34107: • U.S. TREATIES, ETC. 1845-1849. (POLK) The treaty between the United States of America and China { THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY SITY OF OF THE R EGENT'S OMNIBUS ACARTIBUS CLASS 341.273 BOOK T71 MINNESOTA THE TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND CHINA, WITH THE CHINESE TARIFF OF DUTIES, &‹ : WITH SOME PAPERS FROM THE REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH HOUSE OF COMMONS, OF JULY 12TH, 1847, AND A CHART THERETO ANNEXED. (Printed FOR GIDEON NYE, JR., FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION.) NEW-YORK: GEORGE F. NESBITT, PRINTER, COR. WALL AND WATER STREETS. 1819. 11.5. Treaties, etc., 1845-1849 (Potk) THE TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND CHINA, WITH THE CHINESE TARIFF OF DUTIES, &c.: WITH SOME PAPERS FROM THE REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE OF THE BRITISH HOUSE OF COMMONS, OF JULY 12TH, 1847, AND A CHART THERETO ANNEXED. (PRINTED FOR GIDEON NYE, JR., FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION.) NEW-YORK: GEORGE F. NESBITT, PRINTER, COR. WALL AND WATER STREETS. 1849. 341.273 T71 TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE CHINESE (TÁ TSING) EMPIRE. ; FEB 1 39 "Treaty between the United States of America and the Chinese (Tá Tsing) Empire, concluded and signed at Wánghiá, July third, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, by their excellencies, Caleb Cushing and Kiying," as approved by the emperor on the one part, and by the president and the senate of the United States on the other part. As a preface to it, Mr. Cushing's own remarks and explanations, made when transmitting it to Washington, are here given. His note is addressed to the Hon. John Nelson, &c., Secretary of State, and is dated Macao, July 5th, 1844. "SIR: I have the honor to enclose you a copy of the treaty of Wanghia, as signed on the 3d instant. "On examining this document, you will find, in the first place that, in the description of the contracting parties, the language of the stipulations, and the mode of execution, the style of perfect equality between the United States and China has been sedulously observed; and I may add, that this has been carefully attended to in the Chinese, as well as in the English duplicate of the treaty. You will perceive, in the second place, that this treaty contains many provisions which are not embraced either in the English treaty of Nanking, or in the treaty supplementary thereto, which comprehends the tariff and the commercial regulations. "First. The tariff is amended, by the reduction of the duties on some articles of American production, and by fixing, with greater precision, what goods are contraband, or subjects of monopoly. There is nothing in the English treaties to limit the power of the emperor in the exclusion of articles of import or export. Thus he might render all commercial privileges nugatory, by prohibiting the exportation of tea and silk, and the 854115 4 importation of cotton or cotton fabrics; or he might obstruct the commerce in these or any other articles, by making them the subjects of close monopoly, as is now the case with salt. This is guarded against in the treaty of Wanghia, by making the objects of contraband and monopoly a matter of stipulation between the governments. And no modifications of the tariff are to be made without the consent of the United States. "Second. By the English treaties, the consul is security for the payment of duties, and is bound to prosecute for all infractions of the revenue laws of China. This is to transfer to the British government the office and responsibility of paying duties, which involves much of regulation and of form in the prosecution of trade, which experience has already shown to be inconvenient to the subjects as well as the government of Great Britain. All this is avoided in the treaty of Wánghia, by making the duties payable in cash, which is perfectly acceptable to the merchant, and in accordance with the course of business in China. "Third. New provision is made in the amplest manner for the trade, from port to port, in China. A ship which, having touched at Canton, has there paid tonnage duties, and discharged a part of her cargo, may proceed with the residue to any other port in China, without being subject to the payment of tonnage duty a second time; and goods which have been landed, and paid duty at one of the ports of China, may, at any time, be re-exported to any other port in China, without being subject to any further duty. This latter provision is equivalent to a warehousing system for all the coast of China. "Fourth. Due provision is made for the recognition and personal dignity and secu- rity of consuls or any other officers whom the government of the United States may see fit to appoint for the superintendence of our trade in China. "Fifth. In regard to the payment of duties, various provisions are inserted, for the convenience of our commerce, with respect to the mode of payment, and, among oth- that merchandise may be landed from time to time, as may be convenient, duty being paid on the articles only when they are landed, and that vessels may, within a limited time, depart, if they please, without breaking bulk. ers, "Sixth. Citizens of the United States are to have all accommodation at each of the five ports, not only as heretofore in the construction of dwelling houses and magazines, but also of churches, cemeteries, and hospitals. "Seventh. Provision is made for the employment, by Americans, of persons to teach the languages of the empire; and the purchase of books is legalized, it having been the custom heretofore for the Chinese government to persecute and oppress such of its subjects as either gave instruction or sold books to foreigners in China; which circumstance has been a great obstacle to the study of the languages of China, and the acquisition of the means of satisfactory intercourse with its government. rr Eighth. All Americans in China are to be deemed subject only to the jurisdiction of their own government, both in criminal matters and in questions of civil right. I shall have occasion hereafter to enter into these subjects somewhat in detail, and to sug- gest to the President the expediency of recommending to Congress the enactment of laws in this relation, applicable not only to Americans in China, but in Turkey and elsewhere in Asia, where Americans (in common with Europeans) are in like manner exempt from the jurisdiction of the local government. "Ninth. Citizens of the United States in China, and everything appertaining to them, are placed under the special protection of the Chinese government, which enga- ges to defend them from all insult or injury. If the Chinese authorities neglect their duty in this respect, they of course become responsible for all consequences, on com- plaint being made to the government of the United States. In part execution of this, and other corresponding provisions of the treaty, particular arrangements are in train, 5 for the further security of citizens of the United States residing in Canton, of which report will be made to you in due time. "Tenth. The vessels of the United States are to come and go freely between the ports of China, and those of any other country with which China may happen to be at war, in full security, not only for the ship, but for all description of merchandise; the neutrality of our flag, and everything it covers, being especially guarantied. "Eleventh. Provision is made for the protection and relief of vessels stranded on the coast of China, or driven by any sort of vis major into whatever port of China; and also for the restitution of property taken by pirates in the seas of China. Twelfth. Equality in correspondence between civil or military and naval officers of the United States and those of China is stipulated, as also the observance of all cour- tesy and respect in the correspondence between individual citizens of the United States and officers of the Chinese government. "Thirteenth. No presents are to be demanded of either government by the other. The usage among Asiatic States of giving and receiving presents has been the source of great inconvenience to the United States in those cases even where it has been a mere matter of courtesy. But as the receipt of presents by the Chinese government has al- ways hitherto been assumed by the latter as an act of tribute on the part of the govern- ment making such presents, it seemed to be still more desirable to abolish the practice at once by a provision of the treaty. "Fourteenth. Ships of war of the United States and their commanders are at all times to be courteously received in the ports of China. It seemed to me that such a provision would secure to our ships of war all such access to the ports of China as may be needful, either for their own relief or for the protection of the merchant ships and citizens of the United States; while it would be inconvenient to go so far as the Eng- lish have done, and engage to keep a ship of war at all times in each of the five ports of China. ઃઃ Fifteenth. Heretofore, no government (except Russia) has held direct communica- tion with the court of China. At the present time, even the British government does not hold correspondence with the court of Peking. I insisted upon and obtained a pro- vision for communication between the two governments. The article of the treaty does not specify to whom communications from the United States shall be addressed, it being left to the discretion of the American government to elect whom it will address, not excepting the emperor. Upon this point I shall make to you a separate communica- tion, with reference as well to its importance as for the purpose of indicating the parties at court whom it will be most convenient for the Secretary of State to address, when occasion shall arise. * “Sixteenth. In regard to opium, which is not directly mentioned in the English treaties, it is provided by the treaty of Wanghia, that citizens of the United States en- gaged in this or any other contraband trade shall receive no protection from the Ameri- can government, nor shall the flag of the United States be abusively employed by other nations, as a cover for the violation of the laws of China. Upon this point, also, I shall have occasion to address to you a separate dispatch. "I have thus, in a brief manner," says the Hon. Mr. Cushing, "indicated some of the peculiar provisions of this treaty. Many of them are new and important. Some of the English newspapers have commented rather boastfully upon the fact that the English arms had opened the ports of China to other nations, and at the same time have, with flippant ignorance, ridiculed the idea of a mission from the United States, to do that which (it was said) had been already wholly done by England. I ascribe all possible honor to the ability displayed by Sir Henry Pottinger in China, and to the success 6 which attended his negotiations; and I recognize the debt of gratitude which the Uni- ted States and all other nations owe to England, for what she has accomplished in China. From all this, much benefit has accrued to the United States. But, in return, the treaty of Wánghia, in the new provisions it makes, confers a great benefit on the commerce of the British empire; for the supplementary English treaty stipulates that any new privileges conceded by China to other nations shall be enjoyed also by Eng- land, and there is a similar provision in the treaty of Wánghia, and thus, whatever pro- gress either government makes in opening this vast empire to the influence of foreign commerce, is for the common good of each other and of all Christendom. The details. of the tariff are not yet completed, and some incidental questions remain to be arranged. I shall dispose of these matters as soon as possible, in order to transmit the treaty, and all the correspondence, and various other particulars of the negotiation, in season, if possible, to be laid before the Senate at the opening of the next session of Congress."* * NOTE.-The tariff was afterwards completed and is annexed hereto. TREATY. THE United States of America and the Tá Tsing Empire, desiring to estab- lish firm, lasting and sincere friendship between the two nations, have re- solved to fix, in a manner clear and positive, by means of a Treaty or general convention of peace, amity and commerce, the rules which shall in future be mutually observed in the intercourse of their respective countries: for which most desirable object, the President of the United States has conferred full powers on their commissioner Caleb Cushing, envoy extraordinary and minis- ter plenipotentiary of the United States to China, and the august sovereign of the Tá Tsing Empire, on his minister and commissioner extraordinary Kíying of the Imperial House, a vice-guardian of the heir apparent, governor-general of the Two Kwáng, and superintendent general of the trade and foreign in- tercourse at the five ports. And the said commissioners, after having ex- changed their said full powers, and duly considered the premises, have agreed to the following articles:- ART. I. There shall be a perfect, permanent and universal peace, and a sincere and cordial amity between the United States of America on the one part, and the Tá Tsing Empire on the other part, and between their people respectively without exception of persons or places. ART. II. Citizens of the United States resorting to China, for the purposes of commerce, will pay the duties of import and export prescribed in the Tariff which is fixed by and made a part of this Treaty. They shall in no case be subject to other or higher duties than are or shall be required of the people of any other nation whatever. Fees and charges of every sort are wholly abolished, and officers of the revenue who may be guilty of exaction shall be punished according to the laws of China. If the Chinese government desire to modify in any respect the said Tariff, such modifications shall be made only in consultation with consuls or other functionaries thereto duly authorized in behalf of the United States, and with consent thereof. And if additional ad- vantages or privileges of whatever description be conceded hereafter by China to any other nation, the United States and the citizens thereof shall be enti- tled thereupon to a complete, equal and impartial participation in the same. ART. III. The citizens of the United States are permitted to frequent the five ports of Kwangchau, Amoy, Fuchau, Ningpo and Shanghái, and to reside with their families, and trade there, and to proceed at pleasure, with their vessels and merchandise, to or from any foreign port, and from either of the said five ports to any other of them. But said vessels shall not unlawfully enter the other ports of China, nor carry on a clandestine and fraudulent trade along the coasts thereof. And any vessel, belonging to a citizen of the United 8 States, which violates this provision, shall with her cargo be subject to confis- cation to the Chinese government. ART. IV. For the superintendence and regulation of the concerns of citi- zens of the United States doing business at the said five ports, the government of the United States may appoint consuls, or other officers at the same, who shall be duly recognized as such by the officers of the Chinese government, and shall hold official intercourse and correspondence with the latter, either personal or in writing, as occasion may require, on terms of equality and re- ciprocal respect. If disrespectfully treated or aggrieved in any way by the local authorities, the said officers on the one hand shall have the right to make representation of the same to the superior officers of the Chinese gov- ernment, who will see that full inquiry and strict justice be had in the pre- mises, and on the other hand, the said consuls will carefully avoid all acts of unnecessary offense to or collision with the officers and people of China. ART. V. At each of the said five ports, citizens of the United States, law- fully engaged in commerce, shall be permitted to import from their own or any other ports into China, and sell there, and purchase therein and export to their own or any other ports all manner of merchandise, of which the importa- tion or exportation is not prohibited by this Treaty, paying the duties there- on which are prescribed by the Tariff hereinbefore established, and no other charges whatsoever. ART. VI. Whenever any merchant vessel belonging to the United States shall enter either of the said five ports for trade, her papers shall be lodged with the consul, or person charged with affairs, who will report the same to the commissioner of customs, and tonnage duty shall be paid on said vessel at the rate of five mace per ton, if she be over one hundred and fifty tons bur- den, and one mace per ton, if she be of the burden of one hundred and fifty tons, or under, according to the amount of her tonnage as specified in the re- gister; said payment to be in full of the former charges of measurement and other fees, which are wholly abolished. And if any vessel, which having an- chored at one of the said ports, and there paid tonnage duty, shall have occa- sion to go to any other of the said ports to complete the disposal of her cargo, the consul or person charged with affairs will report the same to the commis- sioner of customs, who, on the departure of the said vessel, shall note in the port clearance that the tonnage duties have been paid, and report the same to the other custom-houses: in which case, on entering another port, the said vessel shall only pay duty there on her cargo, but shall not be subject to the payment of tonnage duty a second time. ART. VII. No tonnage duty shall be required on boats belonging to citi- zens of the United States, employed in the conveyance of passengers, baggage, letters, and articles of provision or others not subject to duty, to or from any of the five ports. All cargo boats, however, conveying merchandise subject to duty, shall pay the regular tonnage duty of one mace per ton, provided 9 they belong to citizens of the United States, but not if hired by them from subjects of China. ART. VIII. Citizens of the United States, for their vessels bound in, shall be allowed to engage pilots who will report said vessels at the passes, and take them into port; and when the lawful duties have all been paid, they may engage pilots to leave port. It shall be lawful for them to hire at plea- sure servants, compradores, linguists and writers, and passage or cargo boats, and to employ laborers, seamen and persons for whatever necessary service, for a reasonable compensation to be agreed on by the parties, or settled by application to the consular officer of their own government, without inter- ference on the part of the local officers of the Chinese government. ART. IX. Whenever merchant vessels belonging to the United States shall have entered port, the superintendent of customs will, if he see fit, appoint custom-house officers to guard said vessels, who may live on board the ship or their own boats at their convenience; but provision for the subsistence of said officers shall be made by the superintendent of customs, and they shall not be entitled to any allowance from the vessel or owner thereof, and they shall be subject to suitable punishment for any exaction practised by them in violation of this regulation. ART. X. Whenever a merchant vessel belonging to the United States shall cast anchor in either of the said ports, the supercargo, master or con- signee will, within forty-eight hours, deposit the ship's papers in the hands of the consul, or person charged with affairs of the United States, who will cause to be communicated to the superintendent of customs a true report of the name and tonnage of such vessel, the names of her men, and of the cargo on board, which being done, the superintendent will give a permit for the dis- charge of her cargo. And the master, supercargo, or consignee, if he proceed to discharge the cargo without such permit, shall incur a fine of five hundred dollars, and the goods so discharged without permit shall be subject to for- feiture to the Chinese government. But if the master of any vessel in port desire to discharge a part only of the cargo, it shall be lawful for him to do so, paying duty on such part only, and to proceed with the remainder to any other ports. Or if the master so desire, he may within forty-eight hours after the arrival of the vessel, but not later, decide to depart without breaking bulk; in which case he will not be subject to pay tonnage or other duties or charges, until, on his arrival at another port, he shall proceed to discharge cargo, when he will pay the duties on vessel and cargo according to law. And the tonnage duties shall be held due after the expiration of said forty- eight hours. ART. XI. The superintendent of customs, in order to the collection of the proper duties, will, on application made to him through the consul, appoint suitable officers, who shall proceed, in the presence of the captain, supercargo or consignee, to make a just and fair examination of all goods in the act of 2 10 being discharged for importation, or laden for exportation, on board any mer- chant vessel of the United States. And if dispute occur in regard to the value of goods subject to ad valorem duty, or in regard to the amount of tare, and the same cannot be satisfactorily arranged by the parties, the question may within twenty-four hours, and not afterwards, be referred to the said consul to adjust with the superintendent of customs. ART. XII. Sets of standard balances, and also weights and measures duly prepared, stamped and sealed according to the standard of the custom-house of Canton, shall be delivered by the superintendent of customs to the consuls of each of the five ports, to secure uniformity and prevent confusion in the measure and weight of merchandise. ART. XIII. The tonnage duty on vessels belonging to citizens of the Uni- ted States shall be paid on their being admitted to entry. Duties of import shall be paid on the discharge of the goods, and duties of export on the lading of the same. When all such duties shall have been paid, and not before, the superintendent of customs shall give a port clearance, and the consul shall return the ship's papers, so that she may depart on her voyage. The duties shall be paid to the shroffs authorized by the Chinese government to receive the same in its behalf. Duties payable by merchants of the United States shall be received either in sycee silver or in foreign money, at the rate of exchange as ascertained by the regulations now in force. And imported goods, on their resale or transit in any part of the empire, shall be subject to the imposition of no higher duty than they are accustomed to pay at the date of this Treaty. ART. XIV. No goods on board any merchant vessel of the United States in port, are to be transhipped to another vessel, unless there be particular occa- sion therefor, in which case the occasion shall be certified by the consul to the superintendent of customs, who may appoint officers to examine into facts, and permit the transhipment. And if any goods be transhipped without such application, inquiry and permit, they shall be subject to be forfeited to the Chinese government. ART. XV. The former limitation of the trade of foreign nations to certain persons appointed at Canton by the government, and commonly called Hong merchants, having been abolished, citizens of the United States, engaged in the purchase or sale of goods of import or export, are permitted to trade with any and all subjects of China without distinction; they shall not be subject to any new limitations, nor impeded in their business by monopolies or other injurious restrictions. ART. XVI. The Chinese government will not hold itself responsible for any debts which may happen to be due from subjects of China to citizens of the United States, or for frauds committed by them; but citizens of the United States may seek redress in law; and on suitable representation being made to the Chinese local authorities through the consul, they will cause due ex- 11 amination in the premises, and take all proper steps to compel satisfaction. But in case the debtor be dead or without property, or have absconded, the creditor cannot be indemnified according to the old system of the cohong so called. And if citizens of the United States be indebted to subjects of China, the latter may seek redress in the same way through the consul, but without any responsibility for the debt on the part of the United States. ART. XVII. Citizens of the United States residing or sojourning at any of the ports open to foreign commerce, shall enjoy all proper accommodation in obtaining houses and places of business, or in hiring sites from the inhabitants. on which to construct houses and places of business, and also hospitals, churches and cemeteries. The local authorities of the two governments shall select in concert the sites for the foregoing objects, having due regard to the feelings of the people in the location thereof; and parties interested will fix the rent by mutual agreement, the proprietors on the one hand not demanding any exorbitant price, nor the merchants on the other unreasonably insisting on particular spots, but each conducting with justice and moderation. And any desecration of said cemeteries by subjects of China shall be severely punished according to law. At the places of anchorage of the United States, the citizens of the United States, merchants, seamen or others sojourning there, may pass and repass in the immediate neighborhood, but they shall not at their plea- sure make excursions into the country among the villages at large, nor shall they repair to public marts for the purpose of disposing of goods unlawfully, and in fraud of the revenue. And in order to the preservation of the public peace, the local officers of government, at each of the five ports, shall, in con- cert with the consuls, define the limits beyond which it shall not be lawful for citizens of the United States to go. ART. XVIII. It shall be lawful for the officers or citizens of the United States to employ scholars and people of any port of China without distinction of persons to teach any of the languages of the empire, and to assist in literary labors; and the persons so employed shall not for that cause be subject to any injury on the part either of the government or of individuals, and it shall in like manner be lawful for citizens of the United States to purchase all man- ner of books in China. ART. XIX. All citizens of the United States in China peaceably attending to their affairs, being placed on a common footing of amity and good will with subjects of China, shall receive and enjoy for themselves, and everything apper- taining to them, the special protection of the local authorities of government, who shall defend them from all insult or injury of any sort on the part of the Chinese. If their dwellings or property be threatened or attacked by mobs, incendiaries or other violent and lawless persons, the local officers on requisition of the consul will immediately dispatch a military force to disperse the riot- ers, and will apprehend the guilty individuals and punish them to the utmost rigor of the law. 12 ART. XX. Citizens of the United States who may have imported merchan- dise into any of the free ports of China, and paid the duty thereon, if they de- sire to re-export the same in part or in whole to any other of the said ports, shall be entitled to make application through their consul, to the superinten- dent of customs, who, in order to prevent fraud on the revenue, shall cause examination to be made by suitable officers to see that the duties paid on such goods as are entered on the custom-house books, correspond with the repre- sentation made, and that the goods remain with their original marks unchang- ed, and shall then make a memorandum in the port clearance of the goods and the amount of duties paid on the same and deliver the same to the merchant, and shall also certify the facts to the officers of customs of the other ports; all which being done, on the arrival in port of the vessel in which the goods are laden, and everything being found on examination there to correspond, she shall be permitted to break bulk and land the said goods, without being subject to the payment of any additional duty thereon. But if on such exami- nation, the superintendent of customs shall detect any fraud on the revenue in the case, then the goods shall be subject to forfeiture and confiscation to the Chinese government. ART. XXI. Subjects of China who may be guilty of any criminal act to- wards citizens of the United States shall be arrested and punished by the Chinese authorities according to the laws of China. And citizens of the United States who may commit any crime in China, shall be subject to be tried and punished only by the consul or other public functionary of the United States thereto authorized according to the laws of the United States. And in order to the prevention of all controversy and disaffection, justice shall be equitably and impartially administered on both sides. ART. XXII. Relations of peace and amity between the United States and China being established by this treaty, and the vessels of the United States being admitted to trade freely to and from the five ports of China open to for- eign commerce, it is further agreed, that in case at any time hereafter China should be at war with any foreign nation whatever, and should for that cause exclude such nation from entering her ports, still the vessels of the United States shall not the less continue to pursue their commerce in freedom and security, and to transport goods to and from the ports of the belligerent powers, full respect being paid to the neutrality of the flag of the United States: provided that the said flag shall not protect vessels engaged in the transport- ation of officers or soldiers in the enemy's service, nor shall said flag be frau- dulently used to enable the enemy's ships with their cargoes to enter the ports of China; but all such vessels so offending shall be subject to forfeiture and confiscation to the Chinese government. ART. XXIII. The consuls of the United States at each of the five ports open to foreign trade, shall make annually to the respective governors-general thereof, a detailed report of the number of vessels belonging to the United 13 States which have entered and left said ports during the year, and of the amount and value of goods imported or exported in said vessels, for transmis- sion to and inspection of the Board of Revenue. ART. XXIV. If citizens of the United States have special occasion to address any communication to the Chinese local officers of government, they shall submit the same to their consul or other officer to determine if the lan- guage be proper and respectful, and the matter just and right, in which event he shall transmit the same to the appropriate authorities for their considera- tion and action in the premises. In like manner, if subjects of China have special occasion to address the consul of the United States, they shall submit the communication to local authorities of their own government, to determine if the language be respectful and proper, and the matter just and right: in which case the said authorities will transmit the same to the consul or other officer for his consideration and action in the premises. And if controversies arise between citizens of the United States and subjects of China, which cannot be amicably settled otherwise, the same shall be examined and decided con- formably to justice and equity by the public officers of the two nations acting in conjunction. ART. XXV. All questions in regard to rights, whether of property or per- son, arising between citizens of the United States in China, shall be subject to the jurisdiction and regulated by the authorities of their own government. And all controversies occurring in China between citizens of the United States and the subjects of any other government shall be regulated by the treaties existing between the United States and such governments respectively, without interference on the part of China. ART. XXVI. Merchant vessels of the United States being in the waters of the five ports of China open to foreign commerce, will be under the jurisdic- tion of the officers of their own government, who with the masters and owners thereof will manage the same without control on the part of China. For injuries done to the citizens or the commerce of the United States by any foreign power, the Chinese government will not hold itself bound to make reparation. But if the merchant vessels of the United States while within the waters over which the Chinese government exercises jurisdiction, be plundered by robbers or pirates, then the Chinese local authorities, civil and military, on receiving information thereof will arrest the said robbers or pirates, and punish them according to law, and will cause all the property which can be recovered, to be placed in the hands of the nearest consul, or other officer of the United States, to be by him restored to the true owner. But if by reason of the extent of territory and numerous population of China, it shall in any case happen that the robbers cannot be apprehended, and the property only in part recovered, then the law will take its course in regard to the local authorities, but the Chinese government will not make indemity for the goods lost. 14 ART. XXVII. If any vessel of the United States shall be wrecked or stranded on the coast of China, and be subjected to plunder or other damage, the proper officers of government, on receiving information of the fact, will immediately adopt measures for their relief and security, and the persons on board shall receive friendly treatment, and be enabled to repair at once to the most convenient of the five ports and enjoy all facilities for obtaining supplies of provisions and water. And if a vessel shall be forced in whatever way to take refuge in any port other than one of the five ports, then in like manner the persons on board shall receive friendly treatment, and the means of safety and security. ART. XXVIII. Citizens of the United States, their vessels and property, shall not be subject to any embargo; nor shall they be seized or forcibly de- tained for any pretense of the public service, but they shall be suffered to prosecute their commerce in quiet, and without molestation or embarrassment. ART. XXIX. The local authorities of the Chinese government will cause to be apprehended all mutineers and deserters from on board the vessels of the United States in China, and will deliver them up to the consuls or other of- ficers for punishment. And if criminals, subjects of China, take refuge in the houses or on board the vessels of citizens of the United States, they shall not be harbored or concealed, but shall be delivered up to justice, on due requisition by the Chinese local officers, addressed to those of the United States. The merchants, seamen and other citizens of the United States shall be under the superintendence of the appropriate officers of their government. If individuals of either nation commit acts of violence and disorder, use arms to the injury of others, or create disturbances, endangering life, the officers of the two governments will exert themselves to enforce order, and to maintain the public peace by doing impartial justice in the premises. ART. XXX. The superior authorities of the United States and of China, in corresponding together shall do so on terms of equality, and in the form of mutual communication (chau hwui.) The consuls and the local officers, civil and military, in corresponding together, shall likewise employ the style and form of mutual communication (chau hwui ;) when inferior officers of the one government address superior officers of the other, they shall do so in the style and form of memorial (shin chin.) Private individuals in addressing superior officers shall employ the style of petition (pin ching.) In no case shall any terms or style be suffered which shall be offensive or disrespectful to either party. And it is agreed that no presents under any pretext or form whatever shall ever be demanded of the United States by China, or of China by the United States. ART. XXXI. Communications from the government of the United States to the court of China shall be transmitted through the medium of the imperial commissioner charged with the superintendence of the concerns of foreign 15 nations with China, or through the governor-general of the Liáng Kwang, that of Min and Cheh, or that of the Liáng Kiáng. ART. XXXII. Whenever ships of war of the United States, in cruising for the protection of the commerce of their country, shall arrive at any of the ports of China, the commanders of said ships, and the superior local authorities of government shall hold intercourse together in terms of equality and courtesy in token of the friendly relations of their respective nations. And the said ships of war shall enjoy all suitable facilities on the part of the Chinese government in the purchase of provisions, procuring water and making repairs if occasion requires. ART. XXXIII. Citizens of the United States who shall attempt to trade clandestinely with such of the ports of China as are not open to foreign com- merce, or who shall trade in opium or any other contraband article of mer- chandise, shall be subject to be dealt with by the Chinese government, without being entitled to any countenance or protection from that of the United States; and the United States will take measures to prevent their flag from being abused by the subjects of other nations as a cover for the violation of the laws of the empire. ART. XXXIV. When the present convention shall have been definitively concluded, it shall be obligatory on both powers, and its provisions shall not be altered without grave cause; but, inasmuch as the circumstances of the several ports of China open to foreign commerce are different, experience may show that inconsiderable modifications are requisite in those parts which relate to commerce and navigation; in which case the two governments will at the expiration of twelve years from the date of the said convention treat amicably concerning the same, by the means of suitable persons appointed to conduct such negotiation. And when ratified, this treaty shall be faithfully observed in all its parts by the United States and China, and by every citizen and subject of each. And no individual state of the United States can appoint or send a minister to China to call in question the provisions of the same. The present treaty of peace, amity and commerce shall be ratified and approved by the President of the United States by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and by the august sovereign of the Tá Tsing Empire, and the ratifications shall be exchanged within eighteen months from the date of the signature thereof, or sooner if possible. In faith whereof, we, the respective plenipotentiaries of the United States of America, and of the Tá Tsing Empire as aforesaid, have signed and sealed these presents. Done at Wánghiá, this third day of July, in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, and of Táu- kwáng the twenty-fourth year, fifth month and eighteenth day. TARIFF OF DUTIES. The Tariff of Duties to be levied on merchandise imported and exported (by citizens of the United States, and the same privilege is accorded to the people of all other nations) at the five ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuhchau, Ningpo, and Shanghái. The duties which it is agreed shall be paid upon goods imported and ex- ported by the United States at the custom-houses of Canton, Amoy, Fuhchau, Ningpo, and Shánghái, are as follows: the articles being arranged in classes, viz: EXPORTS. CLASS 1. ALUM, OIL, &c. Alum, i. e. white Alum, formerly white alum and blue stone.. Anniseed oil, not formerly contained in the tariff........ Cassia oil, not formerly in the tariff.... CLASS 2. TEA, SPICES, &c. Tea, formerly divided into fine and native black, and fine and native green teas....... Anniseed star.. Musk... Capoor cutchery.. Camphor PER pecul T. M. C. 0 1 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 2 5 0 050 each catty 05 0 CLASS 3. DRUGS. pecul 0 3 0 1 5 0 Arsenic, under different Chinese names. Cassia... 0 7 5 0 7 5 Cassia buds, not formerly contained in the tariff China root.... "( 1 0 0 Cubebs, not formerly contained in the tariff.... Galangal. 020 150 0 1 0 Hartall Rhubarb. Turmeric... 0 5 0 1 0 0 << 020 17 CLASS 4. SUNDRIES. Bangles, not formerly contained in the tariff. Bamboo Screens, and bamboo ware...... Corals, native or false corals, not formerly contained in the tariff..... Crackers and fire-works, formerly classed as rockets... Fans, (feather fans, &c.,) not formerly contained in the tariff Glass, glass ware of all kinds, formerly classed as native crys- tal ware. Glass beads, or false pearls. Kittisols, or paper umbrellas. • • Marble, marble slabs, not formerly in the tariff. Rice paper pictures. Paper fans.... .. Pearls, (false,) not formerly in the tariff. • • PER pecul T. M. C. 050 0 2 0 050 0 7 5 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 << 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 (C 0 5 0 Brass leaf.... Gamboge.. Red lead.. CLASS 5. PAINTERS' STORES, &c. (c 150 "6 200 0 5 0 Glue, as fish glue, cowhide glue, &c.. 0 5 0 Paper, stationery. • Tin-foil... tr 0 5 0 35 0 5 0 Vermilion..……. Paintings, (large paintings,) formerly divided into large and small paintings. CC 300 each 010 White Lead.. pecul 0 2 5 CLASS 6. WARES OF VARIOUS KINDS. Bone and horn ware....... 1 0 0 China ware, fine and coarse, formerly classed as fine native, coarse, and middling……. 0 5 0 Copper ware and pewter ware. 0 5 0 · • Manufacture of wood, furniture, &c.. Ivory ware, all carved ivory work included, formerly divided into ivory and ivory carvings.. Lacquered ware…….. Mother of pearl ware. • 1 0 0 020 500 1 0 0 Rattan ware, rattan and bamboo work.. Sandal-wood ware. Gold and silver ware, formerly divided into gold ware and silver ware…….. Tortoise-shell ware Leather trunk and boxes. 0 2 0 100 10 0 0 10 0 0 020 CLASS 7. CANES, &c. Canes or walking sticks of all kinds.... ps. 1000 0 5 0 3 18 CLASS 8. ARTICLES OF CLOTHING, Wearing apparel, whether of cotton, woolen, or silk, formerly divided into cotton clothing, woolen clothing, silk do., satin do. and velvet.... Boots and shoes, whether of leather, satin or otherwise.... CLASS 9. FABRICS OF HEMP, &c. Grass cloth, and all cloths of hemp or linen..... Nankeen, and all cloths of cotton formerly not in the tariff…… PER T. M. C. pecul 0 5 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 CLASS 10. SILKS, FABRICS OF SILK, &c. Raw silk of any province. 10 0 0 Coarse or refuse silk.. 2 50 Organzine, of all kinds..... CC 10 0 0 Silk ribbon and thread.... 10 0 0 Silk and satin fabrics of all kinds, as crape, lustring, &c. &c., formerly classed as silk and satins... 12 0 0 Silk and cotton mixed fabrics.... 3 0 0 Heretofore a further charge per piece has been levied; the whole duty is now to be paid in one sum, and the further charge is abolished. CLASS 11. CARPETING, MATTING, &c. Mats, of all kinds, as of straw, rattan, bamboo, &c. &c...... CLASS 12. PRESERVES, &c. Preserved ginger, and fruits of all kinds... Soy... Sugar, white and brown... Sugar Candy, all kinds... 0 20 0 5 0 04 0 << 0 2 5 66 0 3 5 0 20 Tobacco, prepared and unprepared, &c., of all kinds.. CLASS 13. UNENUMERATED ARTICLES. All articles which it has not been practicable to enumerate herein specifically, are to be charged a duty of five per cent. ad valorem. CLASS 14. GOLD AND SILVER COIN, AND GOLD AND SILVER-duty free. CLASS 15. BRICKS, TILES, AND BUILDING MATERIALS-duty free. IMPORTS. CLASS 1. WAX, SALTPETRE, &c. Wax, foreign, as bees wax, also called tile wax ... pecul 100 Oil of rose maloes...... 16 1 0 0 Saltpetre, foreign.. 0 3 0 This article is only allowed to be sold to the government mer- chants, formerly this regulation did not exist. Soaps, foreign, as perfumed soaps.. • 0 5 0 19 CLASS 2. SPICES AND PERFUMES. Gum benzoin and oil of benzoin. Sandal wood.. Pepper, black All other articles of this class not specifically mentioned here- in, to pay a duty of ten per cent. ad valorem. Perfumery five per cent. ad valorem. Asafoetida... CLASS 3. DRUGS. Camphor, superior quality, i. e. pure, formerly classed as good and inferior.... Camphor, inferior quality or refuse, formerly uncleaned cam- phor... Cloves, superior quality, picked…….. Cloves, inferior quality, (mother cloves) …. ... Cow bezoar. Cutch. Gambier.... Areca nut. PER T. M. C. pecul 1 0 0 66 0 5 0 66 040 1 0 0 100 66 050 เส 1 5 0 050 per calty 1 0 0 pecul 0 3 0 0 1 5 0 1 5 Ginseng, foreign, superior quality, &c.,. Ginseng, inferior quality, &c.. Of every hundred catties of foreign ginseng of whatever sort, one fifth part is to be considered as of superior quality and four 38 0 0 3 5 0 fifths of inferior quality. Gum olibanum. Myrrh.... Mace or flower of nutmeg. Quicksilver • Nutmegs, first quality. • Nutmegs, second quality or coarse. Putchuck Rhinoceros horns... Flints. Mother of pearl shells... CLASS 4. SUNDRIES. CLASS 5. DRIED MEATS. Birds' nests, first quality, mandarin. Birds' nests, second quality, ordinary. Birds' nests, third quality, with feathers. Biche-de-mar, first quality, black.... Biche-de-mar, second quality, white... Sharks' fins, first quality, white.... Sharks' fins, second quality, black. Stockfish, called dried fish.... Fish maws, not formerly in the tariff. • • • • ઃઃ 0 5 0 ઃઃ 0 5 0 1 0 0 * * 3 0 0 200 100 0 7 5 3 0 0 005 0 2 0 500 250 0 5 0 080 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 04 0 150 20 CLASS 6. PAINTERS' STORES. Cochineal.... Smalts.... Sapan wood... CLASS 7. WOODS, CANES, &c. Rattans. Ebony. • All other imported wood, as red-wood, satin-wood, yellow- wood, not specifically enumerated, to pay a duty of ten per cent. ad valorem. PER T. M. C. pecul 5 0 0 tr 4 0 0 0 10 35 CLASS 8. CLOCKS, WATCHES, &c. Clocks, watches, telescopes, glass panes, and crystal ware of all kinds, writing desks, dressing cases, jewelry of gold and sil- ver, cutlery, swords, &c. All the foregoing, and any other miscellaneous articles of the same description, five per cent. ad valorem. CLASS 9. GOLD AND SILVER BULLION-duty free. CLASS 10. COTTON. 0 2 0 01 5 Fabrics of cotton canvass, from 75 to 100 chih long, and I chih 7 tsun to 2 chih 2 tsun wide.... piece 0 5 0 Cotton, allowing five per cent for tare.. pecul 040 Long white cloths, 75 to 100 chih long and 2 chih 2 tsun to 2 chih 6 tsun wide, formerly divided into superior and inferior fine cotton cloth .... piece 015 Cambrics and muslins, from 50 to 60 chih long, and 2 chih 9 tsun to 3 chih 3 tsun wide....... cr 0 15 Cottons, grey or unbleached domestic, and from 75 to 100 chih long, and 2 chih to 2 chih 9 tsun wide, formerly classed as coarse long cloths.....……………………… Twilled cottons, grey, same dimensions.... Chintz and prints, of all kinds from 60 to 70 chih long and from 2 chih 9 tsun to 3 chih 3 tsun wide, formerly called ornamented or flower cloths... Cotton yarn, or cotton thread.... Linen, fine, not formerly in the tariff, from 50 to 75 chih long, and 1 chih 9 tsun to 2 chih 2 tsun wide...... Bunting All other imported articles of this class, as ginghams, puli- cates, dyed cottons, velveteens, silk and cotton mixtures of linen and cotton, &c. &c., five per cent ad valorem. 010 0 1 0 pecul 020 1 0 0 050 per chang 0 0 1½ CLASS 11. FABRICS OF SILK, WOOLEN, &c. Handkerchiefs, large, above 2 chih 6 tsun... Handkerchiefs, small, under 2 chih 6 tsun………. Gold and silver thread, superior or real. Gold and silver thread, inferior or imitation. each 0 0 1/ CC 0 0 1 per catty 0 1 3 003 21 CLASS 11. FABRICS OF SILK, WOOLEN, &c.—(Continued.) Broadcloth, Spanish stripes, &c., from 3 chih 6 tsun to 4 chih 6 tsun wide. Narrow cloths, as long ells, cassimeres, &c., formerly classed as narrow woolens.... PER chang པ༷ ་ Camlets, Dutch. Camlets..... Imitation camlets or bombazetts.. Woolen yarn.. Blankets. All other fabrics of wool, or of mixed wool and cotton, wool and silk, &c., five per cent. ad valorem. T. M. C. 0 1 5 007 0 15 33 0 0 7 0 0 3/½2 pecul 3 0 0 each 0 1 0 CLASS 12. WINES, &c. Wine and beer, in quart bottles. per 100 100 Wine in pint bottles.. 050 Wine in cask……….. pecul 05 0 CLASS 13. METALS. Copper, foreign, in pigs, &c..... Copper, wrought, as sheets, rods, &e…….. Iron, foreign, unmanufactured, as in pigs. Iron, manufactured, as in bars, rods, &c.. Lead, foreign, in pigs or manufactured. Steel, foreign, of every kind……. Tin, foreign.. Tin plates, formerly not on the tariff.. 1 0 0 1 5 0 66 ... 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 28 Spelter is only permitted to be sold to government merchants. All unenumerated metals, as zinc, yellow-copper, &c., ten per per cent ad valorem. 040 66 100 0 4 0 Cornelians.. Cornelian beads. • CLASS 14. JEWELRY. 100 stones pecul 050 10 0 0 CLASS 15. SKINS, TEETH, HORNS, &c. Bullock and buffalo horns, &c..... Cow and ox hides, tanned and untanned………. Sea otter skins. Fox skins, large.. Fox skins, small. • Tiger, leopard, and martin skins.. Land otter, raccoon and shark skins. Beaver skins.. ≈5 200 0 5 0 each 1 5 0 0 15 0 0 72 015 hundred 2 0 0 5 0 0 Hare, rabbit, and ermine skins... 0 5 0 Sea-horse teeth...... pecul 2 0 0 Elephant teeth, first quality, whole..... 400 Elephant's teeth, second quality, broken... 200 22 CLASS 16. UNENUMERATED. All new goods, which it has not been practicable to enumerate herein, a duty of five per cent. ad valorem. CLASS 17. RICE AND OTHER GRAINS-duty free. Contraband-Opium. SHIPPING DUES. These have been hitherto charged on the measurement of the ship's length and breadth, at so much per chang; but it is now agreed to alter the system and charge according to the registered statement of the numbered tons of the ship's burden. On each ton (reckoned equal to the cubic contents of 122 tons) a shipping charge of five mace is to be levied, and all the old charges of measurement, entrance, and port clear- ance fees, daily and monthly fees, &c., are abolished. C. CUSHING. [L. S.] TSIYENG. [L. S.] Duties are paid in pure sycee silver or its equivalent to the government shroffs or bankers, who give a receipt for the same. The rates at which foreign coin is taken by the Chinese government have been settled from actual assay, according to the following scale. PROCESS OF THE ASSAY. Assay of 20 New Rupees. Assay of 5 New Peruvi- an Dollars. Assay of 5 Assay of 5 Assay of 5 New Mexican New Bolivian New Chilian Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Assay of 5 Dollars Cut Money. Weighed before melting, Weighed after melting, re- melting, and cast into a shoe of pure sycee, Loss of weight, Value of 100 taels' weight| of each coin, Difference between 100 taels' weight of coin and of pure sycee, Amount of coin to be paid to equal 100 taels of pure sycee, T.M.C.C. T.M.C.C. T.M.C.C.| T.M.C.C.) T.M.C.C.T.M.C.C 3 6 0 0 3 5 7 5 3 2 3 0 3 195 620 3 5 6 5 0 0 5 5 3 0 370 Rupees. Peruvian. 91 0 8 589 7 2 2 3 6 0 0 3 5 9 5 3 6 0 0 3 2 1 0 3 1 9 5 3 180 0 3 8 0 0 390 04000 420 Mexican. Bolivian. Chilian. Cut mo'y. 89 3 7 1 89 1 67 88 8 7 0 88 334 8 9 1 5 10 2 7 7 10 6 2 9 10 8 3 3 11 1 3 0 11 6 6 6 109 7 9 0 111 4 5 5111 9 0 0 112 1 5 0112 5 2 0113 2 0 7 The expenses of melting, remelting, &c., &c., amounting to a charge of 1 tael 2 mace for every 100 taels, must be added to the last amount, and also a small per-centage of 4 mace 5 cand. in every 100 taels for the difference between the scales at the custom- house and those used by the shroff in the assay. Not quite so much however as 4m. 5c. is actually paid, but only 2m. 3c. making about 13 per cent. more than the nominal duty as the real duty. It will be seen from this assay, that until sycee rises to 10 per cent. premium, it will be a more advantageous medium for the foreign merchant to pay the duties in than in any kind of foreign coin. The circulating medium at Canton is, as has been mentioned, broken Spanish dollars; the value of which in relation to the tael varies in different transactions, according to long-established usage. In calculations, or accounts between foreigners and hong-mer- chants, taels are converted into dollars at the rate of..... taels 720 per $1000 Payments in cash are generally weighed at.... But payments for Bengal opium at... "717 per 1000 718 per 1000 23 Payments for Malwa or Turkey opium are at.... Tradesmen generally, when paid by the compradors, receive payment at 715 taels to. Payments into the Company's treasury were at………………….. taels 717 per $1000 717 per 1000 718 per 1000 66 720 per 1000 At Macao, payments are usually at..... TABLE OF CHINESE MONEY AND WEIGHTS. Cand. Cash. (Lbs.avr | Grs, troy. Pecul. Catties. Taels. Mace. 1 100 1600 16,000 160,000 1,600,000 | 1331 1 160 160 1,600 16,000 11 1 10 100 1,000 oz. 11 579.84 1 10 100 57.984 1 10 5.7984 Note.-By some, and among others Dr. Kelly, the tael has been stated to be 580 grains troy. The difference is trifling, and the use of even numbers would probably have been found more convenient; but 579.84 grs, is the usual standard at Canton, At this standard, a pecul should weigh only 132.535 lbs. avoirdupois; but for the sake of convenience in calculation, the standard of 1334 lbs. has been commonly adopted; for thus, 3 peculs equal 400 lbs., and 3 taels equal 4 oz. avoirdupois. 7 THE NAVIGATION OF THE CHINA SEA. BY CAPTAIN COLLINSON, R. N. The following Papers and the annexed Chart are taken from the Report of the Select Committee of the BRITISH HOUSE OF COMMONS upon the RELATIONS WITH CHINA, made July 12th, 1847. COMPARATIVELY little or nothing was known of the east coast of China until the expe- dition of 1840; in fact, the charts were calculated rather to mislead than aid the seaman. Now, however, a large portion of the coast (800 miles) is correctly delineated, the Gov- ernment having kept vessels constantly employed surveying, and charts are published with sailing directions, by means of which vessels can navigate between Hong Kong and the Yang-tse-keang without that risk to which, from ignorance of the coast, they were formerly exposed. The following is a list of charts published by the Hydrographic Office, and other plans are in progress: Coast of China, Index Chart, from Kanton to Korea, corrected to 1846. South Coast, Sheet I., Hainan to Macao, 1840. Yulinkan Bay, 1760. Views on the Coast of Hainan, 1760. Teen-pe-heen Harbor, 1776. Shitoe Bay, 1786. Tonghou Cove, 1797. South Coast, Sheet II., Macao to Namoa, 1840. Macao, 1804. Cumsingmun Harbor. Canton River, Sheet I., corrected to 1840. Ditto, Sheet II., ditto. Ditto, Sheet III., ditto Ditto. Sheet IV., ditto. Ditto, Sheet V., ditto. Toongkoo Bay, 1838. Hong Kong, 1845. Views, Hong Kong, 1846. East Coast, Sheet II., Hong Kong to Heichechin Bay, 1846. Ditto, Sheet III., Heichechin Bay to Chauan, 1846. Ditto, Sheet IV., Chauan to Port Matheson. 25 Amoy Harbor, 1843. Chinchew Harbor, 1844. East Coast, Sheet V., Matheson Harbor to Rugged Point, 1843. Entrance to the River Min, 1843. East Coast, Sheet VI., Rugged Point to Pih-ke-shan, 1843. Ditto, Sheet VII., Pih-ke-shan to Heeshan, 1843. Ditto, Sheet VIII., Hieshan to Yang-tse-keang, 1843. Kwesan Islands, 1841. Nimrod Sound, 1843. Chusan Islands, South Sheet, 1841. Ditto, North Sheet, 1841. Tinghae Harbor, 1840. North Bay, Chusan, 1842. Kingtang Channel, 1843. Yungkeang, or Ningpo River, 1841. Chapoo Road, 1842. South and East Islands of the Saddle Group, 1842. The Yang-tse-keang, 1842. Route of the British Embassy along part of the Yang-tse-keang, 1816. Wosung River, 1842. Wosung to Shanghae and the Tienshan Lake. The following are preparing for publication:-Mirs Bay, Island of Namoa, Tongsan Harbor, Howtowshan Bay, Hoetow Bay, The Pescadores, North West Coast of For- mosa, Kelung Harbor, Entrance to the Min; besides small plans of Junk Anchorages and Roadsteads; by aid of which vessels will have no difficulty in finding their way up the coast; which affords numerous places for shelter, so much so, that in this distance of 800 miles, there are only three places where 30 miles intervene without anchorage, where vessels may ride securely during the N. E. monsoon, which is the most violent, and lasts two-thirds of the year. The passage to Shanghae from Hong Kong is now made, constantly, against the mon- soon, which was formerly deemed impracticable; but it would add greatly to the com mercial interest, and enable the smaller merchant to compete more successfully with the larger firms, if a regular communication was established, as it frequently happens that the latter, through their numerous fleet of fast-sailing vessels, obtain priority of information. Well-found steam vessels would perform the voyage as under: Hong Kong to Amoy. Amoy to Foochowfoo. • PASSAGE. DELAY. 2 days. 1 day. • • 1 day. 1 day. Foochowfoo to Shanghae, calling at Ningpo 3 days. TOTAL..... 6 days. 2 days. The communication between Hong Kong and Singapore occupies from eight to ten days, and should Laboan be resorted to, (as it is likely to be in consequence of the fa- cility of obtaining coal,) and particularly in the north-east monsoon, (when steam ves- sels are enabled to make good their way in the Palawan Channel when they could not do so in the open sea to the westward,) the time of performing the voyage will not be greatly increased, notwithstanding the distance is lengthened 400 miles, as greater speed will be obtained in consequence of the vessels not being required to carry so much fuel, and being somewhat more sheltered. 4 26 ! The access to Hong Kong would be a matter of much greater certainty if aided by light-houses at the entrance of the Ladrone and Lemma Channels, as vessels are very often swept away to the southward and westward by the current during the night, and experience considerable difficulty in regaining their ground. The entrance to the River Min is now exceedingly awkward to strangers for want of good leading marks, but the navigation of that river might be rendered comparatively easy by raising Rees' Rock (a small rock three or four feet above high water, on the south side of the river, and four miles within the bar) 20 feet higher than it is at present, placing a couple of buoys in the channel, and an iron perch on the outer reef; the out- lay for all which would not exceed £200. The mouth of the Yang-tse-Keang is also in its present state much in want of marks whereby to guide the seaman. Three total wrecks and the critical position in which many others have been placed, induced Captain Balfour in 1845 to represent to the authorities the necessity of taking some steps towards the prevention of these casualties. Annexed is the letter of the Naval Commander-in-Chief on the subject; but no mea- sures have been resorted to as yet, notwithstanding the additional insurances at present levied, which are a heavy charge upon the trade, far exceed the outlay contemplated. The Chinese authorities have expressed their readiness to protect the beacons when erected; it will, however, be necessary that a conference should take place among the plenipotentiaries of the foreign powers in China, in order to regulate the dues for their maintenance, otherwise the expense will fall totally on the British trade. It would also be found a great convenience if moorings were placed for the vessels to ride by at Shanghae, as the space allotted to the foreign trade is confined, and cannot be increased without encroaching upon the junks, who, having given way already, would not like to see tier after tier removed for the convenience of foreigners; when, by re- sorting to the same methods they have recourse to, viz. mooring head and stern, suffi- cient space would be found. It now remains to point out what has to be done in the China Sea. To the north of the Yang-tse-Keang there are 1,600 miles of coast unexplored, inde- pendent of the eastern side of the Corean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago. On the Island of Formosa, about 80 miles of coast-line have been laid down, leaving about 400 of which little is yet known. Between Formosa and the coast of China there exists a large portion of shallow water which requires examination. To the west of Hong Kong there are 240 miles of coast, the prominent points of which have been laid down by Captain Ross, and several of the harbors surveyed, but both it and the coast of Hainan, comprising a distance of 600 miles, require a closer investigation than he was permitted in those days to give it. Of the 600 miles comprising the Gulf of Tonquin, 300 may be said to be unknown. The 600 miles of the coast of Cochin China has been explored by order of the French Government. In the Gulf of Siam are 1,000 miles which require to be delineated. In the China Sea the coral reefs require to be relatively laid down and thoroughly in- vestigated, which, with the accurate delineation of the Palawan coast, is a great desi- deratum, and will occupy several years of arduous labor. 27 NATIVE TRADE. THE facility afforded for inland communication by means of the rivers and canals, throughout the empire, has probably greatly reduced the native trade, notwithstanding the natural advantages the coast possesses for the purpose, by means of its numerous harbors, and the certainty of periodical winds. Thus we find that along the whole Canton province, to the eastward of Hong Kong, there is but one mart of any consequence (Tysammi for salt), until we arrive near to its junction with Fokien. Here (opposite to the island of Namoa) the River Han empties itself into the sea through eight mouths (the southern of which is accessible to vessels drawing twelve or fifteen feet water), draining a large extent of country, the principal productions of which are sugar and tobacco. In Fokien the rivers do not traverse the province from east to west, as in Kwangtung, consequently the coasting communication is more active, and this probably has led to the fact that the Fokien men are considered the seamen of China; few junks being without one or more on board. To the south of Amoy are Tongsan and Howtowshan, both places of resort for the sugar trade; the former has an excellent harbor for all classes of vessels. Amoy being one of the ports to which we have access, need only be mentioned here as being probably third in point of native trade; Canton and Shanghae exceeding, while Ningpo and Foochow have less. Opposite to Amoy, and nearly midway between it and Formosa, are the Pescadore Islands, a group of low basaltic rocks, surrounded by coral reefs, which afford no article of export except fish. They afford not only an excellent asylum in the shape of harbors for the Formosa trade, but provide the means of correcting the reckoning; a subject of great importance in a channel where currents are strong, and where compasses are rude and astronomical observations unknown. A light-house (the only one we met with in the China Sea) is erected upon one of the islands, but being badly provided with oil, and furnished with oyster-shell windows instead of glass, it does not give that aid which it might. The Formosa coast, as far as we know, and from the report of the Chinese then- selves, is exceedingly hazardous to approach; but in consequence of its produce, viz. rice, sugar, and timber, junks are met with continually passing to and fro: its trade is not confined to the Fokien province, but extends throughout the whole of the maritime district. Between Amoy and Foochowfoo are Chimmo and Chinchew Bays, Meichow Sound and Hinghwa Bay, all of which carry on a considerable commerce; convoys of from 20 to as many as 80 sail will be seen arriving and departing. The first, Chimmo, maintains a great intercourse with the north end of Formosa. Chinchew, in lat. 24. 53, and long. 118. 38, is the most important; the town is situated on the left bank of a river, which flows from the Ankoi tea districts, and has sufficient depth of water for vessels of 17 feet draught to approach within seven miles of it. The junks lie close to the town, but are compelled to wait for a rise of tide, the bar not being accessible to them at all times. Foochowfoo carries on a very important trade in wood, both for building and fuel, with the northern provinces; but although the River Min, upon which it is situated, spreads its branches throughout the province, some of which reach the Black Tea dis- trict, there is no activity in point of trade, except in the staple article; and upon in- specting the records of the Dutch embassy, which ascended this river in 1664, we find 28 mention of dangerous rapids 13 leagues above Foochow. The embassy travelled on the river to Puching, which is 180 miles from Foochow, being 21 days accomplishing that distance; occasionally their progress in 24 hours was only 2 leagues. North of the Min is Fuhningfoo, from whence some trade is carried on to Formosa; andlin wood, with the Chekeang province. The coasting vessels of Chekeang are smaller, and may properly be designated large boats; the southern port of importance in the province is Wanchowfoo, situated on the left bank of the river Ngan, which has an inland communication of 100 miles, and pen- etrates to a silk district. Alum, which is in great request for purifying the river water, is one of the principal articles of export. The river will admit vessels of 14 feet draught, at low water, to within five miles of the town. North of Wanchow is Taechow, also on the banks of a river, which has 10 feet on the bar at its mouth at low water; this place supplies Shanghae and Soochow with fire- wood. There is an inland water communication, by means of the Tsientang River, between it and Ningpo, which will probably interfere with the ocean traffic. Hangchowfoo, the capital of the province, is situated on the left bank of the Tsien- tang, about 70 miles from its mouth, which is opposite to the northern part of the Chusan Archipelago. This river may be esteemed as a continuation of the Imperial Canal, 140 miles further to the south, and is of great importance, as it affords the nearest commu- nication with the tea district; unfortunately it is shallow at its mouth, and the naviga- tion is rendered exceedingly dangerous in consequence of the rapidity of the tides. Ningpo, in all probability, owes its prosperity to this cause, as it communicates by means of the Yungkeang and canals with the Tsientang, opposite to Hangchowfoo, and therefore may in some measure be esteemed its sea-port. As a native emporium it may be looked upon as fourth in point of traffic. Foochowfoo may send more vessels to sea in the course of the year, but their cargoes will not be so valuable. Chapoo, situated on the north side of the Tsientang, (the same side as Hangchow,) diverts, in all likelihood, some of the trade from Ningpo. It enjoys the monopoly of the Japan trade, amounting to from 12 to 6 vessels annually; but being a roadstead, it would not be so convenient for our purposes as the latter. There is a canal communi- cation between it and Hanchow. From Chapoo round to Shanghae there is no port, although the Ningpo boats will be seen running into creeks, where they lie aground at low water. Shanghae, although not the nearest point on the Yang-tse to the city of Soochow and the Imperial Canal, is the most bustling place of native traffic along the whole coast, and will probably soon rival Canton in foreign intercourse. The island of Tsungming maintains a considerable trade in cotton, salt, and fish. Native vessels are not permitted to pass further up the Yang-tse than about 40 miles beyond Woosung, consequently there is little or no traffic on the river until you arrive at Keangyin, (70 miles from the sea,) and where the effect of the tide is scarcely per- ceptible. Above this place, although the trade was interrupted during the occupation of the river by the fleet under Sir W. Parker, yet sufficient was seen to imply, notwithstanding the canals and the constant downward course of the river, that a large and important traffic was pursued upon it. Valuable cargoes, owing to the risk run from inferior knowledge in the art of naviga- tion, and the sea being infested with pirates, are seldom to be met with. I have boarded a fleet of 70 sail entirely laden with cabbages; and one or two Portuguese lorchas, man- ned with Manilla-men and Lascars, derive a profit from the sums paid by the Chinese convoys for their protection. In the event of access being permitted to the whole coast, the following may be es- 29 teemed as openings for foreign intercourse: Namoa, or the southern mouth of the River Han, Tongsan, Chimmo, Chinchew, Hingwhafoo, Kelung in Formosa, Wanchowfoo, Chapoo, and the Yang-tse-keang. 26 June, 1847. (Signed) RICHARD COLLINSON, Captain. SIR:- Vixen, at Chusan, 2d January, 1846. Having, on my recent visit to Shanghae, learned with much interest the rapid increase of the British trade at that port, and being aware from experience of the difficulties and inconveniences attending the approach of ships to it, I feel desirous of removing them as far as circumstances will admit. And although, from the port and country belonging to another State, and accessible to all nations, independent of our control, it will be impossible at present to render the approach to Shanghae so perfectly safe as it is suscep- tible of being made, yet a great deal may now be done at a very moderate expense, worthy of the consideration of the British trade already resorting there; and I take the liberty of enclosing to your Excellency, for the information of the mercantile commu- nity at Hong Kong, a memorandum, framed after consultation with Captain Collinson, touching upon the material points most deserving early attention, which I request your Excellency will do me the favor to cause to be communicated to that body, accompanied by my assurance that, upon the present, as upon every other occasion, I shall have great pleasure in availing myself of any opportunity of rendering my services useful in pro- moting the success and prosperity of their commercial enterprises. I have, &c. (Signed) To His Excellency, Sir J. F. DAVIS, Bart. &c. THOMAS COCHRANE, Rear-Admiral. MEMORANDUM. The difficulties attending the navigation of the Yang-tse-Keang from its entrance to the Wosung River, commence after passing Gutzlaff's Island, and losing sight of it, which frequently is the case in foggy weather, when not above eight or ten miles from it, although of a clear day the island is visible at the distance of 27 miles. On losing sight of the before-mentioned island there is nothing to guide the eye until you have advanced far up the river, even in clear weather, and as the land on the south- ern bank is very low, you must go considerably further in hazy weather to obtain an object to do so; in the mean time the lead is the only guide, but which, from the velocity and irregularity of the tides or current, will not indicate how far a vessel has ascended and the river; nor can one be very sure always as to the side of it on which he may be; the northern bank is dangerous to approach, in consequence of the deep water running close up to the sand. Under these circumstances it is most desirable that vessels entering this river should have marks leading from one to another, until so far advanced in it as to be able to carry four fathoms water within two or three miles of the southern shore. For which purpose, as well as to conduct a ship in safety into the Wosung River, and from thence to the port of Shanghae, it is recommended that the following arrange- ments should be made: 1st. On the starboard hand going in, a rude stone beacon to be erected on the Am- herst Rocks, elevating them 20 feet higher than they are at present. 2d. A Chinese boat, with a beacon or pole raised upon her, 50 feet high, surmounted by a suitable top, to be anchored within the horse-shoe of the sand called " Tungsha,” 30 as suggested by Captain Collinson. N. B. Hereafter a light-boat may be substituted for her. 3d. One beacon 50 feet high on the right bank of the river, placed, if possible, so as to be taken up on losing sight of Gutzlaff's Island in hazy weather. N. B. Captain Col- linson has been directed to find out such a position. 4th. One beacon 40 feet high on a point already chosen by Captain Collinson, and which will bear from the beacon boat S.S.W. W. by compass seven miles. 5th. One pole with a suitable top placed near the angle of the fort of Paushan, which coming on with a whitewashed mark already placed, to be a leading mark to the en- trance of the Wosung River. 6th. Three high poles, painted different colors, to replace three trees now existing as marks for advancing in the river; and one painted board, six feet square, elevated forty feet, to be placed under these poles, where a temporary board now exists. 7th. One transporting buoy properly moored on the port-hand entrance to the river. 8th. Three other similar buoys, to be placed as marked by Captain Collinson, to indi- cate the narrowest pass of the river to Shanghae, and to answer at the same time as warping buoys through the said narrows. 9th. Captain Balfour having suggested the propriety of having moorings laid down opposite to the consulate ground at Shanghae, for the purpose of securing ships arriving there, and preventing the accidents that will probably arise as the trade increases from vessels fouling each other, and also to obviate the confusion that must ensue where ves- sels are anchored without any plan or arrangement; and Captain Balfour having met the difficulty that occurred to me which might arise from the impossibility of securing obedience to any arrangement, however salutary, from vessels of other than our own nation, by informing me that the Chinese government had assigned a certain extent of frontage in face of the ground now secured to the British merchants, with permission to advance a certain distance into the river. I recommend that one small stone pillar may be placed on shore at each extremity of this grant, and two large buoys to correspond with the same in the river, the said buoys to be sufficiently large for warping buoys; and that old broken anchors be obtained with chain moorings, to be placed in two parallel lines within the said boundaries, and that proper but simple regulations be established for the use of them; and of which for- eign vessels could be permitted to avail themselves, on promising to conform to regula- tions, and to pay the usual fees for that accommodation. The following is a rough estimate of the probable expense of the arrangements more immediately required for the advantage of trade resorting to Shanghae: No. 2. Junk complete for service,... Hire per annum of suitable crew No. 3. One beacon 50 feet high,………. No. 4. One beacon 40 feet high,. No. 5. One pole at Paushan, • No. 6. Three poles, and putting up, } ... One square mark under the poles,... · Dollars. 1,500 360 300 200 150 40 The transporting or warping buoys, with their moorings, can easily be estimated for at Hong Kong, and should be prepared there. The Chinese authorities will, I understand, guarantee the protection from injury of the different marks, when once they are erected. (Signed) Vixen at Chusan, 2d January, 1846. THOMAS COCHRANE, Rear-Admiral. 31 Dangers in the Chinese Sea.-We copy from the Hongkong Register two notes indi- cating dangers, one on Formosa and one on the coast of Fuhkien. H. M. S. V. Royalist, Hongkong, 10th December, 1816. Sir, I have the honor to inform you that there exists a dangerous Reef off the north point of Formosa, which does not appear in the Admiralty Charts; and the north point, instead of being a high perpendicular head, as it is described, is a very low point. It is in Lat. 25° 18′ N., Long. 121° 35' E.; the Reef extends about one mile off it, and encir- cles the Coast to the westward. I should recommend all vessels giving that point a wide Berth. I have, &c. (Signed) D. M. GORDON, Lieutenant Commanding. To Captain TALBOT, H. M. S. Vestal, Senior Officer, &c. Her Majesty's ship Agincourt, Penang, 2d January, 1847. Sir, I am desired by H. E. the naval commander-in-chief, to send you the accom- panying corrections of Capt. Collinson's Sailing Directions for the Coast of China, for the purpose of being published in the Hongkong Register, for general information. I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant, To the Editor of the Hongkong Register. EDWARD WALLER, Secretary. Corrections of Capt. Collinson's Sailing Directions for the Coast of China. In the description of Red Bay (Lat. 24. 1. Long. 117. 52.) the bearing of the reef, which lays six cables from the low hill on the shore, is given as N. by E. it should be E. by N. and the reef within the anchorage of Red Bay is described as bearing S. 55. E. 7 cables from the southern black rock, when it ought to be N. 55. W. N. B.-It is to be observed here, that the bearings given in a letter from the Wolverine, dated 25th May, 1846, and published in the Hongkong Register, are incorrect. In the direction for proceeding to the anchorages in Chin-chew Bay-both north and south of the Boot Sand, for "Jatoi” Island read "Tatoi;”—and in the directions for the Saheen Rock and Mid Channel Reef, the same correction is to be made. N. B. For "Taheen" read "Saheen" in the description of this rock. Meichow Sound, (Lat. 25. 23. Long. 119. 10.) in the bearing of the flat patch sta- ted to be west nine cables from the Nine Pin Rock, read East Inner Harbor. The bearing of the South Rock from Rugged Point should be E. & N. 3.8 miles, instead of W. N. Add the final word "it" to the sentence giving the bearing of a sunken rock S. 57 W. 2 cables from the North Rock. The following are the corrected bearings of a sunken rock off the East point of Hong- hae Bay. Tysamme Mound (which is the highest point of the East end of Honghae Bay) bears N. 26 W. from it, and Goat Island (the largest of the first group of Islands to the South Eastward of the point) N. 50 E. 1.9 miles. EDWARD WALLER, Secretary to H. E. the Naval Commander-in-Chief H. M. Ship Agincourt. ご ​Penang, 2d January, 1847. NOTE.—The most correct Map of China is that prepared by Dr. Williams, of Canton, and published by Wiley & Putnam (in 1847) in connection with the work of Dr. Williams upon China, entitled “ The Middle Kingdom.” 22 24 26 32 34. 36 40 42. 112 38 Tea Yuen 0 114 116 188 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 LEAOUTUNG SELECT COMMITTEE ON COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH CHINA. YESSO 19 140 Malsimai Voleana Khakodade 142 Valcano Bay CEsarino Obura B. Kie-simo 0-Sinna C.Nadie da 0 or/Nadeshao C.Sanga ST OF SANGAR CGummalay Oga sima Promonts SADO P Nostro gawa Finoki yama DEWA Sakadi gu Siro 0 Kanilama Hsi-gawa Figumi gawa Senday B. Calsoudo Kouzi B. Hi saki Fort Kouno Saki P'Namba O-Saki Ou sima 1441 42 C'Gore Bigami I. Kiukwaza I 38 40 SEA OF JAPAN Souen hwa Tae-tung C 0 HAHLE Paon ting Peking Fooning Yang Ping G. of Leaon- tung Ta-long Kiang Han-tcheouo ant on China G. of Chible South Head Hoang Hang SNVHS Loo-gnan Shun tih Kwang Ping Chang-t thi О Tae-ming Tangchang Tsenan Woo ting Tue gran Tsing chow Lae chow Moo-e-taou is Tang chow Cheato Bay Wei hae wei Weihae Rosanso Ning hae-chow Wantung Prom of Shan-fang Tsing-hae-wei Ching-Shan-so. Ta Shanso Catacartney Stauntons I Hae yang so Nanhang of or Halls Group Argonaut 2. Lowkingtaonl Aleeste I Dagelet B Tsaio long King ki tao Hanyang San-pou Tiangpo-to .8 Ping hai 3P PS Tsih chow 0 Hwae king Ho-nan HONAN Wei Hway SHANTUNG Yaen chow Fou chan so Heahoso Helsin Basil Bay Couloo Fan-ling-teo Lang koa Kin Keng CClonart Chasan Hanynheen HWANG Amherst Is HAE Corean Archipelago Tsus sima ST'S OF COREA 320 Kwei thi Chin-chon Nan yang Joo ning Seung yang Gnan-luh Tig gran Ying chow o 30 King Chow Yoh-chow Han gang - Woo chang Hwang chew Kew Keang Nan hung WANG 28 Chang-sha HOOK Say-chow 0 Man-chang Ling-keang Foo chow Hang chow Chalin Kein Gnan Tesu chow NAN OR wae-gnan Yellow R 0 YELLOW 00 00 100 Fang yang Yung Chow Nan-king KE Chin keang Yangtsar KeungR Tsungmings Woo Sang Song Keang Shanghae Guan king the chow Jaou chew Kwang sin ANG SE Kan-chow Ping-chow FUH KEEN Fishers SEA Quelpaert I EASTER 16th 18th 17th 19th Hwy chow You chow Reu-chow Hang-chow Shaoutung KEANG Ning po Choo-shan Foo-too Do Killow & Hoa 26th OR The chow Kwei shan 27th Bear& Cubs BLUE Choo chow Wanchow Sung-mun Choo-man Shaop Woo Keenang Yen-Ping Fuh Sang Foo-chow Pih-kwan Le Shan I. • So yang L. Tinghuo P Fah-chow-Bag Haelan CNorth 00 229 SEA Jotilse sima Astrolaba 0: CNoto NOTO Toyama B. OKI IS Minato B. YET'SIOU CJtsoumo ΟΥΕΝΑΒΑ TANGO Wakasa B. TASIMA MIMASAKA BINGO SBITSEOU IWVM.L SOUWO AKI ITSOUMO FOURI NAGATA 0 CYemalan Saounada Sea KOUSEN IYO BISEN WAKASA TAMRA FARIMA Avasi SANOURI TOSA AWA SETSO Sima YETSISR MEACO ONIW TW MASTRO Oshho YOUSHA KAWATSI Kino Channel YAMATO KINO INDOT пак d KIUSIU Gottor Timonra! Colnet Iki Firandu 400 Naga saki The only Port open to Foreigners Takes Nomo Toay Sange TYISO CO TSIKOUSEN FISEN FIOUGA BOUNGO Gozin Is Okiis Vaisonsaki Bongo Chennel 8 0.0 KAGO SIMA че Yargoy Dogoinni B Rehitschagoff 75th STS OF VAN Morrison R. SemphasR SClan T Rock Juho 1. Annacle 120 Jakune sima J Jerobal Kikai sima DIEMEN Tanega Sima A 3.4 STKOKF 6th 26th 25th 240 232 Morrison L SulpherI. L00 CH00 ISLANDS North Group Wakide Julo Rock Doubtful Koomisang Typinsan MAD JICO SIMA San-Heung Shaon-chow KW AN G T UNG wang ung Hway chow 227222 Tactam or Canton Hing-Hwa 01 Lange Ock-Sow Tscnen-chow Kwoi-mun 23d Chang chow Chang poo Amoy Hawlow shin Chapol Brothers Pogodal Nanaou orLama Is Cof Good Hope 27th Breakers Pt Keu-tsze or Cupche B. Sha-tuntow Podro-Branco Lamong Kong I Macao Ladron Greatheema Suncian 28th 29th 264 24th 007 Panghoo Pescadore Fung Shan 04 O SA ISLAN Koong I 8th 120 South Cape 122 ది 144 July & 116 148 9th th Pa Palusan Ykima Rockookoko 10th 124. 126 NAPAKIANG Loochoo 128 14th 130 0 Twa sima Harbar Besaiten sintá Bangalo 19th 20th 27.8t 22d (N° 654.) Printed for G. Nve : for Private circulation by Geo F. Nesbitt: P I 132 134 F I C 136 27 Ou-sin Kwana ISSE Sigou WARI Mia B. Aug KOOTSOURI YETSANGO C.Kona SIMOUSA Temple of Kosina KAFI MOUSAST AGAMI YEDO OPSOFT SINOPSOKT PITATS MIKAWA TOOTOMI Z0 Irakosaki Sima 28th OZI C.Toolom Izom 29th Meaki sima Idu Volca Rock * NIPON KASOUSA AWA Oo-simo Veies 8 Duifgussi saki Kaissicu SLAN D No-Sima Ko-Sima S Mikoora sima Idu Prince **Jengen sima Broughtons R. X X IEatsizio Ko sima Awo-sima Tori sima Idu-Sud 0 C E A JAPAN, the Islands of LOOCHOO & FORMOSA, And the Maritime Provinces of CHINA With the tract of the Morrison's voyage in 1837. Chinese &Japanese Terms Chinese, Shanor San Mountain Sha Sands Keangor Ho River Chow Island Foo 1st Class City Chow 2nd D. Heen....3rd. Japanese, Yama Mountain. Sima Island. Nada Sea. Sakior Misaki Cape. Gawa River. Minuto Harbour 188 140 Ordered, by The House of Commons, to be Printed, 12th July, 1847. 142 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 ERRATUM. The paragraph, on page 24, commencing "The following Papers," &c., should have preceded the heading, "The Navigation of the China Sea." PHOTOMOUNT PAMPHLET BINDER Manufactured by GAYLORD BROS. Inc. Syracuse, N. Y. Stockton, Calif. WILSON ANNEX wils UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 341.273 T71 United States. 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