f" . - ¦¦ m Vfcj»>rvw^
¦ ^f^r-.,..:^ <'¦¦>• : ' ' A^'AAA-
¦::~Ar .-- V- ^>tA!Sst
. . .f Wjr. :5v ~^A'A-. ' , . V. ¦ j /r ¦<>/#«$

\ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ . 1 - S

PAWP -

->:.-'¦' !/l ::A^
'-¦¦¦'>. i ;-'--
-. .;-. --' '.- ta

* i > ¦

¦ .
¦ ! ' .
-¦' yv

.-.'•»'*<•>'>> -'--'.;

,. - -', V. -t-, ,...,./
« • . . v - - J'-..

'-"•¦¦'.

' *' * . / "tit?
lrtYYtir
¦mw-

....... ..,_•
¦¦ •¦ . ,',...a-V
-V. 4 ¦¦¦ ¦ >

•= * i£ iii ii.t.i iiA.44-£ir*& ekJtAiJa

t0ft*ll%*'?jS. II fjt*# * tir * lig.i

RECENT RECOLLECTIONS

OF THE

Anglo-American Church

IN THE

United States.

BY
AN ENGLISH LAYMAN,
FIVE YEARS RESIDENT IN THAT REPUBLIC.
Hfe^.-ry Colt; wall

" But as the funne ftill goes both weft and eaft;
So alfo did the Church by going weft
Still eaftward go : becaufe it drew more neare
To time and place where judgement fliall appeare." George Herbert.

In Two Volumes.
Vol. I.

LONDON :
RIVINGTONS, WATERLOO PLACE.
MDCCCLXI.

" The Church doth differ from other Societies in that it is Catholic or
Univerfal : it extends to all places and all times, and is not confined to the
people of any nation, or conditions of life." — Jones of Nayland.
" There can be for the friendflvip of nations as for that of individuals,
but one true, folid, permanent, univerfal bond, the bond which God has
appointed — communion in one Church. Even the Romans knew this.
And Chriftian England has learned this from America." — Sewell.

CONTENTS.

DedicationPreface .

CHAPTER I.
Introductory — Glance at the Early Hiftory of the Anglo-American
Church ..... ... i

CHAPTER II.
The Englifh Churchman in America — The Church in New York . 27
CHAPTER III.
The late Bifhop Wainwright — His active but brief Career — His Death
— Teftimonies to his Worth — Election of his SuccefTor . . 46
CHAPTER IV.
The Church Conventions — The American Bifhops — Attachment of
American Churchmen to the Church of England . . -74
A 2

iv Contents.

CHAPTER V. PAGE
Confecration of Bifhop Potter — His Character and Career . 96

CHAPTER VI.
Diocefe of New York — The Church Movement there — The
Churches in the City of New York  123

CHAPTER VII.
Model Miffion Chapel in New York — Its Influences and Example . 157
CHAPTER VIII.
Diocefe of New Jerfey — Character, Career, and Death of Bifhop
Doane ..... ... 205
CHAPTER IX.
Diocefes of Maryland, Virginia, TennefTee, Georgia, South Carolina,
Louifiana, Alabama, Illinois, and Iowa — The Miffiffippi — The
Mormons ....... . 250
CHAPTER X.
Afcent of the Miffiffippi — Minnefota— The Church among the
American Indians — Miffionary College of Nafhotah . . 285
Appendix ........ . 317

TO THE

Right Rev. Samuel Wilberforce^D.D.,
LORD BISHOP OF OXFORD,
&c. i£c. &c.

My Lord, It is with very great fatisfaction that I
avail myfelf of your kind permiflion to dedicate
this work to you, as a Bifhop of the Church of
England, who, more perhaps than any of your
Right Reverend Brethren, have always taken
a deep intereft in its important fubject, — im
portant, certainly, in itfelf, as that of England's
Daughter Church, and efpecially fo to us all
who are members of the Mother Church, upon
which its influences are fo likely, at fome time
or other, to re-acT: with fuch powerful effect.
The fact of your Lordfhip having written an
a 3

vi Dedication.
able Hiftory of the Anglo-American Church —
were there nothing more — would fufEciently
teftify to that deep intereft. This, however, is
but one of the many evidences that might be
adduced. And I believe there is no other
Englifh Bifhop who has fuch conftant intercourfe
with the American Bifhops and Clergy, or who
is fo ready, at all times, to give them the
benefit of his kindly communion and his valu
able counfel. Your fervices, my Lord, as the
Hiftorian of their Church, are warmly appre
ciated by the great body of the American Clergy,
who are naturally the moft competent judges of
the value of what you have done ; and in the
Preface to the American edition of your in
terefting Volume it is juftly obferved, that
" members of the Church in that country ought
to feel under great obligations to the diftin-
guifhed Prelate, who amidft fo many cares and
avocations has found time to compile fo valuable
a work." Thefe obligations to your Lordfhip
are the more apparent, when it is remembered
that they themfelves had not the fame means
of accefs to the records of thofe hiftorical facts
which elucidate their Church's annals, and which

Dedication. vii
it is important fhould be more extenfively known
among them. " In anfwer to the queftion, How
is it that the Hiftory of the Church in thefe
United States has been written by a Prelate of
the Church in England ? " it is remarked in the
fame place, "We may be anfwered, that the
opportunity afforded in England to confult the
works of the earlier writers upon America, and
the correfpondence of the earlier miffionaries to
America, has been embraced by the Author,
and moft laborioufly improved. He has brought
out many facts, and felected many very intereft
ing incidents, before generally unknown." Your
work, therefore, was, in that refpect, a con
tribution to their Church literature fuch as none
among themfelves could have found it eafy, if
even poffible, to furnifh ; while it muft natu
rally be more impartial in its defcriptions of the
character of thofe, their firft Bifhops and Clergy,
who were called upon to take prominent part in
their ecclefiaftical organization. In one by no
means inconfiderable portion of the American
Church, however, I found a ftrong prejudice
againft your Lordfhip's Hiftory, on account of
the fevere, but moft juft animadverfions it

viii Dedication.
contains on the fubject of Slavery. As the
work, more efpecially, of a Chriftian Prelate,
we in free and happy Chriftian England cannot
but regard fuch animadverfions thereon as not
only called for, but indifpenfable ; and you have
fhown a laudable anxiety, my Lord, to acquit
yourfelf, as it became you to do, faithfully and
fearleffly, in fternly denouncing the curfe of
Slavery among our Chriftian brethren of America,
and in folemnly afTuring them that it " is exactly
one of thofe evils of which the Church of Chrift
is the appointed healer ;" and that there, in that
weftern hemifphere, " fhe muft in His Name
rebuke the unclean fpirit," — otherwife, as you
truly add, " the fait of the earth has loft its
favour, and is given over, with all things around,
to the wafting of that utter and extreme cor
ruption which fhe fhould have arrefted." No
Chriftian Bifhop could well have faid lefs than
this on fuch a fubject. For a Bifhop, bear
ing the honoured name of Wilberforce, to have
fhrunk from fpeaking out on fuch a queftion
would have been a ftrange and fad anomaly,
as well as a grofs difregard and dereliction of
duty. And yet did your having uttered in its

Dedication. ix
pages fuch truly Chriftian fentiments moft effec
tually prohibit the circulation of even the Ame
rican edition of your valuable work in the
Southern States. I do not know what might
have been the confequence of a copy of it being
difcovered even in the private library of any
clergyman there, — were there any one having
fufficient fympathy with your Chriftian feelings
reflecting that " fore evil " to have induced him
to pofTefs it. But of this I am quite fure, from
what I myfelf have feen and known, that had
any bookfeller dared to expofe it for fale in
Virginia, or Alabama, or the Carolinas, or
Louifiana, — or, I am afraid, in even, in fome re-
fpects, more enlightened and lefs infatuated
Maryland, — he would foon have been ordered
to pack up and begone; and had he refufed
or hefitated, would to a certainty have been
either "lynched," or "tarred and feathered,"
as fummarily and favagely as they are wont fo
to do.
Events are now taking place in the American
republic, which may not improbably, in no long
procefs of time, produce a happy revulfion of
feeling there, on this moft miferable fubject of

x Dedication.
Slavery. Certainly thofe events are moft fignally
verifying your Lordfhip's own obfervation, that
" never, in the hiftory of any people, was the
righteous retribution of the holy and living God
more diftinctly marked than in the manifold
evils which now trouble America for her treat
ment of the African race," — one of thofe ob-
fervations, however, which, even in the Northern
States, there have hitherto been too many, as
I have often found, both among the clergy and
laity, ready to fcout as " fanaticifm ;" although
paffing events muft have flafhed irrefiftible
conviction on many a thoughtful mind of their
truth and fobernefs.
But, apart from all this, my Lord, the op
portunities I have had of learning the opinion
entertained of our Englifh Hierarchy by Ame
rican Churchmen have fo well affured me of
the high eftimation in which you, in particular,
are held, as a Bifhop of their Mother Church ;
and the intercourfe I have had with them has
furnifhed me with fo many evidences of the
happy influence of your example among their
own Bifhops and Clergy; that they, at any
rate, muft feel very fenfibly the peculiar pro-

Dedication. xi
priety of the dedication of fuch a work as this
to you.With the moft grateful acknowledgments,
therefore, of the honour you have done me,
I remain, my Lord,
Your Lordfhip's obliged and faithful Servant,
The Author.
London, Whitfuntide, 1861.

PREFACE.

It is by no means unimportant that Englifh-
men of the prefent day fhould have correct
ideas of that already large and vigorous branch
of the Church Catholic which was planted by
their forefathers on the American Continent,
and which is now to be regarded as the Anglo-
American Church in the United States.
Its claim to be confidered the Anglo-Ameri
can Church can be fully fubftantiated by the
facts of its hiftory, its organization, and its
polity ; and this claim has been ftrongly infifted
upon, and clearly eftablifhed, by fome of the
moft able and learned of its own divines.
Among others, Dr. Wilfon, Profeffor of Moral
and Intellectual Philofophy, and of Hiftory, in
Geneva College, in the Diocefe of Weftern
New York, who, in a moft interefting work,
entitled The Church identified by a Reference to
r}~ vol. i. a

xiv Preface.
the Hiftory of its Origin, Perpetuation, and Ex
tenfion into the United States, moft forcibly fhows
it to be not only a veritable off-fhoot of the
Church of England, but the very branch of
the one Catholic and Apoftolic Church which
was firft planted in North America. He points
out that the firft fettlement made by any Chrif
tian people within the portion of the continent
which fubfequently became the United States
of America, was at Jameftown, in Virginia, in
1607. Earlier attempts had been made, but
they all came to nothing. The fettlers, he
ftates, were members of the Englifh branch
of the Church Catholic; and they came into
a country (the Englifh poffeffions of North
America) at that time unoccupied by any other
branch of the Church, — fome of them being
miffionaries, as well as colonifts, from the Church
of England, came with the concurrence and ap
probation of that Church ; and, for the time
being, under its foftering care, for the purpofe
of eftablifhing " the true Word and Service of
God." And thus, as Dr. Wilfon juftly con
cludes, " in the moft general view — confidering
this Weftern continent an unoccupied country
— we find that the commencement of thefe
Englifh miffionaries was fuch as to identify their
communion with the Englifh Church, and was

Preface. xv
no violation of the rights or claims of any other
branch of the Church." The country was at
that time a part of the Englifh dominions, —
was, as a domain, a part of England, as much
fo as though it had been within the Britifh
Ifles themfelves. " Hither," continues the fame
American writer, " Englifhmen might come and
fettle, with all the rights and privileges of Eng
lifhmen, fubject to the laws of England, and
entitled to claim her protection. The right to
bring their religion and the peculiarities of their
worfhip with them, will not therefore be quef-
tioned. And as thefe colonies were a part of
the Englifh dominions, fo alfo thofe members
of the Englifh Church, who came hither, did
not lofe their memberfhip, or transfer it to
another communion, by their removal. They
were part of the Englifh Church ftill."
And fo it came to pafs, as the colonization
of North America by the Englifh proceeded
and extended. The Englifh Church ftill took
a fort of charge, though a very imperfect one,
of its children in the colonies. They were
under the diocefan fupervifion — fuch as it was —
of the Bifhop of London.
Then came the revolution. The Indepen
dence of America was declared in 1776, and
peace reftored, by the acknowledgment of its
a 2

xvi Preface.
feparate national exiftence, in 1783. Up to
that time it was part of the Englifh dominions
and dependencies. And when it ceafed fo to
be, — when the connexion with the mother coun
try was fevered, — the Church which Englifhmen
had planted became fevered alfo.
They had the Church; but it had now, for
the firft time, been driven to affume an inde
pendent exiftence. It required, therefore, a
feparate organization. It needed, firft of all,
the Epifcopate. They well knew that, to be
a true branch of the Apoftolic Church, it muft
fecure the rightful Apoftolic Succeffion. And
this they loft no time in accomplifhing, by fend
ing the requifite number of their clergy to
England, to have them confecrated Bifhops by
Prelates of the Mother Church of England.
In their firft General Convention it was fettled,
as the bafis of their Church organization, that
" the fucceffion of the Miniftry be agreeable to
the ufage which requireth the three Orders, —
Bifhops, Priefts, and Deacons ;" and that " the
doctrines of the Gofpel be maintained as now
profeffed by the Church of England, and uni
formity of worfhip continued, as near as may
be, to the Liturgy of the Church of England."
In all their preliminary proceedings, their
Church was fpoken of as an already exifting

Preface. xvii
body, — not as one that was to be then origi
nated, or eftablifhed for the firft time, but only
to be re-organized, and fitted for its now inde
pendent exiftence. The very Preamble of the
Conftitution recognized the fame fact, declaring
that, " Whereas, in the courfe of Divine Provi
dence, the Proteftant Epifcopal Church in the
United States of America is become indepen
dent of all foreign authority," &c. And it was
ftill more emphatically exprefTed by the Con
vention, in their Addrefs to the Englifh Arch-
bifhops and Bifhops, praying them to confer
that continuity of the Apoftolic Succeffion on
their Church, in its new and feparate exiftence,
which was a great Catholic element of their own
time-honoured branch, — the communication of
thofe minifterial powers which can only come
from one fource, the Great Head of the Church
Himfelf; and without which, they were well
convinced, fince they could have no validity in
their Holy Orders, they could hold no legiti
mate or rightful pofition in His Church. " Our
fathers," they fay, " when they left the land of
their nativity, did not leave the bofom of that
Church over which your Lordfhips now prefide,
but, as well from a veneration for Epifcopal
government, as from an attachment to the ad
mirable Services of our Liturgy, continued in
a 3

xviii Preface.
willing connexion with their Ecclefiaftical Supe
riors in England, and were fubjected to many
inconveniences rather than break the unity of
the Church to which they belonged." And,
they add, " When it pleafed the Supreme Ruler
of the Univerfe, that this part of the Britifh
Empire fhould be free, fovereign, and indepen
dent, it became the moft important concern of
the members of our communion to provide for
its continuance," — the continuance, that is, of
the Anglo-Catholic Church in their land, al
though henceforth as a feparate branch of the
fame. This, by the Mother Church of Eng
land, was duly provided. And hence is it, with
reafon and fairnefs, argued by American Church
men themfelves, that " the fact that the Englifh
Church confecrated for them the number of
Bifhops required by the univerfal practice of
the Church, to conftitute an independent Pro
vincial branch, is a proof that they acknowledged
the Proteftant Epifcopal Church in this country
as a part of their own communion."
Very juft and appofite, therefore, is the
remark of the Bifhop of Oxford, that " few
fubjects can be more full of intereft to members
of the Church of England than the hiftory of
the Church in America. Indeed, the Church in
every daughter nation," he adds, "has large

Preface. xix
claims on the mother ftate ; and other circum
ftances here combine to ftrengthen the ftrait
bands of Chriftian love '." Nor has that intereft
been by any means impaired by time ; on the
contrary, time has only ferved to increafe it,
and circumftances are ftill continuing to arife
which cannot but caufe that Chriftian love to
expand. We are really very intimately mem
bers of the fame " Houfehold of Faith ; " not only
belonging alike, as we do, to the One Catholic
and Apoftolic Church, but theirs being a veritable
and found offset of the pure reformed branch
of it eftablifhed in thefe realms — their doctrine
and polity, no lefs than their language and
liturgy, being fubftantially one and the fame
with ours. In thofe neceffary alterations that
have had to be made, the difclaimer has been
folemnly recorded, that " the American Church
was far from intending to depart from the
Church of England in any effential point of
doctrine, difcipline, or worfhip ; or further than
local circumftances required."
But another reafon is adduced, and one fcarcely
lefs conftraining. " Our long neglect of our
bounden duty, followed as it has been by God's
merciful acceptance of our lateft fervice, may
1 A Hiftory of the Church in America. By Samuel, Lord Bifhop of
Oxford.

xx Preface.
well call out our affection for this child of our
old age 2." So, indeed, it may. And ftill more
may it awaken our anxiety as to the practical re
fults of that fervice, and thereby of the ftrength-
ened and fanctified claims on our affection.
And, yet again. " Full of intereft is it," alfo
adds the Bifhop of Oxford, " to watch the up
growth of fuch a body amongft inftitutions fo
unlike our own; to note its various nourifh-
ment and well-proportioned increafe in the
weftern wildernefs into which it has been given
wings to fly. And fuch a narrative is full of
inftruction." Yet is it impoffible fully to realize all this by
any formal hiftory, however ably compiled.
That " upgrowth " muft be illuftrated, as well
as defcribed. Full of inftruction, doubtlefs, the
narrative itfelf is. But to derive all the benefit
which fuch a leffon is capable of imparting, they
who read it muft be made acquainted alfo with
fome of the practical details, not only of the
progrefs of the Church, but of the development
of its principles, and the direction of its opera
tions. Nor is it lefs interefting or important to learn,
from its actual life, and its influences, moral and
a A Hiftory of the Church in America. By Samuel, Lord Bifhop of
Oxford.

Preface. xxi
focial, as well as religious, what is now its
feeling and its attitude towards the Mother
Church, — what is the regard in which they are
held who come to it from the old country as
fons and daughters of the Church, and there
fore as brethren, though yet foreigners, as well
as " ftrangers and pilgrims."
And there is at this moment ftill another con
fideration of efpecial intereft. We have witneffed
within the laft few years a great and glorious
revival, both of the religious life and the great
Catholic element of that life, in the Church of
England. And well may Englifh Churchmen
be interefted and anxious to know if the reno
vating and vitalizing movement has reached the
Daughter Church in America ; and if it has, to
what extent, and with what effect, it can have
operated in fuch a Church, and under inftitutions,
political and focial, "fo unlike our own."
Highly instructive muft it be to Englifh Church
men to learn all this. And if they find that,
whether as it refpects Catholic doctrine, Church
difcipline, or Church ritualifm — or all thofe
Ecclefiological means and appliances ever deemed
requifite to the Catholic fyftem — not only has
that great movement found its way into the
American Church, and is extending and develop
ing its influences there, but is enabling that

xxii Preface.
Church, by the reality it enforces, to meet the
growing neceffities of its peculiar pofition, and
to be that bountiful difpenfer of fpiritual life
to the people which the Church of Chrift was
defigned to be, in a manner, and with a fuccefs,
it had never had the ability to be before, — then,
affuredly, a leffon will be taught to them all —
clergy and laity alike — which it cannot but
concern their Church's as well as their own
individual interefts to mark and learn with
ferious attention.
There is reafon to believe, moreover, that
perhaps at no very diftant day the Church
of England may receive a powerful and valuable
reactionary influence from the Church in America.
It is already apparent that there are fewer
obftacles in that republic than there are found
to be in this kingdom, to the growth and de
velopment of the Church, in all its moft Catholic
attributes and afpects, — owing, no doubt, to
the prevalence there of more real religious
toleration, as well as to the entire freedom of
the Church from State interference or control.
And the general effect of fuch an influence will
not only be interefting to Englifh Churchmen,
but may afford them important advantages in
their own ftruggles for the maintenance of
Catholic Truth.

Preface. xxiii
The author of thefe pages, by a refidence of
about five years in the United States, and
journeyings over fome fix or feven thoufand
miles of their territory, during which he was
brought into clofe and conftant intercourfe with
many of the Bifhops and Clergy of the Anglo-
American Church, gained opportunities of be
coming acquainted with its real condition and
practical working fuch as perhaps but few
Englifh laymen have ever enjoyed. He alfo
devoted more attention than moft Englifh
travellers in America have had the leifure and
means of doing, to the great queftion of Edu
cation in that republic, — and more particularly
as to the Church's duty and conduct therein.
It has been thought more confiftent with the
character and object of the prefent work, how
ever, to confine his Recollections on this fubject
to its immediate connexion with the Church ;
although in doing this there is no flight ad
vantage in having acquired a more general
knowledge of the queftion, as well as in having
perfonally examined it under its direction by the
Church.

RECENT RECOLLECTIONS, &c.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.

Glance at the Early Hiftory of the Anglo-American Church — England's
NegleB of her North American Colonies — Their Religious Interefts provided
for only by the Society for the Propagation of the Gofpel — S^ueen Anne's
Donations — No proper Church Organization until after the Revolution —
The Revolutionary War a Confequence of this — American Churchmen them
felves repaired the NegleB -when their Country became independent — Their
Courfe of Proceeding— Epifcopal Confecration refufed by the Englifh Church
— Obtained from the Scotch — Subfequently granted by England— Conftitu
tion of the Church arranged — Englifh Prayer Book revifed and adopted —
Growth of the Church — Alterations in the Prayer Book fpecified — Some of
them now deeply regretted — Anxiety to maintain the Catholic Continuity of
the Church.
ALTHOUGH this little work will make
no pretenfions to be a Hiftory of the
Anglo-American Church, it may not be amifs
to introduce the fubject by a brief retrofpect of
the organization and progrefs of that branch
of the Church Catholic to which it relates.
VOL. I. B

2 Introductory.
This will remind us of what otherwife we would
be apt to forget, and the remembrance of which
is very important to a right underftanding, and
a due appreciation of the cafe.
The Church in the United States is Anglo-
American, not only becaufe it originated with
Englifh colonifts in America, but becaufe they
were only enabled to originate it through the
miffionary efforts of Englifh Churchmen; and,
ftill more, becaufe, from the firft, the Book of
Common Prayer and Adminiftration of the Sa
craments and other Rites and Ceremonies of the
Church, which was adopted, was fubftantially
that of the Church of England, including her
Catechifm, and her Articles of Religion ; and,
eventually, for the completion of her organiza
tion, as a feparate branch of the Church Uni
verfal, becaufe fhe obtained her Epifcopacy
through the Anglican Succeffion.
It was not, however, to the Church of England
herfelf, immediately, that the Church in the
United States was indebted, in the firft inftance,
for its exiftence, but rather to certain of her
members, who had formed themfelves into the
Society for the Propagation of the Gofpel in
Foreign Parts. Neither the State nor the
Church of England, as fuch, appeared at that
time to take much thought about the religious

Introductory. 3
wants of the Colonies. England fent forth
large bodies of her people to various parts of
the world; but, though a Chriftian realm,. and
poffeffing an Eftablifhed Church, fhe gave little
heed to their higheft interefts as Chriftians, made
no provifion for their duties as Englifh Church
men. One might have thought that the Church
herfelf would have feen to it, as certainly it was
her bounden duty to have done. But, in that
day, the Church would feem to have been almoft
as indifferent as the State about any fuch necef
fity. The State held her clofely confined, it is
true, within its cold Eraftian embrace. She was
made not only the creature of the State, but
its creature cramped by worldly regards, and
paralyzed by political expediencies. And the
worft of it was, that fhe herfelf was too content
to have it fo. Not but that there were many
honourable individual exceptions to the too
general religious apathy and unconcern ; and but
for thefe and their affociations, as the Society
alluded to above, — including, along with many
of the Bifhops and Clergy, feveral of the more
influential of the laity of that day, — our then
North American colonies would have been utterly
deftitute of any of the Church's miniftrations
whatever. Still the Church herfelf can fcarcely
be faid to have had any real exiftence there,
b 2

4 Introductory.
whilft the country was under the dominion of
England. Mainly, if not wholly, through the
inftrumentality of this Society, congregations were
formed in various places, and the clergy minifter-
ing to them, who had been fent out, and were
principally maintained by the Society, were under
the Epifcopal fuperintendence of the Bifhop of
London. Here and there grants of land from the
Crown of England were made for religious pur
pofes. New York obtained a grant of this kind,
out of which Trinity Church, in that city, was
eftablifhed, and has been fuftained. Queen Anne
gave communion plate and altar cloths to two
or three churches1; but the State of England,
as fuch, did nothing. The grant to Trinity
Church, New York, was made by the governor
of the province, and confifted of a tract of land,
called the Queen's Farm. This was in the reign
of Queen Anne. And Her Majefty's bounties
were entirely her own, not the country's.
England — Chriftian England — was peopling her
North American colonies with heathens ! No
wonder that Bifhop Berkeley fhould have had
to remark, that " there was little fenfe of reli
gion, and a moft notorious corruption of manners
in the Englifh colonies fettled in the continent
of America," — Bifhop Berkeley, who, before his
occupation of the Irifh bifhopric of Cloyne, him-

Introductory . 5
felf projected a noble defign for the converfion
of the North American favages; and, during
his temporary refidence in New England, did
much, both by precept and example, to promote
Chriftian knowledge, and revive Chriftian life
among the people. Every account we have of
the moral and focial character and condition of
the American colonifts at that day tefbifies to
the crying want there was for the miniftrations
of the Church among them ; and the Society for
the Propagation of the Gofpel was alive to that
want, although neither Church nor State, as
fuch, fhowed any concern about it. As the
Bifhop of Oxford, in his Hiftory of the American
Church, has truly obferved, " To fupply the
fpiritual neceffities of their own fons and daugh
ters, the Society addreffed itfelf with zeal ; and
much, under God's bleffing, they accomplifhed
in various quarters. Their choice was guided
to many fit and zealous inftruments for the per
formance of this holy work. They fent out
clergy, fixed and itinerating, to all the diftricts.
Many a foul had caufe to blefs God for the
labours of thefe men, who, whether they went
into the total darknefs which had fettled down
in many diftricts, or preached to the c Foxian
Quakers,' who, in their zeal for the 'teaching
of the inward light,' were faft lofing all remains
B 3

6 Introductory.
of Chriftianity, or, amongft the New Englanders,
who ' confifted chiefly of fectaries of many deno
minations, too many of whom had worn off a
ferious fenfe of all religion ',' alike gathered in
fome converts to the fold. They were, indeed,
in labours abundant."
Still there was no exiftence of the Church in
its Catholic and Apoftolic organization ; and the
confequence was, that the Chriftianity of the
Church feemed to have loft its fubjugating and
retentive influences. A fort of congregationalifm
was eftablifhed in various places, through the
inftrumentality of the Englifh miffionary clergy.
But it was not the Church, — it was not that
divinely ordained means by which Chrift's king
dom is, here on earth, to be eftablifhed and
maintained. It was not the flighteft image of
the Catholic Church. It could not be expected,
therefore, to take deep root in fo uncongenial a
foil, and to fpread its branches abroad for the
fpiritual fhelter of the people, and prefent its
leaves in all their fpiritual efficacy " for the heal
ing of the nations." Infidelity, and herefy, and
fchifm prevailed in all directions, mainly tranf
mitted from the mother country, and growing
ranker, and fpreading wider by their being
1 Bifhop Berkeley's Sermon before the Society for the Propagation of
the Gofpel.

Introductory. 7
tranfplanted. But the -Church of the mother
country fent forth no counteracting influences
that could poffibly be available; becaufe fhe
did not fend that only form of Chriftianity which
embodies pofitive external Chriftian law. That
Church, which is at once the witnefs and keeper
of God's Word, and the pillar and ground of
His Truth, was not yet there in its Apoftolic
organization, and its divine power. England's
mode of extending the Gofpel difpenfation was
very different from that of thofe, who, in former
times, had gone forth with that noble aim in
the power of Chrift's truth. As the Bifhop of
Oxford again very forcibly remarks, in his
work already quoted, " We fent out individual
teachers, with no common bond of vifible unity,
no directing head, no power of ordaining ; we
maintained them there like the garrifon of a
foreign Church ; and the confequence was what
might have been foretold, — the Church lan-
guifhed, and almoft pined away. To this fault
the religious evils of that land may be directly
traced. Throughout the northern colonies the
fcattered miffionaries, whom the venerable So
ciety fent out and paid, — who had no connexion
with each other, no common head, and no co
operation in their work, — were the reprefenta-
tives of the body of foreigners acrofs the ocean

8 Introductory.
who directed and fupported them. And even
in the fouthern colonies, where the Church
was eftablifhed with provincial endowments, the
want of bifhops produced the fame effect."
Deeply did the clergy feel fo radical a defect
as this in the ecclefiaftical organization they were
vainly attempting to fuftain ; and moving, often
times, were their appeals to the mother Church
to repair it, and no longer leave them fo fadly
unprovided for their minifterial charge.
It is the only too juft remark of another of
our diftinguifhed Englifh divines, that " to
plant in defert and favage regions the germs of
organized polities, which may grow up into fair
and ftately kingdoms, like trees by the water-
fide ; to commit to them the true faith, and
the true Church of Chrift, that they may nurfe
and fpread the Gofpel in the more diftant lands,
and evangelize the heathen and the favage ; to
fee them fpringing up in her own image of good
nefs, reverencing her as the parent of their
fpiritual, as of their civil life, — gathering round
to fupport her in her trials, and claiming their
deferved independence as foon as they are arrived
at maturity, yet never lofing their love and duty,
and union in one Church and Lord, — this, the
grand pride and work of nations, in the full
overflowing luxuriance of their wealth and

Introductory. q
ftrength, feems fcarcely to have been dreamed of
by the governments which have fuperintended
the colonizations of Great Britain2." Certainly,
fuch a policy and a duty was apparently never
dreamt of in the colonization of North America
by Great Britain. And Great Britain foon
reaped the fruit of it in rebellion and revolt.
I heard it from the lips of an American bifhop,
in an Englifh pulpit3, long before I vifited
America, that had the Englifh Church but been
allowed by the State to do her duty to our
tranfatlantic colonies, Great Britain would never
have loft thofe valuable poffeffions under fuch
humiliating circumftances as fhe did ; and I have
fince feen much in my perfonal intercourfe with
American Churchmen to give countenance to
that opinion. Moft true is the melancholy re
flection with which the Bifhop of Oxford reviews
the revolutionary war in America, — the reflection
that it was the confequence of the Church not
having been planted there. " It is impoffible,"
he well obferves, " to clofe the fcene without
reflecting how different it might have been, if the
mother country had long before faithfully efta
blifhed the ftrong bond of a true community of
faith between herfelf and her colonies. Thofe
2 Sewell's Chriftian Polities.
3 Bifhop Doane at the confecration of Leeds Parifh Church.

10 Introductory.
whofe minds the Church, weak as fhe was, had
leavened, were by her healing influence kept
loyal in the day of trial. What might not have
been the confequence if, inftead of fpreading
divifion freely in that land, and keeping her
maimed and impotent, we had, with a true faith
in God, planted her amongft our weftern children
in her ftrength and beauty ! The colonies might
now, perhaps, have been as much an independent
nation ; but they might have reached this ftate
by a gradual progrefs to natural maturity ; their
youthful affections might never have been torn
from us ; and England, America, and the world
might have been fpared thofe bitter fufferings
with which they have been vifited in the war of
independence, and its clear confequence, the
French Revolution. But this the intrigues of
party ftatefmen had prevented. In vain the
Church at home protefted ; in vain America
fent, year after year, her fupplications for the
boon : at one time their mutual fufpicions ; at
another, fears of ftr,engthening the Church at
home ; the hope, at another, of securing the
fupport of fchifmatics in England or the colo
nies, — led thefe men to weave otherwife their
fine-fpun webs of cunning policy. Thus the
caufe of God was flighted : all feemed to profper
for a while ; but the day of retribution came ;

Introductory . 1 1
and furely that hour of mortal ftruggle, clofed
by the fudden lofs of thofe great fettlements,
was intended to teach England that her vaft
colonial empire was a truft from God ; and that
if fhe would not ufe it for His glory, it fhould
wither in her grafp V
But what England, to her fhame and her
coft, failed to do, American Churchmen them
felves at once did, as foon as ever their country
was fairly fet free from Englifh rule. The
Church, let it be repeated, had no proper exift
ence in our American colonies before the Ame
rican Revolution. The firft ftep taken for the
organization of the Church was immediately
after the revolutionary war, in May, 1784, at
a meeting of certain of the clergy of the States
of New York, New Jerfey, and Pennfylvania.
A general union of the Church communities
throughout the States was difcuffed, and another
meeting for effecting this object was arranged
to be held in the month of October following.
This meeting was one of voluntary delegates
from eight of the principal States. They were
not vefted with powers adequate to the prefent
exigencies of the Church, — if with any powers
at all, ftrictly fpeaking, — but they agreed with
great unanimity on certain leading principles of
4 Hiftory of the American Church. By the Bifhop of Oxford.

1 2 Introductory .
union which they recommended to the adoption
of their brethren in the feveral States, as the
bafis on which an ecclefiaftical organization fhould
be formed, and which has happily ever fince
been fubftantially and fuccefffully maintained.
Thofe principles, or moft of them, were then
embodied in the following refolutions : —
" i. That there fhould be a general conven
tion of the Epifcopal Church in the United
States of America.
" 2. That the Epifcopal Church in each State
fhould fend deputies to the convention, confifting
of clergy and laity.
" 3. That the faid Church fhall maintain the
doctrines of the Gofpel, as now held by the
Church of England, and adhere to the Liturgy
of the faid Church fo far as fhall be confiftent
with the American Revolution, and the con-
ftitutions of the feveral States.
" 4. That in every State where there fhall be
a bifhop duly confecrated and fettled, he fhall
be confidered as a member of the convention
ex officio.
" 5. That the clergy and laity affembled in
convention fhall deliberate in one body, but
fhall vote feparately; and the concurrence of
both fhall be neceffary to give validity to every
meafure.

Introductory. 13
"6. That the firft meeting of the. convention
fhall be in Philadelphia, the Tuefday before the
Feaft of St. Michael next."
No better courfe than this, under the cir
cumftances, could well have been devifed. Their
cafe was an extraordinary one. The Mother
Church had given them no Epifcopate, and there
were therefore no heads to hold the fcattered
limbs together. There was already in the feveral
States a pretty numerous Anglican Church com
munion ; but it wanted that bond of union and
perfectnefs which could only be fecured by the
unity and authority of Epifcopal concurrence
and jurifdiction. That fome meafures for which
no precedent, perhaps, exifted fhould thus have
been forced upon them, was one direct con
fequence of England's own neglect.
One of the Eaftern States had, however,
already moved, of its own accord, in the direction
of the Epifcopate, confidering it, no doubt, a
matter of primary confideration. They juftly
efteemed it their firft duty to fecure the fpiritual
authority of a bifhop, as effential to their right
ful pofition as a Church. But they did not on
this account altogether refufe to co-operate with
their brethren in the other States. They fent a
delegate to the convention which framed thofe
refolutions, who concurred in their adoption.
vol. 1. c

14 Introductory.
At the fame time there is reafon to believe that
they had no great confidence in the orthodoxy
of the South, and that therefore it was beft to
look to their own fafety. The clergy of the
State, as foon as poffible after peace was even
partially reftored, met in voluntary convention,
and elected Dr. Samuel Seabury, formerly a
miffionary of the Gofpel Propagation Society,
to be their Bifhop ; and ere the Britifh troops
had evacuated New York, the Bifhop elect had
embarked for England to feek confecration from
the Epifcopate of the Mother Church. But he
did fo in vain. From motives partly political,
and partly of apprehenfion as to the confe-
quences in the American Church herfelf under
her imperfect organization at that time, the
Archbifhop of York, to whom he firft applied
(the fee of Canterbury being vacant), did not
dare to entertain the propofal ; and, of courfe,
no other Englifh prelate would in fuch a cafe
have the temerity to do fo. Dr. Seabury there
upon had recourfe to the Church in Scotland,
where the true fucceffion, anciently derived from
that of England, was carefully preferved; and
there, after due confideration of the important,
and, at firft, ftartling application, in the month
of November, 1784, the firft American bifhop
was confecrated by three Scottifh bifhops, — thofe

Introductory . 1 5
of Aberdeen, Rofs, a*id Moray, — their whole
Epifcopal College, at that time, confifting of
only four.
Bifhop Seabury immediately returned home,
and entered at once upon fuch of the duties of
his infant diocefe as the ftill crude ftate of the
Church permitted him to undertake. Soon
afterwards the firft general convention was held
in Philadelphia, to which feven of the thirteen
States fent delegates. At this meeting, as well
as taking meafures for a neceffary revifal and
formal adoption of the Prayer Book, for fettling
the articles of union, and the framing of an
ecclefiaftical conftitution, it was determined to
make a more vigorous effort to obtain an Epif
copate direct from the Church of England.
Not that there was any reafon to queftion the
validity of Bifhop Seabury 's confecration. But
as well as the fucceffion direct through England
being upon the whole more fatiffactory, it was
neceffary for the increafe of their own Epifcopacy
that they fhould have at leaft three native bifhops
in referve. After fome correfpondence with the
Archbifhops and Bifhops of England, — in which
objections were raifed to certain changes pro
pofed in the Liturgy, which in confequence were
relinquifhed, — confent was at length given to
the confecration of two or more American bifhops
c 2

1 6 Introductory .
by the Englifh Epifcopate; and Dr. Provooft
having been elected Bifhop of New York, and
Dr. White Bifhop of Pennfylvania, they imme
diately proceeded to England, and were con
fecrated at Lambeth in the month of February,
1787. About three years afterwards, in 1790,
Dr. Madifon having been elected Bifhop of
Virginia, alfo proceeded to England for con
fecration, which he alfo received at Lambeth from
the fame archbifhop (the Moft Reverend John
Moore), who had already imparted the Apoftolic
commiffion to his two right reverend brethren of
New York and Pennfylvania. The American
Church had now fecured four bifhops of the true
fucceffion from the old country, and was in
poffeffion, therefore, of all that was neceffary
for the continuation and extenfion of her own
Epifcopacy. It is not only moft fatiffactory, but moft
gratifying to obferve this confcientious care and
concern for a true Epifcopate in this tranfatlantic
Church. They could not have had a duly
organized Church without it. Her rulers could
never have proved their divine authority to
govern the Churches over which they were ap
pointed to prefide, — or, indeed, to perform any
minifterial act, — without that Apoftolical Suc
ceffion with which they had now become invefted,

Introductory . 1 7
and to fecure which thefe firft bifhops had been
content to traverfe and retraverfe thoufands of
miles of ftormy ocean, and expofe themfelves
to all the difcomforts and the dangers which
unavoidably appertained to fuch long voyages
as in thofe days were common between Europe
and America. They recognized, moreover, in
what they then did the indifpenfable neceffity of
the Apoftolical Succeffion of the miniftry, to the
right adminiftration of the Holy Sacraments.
They could not, indeed, have adopted the
Englifh Prayer Book without fuch a recogni
tion ; as in their adoption of it, let the reader
underftand, they have not excluded its Confecra
tion and Ordination Services, in which a divine
authority is afferted, which could only come,
through fuch fucceffion, direct from Chrift
Himfelf. With their Epifcopacy thus duly and legiti
mately formed, other General Conventions were
held, by which the conftitution of the Church was
fomewhat remodelled; and a thorough union
having happily been effected with Bifhop Seabury
and the northern clergy, the final revifion of
the Prayer Book was accomplifhed, and their
whole ecclefiaftical organization completed, and
fet in full operation, with a profpect of its being
confolidated and perpetuated, that has fo far
c 3

1 8 Introductory .
been thoroughly and happily realized. Before
the clofe of the laft century — that is, in about ten
years — the number of bifhops had been doubled ;
and in little more than the firft quarter of the
prefent century their augmented number was
doubled again. Tne following abftract of the
prefent ftatiftics of the Church, as they are given
in detail in the Journal of the laft General Con
vention, will fhow how great has been her pro
grefs during the laft twenty-five years : —

i835.

i859

Diocefes

22
33
Bifhops
16
43
Clergy 
763
2,065
Parishes
590
2,120
Communicants
36
,416
139,611
Domeftic Miffion Stations
30
150
Miffionaries and Teachers
at Foreign
Miffion Stations
. . • •
00
72
It further appears, with refpect to her pecu
niary refources, that " the whole amount con
tributed for Foreign and Domeftic Miffions,
in 1835, was 33>%79 dollars, 75 cents. The
amount contributed to Foreign and Domeftic
Miffions, in 1859, was I72>862 dollars, 80 cents.
The whole amount contributed to both depart
ments, in the thirty-four months previous to the
General Convention of 1835, was l-^l1! dollars,
13 cents. The whole amount contributed to
Foreign and Domeftic Miffions, in the thirty fix
Introductory. in
months previous to the Convention of 1859, was
408,156 dollars, 39 cents. The entire amount
of money poured into our diocefan treafuries,
and given to other Church objects, in the three
years previous to the Convention of 1859, *s
reported as being 3,978,868 dollars, 46 cents, or
almoft four millions of dollars." Thefe are re
fults which certainly fpeak highly for American
churchmanfhip, efpecially when it is confidered
that they are in no way compulfory, but are
produced entirely on the voluntary fyftem.
It only remains, in this introductory fketch,
to notice briefly the main particulars in which
the Englifh Prayer Book has been altered, in
order to adapt it, as it was thought expedient to
do, to the circumftances of their new and pecu
liar pofition.
It is declared in the preface of the American
Prayer Book, that while the Church of Eng
land's general aim in the different reviews and
alterations (made from time to time) hath been,
as declared in her preface to her Prayer Book,
" to do that which, according to her beft under-
ftanding, might moft tend to the prefervation
of peace and unity in the Church ; the procuring
of reverence, and the exciting of piety and de
votion in the worfhip of God ; and, finally, the
cutting off occafion from them that feek occa-

20 Introductory .
fion of cavil or quarrel againft her Liturgy ;" fo
their own object was, in adapting the Englifh
Prayer Book to their different circumftances,
" to model and organize their Church, and form
of worfhip and difcipline, in fuch manner as
they might judge moft convenient for their
future profperity, confiftently with the conftitu
tion and laws of their country V But it is
emphatically added, that, in making the alter
ations, " this Church is far from intending to
depart from the Church of England in any
effential point of doctrine, difcipline, or worfhip ;
or further than local circumftances require."
And it was upon this exprefs underftanding that
the Epifcopate was granted to them by the
Church of England.
There are fome of thofe changes in the Liturgy
which are now deeply regretted. Among thefe
I would particularly fpecify the omiffion of the
Athanafian Creed, the Abfolution (upon a fpecial
confeffion of fins) in the Vifitation of the Sick,
and the Magnificat (or fong of the bleffed Vir
gin Mary) in the Evening Prayer. The omif
fion of the Creed is not, however, to be con
fidered as indicating any doubt about the great
doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation, for
thefe doctrines are fully recognized and main-
5 Preface of American Prayer Book.

Introductory. 21
tained in other forms which they did adopt, and
are in conftant ufe. And as refpects the other
omiffions, they do not neceffarily imply any
effential doctrinal difference from the Church of
England, but were made, it is believed, upon
what they confidered prudential motives. On
the fame ground, no doubt, it is left to the
option of thofe immediately concerned to ufe,
or to omit, the fign of the crofs in Holy Bap
tifm, — although the Rubric diftinctly declares
that "the Church knows no worthy caufe of
fcruple concerning the fame." There is alfo an
alteration in the Catechifm which may appear
fignificant, — the expreffion as to " the body and
blood of Chrift" being "verily and indeed taken,"
is changed into "fpiritually taken," &c. But
neither is it fair to infer from this any doubt, or
difagreement, on the great Catholic doctrine of
the Real Prefence of our Lord in the Holy Eu
charift, which doctrine is in their Office for that
Holy Sacrament, if poffible, more diftinctly
afferted than in ours, they having added the
prayers of invocation and oblation of the ancient
liturgies which had been retained in the firft
Englifh Book of Common Prayer put forth in
the reign of Edward VI., and which were alfo in
the old Scottifh Prayer Book. For this improved
Communion Office the American Church is in-

22 Introductory.
debted, it appears, to the exertions of Bifhop
Seabury, who is known to have held higher
doctrinal views than the other bifhops on the
fubject of the Holy Communion, and who is
faid to have acknowledged that he had not ob
jected to concede feveral minor points in the
revifion of the Liturgy, in order that he might
not fail in fecuring a thoroughly good Commu
nion Office, as being the higheft and holieft act
of Chriftian worfhip. In fpite, therefore, of
alterations which one cannot but regard as un
happy, — and which are fo regarded now by no
inconfiderable portion of her own clergy, — the
Prayer Book of the American Church is a living
record of good Anglo-Catholic churchmanfhip,
and a Handing proof of her acknowledged grati
tude to the Church of England " for her firft
foundation and a long continuance of nurfing
care and protection." In other refpects her
Prayer Book is more complete than ours ; for it
includes an Office of Inftitution of Minifters, a
Form of Confecration of a Church or Chapel, a
Form of Thankfgiving after Harveft, a Form for
the Vifitation of Prifoners, a Collection of Hymns,
and Form of Prayer to be ufed in Families.
On thing, however, is efpecially to be re
gretted. The defignation of Proteftant is ufed
by the Church in this country only as a term

Introductory. 23
of negation. It is a word that never once occurs
in the Englifh Prayer Book. But it appears
confpicuoufly on the title-page of the American
Prayer Book ; and in the preface it is again em
ployed to defignate the Church as that of " the
Proteftant Epifcopal Church in thefe States."
The appellation is one that the Englifh Church
has not employed in any of her formularies.
It can be no proper defignation of our religion,
which is to be diftinguifhed by what it profeffes
and maintains, not by what it repudiates and
protefts againft. A negative religion were a
fheer abfurdity. It is true that the Church of
England protefts againft the errors and corrup
tions of the Church of Rome ; and, in this re-
fpect, her members are Proteftants. But the
correct, the definitive defignation of the Church
is Catholic. This is the term fhe herfelf adopts.
She firmly holds and defends the Catholic faith.
She daily declares her belief in, and prays for
the good eftate of, the Catholic Church, thus
formally avowing herfelf to be, as fhe is, a veri
table branch of the fame. In the American
Prayer Book, in the Prayer for all Conditions
of Men, the phrafe " Univerfal Church " is fub-
ftituted for "Catholic Church." But not fo,
of courfe, in the Creeds. Doubtlefs this " fight
ing fhy " of the term Catholic, and this fondnefs

24 Introductory.
for the more popular phrafe of Proteftant, is
attributable, as are other anomalies, to the force
of prejudice at the time. One cannot but lament
that fuch has been the cafe; and this feeling
extenfively prevails among American Churchmen
of the prefent day.
Time — or rather the force of truth, which
time has afforded opportunity for being exerted
— has done wonders in removing both political
and religious prejudices in America. As one
of her own eminent ecclefiaftics obferves, " The
divine inftitution of Epifcopacy, the relative
holinefs of certain times and places fet apart for
religious purpofes, the Order for Daily Morning
and Evening Prayer, the Forms for the Adminif-
tration of the Holy Sacraments, and other ordi
nances ; religious veftments, and all our diftinc-
tive doctrines and ufages, which when impofed
under the Crown by legal enactment had
been vifited with unmitigated odium, began in
time to find favour with the people, when they
were no longer fought to be bound on them
without their confent, and were upheld only by
the moral power and fanction of the Church;
and it is a remarkable fact that the Epifcopal
Church, which at the beginning of our civil
independence was reduced almoft to extinction,
has grown to its prefent large and flourifhing

Introductory. 25
ftate chiefly by means of acceffions from thofe
religious bodies which had feparated from the
Mother Church," fignificantly adding, that " the
phrafe thus prefented is, in truth, a new develop
ment of the Reformation, in which the rights
(with their correlative duties) which were at firft
afferted for the Crown in oppofition to the Papal
Supremacy, have at length paffed to the people
in fact as well as in name6."
One of the moft noteworthy and gratifying
figns of the times in the Anglo-American Church
is the anxiety that is now fo generally mani-
fefted, whilft maintaining her independence, to
fupport her character as a continuous body — as
an offfpring, that is, of the Anglo-Catholic
Church, and a branch thereby of the one Catho
lic and Apoftolic Church — that religious com
munity which was inftituted by Chrift Himfelf,
and completed by His Apoftles, acting under
the infpiration and direction of the Holy Spirit,
to be the depofitory of Divine truth, and the
channel of Divine grace. The Anglo-American
has not only proceeded from, but is ftill of, our
own Church, becaufe, as her eminent native
divine juft quoted fo truly expreffes it, " founded
on the fame faith, governed by the fame minif-
6 The Continuity of the Church of England. By the Rev. Samuel
Seabury, D.D.
VOL. I. D

26 Introductory.
try, united in the fame facraments, quickened
by the fame breath, living the fame life, nou-
rifhed by the fame word, and being in very truth
the fame body which our Lord Jefus Chrift
formed on earth before His afcenfion, and pro
mifed to be with, by the fecret energy of the
Holy Spirit, even unto the end of the world7."
7 The Continuity of the Church of England By the Rev. Samuel
Seabury, D.D.

CHAPTER II.
Pleafure and SatiffaBion to Engli/h Churchmen in America — Trinity Church,
New York — Its Magnificence in a New Country — Its Defcription in a
Cliriftian Ballad — A Standing Teftimony to the Church's Catholic CharaBer
— Feelings of Reverence and Solemnity — Trinity always open — Its Daily
Services — Obfervance of the Church's Holy Days and Seafons — Extent of
Church Work done — Its Schools — Its Pecuniary Refources — Its Chapels of
Eafe — ArchiteBural Defcription of Trinity Chapel — Its Coftlinefs — The Staff
of Trinity Clergy — Liberality of Trinity Corporation — Envy of their Wealth
— Futile Attempts to deprive them of it — Appeal of the Bifhop in their
Behalf.
ENGLISH Churchmen cannot but feel re-
frefhed and reinvigorated by being en
abled, on their arrival in the United States, to
participate in Church Services, and otherwife
enjoy Church privileges, in which they find
themfelves, upon the whole, quite as much at
home as if there were no thoufands of miles of
ocean feparating them from their own land, and
no difference in the form of government under
which they have come to live. Not only is it
the fame language, but there is the fame Liturgy
in that language, — the fame ritualifm obferved,
D 2

28 Trinity Church, New York.
the fame ordinances celebrated, and the fame
doctrines maintained as in their own dear Mother
Church. To arrive after a tempeftuous and perilous
voyage, as was my cafe, on a Sunday morning,
and go direct to Church, and at once feel at
home there, was a relief and a recreation — if it
was nothing more — fuch as nothing elfe that it
would have been poffible to have recourfe to
could ever have afforded. And then they have
fo very fuitable and feafonable a thankfgiving
" For a Safe Return from Sea " in their Prayer
Book, which the minifter is always ready to ufe,
when requefted, at either Morning or Evening
Prayer, in which it is declared to the "moft
gracious Lord whofe mercy is over all His
works," that "we praife Thy holy Name that
Thou haft been pleafed to conduct in fafety
through the perils of the great deep this Thy
fervant, who now defires to return his thanks
unto Thee in Thy holy Church;" and pray,
"May he be duly fenfible of Thy merciful
providence towards him, and ever exprefs his
thankfulnefs by a holy truft in Thee, and obedi
ence to Thy laws."
Trinity Church, New York, whither I reforted
on my firft arrival, is an edifice highly charac-
teriftic of England, as well as having daily

Its Magnificence. 29
performed within its facred walls thoroughly
Englifh fervices — with their peculiar adapta
tions, of courfe, to her own circumftances — a
fubftantial and beautiful ftructure of ftone, in
the ftyle of Decorated Englifh, with nave, aifles,
and chancel in due order, and tower and fpire
of excellent capacity and proportions, — in the
words of the venerable and eftimable Rector
(Dr. Berrian), in his Hiftory of Trinity, "a
magnificent temple, which in this country has
no equal ; and which, fince the Reformation at
leaft, has been feldom, if ever furpaffed, in any
other." This building is the third erected on
the fame fite — the two former, one of which was
burnt down, and the other had become infecure
from early decay, having both been very in
ferior. The entire coft of the church, its fur
niture and fittings, and neceffary appurtenances,
was not far fhort of 360,000 dollars, or about
72,000/.-; and this is exclufive of the value of
the ground on which it ftands, and that which
furrounds it as a beautiful churchyard, com-
prifing altogether fome two or three acres, and
this in the moft valuable bufinefs part of the
city, one of the beft pofitions in Broadway,
to which the church and churchyard are highly
ornamental, fituated directly oppofite the head
of Wall-ftreet, which is the heart of this great
d 3

30 Its Defcription in a
commercial metropolis, the very centre of its
mercantile and monetary interefts, over which,
let us hope, it does not fail to exercife, however
indirectly, fome beneficial influence.
The architectural conftruction and ecclefiaf
tical character of Trinity Church are fo gra
phically and feelingly, and fo correctly withal,
defcribed in one of the " Chriftian Ballads,"
for which the Rev. Arthur Cleveland Coxe, a
clergyman of the American Church, has gained
defervedly high reputation, that I am tempted
to tranfcribe it here : —
TRINITY NEW CHURCH.

" 'Tis raifed in beauty from the duft,
And 'tis a goodly pile !
So takes our infant Church, I truft,
Her own true ftamp and ftyle.
As birds put forth their own attire,
As fhells o'er fea-nymphs grow,
'Tis ours — nave, chancel, aifle, and fpire,
And not a borrow'd fhow.

" Not this a church without — to hide
Conventicle within j —
Here is no mafquerade outfide
Of but the lion's fkin.
Not this a lie engraved in rocks !
'Tis what it (hows abroad,
A mountain piled in fhapely blocks,
And made the Houfe of God.

Chriftian Ballad. 31

" 'Tis native comelinefs ! as earth
Puts forth her golden ftieaves,
As flowers mature their brilliant birth,
And trees put on their leaves ;
As human flefh grows found and fair
Around the human bone,
So doth the Church this glory rear j
And clothe herfelf in ftone.
IV.
" How like herfelf our mother feems
In this — her ancient drefs !
'Tis as a robe the gazer deems
Well worn by lovelinefs.
The clothing that befits a queen,
With eafe and grace ihe wears ;
Her home attire, for daily fcene,
And daily work of prayers !

** Not this a Gothic gazing-ftock,
Where nought is meant or told ;
Tranflated into folid rock,
The Prayer Book's felf behold !
Sermons in ftones ! Yes— more befide,
A language and a voice j
Much utter'd, but far more implied
That makes the heart rejoice.

"Without — each little carving fpeaks
Of Chrift the Crucified,
To Jews a ftumbling-block, to Greeks
'Tis fooliihnefs befide 5
But oh, to all the faithful— fee,
From porch to topmoft tower,
It telleth of the Trinity,
And preacheth Chrift with power !

32 Feelings of

' Within — behold the promifed grace,
Fair ftones and colours too,
To beautify the holy place,
And fhed a feeling through !
Windows of agates-pictured fights,
With floral borders bound,
Yes — pleafant ftones, and fapphire lights,
That throw a glory round.

" O God, how beautiful and vaft
Men's minds and fancies grow,
When, in Thy mould of doctrine caft,
Their warm ideas flow !
When 'tis Thy Church infpires the thought,
And forms the bold defign,
Till, from a fullen rock, is wrought
A fymbol fo divine !

' But note the better part, as well ;
The Church's children all,
Call'd daily, by the holy bell,
To prayer and feftival.
Oh, gather them from far abroad j
Oh pray, and never ceafe j
When all thy fons are taught of God,
How great fhall be their peace !

" Dear Crofs ! hold ftft thy height in air :
Stand ever wide, bleft door !
And ever crowd, ye faithful, there,
High, lowly, rich, and poor !
Sweet bells ! ring ever your glad found,
And let its mefTage be,
Ho ! ye that thirft — here Chrift is found,
And here His houfe is free."

Reverence and Solemnity. t>3
There is much that is deeply fuggeftive, as
well as highly defcriptive, in thefe verfes, and
much, too, that is real, as well as poetical. The
building is, indeed, one that gives the infant
Church of America her " true ftamp and ftyle "
as the offfpring of her venerable Mother Church
of England. She does, of a truth, feem " like
herfelf," in that " her ancient drefs," — a drefs
which it is ftrictly true to fay fhe wears, not for
holiday fhow merely, but as —
" Her home attire, for daily fcene,
And daily work of prayers."
That there is any appreciation in America of
fuch influences as are here recognized and apof-
trophized, is of itfelf a moft gratifying and
encouraging circumftance. No doubt the re
mark in one of the Church's Homilies has often
been realized at Trinity Church, New York,
by Americans and Englifhmen alike, that " as
men are well refrefhed and comforted, when
they find their houfes having all things in good
order, and all corners clean and fweet ; fo when
God's houfe, the Church, is well adorned, and
is kept clean, and comely, and fweetly, the
people are the more defirous, and refort thither,
and tarry there '." Moft true it is that now,
1 Homily, book ii., p. 229.

34 Trinity Church always open.
as in ancient time, — in the new world, as
well as in the old, — feelings of reverence, and
folemnity, and devotion are excited by the out
ward afpects of a rightly conftructed Church : —
" Even the very walls of the dread place,
And the tall windows with their breathing light,
Speak to the adoring heart2."
And the Corporation of Trinity Church did
well in taking this into account in the recon-
ftruction of their facred edifice ; while in fo
doing they fet an example, which has already
exerted a powerful and moft beneficial influence
upon church-building in the United States.
The people are, in fact, "more defirous and
the more comforted to refort thither, and to
tarry there ;" and every opportunity is afforded
them of doing fo. The Church is open every
day, and all day long. Not only are the
people —
" Call'd daily, by the holy bell,
To prayer and feftival," —
but there is at all other times, befides the hours
of daily worfhip — during daylight, at leaft —
free accefs to the holy place for all who choofe
to enter ; and a verger is conftantly in attend
ance to preferve order and decorum, and to
2 Keble.

Obfervance of Holy Days, &c. 35
anfwer any inquiries as to the times of public
worfhip, or to convey any communications re
garding the parochial miniftrations of the clergy.
The poet's pious afpiration, —
" Dear Crofs ! hold faft thy height in air :
Stand ever wide, bleft door !
And ever crowd, ye faithful, there,
High, lowly, rich, and poor ! " —
this pious afpiration, of one of her own Chriftian
poets, is perpetually receiving its happy realiza
tion. The Crofs — the dread fymbol of our
common faith — does there ftill " hold faft its
height in air," as it ought to do on every
fanctuary devoted to the true worfhip of the
Crucified, and on every altar where His holy
facrifice is commemorated ; and the " bleft
door " of that folemn temple does ftand wide
throughout every day ; and day by day do " high
and low, rich and poor, one with another,"
crowd in to fall down and kneel before the
Lord their Maker. Yes — there Chrift their
Redeemer is found — His Gofpel is preached
there — and there " His houfe is free."
As well as Morning and Evening Prayer every
day at Trinity Church, there is the Litany as a
feparate fervice on Wednefdays and Fridays ;
and all the holy days and feafons of the Church
are duly obferved, — that whole train of Chriftian

36 Its Schools.
anniverfaries, which were amongft the earlieft
means adopted by the Church for impreffing
upon the minds of her children the myfterious
truths of the Gofpel hiftory, and ftirring them
up, more and more, to embrace and enforce
thofe truths. But the fervices at the Church,
numerous though they are, form but a com
paratively fmall part of the work which the
Trinity clergy have in hand. The parifh is
very populous, and contains a large amount of
thofe claffes among whom, in all great cities,
mifery, and vice, and deftitution fo commonly
prevail. Among thefe the clergy are con
tinually going about doing good. A miffion
office has been eftablifhed to facilitate the in
tercourfe between the paftors and their flock.
Here a clerk is regularly in attendance to take
note of all applications for the miniftrations of
the clergy, — in all cafes of neceffity, — on all
occafions when the minifters of Chrift may have
it in their power to " comfort and fuccour all
them who in this tranfitory life are in trouble,
forrow, need, ficknefs, or any other adverfity."
They have alfo very large fchools under their
charge — for boys, and girls, and infants — and
for the " ragged," and thofe who have none
elfe to help or to care for them. To perform
all this minifterial and merciful duty, a numerous

Its Pecuniary Refources. 37
ftaff of clergy is neceffarily required. Let us
fee, then, what are the refources of Trinity for
the maintenance of fuch vaft operations.
Trinity Church, New York, is one of the
very few endowed churches, or Church Cor
porations, in the United States. Its endowment
originated in a grant of land from the Britifh
Crown. "In 1705, in the reign of Queen
Anne, a grant was made to the Corporation of
Trinity Church by deed patent, figned by Lord
Cornbury, who was at that time governor of the
province, of a tract of land then called the
Queen's Farm, now the Church Farm, lying on
the weft fide of Mannhattan Island, and extend
ing from St. Paul's Chapel northwardly, along
the river, to Skinner-road, now Chriftopher-
ftreet. This property, which was then literally
what it was called — a farm, and which was com
paratively of little value, has long fince become
a compact part of the city 3." In this lies the
whole fecret of thofe great refources which that
Church Corporation has been enabled to apply
fo beneficially to the caufe of religion and the
Church. Its land having become a compact
part of the city, it can eafily be underftood how
immenfely its value has increafed. Other grants,
and alfo private donations, were fubfequently
3 Hiftory of Trinity Church.
VOL. I. E

3 8 Architectural Defcription
made. So that, in no very long courfe of
years, Trinity Corporation were enabled to ex
tend their ecclefiaftical operations moft im
portantly, — not only providing a larger and
better church on the old fite, but building,
in fucceffion, three fpacious and commodious
chapels-of-eafe, — namely, St. George's, in 1752,
which was partly deftroyed by fire in 18 14, but
reftored in the following year; St. Paul's, in
1776; and St. John's, in 1807 : the two latter
remaining — much increafed in efficiency as to their
miniftrations, and having large congregations.
Since thofe days, a ftill further and more mag
nificent addition has been made to the church
accommodation of Old Trinity. The fame
motive which had much to do with the erection
of St. Paul's and St. John's, induced the Cor
poration to provide another chapel, ftill higher
up in the city; for a great many of the parifh-
ioners had kept moving their refidences in that
direction, as the lower parts of the city, all
around Trinity Church, became more and more
exclufively devoted to mercantile and bufinefs
purpofes. The chapel confifts of a nave and
chancel, with a porch on the fouth fide of the
nave, and an organ-chamber and veftry-room
on the fouth fide of the chancel. Its architecture
is Early Englifh, although its general form is

of Trinity Chapel. 30
that of the Continental Gothic chapels. The
firft gable of the nave is divided into three bays,
in the centre one of which is the great door,
decidedly fuperior to any thing of the kind in
New York. The gable is crowned with a crofs.
At the fouth-eaft angle of the nave is a bell-
turret of four ftages, beautifully proportioned,
covered by a fpire, with carved crockets on the
angles, and a finial at the top. The outer walls
are of light brown ftone, having buttreffes, which
divide the nave into nine bays, and the chancel
into two bays, with an apfidal end of five fides.
The interior walls of nave, chancel, and porch
are of Caen ftone, of a fine light cream colour.
In each bay of the nave is a narrow window,
with trefoiled head, and hood moulding, fpring
ing from carved terminations ; there is a long
window over the weft door, and the chancel
has the ufual apfidal windows, — they are all of
coloured glafs, thofe in the apfe containing a
feries of figures reprefenting the Afcenfion.
The roof of the nave, which is of the com
mon hammer-beam form, with arched braces, is
painted in plain colours of buff and red ; that
of the chancel has its mouldings gilded, and
ftriped with rich colours. The other mouldings
and tracery of the chancel are alfo richly orna
mented. The floors of the chancel, nave, and
E 2

40 Its Cofllinefs.
porch are covered with encauftic tiles, principally
of buff, red, and black, — thofe in the chancel
being finely figured. The altar is of Caen
ftone, and confifts fimply of an arcade of feven
bays on each fide, and three in each end, fur
rounding a central die, and fupporting a fhelf
with moulded edges. The capitals of the fhafts
are delicately undercut, the arches cufped and
moulded, and the fpandrils filled with beautiful
arabefques. To thefe very chafte colouring has
been applied with the beft effect. The feats
are open benches of oak, which fill the nave,
and in the chancel are ftalls with canopies. The
pulpit, which ftands at the north fide, is alfo
of oak, finely moulded and carved, and fur-
mounted by an elegant canopy. The gas fixtures
are handfome ftandards, bearing nine lights each ;
thofe in the chancel are very lofty, and bear
twenty-five lights each. It will be feen from
even this flight fketch of Trinity Chapel that it
is a facred edifice of no ordinary magnificence
for America. It coft, it was underftood, at leaft
150,000 dollars, or 30,000/. The chapel of
St. George, already mentioned as having been
built in 1752, and rebuilt, after being almoft
deftroyed by fire in 18 14, is no longer one of
the chapels of Trinity, but is the church of a
feparate parifh ; for as the city increafed in fize

Liberality of Trinity Corporation. 41
and population, new parochial organizations were
made, and this ftill continues to be the cafe.
Trinity, then, has its own parifh church, and
its three chapels-of-eafe of St. Paul's, St. John's,
and Trinity Chapel ; and for thefe there is a
body of ten clergymen, — four for the parifh
church, which may be confidered the mother
church of the city, and two for each of the
chapels. At Trinity Chapel there is the Daily
Service, as well as at Trinity Church ; and at
the other two chapels there are frequently
fervices during the week, as well as the ufual
fervices on Sundays, when the congregations are
generally very crowded. The clergy of Trinity
have liberal ftipends; and the rector himfelf
is provided with an excellent rectory-houfe,
adjoining St. John's Chapel.
The property of Trinity Corporation is amply
fufficient for all its minifterial and educational
neceffities. Nor is its liberality — nor has it been
at any time — confined to its own parifh. Young
and feeble parifhes are continually being affifted
by it — as fuch have always been — not only in
the city, but throughout the diocefe of New
York. Some idea of this may be formed from
the fact, that " the aggregate amount of the
gifts, loans, and grants of Trinity Church,
rating the lands at their prefent prices, confider-
E 3

42 Envy of their Wealth.
ably exceeds two millions of dollars." Such is
the ftatement of the venerable rector thirteen
years ago ; and the amount has been largely
added to every year fince. The grofs revenue
of Trinity Corporation ufed, up to that time,
frequently to reach nearly 60,000 dollars a year.
But it is now underftood to be not far fhort
of 100,000 dollars, or 20,000/. ; and this large
income is mainly expended in the interefts of
the Church in a fingle parifh of the commercial
metropolis of the United States.
The poffeffion of this large property by a
Corporation of the Church has excited, and pro
bably may continue to excite, much envy and
jealoufy among the various other religious bodies
in New York ; and feveral attempts have been
made in the State Legiflature to deprive her of
it, on the ground that it was originally given
for the general religious interefts of the city,
and not exclufively to one, — and that by no
means one of the moft numerous of the Chriftian
communities. Its deeds, however, inconteftably
prove that " the Proteftants of this city of the
communion of the Church of England, as by law
eftablifhed, were incorporated and made a body
politic." Acts of the early State Legiflature altered
the original charter of the Corporation, fo as to
render it more conformable to the Conftitution

Futile Attempts to deprive them of it. 43
of the State ; but nothing was enacted or im
plied to weaken the exclufive claim of the
Anglo-American Church to its poffeffions and
privileges. Nor has that envious and jealous
feeling been confined to the feparatifts from the
Church. The clergy of Trinity, and the great
body of their parifhioners being good Church
men, and their doctrines and the ritualifm of
the parifh church and chapels being in fome
refpects too Catholic for the " evangelical " party
in the Church, there are thofe among the latter
who have not fcrupled to abet the affaults of the
Diffenters upon the rights of the Corporation.
To fuch a height was this feeling being excited,
by the combined machinations of Diffenters and
Low Churchmen, that the Bifhop of the diocefe 4
deemed it his duty to make a public appeal
upon the fubject. In a paftoral letter to the
clergy and laity, after enumerating fome of the
more prominent devices of the affailants, he
declares that "the object of all thefe hoftile
agencies is to furround the Legiflature of the
State with fuch a preffure, — with fuch a clamor
ous expreffion of popular feeling, — as will con-
ftrain it to fome aggreffive meafure againft a
* I fhall, throughout, defignate Bifhop Potter as the Bifhop of the
diocefe, which he is de faBo ; though de jure, he is only " Provifional
Bifhop."

44 Futile Attempts to deprive them of it.
Church whofe only crime is that fhe has pro
perty, and that, with all her giving and fpending
for pious ufes, fhe does not give and fpend
quite in the way, or quite to the extent, certain
perfons defire." That property, the Bifhop pro
ceeded to fhow, was her own by the moft indif-
putable title; and that, therefore, to attempt
to dictate to her what fhe fhall do with it, was
the fame in principle as to attack the property
of a private individual, or to attempt to dic
tate to him what ufe he fhould make of it.
" Thofe," he continued, " who have been within
her veftry, have feen that fhe has laboured hard
to ferve the caufe of religion and learning.
She has affifted two hundred churches in the
State, — fhe has provided free education in fchools,
and colleges, and theological feminaries for the
poor, — fhe has prevented the whole of the lower
part of this city from becoming a moral wafte,
— fhe has four large churches where no other
churches would remain. Befides parting with a
portion of her original eftate, fhe has ventured
beyond her income in her forwardnefs to do
good, and has thereby incurred a large debt."
Well, therefore, might the Bifhop fay to them,
in conclufion, " I flatter myfelf that file Church
men of the diocefe of New York will, for the
moft part, be too confiderate, and too tempe-

Appeal of the Bifhop on their behalf. 45
rate, — too much the friends of public order and
public juftice, to allow their influence to be
preffed into the caufe of oppreffion and vio
lence." This appeal had a moft beneficial effect.
It affuaged the malice that was gaining head, —
it arrefted the agitation that was becoming vio
lent. Churchmen who were implicated evidently
became afhamed of themfelves. And I am not
aware that there has been any renewal of hoftili-
ties againft Trinity.

CHAPTER III.
IntroduBion to the Re&or of Trinity — And to Bifhop Wainwright — His
ConduB and CharaBer — His active Life — His Laft Epifcopal Services —
His Sicknefs and Death — Immediately preceded by Continued Exertions —
Bifhop Doane 's Teftimony — Great Preffure of Epifcopal Duties — His
Funeral — Marks of Public RefpeB — Letters of Sympathy from England —
Monument to him at the Scene of his Laft Miniftrations — Memorial Volume
— Refolutions of Condolence by the Convention — EleBion of his Succeffor.
I HAVE gone into fome detail about Trinity,
New York, becaufe it is the moft important
Church Corporation in the United States, —
becaufe, too, it has, from its origin, and its old
affociations, peculiar intereft to Englifhmen, —
and, befides, fince it was through its means that
I formed my firft acquaintance with, and re
ceived my firft impreffions of the Anglo-American
Church. My letters of introduction, as an Englifh
vifitor to America, were principally, as it hap
pened, to the Bifhops and clergy ; and almoft
one of the firft that I delivered was to the

Biflwp Wainwright. 47
venerable and eftimable Rector of Trinity
Church, Dr. Berrian, at whofe houfe I had the
pleafure of becoming acquainted with all the
Trinity clergy. It was a remarkable circum
ftance, that only a few Sundays before leaving
England I had an American clergyman by my
fide at my parifh church in London, with whom,
in coming out, I entered into converfation, he
having accofted me to make fome inquiry about
the church, its clergy, and its fervices. I learned
that he was a ftranger, and from New York.
Judge of our mutual furprife, when in prefent-
ing my introduction to him from a dignitary of
our own Church, we recognized each other as
having on that occafion met and converfed, as
well as knelt and worfhipped together. From
the Rector of Trinity I received many hofpitable
and kind attentions, and had the pleafure and
fatiffaction of feeing in him an admirable fpeci
men of a good old Englifh parfon, and a devoted
miniftering fervant of the Church which ftill
owns and appreciates its Englifh origin and
character. My next honoured acquaintance — and who
became, I am proud to fay, one of my kindeft
and moft valued friends — was the excellent
Provifional Bifhop of New York, the lamented
Bifhop Wainwright. As well as bearing letters

48 His Conduct and Character.
of introduction to him, I had been entrufted by
one of our own eminent divines with copies of
two of his lateft theological works for prefenta-
tion to him, having become acquainted with him
during his vifit to England a year or two before.
My intimacy with Bifhop Wainwright became
moft friendly, and was moft gratifying. I met
at his hofpitable board with other American
bifnops, with many of the leading clergy of the
diocefe, and many of the moft influential of the
laity, — occafionally, too, with fome one or other
of the Canadian clergy, and once with one of
our Colonial Bifhops. I had many opportunities
of witneffing the earneft and devout manner in
which the Bifhop performed his Epifcopal duties,
and in which he was a pattern to the Epifcopate
of even the Mother Church. Only too fhort,
however, was the duration of our intercourfe.
I left New York on a tour of feveral thoufand
miles through the Weftern States, and the
Canadas, and was kindly favoured by Bifhop
Wainwright with letters of introduction to his
right reverend brethren the bifhops whofe diocefes
I intended to vifit. Upon my return I found
Bifhop Wainwright looking pale and jaded, —
his work had been moft laborious throughout
his extenfive diocefe, — as large as the whole of
England, — and he had purfued it with all his

Bifhop Wainwright. 49
characteriftic earneftnefs and energy, notwith-
ftanding fevere phyfical exhauftion and depreffion.
I met at his house, at an evening party, upwards
of a hundred of the clergy and laity ; and
although it was only too painfully evident that
he was fuffering feverely, he was yet moft affi-
duous in his polite attentions to his guefts, and
on our departure took formal leave of each of
us. Next day he was deeply and anxioufly
engaged in the Commiffion for taking into con
fideration a Memorial for a Revifion of the
Liturgy. He had juft previoufly been much
occupied with the yearly examinations at the
Theological Seminary in New York, and in the
preparation of an unufually large number of
candidates for Holy Orders, and fubfequently
with their ordination at Trinity Church. The
Ordination Sermon on this occafion was preached
by the Bifhop of Quebec ; and on the day
following I had the honour of renewing my
acquaintance with the venerable prelate at Bifhop
Wainwright's houfe. It was almoft the laft
time that I was privileged to enjoy the converfe
of my right reverend friend. He immediately
afterwards went on a circuit of Epifcopal duties.
His laft public miniftrations were at Haverftraw,
fome thirty-five miles up the Hudfon river, a
miffionary ftation. He had gone there to hold
vol. 1. F

co Bifhop Wainwright.
a Confirmation. It was Sunday, and, as is not
uncommon in America at a place where the
Church may not yet have got a proper religious
edifice of its own, the ufe of the Prefbyterian
meeting-houfe had been obtained for the purpofe.
Before going there, the Bifhop accompanied the
miffionary to the humble room in which the
Church Services were ordinarily held, and ad
dreffed the children of the Sunday School in his
ufual earneft and affectionate manner. At the
meeting-houfe he affifted in the Communion
Service, and preached from the text, " For with
the heart man believeth unto righteoufnefs."
The miffionary himfelf has thus defcribed his
preaching on that his laft occafion : — " The
power of the fermon, and the eloquence with
which it was delivered, were manifefted by the
manner in which it was liftened to, and the effect
which it produced. The place of worfhip, which
was large, was filled with a congregation re-
prefenting almoft all fhades of religious opinion.
The breathlefs attention and deep intereft, fhown
fometimes in tears, were highly gratifying." After
the fermon, as is generally done on fuch occa-
fions in America, the candidates for Confirmation
having come forward, the Bifhop explained to
them the nature and object of the Sacramental
rite, — in doing which, it appears, " he efpecially

His Sicknefs and Death. 5 1
endeavoured to remove the erroneous impref-
fions of thofe outfide the Church, as to the ufe
of the word l regeneration.' He confirmed
thirteen perfons," adds the miffionary, " and
addreffed them moft folemnly and affectionately."
The miffionary's further account of this devoted
prelate's laft day's work of Epifcopal miniftra
tions is fo full of intereft, that I cannot refrain
from giving it in his own words : — " There had
been a great change in the weather during the
fervice, the wind having become damp and cold,
and the fky overclouded. As we were riding
home the Bifhop regretted that he had on only
a thin coat : he felt rather chilled. After dinner
he retired to his room and refted till half-paft four.
The Evening Service was held at another Pref-
byterian meeting-houfe. This alfo was crowded
with a moft attentive and interefted congrega
tion. He preached an excellent fermon, with
great animation and fervour, from 1 St. John
ii. 3, c Hereby we do know that we know Him,
if we keep His commandments.' A deep im
preffion was evidently made on the minds of the
liftening congregation. After the fermon he
gave out the 40th Hymn (c Lord, difmifs us with
Thy bleffing '), and then pronounced the Greater
Benediction. Our little flock look back to their
great. privilege in thus receiving, as it were, his
F 2

52 His Sicknejs and Death.
dying bleffing with thankful, though with fad-
dened hearts. The Bifhop then thanked the
paftor and truftees of the congregation for the
ufe of their meeting-houfe ; alluded to the fpirit
of Chriftian courtefy thus manifeft ed ; and faid,
in words which will be ever in our ears, that it
was impoffible they could all meet again on
earth ; but he hoped that all might meet before
the throne of God, to receive the fentence,
c Well done, good and faithful fervant, enter
thou into the joy of thy Lord.' On our way
home the Bifhop again fpoke of the chillinefs
of the atmofphere, although he was rather more
warmly clad than in the morning. He retired
early, not feeming much fatigued. He rofe on
Monday morning at five. Breakfaft was pre
pared, and there was ample time ; but he declined
it, faying he was ufed to eating at any hour,
and that it would not hurt him to wait for his
breakfaft till he reached New York. I drove
him to the boat. As he ftood on the bow, he
feemed, in fpite of the previous day's work,
like one in full and vigorous health, and as frefh
as though he had paffed a day of reft, inftead
of one of toil." But thefe appearances proved
to be moft fallacious. Immediately after his
return home he began vifibly to droop; and
within a day or two fever fet in. Yet through-

Bifhop Doane 's Teftimony. 52
out that week he gave the beft attention he
could to his preffing engagements, — fo late as
the Thurfday evening prefiding at an important
meeting of the Church Book Society, although
fcarcely able to fit up. This, however, was
his laft public act ; and his laft letter, on the
following day, was from dictation, to the Bifhop
of New Hampfhire, afking the favour of his
officiating for him in the confecration of a new
church at Champlain, — a diftance of 300 miles
or more from New York, — which was ap
pointed to take place on that day fortnight.
His unfavourable fymptoms rapidly increafed, —
a fort of delirious ftupor gradually fettled upon
him, — and, after lingering in that ftate, in fpite
of all that medical fkill and care could do,
finking day by day, on the Feaft of St.
Matthew, September 21, 1854, he paffed away,
in a ftate of unconfcioufnefs, to another and
a better world, in the fixty-third year of his
age. " After all," fays Bifhop Doane, in a touching
memoir of his life, "it was a beautiful and
glorious death. In the two and twenty months
of his Epifcopate, he had averaged more than
one fermon a day. He had confecrated fifteen
churches. He had ordained thirty-feven dea
cons and twelve priefts. He had confirmed
f 3

54 Bifhop Doane" s Teftimony.
4127 perfons. And all this as nothing to that
which came upon him daily, ' the care of all the
churches.' His work feemed but juft begun.
And yet he had fettled and harmonized a dio
cefe which had long been diffracted; and had
given to the whole Church, till every eye and
heart was filled, ' affurance of a ' bifhop. It
was a beautiful and glorious death to die. His
laft public act at a miffionary ftation, one of the
old landmarks of the venerable Society in Eng
land, but never before vifited by a bifhop.
His laft texts fo well fitted to be the laft :
1 With the heart man believeth unto righteouf-
: nefs ;' and, ' Hereby we do know that we know
Him, if we keep His commandments.' His
laft words fo impreffive : a folemn charge, as it
were, to all his hearers, to be with him at the
throne of God. And his laft hymn ! what could
have been more touching ? So fwan-like, and
fo fweet ! ( Lord, difmifs us with Thy bleffing,
Fill our hearts with joy and peace ;
Let us each, Thy love pofTeffing,
Triumph in redeeming grace ! ' "
I adduce thefe affecting incidents and infer
ences as illuftrating what we of the Church of
England cannot but be deeply interefted, if not
alfo edified, in knowing — the true character of

Life and Character of Bifhop Wainwright. 55
Epifcopal life in America. The career of Bifhop
Wainwright was one of daily, unceafing toil. His
Epifcopal labours were fuch as would probably
appal fome of our Englifh Bifhops. And fo
are thofe of his worthy succeffor, Bifhop Potter,
who has devoted himfelf to his arduous duties
with fimilar zeal and energy.
The life and character of Bifhop Wainwright
were warmly appreciated both within and with
out the Church. His illnefs, more efpecially
when it became alarming, created manifeft un
eafinefs in the public mind ; and the tidings of
his death produced a general gloom throughout
the city. The public refpect for the departed
prelate was most confpicuous at his funeral, at
which I had the melancholy fatiffaction of being
prefent. I was privileged to take a laft look
of my revered friend in his coffin, in which he
lay in his Epifcopal veftments — his countenance
prefenting an expreffion of flightly penfive calm-
nefs and compofure. The Funeral Service took
place at Trinity Church, and was attended by
about 200 of the clergy, and a felect company
of lay friends of the deceafed ; while the church
was filled to overflowing with a general congre
gation, who evinced the deepeft fympathy with
the mournful occafion. The body was borne
into the church, which was hung with black,

56 Life and Character
preceded by the clergy of Trinity, the Rector
repeating the opening fentences of the Burial
Service as the proceffion entered the nave.
The coffin having been placed in the chancel,
the Service was proceeded with, — the Burial
Pfalms being folemnly chanted by the choir,
and the Leffons read by the Bifhop of Illinois.
A hymn was then fung, after which Dr. Hig-
bee afcended the pulpit, and delivered a moft
affecting addrefs, in which he fpoke with much
deep feeling. " A burden," he faid, " is laid
upon me this day heavier than I can bear. My
own fpirit is not yet fchooled to the weight of
this affliction. How can I then, my brethren,
fpeak as your teacher and your comforter ?
Could perfonal grief and anguifh be fuppreffed,
— could I for the time forget that my faithful
and affectionate friend, my affociate and com
panion of many years, lies here upon the bier ! —
could the mind be affifted and occupied alone
by the great public calamity which has befallen
us — the bereavement of the Church in the death
of the Bifhop — ftill fo unexpected and fo crufh-
ing has been the blow, that it muft needs be
numb and paralyze the fufferers. As one fud-
denly hurled from fome high cliff into the fea,
I can only hear the confufed mournful founds
of death amid the waves, fave as thofe founds

of Bifhop Wainwright . 57
are overborne by God's awful voice, faying to
all human hearts and all human tongues, Be
ftill I be ftill I" And then, afking pardon if his
words were few and inadequate to the fcene
and the occafion, he proceeded with much emo
tion to review the character and career of the
deceafed. "We believed him to be one," he
faid, " who never, in theory or in practice,
feparated the doctrines and inftitutions of Chrift
from the charity of Chrift. Naturally kind
and benevolent, the excellent gifts of nature
were elevated into Chriftian principles ; and he
underftood and acted upon the underftanding
that the doctrines, and ordinances, and difcipline
of the Gofpel were given for good, and not for
evil ; — for peace, and not for ftrife ; — for humi
lity, and not for fpiritual pride ; — for edification,
and not for deftruction ; — to make man gentle,
and forbearing, and merciful, and forgiving to
his fellow-man ; — to c fet the defolate in families,'
and ' to fatiffy the poor with bread ;' — to raife
up the fallen, and not to crufh him into a lower
depth; — to reform the erring, and not to be
come an inftrument of perfecution to him ; — to
reftore the finner to forgivenefs and peace, and
not to bind him hopeleffly over unto death.
He preached Chrift, not as calling down fire
from heaven upon offenders, whether in faith

58 Life and Character
or practice, but as ' all the day long ftretching
forth his hands to a difobedient and gainfaying
people.' A ftedfaft defender of the inftitutions
of the Church, he yet remembered that thofe
inftitutions were given only for the good of
humanity — that they were made for man, and
not man for them — and therefore he cherifhed,
defended, and applied them, never in a fecta-
rian fpirit, or in a fectarian manner, but in their
divine and catholic meaning, as they were fitted
to heal, to comfort, and to fave  I need
not attempt further to pourtray him to you,
my brethren, in the glorious light of the two
years of his Epifcopacy. The record of what
he has been, and what he has done, of the meek-
nefs and humility with which he has borne his
great office, of the full and free offering of him
felf, body, foul, and fpirit, upon the altar of its
fervice, of labours unfurpaffed fince the days of
the Apoftles, is known to you all. And the
fruits of what he has been, and what he has
done, the fruits of truth and peace, will remain
in the hearts of thoufands of the old, the young,
the rich, the poor, the clergymen, and the lay
men of this diocefe. And now look upon him,
where pale and filent he lies wrapped about with
grave-clothes. There is the refult of his work
to himfelf ! He has laboured unto death ! No,

of Bifhop Wainwright. 59
no ! that is not the refult to him. This day
a crown of life is given to the labourer unto
death. 'They that be wife fhall fhine as the
brightnefs of the firmament, and they that turn
many to righteoufnefs as the ftars, for ever
and ever.' " Such was the ftrain in which the
crowded congregation of mourners were ad
dreffed on this melancholy occafion. A folemn
filence prevailed, only broken occafionally by
fighs and fobs, and tears flowed from many
eyes. At the clofe of the addrefs, Handel's
anthem, " I know that my Redeemer liveth,"
was fung with fublime effect ; and the remainder
of the Burial Service was faid, not without con
fiderable agitation, by the Bifhop of New Jer
fey, — the choir finging folemnly the anthem,
" I heard a voice from heaven." The body
was then removed for interment at Trinity
Cemetery, fome four or five miles out of town,
where, at the grave-fide, fuitable obfequies were
performed in the prefence of the deceafed's
family, and more intimate friends.
Bifhop Wainwright had many friends in our
own Church. He was a native of England ;
and though educated and long fettled in the
United States, and warmly attached to that
country, he had yet a true Englifh heart and
mind. He had twice vifited Europe during his

60 Teftimonials of Refpect.
miniftry in the Anglo-American Church. On
the firft occafion, in 1848-9, he travelled over
a great part of the Continent, and went into
Egypt and the Holy Land, — publifhing, after his
return, two interefting works, the refults of his
obfervations during his Eaftern journeyings, one
entitled, "The Pathways and Abiding Places
of our Lord ;" the other, " The Land of
Bondage." The fecond occafion of his vifiting
this country was in 1852, only a fhort time
before his call to the Epifcopate, where he went
as Secretary to the Houfe of Bifhops, and of a
deputation, along with the Bifhops of Michigan
and Weftern New York, to the Third Jubilee of
the Society for the Propagation of the Gofpel in
Foreign Parts ; and he had the honour, along
with his right reverend affociates, of receiving
the degree of D.C.L. from the Univerfity of
Oxford, at its Grand Commemoration of that
year, at which they were all prefent.
Various teftimonials of refpect and gratitude
were called forth by the deeply and juftly
lamented death of Bifhop Wainwright, not only
in his own diocefe, but throughout the American
Church ; and even from England, letters of
fympathy and regret poured in to his family
and friends from many of the moft eminent of
her fons, both in Church and State, to whom

Memorial Volume. 6 1
he had become known, and by whom he was
highly reflected. A moft interefting monument
to him has been placed in a little church, that
has fince his death been built at the miffionary
ftation at Haverftraw, which was the fcene of
his laft Epifcopal miniftrations. It is a Memorial
Window, of appropriate defign, and in which
the character and clofing acts of the Bifhop's
life are graphically reprefented.
"A Memorial Volume," of deep intereft,
edited by his honoured and amiable widow, has
alfo been publifhed, confifting of a Memoir of
his Life, by Bifhop Doane ; the Funeral Addrefs,
by Dr. Higbee ; and thirty-four of his Sermons.
Mrs. Wainwright did me the honour to fend me
a prefentation copy of this interefting volume,
with her kind regards, as a fincere, though
humble Englifh friend of her deeply venerated
hufband, — and I need fcarcely fay how highly
it is prized for his fake.
There was no delay, as it happened, in filling
up the Epifcopal vacancy which had been thus
fo mournfully created. Only four days after
Bifhop Wainwright's burial, the Diocefan Con
vention met, according to a fixed rule, which
appoints its annual afiembling for the laft Wed
nefday in September. One of the firft acts
of the Convention was the appointment of a
VOL. I. G

6 2 Refolutions of Condolence
Committee to record the Church's fenfe of her
bereavement, by the Bifhop's lamented death ;
and next day the Committee fubmitted the fol
lowing feries of refolutions for the purpofe,
which were unanimoufly adopted : —
" Whereas it hath pleafed Almighty God, in
His Divine Providence, to vifit the Church of
this diocefe with fudden and fore bereavement,
by withdrawing from the fcenes of his earthly
labours, and from the Epifcopal charge fo re
cently committed to him, our late Right Rev.
Father in God, Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright,
D.D., Provifional Bifhop of this diocefe; there
fore, —
" Refolved, That as becomes Chriftian men,
and members of Chrift's Holy Church, we do
bow in humble fubmiffion under this chaftife-
ment of our Heavenly Father's hand, and both
as a people, and in our individual approaches
to the Throne of Grace, do befeech Him to
fanctify unto us, and to the Church of His
love, and to the late Bifhop's bereaved family,
this moft unexpected and afflictive difpenfation.
" Refolved, That in view of the many long,
affectionate, and faithful fervices rendered to the
Church of Chrift in this diocefe during more
than thirty years of his minifterial life, as paftor
and bifhop, by our late deceafed friend and

by the Convention. 63
brother, and of the manifeft gifts both of na
ture and grace, which rendered thofe fervices
fo widely acceptable, and himfelf fo admired
and beloved, we would here record our thank-
fulnefs for the fame to the great Head of the
Church, and pray that He would fend forth
many fuch labourers into this harveft, fanctified
and fitted for their work.
" Refolved, That the untiring, felf-facrificing
labours of our late Provifional Bifhop, during
his, alas ! too fhort Epifcopate, demanded from
the diocefe at large a peculiar expreffion of their
gratitude, reverence, and love ; and it is hereby
earneftly commended to the wealthier members
of our communion that fome worthy memorial
of the fame, whether in the form of an edu
cational endowment bearing his name, or of
external monument erected (if agreeable to the
Veftry of Trinity Church) in its new and fpa
cious chapel, to which it is well known Bifhop
Wainwright looked forward as his fpiritual
home, fhould perpetuate the memory of his
devoted exertions in the fervice of his Mafter
and in the care of his flock.
"Refolved, That the Church at large in this
diocefe owes to the memory of its late Provi
fional Bifhop a fpecial debt of gratitude in the
miffion of love and peace, which, during his two
c 2

64 Refolutions of Condolence by the Convention.
years' Epifcopate, fo pointed by both, marked
his courfe and bleffed his labours. He poured
oil on the troubled waters. Every where he
fought peace and fecured it, and on his dying
couch his lateft labour was reconciliation. For
this the Church owes to his memory a debt of
gratitude beft paid by each member of it, in his
own appropriate fphere, going forth in the fpirit
of love, and doing likewife.
"Refolved, That amid our demonftration of
public forrow at the lofs we have fuftained, we
forget not the private griefs of his bereaved
family, but would hereby exprefs to them our
deep and heartfelt fympathy for their bereave
ment, our affectionate and lafting memory of
him whom they mourn, and our earneft prayers
at the throne of grace for their confolation and
fupport here, and their bleffed reunion hereafter,
where tears are wiped from every eye.
" Refolved, That the above refolutions be
adopted by the Convention, and entered at large
on the minutes.
" Refolved, Finally, that a copy of the fame
be refpectfully communicated to the family of
the deceafed Bifhop, and to the Veftry of Trinity
Church." I give thefe Refolutions in extenfo, as being
peculiarly fignificant and expreffive. We have

Election of his Succejfor. 65
no fuch means in the Church of England of
giving expreffion to the fenfe of a diocefe.
This Convention, be it remembered, was com
pofed of both clergy and laity ; and it repre-
fented every parifh in the diocefe. I may men
tion, as an interefting fact, that Wafhington
Irving — a name as well known and as highly
honoured in England as in America — was one
of the lay members of the Committee which
prepared the Refolutions.
On the next day the Convention proceeded
to difcharge the folemn and important duty of
electing a new Bifhop. It had been moved and
feconded that a Special Convention be called for
the purpofe, on the 4th of November ; but the
motion was negatived by a large majority.
The election, therefore, took place at once. It
was my privilege to be prefent at this inter
efting, and, to me, novel proceeding, which was
conducted with much folemnity.
Before entering upon the very important
bufinefs of the vote, which was to place a
Bifhop in their vacant diocefe, the Prefident
rofe and faid, that it was meet and proper they
fhould firft of all implore the Divine guidance
and bleffing upon their endeavours to fecure the
object they were fo anxious to attain. He
would afk them, therefore, to join him in fing
er 3

66 Election of his Succejfor.
ing three verfes of the 8oth Pfalm (in metre).
The verfes were thofe in which God is befought
to renew His wonted goodnefs, — to view them
with pity, — to " behold His vineyard, and the
branch He hath made fo ftrong for Himfelf," —
to convert them, and to caufe the brightnefs
of His face to fhine,. that all the ills they
fuffered " Like fcatter'd clouds might pafs away."
They then knelt down and engaged in private
prayer. It was a fcene of filent devotion moft
folemn to behold. Clergy and laity on their
knees, each in the filence and folemnity of his
own private and perfonal communion with God,
befeeching Him fo to direct and govern his
conduct on this momentous occafion, that one
might be chofen as their chief paftor who would
fo fill the high office as to promote God's
honour and glory and the good of His Church.
Juft as when the eleven Apoftles at Jerufalem,
having to elect one in the place of the traitor
Judas, two having been appointed, " prayed and
faid, Thou, Lord, which knoweft the hearts of
all men, fhow whether of thefe two Thou haft
chofen." After the lapfe of a few minutes of
profound filence, they united aloud in the Gene
ral Confeffion of the Communion Office, at the

Election of his Succeffor. 67
conclufion of which they joined in the Lord's
Prayer ; and the Prefident then faid the follow
ing prayer ufed at the meetings of Convention,
as contained in their Prayer Book : —
" Almighty and everlafting God, who by Thy
Holy Spirit didft prefide in the councils of the
bleffed Apoftles, and haft promifed, through
Thy Son Jefus Chrift, to be with Thy Church
to the end of the world; We befeech Thee to
be prefent with the councils of Thy Church
here affembled in Thy Name and Prefence. Save
them from all error, ignorance, pride, and pre
judice ; and of Thy great mercy vouchfafe,
we befeech Thee, fo to direct, fanctify, and
govern us in our prefent work, by the mighty
power of the Holy Ghoft, that the comfortable
Gofpel of Chrift may be truly preached, truly
received, and truly followed, in all places, to
the breaking down the kingdom of fin, Satan,
and death; till at length the whole of Thy
difperfed fheep, being gathered into one fold,
fhall become partakers of everlafting life; through
the merits and death of Jefus Chrift our Saviour.
Amen."
This was followed by two of the Collects
appended to the Office of Holy Communion.
Then, their devotions concluded, the Prefident

68 Election of his Succejfor.
nominated two tellers each for the clerical and
lay votes, which are taken feparately. No
candidates are propofed; they vote for whom-
foever they like. The voting immediately began,
— the tellers collecting the votes, which are
given on flips of paper. There muft be a clear
majority of both clerical and lay votes to con-
ftitute a valid choice. At the firft ballot as
many as fix different perfons were voted for;
but no one had the requifite majority. At a
fecond ballot four were voted for ; and in a
third, fourth, and fifth as many as feven were
voted for, — all without the giving any one the
number neceffary to a choice. An adjournment
for two hours took place. At the expiration
of that period the voting was renewed. A
fixth, feventh, and eighth ballot took place,
each for four candidates, but all failing of the
neceffary number of votes. The laft ballot
fhowed that the conteft was between Dr. Horatio
Potter of Albany, and Dr. Francis Vinton of
Brooklyn. Dr. Vinton had been ahead of Dr.
Potter when there were four and fix candidates ;
but now, at the eighth ballot, the latter had a
majority of clerical votes. As there muft alfo
be a majority of lay votes, however, another
ballot was taken ; and this ninth ballot gave

Election of his Succeffor. 69
Dr. Potter a majority of the whole; he was
therefore declared duly elected. Dr. Vinton
then rofe, and expreffed his grateful thanks to
thofe who had fo faithfully fupported him through
the feveral ballots ; though he could not but fear,
he faid, all along, that fhould it pleafe Almighty
God to place him in that moft refponfible pofi
tion, to which they had now elected his friend
Dr. Potter, he fhould be unable to fulfil, as
he ought to do, their wifhes and expectations.
No one rejoiced more than he did, that they
had chofen fuch a man as Dr. Potter to fucceed
Bifhop Wainwright. The mantle of Elijah
had, as it were, fallen upon Elifha. He prayed
that the Apoftolic Succeffion might thus never
ceafe of the Priefthood of God. He indeed
rejoiced that the Convention, acting, as it
feemed, with the Holy Spirit refting upon
them, had chofen one fo worthy to be their
Bifhop. Dr. Potter was then declared duly elected ;
and Dr. Vinton and a brother clergyman, with
two laymen, were appointed a deputation to
wait upon him, and inform him of his election.
The deputation immediately fet out on their
errand. In a fhort time they returned, and re
ported that they had performed their miffion —
Dr. Vinton declaring that it was the moft trying

70 Election of his Succeffor.
occafion of his life, remembering, as he did,
that it was but, as it were, the other day that
he had borne fimilar tidings to their late well-
beloved father in God, Bifhop Wainwright.
Dr. Potter, he added, while thanking them for
fo diftinguifhed a mark of their confidence,
could not refrain from expreffing his own mif-
givings as to his competency to perform the
duties of fo high an office ; but relying on the
prayers of the Church, and the bleffing of
God, he would accept their choice, and hoped
to juftify it.
Soon after this Dr. Potter came to the Con
vention; whereupon it was propofed that they
filently return thanks to Almighty God for the
happy refult of their proceedings. This was
done in an interval of folemn ftillnefs. At its
clofe the Bifhop-elect rofe, and addreffed the
Convention as follows : —
" My Brethren of the Clergy and Laity, —
If I fpeak few words to-night, and that with
ftammering lips, you muft not believe I am
wanting in feeling. The event juft announced
to me is too fudden, too fearful in its remote
confequences for me to find language to exprefs
my thoughts and emotions ; and I feel that
there would be a kind of unreality in my at
tempting to make a fpeech on fuch an occafion

Election of his Succeffor. 7 1
as this. From my heart I thank you for this
teftimony of your confidence and regard. It
will be the bufinefs of my life — of my painful
life — to fhow my deep fenfe of that kindnefs,
and to prove to you and to the world that your
confidence is not mifplaced. The laft fermon
that I had occafion to preach in the pulpit of
my dear friend (the late Provifional Bifhop),
himfelf a valiant foldier of Jefus Chrift, was
from this text ; and I little thought of the ap
plication that would be fubfequently made of
it, — c Be thou faithful unto death, and I will
give thee the crown of life.' The fermon was
preached in reference to that dear chief paftor,
who has juft departed from us, who was faithful
unto death, and who has gone — as we all humbly
truft — to receive the crown of everlafting life.
And now, it feems that thefe words come back
in a fearful charge to him whom you have
chofen to be his fucceffor : c Be thou faithful
unto death, and I will give thee the crown of
life.' May God, in His infinite mercy, give me
grace to be faithful, to be unfelfifh, to be no
felf-feeker, not afpiring, not feeking to lord it
over God's heritage, but to realize that favourite
text, — c Whofoever will be great among you, let
him be your minifter; and whofoever will be
chief among you, let him be your fervant : even

72 Election of his Succeffor.
as the Son of man came not to be miniftered
unto, but to minifter, and to give His life for
the ranfom of men.' What fhall I fay to you,
my beloved brethren, in the way of charge ?
Shall it pleafe the Church at large to confirm
the felection that you have made ? Let us, in
the name of God, try to believe in each other,
try to feel confidence in each other, — try to
love each other, try to banifh hard words, and
fatirical fpeeches, and uncharitable judgments
from the Church of God, as far as we are con
cerned. I am infinitely thankful to-night to
feel that within the bounds of this diocefe there
is not a clergyman, not a layman, to whom I
cannot give the hand in a feeling of fympathy,
kindnefs, and confidence. Such, I truft, will
ever be my feeling towards every individual
within the limits of this diocefe. I will not
detain you at this late hour, and, as I faid
before, my feelings are not fuch as to render it
fitting for me to undertake to exprefs them in
this meeting."
They then fang the Gloria in Excel/is ; after
which, from the fifteenth verfe to the end of the
twenty-firft chapter of St. John's Gofpel was
read by the Reverend the Clerk of the Con
vention, fome prayers were faid by the Pre
fident, and Dr. Potter having pronounced the

Election of his Succeffor. 73
benediction, the important and folemn proceed
ing was brought to a clofe. It was conducted
throughout with becoming reverence ; and, I
muft confefs, that this mode of electing a Bifhop
of the Church made a great and moft favourable
impreffion on my Englifh mind.

voi . 1.

CHAPTER IV.
Good Effect of the Lay Element in the Convention — The General as contra-
diftinguifhed from the Diocefan Convention — Primitive Mode of Electing
Bijhops — Contraft of American and Englifh Syftems — American Bifhops not
"Spiritual Peers'"'' — The Paftoral Staff and the Mitre in America — The
Mitre loom by B'tftop Seabury — The Staff ufed by Bifhop Doane — Autho
rity for its Ufe — Ad-vantages of the American Epifcopacy over the Englifh
— The American Church under no Obligation to the Church of England as
a State Eftablijhment, but as a Divine Inftitution — Bijbop Waimvrighi 's
Teftimony to her Greatnefs and Glory as fucht and the Hopefulnefs of her
Prefent AEiivity — Attachment to her of American Churchmen — And to her
Sons — Value to Englifh Churchmen of a tl Letter Commendatory " — The True
Bond of Unity — Archdeacon Sinclair's Teftimony.
THERE can be no doubt that one effect of
laymen being admitted to the councils
of the Church, and to take part even in the elec
tion of her Bifhops, is to make the laity feel a
deeper intereft in their churchmanfhip. They
have practical evidence and affurance that they
themfelves do indeed form a portion, nay,
the great body of the Church, as a divinely
organized Chriftian community. They do not
the lefs acknowledge and appreciate her Apoftolic
Miniftry, as confifting of thofe who are " fet

Lay Element in the Convention. 75
over them in the Lord" — thofe who are their
"fpiritual paftors and mafters." The more they
realize the great Catholic conftitution of a branch
of the Church Univerfal, the more they muft of
neceffity feel that they, equally with the clergy,
have part and lot in the whole matter of her
polity — in her entire ecclefiaftical arrangements,
her difcipline, and her daily work. But though
they have this privilege, — and it is both a legiti
mate and a neceffary one, according to their
Church's conftitution, — they have it not with
any abfolute authority in its exercife. It is ex
ercifed, of courfe, by their own Church's canoni
cal rule at all times. That rule, it is true, could
be changed ; and they could affift in changing
it, — but they could only affift. Their authority
is only co-ordinate. The clergy muft concur.
There muft be a majority, not only of the lay,
but alfo of the clerical members, in their Con
ventions, in every decifion. With doctrinal
queftions, of courfe, they have nothing whatever
to do — or with any thing neceffarily involving
doctrine. All that belongs, not to the Diocefan,
but the General Convention ; and there the
Houfe of Bifhops have it virtually in their own
hands. The General Convention is the Legif
lature of the whole Church, and does not affem-
ble yearly, like the Diocefan Convention, but
h 2

76 Lay Element in the Convention.
only once every three years. And the Bifhops,
fitting by themfelves, muft concur in all the
legiflation that takes place. It is not to be de
nied, that, as the Bifhop of Oxford fays in his
Hiftory of the American Church, " there are de
ficiencies in all this fcheme of polity." There are
defects in all human fyftems — in all organizations,
even for Divine objects, in which man is the
framer and the director. " We can indeed," con
tinues the Bifhop, " only trace the outward fide
of fuch evils ; we can inquire into defects of
organization, and errors in fyftems of polity and
difcipline, and we can do no more ; but in doing
this we muft never overlook the mafter-truth,
that in the prefence of the bleffed Spirit of the
Lord is the only life and ftrength of the whole
Church. His gracious breath revives its love
and purity : His withdrawal leaves it dry and
withered. The fecret hiftory of a multitude of
hearts may therefore account, in any land, for its
welfare or decline ; but that hiftory is fecret as
the pathway of the Lord amongft the mighty
waters." This is moft true; and under the great
principle it involves, there is ftill much reafon to
be hopeful of the polity of the American Church
with all its imperfections, as feen not without a
certain prejudice, and judged of not without
fome incompetence, by our English hierarchy.

Primitive Mode of Electing Bifhops. 77
But, as refpects the election of Bifhops, we
learn from Church hiftory, that when cities were
at firft converted to Chriftianity, they were elected
by the clergy and people, — the pretext for this
popular proceeding which, at leaft, our modern
hiftorians affign, being that it was then thought
convenient that the laity, as well as the clergy,
fhould concur in the election — that he who was
to have the infpection of them all, might come
in by general confent. But as the number of
Chriftians increafed, we read, this was found to
be inconvenient, fince tumults were apt to arife
at fuch popular elections ; and to prevent fuch
diforders, the Emperors, being then Chriftians,
referved the election of Bifhops to themfelves.
And we all know what an element of evil was
thus introduced into the Chriftian Church, and
what moft deplorable mifchiefs have refulted
from it. Nor has the matter been much mended
by the provifion that the Canons in Cathedral
Churches fhould have the election of their
Bifhops, — which, in the cafe of the Church of
England, as to her injury and regret fhe knows
and feels only too well and too acutely, is a
fyftem of moft galling oppreffion and wrong.
Under the American fyftem, the rifk of tumult
is completely provided againft, by the duty of
election being committed to a delegation of the
H 3

7 8 American Bifhops not Spiritual Peers.
Church in each diocefe ; and fuch a delegation as
can have no intereft in any other choice than one
which, in its judgment, will moft conduce to the
fpiritual welfare of the diocefe.
The American Bifhops, however, have no
State character in any refpect. They are not
like ours. They are neither " fpiritual peers,"
nor "barons by tenure." Prelates they are;
and as fuch, Princes of the Church ; yet with no
fecular title of nobility, or honour ; but only
bearing, like our own, that becoming ecclefiaftical
prefix of Right Reverend to their names. And
yet, ftrange to say, the only real Mitre and
Paftoral Staff which I, an Englifh Churchman,
ever faw were in America, and belonged to, and
had been ufed by, American Bifhops. The
mitre, be it remembered, is the Epifcopal coro
net. We are all familiar with its form ; though
not from feeing it, where it ought to be, on the
heads of our Bifhops, but only on the hammer-
cloths of their carriages ! Its two horns are
generally taken to be an allufion to the cloven
tongues of fire which refted on the Apoftles on
the Day of Pentecoft. The very firft American
Bifhop — the Bifhop of Connecticut, Dr. Sea
bury, — poffeffed and wore a mitre ; and it has
been preferved, and may be feen, in the Library
of Trinity College, at Hartford, in Connecticut,

The Mitre worn by Bifhop Seabury. 79
with an appropriate Latin infcription. The Rev.
Arthur Cleveland Coxe, to whom belongs the
credit of having obtained Bifhop Seabury's
mitre from one of the late prelate's defcendants,
and placed it in the College Library, affixing to
it the infcription, has recorded that " an aged
Prefbyter, the Rev. Ifaac Jones of Litchfield,
came into the Library on Commencement Day,
1 847, and, betraying fome emotion at the fight,
I faid to him — cYou probably have feen that
mitre on Bifhop Seabury's head ? ' when he an-
fwered, 'Yes, in 1785, at the firft ordination in
this country, I faw him wearing his fcarlet hood,
and that mitre ; and though I was then a Dif-
fenter, his ftately figure and folemn manner im-
preffed me very much.' " Bifhop Seabury wore
it generally in his Epifcopal miniftrations. The
Paftoral Staff I faw was the Bifhop of New
Jerfey's ; and I witneffed its ufe, on the occafion
of the Bifhop's confecrating the new parifh
church at Burlington. It was prefented to the
Bifhop by an eminent Englifh layman, — one to
whom the Church of England owes much, for
his noble Chriftian munificence, as well as his able
exertions in her caufe — Mr. Beresford Hope —
who had it made out of a piece of the ancient
oak of old St. Auguftine's at Canterbury. At
the end of the Prayer Book of Edward VI.,

80 American Church under no obligation
which is referred to as ftill obligatory, fo far as
" the ornaments of the church and the minifters
thereof" are concerned, in the Rubric imme
diately before Morning Prayer, it is ordered, —
"Whenfoever the Bifhop fhall celebrate the
Holy Communion, or execute any other public
office, he fhall have upon him, befides his rochet,
an alb, and cope or veftment, and alfo his
paftoral ftaff in his hand, or elfe borne by his
chaplain." This latter requirement of the
Mother Church I had to crofs the Atlantic to
fee for the firft time, in that of the Daughter.
The American Bifhops are not infenfible to
the advantages of their pofition, as being freely
chofen by a lawful delegation of the Church in
the diocefe, and as having to encounter none of
thofe fecular obftructions to a faithful and con-
fiftent courfe of Epifcopal duty which are often
fuch fad hindrances and difcouragements to their
right reverend brethren in England. They love
and venerate the Mother Church, — they are
confcious of her greatnefs and glory ; but they
cannot fhut their eyes to what fhe has to fuffer
from her fubfervient relation to the State, — they
can fee no real caufe to envy the fituation of
even her higheft dignitaries. They vifit England,
and they fee much to excite their admiration,
and their veneration, — much, it may be, cal-

to the Church of England. 8 1
culated to dazzle their eyes, and to inflame
their ambition; but they return home more
than ever fatisfied with their own lot, as one.
of right Apoftolical independence, and true
Epifcopal freedom.
Bifhop Wainwright very forcibly expreffed
this feeling, from the pulpit, upon his return
from England in 1852, after having attended
the Jubilee Celebration of the Society for the
Propagation of the Gofpel. " This Society,"
he obferved, " was to us as an affectionate
nurfing mother, up to the very period when
our independence as a nation was proclaimed ;
and every where throughout the United States
of the confederations, may be found the evi
dences of her foftering care. She was to us
the Church of England. We were not nurtured
and tended by the State. The State neglected
us, defpifed our entreaties, and would have left
us to perifh in our infant ftruggle. In fome
quarters we have been reproached as the offspring
of the State, and thence an odium has attached
to us. But this is not juft. To the Church
as allied to the State are we under no obligation ;
and to fuch a Church are we drawn by no fond
affociations of being once connected with her.
Even the Epifcopacy, which a fpiritual and
independent Church would not only joyfully

82 Bifhop Wainwrighfs Teftimony.
have given us at our firft entreaty, or rather of
her own accord, and out of the fulnefs of her
charity, would have fent to us ere we felt our
want, fhe tardily and ungracioufly yielded to
us, and then gave it bound in with degrading
and uncatholic conditions, which are yet but
partially removed. When, therefore, in the
Preface to the Book of Common Prayer, we
read that to the Church of England the Church
in thefe United States is indebted, under God,
for her firft foundation, and a long continuance
of nurfing care and protection, — it is not, I
emphatically fay, the Church, as by law efta
blifhed, but the Church as a branch of the one
Catholic and Apoftolic Church, who in her
ftraitened condition as a bondwoman, has been
compelled to avail herfelf of auxiliary help in
carrying out the purpofes of her inftitution."
Still the good Bifhop could fee and acknowledge
her devoted operations as a Church, in fpite of
her State bonds. On the occafion of her Society's
Jubilee, he fhows, " fhe could not act in her
fpiritual relations as an independent Church
holding communion with independent Churches
united in a common Head. She is fo trammelled
by the State alliance in which fhe is held, that
fhe could only have invited us to join her by
the State, and through the State. Such an

Bifhop Wainwright's Teftimony. 83
invitation would have been myfterious language
to us ; nor do I fee how we could have con-
fiftently accepted it. But coming as it did, it
was free from all objection. It was the voice
of love from brethren afking the fympathy of
diftant brethren ; and in the fpirit of love it
was refponded to. And from all that took
place on that aufpicious occafion, we are con
vinced that a vaft ftep was taken towards the
accomplifhment of a mighty end, the reftoration
of a vifible unity to Chrift's Church throughout
the world. Was it not fymbolized in the gather
ing together of Bifhops from every quarter of
the globe, who united their voices in the fame
prayers, praifes, and thankfgivings, knelt together
as a loving band of brothers at one altar, partook
of the fame facrifice, and with alternate hands
diftributed the Sacred Feaft to a mighty mul
titude from many folds, but all profeffing a
common faith, and united as one under a com
mon Head, our Lord Jefus Chrift ? " All this,
then, was in the Church of England as a divine
inftitution; and as fuch fhe is engaged, the
Bifhop further fhowed, in moft zealous works
of Chriftian charity and benevolence. He re
turned home under the conviction that " her
ftrength is great, her defences unfhaken, and
her ultimate triumph certain," — a conviction

84 Bifhop Wainwright 's Teftimony.
produced and ftrengthened " by many fucceffive
days fpent in friendly intercourfe with the fathers,
priefts, and lay brethren of the Church, in fee
ing their abundant labours and facrifices, hearing
about their plans for the extenfion of the Re
deemer's kingdom, witneffing their well-directed
zeal, and beholding every where the proofs of
their munificent donations in reftoring the ancient
and decaying confecrated places, building new
and beautiful churches wherever there was need,
both in rural diftricts, and in the poor and
populous neighbourhoods of large cities, taking
anxious care for the inftruction of the maffes
of the people, fo that the remoteft and fmalleft
hamlet fhall have its fchool where the elements
of ufeful knowledge are taught, in clofe con
nexion with the better and more important know
ledge which the Word of God and His Church
can alone impart ; and not refting fatisfied with
making ample provifion for the inftruction and
fpiritual edification of the poor and deftitute at
home, but laying plans with wifdom and fore-
caft, and executing them, one after another, with
energy and liberality, for giving the Church in
its complete organization to the moft diftant
colonies, and to heathen lands."
There is no want of acknowledgment or
appreciation, therefore, of our Church work in

The Hope fulnefs of her Prefent Activity. 85
England, — of its variety and extent, or of the
energy and liberality with which it is carried
on. Yet is there, at the fame time, a full and
regretful confcioufnefs, that it is not as members
of an Eftablifhed Church that her members,
clerical and lay, are enabled to carry it on, but
rather in fpite of their difadvantages as fuch.
The building up and extenfion of the Englifh
Church, and the promotion of works of piety
and benevolence within her pale, prefented this
earneft-minded American Bifhop, he declares,
fubjects for contemplation that fhould cheer and
encourage the hearts of all devout fons of the
Church. " But," he is conftrained to add,
" that we have feen no defects in her towers and
bulwarks, and no deformity in her palaces, it
would be want of fincerity and truth to affert.
I have already alluded," he continues, " to one
which is a deformity in our fight, and, in our
judgment, the caufe of injury to the Church by
reafon of the impediments thrown in the way
of her free action. We have feen how this
alliance of Church and State operated to our
great difadvantage in the earlier periods of our
hiftory, and in many ways the fame deleterious
influence is ftill at work. But the queftion is
one full of difficulties, and we are in no pofition
to judge of it impartially and intelligently. We
VOL. 1. 1

86 The Hope fulnefs of her Prefent Activity.
can fee, however, that a violent and fudden dif-
ruption of the union would be attended with
the moft baneful confequences. Intelligent
and zealous members of the Church are now
anxioufly feeking how this and all other imper
fections may be leffened or removed, and how
the efficiency of the Church may be increafed.
There is, indeed, a fpirit of love and zeal and
wifdom now manifefted, which cannot fail of
producing the happieft refults  Our
walk about Zion has left only love and venera
tion for the tokens fhe has given of her affection
for us, and hope and courage in view of the
glorious career fhe is yet deftined to run. She
will fhake from her the fecular chains by which
her freedom has been conftrained ; her divifions
and diffenfions will be healed ; her latent energies
will be put forth ; her enemies will be fcattered
before her ; or, rather, fhe will win them to her
ranks, and they will fight with her in clofe
alliance againft thofe who are the only real
enemies of the Church, the powers of Satan."
One cannot but fee, here in England, how the
wifh has been father to very much of this
charitable and hopeful thought. But it fhows
a gratifying appreciation of the Church's life
and energies as a Church, and of thofe checks
and conftraints under her fubjection to the State

The Hppefulnefs of her Prefent Activity. 87
which yet are to fo great an extent overcome
through her own vigorous action. That " fhe
will fhake from her the fecular chains by which
her freedom has been conftrained," however, is
fcarcely, at prefent, to be very fanguinely hoped
for. But that American Churchmen do hope this
for our Church, is juftly to be regarded as an
evidence of their attachment to her, and of their
brotherly love for her children. Through the
State they have nothing to bind them to Englifh-
men ; but through the Church they have every
thing. " We were not nurtured and tended by
the State. The State neglected us, defpifed
our entreaties, and would have left us to perifh
in our infant ftrugglings." But not fo the
Church, apart from the State ; for to her they
have it put on perpetual record, " The Church
in thefe United States is indebted, under God,
for her firft foundation, and a long continuance
of nurfing care and attention :" —
" Old ifle and glorious — I have heard
Thy fame acrofs the fea,
And know my fathers' homes are thine ;
My fathers reft with thee1."
Such is the prevalent feeling among American
1 Coxe's Chriftian Ballads.
I 2

88 The Hopefulnefs of her Prefent Activity.
Churchmen. Their fympathy is not a temporal,
but a fpiritual fympathy. It is not in the
State, but in the Church of England, that they
find their true communion and fellowfhip with
us. The political memories are full of bitter-
nefs and wrath, — of England as a State hiftory
tells them only how much reafon they have to
think with averfion. But not fo their Church
memories ; for to her they owe a daughter's
gratitude and love. And it is only the American
Churchman who can take up the refrain of his
countryman's Chriftian ballad, and fing, —
" Now pray we for our mother,
That England long may be
The holy, and the happy,
And the glorioufly free !
Who blefTeth her is MefTed !
So peace be in her walls ;
And joy in all her palaces,
Her colleges, and halls !
" All ye who pray in Englifh,
Pray God for England, pray !
And chiefly thou, my country,
In thy young glory's day !
Pray God thofe times return not,
'Tis England's hour of need !
Pray for thy mother — daughter,
Plead God for England, plead 2 !"
Certainly, my own perfonal experience tells
2 Coxe's Chriftian Ballads.

The Hope fulnefs of her Prefent Activity. 89
me that fuel* is the prevalent feeling among
American Churchmen. It was my good fortune
to be thrown mainly into their fociety, and I
found myfelf there in quite a congenial focial,
moral, and religious atmofphere. As an Eng
lifh Churchman I was evidently the object of
attentions which otherwife there would have been
no motive, and no heart to beftow. I was hap
pily provided, through the kind confideration of
my fpiritual paftor at home, with a Letter Com
mendatory, which was of great ufe to me both in
the United States and in Canada. It was ad
dreffed, however, only to " The Right Reverend
the Bifhops and the Reverend the Priefts and
Deacons of Chrift's Holy Catholic and Apoftolic
Church in the United States of America ;" and
it fet forth to them that the bearer of it,
" having declared his intention of vifiting your
country, in the fulfilment of his avocations as a
literary person, — I do, by thefe prefents, teftify
that he is a full and faithful member of Chrift's
Holy Catholic and Apoftolic Church in Eng
land, and an earneft, pious, and regular com
municant in the church of  , within the
diocefe of —  , in the fame, — and for the
fake of our common and all-glorious Head, the
Lord Jefus Chrift, I do befeech on his behalf, a
full meafure of all the means of grace at your
1 3

90 The True Bond of Unity.
hands, and every token of Chriftian fellowfhip
and love. The grace of our Lord Jefus Chrift
be with you all. Amen ! " Such were my cre
dentials as an Englifh Churchman. They were
a fure paffport to Church privileges wherever I
produced them ; and they gained me, moreover,
hofpitalities and kindneffes, in various Church
quarters, where no other claim that I poffeffed
could have been of any avail. I ftrongly advife
every Englifh Churchman who vifits America to
go fimilarly provided. I had alfo the honour to
be furnifhed with a letter of introduction and
commendation from Her Majefty's Foreign
Secretary to the Britifh Minifter at Wafhington ;
but, without by any means wifhing to under
value that mark of attention, I muft fay that it
was practically worthlefs, in comparifon with the
other. Yes, — it is the confcioufnefs that they are
emphatically our Chriftian brethren, — that they
are members of the fame houfehold of faith with
ourfelves — and that they are indebted to the
Church of England for what they know and
feel to be a great bleffing, — it is this which
attaches them to England and Englifhmen.
And while this confcioufnefs can only exift
righteoufly and fully among American Church
men, fo it is to Englifh Churchmen that it is

Archdeacon Sinclair's Teftimony. 91
naturally fhown moft frankly and moft cordially.
It involves a facred principle of brotherhood be
tween the two peoples ; and the more it prevails,
the ftronger and the more enduring will be the
bond of unity between the two countries.
Not long before my arrival in the United
States, a deputation of our venerable Society for
the Propagation of the Gofpel had made a return
vifit, and attended the General Convention of the
Church, held on that occafion in the city of New
York. One of that deputation, Archdeacon
Sinclair, has put on record his high fenfe of the
value of fuch a connexion to the interefts of re
ligion and of peace in the world. Addreffing
the Board of Miffions, at which as many as
twenty Bifhops were prefent, he declared —
"Your Church and ours are the beft hope of
Chriftendom. No country has a brighter prof-
peet before it than yours ; and in your country,
no Chriftian community poffeffes a larger ftiare
of refpectability, of intelligence, and, I may add,
of worldly influence, than the Proteftant Epifco
pal Church." And then, after briefly referring
to the two claffes of affailants of " pure religion
and undefiled," who were combining, on both
fides of the Atlantic, againft it, although natu
rally antagoniftic to each other, he added, —
" Under thefe critical circumftances, it is of

92 Archdeacon Sinclair's Teftimony.
unfpeakable importance to fhow, that befides
the Greek Church, with all its branches, in the
Eaft, there is a great Weftern Church which,
rejecting Papal corruptions, adheres with un
compromifing firmnefs to primitive truth and
Apoftolic order, and will not give place by
fubjection, either to Popery or Rationalifm — no,
not for an hour, that the truth of God may
remain among us." Again, in a fermon, which
our venerable Archdeacon preached at St. Paul's
Chapel, New York, and which was printed at
the requeft of the Bifhops, under the title of
" Great Britain and America," he thus fur
ther expatiated upon their advantages and ours
through the facred bond of the Church : —
" Befides the general profeffion of Chriftianity
common to nearly all, there is a further ftep in
fpiritual advancement which the great majority
of your people have taken, namely, the acknow
ledgment that the Canon of the Old and New
Teftaments, or, in one word, the Bible, con
tains all things neceffary to falvation ; and this
great majority receive with uniform reverence
one and the fame authorized tranflation — a
tranflation unrivalled in refpect of accuracy,
fimplicity, and force. You, my brethren, — I
rejoice to fay it, — occupy a far higher pofition
in the fcale of fpiritual privilege. You not only

Archdeacon Sinclair's Teftimony. 93
accept the Scripture, but accept the ancient
creeds of Chriftendom as faithful exponents of
Scripture truth, and you are thus effectually
preferved from being toffed to and fro and carried
about by every wind of doctrine. And, further,
as a guide to devotion, you have a Book of
Common Prayer and Adminiftration of the
Sacraments drawn from the pure well-fpring of
primitive Chriftianity, adapted with confum-
mate judgment to modern times and your own
ufages, and in itfelf fo comprehenfive, fo un
affected, and fo earneft, as to rivet the attention,
intereft the fympathies, and fatisfy the require
ments of every pious mind. And, laftly, you
have the advantage of an Apoftolic miniftry in
its threefold orders of Bifhop, Prieft, and Dea
con. Not only are your minifters duly called
and authorized, but endowed alfo with the re-
quifite qualifications for their facred function.
Within the memory of man your Church had
not a fingle Bifhop, and only a few Prefbyters.
It had incurred great difafters, involving nearly
its extinction, and had fuffered reproach and
obloquy for its adherence to the mother coun
try. Now it has become ftrong in the affec
tions of the nation. It is known to be as
patriotic, as republican, and as thoroughly Ame
rican, as any other religious body throughout

94 Archdeacon Sinclair's Teftimony.
the States. Its principles and formularies are
found to be as well adapted to all forms of
government as Chriftianity itfelf. Its Epifco
pate has, within lefs than eighty years, increafed
to the number of thirty, and its Prefbyters to
eighteen hundred. The order and felf-devotion,
alfo, with which laity as well as clergy have
come forward amidft great difcouragements and
difficulties, not only to fupply the urgent wants
of your own native population, but to provide
alfo for the vaft multitudes of foreigners con-
ftantly landed upon your fhores, feem to open
a cheering profpect into futurity. The bene
ficial influence of the churches, fchools, and
colleges you have eftablifhed, muft, from year
to year, be more apparent both at home and
abroad ; and I cannot but regard with unfpeak-
able gratification, the extent to which Provi
dence is employing, and feems preparing to
employ, this Proteftant Epifcopal Church in dif-
feminating found Chriftian principles and morals,
not only throughout your own great Republic,
but throughout this vaft Continent and the
world at large."
All this, then, coincides with and illuftrates
what has been ftated in thefe pages, as to the
value and importance of that facred relationfhip
in which Englifh and American Churchmen

Archdeacon Sinclair's Teftimony. 95
ftand towards each other, and which my own
experience in various and far-diftant parts of the
great Republic attefted and confirmed. And
our Englifh Archdeacon, addreffing American
Churchmen, fpeaks of their Zion and ours as
one, when he further declares, — " We may con
fidently anticipate, that the members of our
beloved Church, in all its branches throughout
the world, will evince their thankfulnefs to God
for His incalculable gifts, by their unfeigned
mutual fympathy and affection ; that they will
endeavour to be more and more a light, a
bleffing, and a fhelter to all around them, and
more and more a help to one another ; and that
whether in the Britifh Ifles, in the United
States, in Britifh America, in South Africa,
Auftralia, or New Zealand, they will invoke,
with increafing fervour and brotherly love, the
Divine protection and benediction upon each
and all ! The cheering words of David will
break forth from every heart and every tongue,
' Opray for the peace of Jerufalem : they fhall prof-
per that love thee. Peace be within thy walls, and
plenteoufnefs within thy palaces ! For my brethren
and companions' fake I will wifh thee profperity ;
yea, becaufe of the houfe of the Lord our God, I
will feek to do thee good.' "

CHAPTER V.
Confecration of Bifhop Potter— Preliminary Proceedings — Intereft excited —
The American Confecration Office — Sermon by the Lord Bifhop of Montreal —
Gratifying Circumftances of the Occafion — Paftoral Letter of the New Bifhop
— Its Evidences of his Orthodoxy and Earneftnefs — His Fervent Appeal to
both Clergy and Laity — His Devotion to ABive Duty — His Firft Addrefs
to the Convention of his Diocefe — AhftraB of his Firft Tear's Labours —
The Sacrifices they entail — His Support under them — His Sound Views of
the Church — His Appreciation of the Catholic Movement — No Alarm as to
its Progrefs — His Realization of its ObjeBs.
THE confecration of Dr. Potter, the Bifhop-
Elect of New York, took place as foon
after his election as the neceffary arrangements
could be made ; and I was glad of the oppor
tunity of attending at fo folemn and interefting
a Catholic rite in the Republic of America.
By a Canon of the American Church, entitled,
"Of the Confecration of Bifhops during the
Recefs of the General Convention," it is pro
vided that if, during the recefs, — that is, at any
time when the General Convention is not in
feffion, — the Church in any diocefe fhall be
defirous of the confecration of a Bifhop-elect,

Intereft excited. 97
the Standing Committee of that diocefe may
communicate the defire to the Standing Com
mittees of the different diocefes throughout the
Church in the United States, together with
copies of the neceffary teftimonials, and if the
majority of them confent to the propofed con
fecration, evidence thereof, together with other
teftimonials, fhall be forwarded to the Prefiding
Bifhop of the Houfe of Bifhops, who fhall
communicate the fame to all the other Bifhops ;
and if a majority of them agree to it, then the
confecration may take place, — the Prefiding
Bifhop, with any two other bifhops, performing
the fame, or any three bifhops whom he may
direct. The Prefiding Bifhop is thus equivalent
to our Primate, or to the Primus in the Church
of Scotland.
The confecration was held in Trinity Church,
New York, and excited the deepeft intereft, —
the nave and aifles being crowded with people,
and the chancel well filled with bifhops and
clergy. There were prefent the following pre
lates : — the Bifhop of Connecticut, Prefident, the
Bifhop of Pennfylvania, the Bifhop of Mary
land, the Bifhop of Maffachufetts, the Bifhop
of New Jerfey, the Bifhop of Illinois, the Bifhop
of Michigan, the Bifhop of Iowa, the Bifhop
of Vermont, the Bifhop of Rhode Ifland, the
vol. 1. K

98 The American Confecration Office.
Affiftant-Bifhop of Connecticut, and the Lord
Bifhop of Montreal. In all twelve Bifhops —
eleven American, and one Britifh, but all holding
the fame Apoftolic fucceffion, — all, too, having
the fame particular genealogy.
The American form of Ordaining or Con-
fecrating of a Bifhop is fubftantially that of our
own Church, — altered flightly to fuit their own
fomewhat different circumftances. Of courfe
there is no Royal Mandate for the confecration
demanded by the Prefiding Bifhop, — no oath
touching the acknowledgment of a Royal Supre
macy miniftered to the Bifhop-elect, — nor is
there any oath of obedience to an ecclefiaftical
fuperior required to be taken. But, as with
us, he promifes conformity to the doctrine,
difcipline, and worfhip of the Church in the
form of an oath. In the examination in certain
articles, " To the end that the congregation
prefent may have a trial, and bear witnefs how
he is minded to behave himfelf in the Church
of God," — in the queftion, " Will you maintain
and fet forward, as much as lieth in you, quiet-
nefs, love, and peace among all men, and fuch as
be unquiet, dif obedient, and criminous within your
diocefe, correct and punifJi, according to fuch
authority as you have by God's Word, and as to
you fliall be committed by the Ordinance of this

Sermon by the Bifhop of Montreal. 99
Realm," — the words here given in italics are
omitted, and in their place are the following, —
" And diligently exercife fuch difcipline as by
the authority of God's Word, and by the order
of this Church is committed to you." This is,
at leaft, more honeft than ours. In our cafe
fuch a promife is very much a fham. Our
Bifhops do not exercife any fuch jurifdiction
" amongft all men," or even amongft the laymen
of the Church in which they are rulers. But
the American Bifhops can and do exercife fuch
difcipline as God's Word and the Church autho
rizes them to do ; fo that they can really perform
what they thus folemnly promife. The Bifhop-
elect being veiled, firft in his rochet, and after
wards in the reft of the Epifcopal habit, all that
follows is ordered the fame as with us.
A fermon was preached, in the Communion
Service, by the Lord Bifhop of Montreal. In
the courfe of it he took occafion to allude to
the fact of his having taken part in the con
fecration of the lamented Bifhop Wainwright,
only two years before, into whofe minifterial life,
he faid, much had been crowded that tended
to build up the Church of God in that country.
The Bifhop they had now confecrated, as his
fucceflbr, had come to his charge, he added,
though under melancholy, yet under promifing
K 2

i oo Paftoral Letter of the New Biffiop.
circumftances, and he warmly and affectionately
befought him to feek continually for that grace
and ftrength from on high which were fo pre
eminently requifite for the facred duties of fo
high and refponfible an office.
The whole of the folemn fervice was performed
with becoming reverence and devotion, and the
crowded congregation feemed to be deeply im-
preffed with its ferious and devout character
and holy object. The prefence of the Lord
Bifhop of Montreal was another gratifying in
ftance of that intimate relationfhip and Chriftian
good-will between the two Churches of England
and America which it is fo much to their
mutual interefts fhould be ftrengthened and
perpetuated. Bifhop Potter's confecration was within a few
days of Advent ; and that feafon was not far
advanced when the new prelate iffued a Paftoral
Letter, addreffed to both the clergy and laity
of his diocefe, in which he very forcibly fhowed
how correct a fenfe he had of the refponfibilities
of his facred charge, and how great was his
anxiety that all fhould co-operate with him,
laity as well as clergy, in forwarding their com
mon interefts in the Church, — "every member
of the fame in his vocation and miniftry." Ad
dreffing them all as " dear brethren and friends,"

Fervent Appeal to the Clergy. 101
he plainly pointed out to them the relation in
which they ftood towards each other. " Set
apart and confecrated as I have been," he told
them, " to the office of a Bifhop in the Church
of God, and appointed to be over you in the
Lord as your Chief Paftor, you will eafily con
ceive what a refponfibility I muft feel, and what
an intenfe intereft I muft henceforth take in the
fpiritual condition of every part of my diocefe.
You will not take it ill, if with meeknefs and
humility, but yet with the authority which the
adorable Head of the Church has conferred upon
me, I at once open to you all my heart."
This he proceeds very feelingly to do ; and he
evinces, in doing it, a remarkably true con
ception of the character and obligations of the
high office he was called and confecrated to fill,
and of the duties and fervices he had a right to
claim from thofe over whom he was placed. To
his reverend brethren he fays, — " My brethren
of the clergy, what a charge is ours ! Minifters
of Chrift, and ftewards of the myfteries of God,
we ftand between two worlds, and watch for
fouls as they that muft give account ! How
fhall we appear before Chrift for judgment,
unlefs we have here imitated His diligence, His
tendernefs, His heavenly fpirit, His felf-facrifice
in feeking and faving them that are ready to
k 3

102 Fervent Appeal to the Clergy.
perifh ? If we have contented ourfelves with
the public and formal duties of our miniftry ;
if we have not mingled with the people in a
meek, tender, fympathetic fpirit; if we have
eaten and drank with the members of our flocks
without fpeaking to them of their religious duties
in private, in a fimple affectionate way ; if we
have allowed ourfelves to think more of contro-
verfy than of the fpiritual edification and nourifh-
ment of fouls committed to our charge ; if we
have infenfibly fallen off from the purity, and
elevation, and fanctity of the Divine life into
vain, frivolous, and worldly habits, fo that our
prefence and words are as likely to make men
worfe as to make them better, — what a tre
mendous day will be that in which we fhall have
to render an account of our ftewardfhip ! And
on the other hand, if we are true followers and
reprefentatives of Him, who was meek and
lowly of heart, who went about doing good,
who preached the Gofpel to the poor, whofe
meat and drink it was to do the will of Him
that fent Him ; who humbled Himfelf to be
born of a Virgin, and to wafh the feet of the
lowly ; who, when reviled, reviled not again ;
who fuffered long, and was kind ; who forrowed,
that we might everlaftingly rejoice ; who died on
the fhameful crofs, that we micht live for ever

Fervent Appeal to the Clergy. 103
in glory ; — if we labour and fuffer for fouls in
His Spirit, what a fublime miniftry is ours ! —
how full of confolation here ! — how crowned with
bleffednefs, ineffable and eternal, hereafter ! " He
then lays emphatically before them the well-
known letter of our faintly Bifhop Wilfon to
his clergy for their efpecial confideration, — as
being at all times moft important and edifying
in its exhortations and inftructions, — and, he
added, " It is my fervent prayer to Almighty
God, as it is my particular requeft to you, that
through all your earthly miniftry it may be
retained near you, and be frequently confulted,
in order that the image of minifterial life and
duty contained in it may be as frequently re
newed in your minds and hearts." He knows, he
tells them, that there are a great many earneft and
faithful men in the miniftry of the Church, who
do very, very much in the way juft pointed out.
But which of them, he afks, may not well lament
that he has been fo remifs in thefe things? "We
need to fpeak," he further affures them, " in a
true, and .therefore lofty tone, both to parents
and to children, of the great dignity of the
facred miniftry, and of the unfpeakable bleffed
nefs of a life of genuine devotion to its duties.
We need to fpeak out in the families of the
cultivated and the opulent, and to fhow them

1 04 Fervent Appeal to the Clergy.
that there is fomething more glorious to afpire
after than the honours, the riches, or the plea-
fures of this world. We need to carry into the
domeftic circle a fpirit of love and devotion that,
with the bleffing of God, will kindle a flame in
youthful hearts, and convert the child of luxury
into a fervent, felf-denying foldier of the crofs!"
Then, turning to another point, he declares, ftill
addreffing the clergy, — " My brethren, who can
doubt that we need to aroufe ourfelves to more
effectual endeavours to deal with the ignorance
and vice of our large cities, and to provide for
the growing wants of our great diocefe, as well
as for thofe of our expanding country, and of
the world ? Many noble works have been done.
Self-denying men are bearing themfelves bravely
for their Matter's caufe ; but we muft redouble
our exertions : we muft enlarge our operations ;
we muft take counfel together ; and, facrificing
all pride of opinion, and pride of influence, we
muft ftrive together that God may be glorified
in His Church; and that the fheep which are
wandering without a fhepherd may be gathered
into the fold of Chrift, and fed with the true
bread that cometh down from heaven. I fhall
want your affiftance ; I fhall need the fympathy
and fupport of the people committed to your
care, as well as to mine ; and, confcious as I am

Fervent Appeal to the Laity. 105
to myfelf, that I defire nothing but to fulfil the
miniftry which I have received of the Lord
Jefus, to teftify the Gofpel of the grace of God,
— nothing but to act up to that moft con-
ftraining charge of the great Shepherd and Bifhop
of fouls, which never feemed to me fo pregnant
with meaning, fo weighty, or fo tender, as when
read in my ears on the day of my confecration,
— c Simon, fon of Jonas, loveft thou me ? Feed
my lambs ; feed my fheep,' — confcious of this,
I am quite fure that I fhall have your fupport
in carrying out thefe great objects of our com
mon miniftry in every way in which you can
properly give it."
Equally earneft and pointed was the Bifhop's
appeal to the laity. The circumftances of the
American Church render the direct co-operation
of the laity effentially neceffary to the fuccefsful
practical working of the whole ecclefiaftical
polity. The voluntary fyftem has doubtlefs
many difadvantages. They are palpable, on every
hand, to the careful obferver of her organization
in fome of the moft important of its ordinary
working details. But it has alfo many coun
teracting advantages; not the leaft of which,
affuredly, is that clofer communion into which
it brings the clergy and laity — the feeling of
reciprocal duty and mutual attachment which it

106 Fervent Appeal to the Laity.
produces — and the deeper perfonal intereft in
their Church and her miniftrations, which it does
not fail to excite in the minds of the laity, as
well as the clergy. The Bifhop of New York
well knew all this from his own long experience ;
yet he knew alfo the neceffity of reminding
them, no lefs than his clergy, of their obliga
tions. " My brethren of the laity," he fays to
them, " you fee, in what precedes, how weighty
are the cares and refponfibilities which the ador
able Head of the Church has devolved upon
your fpiritual paftors. We are fet to watch
for, and minifter to, fouls : unfpeakable interefts
hang fufpended on our miniftry, and we are
anfwerable to God for the faithful performance
of our duty. You cannot but perceive, from what
has been faid, in how great a meafure the clergy
are dependent for the fuccefs of their endeavours,
— indeed, for the very elafticity and energy of
their minds, upon your kind confideration of
them, your earneft readinefs to follow their
godly admonitions and inftructions, and your
generous zeal to co-operate with and affift them
in their efforts to do good. Without your
fympathy and active fupport, they can expect
little fuccefs — they can look for little comfort.
Cheer them on in their work with your warm
approbation and energetic aid. You double

Fervent Appeal to the Laity. 107
their efficiency when you animate them with
hope, when you infpire them with confidence
in your fteady good-will. Not only is this a
duty which you owe to your fpiritual paftors,
as the minifters of God to you for good, but,
let me fay to you emphatically, that as a body
they are eminently deferving of this refpect and
kindnefs at your hands." Then, remarking
upon the two fides which minifterial life prefents
— the two phafes under which it appears — with
one only of which they are familiar, the other
being hidden from their view : the public minif
trations being what moft of them know and
realize, but not the more private portion of his
life, — his kneelings at the bedfides of the fick
and dying : his efforts to foothe the anguifh
and trouble of one, to counfel and comfort the
doubting and difquieted heart of another ; " now
feeking to arreft fome downward tendency, — now
gently calling to the performance of neglected
duty, at the hazard, perhaps, of being met with
a rude repulfe, — now ftriving to aroufe a flum-
bering confcience, — and now labouring to inftrudt
and confole fome awakened, but doubting and
troubled, fpirit ; or in the ftudy, early and late,
in fpite of wearinefs — in fpite, perhaps, of fick-
nefs, forrow, and neglect — and when none are
near to witnefs his anxious efforts, he looks

108 Fervent Appeal to the Laity.
about for fomething to fay to his people which
may be ' good for the ufe of edifying, that it
may minifter grace unto the hearers,' and of a
nature to make its way to the heart." Thus
fetting before them the life and labours of him
whom each of them profeffed to recognize and
was bound to ftand by as his fpiritual paftor, he
puts it to them as worthy of their moft ferious
thought, " what a life muft be his, if deprived
of fympathy and encouragement from you ! if
allowed to fuffer from want, or if furrounded by
captious tempers, more fkilled to find or make
faults than confiderate to excufe infirmities, and
uphold with that generous, ftedfaft fupport which
quickens the energies and virtues of a man, and
enables him to outdo himfelf! Think of thefe
things," he adds, "when you find yourfelves
tempted to difparage the work of your fpiritual
paftor ; and remember that you can never know
the half of what he is daily doing and fuffering
for your fake." To parents and heads of fami
lies, he further tells them, the Church looks
for very much of the influence which alone can
maintain and increafe the practical piety of her
members, and meet in any worthy way the
growing demands of her miniftry, — for the family
is the nurfery of the Church ; there, more than
any where elfe, religion being preferved and per-

Fervent Appeal to the Laity. 109
petuated in fociety, and keeping alive in the
hearts of the old and of the young the flame of
devotion which otherwife the cares and conflicts
of the world would be fo apt to extinguifh,
more efpecially in an age like the prefent. In
conclufion, their Bifhop reminds them that they
too, no lefs than the clergy, are ftewards, and
that it is required of them alfo to be found
faithful. " You are refponfible," he emphati
cally affures them, " as being fervants of Chrift,
partakers of His grace through the Gofpel, and
ftewards of the temporal goods which God, in
His providence, has entrufted to your manage
ment. The ftewardfhip of money ! — that is
your honourable and weighty charge ; and its
high fignificance to yourfelves, and to the Church
of God, cannot well be over-eftimated. We
are the difciples of One who, though He was
rich, yet for our fakes became poor, that we
through His poverty might be infinitely and
everlaftingly rich. He gave all for us, and it
becomes us to confider what we are bound to
give for Him, for His poor, and for His Church.
If God has enriched you with temporal riches,
furely it was not for your own fake alone that
He conferred them upon you. It was that
you might enjoy the ineftimable privilege of
acting largely as His ftewards, and miniftering
vol. 1. L

1 1 o His Firft Addrefs to the
in His Name, and after the example of our
Saviour." Such was the firft Paftoral Letter of the new
Bifhop, — fuch his primary introduction, as a
Chief Paftor, to both clergy and laity. I have
dwelt, upon it fomewhat at length, becaufe it
fhows rather ftrikingly the wifdom of the choice
which the Convention of the diocefe had made,
while at the fame time it illuftrates the action
and influence of the Epifcopate in America, in
a way that we have not much idea of in this
country. Nor has the promife which was then given,
of zeal and devotion in his high office, been
in anywife difappointed by the Epifcopal career
of Bifhop Potter. He fet about the difcharge
of its laborious duties at once, with an evident
determination to fpare no pains to do them
faithfully and well, and he has fo far fulfilled
this high refolve.
Not only did the Bifhop begin to devote
himfelf heart and foul to the performance of his
Epifcopal duties, but he gave evidence, in doing
fo, of a high degree of found and fenfible
Catholic Churchmanfhip. In his Firft Annual
Addrefs to the Convention of his diocefe, he
faid, "On Friday, the 29th of September, 1854,
being the Feaft of St. Michael and All Angels,

Convention of his Diocefe. 1 1 1
juft one year ago to-morrow, the final action
of this body fummoned me to the weighty
charge, which had been fo recently, fo fuddenly,
and, for the diocefe, fo fadly put off by the ami
able and beloved Bifhop Wainwright. Having
never, in the whole courfe of my life, taken a
fingle ftep tending to invite fuch a call, I felt
that I had nothing to do but to fubmit myfelf
unrefervedly to the will of God ; and, accord
ingly, I at once fignified to the Convention,
through its Committee, my acceptance of a
truft, which, more than any other in the Church
of God, takes a man out of his own hands, away
from the privacy and repofe of his own home,
and makes his life a continual facrifice on the
altar of public duty. It is always a folemn and
impreffive thing, when we are fummoned to
mount up into a breach where others have fud
denly fallen before us ; but it is doubly fo, when
the pofition we are called upon to take is pre
eminently one of toil, refponfibility, and danger,
and one which vifibly makes the laft ftage in
the changes of this mortal life — the poft at
which we muft remain until fummoned away
from it by death." There is no doubt that the
Bifhop here fpoke out of the fulnefs of his
heart, and that the year's experience he had
had of the labours and cares of his office had
L 2

1 1 2 His Firft Addrefs to the Convention.
fhown him its trials, its refponfibilities, and its
dangers. The Bifhop proceeded to fay to them that he
had found in his private journal, which had been
made at an early hour of the morning following
the evening of his election, a record of that
event, and on the page oppofite to it the words,
" The night cometh ;" and yet, he obferved,
" To-day, after the lapfe of a year of increafed
care and toil, after ten months of active official
duty, including between eight and nine thoufand
miles of travel, a vifitation of all the remote
parts of the diocefe, and of more than two-
thirds of its parifhes, between 1800 and 1900
perfons confirmed, 13 churches confecrated, a
large number of ordinations to both orders of
the facred miniftry, 180 fermons, 170 addreffes
at confirmations, and on other occafions, together
with a very large amount of bufinefs and cor-
refpondence; after all this, it is with a feeling
of fomething like furprife, that I find myfelf
not only not broken down, but improved in
health, become familiar with the duties of a
new miniftry, and cheered by the affured con
viction that, for a perfon poffeffing a fair amount
of energy and facility in the defpatch of bufinefs
and correfpondence, there is nothing in the ad-
miniftration of fuch a diocefe as this that need

Extent of his Firft Tear's Labours. 113
of neceffity greatly opprefs the mind, or exhauft
the ftrength. No doubt," he continued, " it
is a charge of great labour, as well as of increafing
care and refponfibility ; its fpiritual bearings,
however, awakening infinitely more concern than
can poffibly arife from any amount of mere
bufinefs or toil ; but it is always right to ftate
things according to their real and true meafure ;
and it feems to me fcarcely correct or juft to
reprefent the charge of this diocefe as one which,
properly managed, muft needs involve an amount
of labour and care fo impoffible to be fuftained,
or fo very unreafonable." The Bifhop is evi
dently well fupported in his endurance of fo
much toil and fatigue. His heart is in his work,
which is one fource of fupport, no doubt ; and
his habits are methodical, and his mind is ferene.
Yet is it an amount of labour which not many,
perhaps, would find it fo eafy to fuftain. The
very travelling — between eight and nine thoufand
miles of travel in the courfe of a fingle year ! —
would overcome many at an advanced period
of life. And then 170 confirmations, and con
firmation addreffes, — that is, one about every
other day; and 180 fermons, filling up, as it
were, all the alternate days, — thus, in thefe two
acts alone, finding engagements of arduous duty
for every day. Surely this were being " in labours
L 3

1 1 4 The Sacrifices they entail.
more abundant." Comparifons are invidious ;
yet one cannot but wonder how the labours
of our own Bifhops, or fome of them, would
compare with this.
Not that the Bifhop is infenfible, after all, to
the preffure of fo much duty, and to the facrifices
it involves, — only he feels that he can endure,
fince he is well fuftained under it. " There is,
indeed," he acknowledges, " an end of nearly
all repofe, and of nearly all retirement and
feclufion. There is a grievous lofs of domeftic
comfort, and there is a continual neceffity for
appearing in public, which is itfelf no light trial
to a temperament like that of the prefent in
cumbent; but the kindnefs which every where
welcomes and fupports him, does all that kind
nefs can do to cheer and to confole ; and for the
reft, if we are looking unto Him who went
before us in the way of loving felf-facrifice and
endurance, — if we truly bethink ourfelves that the
difciple is not to afpire to be above his Mafter,
that it is enough for him to be even as his
Mafter ; if we remember how fhort is our life of
labour on the earth, — how infinite the life of
glory in heaven, we fhall gird up the loins of
our minds, labouring zealoufly to enter into
that great reft, and caring little, yea, rejoicing
much, that there is fome ruggednefs in the way,

His Sound Views of the Church. 1 1 5
and fome heavinefs in the burden which we are
appointed to bear ! " This were, indeed, ap
propriate language for a Bifhop of the Church,
and it evidently came from the heart. I do not
fay this without fome knowledge of him that
uttered it, and of the courfe of public life in
which he was then engaged.
And now to fhow how, along with all this
earneft devotion to Epifcopal duty, he enter
tained found Catholic views of the true character
and attributes of the Church for which he per
formed it. He alludes to the Reformation, —
" the glorious Reformation of the Church," —
as a legitimate and falutary movement, deliver
ing a large portion of Chriftendom from the
monftrous abufes, corruptions, and tyrannies
which had been inflicted upon the Church
during the middle ages, under the aufpices of
Papal Rome, — a Reformation, however, which
created ftrong tendencies towards change, inno
vation, free-thinking, infubordination, which,
running into excefs in certain quarters, hurried
away ill-regulated minds into rationalifm and
infidelity, and threatened the overthrow of more
than one civil government, as well as lowered
and loofened Church polity, and unfettled and
confufed Church doctrine, more or lefs, every
where within its influence. "All this," adds

1 1 6 His Sound Views of the Church.
the Bifhop, " may ferve to explain the phi
lofophy of what has been taking place during
the laft twenty years in the Anglican Church,
and in the Church in this country. It muft,
I think, be confeffed by every enlightened ob-
ferver, that the movement which has occurred in
the Anglican Church within twenty years, is the
moft energetic and the moft important of any
which has been witneffed in that branch of the
Church fince the period of the Reformation.
Outward preffure and other caufes conftrained
her to appeal to higher evidence and authority
than the accident of a State Eftablifhment. She
dug down to her foundations. She pointed to
Scripture and to the records of the firft Chriftian
ages to prove that her origin was from God,
and her power divine. Not that this had not
been done very often before,- — neverthelefs, the
truth had been too much obfcured. But now
the appeal to firft principles had all the life and
vigour of a general movement. The Church
fet herfelf to refufcitate and reclaim thofe old
Catholic elements, which had been a real and
effential part of her fyftem, but which, for a
long period, had been too much in abeyance,
and too much overlooked. The character of
the Church, as a fpiritual body, the very Body
of Chrift, was more truly and impreffively fet

His Appreciation of the Catholic Movement. 117
forth. Her doctrines, her miniftry, her facra
ments, her devotions, her ideal of the divine
life on earth, without undergoing any abfolute
change, took more nearly the lofty tone and
colour of the primitive age, — the age of martyrs
and confeffors. The whole body of the patriftic
theology — its learning and its devotion — was
popularized in the Church. The ethos of the
ancient Church was revived and renewed in the
modern. The old Catholic fymbolifm grew
again into favour ; and the pureft branch of the
Church of God on earth refufed any longer to
ignore or efchew the moft affecting fign of the
Chriftian Faith, merely becaufe it had been
abufed and difhonoured by one of the moft
corrupt." This appreciation of the great Catholic move
ment — fo forcibly and fo juftly expreffed —
evinces, I fay, a remarkable foundnefs of judg
ment, and clearnefs of perception, on the Bifhop's
part, and indicates a ftrong leaning in that right
direction, towards which it is fo encouraging to
fee a Bifhop of the Church turning his thoughts,
and making his way. But he appreciates and
approves it as the great means to a greater end —
the aim and object of the whole Gofpel difpenfa-
tion. " Coincident," he further obferves, " with
this revival of Catholic truth and the primitive

1 1 8 No Alarm as to its Progrefs.
ethos, was a wonderful revival of fpiritual life
and energy. Noble churches went up by hun
dreds in quarters where before not five had been
added in a century. Colonial bifhoprics were
endowed and eftablifhed all round the globe, and
ferved by Catholic-minded men of the true
Apoftolic fpirit — new life infufed into the whole
parochial fyftem at home — a fpirit of earneft de
votion taking poffeffion of the great Schools and
Univerfities, in which the firft youth of the land
are trained — unwonted devices and efforts to
reach and reclaim the children of vice and
mifery — more abundant prayers and alms — thefe
are fome of the abundant tokens, — not that all
which has been written is true; but that the
Church, as a whole, has arifen and fhaken herfelf
from the duft, — fet herfelf to a new and more
glorious warfare againft the powers of dark
nefs." Nor is Bifhop Potter one who is in anywife
apprehenfive of the progrefs of that great move
ment, marked though it may occafionally be —
as, indeed, all great revivals, more or lefs, are —
by individual errors and exceffes. " There is
no ufe in denying," he argues, " that as the
movement at the Reformation, whenever it be
came exceffive, tended towards rationalifm and
irreligion, and threw many partial and impetuous

No Alarm as to its Progrefs. 1 1 9
minds in that direction, fo now the movement
which has taken place in the Anglican body,
whenever it becomes exceffive, tends towards
Romanifm ; and however excellent and impor
tant in itfelf, is not unlikely to throw any eager
and unftable fouls over into the Papal fold.
What then ? If the movement be a legitimate
and falutary one, it fhould be watched, reftrained,
regulated, but not reverfed, not mifreprefented,
nor dreaded. Individuals may be loft, but the
body will be more healthy and vigorous. The
convulfive efforts of the Anglican Church to re
cover her own true life and power, have thrown
off from her body fome whom fhe had been
wont to cherifh and honour, but who were too
unftable, too eafily mifled by partial views, too
eafily hurried away by temporary excitement,
to ftand firm under fuch a crifis. Yet who, for
one moment, would weigh her loffes againft her
gains ? Who that comprehends what the Anglican
Church is now, and what fhe was thirty years
ago, would be willing to carry her back to that
ftate of comparative formalifm and fuperficiality,
for the fake of having reftored to her ten times
the talent and learning which fhe has loft ? What
intelligent theologian can doubt, that the Church
with her prefent expanfion and moral energy,
and her true appreciation of her own principles,

1 20 His Realization of its Objects.
is more than ever before ftable in her pofition,
the great bulwark of the truth of God againft
the errors and corruptions of Romanifm ? And
the fact that the recent movement in the Church
tends, like other movements, to excefs, and that
the excefs is in the direction of Romanifm, no
more proves that the movement itfelf is effen-
tially Romifh, than the fact that the Reformation
tended to excefs — excefs, in that cafe, being in
the direction of rationalifm and infidelity —
proved that the Reformation was effentially
infidel." This is a liberal and enlightened view of the
great Catholic movement — a view of it well
worthy of a Bifhop to take ; and one, the found-
nefs of which has already been illuftrated and
confirmed in its prevalence and progrefs in his
own Church, — in which, within the laft few
years, as here in England, " the ethos of the
ancient Church has been revived and renewed in
the modern ;" and where, coincident with that,
and with the general revival of Catholic truth,
there has fignally been a revival of fpiritual life
and energy — and, of courfe, a proportionate de
parture from that fatal formalifm and fuperfi-
ciality, too much of which had been inherited
from the mother country.
I had the good fortune to be introduced to

His Realization of its Objects. 1 2 1
Bifhop Potter, early in his Epifcopal career ;
and I was placed in circumftances which gave
me many opportunities of cultivating not only,
I truft I may fay, his acquaintance, but his
friendfhip ; while I became privy, at the fame
time, to that courfe of laborious duty he was
purfuing day by day, during great part of four
years, — and I can honeftly teftify, that none of
thofe high hopes have been difappointed, which
fuch emphatic expreffions in appreciation of, and
devotion to, the caufe of the Catholic Church,
as have juft been quoted, could not fail to
excite. My object in having dwelt upon this cafe, has
been to fhow what a Bifhop can be and do,
who is chofen freely by the Church in his dio
cefe ; and who, looking to the Church, and not
to the State, or to any fecular influence, for his
fupport and encouragement, is enabled to keep
her facred interefts fteadily in view, and to make
their advancement the one great end and aim of
his whole life.
I may add to this account of the Bifhopric of
New York, that the Bifhop's ftipend is 7500
dollars per annum, or 1 500/. Of this fum there
is a difpofable Epifcopal Fund which contributes
nearly a fourth, and the remainder is raifed by
an affeffment upon all the parifhes in the diocefe,
vol. 1. m

122 His Realization of its Objects.
— the Committee for managing it being gene
rally, if not invariably, enabled to ftate, that
" there has been a very general and ready re-
fponfe to the call of the Convention through
them."

CHAPTER VI.
Diocefe of New York — Influence of the Catholic Movement on Church-building —
And on Church Ritualifm — Growing Prevalence of the Daily Service — Its
Obnoxioufnefs to Puritanifm — The Chants and Plain Song of the Church —
Adoption of Mr. Helmore's Books — Their Importance — Want of Reverence
at Church — Effort to remedy it — Church of the Holy Communion — A Free
Church — Its Beneficial Influence — Its Religious Houfe — Its Sifterhood — Their
Ufeful Charities — St. Luke's Hofpital — Church of the Holy Innocents — Its
Services, Schools, and Miffionary Operations — Other Miffionary Efforts — Our
Poor Countrymen — Bifhop of New York's Paftoral in their Behalf — Varieties
of Ritualifm and Preaching — Grace Church — Its Fafhionable CharaBer —
Worldlinefs of its Influences — Extravagance of its Votaries — Not confined to
the Church — Contraft of the Work which Trinity Church had begun to do.

THERE are nearly 300 churches and chapels
in the diocefe of New York ; and the clergy
number about 330. But it muft be remembered,
that the diocefe includes only one half of the
whole State, the other half conftituting the dio
cefe of Weftern New York, which contains
about 100 churches and 120 clergy. In the
city of New York and its " civic " fuburbs of
Brooklyn and Williamsburg there are about 80
churches and chapels, and 160 clergy. Many
M 2

124 0» Church-building.
of the churches and chapels, more efpecially
thofe moft recently erected, in the diocefe of
New York are highly creditable fpecimens of
ecclefiaftical architecture — conftructed of good
ftone, and well and durably built.
The Catholic movement has already exerted
its powerful influence on Church building and
arrangement, as well as upon Church Services,
and Church matters in general. " In America,"
obferves a native writer on the fubject, " a
valuable refult of our nafcent endeavours, and
of our oppofition to Paganifm in art is, that the
importance of Church Architecture has grown
to be more acknowledged and appreciated. Its
extraordinary progrefs among us attefts the
working of fome great caufe, that has aroufed
us from our lethargy, and is diffeminating the
truths of this noble art from day to day in the
breafts of thofe who are humbly prepared to
receive them." And then he afks — " But
Church Architecture, what is it ? Is it the
traceried window, or the pinnacled buttrefs, or
the tall tower with its tapering fpire that makes
it ? No " — he replies, " it is the reverent hand,
the religious feeling, the fymbolical obfervances,
which have created it, have built windows in
honour of God's light, pinnacles that carry the

On Church-building. 125
eye of man unconfcioufly heavenward, and fpires
that are made c  to raife the heart and lead the will

By a bright ladder to the world above.'
We build to the honour of God. Our work
has its foundation in holinefs. And as we lay
that which is to receive the fuperftructure, it will
yield refults in harmony with our fentiments : if
we build reverentially, we muft alfo build fym-
bolically ; therefore we do but follow in the
footfteps of thofe who built fo often in times
long paft for the honour of God. As we look
to them for our leffons in Church Architecture,
as they are our beft teachers, we muft not omit
to ftudy and to build with the fame feeling — the
fame devout and fymbolical feeling — or we will
never accomplifh any good refult, and our
churches will ftand as but c laboured quarries
above ground,' meaninglefs and irreverential
piles'." Such fentiments as thefe on Church-building
are becoming very prevalent in America. He
who utters them, in the extract juft given, is an
Architect in New York — himfelf engaged in
giving them, continually, form and fubftance, —
1 Hart's Parifh Churches. New York : Dana and Co.
M 3

1 26 Prevalence of the Daily Service.
and he is one of many who are giving their
profeffional attention to ecclefiology, there and
in the other principal cities of the United States.
There is every reafon to hope, therefore, that
under the rapidly advancing progrefs of the
great Church movement that has fet in, before
the end of the prefent century the country will
become ftudded with churches in which all the
great features of a true Chriftian ecclefiology
will be preferved and perpetuated, —
" Tafte and art, rejecting heathen mould,
Having drawn their types from Europe's middle night,
Well pleafed if fuch good darknefs be their light."
The fame fpirit which is thus operating in
Church-building, is, if poffible, more powerfully
at work upon the Church Services, and in that
more Catholic and correct arrangement of the
material fabric for their celebration, — in the
cultivation of found Church principles firft, and
then in their application and illuftration in the
Ritualifm of the Church.
Firft of all has arifen a conviction of the duty
and importance of the Daily Service. The
American Prayer Book, equally with our own,
requires and provides for a Daily Service. Its
foremoft pages, like ours, plainly and unmif-
takably fet forth, that it is "The Order for

Its Obnoxioufnefs to Puritanifm. 1 27
Daily Morning Prayer," and " The Order for
Daily Evening Prayer ;" and its Pfalms and its
Leffons, like ours, are ordered and arranged for
daily ufe. This great and unqueftionable fact —
fo long apparently overlooked, but certainly too
generally neglected — has been brought to light,
and has grown into importance, among other
things, under the influence of the movement.
The principle thus involved, and brought into
vital action in thefe and in fo many other refpects,
and making the Church a live Church — living,
and real, and quickening in her whole character
and daily work — has there, as here, been ftig
matized as Pufeyifm, or as Tractarianifm, by
thofe who boaft of their " Evangelical " views,
and thofe who are more or lefs impregnated
with that leaven of Puritanifm which has en
gendered religious ideas at variance with Catholic
doctrine, difcipline, and ritualifm. That leaven
has, from the firft, worked powerfully and pre
judicially in the American Church, and at one
time had nearly reduced it to a level with the
fects in all thofe refpects. But fhe had to thank
God that fhe retained her " Book of Common
Prayer, and Adminiftration of the Sacraments,
and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church."
This bleffed book has been, under God, her
great fheet anchor. She might be drawn from

128 The Chants and Plain Song of the Church.
fome of its more fpecific requirements for a time,
— its fpirit might be temporarily quenched, its
light be partially obfcured, — its diftinctive teach
ing be here and there fet at nought, — its rubrical
directions be perverted or difregarded. But
there it was, with all its obligations unaltered,
unimpaired, and conftantly in the hands of both
priefts and people. The canonical obedience
to which the clergy had folemnly committed
themfelves, precluded all queftion or quibble
about their honeft duty of faithful compliance
and conformity. They might be purfuing a
courfe of partial dereliction of that duty ; but
an appeal to the Prayer Book itfelf muft, wher
ever there was any true integrity of Church
principle, bring them back to it, — and innumer
able are the inftances in which this has been the
cafe. There is now the Daily Service, I believe, in
nearly twenty of the churches and chapels in
New York and Brooklyn. Nor is the pre
valence of this ancient and important and moft
dutiful cuftom of the Catholic Church confined
by any means to that metropolis. There is
fcarcely a city in the United States that has not
one or more of its churches open, day by day,
and every day, for that Daily Service which the
Prayer Book provides and renders obligatory

The Chants and Plain Song of the Church. 129
upon the parochial clergy. In Bofton, Phila
delphia, Baltimore, Albany, Newark, Cleveland,
Cincinnati, Chicago, and many other places,
the Daily Service has become an eftablifhed
inftitution, — in fome of thefe cities there are
feveral churches in which it is a fettled and in
difpenfable part of their Church fyftem; and
not unfrequently it is a Choral Service.
In this important matter of the Choral Service
very great progrefs has been made within the
laft four or five years. The old corrupt and
flovenly ftyle of reading, or often preaching, the
whole fervice, which the Mother Church fo
unhappily handed down to her Daughter's chil
dren, was almoft univerfal not very long ago.
But, firft beginning with the Canticles, which,
as their name imports, are neceffarily required
to be fung, they have now, in many churches,
adopted the equally neceffary chanting of the
Pfalms of the day, — having learnt that Pfalm
means Song, — that the Pfalter is a Book of Hymns
or Sacred Songs, — and that as fuch they ought
properly to be fung or chanted, as they always
have been, firft in the Jewifh, and then in the
Chriftian Church ; — in the latter in all ages,
from the moft primitive time, and in all parts of
the old world.
As a proof of the growing fenfe of this pro-

130 Adoption of Mr. Helmore' s Books.
priety, and at the fame time of the right ideas
which had begun to be entertained as to its
practical obfervance, may be adduced the fact
of Mr. Helmore's Pfalter Noted having been
reprinted in New York, prepared and adopted
for the ufe of the American Church. It is
entitled, The Pfalter Noted, by the Rev. Thomas
Helmore, M.A., carefully compared and made to
agree with the Pfalter of the Standard Prayer Book
of the Church in the United States of America.
By the Rev. Edward M. Pecke, M.A. In his
Preface, Mr. Pecke obferves, — " The united
voice of a multitude is almoft neceffarily dif-
cordant, unlefs it be mufically directed. Many
devout Churchmen have for a long time paft
regretted that a due fhare in the folemn recita
tion of the Pfalms and other refponfive portions
of the Liturgy has been practically denied to
the congregation through the neglect, in this
country, of the ancient mufical direction of the
Service of the Reformed Communion of the
Catholic Church. The time feems, therefore,
to have arrived for the publication of fome fuch
work as the prefent, which is intended as a
Manual to be ufed by each member of the con
gregation, and which will furnifh him with all
that is required in taking his part mufically
in the refponfive portions of Divine Service."

Adoption of Mr. Helmore' s Books. 131
He then goes on to ftate, that " this Manual
is an adaptation to the Church of the United
States of America, of the well-known and
popular Manual of the Rev. Thomas Helmore,
which is rapidly coming into ufe in various
diocefes of the Church of England." And then
as to the character and ftyle of the mufic there
furnifhed, — "It is hardly neceffary to ftate,"
he remarks, " that the object fought has not
been to obtain that which would pleafe or amufe
the curious, but to reftore to the ufe of the
Church Catholic thofe fimple and fublime melo
dies, which are the moft fitting accompaniments
of our incomparable Liturgy, and which formed
the Ritual Mufic of ancient days." Thefe
obfervations of the American Editor of the
Pfalter Noted fhow a thorough appreciation of
its nature and objects, and moft correct ideas
of the true ritualifm of the Church. Such ideas
are fpreading far and wide in America. There
is fcarcely a diocefe in which they are not being
evinced in fome attempt or other, in a right
direction, to improve the mode of performing
the Church Services, — to make them more
devotional, more real, and therefore more ac
ceptable to Almighty God.
But the American Editor of the Pfalter did
not limit his appropriation of Mr. Helmore's

132 Adoption of Mr. Helmore's Books.
admirable provifions for the adoption of fuitable
and Church-like mufical ritualifm in Divine Ser
vice to the Pfalms, — important in itfelf though
that undoubtedly was. He took, with Mr. Hel
more, a true Church view of the whole fubject of
Plain Song. He joined with his Englifh pre
ceptor in heartily maintaining the neceffity of
teaching Churchmen of the prefent day, how
that " in days of old, when religion was efteemed,
as it ought to be efteemed, the great bufinefs of
human life, to which all elfe is but fecondary,
and of little moment, the Doctors and Bifhops
of the Church left no part of the public or pri
vate acts of man's duty to God without full and
copious and well-devifed directions. What the
fulfome elocution of the coldeft times of the
Church of England handled for popular effect
and oratorical expreffion, to the final degrada
tion, both of the Service it was intended to
adorn, and of the true Art of Reading, which
here had little or no place, thefe holy men of
God, in the old time before us, fet, for the glory
of God and the edification of the people, to that
vaft and voluminous Plain Song, the remoteft
echoes of which, ftill occafionally heard faintly,
and from fretted roofs and antique chantries
beneath which their facred afhes repofe, are fuf-
ficient to rekindle the flame of expiring love,

Their Importance. 133
and to unite in the communion of faints the
fympathies of all faithful fouls 2." Thefe pious
fentiments, which he found fo well expreffed in
the Englifh Preface, and which had thus met
with appreciation and appropriation, it was all-
important fhould be awakened in the breafts of
American Churchmen alfo. Thefe, unhappily,
had received too much of their ritualifm, and
their ritual mufic, in " the coldeft times of the
Church of England." The degenerate fafhion
of thofe times had, in too many things, left its
marks, almoft indelibly, on the Daughter Church.
There, as well as at home, there was, and ftill is,
much to reform, ere the Liturgy common to
both could be faid to have juftice done to it in
its ordinary ufe. And to carry out the object
in view fully and efficiently, as well as the
Pfalter Noted, Mr. Helmore's Brief Directory of
Plain Song, ufed in the Morning and Evening
Prayer, Litany, and Holy Communion, was alfo
adapted to the ufe of the American Church,
and publifhed in New York, uniform with the
other. Another thing which was glaringly manifeft
in the Church Services, was the want of due
reverence on the part of the congregation. I
was much ftruck with this on my firft arrival in
2 Mr. Helmore's Preface.
VOL. I. N

134 Want of Reverence.
the United States ; and mentioning it in a com
pany of the clergy, on one occafion, it was fo
readily acknowledged, and fo deeply regretted,
that I ventured to urge the expediency of making
fome effort to remedy the evil, and fuggefted
the publication of a cheap American edition of
Mr. Markland's admirable little work, " On the
Reverence Due to Holy Places," — a copy of
which I had taken with me from England, and
which I offered to them for the purpofe. My
fuggeftion was very favourably received ; but it
was feen at once that it would require a little
adaptation, and probably fome abridgment, to
make it fuitable for general reading among all
claffes. The preparation of it, with that object,
was preffed upon me fo earneftly, that I was
induced to undertake it. But when I came to
confider the cafe more clofely, — and after a
careful reperufal of Mr. Markland's excellent
production, — I thought it better to prepare anew
a humbler little work on the fubject. This was
foon done, with the title of Reverence in the
Sanctuary, and the tract was expeditioufly ftereo-
typed and publifhed. The reafon for it was
thus explained in the Preface : — " His firft in
tention was to reprint Mr. Markland's volume
for publication in this country, but, upon fur
ther confideration, he found that many of its

Efforts to remedy it. 135
allufions were fcarcely fuitable to the circum
ftances of the United States, however applicable
to thofe of England. He thought, therefore,
that he might take the liberty of adopting it as
the model of another and a lefs pretending little
work, more fuited to our own cafe." I faid
" our own cafe," in order to avoid the appear
ance of its being the production of a foreigner,
left jealoufy of fuch an interference might arife ;
and its title-page fimply intimated that it was By
a Layman. My revered friend, Bifhop Wain
wright, was kind enough to allow me to dedi
cate it to him, thereby giving it his fanction.
When I called upon the Bifhop to folicit this
permiffion, I took with me the proofs that he
might fee if he approved of what he was afked
to fanction, intending to leave them with him to
examine. But the Bifhop, after feeing what
was the nature and object of the tract, did me
the honour to fay that he was quite fatisfied
it was all right, and that he gave his confent
with much pleafure. After its publication, I
received from the Bifhop a very flattering ex-
preffion of his commendation of it ; and to fo
high an opinion of its feafonable utility — though,
in fact, the real merit of it all was due rather to
Mr. Markland than to me — was mainly owing,
no doubt, its rapid and extenfive fale.
N 2

136 Church of the Holy Communion.
Another requirement in the ftate of too many
American congregations at that time was, to
carry a conviction to their minds that at church
they were not to be mere heedlefs lifteners or
idle fpectators, but devout, earneft participators
in the Divine Service it profeffed to be. In
the hope of humbly aiding to promote fo de
firable an object, another tract entitled "Our
Individual Intereft in Public Worfhip," was foon
afterwards publifhed, and largely circulated.
A great impetus had already been given to
ritual improvement, and to the promotion of a
more real congregational intereft and partici
pation in Divine Service, by the devoted paftor
of the Church of the Holy Communion, in New
York, the Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg. This church
was built by the munificent bequeft of a pious
layman, who at the fame time placed its direc
tion and paftorate in the hands of the Rev. Dr.
Muhlenberg, who had eftablifhed a high repu
tation as a learned and zealous minifter of the
Church ; and who has, in his miniftrations there,
well fuftained that reputation. One of its pecu
liarities, from the firft, and one of its great
recommendations, was its being a free church, —
rejecting the odious and mifchievous pew-fyftem
— having all its feats open, unappropriated, and
free ; another was its adopting a divifion of the

Church of the Holy Communion. 137
Services ; and another, its having a Choral Ser
vice, along with other correct and devotional
ritual obfervances, new to Americans, and emi
nently calculated, as the refult proved, to fecure
a large and earneft-minded congregation. There
was Daily Morning and Evening Prayer, Litany
on Wednefdays and Fridays, and the appointed
obfervance of all the Holy Days and Seafons of
the Church. On Sunday, Morning Prayer was,
as on other days, at 8 o'clock ; and at half-paft
10 — the ufual morning church-going time in
New York — -the Service commenced with the
Litany, which was faid kneeling at the commu
nion rails. After a paufe, an introit was fung,
during which the officiating minifters took their
places in front of the Altar, and the Commu
nion Service was proceeded with, which included
the finging of the Nicene Creed, which is not
ufed when the Morning Prayer immediately has
preceded, as the Nicene Creed is, together with
the Apoftles' Creed, inferted there, leaving it
optional which to ufe, and the Rubric in the
Communion Service directing — " Then fhall be
read the Apoftles' or Nicene Creed, unlefs one
of them hath been read immediately before in the
Morning Service :" a moft uncatholic arrange
ment, but which in the cafe I am now ftating
is happily avoided. The Communion Service,
n 3

138 Its Religious Houfe.
too, is never mutilated : there is always a cele
bration, and the number of communicants weekly
is very confiderable. At Morning and Evening
Prayer, both the Canticles and Pfalms are chanted
in a fuperior ftyle, there being a good choir,
placed in one of the tranfepts, the organ being
in the other. As well as thefe attractive Ser
vices, there is excellent preaching. No wonder,
therefore, that the church, being alfo free, is
generally filled to overflowing, — often, indeed,
crowds go away, unable to obtain even ftanding
room. There being no pews, and confequently
no pew-rents, the dependence is upon the Offer
tory, which amply provides for all neceffities.
Immediately adjoining to, and connected with,
the Church of the Holy Communion, is a build
ing of a ftyle of architecture in keeping with
that of the church, which is devoted to the pur
pofes of a Religious Houfe. It was erected by a
pious layman, a leading member of the congre
gation of the Church of the Holy Communion,
as a Memorial to his deceafed and only daughter,
who loft her life, in early youth, under very
diftreffing circumftances. I had the pleafure of
being taken over the eftablifhment, more than
once, by this very worthy gentleman, who is an
eminent merchant in New York, and was one
of my earlieft friends there. It is, properly

St. Luke's Hofpital. 139
fpeaking, the refidence of a Church Sifterhood
— not numerous, but whofe " works and labours
of love" are various and extenfive, — including
fchools, into which often the moft deftitute chil
dren are brought, cared for, — if need be, clothed
and fed, — and brought up " in the nurture and
admonition of the Lord ;" a daily courfe of dif-
trict vifiting among the poor, the fick, and the
afflicted ; a diftribution of clothing and of bread
to the naked and the hungry ; and the opera
tions of a Difpenfary upon the premifes, to
which patients are brought by the Sifters, and
their cafes attended to by competent medical
practitioners. It is, altogether, a bleffed inftitu
tion ; and it may be regarded as one of the
refults of real and earneft Catholic churchman-
fhip. Another, and a ftill more .extenfive inftitution
of mercy and charity, connected with this Church
of the Holy Communion, is St. Luke's Hofpital,
— an infirmary for the fick and infirm of all
nations, and in which there are, I underftand, fome
fpecial provifions for Britifh fubjects, in con
fideration of certain liberal contributions to its
funds from England. I was prefent at the laying
of the foundation-ftone of this commodious and
fpacious building, by Bifhop Wainwright, with
appropriate religious rites. It has been opened

1 40 Church of the Holy Innocents.
fome time, and is doing great good, I believe,
to both the fouls and bodies of numbers of the
fick and maimed. A chapel is one of its pro
minent and important provifions ; and Dr.
Muhlenberg himfelf is the chaplain : he is now,
indeed, if I am not miftaken, the warden of the
eftablifhment, and refides there.
The example of the Church of the Holy
Communion was followed by another free-church
enterprife, in an adjoining diftrict, in which our
Church polity and ritualifm have been carried
out fomewhat more ftrictly. It is called the
Church of the Holy Innocents. Its founder and
paftor, the Rev. John J. Elmendorf, has fuc
ceeded, fo far, in fuftaining it in an efficient
ftate, upon the fame Chriftian fyftem of fupport
through the Offertory. The Services here, as
at the other, are daily ; and there is alfo a proper
obfervance of all the Holy Days and Seafons of
the Church. There are fchools connected with
it, and a courfe of vifiting among the poor in
conftant operation. The Services are choral,
well intoned by the minifter, and ably fung by
the choir. The organization of this miffionary
diftrict — for fuch it was — firft began in a rented
houfe in the neighbourhood ; and after a com
paratively fhort period of operations, it was
found practicable to build a little church. I was

Its Services, Schools, &V. 141
prefent at the laying of the foundation-ftone by
Bifhop Wainwright. It is built principally of
wood ; but it looks pretty fubftantial, is of good
architectural ftyle and proportions, has a proper
chancel and altar, and is otherwife ecclefiaftically
correct and commodious. In the firft year
they had got forty regular communicants, had
thirty baptifms, and feven confirmations, and
the offertory had yielded about a thoufand
dollars. " When we began," was the Rector's
remark at the firft anniverfary, " we faid that
we wanted nothing more than the Prayer Book
gave us, and that we would have nothing lefs.
We have made the trial ; and here we have
frequent Sacraments and Daily Prayers ; and
is there one who fhall fay that the Church of
the Prayer Book is not enough to fatisfy his
wants ? "
Thefe two fuccefsful inftances of earneft Church
work on the free fyftem may be faid to have led
the way to other home miffionary efforts, many of
them in connexion with churches already efta
blifhed, the congregations of which were wealthy,
and paid liberally to their fupport in the form
of pew-rents, but which on that very account
excluded the poor. To remedy this glaring
defect the expedient was had recourfe to of at
firft having either the fchool-room, or fome

142 Our Poor Brethren.
temporary building as a place of worfhip for
the poor, and employing a miffionary to go
amongft them, and look after their children,
and induce them to attend the fervices, — cha
ritable enough, no doubt, in its way, and as far
as it went; but not exactly the Church's way
of doing fuch things, which is not to feparate
rich and poor in the fanctuary of Him who is
" no refpecter of perfons," but to gather all
together, " rich and poor, one with another,"
as the children of one common Father, the
worfhippers of the fame God, and brethren of
the fame houfehold of Faith.
Many of thofe who were moft in need of thefe
miffionary exertions were our own countrymen,
— Englifh people, and fometimes Welfh, and
Irifh, and Scotch, — who in many inftances ap
peared to have left any religion they ever had
behind them at home. For thefe the American
Church fhows an anxious regard. They are
fpecial objects of her home miffionary efforts
in moft of the great cities, but more particularly
in New York. The Bifhop has not failed to
think of them ; for on one occafion I found,
during my refidence there, he addreffed to them
the following Paftoral Letter : —
" Dear Brethren, — It has occurred to me

Bifhop of New York's Paftoral Letter. 1 43
that, among the ftrangers recently landed on
our fhores, there muft be many Chriftian people
anxious to find the Church which, in their native
country, they loved and worfhipped in ; and
alfo that, among the remote fettlements in the
interior of the diocefe, there muft be many
fcattered families, many individuals, who, though
far removed from the regular miniftrations of
the Church, would yet find great comfort and
ftrength in knowing that they were remembered
by the Church, and might be in fome way
vifited at times by her minifters, or at leaft
might hold communication with them.
" To all fuch this Paftoral Letter is addreffed
by your Bifhop. If you are recently come to
the country, you fhould lofe no time in making
yourfelf known to a clergyman of the Church,
if there be one within your reach, and attending
his fervices. This ftep more than any other
will conduce to your welfare, temporal and
fpiritual, and that of your families, in this new
country of your adoption.
" But when you find yourfelf at a diftance
from the Church, if your place of refidence were
known to the neareft clergyman of that Church,
it might be fometimes in his power to vifit you
— to baptize your children — to adminifter the
Holy Communion to thofe who defire to receive

144 Bifliop of New York's Paftoral Letter.
it — to offer counfel and confolation in times of
ficknefs and affliction — to fuggeft meafures for
the fpiritual inftruction and improvement of the
young — and to leave with you ufeful tracts or
books of inftruction and devotion. And in the
intervals between his vifits, or when unable to
vifit you, he might at times have it in his power
to forward to you ufeful information concerning
the Church, and to unite with you in fixing
upon certain days when you might bring your
children to his church for Holy Baptifm, or
come yourfelves with the certainty of finding
the Holy Communion.
" By thefe means, though living at a diftance
from the Church of your affections, you would
ftill have the comfort of feeling that you were
numbered among her children — that you were
partakers of her benefits — that in her minifter
you had a friend and a counfellor ; and, with
your Bible and your Prayer Book for daily ufe
in your families and in your clofets, you would
have light and comfort and a bleffing in your
houfes, however dark and cheerlefs things might
be in the world around you : Chrift, your Saviour,
would be your ftrength in life — your hope and
joy in death.
" I would, therefore, earneftly recommend you
to fend information to the neareft clergyman

Varieties of Ritualifm and Preaching. 145
of the Church (the names of fome of whom
you will find annexed) as to your place of refi
dence, and the number and ftate of your family,
&c. If you refide a very long diftance from
any clergyman of the Epifcopal Church, your
information may be fent directly to me, and I
will fee that your wifhes are attended to, fo far
as may be poffible. Fervently praying that the
bleffing of Almighty God, Father, Son, and
Holy Ghoft, may be upon you, and remain
with you for ever,
" I remain affectionately yours,
" Horatio Potter,
" Provifional Bifhop of New York."
It will thus be feen that Church work of
various kinds is carried on in New York ; and
there are churches and Church Services adapted
to all the different opinions and feelings and
taftes which prevail within the Church's pale in
America, as well as in England ; — differences
which are deeply to be regretted, involving as
they do not only diffenfions, but often animofi-
ties ; though as they do exift, it were only rea-
fonable to expect that they fhould feverally find
a provifion of ritualifm, as well as doctrine, as
much to their fatisfaction as poffible, without
altogether ignoring Church principles. Were
vol. 1. o

146 Grace Church.
thofe principles, in their diftinctivenefs and in
their integrity, but religioufly adhered to,
fuch difagreements would find little countenance
or encouragement within the Church's pale.
Were the Prayer Book, in letter and fpirit, more
carefully attended to, and more faithfully dealt
with, fuch various modes of ufing it could not be
given way to. But it is becaufe fo many difre
gard, more or lefs, their obligations as Church
men, and follow out their own ideas, rather
than refpect the Church's principles, that fuch
differences are encouraged and indulged.
Not only have High and Low their churches
and their Services in agreement with their no
tions and taftes, but there is one church and one
ftyle of Services in which the moft worldly,
and therefore the leaft religious, find apparently
not only fatisfaction, but gratification. Grace
Church, Broadway, has in thefe refpects an un
enviable notoriety. It is par excellence the
fafhionable church of the city ; and every thing
about it is in keeping with that character. The
world is there in all its worldlinefs. The very
edifice itfelf is of a like gaudy kind with moft
of the people who frequent it, and with what is
performed there for their pleafure. " Grace
Church," a native critic has faid of it, " is a very
fhowy building, very florid, and of bad white

Its Fafhionable Character. 147
marble. It is a cathedral on a fmall fcale, and
full of pretty carved work. Its outfide walls
are too thin, and the tranfparent belfry of the
tower feems hardly heavy enough to fupport its
elaborately got-up fpire. There is but little
folemnity in its interior, and the white tint of its
plafter finifhings, by its too violent contraft, in-
creafes but Ijttle the aftonifhment produced by
the gorgeous hues of its painted glafs. Yet,
notwithftanding the garifh light of the interior, it
has many architectural beauties." Certainly it
has externally rather an impofing appearance,
with all its defects, and adds confiderably to the
beauty of Broadway. But it is its interior, more
than its exterior, with which I have now to do,
— or rather with what is on one day in the week
tranfacted there. An amufing account of it has
been given -in a local journal, under the title of
" A Sunday at Grace Church." " Who has not
heard of Grace Church ?" the lively writer
begins by afking. " To the very remoteft
corners of our land has penetrated the fame of
this ftately fanctuary, whofe mighty fhadow falls
acrofs the everlafting tumult of Broadway, and
over whofe ariftocratic pavements no footfteps
pafs but thofe of the very crime de la creme of
our New York fociety. ... It is no eafy affair to
effect a fuccefsful entrance, fo great is the throng
o 2

148 Its Fafhionable Character.
of ruffling filks, butterfly bonnets, coftly furs,
and glittering ornaments, pouring into church
from the hoft of carriages without. This portly,
fmiling gentleman, with the bald forehead, ringed
fingers, gloffy linen, and luftrous broadcloth, who
is always bufy, yet never in an undignified hurry,
is Mr. Brown — the identical immortal ' Brown,'
whofe prefence is fo indifpenfable -jg; every wed
ding or soiree, ball or funeral, that takes place
on Fifth Avenue or Fourteenth Street. In fact,
this fexton of Grace Church is fole mafter of
ceremonies at every fafhionable feftivity. Within,
there is the rich, gorgeous gloom that one un
confcioufly connects mentally with the old cathe
dral cloifters of the middle ages — the long per-
fpective of dim arches, aifles, and pillared naves,
while the magnificence of the ftained-glafs win
dows almoft baffles the power of defcription.
Streams of deep blue and emerald light blend
with a fort of rainbow effect into the fhadows of
vivid crimfon and trembling gold that glimmer
acrofs carved door and decorated gallery, while
one window feems like a peep into the clear
depths of a fummer night ; fo exquifite is the
gleam of its golden ftars, through a ground of foft
rich azure. Another pictures the fine Old Apo
ftles, with circles of amber glory above their
heads, and the great central window, above the

Worldlinefs of its Influences. 149
altar, is emblazoned with the Dove, defcending
in a fhower of radiance on the meek, bowed
head of the Saviour. All here is fplendour and
luxury — the ceilings are exquifitely carved and
frefcoed — rich carpets deaden the footfall — glit
tering prayer books, bound in gold and velvet,
repofe on the fatiny furface of rare veined wood
— the form finks back into the foft depths of
yielding cufhions, and damafk footftools offer a
delicious refuge for the fafhionable finners, when
they kneel to confefs their manifold peccadilloes.
We wonder what the martyrs of old times, and
the heroes who died at the ftake long ago, would
fay, if they could be fuddenly placed in the
midft of this temple of the Lord, and introduced
to this religion of the nineteenth century ! Would
they marvel at the wifdom of their defcendants,
who have exchanged the old-fafhioned path of
thorns for a fhort cut acrofs velvet carpets and
mofaic pavements — or would they be infane
enough to entertain a doubt whether the ' fhort
cut ' actually led to the exact fpot called Heaven ?
We cannot anfwer that queftion. Afk yonder
fat old gentleman, faft afleep, with his gold fpec-
tacles perched on the tip of his nofe ; there are
bank dividends and fat rent-rolls written on
every wrinkle of his face. Or afk that lady in
her velvet drefs and ermine cape, who is eyeing
o 3

150 Worldlinefs of its Influences.
her neighbour's Ruffian fables with an envious
eye — afk yon lovely girl in the diamond brace
let, fo prettily confcious of the mouftached hero
oppofite. See what they will fay. No doubt
the verdict will be fatisfactory. . . . The fine
and familiar chants of the Epifcopal Church are
rendered ftill fweeter by the magnificent volume
of voice on which float up the fweet fentences
of Scripture, and the old-fafhioned hymns, fung
by a thoufand mothers at a thoufand hearth-
ftones, fall with grateful refrain on the ear.
Who fhall fay there is nothing holy and attractive
in being confervative, as regards the obfervance
of the cuftoms of c lang fyne ?' The good old
paftor's lips have fcarcely concluded the bene
diction, when there is an inftantaneous movement
toward the door, as if the congregation expe
rienced a fenfation of fudden relief. No wonder
— all their religious duties done, and the coaft
clear for another fix days of gaiety and diffipa-
tion ! The nimble creatures of cockades and
gold-bands defcend to open carriage-doors — the
gentlemen exchange nods and fmiles with one
another, fat gentleman included, who fays, c It's
a very fine fermon;' though to our certain
knowledge he was afleep the whole time — and
the ladies comprefs their crinolines, robes a quelles,
and rofe-coloured bonnets into their carriages, as

Extravagance of its Votaries. 1 5 1
one by one they draw up to receive their arifto-
cratic freight. There is a thunder of wheels, a
glitter of filver-plated harnefs, and a foft titter
of birdlike voices, as the ladies fay ' good-bye ' —
and thus ends our Sunday at Grace Church."
I am able to teftify to the general correctnefs
of this lively picture. It is fcarcely, if at all,
overdrawn — its colouring is hardly a tint too
high. The delineator, however, has himfelf, it
will have been obferved, no true Church fpirit —
no proper idea of Church elegance, or apprecia
tion of the legitimate motives for adorning
churches. " The fenfes and the imagination," as
Bifhop Home has well obferved, " muft have a
confiderable fhare in public worfhip ; and devo
tion will accordingly be depreffed or heightened,
by the mean, fordid, and difpiriting, or the fair,
fplendid, and cheerful appearance of the objects
around us." The worft of it is, in this cafe,
that it is not public worfhip that is engaged in,
and that there are not, in fuch a fcene, either the
attributes or the acceffories of true devotion. It
is not " the religion of the nineteenth century,''
but the religion of the fafhionable world of a
heartlefs and luxurious age. That fo much
luxury and extravagance fhould prevail in a
democratic republic may be aftonifhing, not to

152 Not confined to the Church.
fay incredible, to the Englifh mind; but it is
neverthelefs true.
The Church, however, is not to blame for
this. There is nothing in her polity, or her dif
cipline, or her ritualifm to encourage, but rather
every thing to check and condemn it. We only
fee in it how even religious rites can be per
verted by worldlinefs and fafhion. Nor is the
Church alone in fuch perverfion by the worldly
and fafhionable pretenders to religious com
munion and fellowfhip. It is of fome of the
more oftentatious of the fects that I read in
a Philadelphia journal, — a city where the
fects are overwhelming in number and influ
ence, — in an article on fafhionable religion —
" We believe we fpeak reverently when we
fay that fuch religion as this works out a
curfe a thoufandfold more baleful than the
blatant infidelity which thefe kid-glove clergy
fo eloquently rebuke. Fafhionable life is at
beft a fham, but when it carries its corrupting
hypocrify into the facred things of life, it be
comes a malevolent demon, trifling with reali
ties that ftretch into the unknown hereafter.
And it is the imperative duty of all who can,
to tear from its face the painted mafk with
which it hides its difhevelled deformity, and

Con t raft of Trinity Church. 1 53
hold it up before the world in its true light
— a cold and calculating fiend, working dif-
aftroufly in all our focial fyftem, blafting with
its foul breath the holy affections that grow
green in the home of the heart, and fowing the
feeds of a harveft that will be gathered for the
burning." A ftriking contraft to fuch religion as this,
was that which Trinity Church, influenced by
the Apoftolic fpirit, revived by the great
Catholic movement going on all around it,
now began to exhibit, in real, practical Church
work. The neceffity of endeavouring to bring
the neglected " maffes " under the bleffings of
the Church had come to be felt and acknow
ledged by that ecclefiaftical corporation, and
they ftrengthened their corps of clergy to
undertake the charitable work. To one as
eminent and as able as the Rev. Dr. Francis
Vinton was entrufted the charge of their im
portant miffionary enterprife, with whom was
affociated one younger and lefs experienced, yet
equally devoted and capable, the Rev. Morgan
Dix. They entered upon their arduous duties
with Chriftian refolution, and it foon became
evident that they were purfuing their miffion of
mercy with energy and fuccefs. There was no
doubt, as Dr. Vinton obferved in a Sermon on

1 54 Contraft of the Work
this fubject, that the venerable Trinity had
already "gained a bleffing in its Altar and in
its Font." But the circumftances of the city
had entirely changed. Immigration had poured
a very deluge of life into thofe lower wards of
the city which furrounded their old parochial
centre, and the fpirit of the age required a
new development of the Church's miniftrations.
There was, among the denfe population all
around, no appearance of religious influence, no
recognition of religious obligation. " In the
midft of fuch habitual difregard of the things
of religion," he declared, " we may toil all night,
in the old fafhion, and catch nothing. We may
preach and have angels for our auditors, but we
preach in vain to men. Our voices cannot
reach their ears. Our fongs of praife, our
organ peal of heavenly mufic, our diapafon of
harmonious litanies, extend not to their fenfes.
The returning feafons of the Chriftian year find
them far away beyond the dews of bleffing which
every morning fheds. We fpread the Gofpel
net, drawing it again and again, till we defpair
at catching nothing. Brethren, our waters are
too fhallow. The Mafter fpeaks to-day. He
bids us to 'launch out into the deep.' He com
mands the fifhers of men, in this His Holy
Church, to venture into waters that are yet

which Trinity Church had begun to do. 155
unfathomed, and let His Church be felt among
the maffes. We are bidden to go, not out of
fight of our ancient landmarks, but to put
them into perfpective. Our anchor is the fame,
but our cable muft be lengthened out. We
muft carry the Church to the feeding-places,
where the multitudes of men refort. We muft
launch out into the deep." The Church,
he then fhowed, was well adapted for this,
as for every other kind of minifterial work,
• — being Catholic, fuited to all ages, and to
all times, — to every fluffing habitude-of man
kind, to each emergency of individual life.
" In this folemn hour," he concluded, " of
my entrance on a new and untried miffion,
I will embrace the promife of our Lord.
I will not fear, and He fhall give fuccefs ;
henceforth enabling me to catch men. While
to you, of this noble Church, the meffage
comes with laden emphafis — for the means are
yours ; the privilege is yours ; the command
refounds along thefe alleys, unto every one who
names the name of Chrift, — Thou, then, fhalt
catch men, — men with immortal fouls ; men, the
heritage of Chrift's agony, the conquefts of
His love." In the fpirit of thefe deep-laid and
folemn convictions they went forth to their

156 Contraft of the Work.
important miffionary work among the maffes,
which there has been abundant evidence to fhow
has indeed been bleffed of Him, in whofe name
it was undertaken, and in whofe ftrength it has
been performed.

CHAPTER VII.
Eftablifhment of a New Miffion Chapel in New York — Endeavour to prefent a
Model of Catholic Ritualifm — Church School — Church Difcipline enforced —
InftruBion in Church Mufic — Oppofttion from the Puritanical Party — The
Bifhop's Countenance and Approval — Arrangement of the Chapel — Its Unique
EffeB — Formal Opening of the Chapel — Interefting Services and Impreffive
Sermon on the Occafion — Prefeniation of a Gold Altar Service — The whole
Scene folemn and beautiful — Its Influence as an Example — Chorifters' Prayers
— Private Prayers for the Congregation — Precautions for Good Order and
Revel- ence — Extenfion of the Chapel's Influence — Defcriptions of it and its
Services by the Secular Prefs — Confirmation at the Chapel by the Bifhop of
New York — Favourable Impreffion on the Bifhop's Mind — His hearty Ap
proval expreffed — Addrefs of the Senior Prieft of the Miffion.
MY recollection is now to ferve me to
relate an inftance of Church operations
in New York, which will conftitute a ftriking
contraft to much that has juft gone before.
There is nothing in the whole courfe of my
not uneventful fojourn in America that it affords
me fo much pleafure to look back upon as
the humble aid it was permitted me to render
on this occafion — that, namely, of founding
and organizing a Miffion Chapel in which
Anglo-Catholic Church Ritualifm might be cor-
vol. i. p

158 Church School.
rectly obferved, and Anglo-Catholic teaching
faithfully enforced, while miffionary work was
earneftly carried on in the populous diftrict
around, — more particularly among the Englifh
of the working claffes, who are numerous, and
were too much overlooked.
One object we had in view was perhaps pre
tentious. It was to prefent a celebration of
Divine Service beyond any which had yet been
eftablifhed in the United States, in the hope of
fetting an example, the influence of which would
be felt throughout the whole American Church.
Nor did we fail in this. Ours was the firft
inftance, indeed, of a full Choral Service daily
in the Church, — of a furpliced choir, of the
intoning of the Prayers, the finging of the
Creeds, and of the Litany, as well as the chant
ing of the Pfalms and Canticles, and the finging
of the Communion Service — in a word, of a
thorough adoption of the Ancient Plain Song of
the Church.
Our firft movement was the eftablifhment of
a Church School. Not only was a fpacious
room provided for the purpofe, but it was pre
pared and furnifhed by the devoted and muni
ficent Churchman who muft be confidered as
the real founder, as he was the great maintainer,
of the whole enterprife — a wealthy merchant,

Church School. 159
who cared nothing for expenfe in the caufe of
the Church. The walls of the room were painted
in gothic panelled oak, and the feats were of
fubftantial oak, of a good ecclefiaftical conftruc-
tion. The fchool was opened with a Choral
Service, feveral boys having been already partly
qualified for the choir, which on this occafion
was augmented by fome of the ftudents of the
Theological Seminary. The Principal of the
fchool was an Englifh gentleman well verfed in
Church mufic, a good reader as well as a good
teacher, — and the temporary arrangement was,
that he fhould officiate, as what is called a " lay-
reader," in the performance of Daily Morning
and Evening Prayer, — for which he had the
Bifhop's licence. On the occafion of the open
ing, however, there being feveral clergymen
prefent in their furplices, the Service was regu
larly performed with their affiftance. At the
clofe of Divine Service, the Principal delivered
a very able addrefs, explaining the nature and
object of the fchool ; and he was followed by
two or three of the clergy, who pronounced
their hearty concurrence in the interefting ob
ject, — wifhing it " God fpeed," and expreffing
their hope that a fimilar Church movement
might be made in other populous diftricts of the
city, where, as here, fuch efforts were urgently
p 2

1 60 Church Difcipline enforced.
required. One of the reverend fpeakers was
Dr. Francis Vinton, who had entered moft
warmly into the interefting proceeding. They
faw around them, he obferved, tokens of a true
fyftem of education being commenced, — a fyf
tem which did not content itfelf with merely
teaching or giving information, however ufeful,
but one which was the educing, the leading out,
of the powers which God has given to man, up
to truth. Various fyftems had been tried, and
each had probably, more or lefs, done what it
aimed at, but only Church education had ac-
complifhed that which was good. He rejoiced
that God had put it into the hearts of thofe who
had engaged in this undertaking, to eftablifh a
fchool where fuch education would be carried
on. But he could not fit down without re
minding them, that to anfwer its facred purpofe
it muft all be of God, and not of man ; and let
them hope that the beginning made that day,
in that upper room, would have its perfect con-
fummation and blifs, both in body and foul, in
God's everlafting and eternal glory. The open
ing Service was clofed with the finging of the
Gloria in Excel/is.
During the early operations of this fchool
great efforts had to be made to bring the boys
under proper Church difcipline; and it was no

Oppofition from the Puritanical Party. 1 6 1
eafy tafk with American boys. The Daily Ser
vice, morning and evening, was foon found to
be a powerful auxiliary in the work ; and being,
all throughout, a Choral Service, the boys foon
became really interefted, and joined in it heartily.
A dozen boys were picked out of the fchool as
having good voices, and being found capable
of finging ; and they were placed under proper
inftruction in mufic. An evening clafs was alfo
opened for adults of both fexes, to receive in
ftruction in, and practife, the Plain Song and
Choral Mufic of the Church. Thefe expedi
ents were adopted with the object of preparing
for the opening of the chapel, where a choir
and congregation might at once fuccefsfully
undertake the Choral Service in the Public
Worfhip of the Church.
Thefe proceedings did not efcape the notice,
or the mifreprefentation, of the opponents of a
more Catholic ritualifm, and of the Catholic
movement generally, in the Church. They
raifed all forts of malicious and mifchievous
rumours as to our work, and our object. Their
organs of the Prefs, both religious and fecular,
affailed it, and did their utmoft to cry it down.
One thing they evidently aimed at was to alarm
the Bifhop, and deter him from fanctioning, or
even permitting our chapel project. We had
p 3

1 6 2 The Bifhop's Countenance and Approval.
no fear ourfelves of the Bifhop. One who, as
we have feen, could appreciate and approve of
the Church having " fet herfelf to refufcitate and
reclaim thofe old Catholic elements, which had
been a real and effential part of her fyftem, but
which, for a long period, had been too much in
abeyance, and too much overlooked," was not
likely to difapprove or oppofe a humble effort
to give fome flight effect to fuch an idea in his
own Church. To prevent any unfavourable
mifapprehenfions, however, in his mind, I fought
an interview with our refpected Diocefan, in
order to explain to him all we were really going
to do ; and I had no difficulty whatever in fatis-
fying the Bifhop upon every point. One thing
only appeared to have given him uneafinefs. He
had been informed that we intended to have a
furpliced choir. Such a thing had never before
been heard of in the American Church. I ad
mitted that we certainly had it in contemplation,
but faid that it had not yet been finally decided
upon, and that our decifion would very much
depend upon our fuccefs in training the boys, and
bringing them into a fufficiently difciplined ftate
to be attentive and reverent in their religious
duties in the choir, and to be therefore fit to be
in furplices. The Bifhop replied that this was
juft what he was himfelf only anxious about.

Arrangement of the Chapel. 163
He had no objection to a furpliced choir, — on
the contrary, he fhould like very much to fee it
in the American Church, as he had feen and
admired it, in all its comelinefs and reverence, in
the Mother Church of England. But he had
his fears as to American boys being all at once
brought into a fufficiently mild, gentle, and
reverent ftate to be fo habited, and placed in fo
peculiar a pofition. I gave my affurance, that
until our boys were brought into that ftate of
religious difcipline, they fhould not appear in
furplices ; and I returned to my coadjutors, to
communicate to them the impreffion thus re
ceived, as to the neceffity of ufing renewed ex
ertions, in the training and difciplining of the
chorifter-boys, and the encouraging fatisfaction,
at the fame time, that if we fucceeded therein,
we had nothing to fear, but rather every thing
to hope, from our Bifhop. We did fucceed, as
the fequel will fhow ; and we had the gratifica
tion of receiving, in due time, the Bifhop's
hearty acknowledgment, that we had fucceeded —
his thorough appreciation of what we had done,
and his hearty approval of it.
Some three months' trial of our preparatory
fyftem fatisfied us that we were in a condition
to begin our contemplated Chapel Services, and
to throw them open to the public, — furpliced

1 64 Arrangement of the Chapel.
choir and all. But the chapel itfelf had ftill to be
properly furnifhed and adapted. If it was to
ferve as a model, its ecclefiaftical arrangement,
we felt, muft be carefully done. We had only
the fame upper room that was the fchool-room
to work upon ; yet we did not defpair. We fet
to work to plan out, at its eaftern end, a chancel,
or, more properly, perhaps, a fanctuary, and to
do it fo as to obtain fuitable accommodation
for the clergy and choir. We marked off a fuf-
ficient fpace, and enclofed it on three fides with
a neat light iron railing, the far fide of the en-
clofure being the eaft wall, againft which we
arranged to erect the altar. At each fide, out
fide the railing, the fpace between the rail and the
wall was to be occupied with the two rows of
handfome oak defks and feats, — the one next the
wall about two feet higher than the other, for
the clergy and the choir-men ; the other for the
boys. In the whole of this part of the room,
we had the floor raifed feveral inches higher
than the reft. Within the railing we placed
a neat oak lectern, from which to read the
Leffons; and it alfo ferved as a pulpit. But
our greateft anxiety of all was for the Altar, —
that Table of Holy Communion, or Lord's
Table, in the Chriftian Church, to which
the name of Altar is alfo fo properly given,

Arrangement of the Chapel. 165
becaufe on it are placed, in prefentation before
God, the divinely appointed Euchariftic elements,
along with the alms of the faithful worfhippers,
for the folemn commemorative facrifice to be
there offered. This we got conftructed of white
marble; for there are no vexatious reftrictions
as to material in the American Church. It
was of exceedingly good proportions, panelled,
and having in the front a vefica, with a plain
Latin crofs in its centre. The fuper-altar bore
the infcription, " Holy, holy, holy." A fuitable
foot-pace furrounded the altar's bafe. Above
the altar was an ornamented panel, containing
the Chriftian Monogram. At the fouth fide
was a fmall credence. The floor of the fanctuary
was covered with an appropriate carpet ; and the
reft of the floor with oil-cloth, of an encauftic
tile pattern. In a recefs on one fide, adjoining
the church, was placed a fmall, but fufficiently
powerful chapel-organ. Handfome gas-ftandards,
of a good ecclefiaftical pattern, were fixed at the
fides of the fanctuary, and in the body of the
chapel. The fchoolmafter's raifed defk, which
ftood at the weft end, ferved, during fervice,
for the wardens' feats. The benches were fo
placed as to fill up the centre of the body of
the chapel, leaving what may be called two aifles,
between each of which and the wall was another

1 66 Formal Opening of the Chapel.
range of benches. The primitive practice of
a feparation of the fexes was from the firft
enforced, and ftrictly maintained, — the men
occupying the fouth longitudinal half of the
chapel, and the women the north. I am thus
particular in defcribing this little chapel, becaufe
it was univerfally pronounced to be unique of
its kind, and a remarkable and inftructive in
ftance of what may be made of even an upper
room, for fuch a purpofe, by a well-confidered,
and rightly-directed arrangement. A crimfon
curtain, to feparate the chancel from the body
of the room, was drawn when the fchool was
affembled, and kept the former from intrufion
and defecration.
The opening of this Miffion Chapel excited
confiderable intereft in the Church. The Bifhop
of New York having engagements at the time
in a diftant part of his extenfive diocefe, we
were denied the pleafure and advantage of his
prefence, though we were affured of his fympathy
and good-will. But the Bifhop of Miffiffippi
being in New York at the time, we had the
fatisfaction of fecuring his attendance, and of
thus having an Epifcopal feal, as it were, fet to
our procedure. As well as this right reverend
Bifhop of the Church, there were prefent of the
clergy feven of the diocefe of New York, two

Interefting Services on the Occafion. 1 67
of the diocefe of New Jerfey, two of Penn
fylvania, two of Maryland, one of Vermont,
and one of Ohio, — in all fifteen of the clergy.
A proceffion was formed in the veftry-room,
below the chapel, confifting of the Bifhop in
his Epifcopal habit, and the clergy and the
chorifters, all in their furplices, preceded by the
wardens with white wands. They afcended to
the chapel, chanting the 122nd Pfalm, — " I was
glad when they faid unto me, We will go into
the houfe of the Lord." As the proceffion
entered the chapel, the crowded congregation
already affembled rofe, and ftood until the
Bifhop, clergy, and choir had taken their re-
fpective places, when all knelt down in private
prayer. The following was the programme of
the Services, a copy of which was placed in
every feat : — PSALM 122nd IN PROCESSION.
Morning Prayer  Helmore's Plain Song.
Pfalms for the Day, 148, 149, 150 .. „ Pfalter Noted.
Te Deum  Anthem.
Creed  Helmore's Plain Song.
Litany  „ „
Introit, Pfalm 119, Firft Part .. .. „ Pfalter Noted.
Holy Communion  ,, Plain Song.
Hymn before Sermon  Prayer Book Collection.
Communion Hymn l  ,, ,,
Gloria in Excelfis  Helmore's Plain Song.
1 In the American Office this is directed. A Rubric after the Con-

1 6 8 Interefting Services on the Occafion.
It will be feen that, with the exception of the
Te Deum, the Services were fung from Mr.
Helmore's arrangements, — the Manual of Plain
Song, and the Pfalter Noted. Copies of thefe
two books were placed not only in the choir,
but in every feat, in numbers fufficient to fupply
the entire congregation : there was alfo a cor-
refponding number of Prayer Books.
The Choral Service, both in Morning Prayer
and the Communion Office, was very effectively
performed, and the organ accompaniment was
admirable. There was a brief interval between
each of the three Services of Morning Prayer,
Litany, and Holy Communion, during which
a fmall bell was tolled, fo as to mark more
emphatically the diftinction of the feparate fer
vices. The Bifhop of Miffiffippi was the celebrant
at Holy Communion; and the fermon was
fecration Prayer fays, — " Here fhall be fung a Hymn, or part of a Hymn,
from the Selection for the Feafts and Fafts," &c. The following verfes
were invariably ufed at the Miffion Chapel : —
" Hail ! facred feaft, which Jefus makes,
Rich banquet of His flefh and blood *.
Thrice happy he who here partakes
That facred ftream, that heavenly food.
" O let Thy table honour'd be,
And furnifh'd well with joyful guefts :
And may each foul falvation fee,
That here its holy pledges taftes."

Interefting Services on the Occafion. 169
preached by the Rev. Morgan Dix, of Trinity
Church, from the text, " Thou, O God, haft
of Thy goodnefs prepared for the poor." The
burden of his difcourfe was this efpecial inftance
of God having of His goodnefs prepared for
the poor. " It was our great happinefs," he faid,
"to be affembled and met together in the name
of holy, Chriftian charity. Here is the folemn
inauguration of a work of mercy and love.
Almighty God has put it into the heart of one
of His fervants to give Him freely of His own,
to return the wealth received from Him through
that only way in which wealth can be confecrated
for ever, and made for ever productive. The
object of this miffion is emphatically to work
the work of Chrift ; to fulfil the corporal and
fpiritual deeds of mercy ; to teach the ancient
doctrine of the Catholic Church, undefiled by
modern fuperftition and impiety; to proclaim
that doctrine to all who will hear it, perhaps
with fear and trembling, but only with fear and
trembling, left in any degree the fpirit of our
half-infidel age fhould hinder the bold, full, and
unfhrinking proclamation of the whole truth
as it is in Jefus. And then to illuftrate this
doctrine by the neceffary accompaniment of
miniftrations of mercy to thofe who in body
or in mind implore the fame, God has put
vol. 1. Q_

170 Interefting Services on the Occafion.
into the hearts of His fervants, men of good
will, to glorify His holy name, to do the work
of the Church, in the way of the Church. Firft,
to build an altar in the fpirit of the age of
ancient prophets, to repair the altar of the Lord,
which modern rationalifm has, like ancient hea-
thenifm, broken down; and then to furround
that altar with its cluftering outgrowth of fchools
for the young, difpenfaries for the fick, coverts
of fhelter for the fallen, and whatfoever elfe is
needed to make the altar a reality. So to grow
in this fmall place, this bleffed upper room,
until a larger place and a ftately houfe are
needed for the altar, and the works of the altar,
and the miniftering fervants of God at, around,
and near the altar; and then, from that new
place, as from a centre, to fhake off ftrong and
vigorous branches ; while, as the firft altar mul
tiplies and reproduces itfelf, the miffion work
fhall fpread abroad, until the little one fhall
become a thoufand, and the fmall one a ftrong
nation. Such is the defign which God has
infpired. And what can we defire more than
that He may haften it in His own time ? The
firft defign was that of a miffion, for the purpofe
of vifiting and fupplying the needs of the poor.
But it was foon found that even more than this
might be attempted. The idea of a parochial

Interefting Services on the Occafion. 1 7 1
fchool prefented itfelf. The place, too, was
ready ; the large upper room in this building,
erected for a congenial object of a kindred branch
of work. So the fchool was commenced. But
then it was found that the upper room might
be made available, not only for the fchool, but
alfo for a place of worfhip. To that holy
purpofe it was, therefore, as a next ftep, devoted ;
with what reverence of decoration, with what
fitnefs of propriety, none can fail to acknowledge
who have worfhipped here. Three or four
months have elapfed fince it was opened, in
prefence of a congregation of both clergy and
laity ; and fince that time the Daily Service of
the Church has been celebrated with full choral
accompaniments, in prefence not only of the
fcholars and their teachers, but alfo of the clerks
and mechanics employed in the building, and
the families of fome of thofe connected with
the eftablifhment. And now, at length, though
not without difficulties and obftructions, fome
of them unforefeen, and fome of them perhaps
unavoidable, the miffionary organization has been
begun, in compliance with the requirements of
our canons, and with the full approbation of the
Provifional Bifhop. To open this room as a
miffion chapel, where day by day, and above
all on the day of our Lord, the Services of the
0.2

172 Interefting Services on the Occafion.
Church, in its full devotional folemnity, fhall be
celebrated, we are now affembled.
" The work of the miffion, although it begins,
will not ceafe with the Services of the Sanctuary.
A vifitation of this whole diftrict will be made.
The poor will be fought out, the Gofpel will
be preached to them. A miffionary prieft is
ready to commence the work ; and he will not
be left fingle-handed. A difpenfary will be
eftablifhed, and that the nucleus, if God will,
of an hofpital. A tract depofitory and parochial
library will be formed. Such are to be imme
diate developments in this plan ; and others
will appear, as God profpers the work, and puts
it into the hearts of His fervants to fulfil His
holy will.
" The fchool will be for the education of its
pupils in all found and ufeful learning on Church
principles ; an education which will fit them for
the practical bufinefs of this world, while it
fecures, as far as moral and religious training
can avail, their co-operation in the work of
Chrift in this life, and their higher interefts in
the world to come. Thus far conducted in the
moft quiet and unoftentatious manner, we doubt
not that the publicity of this day's fervices will
prefent its advantages in a ftronger light, and
draw an immediate and large acceffion to the

Interefting Services on the Occafion. 173
catalogue of its fcholars, and the kindly and
watchful care of its devoted and faithful Prin
cipal. " Thus, my brethren," in conclufion, he ob
ferved, " I, who have watched with the deepeft
intereft this work from its beginning, and am
convinced of the foundnefs of the principles
on which it is bafed, and of the fincerity in
which it is fuftained, have prefented very briefly
the outline of the defign. Let us hope and
pray for the profperity of this miffion. All the
ways of man are in the hands of God. Unto
thofe merciful and powerful hands we commend
the ways of His fervants, who have invited us
here to-day. We invoke upon this work His
bleffing. And be the iffue what it may, of
one thing we are fure, — c Verily, they fhall not
lofe their reward.' Bleffed fhall the poor be,
through this miffion ; for theirs is the kingdom
of God. And bleffed fhall they be who have
already provided, or fhall hereafter provide,
through this miffion, for the fick, the poor, and
the needy ; for the Lord fhall deliver them in
the time of trouble."
The Sermon, of which thefe are but extracts,
was eloquent and appropriate, and was liftened
to with very marked attention. At its conclu
fion the Offertory was made, which included a
0-3

1 74 Prefentation of a Gold Altar Service.
very beautiful gold Altar Service, confifting of a
rich Chalice of ancient ecclefiaftical defign, the
knob enriched with enamel, a Paten, with the
Agnus Dei, alfo adorned with enamel, — both
thefe of pure gold ; a Cruet and an Alms Difh
of filver gilt, alfo very beautiful. It was un
derftood that this was the firft gold fervice of
the kind manufactured in the United States.
The fervice ufed on this occafion, however, was
a filver one, borrowed from one of the churches
in New York. The gold fervice was humbly
prefented at the rails of the Sanctuary on behalf
of the generous donor, and reverently placed on
the Altar by the Miffion Prieft. The clergy
and the principal portion of the congregation
were communicants. The Altar had a very im-
pofing appearance, being vefted in a handfome
green cloth, richly embroidered with a large
crofs of gold, and the legend, The Father, The
Word, and the Holy Ghoft — Thefe Three are One,
worked in gold as a border. Altogether, while
it was a fcene of beautiful folemnity, the idea
was brought vividly before the mind, on witneff-
ing it — " Worfhip the Lord in the beauty of
holinefs." There was a profufion of beautiful
and fragrant flowers in the Sanctuary, and on
the Super- Altar, which heightened the effect of
all around. A pair of ftately candlefticks with

Precautions for Good Order and Reverence. 175
candles alfo ftood on the Super- Altar. It was
to moft of thofe who witneffed it, moreover,
novel, as well as folemn and beautiful. It was
the firft time that a Full Choral Service, with a
furpliced choir, and before an Altar of fuch pro
portions, and fo elegantly and appropriately
clothed and beautified, had ever been performed
in the Anglo-American Church ; and it was feen
and felt that it was deftined to exert a powerful
influence in that branch of the Church Catholic.
The Bifhop, the clergy, and a large party of
the laity who had taken part in the Services, at
their conclufion retired to the hofpitable manfion
of the benevolent merchant to whom the pro
vifion of the chapel was fo mainly owing, and
there partook of an elegant cold collation. The
Bifhop's health was toafted with much cordiality ;
and in acknowledging the compliment he took
occafion to fay, — " Though a ftranger among
you, perfonally, I feel that I am among brethren.
I have been much gratified by the Services I
have participated in to-day. I pray God moft
earneftly that the inftitution we have met to
inaugurate may be bleffed by His good Pro
vidence, and His Holy Spirit ; and may it lead
to much good to thofe for whom it is intended,
and much glory to His Holy Name."
It had been forefeen that many precautions

176 Chorifters' Prayer.
would have to be taken, in order to preferve a
due reverence and decorum, both in the choir
and the congregation. The chorifters, before
each Daily Service, were met by the clergy in
the veftry-room, as foon as they were all vefted
in their furplices, where, forming a circle, the
following Prayer was faid, —
Prayer for Chorifters.
" Merciful Father, now that we are about to
engage in a folemn Service of Thy worfhip and
praife, gracioufly extend unto each and all of
us the influences of Thy Holy Spirit, that our
hearts and minds being fanctified thereby, may
be reverently and wholly given to this duty
and fervice, to Thy honour and glory, and the
edification of ourfelves, and all who may be with
us, through Jefus Chrift our Lord. Amen."
This duty performed, they form into pro
ceffion, and go in folemn order to the chapel,
preceded by the wardens with their wands of
office, who fee them into their places before
retiring to their own, — the congregation rifing
upon their entrance, and afterwards kneeling
down with them in private prayer. At the con
clufion of the Service, too, the congregation

Private Prayers for the Congregation. 177
ftand up, remaining in their places until the
clergy have retired with the fame reverent order
as before.
It has been already mentioned, that Prayer
Books were provided for the congregation, as
well as the choir; and to each of thefe was
affixed a printed copy of the following Private
Prayers : — Private Prayer before Service.
" Be with me, O Lord, in the holy Service in
which we are about to engage. Mercifully help
mine infirmities; preferve my mind from wan
dering thoughts, and my heart from coldnefs or
indifference in Thy worfhip ; and gracioufly dif-
pofe Thy unworthy fervant to true devotion,
that my prayers and praifes may be acceptable
in Thy fight, through Jefus Chrift our Lord.
Amen." Prayer after Service.
"Accept, merciful God, this unworthy part
of my duty to Thee ; pardon all my failings in
Thy Service at this time ; and let them not
prevent Thy anfwer of mercy and peace to
my fupplications, and Thy acceptance of my

178 Precautions for Good Order and Reverence.
praifes and thankfgivings, for Jefus Chrift's fake.
Amen."
But it was foon found that means muft be
adopted to enfure a due and feemly reverence in
the congregation. The chapel and its Services
excited not only great intereft in the Church,
but much curiofity in the world. Its Services,
on Sundays more efpecially, were generally
crowded with all forts and conditions of people,
fome of whom were occafionally difpofed to be
not only irreverent, but diforderly. It was a
great novelty ; and there was at firft among
many who came, no appreciation of its folem
nity. To imprefs them, if poffible, with fome
right ideas as to their behaviour, copies of the
following were plentifully affixed to the benches,
fo that they could not fail to catch the eye : —
" Reverent and Devotional Behaviour is ex
pected from all who come to this Place of God's
Holy Worfhip."
u Reverence My Sanctuary : I am the Lord." — Lev. ix. 30.
" God is not mocked." — Gal. vi. 7.
" Where two or three are gathered together in My Name, there am I
in the midft of them." — Matt, xviii. 20.
The following printed Notice was alfo placed

Extenfion of the Chapel's Influence. 179
confpicuoufly at the entrance, and infide the
chapel : —
" Perfons Worfhipping Here are requefted
to Kneel in Prayer and Stand in Praife."
Thefe hints, though not proving invariably
effectual, were yet not without much good re
fult. Thofe who came regularly, foon fell into
habits of reverence, and conformity to the pro
per forms of its Public Worfhip. But ftrangers
continued to come, fome of whom, ever and
anon, were apt to be annoying in their be
haviour. The following additional Notice was
therefore printed, and placed in the feats : —
Notice to Strangers.
" This Chapel is free to all for Divine Wor
fhip. But as the regular worfhippers here are
often much diffracted in their devotions by the
levity, reftleffnefs, and irreverence of Strangers,
who apparently do not come to worfhip God,
but merely to idly gaze at what is going on,
it is earneftly requefted that all perfons who
cannot behave themfelves with religious de
corum and propriety, as in the prefence of
God, and in His Holy Worfhip, will quietly
retire."

180 Extenfion of the Chapel's Influence.
Sometimes, when even this ftrong warning
was difregarded, the wardens had to go and
put a copyr of it in the hands of offenders. In
fome few inftances they would retire, but moftly
it had the effect of making them quiet, and
they remained in improved behaviour to the
end of the Service.
Thefe were extraordinary, and they may feem
fevere meafures to adopt towards a Chriftian,
or <^<z/z-Chriftian congregation. But they were
requifite, if order and any degree of reverence
were to be preferved. And in a very fhort
time they had the defired effect.
The influence of this chapel, in its proper
ecclefiaftical arrangements, its chafte and fignifi-
cant adornments, and its correct and moft devo
tional ritualifm, it was foon evident was be
coming powerful and wide-fpread. The fame
of the little Sanctuary and its Services extended
far and wide. Both clergymen and laymen
came from far and near to vifit it; and by
many of thefe, as well as others who applied
by letters from diftant parts of the Union, in
quiries were made and fatisfied, on various points,
with the view to improvement in their own
cafes ; and requefts for fuch things as defigns of
our Altar-cloths, copies of the Private Prayers,
and inftructions as to the ritual mufic, were

Defcription of its Services. 1 8 1
conftantly being received. In very many in-
ftances more or lefs of what we had done dif
ferently from, or in addition to, the ordinary
cold and undevotional modes of performing
Divine Service, or in fome of its acceffories,
was adopted, — and there is reafon to believe
with much advantage to all concerned.
It was amufing to read the remarks which the
chapel and its Services drew forth in the newf
papers, — principally of thofe who were not
Churchmen, and were therefore ignorant on the
fubject of Church arrangement and ritualifm.
The religious Prefs opened out upon it in an
other, a more angry, or a more malicious mood.
But the " Low Church " Prefs, and alfo the
" High and Dry," — for there are both thofe
in America, as well as here in England, — fhowed
the bittereft animofity of all. The following
from one of the more refpectable of the daily
papers in New York is entertaining, if not in-
ftructive : — THE NEW MISSION CHAPEL.
"Attracted by feveral accounts which I had
heard of this chapel, on laft Sunday evening I
was induced to pay it a vifit. Wending my
way along Madifon Street, I at length came to
a building, within which a bell was tolling, and
vol. i. R

1 82 Defcription of its Services
on inquiry, I found that faid bell was inviting
wayfarers into the miniature cathedral above
flairs. On reaching the fecond ftory, I per
ceived a room, in which, on a long table, there
was a difplay of furplices and bands which
feemed fufficient in number to enrobe the cleri
cal members of an entire Epifcopal convention.
On the floor above this (the third ftory of the
building) was the chapel, where I took a feat
fufficiently near the altar to fee and hear all the
proceedings. It is a bijou of a place, and the
altar decorations are worthy of a more extenfive
circumference of furroundings than they have
in this fnug little ecclefiaftical cubby. The
altar-cloth in ufe on this occafion, which I be
lieve is merely one of an affortment, was made
of rich red fatin, and was elaborately embroi
dered. "On the upper part of that portion of the
cloth which hung perpendicularly over the table,
an infcription from the Te Deum, ' The glorious
company of the Apoftles praife Thee,' was beau
tifully wrought in old Englifh character, while
another fentence, ' The noble army of Martyrs
praife Thee,' graced the border. The crofs was
embroidered in the centre, and was fo arranged,
as very curioufly to form a part of that familiar
group of Chriftian initials, IHS. Thefe initials,

by the Secular Prefs. 183
having the crofs as a centre, were alfo em
blazoned on a dark ground, in a flight recefs
juft behind the altar. There were no flowers
on the altar at this time, but two fuperfluous
candlefticks, in which were lighted candles, with
the other appendages of the place, produced an
appearance which, to fay the leaft, was peculiar
and femi-popifh. While the bell was tolling,
and the people were gathering, a youthful-look
ing gentleman, dreffed in a black clofely-fitting
clerical garment, the fkirts of which reached
down to his heels, walked in very deliberately
and depofited on the altar, in an edgewife pofi
tion, a large and beautiful plate, which I took
to be of gold. He retired in as folemn a man
ner as he entered, and a few minutes after the
bell ceafed its clatter, and fimultaneoufly an
expert performer on the organ ftruck up a
voluntary. "This feemed a fignal for commencing fer
vices, for in a moment two mace-bearers or
vergers entered, and took a pofition at each
corner of the chancel. Thefe perfons had each
a long white wand, and their appearance here
with thofe rods of office, was highly fuggeftive
to my mind, of a body-guard to the clergy
to fhield them from a too near approach of the
common people. This was doubtlefs, in ancient
R 2

1 84 Defcription of its Services
times, the origin of the cuftom. It had an
impofing, antique fort of look, fo I was not
difpofed to laugh at it ; notwithftanding its
affociation with fuch incongruities as the prefent
age of the world, the peaceful times we live
in, Chriftian worfhip, and more than all, the
circumfcribed theatre on which the prefent fcene
was enacted. Now three clergymen entered,
and I perceived that one of them was the gen
tleman who had borne the golden plate. They
were attended by twelve boys of different ages,
and all were habited in furplices of fpotlefs
white. They diftributed themfelves on either
fide of the chancel in raifed feats behind reading-
defks ; that is, one minifter on one fide and two
on the other fide, and underneath the clergy
in fmaller reading-defks were ranged the fur
pliced boys, the white-robed chorifters, fix on
a fide, — and as they all reverently knelt, the
effect was picturefque and flightly dramatic.
The opening verfe of Scripture and admonition
to the people were in a monotone, on a key
but little higher than I have fometimes heard
in other Epifcopal churches, but it was on a
fingle note throughout, including even the
' faying after me.' The c Confeffion,' how
ever, was intoned; and if I remember aright,
the fentences were taken alternately by the prieft

by the Secular Prefs. 185
and chorifters and congregation. The Abfolution
was announced in a monotone, as alfo was re
peated the Lord's Prayer, but the latter was
pitched on an exceedingly high key, and being
chanted by all the priefts and chorifters and
congregation, and accompanied by the organ,
the effect was very animating. But the moft
attractive part of the fervice (entertainment I
had almoft called it) was the chanting of the
Pfalter. One choir chanting in jubilant but fet
tones, a verfe from that glorious and infpiring
Pfalm, the 104th, the fucceeding verfe would
be inftantaneoufly caught and fent back by the
oppofite choir, and fo on to the end ; each choir
taking an alternate verfe, and chanting it to
different notes. The ' Cant ate Domino ' and
1 Benedic anima mea ' were performed in much
the fame manner. The ' Gloria Patri ' was in
all cafes given with the united force of both
choirs, all voices harmonioufly blending, all
heads bowed, and with great apparent devotion.
The Apoftles' Creed was recited in an animated
monotone, on a high key, and during its utter
ance all the priefts and boys turned their backs
to the audience. The reading of the prayers
was a trifle more monotonous than in Epifcopal
churches generally, and all the ' Amens ' were
given with the full ftrength of the whole eccle-
R 3

1 8 6 Defcription of its Services
fiaftical company and congregation, combined
with the organ. To fay nothing of the reli
gious or irreligious influence of this peculiar
mode of Chriftian worfhip, it muft be conceded
that as a work of mere art it was quite perfect.
It was obvioufly owing to much previous prac
tice that the various modulations, correct time,
and facile method had been attained.
" It was a facred operatic recitation, per
formed from beginning to end without jar or
difcord. There was fome pfalm-finging in the
ufual ftyle, but it lacked attractivenefs in the
abfence of female voices, fave from fuch few
ladies among the congregation as joined in an
occafional verfe. The mode of taking up the
collection was unique and fingular. Two of the
ecclefiaftics, ftill habited in white furplices, left
the altar, and went among the audience, and
received the contributions in a red fatin bag,
which was fubfequently placed by another prieft
on the golden plate before referred to.
" The fermon was a very different production
from what I had expected to hear. It was
eminently practical and fenfible : ' Whether there
fore ye eat or drink, or whatfoever ye do, do all
to the glory of God.' The fcope of the argument
was, that our worldly employments (meaning
particularly our daily labours), however onerous

by the Secular Prefs. 187
or uncongenial, fhould be performed to the glory
of God, and with a fpirit of holy refignation.
Some people, on the commencement of a life
of piety, are beguiled with the fancy that a
laborious or unpleafant occupation was unpro-
pitious to the growth of religion in the foul ;
they imagine that if they could change their
bufinefs to one of lefs labour, or could abandon
it altogether, they would have more leifure to
work advantageoufly for their fellow-men and
for God. Thefe views the preacher maintained
were highly erroneous. It was for a wife end
that labour was one of the allotments of Divine
Providence, and it was in our power to have
our fecular occupations fanctified by engaging
in them with a cheerful acquiefcent fpirit ; per
forming them as to God, and not to men. What
though we are obliged to fuffer felf-denial, to
work unremittingly in fome hard mechanical
employment ; and in the daily routine of bufi
nefs are brought in contact with perfons with
whom we have little affinity of feeling ; we may
be fure, that if we do not repine, but filently
fubmit, and do the beft we can under thefe feem-
ingly adverfe circumftances, we are in the line
of duty as religious men and as Chriftians. A
condition of idlenefs, the preacher reprefented
as moft dangerous, and as placing the foul in

1 8 8 Deforiptions of its Services
conftant jeopardy. We are never fo much
expofed to wicked fuggeftions from the evil
one, to envy, ambition, diffatisfaction with our
lot, or even to impure and fhameful thoughts,
as when we have nothing to do. Yet the clergy
man was careful to guard his hearers againft that
abforption in bufinefs which leaves no time to
think of the foul, of God, or of heaven ; that
fupreme devotion to the world which hardens
the heart, and finally ftamps it with hopelefs
impenitency. Better than this, were an entire
renunciation of the world, its bufinefs and pur-
fuits, and a life of feclufion and prayer. But
the mafs of mankind have no providential call
in this direction ; and hence while it is our
manifeft duty to be in the world, it is no lefs
our duty to live above the world.
" There were other collateral branches of the
difcourfe, but I have given its main features.
It was written throughout in a ftyle of finifhed
fimplicity, attained only by much practice, and
the preacher is doubtlefs a fcholar. After the
benediction was pronounced, there was the ufual
movement among the congregation, but the
minifter requefted that we fhould all remain in
our places for a moment. We of courfe obeyed,
when the two vergers or mace-bearers, with their
wands in hand, refumed the pofitions they had

by the Secular Prefs. 189
occupied on the opening of the fervices ; the
clergy then paffed out in fingle file, the boys
followed in regular proceffion, and, laft of all,
the congregation retired to their refpective places
of abode."
Now this was a pretty fair account, though
evidently not given by one who was a Church
man, or had much fympathy with what he
defcribed. But it is illuftrative notwithftanding.
Another account from an equally refpectable
and apparently lefs prejudiced daily paper of
New York is the following, which defcribes the
fcene on a Sunday forenoon, — Morning Prayer
being at eight, and at the ordinary church-going
hour in the city of half-paft ten in the forenoon,
the fervice commencing with the Litany : —
A Morning with the " Pufoyites."
" There has recently been opened, in this
city, what is commonly called a ' Pufeyite '
chapel, and, as the mode of conducting the
Services of the Proteftant Epifcopal Church
there is entirely new in this country, and as
there has been occafion for much cenforious
criticifm in fome of the religious journals, on
the fcore of its real or fuppofed tendencies to

190 DefotHptions of its Services
Romanifm, an impartial defcription of it, by a
difinterefted obferver, may not be without public
intereft. " The chapel in queftion is in the fecond ftory
of a very neat and unpretending brick building,
256, Madifon Street, the approach to which is
up through the channel of a narrow ftaircafe.
It was on a Sunday morning that c our own
reporter ' paid his vifit, and, though the day was
oppreffively hot, the room was thronged by an
apparently very earneft and devout congregation.
To a ftranger, accuftomed only to the furniture
and decorations of an ordinary Epifcopal Church,
the fcene prefented was one of the moft unique
imaginable. The altar is a handfome one, of
white marble. The moft gorgeous colours ap
pear to be exhaufted in its embellifhment, and
all that art and ecclefiology can invent to impart
fpiritual fignificance to phyfical fubftances feems
to have been put in requifition there. The
crofs has a confpicuous place, not only on the
altar, but in all its furroundings. The Chriftian
monogram I.H.S. is emblazoned in gold on the
wall, on the fcreen behind the altar, and on the
altar we counted fome eight or nine croffes.
Several vafes of frefhly plucked flowers con
tributed their variegated colours to heighten the
general effect. The chancel railing is of iron,

by the Secular Prefs. 191
burnifhed with gold. The altar-cloth is the
production of the induftry and fkill, we are
told, of fome of the fair fifterhood connected
with the chapel. The Communion Service is
of folid gold, beautifully illuftrated with fcrip
tural fubjects, and is faid to be the moft coftly
church plate in the poffeffion of any church in
the United States. In nearly all the feats the
following notice is confpicuoufly pofted, in large
black letters : —
' Perfons Worshipping in this Chapel are
requefted to Kneel in Prayer, and to Stand in
Praife.' " But it is half-paft ten o'clock. The little
bell on the top of the chapel has ceafed to tinkle,
and we go up flairs, following a multitudinous
proceffion of priefts, deacons, and chorifler boys
— bright-eyed little fellows, thefe — all robed in
garments of fnowy white. The proceffion is
preceded by the two wardens, with wands in their
hands. The clergy then enter the chancel and
kneel in filent prayer, as do moft of the con
gregation, the boys having filed off right and
left, and, after kneeling, taken their pofition in
the choir. The Services commenced with one
of the miffion priefts chanting the Litany, — the

192 Defcriptions of its Services
choir and congregation making the refponfes in
the fame manner, and this the latter are eafily
enabled to do, the feats being amply fupplied
with ' The Pfalter Noted,' and the c Plain Song
of the Church,' all fet to mufic. The prayers
following were intoned. Then followed a Pfalm
from the Pfalter, (called the Introit,) which was
likewife chanted. The Sermon preached was
found, and evangelical. Next came the cele
bration of the Holy Communion. Here the
only remarkable departure from the ordinary
cuftom of the Church, — that we could difcover,
— was, the collection of the offertory (by fur
pliced chorifters) in fmall red bags or purfes, in
ftead of the plates commonly ufed for that pur
pofe ; the genuflexion of the prieft, when the
offertory is placed upon the altar ; an unufual
reverencing in the fame manner of the facred
elements, and bowing at the name of Jefus, in
the Gloria in Excel/is, and elfewhere. The Ser
vice over, the laity do not rife up, and leave the
chapel, as is the practice elfewhere. The order
is — that the chorifters leave the chancel firft,
then the clergy, all in proceffion, preceded as
before by the wardens, and when thefe have dis
appeared, the congregation difperfe. And this
was about the entire programme of the morning.
There had been an earlier Service commencing

by the Secular Prefs. 193
at half-paft eight o'clock, confifting of Morning
Prayer. Two other Services — making four in
all — were held, one in the afternoon, and the
other at night. During the week there is Morn
ing and Evening Prayer, with the Communion
on Saints' Days.
" The whole Service was certainly impreffive,
folemn, and beautiful — too theatrical and fhowy,
perhaps, for the feverer and fimpler taftes of
American Churchmen, unfamiliar with the pomp
and difplay which mark that of the Englifh Ca
thedrals. And, no doubt, it is calculated to
give a rude fhock to Proteftant prejudices, and
the convictions of many who would rather travel
towards Geneva than Rome. Neverthelefs, there
is nothing faid in thefe fervices — that we could
difcover — which is not laid down in, and pre-
fcribed by, the Prayer Book ; and we do not
know that for whatever is done in the Madifon
Street Chapel there is not, alfo, authority and
warrant there. The friends of the Chapel fay
they feek only to give the Epifcopal Service the
effect that it was originally defigned to have —
nothing more, nothing lefs — and that, in judging
them without prejudice, renovation ought not to
be miftaken for innovation. The term ' Pu-
feyite ' they do not hold to be one of reproach ;
but regret that it fhould be ufed as a party cry
vol. 1. s

194 Defcriptions of its Services
againft them by many clergymen of their own
Church. As all the feats are free, the chapel
has no income fave the Sunday morning and
evening Offertories. Attached to the church is
to be a difpenfary for the poor, and we are in
formed that it is in contemplation ftill further to
enlarge in that refpect the ufefulnefs of the Mif
fion. The temporal as well as the fpiritual
wants of the deferving poor are to be provided
for, as far as poffible. They fay the fole object
of the Miffion is to do good, and that they con
ceive to be the fum and fubftance of all practical
religion. If the Chapel is meeting with oppofi-
tion and enmity from fome of the clergy, who
have fplendid churches, and rich congregations,
they can't help it. They expected oppofition
at the ftart ; and they are only furprifed that it
has been fo mild as it is. What they moft com
plain of is, that clergymen of the Epifcopal
Church fhould attack the Miffion anonymoufly,
through the columns of the fo-called religious
journals, by flarting the fcarecrow cry of c Pu-
feyifin,' and creating the falfe impreffion that
the whole concern is intended to be only a fort
of bridge, over which High Churchmen in
New York may fafely pafs to Rome. All they
defire of Epifcopalians is, not to condemn the
Chapel on fuch teftimony, but to come and fee,

by the Secular Prefs. 195
then judge for themfelves. This, certainly, is
not an unreafonable requeft ; is it ?
" And here endeth our firft c morning with the
Pufeyites.' "
Thefe two feparate and independent accounts,
let it be remembered, are thofe of difinterefted,
and, upon the whole, impartial obfervers ; but
both of them in fome degree prejudiced againft
what they defcribe. The real Church character
of it, however, is only the more thoroughly
eftablifhed by fuch teftimony.
The other Services on Sundays were at four
o'clock in the afternoon, and feven in the even
ing. At the former, the fhort Evening Service
was ufed — a Form abridged from the regular
Evening Prayer, — in the midft of which the
children of the Sunday School were catechized.
This fchool affembled immediately after Morning
Prayer, and filled up the interval until the Second
Service at half-paft ten, — the children remaining
to the Litany, but retiring during the paufe
before the commencement of the Communion
Service. The Service at feven in the evening
was the regular Evening Prayer, with a Sermon.
Thefe Services were frequently taken part in,
and the Sermons preached, by fome of the moft
diftinguifhed divines in the American Church, —
s 2

196 Confirmation at the Chapel
Bifhops, as well as Priefts. In the courfe of
about five months a pretty numerous clafs had
been prepared for Confirmation ; and the Bifhop
readily made an appointment to adminifter to
them the facramental rite. The time fixed upon
was the Eve of the Feftival of All Saints. It
was the Bifhop's firft vifit to the chapel, and
fome anxiety was naturally felt as to the im
preffion it might make. The Bifhop, clergy,
and chorifters entered the chapel in proceffion,
preceded by the wardens, with their wands of
office ; and the Bifhop proceeded to his chair at
the north end of the altar, over which there was
a fmall, but tafteful canopy, ornamented in front
with the device of the mitre. The white frontal
of the altar appropriate to the feftival bore the
characteriftic legend, The Communion of Saints ;
and upon the fuper-altar there was a profufion
of rich flowers. The Bifhop preached an elo
quent fermon on the Feftival ; towards the clofe
of which he alluded with deep feeling to the
beautiful and folemn fervice in which they had
been engaged, characterizing it as a fit attuning
of their hearts for the higher fanctuary of heaven.
The Confirmation then took place. This fervice,
like the preceding, was choral. The Bifhop
delivered the benediction to each feparately, as
well as laid his hands upon each head ; and each

by the Biftwp of New York. 1 97
Amen of refponfe was fung by the choir and
congregation. It was faid to be the firft time
that the Order of Confirmation was ever per
formed chorally in the American Church. The
effect was devotional and grateful in a high
degree. At the conclufion of the " laying on
of hands," the Bifhop addreffed them in a moft
impreffive manner, pointing out to them the
folemn Baptifmal vows they had now taken
upon themfelves, and the full privileges of the
Church to which they had been admitted, and
exhorting them to purfue with diligence and
carefulnefs the new and refponfible courfe of
Chriftian life on which they had entered. The
" Confirmation Hymn " —
" We truft not in our native ftrength,
But on His grace rely," &c, —
had already been fung ; and now the whole
fervice was ended with the hymn appropriate to
the Feftival of All Saints, —
" Lo, what a cloud of witnefles
Encompafs us around," Sec, —
which was fung to a fweet and moft fuitable
melody with folemn effect. The Bifhop then
difmiffed the crowded congregation with the
Apoftolic Benediction. As well as having
alluded to the performance of the fervice with
s 3

198 Addrefs of the Senior Prieft
fuch evident fympathy and commendation in
his fermon, the Bifhop afterwards expreffed to
the Miffion clergy his deep fenfe of its truly
devotional character, and the pleafure and fatis
faction it had afforded him to participate in it.
His vifit to the Miffion Chapel, he affured them,
had been highly delightful, having more than
realized his utmoft expectations. This warm
approval of their Diocefan was, of courfe, moft
encouraging to all concerned.
As well as vifiting among the poor and
others of the diftrict by the clergy and their
lay coadjutors, the following printed Addrefs was
extenfively circulated ; and it will give a good
idea of the practical objects of the Miffion : —
Miffion of the Proteftant Epifcopal Church,
i$6, Madifon Street.
" Chriftian people, for fuch we take you to be,
feeing that you are here amongft us, who call
ourfelves Chriftians, you muft fee as we all do,
that there are in this diftrict of ours many
perfons, and efpecially many children, who do
not feem to pay very much attention to their
duty to God, and it may be, nay, it is very
likely, that in neglecting this, they are led alfo
in a greater or lefs degree to neglect their duty

of the Miffion. 199
to their neighbours. Now we are fure that in
fo far as this is fo, you will all agree with us
in faying that it is all wrong, very far wrong.
You all know that the neglect of our duty to
God is a great fin, for which men and women,
and children too, muft anfwer at the dreadful
day of judgment, when all fhall appear, to give
an account of what they have done, and be
judged according to that which they have done,
whether it be good or bad.
" It is more than likely that there are among
the refidents of this diftrict many perfons who
have been ufed, when in the old country, to
attend the Services of the Church of England,
but who have not fought out the clergy of the
Proteftant Epifcopal Church here, nor have
gone to any church fince their coming hither.
They may have neglected their duty in this
refpect, fimply becaufe they came hither entire
ftrangers, and knew not, at firft, whither to
turn. " So, too, there may be many who, in other
parts of this country, have been in the habit
of attending the Services of the Proteftant
Epifcopal Church, but who, from various
caufes, and, it may be, for a long time, have
neglected to attend thefe, though every now
and then, the wifh rifes in their hearts, that

200 Addrefs of the Senior Prieft
they might be able to find fome place to go
to, where they might join in the well-remem
bered Prayers and Pfalms, and hear the Leffons
from Holy Scripture read as they ufed to hear
them. " Now, if this be the cafe, as we are almoft
fure it is, we are happy in being able to tell
you, that for the ufe and accommodation of fuch
perfons, as well as for the ufe and accommoda
tion of all others who may think fit to come
to it, a Miffion Chapel has been opened in this
diftrict at No. 256, Madifon Street, two doors
below Clinton Street, where the Services of the
Proteftant Epifcopal Church are celebrated not
only on Sundays, but on every day in the week.
We would fain hope that it may afford you
a comfort to know that you can fo eafily and
readily gain accefs to Divine Service, duly cele
brated according to that Prayer Book with which
you are already acquainted, and which it muft
only require fuch a notice as this to induce you
again to come to the conftant ufe of.
" You are very earneftly urged, then, to get
back into your old ways of attending Divine
Service. It may be the cafe with many of you,
that you cannot all leave home at one and
the fame time. To help you in getting over
fuch a real difficulty, you will find that there

of the Miffion. 201
are four Services every Sunday, fo that one
portion of a family can get at one time, and
another portion can get at another time. And
then on week-days there is Service twice every
day, and on fome days three or four times ; the
third or fourth Service being at fuch an hour
in the evening, as will almoft always fuit for
fome of the members of your families.
"It may be that fome of your children are
growing up unchriftened and uncatechized ; but
furely you will not allow them any longer to do
fo, when you are aware that there is within
your reach, the opportunity now offered you
of having them brought to Holy Baptifm, and
taught, as foon as they are able to learn it, their
duty to God and to you.
"At the chapel, you can, at any time, find
or hear of the Clergy of the Miffion, who will
be ready, by night or by day, to attend to the
calls of the fick, and, whenever neceffary, to
endeavour to alleviate the fufferings of thofe
who are in any way afflicted in mind, body, or
eftate. "Keep this paper and fhow it to your ac
quaintances who may be living in this c Fourth
Aldermanic Diftrict;' tell them that you have
found a place where they may go with you to
worfhip the great God and our Saviour, as they

202 Addrefs of the Senior Prieft
and you were ufed to do in by-gone days, when
ye were lefs taken up, perhaps, with the hard
ftruggles of this work-a-day life. Tell them,
too, that they are welcome, with yourfelves, to
enter at any time, and at all times, the chapel
of this Miffion ; remember that there are no
pews to rent; that there are no rates of any
kind to be laid on you, except thofe which you
lay on yourfelves by giving of your earnings,
as the good Lord may put it into your hearts,
for the fupport of His holy worfhip. This
Miffion is to be fupported entirely by the free
will offerings of thofe who come to the chapel
to worfhip. And thofe free-will offerings or
alms will be prefented as a part of that worfhip,
at the time of the Offertory, on every Sunday
and other Holy Day ; and at the Evening Ser
vice of every Sunday. So you fee you need
not hang back from doing as you know you
ought to do, by any dread of being unable to
pay for a pew, or for any fuch reafon. Every
body comes there on an equal footing. You
can come yourfelves then ; you can bring your
acquaintance ; you can fend your children.
" There is a Sunday School for boys and
girls ; there is a Day School for boys, where
your children will receive found inftruction in
the ordinary branches of education, while they

of the Miffion. 203
will alfo be under fuch other teaching as, by
God's help, will aid you in bringing them up as
young Chriftians ought to be brought up.
" PRESENT HOURS FOR THE SERVICES IN MADISON STREET
MISSION CHAPEL, 256, MADISON STREET.
" Sundays. — Morning Prayer at  8^ a.m.
Litany, Communion Office, and Sermon .. .. 10^ a.m.
Short Service, and Catechizing  4 p.m.
Evening Prayer, and Sermon  8 p.m.
Daily. — Morning Prayer at  9 a.m.
Litany (on Wednefdays and Fridays)  12 m.
Evening Prayer  3 p.m.
Except that on Wednefdays and the Eves of Holy
Days, the Evening Prayer and Sermon is at . . 8 p.m.
Holy Communion — On every Sunday, as above, and on all
other Holy Days, at  10^ a.m.
Sunday School — Meets every Sunday at  9I a.m.
Offertory. — The Miffion is entirely fupported from the alms
prefented through the Offertory.
Parish Library — Open for the delivery and return of Books,
every Wednefday evening at  7^ p.m.
The Clergy — May at any time be found, by applying at the
Chapel, or at 145, Eaft Broadway.
"JAMES BONNAR, B.D.,
" Senior Prieft of the Miffion.
" Feaft of St. Bartholomew."
Such was our Model Miffion Chapel in New
York ; and fuch were the city-miffionary opera
tions of which it was the centre. It has now
ftood the teft of nearly four years' trial, and
I underftand it is as full of life and energy as
ever. Not a fingle ftep backward has had to

204 Addrefs of the Senior Prieft of the Miffion.
be taken; but fome advance has even had to
be made in the ftill clofer adaptation of its
Services to the Catholic ftandard. This laft
Chriftmas-tide, I have learned, it has prefented
an example of Church obfervances which is not,
perhaps, furpaffed by any inftance of the kind
in England. The great Feftival itfelf was cele
brated there in a manner rarely excelled, as
refpects all the outward manifeftations of that
Holy Seafon, in any part of our own Church.
" During the entire Octave of Chriftmas," I
find, " the Services at the Chapel have been of
the moft feftal character, the Holy Eucharift —
the great Chriftian facrifice — being offered every
day. This feries of Services clofed with the
Feftival of the Circumcifion of our Lord, the
eve of which was obferved with the regular
Choral Evening Prayer, at f\ p.m. On the
Feftival itfelf, the Services were as ufual on fuch
occafions," while " the Feftivals of St. Stephen,
St. John the Evangelift, and the Holy Inno
cents were duly obferved at the Chapel, — the
Holy Eucharift being chorally celebrated on
each of the days, and appropriate fermons
preached; Morning Prayer being faid at fun-
rife, and Evening Prayer at funfet."

CHAPTER VIII.
Diocefe of New Jerfey — Excellence of its Epifcopal Adminiftration — High
Reputation of Bijhop Doane — His Prefence at Leeds — Dr. Wolff- — Vifit to
the Bifhop in New Jerfey — The Bifhcfs Church at Burlington — Burlington
College and St. Mary's Hall — Their Superior Advantages — AffecTtonate
CharaBer of the Bifhop — His Depoftion of his o%un Son from the Miniftry,
as a Pervert to Romanifm — Senfation in the Church — Interefting Ordination
by the Bijhop — Confirmation at a German Chapel — A Sundays Violations —
Evidences of Succefsful Mijftonary Work — The Bifhop's Laft Triennial
Charge — His Laft Convention — Our Parting — Progrefs of the Diocefe —
Death of the Bijhop — Deep and Univerfal Regret — His Funeral — Tefti
monies of RefpeEl and Reverence for his Memory, even from his former
Opponents — The Bifhop's Literary Labours — Memoir by his Son— His
Example to Englijh Churchmen.
THE diocefe of New Jerfey is within a
ftone's throw, or little more, of the city
of New York. It comprifes the whole State,
and is about one-third the fize of either of the
diocefes of New York and Weftern New York,
and contains fcarcely one-third the amount of
population. Its clergy number about a fourth
of thofe of the diocefe of New York, and two-
thirds of thofe of Weftern New York. The
Hudfon river feparates it from New York ; and
VOL. I. T

206 High Reputation of Bifhop Doane.
two of its towns — Jerfey City and Hoboken —
may be regarded as fuburbs of the city of New
York. No diocefe in the United States has been
under better Epifcopal fupervifion, for many
years, than that of New Jerfey, — very few,
indeed, have been to be compared with it, for
the energy and devotion with which its Church
affairs have been adminiftered, and its Church
interefts promoted. The credit of it all has
been due to Bifhop Doane, whofe literary fame,
no lefs than his reputation as a divine, as well
as filling his own Church and country, has fpread
into this kingdom years ago, and muft long be
remembered. Bifhop Doane was one of my early American
friends. I had met him at the confecration
of Leeds Parifh Church in 1841, and parti
cipated in the great and general delight with
which his preaching was liftened to on that in
terefting occafion. His prefence in the pulpit
was very ftriking. His fine tall figure, his
handfome and intelligent countenance, its ruddy
complexion, and his light hair flowing gracefully
behind, prefented a moft prepoffeffing perfonal
appearance ; and his earneft eloquence produced
a deep impreffion. It was delightful, too, to
enjoy, at the dinner which followed, the Bifhop's

Vifit to the Bifhop in New Jerfey. 207
focial converfe ; and it was an incident of no
ordinary intereft, to witnefs the cordiality of his
meeting with Dr. Wolff, which was the renewal
of a former affectionate intercourfe, Bifhop Doane
having firft admitted him to the Holy Orders of
the Chriftian Church, after his converfion from
Judaifm to Chriftianity. I had much reafon to
love and venerate Bifhop Doane long before I
faw him in his far-off diocefe, and at his own
firefide, and received deeper impreffions of the
amiability and fanctity of his character.
Almoft my firft vifit to the State of New
Jerfey was to him at his Epifcopal refidence,
near Burlington, on the beautiful banks of the
Delaware. There are few fweeter fpots than
Riverfide, the place which, though formerly
Bifhop Doane's private property, became the
Epifcopal feat in perpetuity, under an arrange
ment between him and the truftees of the diocefe.
It is finely fituated — the majeftic river flowing
paft the houfe, which ftands in its own rather
extenfive grounds of lawn, park, and gardens,
taftefully laid out, and having clofe at hand the
two important educational inftitutions, which at
fo great a pecuniary facrifice the Bifhop efta
blifhed in connexion with the Church, — Bur
lington College, and St. Mary's Hall. I was
invited by the Bifhop to be his gueft there, on
T 2

208 The Biflwp's Church at Burlington.
an occafion of great intereft, — the confecration
of the new Parifh Church of St. Mary, at Bur
lington. The old church had not only become
too fmall for the needs of the parifh, but from
all forts of expedients having been had recourfe
to for the purpofe of gaining room, it was un-
fuited for that improvement in the ritualifm of
the Church, which it was deemed defirable to
effect. The old church had been much indebted
to Britifh munificence; and Queen Anne had
given its altar-cloth, and communion plate, and
other things. I was prefent on the occafion of
Divine Service being performed in it for the
laft time. The building was not to be taken
down, but left for Church ufes, — for fchools,
the meetings of the Convention, and other pur
pofes. The new church is a handfome Gothic
edifice, confifting of nave, chancel, and tran-
fepts, of good proportions, and with finely
pointed fpire. The confecration was made a
very impofing ceremony, by the care that was
taken to have every thing done in a correct and
Church-like manner. A large body of clergy
were prefent, both from that diocefe and the
adjoining diocefes of Pennfylvania and New
York, and, with the Bifhop, the wardens, and
veflry, they walked in proceffion from the
fchool-houfe to the church. After the Con-

Burlington College and St. Mary's Hall. 209
fecration Services — which, from the great number
of communicants, occupied about three hours —
the clergy, the parochial authorities, and feveral
vifitors from a diftance, were entertained at
dinner by the Bifhop, where I faw many evi
dences of the affectionate feeling that fubfifted
between him and his clergy and people.
I had, on this occafion, an opportunity of
infpecting the two admirable educational infti
tutions which the Bifhop had under his charge,
and within his own domain.
Burlington College is ftrictly a Church in
ftitution in every fenfe of the word. The Bifhop
is its Prefident. All its difcipline, religious and
moral, is of a decidedly Church character ; and
the whole education and training it gives is bafed
on Church principles. " The College," fays a
profpectus, " is complete in all its parts and
properties ; with competent teachers in every
department, and a fufficient apparatus. Pro
vifion is made for the moft thorough inftruction
in all the branches of Englifh and Claffical learn
ing, in Mathematics, and the Natural Sciences,
in the living languages of Europe, and in Draw
ing, Painting, and Mufic. Sacred Mufic receives
efpecial attention. The boys, with their refident
inftructors, conftitute a Chriftian houfehold ;
enjoying, at once, the parental and the paftoral
t 3

2 1 o Burlington College and
relations. The domeftic and religious influences
are relied on for its adminiftration ; and every
thing in it is faithfully done, on Chriftian prin
ciples, and in dependence on Divine affiftance.
No fociety of any kind is permitted to be formed in
the college, or connecled with it. The Prefident
himfelf devotes Saturday morning to the im
provement of the four upper claffes in Com-
pofition, Declamation, and Extemporaneous
Debating. No boys are received who are more
than fifteen years of age. The health, the man
ners, and the morals of the boys are conftant
objects of the moft tender and fcrupulous
regard." In the fludies of the College there is no partial
courfe ; and none are optional. All the fludents
are admitted on examination ; and all are required
to purfue the prefcribed courfe. The following
are its Fundamental Rules of Difcipline : —
" No Student ever leaves the College grounds
without a Teacher.
" No tobacco or gunpowder permitted on the
premifes. " No books of any kind to be in the poffeffion
of the Students, except the Bible and Prayer
Book, unlefs by the exprefs permiffion of the
Rector. " No newfpapers received • at the College,

St. Mary's Hall. 211
except for the Library, which is under the
direction of the Rector.
" The correfpondence of the Students, with
their parents or guardians, is fubject to no re-
ftriction. All other correfpondence muft be
limited by the Rector's difcretion, and at all
times liable to his infpection.
" No debts of any kind to be contracted by
the Students.
" ifgp All money, for the ufe of the Students,
to be under the direction of the Rector."
In addition to the ufual full courfe of colle
giate ftudy, there is a Theological Courfe in
full operation. " There are now," fays a Re
port before me, " feven ftudents in Theology,
connected with the College, and nine of its
alumni in orders ; while, of the prefent under
graduates, there are not a few whofe hearts the
Lord hath touched, to defire the fervice of His
altar. It will be feen, at once, that this portion
of the enterprife throws itfelf, in faith, upon
the Church. The fcholaftic and collegiate de
partments are felf-fupporting ; and furnifh the
ability, through God's bleffing, to fupport fome
who muft otherwife remain uneducated. But,
of the Theological Students, no compenfation
can ever be expected. Two, and ultimately
three Theological Profefforfhips ; an ample

212 St. Mary's Hall.
library ; and the means of living, to fuch
ftudents as may not fupport themfelves as
teachers, or otherwife, in connexion with the
Church work here, are juft and neceffary de
mands upon the bounty of Churchmen."
Nor was that bounty, in Bifhop Doane's
time, withheld ; though not, perhaps, given to
fuch an extent as might have been defirable.
But it has not been unproductive. The Theo
logical Students have all been made, not only
ripe fcholars, but found divines ; and are feve-
rally engaged, with much fuccefs, in the arduous
and refponfible work of the Church's miniftry.
The other inftitution — St. Mary's Hall — is
for the education of young ladies, the daugh
ters of the Church, who have here all the ad
vantages of a firft-clafs boarding-fchool, toge
ther with the ftill greater benefit and bleffing
of a thorough Church training. To the num
ber, generally, of about two hundred and twenty,
they form, with their governeffes, a happy
Chriftian houfehold, under the immediate fuper
vifion of the Bifhop. As it was ftated by the
Bifhop, in his very laft Annual Addrefs at the
Hall, " They are watched over by a father :
they are cared for by a mother ; and that moft
wifely and tenderly. And are both aided and
fuftained by all the tendernefs and carefulnefs

St. Mary's Hall. 213
which beautify the love of elder fifters. All
human provifions are uncertain. But in general
it may be faid that, in all that conftitutes pro
tection from every form of danger, to perfon,
to health, to purity — whatever would be thought
of, firft or laft, for a girl, — St. Mary's Hall is
better provided !"han the houfes from which its
inmates come." They have their chapel — an in-
terefting-looking, ivy-mantled edifice — attached
to the Hall, and to which they have ingrefs
without going out of doors, fo that they are
prefent at the Daily Services in their ordinary
in-door coftume. I attended the chapel twice.
The firft time, it was the Litany Service at
noon, which was fung, and in the refponforial
portions of which the effect of fo many fine
trained female voices was delightful. The
fecond occafion was at a Sunday Evening Ser
vice, when the chanting of the Pfalms and Can
ticles, and the finging of the Hymns, by fuch a
choir as they conftituted, was very beautiful.
The Bifhop addreffed to them a fhort but pithy
lecture, of an eminently practical character, and
in which fome very forcible allufions were made,
with much kindly feeling, to their own circum
ftances, as the objects of careful moral and reli
gious "nurture and admonition." The clofing
fcene was moft interefting and affectionate. The

214 Their fuperior Advantages.
Bifhop flood near the door through which they
paffed into the Hall, and as each young lady
came up fhe flightly curtfied to him, when he
fhook hands with her, faying, " God blefs you !"
It is impoffible to over-eftimate the amount of
good which this fingle inftitution of the Church,
in this one diocefe, has done throughout the
United States, — conftantly fending forth, as it
is, thofe who are deftined to occupy influential
pofitions in the domeftic and focial relations of
life, — carefully and thoroughly educated in the
principles of the Church, tutored in her difci
pline, and zealous for her interefts. They come
to St. Mary's Hall from all parts of the Union,
and to have been educated there, is univerfally
found to have made them the beft of daughters,
wives, and mothers. Some of the moft devoted
Churchwomen I met with in America, owed
their fuperiority entirely to St. Mary's Hall.
" More than a thoufand girls," faid the Bifhop,
in the fame Addrefs already quoted, "have
gone out from thefe walls. Too many of them,
by far, have not flayed long enough. But wher
ever I hear of them, — and they are found in
every State throughout the Union, — I hear of
them as centres of good influences ; and, in the
regions where the Church ftill ftruggles for a
foothold, they are welcomed as the Miffionary's

Affeclionate Char abler of the Bifhop. 2 1 5
moft efficient helpers, or beft fubftitutes. I
aimed at this : that they fhould be daughters,
fifters, wives, and mothers, to blefs and fanctify
their homes ; and that they fhould fhed out on
the world around them, the light and warmth
of their own confecrated hearths. And I have
not been difappointed. While, in the loving
way in which the letters, that would make a
volume, which have lately come to me, they
afcribe the good that is in them, and the happi-
nefs which they enjoy, to their religious training
here, I find an overpayment for ten thoufand
times the lofs and ¦ fuffering and forrow with
which God has been pleafed to vifit me."
Bifhop Doane was a man of warm affections.
He got much attached to all with whom he was
brought into conftant intercourfe. Towards his
clergy, and the ftudents of his college, and the
fcholars of St. Mary's Hall, he ever difplayed
the warmeft paternal feeling. He was devo
tedly their monitor, and counfellor, and friend :
and none were ever difcouraged from implicitly
trailing him as fuch. Naturally he was ftill
more affectionate towards his family. Both his
fons had received ordination at his hands, and
I have witneffed his love and care for them
both, in his own domeftic circle and elfewhere.
I had the pain of being privy to the difcharge

2 1 6 His Depofition of his Son
of one act of duty by Bifhop Doane, which I
know wrung his heart, — as it could not fail to do,
with fo affectionate a father as he undoubtedly
was, — the depofition of his younger fon from
the miniftry of the Church. I was intimately
acquainted with him. He had been educated,
at confiderable expenfe, as a phyfician. In the
courfe of his profeffional fludies, he had vifited
the hofpitals of London and Paris, and attended
medical lectures in both thofe capitals. But
fhortly after his return home, having finifhed
his education, and obtained the diploma of M.D. ,
he fuddenly changed his mind, and refolved
that, inftead of purfuing the practice of his pro-
feffion, he would immediately prepare himfelf
for the Holy Orders of the Church. His father
objected, expoftulated with him, and did all he
could to induce him to adhere to the profeffion
he had already adopted, and been prepared for ;
but finding he was immoveable in his new re-
folve, he, at length, very reluctantly, I believe,
confented to his entering on a courfe of prepara
tion for Orders; and in due time the Bifhop
ordained him a deacon, and foon afterwards he
went as a curate to "Newark, in his father's dio
cefe. He was very affiduous there in the per
formance of all his duties. There were the
Daily Services, fyftematic vifiting among the

from the Miniftry. 2iy
poor, and alfo fchools in daily operation, all
requiring in fucceffion his conftant attention, as
the rector's affiftant; and that attention he was
by no means remifs in bellowing. All at once,
after a very few months' occupation of this
curacy, he became unfettled in his mind as to
the validity of the Reformed Church. Some
of the Romifh priefts of the town found accefs
to him, and haftened to complete his fudden
perverfion. He fought no counfel from his
rector, although in daily, almoft hourly, inter
courfe with him, — no, nor even from his dio
cefan, who was his affectionate father in a double
fenfe, and his true and reliable friend. He did,
indeed, vifit his father at this time ; but not one
word of his ftate of mind, or of his intention,
was mentioned : he parted from him, as was
ufual, with a kifs, and returned to Newark, — it
was at night, and the next morning he repaired
to the Romifh Bifhop there — his father's natural
and moft bitter enemy — and delivered himfelf
into his hands as a convert to his corrupted
faith — a pervert from the purer faith in which
he had been fo carefully brought up, and an
apoftate from the Church whofe ordination vows
were fo frefh upon him. It was, indeed, a fad
cafe of impetuous infatuation. But the Bifhop
vol. i. u

2i 8 Depofition of his Son from the Miniftry.
— although the delinquent was his own beloved
fon — had a duty to difcharge, and he was not
one to fhrink from it. Without lofs of time,
therefore, after the fact had been certified to
him, and overtures to the pervert for reflection
and reconfideration had been made and rejected,
he executed and promulgated the following de
cree : —
" To all, every where, who are in communion with
the One Holy Catholic and Apoftolic Church.
" Be it known, that, George Hobart Doane,
M.D., Deacon of this Diocefe, having declared
to me, in writing, his renunciation of the Minif
try, which he received at my hands from the
Lord Jefus Chrift, and his defign not to offi
ciate in future in any of the offices thereof,
intending to fubmit himfelf to the fchifma
tical Roman intrufion, is depofed from the
Miniftry ; and I hereby pronounce and de
clare him to be depofed, in the name of the
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghoft.
Amen. " Given at Riverfide, this fifteenth day of
September, in the year of our Lord, 1855,

Senfation in the Church. 219
and in the twenty-third year of my Confecra
tion. "G. W. Doane, D.D., LL.D.,
" Bifhop of New Jerfey.
" In the prefence of
"Milo Mahan, D.D., Prefbyter.
"Marcus F. Hyde, A.M., Prefbyter.
" This fentence was not executed until the
provifion of the Canon, c where the party has
acted unadvifedly and haftily,' which is pre
eminently the prefent cafe, had been offered,
urged, and refufed. It only remains for me
humbly to afk the prayers of the faithful in
Chrift Jefus, that my erring child may be
brought back to the way of truth and peace ;
and, for myfelf, that I may have grace to bear
and do the holy will of God.
"G. W. Doane."
Thefe diftreffing occurrences created a great
fenfation in the Church. Deep fympathy was
felt for the Bifhop by Catholic-minded Church
men, both of the clergy and laity ; while, as was
perhaps natural, the ultra-Proteftant fection,
clerical and lay, rather rejoiced than otherwife,
declaring that the perverfion was the plain refult
of the religious training he had received, and of
u 2

220 Senfation in the Church.
the ecclefiaftical affociations to which he had
been expofed. But the Bifhop ftood nobly
vindicated in the eyes of all honeft and right-
judging people, whether within or without the
pale of the Church ; and the rector, whofe curate
the pervert for a fhort time had been, found
no difficulty in fetting himfelf right with his
parifhioners, and with the Church at large.
The rector deemed it his duty to explain the
whole cafe from the pulpit, concluding his ftate
ment by faying, " It remains only that I fhould
afk your prayers for the Church while fhe fuffers
from one of thofe offences which we know muft
needs come ; for the Bifhop in his affliction as
a parent, for this young man in his mad out
break of his fin, and for myfelf on this new
experience of peril among falfe brethren. To
thofe of you who know my doctrine, manner
of life, and character, from the firft day I came
among you until now, I am fure I need make
no profeffions of my unfaltering faith in the
One, Holy, Catholic, and Apoftolic Church, and
in the Proteftant Epifcopal branch of it in
America. The unkind cenfures this may give
rife to, and c the evil furmifings of men of cor
rupt minds,' if they reach me, I muft bear as
part of my crofs and minifterial burden. But
the charitable judgment of thofe who may fee

Interefting Ordination by the Bifhop. 221
any thing in my courfe in this connexion which
is wrong, though I am quite unconfcious of it,
I fhall accept in a fpirit of meeknefs, and feek to
profit by it."
That the Bifhop keenly felt the conduct of
his erring fon as a great affliction to his foul, I
was affured by himfelf in a private note at the
time. But he bore up manfully under it, and
was fupported by expreffions of fympathy and
confidence from all quarters, not only of his own
but other diocefes.
I met Bifhop Doane at an Ordination, on one
occafion, of more than ordinary intereft. It was
that of a fon of one of his oldeft and beft friends
in the diocefe, and the defcendant of thofe
who had loved and given largely to the Church,
and one whom he had watched with parental
care at his own college. The ordination was at
the country town of Elizabeth, where the family
had long refided, and where I happened to be
the gueft of the rector of the parifh at the time.
I again faw the Bifhop in focial converfe with
both laity and clergy, and was further impreffed
by the love and reverence with which he was
regarded by all who approached him. I fpent
the Saturday evening — the ordination being on
Sunday — at the houfe of the Bifhop's friends,
where the Bifhop himfelf was the life and foul
u 3

222 Interefting Ordination by the Bifhop.
of the party, edifying and delighting us all by
his animated converfation. The church was
crowded to its utmoft limits at the Service on
Sunday morning, in the midft of which the ordi
nation took place. The Bifhop preached ; and
in the courfe of his eloquent and impreffive
fermon made the following remarks : — " My
fon, in all but the flefh, this is a happy day
to many hearts, which brings you here ; to the
loving friends with whom your life has all been
paffed, — to the darlings of your own bright
hearth, — to your fond parents, who fee fulfilled
in you the prayers which bleffed your cradle, —
to that moft venerable mother in our Ifrael,
who, having waited in the temple as long, and
conftantly, as Anna, is only here to-day in the
deep yearnings of her pious heart ; and fcarcely
lefs even than thefe, to me a happy day — me
who have watched you, nearly from your birth,
and catechized you up to manhood, and had
the training of your mind for God, and felt as
only two have ever felt, the beatings of your
heart, and been a thoufand times rewarded in
the filial fympathy and manly aid which you
have given me, in the moft important and moft
arduous work which God has given me to do.
To me this is indeed a happy day. My fon,
God has endowed you well with gifts and oppor-

Interefting Ordination by the Bifhop. 223
tunities ; the greateft and moft precious of
them all, the willingnefs to lay them all to-day
before His holy altar, that you may take them
up again, figned with His crofs, and to be ever
facred to His fervice. Daily renew, while life
fhall laft, the memories of this hour. Daily
invoke the Spirit, by whofe prefence with us
here to-day, the very atmofphere is confecrated.
Daily devote yourfelf in new and intimate felf-
devotion to the fervice which you enter on to
day. You ftand on holy ground. You ftand
beneath the bleffed bleeding crofs. Beneath
that crofs, on this ground, your apoftolic an
cestor long ftood, the champion of the Church,
and toiled, and prayed, and wept, for the dear
fouls committed to his care, and died in faith
and hope. May God accept your offering to
Him of yourfelf. May He endue you richly
with all gifts and graces for the work to which,
by me, He calls you. May you be fkilful in
the training of the children of His love. May
your hands be ftrengthened, and your heart
encouraged, for your work by the fenfe of His
prefence and the fulnefs of His bleffing, and
when at laft your work is done, and He that
called you to it comes to call you to your
crown, may it be faid of you as it was of the
beloved Daniel, ' They that are teachers fhall

224 Confirmation at a German Chapel.
fhine as the brightnefs of the firmament, and
they that turn many to righteoufnefs, as the
ftars for ever and ever.' " This produced, as
might be expected, a deep impreffion on a con
gregation, fo many of whom had a perfonal
knowledge of the interefting circumftances al
luded to, and could warmly fympathize with
the feeling manner of fuch allufions on fo fo
lemn an occafion. In the afternoon, after the
ufual Service, the rector having catechized a
large clafs of the Sunday-fchool children, the
Bifhop examined and affectionately addreffed
them. In the evening of the fame day I accompanied
the Bifhop and his chaplain to a Confirmation
at Newark, about ten miles diftant. The church
where it took place was that of a congregation
of Germans, and the Evening Service of the
Prayer Book was of courfe performed in German.
It was partly choral ; and the chanting and fing
ing by a choir of Germans was joined in heartily
by the congregation — the effect being peculiar,
but folemn and impreffive. At the clofe of the
Service an eloquent fermon was preached in
German by an Englifh prieft, after which the
Bifhop proceeded to confirm the candidates
(Germans), who had been carefully prepared
for the facramental rite, and whom he with

A Sunday's Vifitations. 225
much feeling addreffed on the obligations into
which they had now entered.
On other occafions of Confirmations, and
Confecrations of Churches, I have been with
Bifhop Doane, and was always ftruck with the
earneft and dignified manner in which he offi
ciated, and the hearty welcome he invariably
received from both the laity and the clergy.
One of the moft noteworthy of thefe occafions
was on a Sunday, on which I accompanied him
in a fucceffion of vifitations in a diftrict of his
diocefe called Morris County, which was prin
cipally a field of Home Miffionary labour. Our
party confifted of the Bifhop, three of his Mif
fion clergy, and an Englifh gentleman, who was
zealoufly engaged in organizing Church Miffion
Schools in the county. We ftarted from Morrif-
town, immediately after an early breakfaft, in
two carriages for Dover, the centre of an iron
diftrict, where, at the Miffion Chapel of St. John,
we attended a Morning Service, in which the
Bifhop preached, confirmed about twenty per
fons, and was the celebrant at Holy Communion.
There was alfo, during this Service, the Admi-
niftration of the Sacrament of Baptifm to eleven
adults and infants, — all evidences of the diligence
with which the miffionary work was being done.
On our return from the chapel we had luncheon

226 A Sunday's Vifitations.
at the country manfion of the principal iron-
mafter of the diftrict, and then fet out for the
fmall town of Rockaway, where — there being no
church or chapel — a Methodift meeting-houfe
had been obtained for Divine Service. There was,
firft, Evening Prayer, in great part chorally per
formed ; after which the Bifhop again preached
an eloquent fermon, to a very crowded con
gregation, upon whom a deep impreffion ap
peared to be made. We were then taken to
the houfe of a gentleman in the village, where
an excellent dinner awaited us ; and having done
full juftice to the bountiful repaft, and received
other evidences of our entertainer's warm hof-
pitality, we fet out for Boonton, another im
portant village connected with the iron trade.
Here, there being, as before, neither church nor
chapel, we had the ufe of the Congregational
Meeting-houfe, which was filled almoft to fuf-
focation when we entered it, fo that we with
difficulty made our way to the places referved
for us. We had Evening Prayer, partly choral ;
and in the hymns which were introduced the
whole congregation feemed to take part. The
Bifhop again preached very eloquently, fixing
clofely the attention of the people throughout ;
though to fome of them the Catholic doctrines
enunciated would perhaps be ftrange, yet, let

A Sunday's Vifitations. 227
us hope, not unprofitable. After the fermon
the Bifhop confirmed one perfon, — a lady, who
had been prepared for confirmation at Dover,
and had gone to church there in the morning
with the intention of being confirmed ; but her
refolution failed her when the moment arrived,
and fhe left the chapel ftill unconfirmed. Further
reflection, however, convinced her of the obliga
tion under which fhe had placed herfelf to renew
the folemn promife and vow fhe had made at
her baptifm, — ratifying and confirming the fame
in her own perfon ; and, under this ftrong con
viction, fhe pofted after the Bifhop, and befought
him to give her confirmation at the Evening
Service, which of courfe he could not refufe.
She was much affected ; and the fcene, as fhe
proftrated herfelf before him to receive the
"laying on of hands," was folemn and impreffive
in the extreme. More hofpitality awaited us
after the Services were over. We were con
ducted to a houfe hard by, where we fat down
to tea, and having enjoyed ourfelves for half
an hour, our carriages were brought to the door,
and we refumed our journey back to Morriftown,
which we did not reach till about midnight.
There was much in the very interefting pro
ceedings of this fingle day, to fhow with what
happy refults the miffionary work of the Church

228 The Bifhop's Laft Triennial Charge.
was being carried on in the diftrict we had vifited.
But not lefs ftriking, affuredly, was the untiring
energy of the Bifhop. He was occupied in his
Epifcopal duties on this occafion from early in
the morning until late at night, — he had preached
three times, held two Confirmations, made care
ful inquiries into the progrefs of the work in
hand, and travelled over rough roads, and in
not the eafieft of country carriages, fome forty
or fifty miles. Yet there was no complaint of
fatigue ; and, ere we retired to reft, the Bifhop
affifted at Family Prayers at our kind hoft's
at Morriftown, and gave us his bleffing.
The laft Triennial Charge that Bifhop Doane
gave was at the Diocefan Convention immediately
preceding his death in 1859. ^ was n^s nuith-
Its theme was that of a Working Church, —
" Is ours a working Church ? Are we a working
clergy ? Have we a working laity ? " He
forcibly fhowed that a working Church muft of
neceffity have not only working Bifhops, work
ing Priefts, and working Deacons, but a working
Laity alfo — each in its own vocation and miniftry
— working men and working women — working
by example, in charity and liberality, — work
in teaching, work in caring for the poor, in com
forting the fick, in burying the dead, in " vifiting
the fatherlefs and widows in their affliction."

The Bifhop's Laft Triennial Charge. 229
Leaving the perfonal anfwer to each heart, he
further fhowed what a working Church would
be, and muft do ; and then concluded thus, —
" My brethren of the clergy, this is my
twenty-fifth Convention. The Germans call
their twenty-fifth their '¦filver wedding-day.' I
fhall not fee our 'golden' I am fifty-eight to
day. But however that may be, the one word
for us all is work — work with our might, —
work together, — work for God. Of the clergy
who were with me five and twenty years ago,
but four are left. Which of us is next to go ?
Only He knoweth. Whoever it may, whenever
it may be, may we be ready for the fummons :
c Bleffed are thofe fervants whom the Lord when
He cometh fhall find watching.' "
He was not himfelf, exactly, the next to go ;
but this was his laft Charge. He worked,
however, to the end of his courfe. He was found
watching, too, while he worked, and was therefore
ready for the fummons.
With regard to the Bifhop's age, as given in
the Charge, I could fcarcely believe it. I had
known him at that time fixteen years ; and when
firft we met, fo venerable was his appearance,
that he feemed to me at leaft fifty, — fo that,
in my mind, his age was fet down as fixty-fix,
or thereabouts. Under the idea, therefore, that
vol. 1. x

230 His Laft Convention.
his age had been mifprinted fifty-eight, I wrote
to the Bifhop to afk him. His reply, which is
doubly interefting now, was as follows : —
" .... I was born on the 27 th day of May,
in the year of our Lord, one thoufand feven hun
dred and ninety-nine. And I am to-day ftronger,
and equal to more work than at any former
period of my life. Moft humbly do I thank
God for His great mercy. I deeply feel your
kind intereft; and hope to be able to realize
your generous anticipations. I wifh you had
been with us at our late Convention.
" Ever faithfully your friend,
"G. W. Doane."
This, of courfe, fettled the queftion. It was
delightful to be affured of the good Bifhop's
ftrength and capability for work. But, alas ! as
the fequel will now fhow, his " day was far fpent :
the night was at hand," — the night, when he
could no more work, hotwithftanding thofe hopes
and affurances.
The laft time I had the pleafure of meeting
with Bifhop Doane was at the next year's Con
vention — at Newark. The laft time I faw him
was when he was prefiding there ; and I re
member being ftruck with his expreffion of

Our Parting. 231
regret, when a leading lay-delegate, with re
ference to fomething it was propofed to defer
to next year's Convention, ftated that he would
not then be prefent, as he was going to Europe.
Neither was the Bifhop himfelf to be prefent ;
though, unlike the other, he knew it not. I
was invited to meet him at a dinner-party next
day ; but in the morning he was called fuddenly
home on fome urgent bufinefs, and we were
deprived of the enjoyment of his company on
a moft agreeable feftive occafion. My own re
turn home took place a few weeks after this ;
and I faw my right reverend and deeply venerated
friend no more. But he did not fail in his
kind and affectionate adieus. His parting words
are worth tranfcribing, if only as further illuf
trating his amiability and kind-heartednefs : —
" Riverfide, St. Peter's Day.
" .... I am very forry that I muft bid
you farewell. Riverfide was one of the earlieft
of your new homes to give you a welcome.
Your name has been among our houfehold
words ; and it will long be cherifhed with affec
tionate remembrance.
" We fhall feel the lofs of your earneft and
intelligent devotion to our caufe, and of your
faithfulnefs to the right. x 2

232 Our Parting.
" In whatever fcene you may engage your
felf — and you will not be idle — I pray God
blefs you. It is to be ufeful that you count
on for being happy. May your heart be full
of it!
"I fhall offer prayers for your fafe paffage
in my own parifh church. I fhall hope to hear
of you from time to time, and fhall ever follow
you with my bleffing.
" Moft faithfully your friend,
" G. W. Doane."
Such was the only too kind and partial manner
in which the Bifhop, fo loving was his nature,
could fpeak of me at parting, — fuch was the
benevolence and affection of his laft farewell
to one who was deeply indebted to him for many
confiderate attentions, much hearty hofpitality,
and no little valuable inftruction, all the more
warmly felt and appreciated as being rendered
in a foreign land, and the grateful remembrance
of which can never be effaced from my heart
and mind.
At the laft Convention which Bifhop Doane
attended — as already referred to — the following
tables were prefented in the Report, as fhowing
the progrefs of the diocefe during his quarter of
a century's epifcopate : —

Progrefs of the Diocefe. 233
Admitted to
Clergymen. Ordinations. Holy Orders.
1832  18 2 1
184°  38 3 7
1850  59 2 6
Laft year  99 9 12
Perfons Confirmed. Baptifms. Communicants.
1832  37 240 631
1840  220 360 1,542
i«5°  29° 587 3>°54
Laft year  560 1,241 4,691
Marriages. Burials. S. S. Teachers.
1832  71 140 44
1840  143 194 271
1850  137 237 1,523
Laft year  • 183 467 4,5°I
S. S. Children. Miffion Fund. Epifcopal Fund.
1832  516 .S^i <S'i62 00
1840  1,620 1,437 —
1850  i)523 1,861 34 85
Laft year  4,410 1,369 1,291 03
Thefe are remarkable refults. They teftify to
the energy which muft have been exerted by
the Bifhop ; and ftill increafing as was the pro
grefs which they indicate, they might well infpire
him, as it is certain they did, with yet higher
hopes of fuccefs for the facred caufe he had fo
warmly and deeply at heart.
It was during Lent, 1859, tnat Bifhop Doane
was attacked with inflammatory rheumatifm, fol
lowed by virulent typhoid fever, deranging his
mind, and exhaufting his life. As one of the
Church journals on the fpot has recorded, " his
x 3

234 Deep and Univerfal Regret.
confcioufnefs returned, but his phyfical fyftem
had evidently loft its recuperative power, and in
accordance with his own defire to know the
worft, he was informed by his phyficians that
his end was approaching. He received the an
nouncement with his characteriftic fortitude, and
the abforption of his foul in folemn reflection,
which immediately followed, found frequent and
fervent utterance in expreffions of intereft for
the diocefe over which he had fo long and fo
ably prefided, which he had fo faithfully ferved,
and fo well loved. At midnight of that day he
began to fink rapidly, and at four o'clock next
morning the fhadow of death fell unmiftakably
upon him. His family and the teachers of the
Hall were called up, the Holy Communion was
adminiftered to him, and at one o'clock in the
afternoon, with calm refignation on his part,
death itfelf took the place of its fhadow on all
that was mortal of Bifhop Doane."
It is highly illuftrative of the condition of the
Church, as well as indicative of the attachment
that was felt towards the Bifhop, to notice the
warmth and depth of the public teftimonies of
regret for his lofs, and refpect for his memory,
which were fo mournfully, yet fo heartily paid.
To enumerate them in detail would far exceed
the limits of thefe pages. They proceeded not

His Funeral. 235
only from all parts of the diocefe, but from all
parts of the Union. His funeral prefented a
ftriking and affecting demonftration of the uni
verfal reverence for his memory, and forrow for
his deceafe. The Church papers gave long and
interefting accounts of it. " The body of the
deceafed," one of them ftated, " was laid out in
the hall of his refidence, clothed in full Epifcopal
canonicals, with a black wooden crofs, about a
foot in length, on his breaft. His countenance
wore an expreffion of calm ferenity, indicative
of a happy departure. The features appeared
fomewhat fuller, if any thing, than they did in
life. The coffin was lined, and covered with
white (Epifcopal mourning) ; on the lid was a
large raifed crofs, with three fleps beneath, and
on the end, where the head lay (not on the
lid), was a filver plate, bearing the appropriate
infcription." There were prefent on the mournful occafion
three Bifhops, — thofe of New York and Ver
mont, and Bifhop Southgate, formerly Miffionary
Bifhop in the Levant, — and upwards of one
hundred of the clergy. The Governor of the
State alfo attended, together with feveral judges
and fenators. There were alfo delegates from
various parifhes in the diocefe, and from the
adjacent diocefes of New York and Pennfylvania.

236 His Funeral.
The funeral proceffion, from the Epifcopal refi
dence at Riverfide to Burlington parifh church,
was of great length ; and in the ftreets through
which it paffed the flores were clofed, and there
were other marks of refpect for the departed.
The coffin was covered with a purple pall, having
a large white crofs in the centre. On the top
was laid the paftoral ftaff, covered with crape,
and refting upon a garland of japonicas and
violets. " The proceffion," fays the account,
" extended a mile or thereabouts, and crowds
of people witneffed it. At the windows of the
various houfes by which the proceffion paffed,
ladies appeared with mourning badges, and it
was obferved that in almoft every inftance the
white handkerchief was freely ufed. Indeed,
the day appeared to be one of mourning, and
of mourning that was real and heartfelt, not the
folemn mockery of woe. When the proceffion
arrived at the church, the coffin was met at the
door by Bifhops Hopkins, Southgate, and Potter,
and the Rev. Dr. Berrian, and proceeded up the
nave in the fame order, the Rev. Dr. Berrian
reading the fublime Sentences in the Burial
Service, the organ playing a folemn dirge.
Arrived at the chancel, the coffin was placed
with the feet next the altar, which was covered
with purple, and over which was the following

His Funeral. 237
infcription in white letters, on a purple ground :
' Bleffed are the dead who die in the Lord ; for
they reft from their labours.' The Bifhop's
throne was entirely covered with purple, and
feftooned with crape, as were alfo the pulpit,
the organ, the gallery, the gas-burners, and other
portions of the church. The Bifhops ftood at
the head of the corpfe, the clergy ftationed them
felves on either fide, and they and the whole
congregation knelt and continued for fome mo
ments in filent prayer, the organ ftill performing
the dirge. After rifing and remaining until the
dirge was finifhed, the choir fang the anthems,
c Lord, let me know mine end,' and ' Lord, Thou
haft been our Refuge ;' after which the Leffon
from 1 Cor. xx. 20, was read by the Right Rev.
Bifhop Southgate. The proceffion then left
the church, and proceeded to the grave."
Here the appointed Service was performed by
the Bifhop of Vermont, and the Bifhop of New
York, the choir finging the anthem, — " I heard
a voice from heaven," &c. The clofing fcene
is defcribed as being one of deep diftrefs. The
fons of the deceafed prelate, the Bifhops, the
clergy, and others paffed round the grave, and
took a laft look at the coffin, amidft many in
dications of heartfelt mourning and lamentation.
" Then," adds the account, " they covered up

23 8 Teftimonies of Refpetl
the grave, and all that was mortal of the good
Bifhop of New Jerfey was hidden from view,
there to remain until the laft trump fhall call
all thofe who, like him, departed in the faith of
Chrift, to hear Him pronounce thofe glorious
words, ' Come, ye bleffed of my Father, in
herit the kingdom prepared for you from the
foundation of the world.' "
Immediately after the funeral, a meeting of
the clergy was held, and refolutions, unanimoufly
voted, expreffive of the deep fenfe they enter
tained of their fevere bereavement, and of their
warmeft fympathy with the Bifhop's family under
fo afflictive a difpenfation, were thus fet forth : —
" Whereas it hath pleafed Almighty God, our
Heavenly Father, to take unto Himfelf, after
an illnefs brief and painful, but full of fpiritual
comfort, our beloved and honoured Bifhop, in
the ripenefs of his ftrength, and in the midft
of his noble, wife, and felf-facrificing labours : —
"¦Refolved, That deeply fenfible of the lofs
fuftained by ourfelves, by the Diocefe of New
Jerfey, and by the Church at large, we bow
fubmiffively to the wifdom that has directed,
and the goodnefs that has tempered this chaften-
ing ftroke.
" Refolved, That we heartily thank God, the
Giver of all good, for the diftinguifhed virtues

and Reverence for his Memory. 1^9
and rare graces, manifefted in the long, labo
rious, and Divinely-profpered miniftry of His
fervant; for his fingular magnanimity, charity,
faith, patience, hope ; for his unwearied tender-
nefs as a paftor, deeply fympathizing with all
claffes, ages, and conditions of the flock, — his
extraordinary power as a preacher of Chrift cru
cified, — his varied fkill as a Church teacher,
rightly dividing the word of truth, — his found
nefs, judgment, and ripe learning as a fcholar
and theologian, — his diligence and commanding
ability as a counfellor and ruler, — his loving
and punctilious fidelity as a prieft in the fervices
of the fanctuary, — his wife and able advocacy
of the caufe of Chriftian education, — his high
character and wide influence in all the relations
of domeftic, civil, and focial, as well as ecclefi
aftical life.
"Refolved, That we adore God's goodnefs
for all the bleffed circumftances of peace, joy,
ferenity, and of reafonable, religious, and holy
hope ; and for all the gracious influences of the
Holy Spirit, that brightened the laft moments,
and cheered the departure of our beloved de
ceafed Bifhop.
" Refolved, That we tender our heartfelt fym
pathy to the family of the deceafed in their fore
affliction and bereavement.

240 Teftimonies of Refpeil
" Refolved, That we implore the Divine grace,
that this vifitation may be fanctified to the
chaftening of all hearts, — to the promotion of
peace, charity, and good-will among us, — to
the increafe of faith, to renewed diligence, hu
mility, ftedfaftnefs, and devotion, in the fervice
of our fole fupreme, loving, and ever prefent
Head, Jefus Chrift our Lord."
The clergy and veftries of the parifh es through
out the diocefe met and adopted fimilar refolu
tions. And at the Diocefan Convention which
met foon afterwards, a Committee was appointed
to prepare a fuitable expreffion of the general
fentiment, which, after due confideration, reported
as follows : —
" 1. Refolved, That as becomes Chriftian men
and members of Chrift's Church, we do bow
in humble fubmiffion under this chaftifement of
our heavenly Father's hand ; and both as a peo
ple, and in our individual approaches to the
throne of grace, do befeech Him to fanctify to
us and to the Church of His love this His
fatherly correction.
" 2. Refolved, That the remarkable mental
and moral characteriftics of Bifhop Doane, his
untiring, felf-facrificing, and intenfe devotion of
himfelf, foul, body, and fpirit, to the caufe to
which he confecrated his life, and his eminence

even from his Opponents. 241
as a poet, an orator, and a divine, have iden
tified his name with the hiftory of the Church
and the country, and highly diftinguifhed the
State of his birth ; and that it is fit that his dio
cefe fhould take meafures to erect fome monu
ment to his memory, worthy to perpetuate his
fame. "3. Refolved, That a committee be appointed
by this Convention, whofe duty it fhall be, with
out delay, either folely in behalf of this Conven
tion, or in connexion with any who may defire
to fhare the honour, and having due regard to
the wifhes of his family, to carry out the above
refolution. " 4. Refolved, That we hereby exprefs to the
family of Bifhop Doane our deep and heartfelt
fympathy for their bereavement, and our earneft
prayers that God will give them confolation and
fupport here, and in His good time grant to
them a bleffed reunion with their departed head,
where forrow and fighing fhall be no more."
It is worthy of remark, that the chairman of
the Committee which prepared thefe refolutions
— an eminent lawyer of the State, and a gentle
man of great prominence in public life — had
formerly been one of Bifhop Doane's bittereft
opponents. He now ftood forth to exprefs, in
the face of the Convention, his anxiety that all
vol. 1. Y

242 Teftimonies of Refpecl
his animofity fhould be buried in oblivion, and
to avow his efteem for the Bifhop's character,
his reverence for his memory, and his fym
pathy with thofe who were his attached friends.
" All," he added, " muft unite in faying that
he was a great man, — a man of indomitable
energy and induftry; and had his fphere been
larger, he would have achieved a fame even
greater than that which would now live after
him." There were many other inftances of thofe
who had been hoftile to the Bifhop during his
life, now publicly and generoufly declaring that
they had become convinced of the excellence
of his character, the purity of his motives, and
the devotednefs of his objects. Nor were fuch
declarations confined to Churchmen. A Pref-
byterian minifter at Burlington, who had gene
rally fhown marked hoftility to the Bifhop,
preached a funeral fermon, the day after his
burial, in his own meeting-houfe, — " well know
ing," as it was remarked at the time, " that a
manly eulogium upon Bifhop Doane, and an
affertion of his high character and honefty of
purpofe and principle, would be moft grateful
to the members of his own communion in Bur
lington." Not that this refpect and affection
of even Diffenters was gained by any compro
mife of his principles, or any facrifice of his

even from his Opponents. 243
pretenfions as a Bifhop of the Catholic Church,
Far otherwife. Bifhop Doane's enemies were
all thofe who were oppofed to the diftinc-
tive principles and apoftolic pretenfions of the
Church; and it was his fidelity in holding faft
by, and his intrepidity in maintaining them,
that had excited their oppofition. The fame
Prefbyterian minifter, in a letter of condolence
to the Bifhop's forrowing fon, declared, " No
enemy ever triumphed over your father, but
death." And if this was true of one thing more
than another, it was fo of his enemies who were
the opponents of the Church of which he was a
Bifhop. To let them triumph over him, he
well knew, would be to furrender fomething
which it was his bounden duty to defend.
Not the leaft interefting of the movements
that took place for doing honour to the memory
of Bifhop Doane, were thofe of the two impor
tant educational inftitutions which he had fo
fpiritedly founded and fo ably fuftained. Bur
lington College and St. Mary's Hall both teftified
to their reverence for his memory, and their
determination to perpetuate it. Each has fince
furnifhed a monument of its own, — the College
a ftatue, the Hall a memorial window.
A warm and truthful tribute to Bifhop Doane
was paid by his fucceffor in the diocefe, Bifhop
Y 2

244 Teftimonies of Refpecl.
Odenheimer, in his firft addrefs to the Conven
tion. "It was on the Thurfday of the Holy
Week of 1859," ne obferved, "whilft celebrat
ing the Euchariftic office in my parifh church
of St. Peter's, Philadelphia, that I was fum
moned to the bedfide of the dying prelate, who
for nearly twenty-feven years had prefided as
its fecond Bifhop over the fpiritual affairs of
this diocefe. It was the laft time I faw him,
until I beheld him at the clofe of the Eafter
week, as he lay anointed for the burying, with
his robes about him, looking in death as all
along in life, like a prince of the Church. I
am not unacquainted with the hiftory of this
diocefe, and with the trials as well as the labours
of the late Bifhop ; and from the nature of our
intercourfe, I think myfelf poffeffed of a know
ledge of his character and purpofes. He was
not only unfelfifh, but at times utterly regard-
lefs of felf ; and the conviction that he was right
led him to withhold explanations and to decline
action, which would often have difarmed oppo
fition, and which the inftincts of felf-preferva-
tion, had he cared at all for felf, would have
prompted. In controverfy — theological, canoni
cal, or legal — he was an opponent that one
would not willingly encounter the fecond time ;
and yet he was full of genial impulfes, acceffible

His Literary Labours. 245
to kindnefs, and never deliberately uttering an
unloving word, nor perfiftently doing an ungen
tle action. As combining, in his own perfon,
fome of the fineft attributes of friend, fcholar,
poet, patriot, paftor, and bifhop, he is worthy
of a place among the moft remarkable ecclefi-
aftics of this or of any age ; and the future hifto-
riographer of the American Church, when he
fhall calmly contemplate the intellectual works
which Bifhop Doane projected and accomplifhed,
will defcribe him as the c myriad-minded' Bifhop ;
and if the full evidence of all the phyfical work
which he wrought fhall be known, he might add
the myrvudi-handed Bifhop."
The reputation of Bifhop Doane was not con
fined to his own country. He was known and
efteemed by many in the Church of England,
both of the clergy and laity; though not, of
courfe, fo well known, and therefore not fo
highly efteemed as at home. He was known
in England as a poet, better, perhaps, than as
a divine. Some very beautiful poems of his
have found their way into feveral of our beft
lyrical collections. His "Songs by the Way,
chiefly devotional ; with Tranflations and Imi
tations," is a volume of facred lyrics of confi
derable popularity in America. Many of his
Y 3

246 His Literary Labours.
Hymns are included in the. collection appended
to the American Prayer Book. Bifhop Doane
was the firft to introduce our own Keble's Chrif
tian Year to the American public. He edited
an edition of it for publication at New York
fo long ago as the year 1827, with an Intro
duction. " In contemplating an American edi
tion," it is there remarked, " it was an obvious
confideration, that to a large portion of the
admirers of religious poetry, much of the charm
of Keble's volume would be loft, from their
want of familiarity with the arrangement of the
Chriftian, or Ecclefiaftical Year, which forms
the groundwork, the firing on which his pearls
are hung. The Editor undertook to fupply
this deficiency, and in doing fo he has aimed
to perform a fervice far beyond the additional
intereft which may thus be given to thefe
1 Thoughts in Verfe.' He frankly avows the
purpofe of rendering the prefent enterprife fub-
fervient to the higher object of extending the
knowledge and the influence of religion, as it is
exhibited in the order, inftitutions, and Services
of the Church." And there is every reafon to
believe that it has anfwered this purpofe admi
rably, and aided thereby in drawing many from
the ranks of Diffent into the Church, where

Memoir by his Son. i^rj
they find that "more excellent way," in thofe
and other provifions, of which all outfide her
pale are fo utterly deprived.
A copious Memoir of Bifhop Doane, by his
fon, the Rev. William Crofwell Doane, has been
publifhed in New York, together with collec
tions of his writings in profe and verfe — occu
pying feveral volumes. The refults of his
Epifcopal labours are there thus enumerated : —
"The fketch of my father's Epifcopate is
written beft in the length and breadth of this
diocefe. A photograph of it here, taken in the
light of his place of perfect peace, will be its
beft record. And the waymarks of his Con
ventional addreffes, will guide us, as we look
over it all, to fee the fteady, conftant, wonderful
progrefs, from year to year. When he came
into the diocefe, it was indeed a little one ; little
among the thoufands of Judah, — perhaps the
leaft in influence and prominence of the diocefes
then exifting. Its parifhes were feeble, — its
clergy few, — its contributions fmall, — its influ
ence flight. It had fcarcely the promife, which
infancy often gives, of manhood. How all is
changed now. Its clergy from eighteen have
grown to ninety-nine: fifty-four parifhes have
been added to its thirty. One hundred and
thirty-fix clergymen have been ordained, and

248 Memoir by his Son.
eighty have been inftituted. Fifty-eight churches
have been confecrated. The confirmations grow
ing every year, have reached in all feven thou
fand four hundred and thirty. The communi
cants from fix hundred and fifty-feven have
become five thoufand. The Sunday-fchool
teachers and fcholars are multiplied tenfold.
And from 392 dollars, 20 cents, the alms of the
diocefe have reached the annual fum of 50,000
dollars. I do not fpeak of thefe fo much as
contrails, as for tokens of a growth, which
could not have been, but by God's bleffing on
a conftant, faithful fowing of ' the good feed.'
Beyond thefe mere ftatiftics the miffionary fpirit,
— the fpirit of Chriftian education, — the fpirit
of Chriftian alms-giving, — the fpirit of feeding
Chrift's lambs, — the fpirit of full conformity to
the Prayer Book, — the fpirit of preaching the
Gofpel to the poor, — the fpirit of frequent Ser
vices and Eucharifts, — the fpirit of faithful
parochial work pervade and animate the whole
diocefe. And they were all caught from him.
Surely the prophecies of one of his affociates in
early minifterial work, and his brother in the
higher offices, which his latter life adorned, were
fully verified. c New Jerfey wants juft fuch an
active, energetic, ftraightforward, honeft, found,
talented, fearlefs Churchman as yourfelf. The

His Example to Englifh Churchmen. 249
Church will grow under your adminiftrations, I
am fure.' "
There cannot but be a deep intereft felt, in
our own Church, in the character and career of
fuch a Bifhop of her Daughter Church in Ame
rica. I have dwelt upon the fubject under this
impreffion. In the courfe of Epifcopal duty
Bifhop Doane purfued, of which I have given
fome few examples that I witneffed — in the fuc
cefs that attended it — in the confidence that it
fecured — in the acceffions to the Church that
it gained — in the vitality to the Church that
it communicated, as well as in the tributes to
his worth, and the honours to his memory, that
were called forth at his death, — in all this, I
fay, there is fomething that may be learned by
Englifh Churchmen, alike to their individual
'intereft and advantage, whether of the clergy
or the laity ; and to the good alfo of their own
Church, in fome of its higheft and beft fpheres
of facred duty, and of practical work.

CHAPTER IX.
Diocefe of Maryland — Baltimore — Progrefs of the Church Movement — The
Bifhop's Encouragement of it — Hearty Support of his Clergy and Laity-
Rule for Delegates to Convention being Communicants — City of Wafiington in
the Diocefe — DefecJive State of the Church there — The Epifcopal Churches
the moft Fafhionable — Attended occafionally by the Prefident — The Britifh
Minifter — Virginia — Low State of the Church in the Diocefe — Shortcomings
and Irregularities at Richmond — Anti-Church Spirit in Virginia of Old —
The Old Leaven ftill at Work — The Evil Influences of Slavery — Signs of
Improvement in Tenneffee, Georgia, South Carolina, Louifiana, and Alabama
.—Death of Bijhop Cobbs — His Dying Declaration — Southern Church
Univerfity — Greater Progrefs of the Church under Freedom in the Weftern
States — Chicago — My IntroduBion to the " Oldeft Inhabitant'" — Increafe
of the Church there — Contemplated Cathedral — La Salle — Rock Ifland —
Davenport — Iowa City — ProfpeEls of the Diocefe of Iowa — The Miffiffippi
— Galena — Dubuaue — Nauvoo — The Mormons — Ruins of their Temple.
PARALLELS to moft of the details of the
two diocefes already given could no
doubt be found in others of the American dio
cefes. Maryland has probably been pervaded
more thoroughly by the great Catholic move
ment than many of them, more efpecially its
capital, Baltimore. This is eafily explained by
the fact of the Bifhop of Maryland being one
who, like the prelates of whom I have faid fo

Diocefe of Maryland. 251
much in the preceding pages, entirely compre
hends and appreciates that movement, and has
had the difcernment and the courage to coun
tenance and advance it. At the fame time he
appears quite aware of the neceffity of vigilance
and caution. In a late Charge, a copy of which
is now before me, he obferved, referring to the
prefent age as one of unreft and change and
{peculation, that, "to a certain extent, we may
rejoice in the reftleffnefs, which is a fign of life,
and promifes, if fkilfully turned to account, to
produce vigorous action, wholefome in effect,
and abundant in good fruit. Yet," he added,
" even the energy and zeal, of which it is an
indication, require to be kept in the bounds of
prefcribed order, and employed in the profecu-
tion of permitted work." And this " permitted
work " of the Church it is to which he gives
every encouragement, — " unoftentatious, mea-
fured, and perhaps flow, but fleady progrefs ;"
and all " under a loving willingnefs to facrifice
even fuccefs for the privilege of obeying the
leaft intimation of the will of our Heavenly
Mafter, — the very guidance : of the eye pro
mifed to the truly penitent and loving. Under
that guidance, my brethren of the clergy," he
1 Ps. xxxii. 8.

252 Diocefe of Maryland.
continued, " I can fee no right that we can have
to hope to be otherwife than in the ftrict per
formance of our obligations affumed, when we
were permitted to undertake a fhare of the work
of Chrift in accepting a commiffion of His
miniftry. That miniftry we received in the
Church for which we bear it. We trace our
commiffion through no other channel. Folly
or fanaticifm may pretend to an unlimited right
and obligation to preach the Gofpel in their
own fenfe, after modes of their own devifing,
for ends of their own adoption. We can do
no fuch thing. Our commiffion is given us
with limits, — thofe of due obedience to efta
blifhed law. We received it for the maintenance
of a fixed, unchangeable faith, a fettled miniftry,
a difcipline not invented for the nonce, but in
herited from the wifdom of long, by-gone ages,
and proved by the holy lives, the godly ex
amples, the triumphant deaths of thoufands and
ten thoufand times ten thoufand of Chrift's re
deemed ones. May it remain unblemifhed in
our keeping, be fhown forth confiftently in our
lives and miniftries ! And when we fhall have
ferved God in our generation, be handed down
to thofe who fhall come after us perfect, entire,
and wanting nothing. God grant it, for the
fake of Jefus Chrift, our Lord ! Amen."

Progrefs of the Church Movement. 253
It cannot be queftioned that this is the lan
guage of a good Churchman; and one who
knows the facred rights of his holy order, " and
knowing, dare maintain them." The feeling
evinced on that occafion would appear to have
warmed and increafed ftill more, as the fpirit
of the movement kept augmenting and intenfi-
fying. According to a publifhed report of a
later Convention, the Bifhop, in his addrefs,
" in referring to his own labours, faid the official
duties of his ftation had never before preffed
on him more heavily, and the profpect was as
cheering to his foul as the duties were weighty
upon his phyfical frame. In his official vifits
to the parifhes of the diocefe, he had vifited feven
places where never before trod the feet of a
Bifhop ; and no portion of the country five
miles fquare that came under his eye was fo
barren that a Church could not be gathered there.
The fpeaker faid the inadequate fupport that
minifters received in the thinly populated pa
rifhes no doubt weakens their efforts, and
diminifhes their ufefulnefs. He would, therefore,
counfel renewed effort in this particular branch
of Chriftian charity."
From this it would feem that the good Bifhop
himfelf had been brought directly under the
action of the movement. It further appeared
vol. 1. z

254 Hearty Support of his Clergy and Laity.
that in the year juft ended he had vifited fifty-
eight parifhes, and one hundred and feven other
places ; and that " during thefe travels, two
hundred and thirty-five confirmations were ad
miniftered, befides preaching and attending to
the other duties of the Bifhop's office, fuch as
attending corner-ftone layings, church dedica
tions," &c.
It affords me unfeigned pleafure to adduce thefe
notices of Bifhop Whittingham. They are high
tributes to his exemplary character and diligent
career as a prelate of the American Church;
and I have not the lefs fatisfaction in including
them among my recollections, becaufe I did
not happen to have the good fortune to make
his perfonal acquaintance. Some expreffions
which I had, on a public occafion, been betrayed
into making, perhaps rather incautioufly, on the
fubject of flavery, evidently created an unfavour
able impreffion on his mind, and ferved ever
after to keep us apart.
The Bifhop of Maryland has the faithful and
dutiful fupport of a hoft of clergy, of congenial
minds, and fympathetic hearts, and of not a
few of the laity alfo. Among the former is
the Rev. Arthur Cleveland Coxe, of Baltimore,
the author of the "Chriftian Ballads, "already
referred to, of an interefting account of a fojourn in

Rules for Delegates to Convention. 255
our own land, entitled, "Impreffions of England,"
and other popular works ; and among the latter
is Dr. Hugh Davey Evans, alfo of Baltimore,
an eminent Church lawyer, as well as Church
member, of confiderable literary attainments,
and the author of fome valuable writings on
Church polity and principles, not unknown or
unappreciated in the Englifh Church, as well
as his own. The efforts now being made by
the clergy of Maryland, under the encourage
ment of their diocefan, at Baltimore and other
places, to give practical effect to the better
Church fpirit that has been awakened, can fcarcely
fail in producing very gratifying refults in no
long time. Among other means employed to
wards that end, I found a feries of " Rules for
Churchmen" in general circulation, a copy of
which will be found at the end of this volume 2.
The diocefe of Maryland is one of thofe
awakened, under the Catholic movement, to a
fenfe not only of the importance, but the necef
fity of none but Communicants being delegates
to its Conventions, — a laxity in this refpect
having too long prevailed; although Englifh
Churchmen of a paft age were themfelves much
to blame for it, — being a communicant not having
2 See Appendix A.
Z 2

256 Rules for Delegates to Convention.
until almoft lately been fufficiently regarded
among them as an effential qualification of mem-
berfhip in the Church ; and their bad example
in this, as in too many other refpects, exerting
its evil influences even in America. At the
laft Convention of the diocefe the fubject was
again brought under confideration, and a motion
made to infift upon that reftriction. Among
thofe who moft ftrenuoufly fupported the motion
were the two members — clerical and lay — whom
I have been alluding to. Dr. Evans faid that
the two great queftions were, "What kind of
men were required to legiflate for the Church ?
and whether Chriftians were not the only perfons
to act in fuch a cafe?" — juftly implying, of
courfe, that their being communicants muft be
regarded as the teft of their Chriftianity. Dr.
Coxe adopted, fubflantially, the fame principle,
proceeding, at the fame time, to prove " the
right of the Convention to fay what perfons
fhould have the right to compofe its member-
fhip ; and further, that the circumftances under
which the diocefe had been inaugurated were
quite different than prefent circumftances, and
that it was high time for the Church to take a
flep in advance of the beggarly element which
once exifted, contending, alfo, that inftead of
weakening, it would ftrengthen the hands of

City of Wafhington in the Diocefe. 257
every paftor in the Convention, and advance the
beft interefts of the Church."
A compromife, however, was come to. It
was voted that the few veftries which had not
already done fo, fhould be requefted to fend only
communicants as their lay reprefentatives. But
there is no doubt that, ere long, the principle
will be formally recognized, and ftrictly carried
out. Baltimore is the Church's centre in the diocefe
of Maryland, which embraces not only the whole
State, but " the diftrict of Columbia," — that is,
the tract of country fet apart, — as neither State
nor Territory, — as the feat of the Federal Govern
ment. It was ceded to the United States by
Maryland for this purpofe, and occupies an area
of fixty fquare miles. It is governed directly
by the Congrefs of the United States. But
this, of courfe, makes no difference in the Church's
diocefan arrangements. Nor does the fact of
Wafhington being the federal capital give any
fuperiority to the Church there. Baltimore is
a much larger city. It has upwards of 2qo,ooo
inhabitants ; while Wafhington has not more
than 55,000. Baltimore has about twenty
churches and chapels ; and in feveral of them
there is the Daily Service, Weekly Communion,
good chanting, and the Church fyftem more or
z 3

258 Defeclive State of the Church there.
lefs fully carried out. The Catholic movement
has done all this, and at the fame time awakened
a more hearty devotion to Church work gene
rally. Still there is much to do ; though a good
beginning has been made. There, as almoft
every where elfe, the ritualifm moft in vogue
needs a radical improvement. At Wafhing
ton there are fome five or fix churches and
chapels ; but there is neither Daily Service nor
Weekly Communion that I could find ; and the
Sunday Services are performed, generally, ac
cording to what ufed to be the common undevo-
tional Englifh type, — a cold, read Service : the
prayers read to the congregation, inftead of faid
to Almighty God. It is on feveral accounts
to be regretted that in a city like Wafhington,
the feat of government and legiflation, the abode
for half the year of fenators and members
of Congrefs, and the refort of others from
all parts of the Union, the true and legi
timate ritualifm of the Church fhould in no
one inftance be prefented, or any correct idea,
therefore, given of what her Services really are.
" The Trinity Church edifice," fays the Hand
book of Wafhington, " is one of the handfomeft
devoted to religion in the city : it is of the
Gothic ftyle of architecture. It is the church
where Mr. Webfter and Mr. Clay were in the

Attended occafionally by the Prefident. 259
habit of attending when in Wafhington. In
this church, as indeed in all the other churches of
the city, a certain number of feats are affigned
to ftrangers. St. John's Church flands directly
in front of the Prefident's Houfe, and when the
Prefident happens to attend there, is confidered
the meeting-place of the ton." I found all this
to be fubftantially correct. When the Hand
book fpeaks of " other churches of the city," it
of courfe means all the places of worfhip and
preaching. But "the Epifcopal churches," as
they are called, certainly appear to be the moft
fafhionable — more than any others " the meeting-
places of the ton." And I was led to underftand,
that many fenators and members of Congrefs,
although of " other denominations " when at
home, feemed to prefer the fervices of the
Anglo-American Church when at Wafhington.
Prefident Buchanan occafionally went to Church.
But he is a Prefbyterian, or has hitherto pro
feffed to be. He has a brother, however, a
Prieft of the Anglo-American Church, the Rev.
Edward Y. Buchanan, rector of Trinity Church,
Oxford, in Montgomery county, Pennfylvania.
There is no doubt that the fervices of the
Church, if only performed with all the folemn
devotional effect of which they are capable,
would in fuch a city as Wafhington bring many

260 The Britifh Minifter.
more within her fold than fhe has the means of
doing at prefent. Church mufic muft ever be re
garded as an effential element of Divine Service ;
and apart altogether from the metrical pfalms
and hymns, which in fo many cafes conftitute the
only mufical portions, the Prayer Book, in her
Canticles and Pfalms, her Verficles and Refpon
fes, her Creeds and Kyries, — to fay nothing of
her Litany — provides an opportunity of em
ploying mufic in all the fervices of her Sanctuary,
of which it cannot be too much regretted that
the utmoft advantage is not every where taken.
Why might not the Britifh Minifter at Wafhing
ton have his Englifh chapel? As it is, Her
Britannic Majefty's reprefentative there appears
almoft to ignore the Church of which Her Ma-
jefty his the Supreme Governor.
We ftep out of the Diftrict of Columbia into
the State of Virginia, leaving behind us, of
courfe, the diocefe of Maryland, and the change,
in an ecclefiaftical point of view, is foon apparent.
The diocefe of Virginia has a Bifhop and an
Affiftant Bifhop, having rule over a body of
clergy numbering about 120; I believe that
they are diligent in performing the ufual routine
of Epifcopal duties, though I have not much
perfonal knowledge of their proceedings. They
both are of the Low Church fchool, and con-

Shortcomings at Richmond. i6\
fiftently enough, therefore, they have fo far
taken care that the great Catholic movement,
which, as I have fhown, is doing fo much for
the Church in fome other diocefes, fhall make
no progrefs, if even it find any entrance, in their
diocefe. There is a Theological Seminary in
the diocefe, of which the two Bifhops are Prefi
dent and Vice-Prefident ; and where, very
naturally, the teaching and training of the
ftudents for the Miniftry of the Church, are of
their own theological and puritanical hue. My
own perfonal acquaintance with the Churches of
Virginia is very much confined to the capital of
the State, Richmond, and from what I faw of
them, they did not exhibit the flighteft appear
ance of having been affected by that better Church
fpirit which fo extenfively prevails elfewhere.
It happened on one occafion to be what they
call a " Communion Sunday" when I was prefent
at a Morning Service which I thus recorded at
the time : — " There was no altar — fcarcely, in
deed, was there any thing that could deferve
the name of the ' Lord's Table ' at all. A fmall
table, not much larger than a credence table
ufually is, was placed about the middle of the
fpace railed off from the chancel. Upon this
table were placed the facred veffels containing
the bread and wine, before the Service began;

26 2 Shortcomings and Irregularities
which were covered over by a large white table
cloth, completely enveloping table and all, — for
the table in fact was only large enough con
veniently to contain the veffels, and therefore
might very properly have been ufed as the cre
dence table, on which the bread and wine ought
to have been placed, and from which they
fhould have been removed after the Offertory,
and before the Prayer for the Church Militant,
— according to the rubric of our Prayer Book,
which directs, c And the prieft fhall then ' — that
is, after the Offertory — c place upon the table
fo much bread and wine as he fhall think fuffi
cient.' After which done, he fhall fay, 'Let
us pray for the whole ftate of Chrift's Church
Militant.' But there was a fad perverfion of
the whole object in view. We had, it is true,
in its proper place, the Prayer for the Church
Militant ; but inftead of the celebrant Handing
in the pofition which, not only according to
every fenfe of propriety, but according to all
Catholic ufage, fhould have been at or near the
altar, it was actually faid by him kneeling at
the chancel rails, with his face towards the con
gregation ! While the congregation themfelves,
or the more devout portion of them, naturally
following their prieft's example, bad though it
was, alfo turned round in their pews, and knelt

at Richmond. 263
with their backs to the altar and to him, their
faces being buried in the cufhions. There is
another rubric which fays, that after the General
Confeffion, c Then fhall the prieft ftand up, and
turning to the people fay ' the Abfolution. But
he had all the while been ' turning to the peo
ple!' There is a fubfequent rubric, which di
rects, that after the Surfum Corda, cThen fhall
the prieft turn to the Lord's Table and fay.'
But this was utterly difregarded ; only when the
prieft arrived at the prayer, cWe do not pre-
fume,' &c, he did then, for the firft time, kneel
down near the Lord's Table. The confecration
of the elements was .one of the moft extraordi
nary I ever witneffed in my life, and I hope
never to witnefs fuch an one again. The rubric
directs, c When the prieft, ftand ing before the
table, hath fo ordered the bread and wine that
he may with the more readinefs and decency
break the bread before the people, and take the
cup into his hands, he fhall fay the Prayer of
Confecration as followeth.' But on this occa
fion he began the Prayer of Confecration with
all the holy veffels, and the elements they con
tained, ftill covered over by the large table
cloth ; and after he had proceeded a little way
with the prayer, and whilft he was going on
with it, he, in the moft irreverent manner, drew

264 Irregularities at Richmond.
off the table-cloth. What was really confe
crated I cannot take upon me to fay. There
were two large flagons with covers to them,
and it did not appear to me that the covers
were ever lifted up during the confecration ; and
I believe that from thefe flagons the confecrated
wine was afterwards poured into the cups. But
really the procedure was fo irregular, fo con
trary to any thing I had ever feen before, fo
utterly confufed, and fo confounding, that I did
not, nor do I now, in looking back upon it with
more calmnefs, clearly comprehend how the
confecration itfelf was really managed. There
was a great number of communicants; and, as
is too generally the cafe, the rubric which re
quires that when the minifter delivereth the
bread and the cup to each communicant he fhall
fay the prefcribed words to each, was in this cafe
fet at nought. The words were faid as he went
along diftributing the elements ; and if he arrived
at the end of the rail in the midft of them, he
did not even take the trouble to go any further
with them, but ended in the very middle of the
fentence." There is generally no better tell of ortho
doxy — either in America or in England — than
the manner in which this Bleffed Sacrament
is celebrated. It was evident here that there

Anti-Church Spirit in Virginia of Old. 265
was no true appreciation — indeed, no right idea
at all — of the nature and object of that Sacra
ment. The prefcribed " Order of the Admi-
niflration" of it was either not underftood, or
wilfully difregarded. All was done after the
moft puritanical fafhion — in a fectarian, not a
Catholic manner. There was a diforderlinefs
about it which was moft irreverent, not to fay
profane. And too many of the communicants
were manifeftly of feelings equally irreverent, —
not thinking it worth while to remain to the
end of the folemn ordinance in which they had
profeffed to be engaged, but leaving as foon
as they had themfelves been partakers of the
" holy myfteries," — thus refufing to join in
thanking God who had "vouchfafed to feed
them with the fpiritual food," or in praying
that He would " accept their facrifice of praife
and thankfgiving."
There was an incident in the courfe of the
Services, which was of itfelf fufficient to mark
the anti-Church character of the place, the
paftor, and the people. The minifter gave
notice from the pulpit, that there was to be
what he called an "Union Prayer Meeting"
in one of the conventicles of the city, and in
vited his congregation to go !
In the evening of the fame day I attended
vol. 1. a a

266 Anti-Church Spirit
another church, where the mode of performing
the Service was of a congenial character with
the former. One thing fhowed its un-Catholic
afpect very ftrikingly. All who knelt of the
congregation did fo with their backs to the
altar; and this moft objectionable habit very
nearly brought me into trouble. I had inftinc-
tively knelt down, as I have all my life been
accuftomed to do, facing the altar; a lady in
the feat in front of me had knelt down, as the
reft had done, in the oppofite, that is, the wrong
direction ; and the backs of the pews being low,
our very faces at once came into collifion —
whereupon the lady appeared to be fo indignant,
that I was afraid fhe was going to infift upon
my removal.
And I am afraid that it muft be faid, ex uno
difce omnes, — that thefe are but too fair fpecimens
of the churches of Virginia. The Church, in
the integrity of her principles, certainly appeared
to me, from all I faw, to be at a very low ebb.
No where did I fee her fo completely on a level
with the fects around her as there, — no where fo
thoroughly, in outward afpect, at leaft, one of
the " denominations ; " and it has long been fo.
But in a city like Richmond, the hotbed of
flavery, and the great mart of flaves, — to the
whole revolting fyftem of which the Church is

in Virginia of Old. 267
not only filent, but confenting, — what better can
one expect ? The flave-markets of the place are
apparently more numerous and quite as promi
nent edifices as the churches and chapels, —
thofe theatres of human heartleffnefs and human
degradation and woe, where man — and woman
too — is fold by auction by his fellow-man, juft
as he would fell an ox, or a horfe, or any other
chattel ; and where the act too often involves
feparations of hufband and wife, and parents and
children, thus rending afunder the clofeft and
deareft of human ties, doing violence to the
tendereft and beft of human affections, and in
flicting the keeneft human mifery and agony.
O, how can they who are the victims of a fyftem
like this, be expected to reverence a Church
which, if it does not approve, yet fails to con
demn it, efpecially when they know that the
Church enjoins, as one of thofe two command
ments on which hang all the Law and the Prophets,
" Thou fhalt love thy neighbour as thyfelf ! "
The Bifhop of Oxford, in his Hiftory, re
ferring to the latter part of the laft century,
obferves, — "From this State had come the
ftrongeft oppofition to the diftinctive features
of the Church. It was a Virginian deputy that
propofed to omit the firft four petitions of the
Litany ; it was Virginia which refifted the Rubric
a a 2

268 The Old Leaven ftill at work.
allowing the clergy to expel unfit communicants ;
it was Virginia which fent as lay deputy .to the
General Convention a prieft who had abandoned
his orders ; Virginia headed the oppofition to
the Athanafian Creed, directed her reprefentative,
by an unanimous vote, to exprefs ( the higheft
difapprobation ' of the propofed allowance of a
negative in the Houfe of Bifhops, and declared
her bifhops c amenable to their Conventions ;'
it was in Virginia that clergymen were found
who began to fubftitute extemporaneous prayer
for the appointed Liturgy; it was in Virginia
that deadnefs to all fpiritual things was the moft
perceptible 3." And there is the old leaven at
work there ftill. A fimilar fpirit pervades the
diocefe, and is foftered by bringing down the
Services of the Church, as well as her teaching,
as much as poffible to the level of the conventicle.
The Catholic movement would foon fet it all
right ; it has done fo elfewhere, and with re
markable effect, in the American Church. But
her Bifhops and clergy in Virginia, — the latter at
leaft, with two or three exceptions,— fet themfelves
againft it. Their prefent puritanical fyftem,
they maintain, is of the true " Evangelical " type,
and they want no " Tractarian " or " Pufeyite "
3 Hiftory of the American Church ; by Samuel Lord Bifhop of Oxford.

The Evil Influence of Slavery. 269
innovations. But, in all this, they only do what
their brethren of the fame fchool and party
amongft ourfelves, here in England, are doing
continually, and in all directions.
There is fomething, perhaps, in the circum
ftance of Virginia being a Slave State that mili
tates againft any thorough realization of the
principles of the Church. Certainly, the more
thefe principles are carried out, in their frater
nizing and humanizing influences, the more muft
flavery be condemned and abhorred. But then
Maryland is alfo a Slave State,— only there the curfe
has more to counteract it. And there are other
Slave States where Church principles are at leaft
beginning to prevail. In Tenneffee this is the
cafe : at Nafhville it has had fome practical
operation, in ritual improvement, and in eftab
lifhing the weekly offertory — as an offertory ; and
at Riverfide its influence has had the effect of
producing the erection of a church at the coft
of one who appreciated and fought to extend
them, — though his Bifhop, unhappily, fadly
marred the good work by ordering the removal
of fome of its more Catholic altar furniture. In
Georgia, both at Savannah and Augufta, there
are figns of rapid improvement through fimilar
Catholic influences. In one parifh in Savannah,
of which I happened to know fomething, a right
a a 3

270 Signs of Improvement.
Church fpirit has become fo prevalent, that a
handfome Gothic edifice, highly ecclefiaftical in
all its afpects, has been erected at no incon-
fiderable coft, and the communicants have nearly
doubled in number, and have fignally furpaffed
any thing known in that diftrict before in their
devotednefs to Church interefts — feveral of them
having recently made munificent gifts to the
parifh. I have it on the authority of a moft
refpedlable parifhioner, that " one individual
diftinguifhed for his exemplary generofity, pre
fented the church with a fine chime of eight
bells, which coft over 4,000 dollars ; and his
donations to the parifh within the laft year,
exceed in value 5,500 dollars, befides his regular
contributions to different Church objects and
charitable purpofes." South Carolina, too, the
very centre of the Slavery intereft, is fhowing,
though as yet but faintly, figns of a reviving
Church fpirit. A Church Building Society has,
within the laft few years, been organized at
Charlefton, to aid in the erection of churches
and parfonages in the diocefe. Here and there,
too, the fame fpirit is promoting the progrefs of
Church work, and the improvement of Church
Services. In Louifiana the Catholic movement
has begun to fhow itfelf, — in its capital, New
Orleans, at leaft, — the principal place, indeed,

Death of Bifhop Cobbs. 27 1
where the Anglo-American Church has got a
firm footing, and this in the midft of ftrong
Romifh influences, on the one hand, and rational-
iftic oppofition, on the other. There are feven
churches in that city, — where, however, there are
more than twice as many belonging to the
Romanifts, — and in one or two of them, that fpirit
of improvement, which has already operated fo
beneficially in the North and Weft, has begun
to act, and promifes to make progrefs. In
Alabama it is ftill more apparent, both in its
principal city of Mobile and its capital of Mont
gomery, where much has recently been done
in a right direction, and with at leaft promifing
refults. With refpect to the Church in Alabama, while
mentioning here that the bifhopric has juft
become vacant, by the death of Bifhop Cobbs,
who for nearly feventeen years very ably pre-
fided over that diocefe, I may adduce the dying
teftimony of this prelate in favour of fome of
thofe great Catholic principles, the development
of which is caufing fo fignal a Church revival,
as I have fhown, in all directions. One of the
clergy of the diocefe, who attended the Bifhop
in his laft moments, was directed to make this
dying communication to his reverend brethren : —
"As to my religious belief, tell them that, by

272 His Dying Declaration.
God's grace, I fhall die in the Faith, in which
I have lived, and which I have endeavoured to
preach. I have been called ' a Pufeyite,' a
c High Churchman,' and the like. Tell them
I diflike party names, and loathe party lines in
the Church of Chrift ; but, next to Chrift, Who
is the Head, I love the Church, which is His
Body, with my whole heart. I have attached,
and do ftill attach, great importance to her
Offices and Sacraments ; and I believe in c Bap
tifmal Regeneration,' and 'Apoftolic Succeffion,'
as firmly as I do any of the fundamental doc
trines of the Gofpel ; but I am not confcious
that I have ever preached any thing but 'Jefus
Chrift, and Him crucified;' and now, in this
folemn hour, reviewing my miniftry, I cannot
recall a fingle fentiment, either in my fermons,
or my paftoral addreffes, which I defire erafed
or changed."
It is noticed in one of the American journals
as a fingular, as it was perhaps a fignificant
coincidence, that "on the very day that the
State, in which he had moft fuccefsfully pro-
fecuted his Apoftolic labours, folemnly paffed
the ' Ordinance of Seceffion,' his waiting fpirit
took its flight from the fcene of excitement to
a home of reft."
One might refer, moreover, to the recent

Southern Church Univerfity. 273
moft fuccefsful efforts the Southern Churchmen
have made to eftablifh a Church Univerfity of
their own, and a handfome building for which is
now in courfe of erection. There is fo far,
however, I believe, no very confident affurance
as to the character of its Churchmanfhip. And,
befides, there is fome reafon to fufpect that a
powerful motive to its eftablifhment was a feel
ing of miftruft and averfion to the North, as
the fituation of the General Theological Semi
nary. They difliked the idea of their clergy
having received even a theological education in
the midft of thofe Northern influences, which
they know and feel are fo adverfe to flavery.
On this account, if on no other, the propofal to
have a theological feminary of their own, and
thereby avoid the rifk of all " abolitionift " con
taminations, was at once eagerly embraced by
many wealthy planters, members of the Church,
and the means for carrying it out have been libe
rally furnifhed by them. In confirmation of this
view, there has fince occurred the ftriking fact
of all the Southern youth who were being edu
cated, whether religioufly or fecularly, at New
York, having been ordered away, as one of the
confequences of the election of a Prefident who
is known to be unfavourable to flavery.
But one has only to look at the progrefs

274 Greater Progrefs of the Church.
which the Church is making in the new States
of the Weft, and contraft it with that in the
Slave States, to fee how much more favourable
to her growth is an atmofphere of freedom.
Take, for inftance, the State of Illinois. It
has only been a State for about forty years,
and a diocefe of the Church about the fame
period. Yet already it has more clergy and
more churches than fome of the old Slave States.
It has now upwards of 50 clergy ; while Louifiana
has only 34, Tenneffee but 18, North Carolina
45, Georgia 22, Kentucky 30, Miffouri 23,
and Alabama 29. The progrefs of the Church
in Chicago, the principal city of the diocefe,
has been moft remarkable. Scarcely thirty years
ago the whole civilized inhabitants of the place
did not exceed fome half-a-dozen families ; and
to a refpected member of one of thefe I was
indebted for much kind attention on two occa
fions of my vifiting the now large and flourifh-
ing city. Our intercourfe originated rather
Angularly. I was about leaving the hotel, at
which I had arrived fomewhat late on a Saturday
night, for a private lodging in the fuburbs, near
the Lake, when a gentleman paffed out to whom
the landlord remarked, " There, Mr.  , you
live near where he is going to ; perhaps you
would be kind enough to direct him to the

Chicago. 27 5
place." He replied that he was going paft the
door, and would be happy to accompany me.
The porter thereupon called a coach, and we
proceeded together. We foon got into con
verfation ; and on my expreffing furprife and
pleafure at the extent and magnificence of the
city, he told me that only fome four or five
and twenty years before his family and four
others were the firft white fettlers in what was
then but a fort with a few Indian wigwams
around it. Remarking to him, that then I had
the honour of being in company with that moft
interefting perfonage, " the oldeft inhabitant,"
he faid that it was literally fo. And yet he was
only in the prime of life. Immediately after
breakfaft, next morning, I waited upon a gen
tleman to whom I had a letter of introduction
from a mutual friend in New York, when I
found that it was none other than this fame
"oldeft inhabitant," my obliging friend and
guide of the night before. I was at once in
troduced to his wife, a lady of confiderable
accomplifhments, and who had endured with
him many of thofe perils from the Indians to
which the early fettlers were expofed,' — on one
occafion narrowly efcaping from a dreadful
maffacre that they perpetrated. I accompanied
them to church, and was foon fatisfied, from

276 Increafe of the Church there.
the largenefs of the congregation, the devotional
character of their Service, and the number of
communicants, that there was a living reality of
Churchmanfhip here. In all there are feven
churches in Chicago, — two of them, I believe,
with the feats free and unappropriated, depend
ing for fupport on the weekly Offertory, and
one, if not two, in which there is the Daily
Service. Of courfe, in fo youthful a city, all
is modern, in church edifices as in every thing
elfe. But the neweft are the beft ; for the
fpirit of ecclefiological improvement has pene
trated quite as far weftward as this ; and Chicago
is likely to have her churches amongft her chiefeft
architectural ornaments.
Now juft look back at the progrefs of this
weftern city. Thirty years ago there were not
half-a-dozen families in a place which at this time
has a population of probably 1 50,000, and can
boaft of ftreets and fquares, and public and
private edifices, which would do no difcredit to
our own metropolis. Yet " to us," fays a local
hiftorian, " the object of greateft intereft is the
old block-houfe ; and we wifh here to put in an
earneft plea, that it may be preferved as long as
one log will lie upon the other. It is about the
only relic of hoary antiquity in our city worth
preferving. Let it be furrounded with a neat

Contemplated Cathedral. 277
iron fence, that we may be able to illuftrate to
our children the nature of the defences which
the early fettlers in Chicago were obliged to
adopt." Not that the building of churches was
put off, even by the early fettlers. Within the
firft two years they had organized a parifh —
that of St. James ; although there were but
fix members to begin with, among whom I per
ceived by the regifter was the wife of my friend,
though not himfelf: it being no uncommon
thing, in the American Church, for the hufband
to be gradually drawn in through the influence
of the wife. It was to St. James's that I ac
companied them to church, and where I found
my friend was one of the wardens, — St. James's,
which fome eight and twenty years ago began
with a congregation of fix, and has now one of
probably more than 600 ; which was then the
only Epifcopal church in the place, and is now
one of feven fuch churches, all of them more or
lefs flourifhing. It has been intended to have a
cathedral at Chicago. The prefent Bifhop has
had to delay his permanent refidence there,
owing to the difficulty of procuring a fuitable
houfe for himfelf and his family ; and the ar
rangements for building one had in view the
providing not only a fite but alfo a fund for
the erection of a cathedral. In the mean time,
vol. 1. b b

278 La Salle.
the Bifhop has gone to refide there, a temporary
place of abode having been found for him.
The fite and the fund in queftion have unfor
tunately been the fubject of fome unhappy dis
putes, and the defign of a cathedral has had
to be fufpended.
The growth of the Church has extended weft-
ward to the very extremity of the State, on the
banks of the " Father of Waters," the majeftic
Miffiffippi. At one rifing town on the line of
railway, La Salle, where an accident detained
me for the greater part of a day, I failed, how
ever, to find any traces of it whatever. But I
faw how rapidly the Church of Rome had taken
up a formidable pofition. As I walked along its
principal completed thoroughfare, in the neigh
bourhood of which well-built ftreets were fpring
ing up like magic, I efpied at fome little diftance
a large and rather impofing Church edifice. Of
a man who was paffing, I inquired what kind of
a church it was. " Catholic, your honour," was
the quick and evidently delighted reply, and
with an accent which left no doubt of my hav
ing encountered an Irifhman. " Roman Catholic,
Pat," faid I, good-humouredly, " you mean."
" Ah ! well, if you plafe to have it fo," he
anfwered, fmiling ; " but we're the Catholics,
anyhow." "And there muft be a good many

La Salle.

279

of you," I obferved, " to require fo large a
church as that." "Yes," faid he, "and their
priefts and all, at work bufy as bees among us,
fpecially the women and the children, day by
day ; and if you will only come with me to
morrow morning, Sir," — it was on Saturday
afternoon this occurred, — " you'll fee a congre-
tion of maybe thirteen hundred of us." As it
was impoffible, however, to accept the invita
tion, I was obliged to take Pat's ftatement for
granted. But I dare fay it was not far from
the truth. The building and ftreet and road-
making going on in and around the place, muft
have been giving employment to a hundred or
two of his countrymen. I afked what, as a
labourer, he could make in a week, and he faid
twelve dollars at the leaft. "You couldn't
make twelve fhillings, I fuppofe, at home, Pat,"
I obferved. " No, your honour," he replied ;
"nor the half of it." His looks befpoke his
improved condition, although he had not, he faid,
been many months in the country. " You
feem very happy and well-to-do," I remarked,
" fo far from home." " Ay, indeed — thank
God for it," he anfwered, " but it's been a fore
trial — to Biddy and the children, though, more
than to myfelf; only there's comfort there," he
added, pointing to the church, "one's a-kind
b b 2

280 Rock Ifland — Davenport.
of at home there ; if we've not got the ould
country here, at any rate we've got the ould
religion, and that's fomething, your honour." I
admitted that it was; and telling him I hoped
he would always think fo, we parted apparently
pleafed with each other. There are towns,
however, feemingly ftill lefs advanced than La
Salle, although with names of much more im
pofing found — fuch, for inftance, as Pekin, Peru,
Warfaw, Cambridge, and Kickapoo, — where the
Anglo-American Church has gained a foot
ing, and is actively at work. And when at
length my eyes were delighted with the fight
of the Miffiffippi, at Rock Ifland, nearly 200
miles from Chicago, two miles above the mouth
of the river of that name, at the foot of the
Upper Rapids, and forming a ftriking promon
tory on this great river, — even there in " the
far Weft," I found a church, a prieft, and a
miffionary, to all appearance having plenty to
do, and doing it diligently. Croffing over into
Iowa, I ftill difcovered our Church's track, with
no infignificant evidences of her fuccefsful pro
grefs. The new town of Davenport, on the
Miffiffippi, rifing into importance with that
rapidity which has characterized the urban fettle-
ments of thefe Weftern States, has already got
two churches, and a good Church fchool ; and

Profpecls of the Diocefe of Iowa. 28 1
Iowa City, fome fifty odd miles in the interior,
delightfully fituated on a high bank of the
Iowa river, though fmaller than Davenport, has
already got not only its church with a rector,
and its Miffionary, but its "Orphans' Home,"
conducted by the clergy, and under Epifcopal
fupervifion, — orphans fent even all the way
from New York, and confifting entirely of thofe
picked up as left deftitute in the ftreets, and
who, but for fuch foftering Chriftian care, would
moft of them, in all probability, have become
vagabonds and thieves. Another rifing town
on the Iowa bank of the Upper Miffiffippi is
Dubuque. It is the oldeft town in the State,
having been fettled by the French in 1786.
Its fituation is beautiful, occupying, as it does,
a broad elevated terrace clofe to the noble river,
and being furrounded by a highly picturefque
country. It has its parifh and its church of the
Anglo-American communion in a promifing
condition, notwithftanding that its circumftances
have hitherto prefented obflacles to their pro
grefs. The diocefe of Iowa has been formed
only about fix years, and has now got about
thirty refident clergy. The Bifhop's refidence
is at Davenport. In the firft report to the
General Convention — that of 1856 — it was
ftated that " the ftatiftics and facts in regard to
b b 3

282 The Miffiffippi — Galena.
this infant diocefe fhow that the growth, though
fmall, is yet vigorous and full of promife for
the State of Iowa, and for the countlefs multi
tudes of men who will, at no diftant day, be
found upon her foil," — a prediction which is in
rapid courfe of fulfilment.
To return, however, for a moment, to the
diocefe of Illinois. There are two or three
other important flations in and near the Miffif
fippi, within its bounds, where the Church has
got vigoroufly to work. There is Quincy, with
its population of about 20,000, below Rock
Ifland, and the next important place above St.
Louis ; and there is Galena, on the Lefevre
river, and fix miles from its entrance into the
Miffiffippi, of which it is an arm, and is a port
for the large Miffiffippi fteamers, in one of which
I vifited it, — a place famous as the centre of
the great lead-mining diftricts of the Upper
Miffiffippi. At both thefe important places the
Church is more or lefs flourifhing, and will, no
doubt, from all appearance, keep pace with the
growing numbers and neceffities of their refpective
populations. There is one remarkable place on the Miffif
fippi, and in the diocefe of Illinois, where the
Church, at the period of my vifit to thofe diftant
diftricts, at leaft, had not penetrated, although

Nauvoo — The Mormons. 283
needing her influences almoft more than any
other. That very need, however, from its
peculiar character, and the repulfivenefs of its
caufe, is no doubt the great, and perhaps the
infeparable difficulty that is in the way. I
allude to Nauvoo, the fite of the firft Mormon
city, founded in 1840 by the notorious "Joe
Smith" and his deluded followers, and where
there was once a population of 18,000. It
was here that, among other impofing edifices,
the Great Mormon Temple was erected, of com
pact polifhed limeftone, obtained upon the fpot,
and having all the effect of marble. It was
128 feet long, 88 feet wide, 65 feet high to the
roof, and 163 feet to the top of the cupola.
It would accommodate a congregation of 3000
in number. In the crypt of the temple was an
immenfe ftone bafin, carved, and fupported by
twelve ftone figures of oxen, of coloffal fize, in
which the Mormons were baptized. This ex
traordinary ftructure was reduced to ruins by
fire, by the hand of an incendiary ; though not
until four years after " the prophet " of his
difciples had been put to death by a mob dif-
guifed and armed, who broke into the county
prifon for the purpofe, where the wretched
fanatics were imprifoned. The remainder were
expelled from Illinois by force of arms, and

284 Ruins of their Temple.
took refuge in the far-off region of Utah. The
ruins of the Temple are feen diftinctly from
the river, and are an object of attraction to the
paffengers by the fteamboats. Nauvoo has fince
the expulfion of the Mormons been principally
inhabited by a colony of French focialifts,
directed by M. Cabet. The Church, — if fhe
ventured at all on fo uncongenial a foil, — muft
go altogether on the invafive principle, and with
the active aims of propagandifm.

CHAPTER X.
Afcent of the Miffiffippi — Miffionary Stations — Scenery of the Upper MiJJiJJippi
— Lake Pepin — The Maiderfs Rock — An American's Reflections — Rapid
Progrefs of Civilization — Duty of the Church — Minnefota-— Town of St.
Paul — Town of St. Anthony — The Falls— Minnehaha — Our Intereft in the
Indians — The Sorrowing Chief and his Family — Their gradual Civilization
by the Miffionary Efforts of the Church—- Miffionary Stations at St. Paul
and St. Anthony — Succefs of the Rev. Mr. B reek's Miffionary Labours —
Ojibwa Indian Congregations, with Daily Services — Beneficial Refults —
Claffes and Schools for the Indians — Their Change of Savage Habits and
CoJlume — Indian Church at Ke-fah-gah — Succefsful Progrefs of the Miffions —
Sufficiency of the Prayer Book for their Miffionary Objects — Confirmed Im
portance of the Daily Service — Great Moral Changes already apparent —
Wifconfin — Miffionary College of Nashotah — Unendowed^ but providentially
fupported — Its Value for the Supply of Miffionary Clergy — Its Example to
the Church of England.
IN afcending the Miffiffippi, — which I did
to its higheft navigable point for fteamers,
near the celebrated Falls of St. Anthony, — foon
after paffing the towns laft mentioned, in Illinois
on one fide, and Iowa on the other, we come to
Wifconfin, on our right, and Minnefota on our
left and before us ; and there, in various direc
tions, are the Church's miffionary ftations among
the Indians.

286 Scenery of the Upper Miffiffippi.
No correct idea can be formed of the fcenery
of the Upper Miffiffippi from that of the river
below St. Louis, which has generally been the
route of European travellers. The banks of
the river, on either fide, are richly wooded, the
water, often for many miles, kiffing as it glided
paft the foliage of the fhores. Every now and
then frowning cliffs and rugged rocks give
greater boldnefs and variety to the fcene. Then
beautiful verdant iflands, here and there, prefent
themfelves, fometimes in quick fucceffion. And
then, further on, a lovely lake is entered, —
Lake Pepin, which is caufed by an expanfion
of the river, in fome places four and five miles
broad, and for a diftance of about forty miles.
This lake, too, is full of iflands, which, clothed
in their fummer verdure, enhance in no flight
degree the beauty of the fcene. It was, indeed,
a charming picture. For many hours we had been
failing amidft fcenery which, when the fhades
of evening began to defcend, had very much
the character of that of the Rhine, its craggy
cliffs and precipitous rocks, with their cluftering
fhrubs and overfhadowing trees, having all the
appearances of caftles and forts. More than
once we could have imagined that Ehrenbreitftein
itfelf was before us. But even when a clofer
and clearer view diffipated fuch illufions, it was

Lake Pepin. 287
interefting to think, and mufe, and fancy. A
fellow-paffenger, a German, with whom I got
into converfation, and who infifted upon the
neceffity of caftles as well as crags to bring the
fcene into any refemblance to the Rhine, I
amufed by afking him to carry his imagination
back to the days before Charlemagne, ere caftles,
keeps, and churches fludded its banks as they
do now. Here, it was admitted, there were
"The wild rocks fhap'd as they had turrets been,
In mockery of man's art."
And their very wildnefs and primitivenefs, and
the utter abfence, for miles and miles of fpace,
of " man's art " in any of its forms or guifes,
to interfere with their fublime primeval afpect,
gave a folemn grandeur to the fcene that was
highly impofing.
And yet " man's art " there was, breaking in
upon the fcene, although only what, according
to modern rule and tafte, would be generally
fet down as its verieft and rudeft " mockery."
The Indian's humble wigwam met our eyes
continually. Not, however, like Rhenifh caftles
on crags and cliffs, but low in the forefts, half
hidden by the trees, through which we got
glimpfes of them, ever and anon, furrounded by
their little clearings and gardens. Sometimes

288 The Maiden's Rock.
an old Indian — man or woman — would be feen
feated on a ftone at the river's fide, gazing with
fcarcely exhaufted wonder at the floating palace,
in which we travelled upon their native ftream,
moving fmoothly yet rapidly paft. One fuch
filent and folitary mufer prefented herfelf within
fight of an object of deep and melancholy
traditional intereft, called the Maiden's Rock.
It is near the head of Lake Pepin, and lifts
itfelf boldly to a great height above the waters.
The Tradition is thus related in Mr. Seymour's
Sketches of Minnefota : — " About half a century
ago an Indian female whofe name was Winona,
of the tribe of Wapafha, formed an ardent
attachment for a young hunter, by whom her
attachment was reciprocated. Her parents,
however, preferred to have her unite her hand
with a young warrior who had fignalized himfelf
in battle againft the Chippewas. The warrior's
fuit being rejected by the daughter, the father
threatened that fhe fhould be united to him
on that very day. The family were then
accompanying a party on an excurfion up this
lake, and were encamped near this rock. The
maiden afcended to the fummit, and with a loud
voice upbraided her friends below for their
cruelty to the young hunter, whom they had
driven into the foreft ; and to her for oppofing

Progrefs of Civilization. 289
her union to the only man whom fhe loved ; and
endeavouring to make her faithlefs to him, by
compelling her to marry another. She then
commenced finging her dirge, and, regardlefs of
the entreaties of her friends and of her parents,
who promifed to relinquifh all compulfory
meafures, fhe threw herfelf from the precipice,
and fell a lifelefs corpfe."
One might have imagined the aged and
melancholy-looking Indian figure, that fat under
the fhadow of this fatal rock, was there to mourn
the dread deftruction of her daughter, or her
fifter, in the haplefs maiden of the terrible
tragedy. " A favage wildnefs round her hung,
As of a dweller out of doors j
In her whole figure and her mien
A favage character was feen
Of mountains and of dreary moors."
But the progrefs of civilization has at length
reached even thefe wild and lonely regions of
the Far Weft, and muft foon either fweep before
it thefe laft remnants of the native Indian tribes,
or transform and abforb them in its own reno
vations. I have been forcibly impreffed with
the truth of fome religious reflections which an
American gentleman, who travelled with us
into thefe interefting diftricts of his vaft country,
has fince written upon them and the circum-
vol. 1. c c

290 An American's Refleclions.
fiances in which they are now placed. "My
mind," he fays, "has been greatly impreffed
during this journey with the vaftnefs of the
extent and refources of our country. Its future
who can predict ? If we are true to ourfelves, I
think it will be a happy one ; for I cannot
believe that God has permitted our nation to
attain its prefent eminence, and to be, in fome
fort, co-workers with Him, now to call us
down, fcattered and peeled; though for our
fins we deferve nothing elfe. But a moral
renovation is needed. And here I muft fay that
an entire change has taken place in my mind,
during this tour, as to my own views of duty
in refpect of priority of claims upon my own
little contributions. It would weary you to
defcribe the procefs by which I have arrived
at the decifion ; but the refult is this : — Here
tofore I have contributed to the Foreign Miffion
caufe double the amount which I gave to any
other Society. Now I place the Sunday School
and the Home Miffionary caufe before the
other ; ' Not that I love Casfar lefs, but that
I love Rome more.' You will afk me my
impreffions reflecting the ftate of religion in
the States through which I have paffed. My
manner of travelling has been fo rapid that I
hefitate to give an opinion after fo flight an

Duties of the Church. 291
acquaintance with the Weft. But I muft fay
that I have been moft painfully impreffed with
the conviction that with few exceptions religion
languifhes, and vice is bold and unblufhingly
triumphant. Profanity, always fhocking, is
made more horrible by the ingenuity of its
blafphemy. ' The difcipline of the Church,'
faid a good man to me, ' is very lax, and much
of the piety of thofe who move in among us
is of a character that will not bear tranfportation.'
I would not be uncharitable. I know there are
in moft, and I truft in all towns and villages,
fome holy men who ftand between the porch
and the altar interceding with the Hearer of
Prayer for the outpouring of fpiritual bleffings
on our people and our land. I hope we may
fay of every town with Cowper,
1 Ten righteous would have faved a city once,
And thou haft many righteous. Well for thee ;
That fait preferves thee.' "
Now this applies, of courfe, to thofe who are
themfelves engaged in advancing and directing
that progrefs of civilization which is to deal
with, among other things, the native Indian
race, — either to drive them away, contaminated
by the vices of the intruders upon their ancient
domains, or to retain them under its influences
— whether evil or good, as the cafe may be.
c c 2

292 Minnefota — Town of St. Paul.
If, then, it be true — as only too plainly it is —
that "with few exceptions religion languifhes,
and vice is bold and unblufhingly triumphant,"
among thofe who are yet carrying civilization
into the Far Weft, and who muft exercife fo
powerful an influence over the Aborigines whom
they difplace, how important it is that the Church
fhould be on the alert to interpofe her care
and concern, and endeavour to make that civili
zation a bleffing rather than a curfe to the
people. After failing for about 300 miles amid fcenery
fuch as I have faintly fketched, and where few
if any traces of man's dominion, or his prefence
even, are to be feen, the river begins to grow
narrower, and its current fwifter, and we fee the
town of St. Paul before us, on the right. We
are now in Minnefota, — a territory which, but
yefterday, was no more than a hunting-ground
of the Indian, yet now abounds with the
cultivated farms, the villages, and even the
towns of thofe who have flocked there to realize
the divine primeval injunction — " replenifh the
earth and fubdue it." We are now upwards
of 2,000 miles from the mouth of the river,
which is navigable thus far with the largeft
river fteamers. St. Paul's ftands on a lofty
terrace clofe to the river. The fteamers come

Town of St. Anthony. 192
up to its very walls. Behind is a femi-circular
plateau, elevated about forty feet above the
town, of eafy grade, and commanding a fplendid
view of the river, above and below. The town
has fprung up with wonderful rapidity within
a very few years, and now contains a population
of about 20,000. No fooner was our veffel
alongfide the quay, than we were invaded by
porters from the hotels, and boys with the newf
papers, for even this youthful city has its daily
prefs ! It was wonderful to obferve, as we
flrolled through its bufy ftreets, the figns of
rapid progrefs on every hand — blocks of houfes,
flores, and other buildings, rifing in all directions,
and ftreets, and fites for ftill more, being laid
out and prepared. There were in all, we
learned, about twelve different places of worfhip
already provided. Of thefe, two belong to the
Anglo-American Church ; which is not a very
unreafonable proportion, under all the circum
ftances. Ten miles higher up the river is another ftill
newer and equally rifing town, St. Anthony.
Its condition was much behind that of St. Paul ;
although it, too, was giving figns of rapid
progrefs, which have already, I underftand, been
marvelloufly fulfilled. I had joined a fmall
party in hiring an open vehicle to carry us to
c c 3

294 Minnehaha.
St. Anthony, and the ride was a delightful one
— the road being over a fplendid rolling prairie.
The Falls are fine, though lefs impofing, after
having feen, as I had but recently, thofe of
Niagara and Montmorenci. Still they are the
Falls of Miffiffippi, — one of thofe difplays of what
the Indians call " laughing water," with which
Nature has, for thoufands of years, been making
her primeval forefts refound, and the red men
that range them to liften to as familiar founds.
Here, as at St. Paul, the Church has got a
" local habitation." And at both places, I
believe, the red men, as well as white, mingle
in her congregations.
But the real Minnehaha, or " laughing water,"
is another waterfall, between St. Anthony and
Fort Snelling, a few miles nearer to St. Paul,
which we afterwards vifited. It is thus defcribed
in Seymour's Sketches, — " Following the road
that leads to the Falls of St. Anthony, we arrived,
in three miles from the fort, at a very pretty
cafcade, known by the name of Brown's Falls.
A fmall ftream, about five yards wide, the out
let of the Lake of the Ifles, Lake Calhoun,
Lake Harriet, and other lakes, precipitates itfelf
from the verge of a precipice, of about fifty feet
in height, into a bafin below, forming a curved
fheet of water, which prefents features not of

Our Intereft in the Indians. 295
grandeur but of great beauty. The rays of the
fun reflected by the fpray, produced a beautiful
rainbow. The action of the fpray upon the
foft rock had excavated an arch in the rear of
the cafcade beneath the bed of the ftream, under
which we entered. We followed the ftream
down half a mile, and found it full of rapids or
cafcades. Its total fall from the croffing of the
road to its junction with the Miffiffippi, is pro
bably not much lefs than one hundred feet."
Thefe are the fcenes made famous by Long
fellow's delightful poem of Hiawatha. The
Falls are thofe of his Minnehaha. And in the
fpot lived the old arrow-maker, whofe beautiful
daughter Hiawatha wooed and won.
The thoughts to which fcenes like thefe gave
rife, could not but awaken one's anxious intereft
in thofe who had given, and ftill gave to them,
fuch romantic affociations. We faw the Indians
— men, women, and children, wandering about
St. Paul and St. Anthony, — and we met them
in their prairies and in their forefts, — and
faw them liftening to the fall and flow of
the waters, as their fathers had doubtlefs done
for countlefs generations paft. In the towns,
they were pufhing the fale of their native wares
— mocaffins, purfes, bags, and the like — with
eagernefs among the paffers-by; but in the

296 Our Intereft in the Indians,
country they were at reft, mufing and moping
about. Every where they feemed fullen, and
fometimes contemptuous. As the hero of,
perhaps, a hundred fights paffed through the
ftreets, joftled by the crowd, he, rather than
they, feemed the intruder in Minnefota. And,
no doubt, —
"  bitter feelings paffed o'er him then,
As he ftood by the populous haunts of men."
The transformation is wonderful to us : how
much more fo muft it be to them ? Yet with
what different feelings muft the changes be re
garded ! Every thing has moved in a direction
contrary to their ancient and natural courfe.
They are changes from favage to civilized life,
and involve iffues which keep driving the one
more and more from the other. Nature might
be faid to have made them in totally different
moulds, mentally as well as phyfically. Only
we are fo apt to forget, that it is not, very often
at leaft, fo much the real, primal nature, as that
habit which is called fecond nature. He inherits
the taftes, as well as grows up with the habits, of
favage life, — taftes and habits to which civiliza
tion is thoroughly antagoniftic. Then they are
often nurtured in animofity to the white obtru-
ders upon their hereditary barbarifm. I faw a

The Sorrowing Chief and his Family. 297
remarkable inftance of this in a fcene at Chicago.
The fon of an Indian chief with his wife and his
fon — the latter a boy of but fix or eight years
old — came to the Government agent for Indians,
to afk for the means of their being conveyed by
railway to a place at fome diftance in the State, to
vifit the chief, who they had received information
was dying, and with which they were generoufly
fupplied. Whilft waiting in the hall of the
hotel for the agent's reply, the group attracted
the notice of a little crowd of us, and much
commiferation was fhown towards them, efpe
cially as they gave evident indications of fadnefs
and forrow. Money was offered to the boy ;
yet he kept his little hand firmly clenched, and
looked daggers at us. At laft fome filver was
forced upon him ; but no fooner had he touched
it, than he threw it violently on the floor, and
ftamped upon it with his little feet in a perfect
ftorm of indignation, muttering the while fome
paffionate words which we did not underftand.
The mother gently remonftrated ; but the father
was filent, and looked fympathizingly on his
child — all the prouder of him, no doubt, in his
heart, for this precocious difplay of an Indian
chieftain's feeling, although fuppliants, at the
very moment, of the white man's bounty.
There may be civilized men who, when viewing

298 Their gradual Civilization
the inroads which civilization is making upon
ancient fcenes of Indian life, — as at St. Paul
and St. Anthony, — are ready to exclaim with
the poet, — " Methinks it were a nobler fight
To fee thefe vales in woods array'd,
Their fummits in the golden light,
Their trunks in grateful fhade,
And herds of deer that bounding go
O'er rills and proftrate trees below.
"And then to mark the lord of all,
The foreft hero, train'd to wars,
Quiver' d and plumed, and lithe and tall,
And feam'd with glorious fears,
Walk forth, amid his reign, to dare
The wolf, and grapple with the bear1."
But give me the Indian hufbandman, or the
Indian mechanic — and there are many fuch at
length being created in Minnefota — to the
greateft of fuch "lords of all," fuch "foreft
heroes, train'd to war." Yes, many Indians,
who had lately been foremoft among the " qui
ver'd and plumed " — favages in nature, in heart
and in mind, and addicted to all the ferocities
of favage life — have been civilized in the higheft
and beft fenfe of the word, and made ufeful and
exemplary fons of induftry, and alive to all the
duties and all the amenities of domeftic and focial
1 Bryant.

by the Miffionary Efforts of the Church. 299
life. Chriftianity has done this ; and nothing
lefs could ever have done it. The Church has
applied to them that only effectual corrective
of their barbarity, natural and acquired, and
made them civilized by converting them into
Chriftian men.
The towns of St. Paul and St. Anthony are
the head quarters of important miffionary opera
tions among both the Ojibwa and Chippeway
Indians. There are Miffion-houfes at thofe
places, the property of the Church, and the
value of which has been increafed to a fabulous
amount. For inftance, at St. Paul, the ground
on which the Miffion buildings ftand, which
fome feven or eight years fince coft but three
hundred dollars, is now valued at twenty thou
fand ! One who has taken a leading and moft
devoted part in thofe Miffions of the Church
among the Indians of Minnefota, is the Rev.
James Lloyd Breck; and interefting accounts
of their progrefs are given in his publifhed
reports. Almoft the firft Miffion founded in
that quarter was at Kahgeeafh Koonfikag, for
a people entirely Pagan. The difcipline of this
Miffion is twofold — religious and fecular. The
religious difcipline includes the Daily Service of
the Church in the Ojibwa language. And the
Miffion has been under great obligations to the

300 Miffionary Stations at
Societies of the Englifh Church for having fur-
nifhed the Prayer Book and the New Tefta
ment in that language. This Daily Service, it
is reported, " has been remarkably well attended
by Pagan as well as Chriftian Indians, whereby
the hindrances to perfonal piety arifing from
the wigwam life have been greatly overcome;
for thefe people have no privacy in their wild
ftate, except they refort to the woods or the
Sanctuary. The holy Eucharift," it is added,
"is celebrated monthly for the natives, but
on each Lord's Day for the Miffionaries and
Teachers." So that the Church fyftem is being
well carried out, — better, perhaps, than in many
parifhes of our own Chriftian country, with all
its fuperior privileges and advantages. Think
of North American Indians — Pagans and favages
but yefterday — having the Daily Service of the
Church, and appreciating it, as evidenced by its
being well attended — and the holy Eucharift,
too, more frequently than in a great many
places among ourfelves. Then there are five
claffes for Chriftian inftruction — in the Cate
chifm and otherwife — confifting of the baptized
Indians, who are candidates for Confirmation,
and of the candidates for Baptifm. There is
a fchool, alfo, in conftant operation for the In
dian children, about thirty of whom, at Kah-

St. Paul and St. Anthony. 301
geeafh Koonfikag, are living beneath the Miffion
roof. The fchool altogether numbers about
fixty. They are taught in the Englifh lan
guage for five days in each week, except at
fugar-making and rice-gathering feafons, when
they have their vacations. As refpects the
fecular difcipline, all who become Chriftians con
form to the drefs and manner of life of the
whites as far as their circumftances will admit.
The men cut their hair and call off the blanket,
and begin to till the ground, and work for their
living. The women learn the arts of domeftic
life, and abandon (their vagrant habits. Thus
they at once enter upon a courfe of civilized
life, when they are fairly brought under the in
fluences of our holy religion.
Another and more recently eftablifhed ftation
is at Ke-fah-gah, about fixty miles to the north.
The Miffionaries of the Church were induced
to venture fo far by the repeated requefts of
the principal band of Chippeways inhabiting that
diftrict, numbering about a thoufand Indians.
The Federal Government made a treaty with
this tribe in 1855, and gave them a fchool,
which has now happily been affigned to the
charge of this Church Miffion. An Indian
church has fince been built here. Of courfe
they had one at the other ftation alfo. Other
vol. 1. d d

302 Succefs of Mr. Breck's
Indian tribes, feeing and underftanding the ad
vantages of thefe miffions, have eagerly fought
their eftablifhment among them; and their re
quefts are complied with as far as the Church's
means will at prefent allow.
In one of Mr. Breck's appeals for increafed
fupport to thefe important miffionary operations
of the Church, which is now before me, he enters
into fome highly interefting details. " It was
in the fpring of 1852," he fays, "that the
Affociate Miffion for Minnefota firft entered
upon the work of converting and civilizing our
domeftic pagans. The two previous years of
our miffionary organization had been fpent in
the white field. The red now claimed our at
tention, and in company with a divinity ftudent
I travelled on foot one hundred and fifty miles
north of St. Paul to this place, where lived the
head Chief of the Ojibwa nation. We faw
enough during this vifit to intereft our hearts,
and we gave our pledge to enter immediately
upon the work, notwithftanding we had then
but fifty dollars for that which we knew would
confume thoufands rightly to accomplifh. And
the fame faith of which Nafhotah is a living
witnefs, and with which we entered Minnefota,
ruled this yet more difficult miffion. Experience
has affured us that we believed rightly that

Miffionary Labours. 303
there was a yet latent intereft in the breafts of
the faithful for the red man's converfion, which
only required the labourer in the field to aroufe
it into action. The intereft and energy thus
far fhown by many of the aged and youthful
members of the Church, have tended to lead us
along to greater degrees of faith in our under
taking, pronounced by fome of the beft of our
houfehold to be hopelefs. We feel thankful
for this evidence of Heaven's approval of our
work." Nor has the evidence derived from the Indians
themfelves been lefs decifive. " We are now
crowded to excefs," the devoted miffionary writes,
"and we are conftantly receiving new applica
tions for admiffion to the fchool. Believing the
training of the young in the midft of their
people to be very effectual for the end had in
view, we ought not to refufe an applicant ; and
therefore have determined to devote the prefent
year's Government School Fund to the erection
of buildings. We hope, then, the prefent large
miffion family, which does not include the in
terpreter, and farmer, and their families, will
continue to be fully fupported by the friends of
the miffion. On our arrival, in 1852, all were
pagans. Nothing fpoke of the true religion.
But now appear the living temples, as well as
d d 2

304 Ojibwa Indian Congregations,
the material. On Chriftmas Day, juft paft, the
flock of Chrift in this place was increafed to
forty, by the baptifm of eight Chippeways, of
which five were adults. Five others had juft
been confirmed by the Bifhop, during his recent
vifit to the Northweft, while two other baptized
adults will, we hope, be prepared, along with
feveral others, for the holy rite by the following
fummer. There are now with us Ojibwa com
municants and Indians prepared for the offices
of Catechift and Deacon. The Miffion Church
is a fight moft Chriftian. The Indian, while
yet pagan, made his daily prayers by frequenting
the Family Prayer of the Miffion Houfe, and
ever fince has the Church been opened for Divine
Service, and thefe children have learned to love
the worfhip of the Sanctuary. Nothing could
have afforded us fo good an opportunity for
teaching the Indian as this daily prayer. Our
Services are fpecially adapted to the prefent
infant ftate of a pagan and newly-found Chriftian
community, and are fo ufed with the Bifhop's
approval. In this confecrated church of the
extreme Northweft may be feen all that Chrif
tian decorum which characterized the primitive
converts. The chancel fleps are filled with the
baptized children, who are taught to conduct
themfelves in a Chriftian manner. And, with

with Daily Services. 305
the exception of two feats in the church, all
upon the others are viewed as Catechumens,
and are taught to rife and kneel, to fing and
make the refponfes. At Baptifms Indians are
already godfathers and godmothers, and the
ftrongeft voice of the congregation promifes to
come from a grey-haired Indian, who is the
patriarch of his band, and, along with his wife,
are candidates for baptifm. The principal man
of the Grand Medicine has given up to us his
only child, a promifing boy, whom we have
baptized Samuel. The father and mother are
attending our fervices faithfully, and profefs a
ftrong wifh to be inftructed in their duty. The
principal chief of this band, by name The Bad
Boy, along with his wife, are very conftant in
their attendance upon the fervices of the Sanc
tuary, and have lately come to me, making the
requeft to draw up a writing for them to fign,
to the effect that they would not drink fire water
for fuch a length of time, which fhould be their
trial. They alfo afked us to receive one of
their children into our family, which we had
to refufe by reafon of our already too crowded
quarters. The principal chief of a neighbour
ing band, Crofs in the Sky, has brought us his
only daughter, and has returned to his home
without her; while another chief, called White
d d 3

306 Beneficial Refults.
Fifher, has given up two of his children, and
is ready to give up three more, fb foon as we
can take them. And of the baptifms on Chrift
mas Day, one of the women was a wife of the
late principal chief of the nation, Hole in the Day,
the father of the prefent chief of the fame name.
Thus, it will be perceived that our labours are
influencing the more prominent people of this
tribe. In another form, alfo, has the miffion
gained much, viz. through the medium of me
dicine, which we adminifter to their fick. Thefe
are brought to us daily, and often from long
diftances. Our life is not to cure the foul
fimply on the Sunday, but daily, in public and
in private, by admonitions and prayers. Neither
is it fimply to cure the fouls alone, but the
bodies of men alfo, and to this we are daily
devoted. The civilized life alfo is continually
taught them. The School-room and the Miffion
Houfe are nurferies for all domeftic arts fuitable
to women; while the garden, farm, and foreft
teach the men and boys fkill in horticulture,
agriculture, management of cattle, and the con-
ftruction of houfes from out of the rough logs
which they themfelves cut. Our principle of
action has been feldom to make prefents, but
to open ways for old and young, male and
female, to earn food and clothing by work.

School for the Indians. 307
And in this we have fucceeded to a degree
beyond our fondeft anticipations. During the
paft year, perhaps 400 different Indians wrought
under our immediate directions. The average
number of labourers, male and female, in fummer
and in winter, is about thirty per day. This
labour procures for them the immediate necef-
faries of life, and, at the fame time, teaches them
the value of work, and the manner of doing
work. So that now the houfe is beginning to
take the place of the wigwam, the coat and
the fhawl that of the blanket."
Thefe, it muft be admitted, are fubftantial
practical refults. I adduce them only as
fpecimens of the miffionary work which the
American Church is performing among the
Indians, and of the way in which it is being
carried on. The Church, it is evident, has in
her Book of Common Prayer ample provifions
for giving due effect to the refults of fuch work.
The affurance, that " nothing could have afforded
fo good an opportunity of teaching the Indian
as this Daily Prayer," is valuable practical tefti
mony to the importance of the Church's ap
pointed Daily Service ; and it ought to imprefs
upon us all the great neceffiity of its application
in home miffiionary work, as well as that which
the Church is doing among pagans.

308 Succefsful Progrefs
"Later records of the miffions fhow that the
work of Chriftianizing and civilizing the favage
aborigines is ftill carried on with remarkable
fuccefs. Of the proceedings among the Chippe
ways, it is ftated in recent papers of the Church,
— " In 1852, in the deep forefts of Kahgeeafh
Koonfikag, fat a miffionary and his interpreter
in the midft of the chiefs and warriors of the
Ojibwa nation. They had juft come up from
their Grand Medicine Dance, the great pagan
worfhip of the American red race. All were
in blankets, with faces fancifully painted, having
feathers in their hair, and Indian hatchets in
hand. They had confented to hear what the
Praying Father had to fay to them. They had
never before had a miffionary of the Crofs to
addrefs them. They had not before been told
that there was a Saviour for the red man as well
as for the white man. They had never been
encouraged to labour and live like the white
man. They had been taught to efteem work
a difgrace. They now heard, for the firft time,
that the Praying Father had a meffage from the
Great Spirit for the poor Indian, and that this
meffage extended to their children as well as to
themfelves. After filence and fome deliberation
together, an aged chief arofe and faid they had
never before been addreffed thus. They were

of the Miffions. 309
perfuaded of the great fuperiority of the white
man, and wifhed their children to be taught.
They faid the Great Spirit had heard their wor
fhip, and that they now extended to the mif
fionary the right hand of fellowfhip, and invited
him to live among them. They alfo fet apart
a portion of land for his dwelling, the fame
beautiful fpot where the prefent miffion houfes
of St. Columba look out upon the waters of
Lake Kahgeeafh Koonfikag." And then the
ftate of things is defcribed as they already have
come to exift : — " After a lapfe of feven years
from the foregoing event, behold in the fame
fpot, the log Church of St. Columba, with
miffion buildings, and here and there Indian
log houfes, and much ground cleared for cul
tivation. Inftead of the drum and rattle, hear
the fweet mufic of Indian voices joining in
the facred hymns of the Church. And inftead
of the wild wail of Indian lamentation, hear the
folemn Ojibwa Service. It is not a white man
that is now feen in the clean white linen veft-
ment. The once Grand Medicine boy is now
the Chriftian phyfician of the foul. He Hands
before his people to ferve them as one em
powered from on high to fpeak and act. Rev.
Enmegahbowh is one of the affociate miffionaries,
and his voice is heard in the Ojibwa nation,

3 1 o Wifconfin.
fat beyond the chapel, where he prays and
preaches." In the State of Wifconfin, which adjoins the
Territory of Minnefota, there is the Miffionary
College mentioned in one of the extracts juft
given, that of Nafhotah, and the Miffionary
caufe has already been much advanced by its
means. The Right Rev. Bifhop Kemper, as
well as being the diocefan of Wifconfin, is the
Miffionary Bifhop of Minnefota; and he is,
moft appropriately, the Prefident of the Miffion
ary College. This College was eftablifhed in
1 841, and has been, under God, the inftrument
of widely extending the Church, both in Wif
confin and Minnefota. " Without any endow
ment, without any permanent refource, being de
pendent folely on alms and offerings, this fchool
of the fons of the Prophets has added confider-
ably to the Church's Miniftry." It has efpecially
kept up a fupply of Miffionary Clergy, while
it generally has about forty young men within
its walls preparing for the Miniftry, " dependent
for their daily bread upon the contents of the
daily mail." Such is the account of it that is
put on record in the Journals of the General
Convention of the Church. The account which
the Principal of the College, the Rev. Dr. Cole,
has given of it in a publifhed letter, reads a

Miffionary College at Nafhotah. 311
leffon to Englifh Churchmen which they may
learn with advantage to the caufe of their Church
and her Miffions. " Nafhotah Houfe," he ftates,
" is ' an Inftitution of learning and piety ' (thus
reads its Charter) for the purpofe of preparing
young men for the Holy Miniftry. It receives
young men of any attainments, and affords
them free board, free wafhing, free fuel, free
lights, free room, free text-books for ufe, and
free tuition, and fometimes free clothing — pro
vided they are properly recommended. There
is named the fum of one hundred dollars per
annum as a condition for the furnifhing the
above-named items, but it is more frequently
folicited from the wife and good for the ftudent
than brought by him. Whenever the queftion
is afked, as fometimes (and it is afked oftener
now than formerly), ' How much fhall I con
tribute to fuftain a young man at Nafhotah ? '
the anfwer is, ' One hundred and fifty dollars
per annum — one hundred of which will be re
tained by the Inftitution, and the fifty will be
handed to the young man for him to ufe in
clothing himfelf, or in procuring books by deny
ing himfelf clothing.' Some one already here,
known and tried as worthy of fuch aid, is gene
rally placed upon fuch a fcholarfhip. The one
hundred dollars in fuch cafes do not cover the

312 Miffionary College at Nafhotah.
actual expenfes; — the poftage ftamps, the one
hundred dollar offerings, the five and the ten dol
lar donations, and large gifts undefignated, help
efficiently in that. Not a few have been ordained
whofe entire fupport came from thefe offerings.
Not a few are here now, thus fuftained — their
clothing, as to many before them, being from
the boxes fo kindly fent. They were received
when there was apparently no way to fuftain
them. They have been continued from year to
year without any fum contributed definitely for
them. They are fuftained folely by the alms
and offerings fent by the old and the young, by
the poor and the afflicted, and by a few of the
rich. Whatever feems to place any in a different
pofition is merely nominal. Our doors are open
to all that our roofs can fhelter as long as the
Lord continues to fend us the means for their
fupport. The teachers and the taught are all
here upon the fame foundation. A regular and
economical expenditure is conflantly going on,
fupplying the wants to a limited extent of all
day after day. Thus without any other refource
but the receipts by the daily mail Nafhotah
continues. She begins no day, no week, with
fufficient for the day's needs, and yet by the
goodnefs of the Lord fhe is unembarraffed with
debt, and increafing in the number of the ftudents

Its Value for the Supply of Minifters. 313
and the number of the teachers needed to in-
ftruct them. Her limit is the want of fhelter,
and though prudence might forbid the feeming
rafhnefs, had fhe twice as many rooms fhe could
not refift the claims, the calls of this vaft region
for clergy, the growing wants of the Church,
and the entreaties of young men for admiffion
to fill them all." There muft indeed be great
faith to fuftain them in their hopes, and in their
courage, in this way. It is like the provifion for
Elijah, when, having prophefied againft Ahab, he
went to Cherith, — " when he went and did ac
cording unto the word of the Lord, . . . and the
ravens brought him bread and flefh in the morn
ing, and bread and flefh in the evening ; and he
drank of the brook." Nor can it be denied
that their work, like that of Elijah, is " accord
ing unto the word of the Lord." It is thus
defcribed by Dr. Cole : — " The work here in
hand, the fitting of young men for the Holy
Miniftry, is of the utmoft importance to the
Church. It feems, when rightly viewed, to
tower above every other work in the Church,
and challenge for itfelf the chief care of all the
baptized. Earneftly attended to by the large
number, by each one of the large number that
come to the Holy Communion throughout the
land, it would place the Church in her right
vol. 1. e e

3 14 Its Value for the Supply of Minifters.
pofition. The clergyman is the centre, the life,
the heart, of every thing that tends to fpread the
Church. The Churchmen of a Weftern village
wifh to organize a parifh. A rector is abfolutely
needful to its growth. The Domeftic Com
mittee wifh to fupply the vacant ftations ; mif
fionaries are neceffary to fill the wafte places.
Funds are called for to procure building lots,
glebes, lands, but of what ufe if there be not
clergy to minifter in the facred edifices or enjoy
the glebes ? The moft effectual of all methods
for extending the Church is to multiply the
number of the clergy. Let the number of thofe
who are willing to endure any thing for His fake
who died for them be increafed. If thirty or
more could be added every year to the clergy in
the North- Weft, thirty who are refolved by the
Lord's bleffing to plant the Church in fome
thriving town, which with all its thrifts is but
a fpiritual wildernefs, thirty prepared to bear
the hardfhips and trained to meet the difficulties
of the Weft, it would do more than all other
things to extend her limits. Unlefs this is done,
all other meafures are comparatively ufelefs.
Nafhotah affords an opportunity to bring about
this moft needful increafe. Nafhotah is no
experiment. She has been proved by feveral
years of endurance and toil. She has returned

Its Value for the Supply of Minifters. 315
back to the Church much more than fhe has
received. If the balance were this day adjufted,
and that which Nafhotah has done in educating
for the Holy Miniftry valued at the ufual value
of fuch labour in the market, fhe ought to
receive twice as much as the Church has given
her. Though fhe have not means to do as the
needs of the country and the Church require,
fhe toils on in hope. Her truft is in the Lord
from whom alone fhe receives her daily bread.
She has nothing at rifk on earth. Her daily
routine, her conftant walk is in the path of the
Church. The Daily Prayer at morning and at
evening, and the yearly round of Feftival and
of Faft, are the good old paths in which Apoftles,
prophets, and martyrs trod. Therein do all
endeavour to walk beneath her roof. Into thefe
heavenly ways, wherein are the footfteps of
thofe now refting in hope, would fhe guide the
millions around her." Nafhotah, then, is a truly
Apoftolic Church inftitution ; its character is
truly Church-like ; and it is fuftained by Chrif
tian " faith and patience," which they who
exercife, we are divinely affured, fhall " inherit
the promifes." And even to the Indian favages
among " the millions around her," fhe fucceeds,
as we have feen, in introducing the pious ob
fervance of " the Daily Prayer at Morning and
e e 2

3 1 6 An Example to the Church of England.
at Evening, and the yearly round of Feftival
and of Faft ; " and leading thofe poor Pagan
people — where too many, born in a Chriftian
land, and of Chriftian heritage, are never led —
into " the good old paths in which Apoftles, pro
phets, and martyrs trod." Would that only as
much could always be faid for the Miffionary
operations of the Church of England !

APPENDIX.

A.
RULES FOR CHURCHMEN.
To derive benefit from the Public Worfhip of Almighty God, and to avoid
difturbing the devotion of others, the following RULES fhould be obferved
in Proteftant Epifcopal Churches.
i . Not forfaking the aflembling of ourfelves together, as the manner of
fome is ; but exhorting one another, and fo much the more, as ye fee
the day approaching. — Heb. a. 25.
i. Be in time to implore upon your knees God's bleffing on the fervices
about to commence.
3. In cafe of coming late, paufe for a few moments at the door, until the
next change of pofture.
4. Conform to the poftures of ftanding and kneeling with the reft of the
Congregation. Make audible refponfes on the proper occafions, and
apply every prayer to yourfelf by faying, " Amen."
5. Avoid the impropriety of leaving the Church before the congregation
is difmiffed by the Minifter.
6. Difcourage converfation, reading books, turning over leaves, moving
about and looking around while the Minifter is officiating.
7. Take the children of the family under your own charge, teaching them
to ufe the Prayer Book.
8. Be not forgetful to entertain ftrangers, for fome have thereby enter
tained angels unawares. — Heb. xiii. 2.

3 1 8 Appendix.

9. Remember that the Church is public, not fo much for meeting men as
our God : — " This is the temple of the Lord,
How dreadful is this place !
With meeknefs let us hear His Word,
With rev'rence feek His face."
10. " And further, it fhall be the duty of every Minifter, with fuch affift-
ance as he can obtain from perfons fkilled in mufic, to give order
concerning the tunes to be fung at any time in his Church j and
efpecially, it fhall be his duty to fupprefs all light and unfeemly mufic,
and all indecency and irreverence in its performance, by which vain
and ungodly perfons profane the fervices of the fancluary." — See
Preface to Pfalms in Metre.
II. When the congregation is difmiffed, paufe a few moments to thank
God for the privileges enjoyed, and afk grace that you may improve
them.

THE END OF VOL. I.

GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTERS, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, LONDON.

BOOKS

PUBLISHED BY

MESSRS. RIVINGTON.

A Hiftory of the Proteftant Epifcopal Church
in America.
By SAMUEL, LORD BISHOP OF OXFORD,
Lord High Almoner to the Queen,
and Chancellor of the Moft Noble Order of the Garter.
Third Edition.
Small 8vo. $s.

The Hiftory of the Church of England in the
Colonies and Foreign Dependencies of the Britifh Empire.
By the Rev. JAMES S. M. ANDERSON, M.A.
Second Edition.
In Three Volumes.
Small 8vo. 241.

BOOKS PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. RIVINGTON.
in.
The Prophet of the Nineteenth Century; or,
the Rife, Progrefs, and Prefent State of the Mormons,
or Latter-Day Saints.
To which is appended, an Analyfis of the Book of Mormon.
By HENRY CASWALL, M.A.,
Prebendary of Sarum, and Vicar of Figheldean.
Poft 8vo. is. 6d.

The Martyr of the Pongas ;
Being a Memoir of the Rev. Hamble James Leacock, Leader of the
Weft Indian Miffion to Weftern Africa.
By the fame Author.
With a Poi trait. 51. 6d.

A Memoir of the Right Rev. David Low, D.D.,
formerly Bifhop of the United Diocefes of Rofs, Moray, and
Argyle j compriiing Sketches of the Principal Events
connected with the Scottifh Epifcopal Church during the laft Seventy
Years.
By the Rev. WILLIAM BLATCH,
Incumbent of St. John's, Pittenweem, and lately Clerical Affiftant
to the Bifhop.
Small 8vo. ys.

RIVINGTONS, WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON.

? ¦' -! 'r: '' '-' f; ' J •:¦ '¦ 1 7 » ¦; ~! ¦:¦ r, => •¦> '? >.¦ .-< * ¦¦¦ i> '»T>/P»p

iMis'h.

Tfffff
m i

¦-¦¦ ¦ , - &y$

."' I ilk]

--V'" V..; . .. ^ -.  .--•"¦" vv.t., ¦ Vi>v •¦ ¦
..-¦-
i>-.»A»»»*V*»<