U.S. ORDNANCE DEPT.
Description and rules for the
management of the Spring-
field riffle, carbine,
and army revolvers.


THE LIBRARY
OF
THE
REGENTS
SITY OF
UNIVERSIT
OMNIBUS
ARTIBUS
MINNESOTA
355
Un338rd
DESCRIPTION
AND
RULES FOR THE MANAGEMENT
OF THE
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE, CARBINE,
AND
ARMY REVOLVERS.
7534 S R
CALIBER 45.

DEPARTMEN
ORDNANCE
S.A
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1887.


No. 2.
No. 1.
WIL.
2
U of M Binderý apr 23
355
Un338rd
ORDNANCE OFFICE,
WAR DEPARTMENT,
WASHINGTON, D. C., October 10, 1887.
The Honorable the Secretary of War:
SIR :
The accompanying revised "Description and Rules for the
Management of the Springfield Rifle, Carbine, and Army Revolver,
caliber .45″,” having been prepared under the direction of the com-
manding officer of the National Armory, are herewith respectfully
submitted for your examination and approval, and for authority to
have the same printed for the use of the Army.
Very respectfully,
APPROVED:
WM. C. ENDICOTT,
S. V. BENÉT,
Brig. Gen., Chief of Ordnance.
Secretary of War.
October 10, 1887.
28102
3
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE.
In pursuance of the "Act of Congress approved June 6, 1872, for the purpose of
selecting a breech system for the muskets and carbines for the military service of
the United States," a Board of Officers, composed of Brigadier-General A. H. Terry,
U. S. Army; Colonel P. V. Hagner, Ordnance Department; Colonel H. B. Clitz,
10th U. S. Infantry; Major M. A. Reno, 7th U. S. Cavalry; and Captain L. L.
Livingston, 3d U. S. Artillery; with Lieutenant Henry Metcalfe, Ordnance Depart-
ment, as recorder, was constituted by G. O. No. 58, War Department, A. G. O.,
June 28, 1872.
During the year 1873 this Board of Officers reported in favor of the "Springfield"
system. The minor details as to the caliber, form of chamber, ammunition, etc.,
were determined by a board of ordnance officers convened for that purpose.
Since the adoption of this system the following changes have been made by
authority:
BARREL.-Rear end of tenon rounded to fit bottom of counter-bore in front end of
receiver. October, 1878.
BREECH-BLOCK :
1. Arch filled in, to give greater stiffness to the block. March, 1878.
2. Case-hardened in water. March, 1878.
3. Hinge-pin elongated by broaching instead of reaming. April, 1878.
4. Width increased. October, 1878.
5. Height of comb increased. October, 1878.
6. Angle at front and rear ends of flanges rounded. October, 1878.
BREECH-BLOCK CAP.-Case-hardening omitted, and cap blackened after fitting.
April, 1879.
BREECH-SCREW.-Case-hardened in water. March, 1878.
BUTT PLATE.-Made heavier and form changed. August, 1881.
CAM-LATCH AND THUMB-PIECE.-Riveted only. End of shaft
End of shaft not ground off to
remove riveting marks. June, 1886.
CARBINE BAND.-Band with stacking swivel omitted, and lower band of rifle sub-
stituted in the carbine. December, 1879.
EXTRACTOR.-Lug increased slightly in height. October, 1878.
FIRING-PIN:
1. Shoulder for firing-pin spring omitted, and that portion of pin made conical.
Firing-pin spring omitted. June, 1878.
2. Firing-pins tempered. April, 1879.
3. Slot rounded at corners. January, 1881.
4. To be made hereafter of aluminum bronze, when procurable. December, 1886.
FRONT SIGHT:
1. Rifle. A hardened steel sight inserted in the bayonet stud and held by a
rivet. July, 1879. Rounded at rear with a radius of 0.15″ August,
1887.
2. Carbine. Rear end of hardened front sight made nearly vertical instead of
beveled. January, 1880.
3. Front sights for new model arms made higher and thinner. .653 inch for rifles,
.738 inch for carbines, height above axis of bore. September, 1885.
FRONT-SIGHT COVER.-Detachable; first issued October, 1883; made component part
of arm March, 1886.
5
6
HAMMER.-Lip placed on under side of head. January, 1880.
HINGE-PIN.-Lengthened to correspond with altered receiver. October, 1878.
LOWER BAND.-Top surface grooved to accommodate it to rear sight. Model, 1884.
MAIN-SPRING SWIVEL RIVET.-Tempered instead of being left soft. April, 1880.
RAMROD STOP.-Drawn to spring temper, and angle reinforced slightly. August,
1879.
REAR SIGHT:
Model 1877 differed from previous models in number and position of gradua-
tion marks, shape of sighting notch, etc.
First form, with offsets on base. January, 1877.
Second form, with curve of base continuous. May, 1878.
Model 1879, “buckhorn," differed from previous models in having a buckhorn-
shaped eye-piece attached to the slide, and in the slide, which can be
moved laterally to correct the aim for wind, drift, and errors of con-
struction of piece.
First form. Graduation marks for windage placed .02" apart, and with
projecting points on lower edge of buckhorn plate. January, 1879.
Second form. (1) Graduation marks for windage, placed .04″ a part. (2)
Projecting points on lower edge of buckhorn plate cut off. (3) Cen-
tering-pin notch in buckhorn plate made wide, V-shaped. (4) Upper
edge of buckhorn plate made straight, with a large semicircular notch.
October, 1879.
Third form. Upper surface of hinge of leaf "flattened." November, 1879.
Fourth form. (1) Form of notch on lower edge of buckhorn plate for
centering pin made semicircular. (2) Large notch between buck-
horns made straight at bottom, instead of rounded and beveled toward
the front. July, 1880.
Model 1884. This sight has been modified as follows since its first issue:
(1) Heads of windage and binding screws enlarged to give more power
to fingers and to overlap sides of leaf when down, in order to give
leaf lateral support. (2) Action of binding-screw on slide changed
to hold it more firmly. (3) Movable base and slide case-hardened.
August, 1886.
RECEIVER:
1. Width increased the whole length. October, 1878.
2. Thickness of metal on top of front end increased. October, 1878.
3. All re-entrant angles and bottom of counterbore for tenon of barrel rounded.
October, 1878.
4. Gas-escapes on sides made deeper and extended farther towards rear. Oc-
tober, 1878.
SEAR.-Nose thickened. January, 1885. Angle of sear changed to prevent nose
from catching on edge of safety notch. August, 1886.
STOCK:
1. Hole bored under front end of guard-plate, to intersect ramrod groove at its
lower end and facilitate removal of dirt when collected at bottom of
groove. April, 1879.
2. Rear end of barrel groove slightly widened and deepened to receive enlarged
receiver. October, 1878.
TRIGGER.—Straight corrugated trigger adopted March, 1883.
THUMB-PIECE.—Under side of firing-pin guard cut away to the end of the guard,
instead of being notched. March, 1876. Cut away to prevent striking
lock-plate. January, 1883.
TUMBLER.-Notches of tumbler widened to correspond with thickened nose of sear.
January, 1885.
NOMENCLATURE
DESCRIPTIVE OF THE
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.


THE RIFLE.
Fig. 1 represents the barrel com-
plete, with the breech mechanism,
one-seventh size. Its length, exclu-
sive of the breech-screw, is 36 inches.
Fig. 2 represents the barrel proper,
with the rear sight, one-seventh size.
The parts are as follows: A, muzzle;
B, front sight and bayonet stud; C,
rear sight, with the leaf raised; D,
screw-thread by which the barrel is
connected with the breech mechan-
ism shown in Fig. 1; back of the
screw-thread is the blank tenon.
Fig. 3 represents a section of the
barrel proper, one-third size. Its
length is 32". 6. The rifling consists
of three plain concentric grooves,
equal in width to the lands, and ".005
deep, with a uniform twist of one
turn in 22 inches. The chamber is
2". 155 in length, and is made slightly
conical, so as to facilitate the with-
drawal of the cartridge case. The
contraction of the chamber, corre-
sponding to the point of juncture of
the cartridge shell and bullet, is
called the throat. The grooves com-
mence at about the middle of the
throat. At the mouth of the cham-
ber a counterbore is cut for the head
of the cartridge, and a slot is cut in
the barrel for the reception of the
extractor.
1
THE BARREL.
77
8
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.

Fig. 4 represents a
section-nine-tenths
size of the breech
mechanism, by a ver-
tical plane through the axis of
the receiver, with the several
parts projected thereon, show
ing their relative position.
A, bottom of receiver; B, barrel,
with its screw-thread; C, breech-
screw, with its circular recess to re-
ceive the cam-latch; E, hinge-pin
around which the breech-block D
turns; F, cam-latch, which locks
the breech-block in place; G, cam-
latch spring, to press the cam-latch
into the recess; H, firing-pin, which
transmits the blow of the hammer
to the priming of the cartridge; J,
extractor, to withdraw the empty
cartridge shell after firing; K, ejector
spring and spindle.
When the breech-block is closed,
the point of the ejector-spring spin-
dle presses against the extractor
above the position of the axis of the
hinge-block, thus retaining it in
position independent of the breech-
block. When the breech-block is
raised so as to press against the
lug M of the extractor, the point J
moves slowly to the rear, starting
the shell, the upper part of the ex-
H
F
MBRADLEYSO
FIG. 4.
D
ור
r
VERTICAL SECTION OF BREECH-LOADING SYSTEM.
B
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
9
tractor meanwhile compressing the ejector spring. When the direc-
tion of the pressure of the spring passes below the center of the
hinge, the extractor moves rapidly and ejects the shell.
The ejector stud L serves to deflect the shell upward, causing it to
clear the well of the receiver.

D
'
T
A
FIG. 5.
K
B
M
FIG. 6.
H
FRONT VIEW.
M
L
BREECH-BLOCK.
Fig. 5 represents a side
view, Fig. 6 a front view,
and Fig. 7 a rear view, all
full size, of the breech
block. The parts are as
follows: A, hinge; B,
face; C, arch; D, comb;
E, breech-block cap recess
and screw-hole; F, cam-
latch recess and cam-
shaft hole, the latter be-
ing a loose fit for the cam-
M
F
L
FIG. 7.

D

REAR VIEW.
M
shaft which passes through it; G, firing-pin hole; H, sighting notch;
I, firing-pin screw-hole; J, hammer-guard; K, hinge-pin hole, slightly
elongated horizontally; L, cam-latch spring recess; M M, flanges
which rest on the sides of the receiver.
When the piece is fired the horizontal elongation of the hinge-pin
hole permits the breech-block to slide bodily backward under the
influence of the discharge. By this means, and by the enlargement
of the cam-shaft hole, a direct bearing is obtained by the interposi-
tion of the cam, which, abutting against the front surface of its re-
cess in the block at one end, transfers the recoil directly to the recess
in the face of the breech-screw at the other end without subjecting
the shaft on which it turns to any strain. The bearing of the cam
is above the center of the breech-screw, the resistance of which
tends to press the rear end of the breech-block downward and for-
ward. The tendency of the front of the block toward lifting, in
case of an escape of gas from the cartridge, is prevented by the en-
gagement of its forward end under the ears or hinges of the receiver.
10
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
The hammer guard on the breech-block is intended to prevent the
accidental striking of the firing-pin by the hammer when in the act
of closing the piece the firing-pin guard (see Fig. 9) is thrown up.
FIG. 8.
D
B
A
Fig. 8 represents the cam-
latch, full size. The parts are:
A, square upon which the
thumb-piece is fitted; B, shaft;
C, arbor; D, cam; F, spring


recess.
CAM-LATCH.
Fig. 9 represents the cam-latch and
thumb-piece combined, full size. The
body of the thumb-piece is shown at A,
B; the firing-pin guard is cut away to
allow it to pass freely over the head of
the firing-pin. It prevents the hammer
from striking the firing-pin when the
breech-block is not completely closed.
The thumb-piece is secured to the shaft
of the cam-latch by riveting the end of
the shaft.
FIG. 10.
B
A
A
FIG. 9.

B
CAM-LATCH AND THUMB-PIECE.

Fig. 10 represents a sec-
tional view of the breech-
screw, full size. The parts
are: A, tang-screw hole; B,
screw-thread; C, cam-latch
recess.
BREECH-SCREW.
Fig. 11 represents the breech-block
cap A and its screw B, full size. The
projection C on the upper edge of
the cap keeps the firing-pin screw
in place. The object of the cap is
to support the cam-latch shaft, and
the screw keeps the cap in place.
FIG. 12.
mmm
FIG. 13.
}
B
EJECTOR-SPRING AND SPINDLE..
FIG. 11.
10

A
A
BREECH-BLOCK CAP AND SCREW.
B
Figs. 12 and 13 represent the ejector-spring
and spindle, full size. One end of the spring
presses against the shoulder of the spindle,
and the other end against the bottom of its
counterbore in the receiver. The point B of
the spindle rests in the countersink of the ex-
tractor.
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
11.
D
FIG. 14.
C
B
EXTRACTOR.
A
Fig. 14 represents the extractor, full size. The
parts are as follows: A, lug against which the breech-
block presses, in opening; D, countersink to receive
the point of the spring spindle; B, arm which pro-
jects through to the inner surface of the chamber
and extracts the cartridge case. The surface of this
part is shaped to fit the under side of the head of the
cartridge shell. The hole for the hinge-pin, about
which the extractor moves, is shown at C.
Fig. 15 represents the hinge-pin,
full size. The parts are: A, body;
B, arm; C, stud which engages with
a small hole in the side of the re-
ceiver to prevent the pin from turn-

ing.
FIG. 16.
mmmm
CAM-LATCH SPRING.
}
1
FIG. 15.


C
C
B
B
A
HINGE-PIN.
Fig. 16 represents the cam-latch spring, full size. These and all
the other coiled springs are made from drawn steel wire.
A
FIG. 17.

FIRING-PIN AND SCREW.
FIG. 18.

Fig. 17 represents the firing-pin, full size. It is kept in place by
the firing-pin screw (Fig. 18), which projects into the slot A on its
under side. The position of this screw is shown in the broken lines
representing the raised position of the breech-block (see Fig. 4).
FIG. 19.
EJECTOR STUD.
FIG. 20.


B
B
FRONT SIGHT AND BAYONET STUD.
Fig. 19 represents the ejector stud, full size. When the cartridge
case is thrown back by the extractor it is deflected by this stud and
thrown out of the receiver.
12
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
Fig. 20 represents front and side views, three-fourths size, of the
front sight A, and bayonet stud B, the latter of which is brazed on
to the barrel. The bayonet is fastened to the barrel by the stud.
The sight A is removable, so that it can be replaced in case of wear;
it is secured to the stud by a pin.
The Springfield rear sight, model of 1879, differs from those of
previous models in having a buckhorn-shaped eye-piece attached to
the slide; and also in that the slide can be moved laterally to enable
the marksman to correct his aim for wind, drift, and errors of con-
struction of piece. The only exception to lateral motion is at the
lowest, or 100 yards' elevation, where the sight-notch is intended to
be always over the axis of the piece.
N
R
12 B
11
10
C
6
A
R 5
FIG. 21.

Ꭰ
4.
2 1
A
B
Fig. 21 represents the face and side elevations of the rear sight,
model 1879, complete, full size. The parts are: A, base; B, leaf;
C, slide; D, cross-section through base showing thickness of sides,
front screw-hole, and under cut slot for base spring. The upper
edges of the sides of base are knurled, leaving minute offsets to pre-
vent the slide from moving forward when the piece is fired. The
rifle sight is distinguished by the letter R stamped on the left side of
the base and near the top of the face of the leaf. The figures de-
noting ranges are stamped as follows, viz: From 100 to 550 yards on
the left side of the base; from 600 to 1,200 yards on the face of the
leaf; from 1,300 to 1,600 yards on the back of the leaf. The 550 yards
mark is in front of the 500 yards mark, and the elevation is deter-
mined by placing the front edge of the slide immediately over the
550 yards mark. The top line of the leaf gives, when elevated, 1,300
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND .
13
CARBINE.
yards; to obtain elevations above this, the aim is taken over that
part of the slide which projects from the left edge of the leaf, and
over the fore end of the tip of the stock. The upper left-hand corner
of the leaf, and the fore end of the tip, give 1,600 yards.
The letter B opposite the 260-yard mark indicates the most suitable
elevation for firing at an enemy's line of battle within a range of 400
yards, "aiming low."
J
I
FIG. 22.


K
L
FIG. 23.
Fig. 22 represents the base-spring. I is the side and J the top view.
The base-screw is shown at K-two required—and the joint-pin at L.
Fig. 23 represents the buckhorn plate, rear
and top views. The semicircular notch in
the lower edge embraces a pin projecting
from the lower part of the leaf for the pur-
pose of centering the slide when at the 100-
yard elevation. The graduations on either
side of the notch are for the purpose of reg-
ulating the side motion of the slide. The
slide is central when its vertical edges con-
form to the outer edges of the leaf.


܀
The other parts are as follows, viz: Fig. 24, slide-block; Fig. 25,
slide-plate; Fig. 26, slide-spring; Fig. 27, slide-screw (two required).
The points of these screws are riveted, and no attempt should be
made to unscrew them.
FIG. 24.
FIG. 25.
FIG. 26.
ستتسا
FIG. 27.


INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE.-In the preliminary (or sighting) shots
at any range above 100 yards, suppose the slide to be in a central
position. If in this position the bullet is found to deviate to the
right, then the plate must be gently tapped to the left until the de-
viation is found, by trial, to be overcome. If the bullet deviates to
the left, tap the plate to the right, etc. Each space between the lines
on the buckhorn plate is .04 of an inch, and a lateral motion of the
14
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
plate through one of these will correct a deviation of 10 inches at
200 yards, 16 inches at 300 yards, 26 inches at 500 yards, 47-7 inches
at 800 yards, and 53 inches at 1,000 yards, for the rifle. This data
gives approximately the distance through which the plate should be
moved to overcome an observed deviation at a known range. The
values given result from the following proportion :
Distance between sights d: lateral space s ranger: deviation x.
Or x
sr
d
,
r, s, and d, being expressed in inches.
When the aim is taken with the leaf either raised or resting on the
base, care should be taken to bring the upper edge of the slide into
a horizontal position; this will make the plane of sight vertical.
The front sight, model of 1884, differs only from the previous
model, in being higher and finer (thinner). It is furnished with a
detachable front sight cover, A, Fig. 28, which is fastened to the gun
by the screw B.


C
C
D
FIG. 28.
D
R
14
પા
13
20
12
B
19
11
B
10
B
118
A
ha
37
-1.6
•
15-
M
G
E
E
F
A
A
FIG. 30.
FIG. 29.
REAR SIGHT.
The principal parts are: A, fixed base; F, movable or windage base,
in which is the base-spring, not shown in the cut; B, sight leaf; C,
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
15
sight-leaf slide, on which is the buckhorn open sight h for point-blank
firing; E, windage screw, the heads of which overlap the sides of
the leaf when down and give it lateral support; D, slide binding
screw; and G, slide recoil stud, which is also the front base screw
and furnishes a pivot for the movable base. The leaf down is for
"point blank;" up for 200 to 2,000 yards, inclusive, with both open
and aperture sights.
The figures on the right side of the leaf are for the lower open
and aperture sights in the slide (j and h respectively of the cut).
The figures on the left side of the leaf are for the upper open (top
of slide) and aperture sights in the slide (i and I respectively of the
cut). The graduations-windage points-on the rear top surface (A)
of the fixed base are of the same value as the points of the sight.
Model 1879 (see page 13). The elevations are indicated by the four
arrows on the slide, leading on both sides from the lower open and
aperture sights.
The following are the directions for sighting:
OPEN SIGHT.-From 200 to 1,400 yards, inclusive, use lower open
sight and upper right-hand arrow. From 1,500 to 2,000 yards, inclu-
sive, use upper open sight and upper left-hand arrow.
APERTURE SIGHT.—From 200 to 1,350 yards (nearly), inclusive, use
lower aperture sight and lower right-hand arrow. For 1,400 yards,
make horizontal line bisecting upper aperture sight coincide with
1,400 yards graduation, and use upper aperture sight. (The upper
left-hand arrow will now stand at the 1,500 yards graduation).
From 1,500 to 2,000 yards, inclusive, use upper aperture sight and
lower left-hand arrow.
The slide, moving upward to the left, secures automatic adjust-
ment at each elevation for drift.
The service rifle sights have R stamped on the right upper corner
of the leaf; the service carbine, C; the experimental carbine, 24"
barrel, XC. The rod-bayonet rifle sights, model 1884, are without
distinguishing letters. The sight was first applied to the last-
named arm. In adapting it to the others, no material change ex.
cepting the graduation was necessary; the only difference in this
respect between the service rifle and the rod bayonet being in the
starting point of the graduation.
The front base screw (recoil stud) was not made to bind, as has
been erroneously assumed, the movable base, for which it furnishes
simply a pivot. The screw draws on the fixed base, not on the mova-
ble; therefore washers of any kind should not be put under the
head of the screw to bind the movable base. If the base be not held
firmly in any position by the pivot and the windage screw with
which it engages, the sight is defective and should be returned to
the armory.
16
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
D
FIG. 31.
A
B
TANG SCREW.
FIG. 32.
D
B
H
J
F
E
LOCK, INSIDE VIEW.
C
Fig. 31 represents the
tang screw (full size)
which fastens the barrel
to the stock. The parts
are: A, shank; B, head;
C, slit; D, thread. The
construction of the in-
side of the lock is shown
(half size) in Fig. 32.
The tumbler is shown at
B. Its arbor passes from
the inside through the
lock-plate, and is con-
G nected by the square
and tumbler-screw to the
hammer A. The tum-
bler pivot is supported


by the bridle C, which is fastened to the plate by the bridle-screw D.
The sear E is held in place by the sear-screw F, which also passes
through the long arm of the bridle. The sear-spring G keeps the
sear in the tumbler notch, and is held to the lock-plate by the sear-
spring screw H. The mainspring I abuts against the bolster, and
is connected to the tumbler by the swivel J. KK arethe side-screw
holes.
FIG. 33.
F
G K
B
E
LOCK-PLATE.
H
Fig. 33 represents the
lock-plate (half size),
showing the position of
the holes. A, cam-latch
notch; B, bolster; C,
mainspring notch; D,
mortise for mainspring

pivot; E, hole for arbor of tumbler; F F, side-screw holes; G, hole
for bridle-screw; H, hole for sear-screw; I, hole for sear-spring
screw J. mortise for sear-spring stud; K, bridle-pivot mortise.
FIG. 34.
B
D
F
TUMBLER AND TUMBLER-SCREW.
K
H
I
:
Fig. 34 repre-
sents the tum-
bler and tum-
bler-screw, full


size.
The tum-
bler transmits
the power of
the mainspring
to the hammer.
A is the body;
B is the arbor
which passes
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
17
through the lock-plate. The part of the arbor exterior to the lock-
plate is called the square, C; t fits into the tumbler-hole in the ham-
mer. In the end of the arbor is a hole, F, into which the tumbler-
screw I is screwed, fastening the hammer to the tumbler. The pivot
D supports the other end of the tumbler in the bridle. At the front
end of the tumbler is a slot into which the mainspring swivel fits,
and is connected with the tumbler by a rivet passing through the
hole E. On the under side are the safety-notch K, the half-cock notch
H, and the full-cock notch G, into which the sear catches when the
hammer is drawn back to safety, half-cock, and full-cock positions,
respectively. The hammer is to be carried in the safety-notch when
the breech-block is closed. In this position the nose of the hammer
overlies the firing-pin guard and keeps the block from opening.
Fig. 35 represents the bridle
and bridle-screw, full size. The
parts are: A, body; B, eye for
tumbler-pivot; C, dowel or steady
pin; D, hole for bridle-screw;
E, hole for searscrew; F, bridle-
screw. The bridle holds together
the sear and tumbler and binds
them to the lock-plate by means
of the screws.
C
Fig. 36 represents the sear and sear-
screw, full size. The body of the sear
is shown at A, the eye at B, the nose
at C, the tang at D, the screw-hole at
E. The sear-screw is shown at F.
The nose of the sear engages in the
notches of the tumbler, and being kept
in place by the pressure of the sear-
spring holds the hammer at safety,
half cock or full cock. The pressure
of the trigger against the tang when
the piece is fired causes the nose to slip
out of the notch and allows the main-
spring to exert its force in bringing
down the hammer.
Fig. 37 represents the sear-spring
and sear-spring screw, full size. A,
blade; B, upper branch; C, lower
branch; D, eye; E, stud; F, screw-
hole; G, sear-spring screw.
(E
C
FIG. 35.
+


D
F
B
E
BRIDLE AND BRIDLE-SCREW.
FIG 36.


A
B
C
D
F
SEAR AND SEAR-SCREW,
FIG. 37.


ख
D
A
B
E
SEAR SPRING AND SCREW.
Fig. 38 shows the mainspring, full size, the source of power in
the lock. The lip E of the upper branch B fits into the mainspring
notch, and the pivot D fits into the pivot-hole of the lock-plate. The
7534 § R 2
18
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
FIG. 38.
ID
A
E
FIG. 39.
B
C
D
MAINSPRING SWIVEL.
C
D
FIG. 40.
HAMMER.
FIG. 42.
B
A
C
D
SIDE-SCREY
WASHER.
B
MAINSPRING.
F
hook F at the end of
the lower branch C en-
gages the mainspring
swivel. The act of
bringing the hammer.
to the full cock com-
presses the spring, and
when the trigger re-
leases the sear from
the notch of the tumb-.
ler the mainspring is
set free and its elas-
tic force is exerted in
bringing down the

hammer.
Fig. 39 represents the mainspring swivel, full
size. A is the body of the swivel; B, the axis on
which the hook of the mainspring rests; C, the
swivel-rivet hole; D, the swivel rivet.
Fig. 40 represents the hammer, half
size, which, by the action of the parts c
of the lock above described, gives the
blow to the firing-pin, which explodes
the cartridge. The parts are: A, body;
B, head; C, comb; D, tumbler-hole; E,
F face; F, lip.
B
Fig. 41 represents the side-screw, full
size, in which A is the shank, B the
thread, C the head, D the slit. There
are two of these screws, known as the
front and rear side-screws. They are
used to fasten the lock-plate to the stock.
FIG.41.
D


A
SIDE-SCREW.
B
Fig. 42 represents one of the two side-screw
washers, full size. The parts are: A, body; B,
countersink for screw-head; C, screw-hole; D,
rib.

FIG. 43.
E
A
Fig. 43 represents an outside view
(one-half size) of the lock. A is the
hammer, B the lock-plate; C, end
of sear-spring screw; D, side-screw
hole; E, tumbler-screw; F,
end of sear-screw. The
B
US
SPRINGPILD
1873
LOCK, OUT SIDE VIEW.
other side-screw
hole is hidden
by the hammer,
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
19

FIG. 44.
G
I
F
I
E
STOCK.
B
FIG. 45.
Fig. 44 represents the stock, one eighth size. The parts
are: A, butt; B, comb; C, small of the stock; D, head; E,
shoulder for lower band; F, shoulder for upper band; G,
shoulder and tenon for tip; H, bed for lock-plate; II, beds
for band-springs. The stock is made of black walnut.
Fig. 45 represents the
butt-plate and butt-
plate screw, one-third
size. The plate fits into
a recess made in the
stock and protects it
from injury. The parts
are: A, body; B, tang;
C, heel; D, screw-holes;
E, screw. There are
two of these screws.

E
D
B
6
D
BUTT-PLATE AND SCREW.
Fig. 46 represents the tip (full size) which protects the
upper end of the stock. It is made of low steel. The
parts are: A, recess for the stock; B, groove for the ram-
rod· C, screw-hole; D, screw.
FIG. 46.


D
H
D
13
C
C
TIP.
B
Fig. 47 represents a side, top, and end view (full
size) of the ramrod stop. The parts are: A, strap
connecting the two studs D, E; B, catch which fits
into the notch of the ramrod; C, groove which fits
against the barrel; D, hole through which the tang
of the upper band-spring passes; E, stud which fits
into a hole in the stock and helps to keep the stop
in place.

E
A
FIG. 47.
RAMROD STOP.
B
D

B
20
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
Fig. 48 represents the ramrod, half size. The head A is
slotted and grooved for the wiping rag. The notch B catches
against the ramrod stop and holds the ramrod in place.
Shallow caunelures C give the fingers a firm grip. A wooden
(hickory) wiping rod is now issued with each rifle. The
steel ramrod should not be used for cleaning the bore.


FIG. 49.
F
B
B
E
A
D
C
G D
E

O
GUARD-PLATE.
Fig. 49 represents a side and bottom view, half size, of the
guard-plate which supports the trigger and strengthens the
weak parts of the stock. The parts are: A, strap; B B, bols-
ters; C C, trigger stud and mortise; DD, holes for guard-
bow; E E, holes for wood-screws; F, hole for trigger-screw;
G, hole for tang-screw.
FIG. 50.
B
A
B
GUARD-BOW.
C D
Fig. 51 shows the guard-
bow swivel, half size. The
parts are: A, loop; B, pads;
C, screw-hole; D, screw.
The gun-sling passes
through this swivel and
through another attached
to the upper band.
FIG. 52.
O
B
C
Fig. 50 represents the guard-
bow, half size, which protects
the trigger. A is the arch, B B
the stems, C the swivel-screw
hole. D shows a top and side.
view of one of the nuts by
means of which the guard-bow
is fastened to the guard-plate.
B
FIG. 51.
25.
A
D
ir
GUARD-BOW SWIVEL.
BI
RAMROD.
CINHIN
FIG. 48.


Fig. 52 represents the corrugated
straight trigger, half size. The parts
are: A, blade; B, finger-piece; C, screw-hole;
D, trigger-screw (full size), which, passing
D through the trigger-stud of the guard-plate
and the hole C, serves as a pivot about which
the trigger moves. When the piece is ready
to be fired, the pressure exerted by the upper
part of the blade of the trigger against thẹ

SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
21
tang of the sear disengages the nose of the sear from the notch of
the tumbler, releasing the mainspring and bringing down the ham-
mer with force against the firing-pin.
Fig. 53 repesents the guard-screw, half size. There are
two of these screws. They serve to fasten the guard-plate
to the stock, and have consequently a coarse wood-screw
thread.
FIG. 53.
A
Fig. 54 represents the upper band, model 1874, half size. GUARD-SCREW.
A
B
FIG. 54.
H
H
2:00
UPPER BAND, MODEL 1874.
I
A is a view of the band com-
plete, seen from above, in
which B is one of the creases
and C is the lug, through
which are two holes D and E,
for the stacking-swivel G and
the gun-sling swivel F, re-
spectively. These two swiv-
els are grooved (H H) for the
swivel-pin I, which keeps


them in place. This upper band serves to bind together the barrel
and stock, to secure the ramrod in place, as a point of attachment
for the gun-sling, and to stack arms without using the triangular-
bayonets, by means of the hook swivel. The upper band is grooved
for the ramrod. The ends of the gun-sling swivel meet outside the
band and are secured by engaging with one another, one of them
being pointed and the other hollowed out.
FIG. 55.
B
OF
LOWER BAND.
Fig. 55 represents the
lower band, half size.
The letter U on the bands
denotes the upper side.
The top of the lower band
is grooved to accommo-
date it to the rear sight.
Model 1884.
Fig. 56 represents the band-spring, one-half size.
of these springs, one to hold each band in place.
FIG. 57.
E
E
D
A
Q!
B
B
BAYONET CLASP AND SCREW.
F
A
FIG 56.
BAND-SPRING.
B
2


There are two
The tang A fits in
a hole drilled through the stock,
and the body B lies in a mortise in
the stock. In putting on the band
it passes over the spring-pressing
it down—until the band is in place,
when the spring is released and
holds the band between its own
shoulder and the corresponding
one of the stock.
Fig. 57 represents the bayonet
clasp and screw, full size. The


22
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
FIG. 58.
parts are: A, strap; B, ears; C, bridge; D. groove;
E E, stops; F, screw. The bridge passes over the
bayonet-stud on the barrel; the ears serve to turn the
clasp, and also to fasten it together with the screw.
A small pin in the socket of the bayonet, in connec-
tion with the groove of the clasp, serves to limit the
motion of the clasp. The upper side of the strap is
slanting, so that when the clasp is turned to fasten the
bayonet it will wedge it closely against the bayonet-
stud.
Fig. 58 represents the bayonet, one-quarter size.
The parts are: A, blade; B, neck; C, socket; D, bridge;
E, stud mortise; F, clasp.

C
F
D
A
B
BAYONET.
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
23
THE CARBINE.
The carbine only differs from the rifle in the length of the barrel
and stock, and in the following parts:
Fig. 59 represents the
swivel-bar C, the swiv-
el-bases A and B, and
the swivel-ring F, half
size. The ends of the
swivel-bar pass through
the bases and are riveted
to their under side. D
and E are the holes for
FIG. 59.

C
E
B
A
T
D
SWIVEL-BAR, BASES, AND RING.
the side-screws, for which the bases serve as washers. The swivel-
ring plays on the swivel-bar, which is attached to the left side of
the stock, opposite the lock. A snap hook-the carbine-sling swivel-
belonging to the carbine sling, engages with the swivel-ring, and
serves to carry the piece when the soldier is mounted.
FIG. 60.
A
A
B
C
B
Fig. 60 represents the front
sight and stud, model 1879, three-
fourths size, seen from the sid
and in section. A is the sight,
which has the rear edge nearly
vertical and the top slightly
rounded and polished to give a
brilliant point or "bead" in ser-
vice firing. The sight is remov-
able, so that it can be replaced in case it wears off in service. It is
secured to the stud B by the pin C. The stud isbrazed to the barrel.

FRONT SIGHT AND STUD.
The form and dimensions of the rear sight, model 1879, are the
same as those for the rifle, same model (see Fig. 21); but the charge
of powder, the length of the barrel, and the distance between the
front and rear sights all being different for the carbine, the gradua-
tion for range is different.
The carbine rear sight is distinguished by the letter "C," stamped
on the left side of the base and near the top of the face of the leaf.
The figures denoting ranges are stamped as follows: From 100 to
800 yards on the left side of the base; from 800 to 1,500 yards on the
face of the leaf.
The 1,600 yards range is obtained by sighting over the top of the
leaf; a bright line indicates the center and guides the eye to the
proper sighting point.
24
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
}
The carbine front sight, model 1884, is higher than that of the rifle,
same model. The barrel and stud of the carbine also differ from
those of the rifle. Owing to these differences the carbine front
sight cover is made higher than that of the rifle. The carbine rear
sight, model 1884, differs from the rifle rear sight, same model, in
the graduations for range. Figures denoting ranges from 200 to
to 1,900 yards, inclusive, are stamped on the right side of the leaf,
and others denoting ranges from 1,900 to 2,000 yards, inclusive, on
the left side of the leaf.
The following are the directions for sighting:
OPEN SIGHT.-For ranges from 200 to 1,900 yards, inclusive, use
upper right-hand arrow and lower open sight.
For 2,000 yards, use upper left-hand arrow and upper open sight.
APERTURE SIGHT.-For ranges from 200 to 1,800 and a fraction
yards, inclusive, use the lower right-hand arrow and lower aperture
sight.
For ranges from 1,900 to 2,000 yards, inclusive, use lower left-hand
arrow and upper aperture sight.
For the experimental carbine, 24-inch barrel, figures denoting
ranges from 200 to 1,700 yards, inclusive, are stamped on the right
side of the leaf, and others denoting ranges from 1,700 to 2,000 yards,
inclusive, on the left side of the leaf.
OPEN SIGHT.-For ranges from 200 to 1,700 yards, inclusive, use
upper right-hand arrow and lower open sight.
For ranges from 1,800 to 2,000 yards, inclusive, use upper left-hand
arrow and upper open sight.
APERTURE SIGHT.-For ranges from 200 to 1,600 and a fraction
yards, inclusive, use lower right-hand arrow and lower aperture sight.
For ranges from 1,700 to 2,000 yards, inclusive, use lower left-hand
arrow and upper aperture sight.
The open sights for 1,700 and 1,900 yards, respectively, of the ex-
perimental and service carbine sights, particularly of the service, are
reduced to little more than aperture sights, on account of the necessary
changes in the graduations and the obstruction of the cross bar on
FIG 61.
· CARBINE BUTT-PLATE.
the top of the leaf. No remedy
could be found without increasing
the length of the sight-leaf, already
longer than desirable for carbines.
The carbine butt-plate differs
from that of the rifle in having an
opening through which the jointed
ramrod and headless shell-extractor
are inserted in their receptacles in
the stock.
Fig. 61 represents edge, front, and
end views, one-third size, of the butt
plate complete.

SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
25
Fig. 62 represents edge
and front view of the butt-
plate cover. The parts are:
A, pivot around which the
cover turns; B, square cut
in pivot, into which the
point of cover spring presses
to keep cover closed; C, hole B
for pin which secures cover
to butt-plate; D, cuts on
which the thumb presses in
opening the cover.
A
B
FIG. 68.
COVER-SPRING.
A
FIG. 62.

D

BUTT-PLATE COVER.
Fig. 63 represents the butt-plate
cover-spring, which presses against
the pivot of the cover to keep it in
place. It is fastened to the tang
of the plate by the cover-spring
screw, which passes through the
hole A. The hole B is for the pas-
sage of the butt-plate screw, which
fastens the tang to the stock.
Fig. 64 represents the friction-
spring, which surrounds the pivot
and pressing on the pin C (Fig. 62) causes the cover to close tightly
on the butt-plate.

FIG. 64.
FRICTION-SPRING.
Fig. 65 represents the cover-pin and cover.
spring screw. These parts and those represented
in Figs. 62, 63, and 64 are given full size.
FIG. 65.
In the rifle both butt-plate screws are alike.
In the carbine it is found neces-
sary to shorten the butt-plate
tang-screw to prevent it from
entering the first ramrod hole.
The carbine band is identi-
cal with the lowerband of the
rifle.

COVER-PIN AND COVER-
SCREW.
FIG. 66.
No. 1
No.2
No. 3
UODQUOT

000000
JOINTED RAMROD.
Fig. 66 represents the three parts of the jointed ramrod. No. 1
and No. 2 joints are alike, and have a male screw at one end and a
26
SPAINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
female screw at the other. The third joint has a head at one end
and a male screw at the other.
To prevent cutting away too much of the stock, the receptacle for
the ramrod is formed of three small holes instead of one large hole
of sufficient diameter to contain the three joints.
One thousand experimental carbines have been issued to troops for
trial. These differ from the service carbine in having a 24-inch
barrel, stocked nearly its whole length, and with a sling-swivel at-
tached to the carbine-band, and a swivel and swivel-plate secured to
the stock about 4 inches from the butt.
APPENDAGES.
The appendages for the rifle and carbine are the screw-driver, the
tumbler-punch, the main-spring vise, the headless-shell extractor, and
the wooden wiping-rod.
FIG. 67.
F
B
C
D
E
A
COMBINATION SCREW-DRIVER.
7
The
Fig. 67 represents the combination
screw-driver, model 1879. The parts
are: A, small blade, pivoted to large
blade C at B; F, main-spring clamp-
notch; D, band-spring punch.
shoulder E is the tumbler punch.
This appendage is called the com-
bination screw-driver for the reason
that it combines all the appendages
necessary for dismounting and mount-
ing the rifle, carbine, and revolver.
The guard, butt-plate, and side-
screw heads have concave slits for which the screw-driver
is adapted. This lessens the danger of the stock being
marred by accident in letting the screw-driver slip out of
the slit. By keeping the screw-threads well oiled there
will be no difficulty in taking out or re-
placing the screws.


1
D
B
FIG. 69.
PUNCH.
C
D
A
A wooden wiping-rod, Fig. 68, is issued
with each rifle and carbine.
A mainspring vise is necessary to com-
press a mainspring should the branches
be expanded. One of these vises is issued
to every twenty rifles and carbines.
When the altered screw-driver, model
1876, was used, a tumbler and band-spring
punch was necessary to remove the ham-
mer and band-spring. This appendage is
shown in Fig. 69. It is still issued, as
there are a large number in store. The
WOODEN WIPING-ROD.
A
B
FIG. 68.

SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
27
parts are: A, band-spring punch; B, tumbler punch; and C, the rivet
which unites them. In dismounting the piece the band-spring and
tumbler are loosened by driving on the heads DD respectively.
FIG. 70.

B
FIG. 71.
A
FIG. 72.

G
C D E
The headless-shell extractor consists of two parts of tempered steel,
the extractor proper, Fig. 71, and the small cylindrical drift, Fig.
72, for setting out the prongs, which is carried screwed into the end
A of the extractor. Fig. 70 shows them together as they should
be habitually kept and used for all extractions from the bore of the
rifle. The extractor proper, AB, is a hollow cylinder, rifled on the
exterior so as to fit the bore accurately, and with three annular
grooves to receive fouling. Longitudinal cuts divide one end into
three prongs F, around which is a screw-thread, B, for taking hold
of the shell when in the chamber. Inside at the end F it is shaped
to receive the point C of the drift, and when this is fully inserted
the prongs are set out sufficiently to take firm hold on a shell in the
chamber, but not far enough to injure the walls of the chamber itself.
In no instance should the prongs be expanded in the bore; in that
case the extractor can not be removed and the usefulness of the arm
will be destroyed. The drift is a cylindrical piece of three diame-
ters, consisting of the head E, thread D, and point C. The head is
sufficiently small to allow it to pass freely through the bore; a cavity
G prevents injury to the firing-pin. The thread secures the drift to
the extractor proper.
USE.
The extractor is used as follows in the two cases that may arise :
I. Where the shell fragment has moved forward partially or en-
tirely into the rifling. In this case, and in all cases of doubt, insert
the extractor as a whole (Fig. 70), solid end (A) first, and drive it
through the bore with the rammer. Should much force be required
to drive out a shell fragment which is still partially in the chamber,
the extractor may be removed from the bore and used as in Case II,
with a gain of easier extraction.
28
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
II. If the shell fragment is found to have remained entirely in the
chamber, unscrew the drift, insert the extractor proper, prongs fore-
most, in the chamber, as though it was a cartridge, so that the inser-
tion will be completed by closing the breech-block, leaving the base
of the extractor proper resting on the face of the breech-block. In
no other position of the extractor should the prongs be expanded. The
extractor proper being in this position, the drift is dropped through
from the muzzle, point foremost, driven firmly home with the ram-
mer, the breech-block opened, and the shell driven out. The ex-
tractor may be used as described in case I, to remove accumulated
or hardened fouling, leading, etc., from the bore. The thin, yielding
mouth of the shell will be sometimes driven into the rifling of the
extractor, more or less tightly, by the blows of the rammer in driv-
ing it out, but if force be applied alternately in opposite directions
(using both hands), as if to bend the combined shell and extractor,
they can be loosened from each other and the shell removed. Should
the shell buckle or crimp in so as to confine the drift head, loosen
as above and pull the shell free of the extractor rifling; the extractor
proper can then be unscrewed from the drift and the latter removed
through the larger end of shell.
These directions are for unusual cases; ordinarily the shell drops
free of the extractor when removed from the rifle.
APPENDAGES FOR RIFLES AND CARBINES.
The following appendages and spare parts for repairs are inclosed
in each arm chest containing 20 rifles, viz:
20 screw-drivers, model 1879.
4 tumbler-punches.
1 spring vise.
2 bridles.
2 bridle-screws.
2 breech-block cap screws.
1 extractor.
5 ejector-springs.
5 ejector-spring spindles.
2 firing-pins.
2 firing-pin screws.
1 mainspring.
1 sear spring.
2 sear-screws.
2 tumbler-screws.
20 headless-shell extractors,
model 1882.
1 instruction book.
20 wooden wiping-rods.
For carbines, to the above list are added 20 jointed ramrods, steel,
which, as well as the headless-shell extractors, are carried in the butts
of the carbine stocks.
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
29
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE, OFFICER'S MODEL 1875.

DESCRIPTION
The weight of this rifle is about 8
pounds, varying with the density of the
wood used in the stock.
The length of the barrel is 26 inches.
The stock is checked "fore and aft"
the breech, and is tipped with white.
metal.
The rifle has a plain "buckhorn" sight
on the barrel, graduated like the service
sight, and also has peep and globe sights.
The globe sight can be folded down on
the barrel, when its pin becomes an open
front sight, to be used with the buckhorn
sight. The peep has a lateral as well as
a vertical motion, and by turning the
screw and loosening it may be adjusted
to counteract any deviation to the right
or left. When at the bottom of the slide
the peep is adjusted for a range of 50
yards; when at the top it is adjusted for
a range of 1,100 yards. The peep sight
may be folded down on the stock either
forward or backward. In the former
position the peep should be pushed to the
bottom of the slide, or the hammer, in
being cocked, will strike it.
The globe sight is distant from the
buckhorn and peep sights 20.8 inches and
32.75 inches respectively.
The rifle has a "single-set" trigger.
When set, it is a hair trigger; when un-
set, it is the ordinary service trigger, re-
quiring a pull of 6 to 8 pounds. The
trigger should be set by pushing forward
with the thumb after cocking the ham-
NOTE. All officers' rifles made after April,
1877, have a detachable pistol-grip handle; and
the peep sight, as well as the buckhorn sight, is
graduated with approximate accuracy for the
Frankford rifle cartridge. The lowest elevation
on both sights corresponds to 50 yards range.
BRADLEY.CO.SC
FIG. 73.
=
30
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
mer-never before. A "fly" in the tumbler carries the sear over
the half-cock notch when the trigger is set.
The ramrod is of wood, both ends being ferruled with brass, nickel-
plated. The ferrule on the smaller end has a slot for the admission
of a wiping-rag; that on the larger end has a milled head for con-
venience in drawing out the rod. A small pin in the under side of
the barrel, entering a hole in the rod just below this milled head,
prevents the rod from slipping out of place.
The breech-block, receiver, hammer, lock, band, and the heel of
the butt-plate are all plainly engraved.
The cost of the rifle is $27; screw-driver, 17 cents; packing box,
$1.50.
The description and dimensions of the parts of the rifle, other than
those above mentioned, are the same as of the corresponding parts
of the Springfield rifle.
ROD BAYONET RIFLE.
FIG. 74.
FIG. 75.
B
FO
E
D
B
●B
B
EXPERIMENTAL ROD BAYONET AND ATTACHMENTS,
The principal parts are: A, rod
bayonet; B, stud; D, spring; C,
spring button.
One thousand experimental
rod-bayonet rifles have been is-
sued to troops for trial.

TO FIX AND UNFIX ROD BAYONET.
Place rifle in position of “fix
bayonet," barrel opposite bayonet
stud resting in palm of left hand,
thumb and fingers resting on
roughened ends of spring button,
thumb and forefingers of right
hand clasping rod-bayonet at
roughened part above the stud.
Press the button to turn it, forc-
ing it as far as it will turn, then
spring the bayonet upward out of
fastening, relaxing the pressure of
thumb and fingers of left hand
while drawing the rod, which will
catch automatically, fixing the
bayonet.
To unfix bayonet, press the but-
ton as before and push the rod
down, relaxing pressure of thumb
and fingers of left hand, and the rod will catch automatically in re-
turned position,
CARE OF ARMS IN SERVICE.
DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE SPRINGFIELD BREECH-LOADING
SYSTEM, ETC.
1. Half-cock the piece and raise the breech-block by pressing
against the thumb-piece upward and forward till the breech-block
rests on the receiver; if there be an empty shell in the chamber it
will be loosened from its place by the extractor and thrown out by
the ejector-spring. Place the cartridge in the chamber with the
thumb and two forefingers; seize the thumb-piece with the thumb
and forefinger-the other fingers in front of the breech-block-and
close it down; the breech-block will press the cartridge home. The
cam-latch will spring into its place and lock it; but, to make sure of
this, it may be well that the soldier acquire the habit of pressing the
thumb on the thumb-piece as the hand is withdrawn. The breech-
block should never be closed with a blow.
2. The surface of the cam-latch and that of the recess in the breech-
screw should be kept free from dust and rust, to prevent sticking in
opening the breech after each discharge; these surfaces should be
oiled occasionally and then wiped dry. The force of the discharge
is exerted against both ends of the body of the cam-latch; and to
insure this the arbor and body of the cam-latch shaft are made pur-
posely to fit their bearings loosely.
3. The hammer should habitually be carried at the safety-notch,
and care taken that the motion of the firing-pin be not obstructed by
dust or rust.
4. Should the extractor cut through the rim of the shell and thereby
fail to withdraw it, draw the ramrod and drive the shell out.
5. The chamber should be kept clean, and great care should be
observed to prevent cartridges fouled with dirt, and particularly
sand, from being inserted or discharged in the piece, as the expan-
sion of the shell presses the sand into the metal and mars the surface of
the chamber and thus causes the shell to stick. Care should also be
taken in cleaning the chamber to wipe away all free oil, as its pres-
ence is found to lead to a pulling apart of the cartridge shell some-
where between its head and the seat of the bullet. The shell of an
exploded cartridge should not be allowed to remain in the chamber
any length of time for fear it may adhere by corrosion.
31
*
32
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
6. Should the thumb-piece interfere with the head of the hammer
in raising the breech-block, it is probable that either the tumbler or
sear-screw is too loose or broken.
7. It should be borne in mind that the ejector and cam-latch springs
are convenient rather than essential, and that the breaking of one
or both of them does not necessarily unfit the piece for further serv-
ice. The extractor alone will loosen the shell so that it can be easily
removed by the forefinger, or it will fall to the ground if the muzzle
be elevated when the breech is open.
DIRECTIONS FOR DISMOUNTING.
To replace broken and defective parts, as well as to facilitate the
cleaning of the arm, the soldier should be taught the proper method
of taking the rifle apart and putting it together. The parts should
be dismounted in the following order:
1. Unfix the bayonet.
2. Put a plug of soft wood in the muzzle of the barrel.
3. Draw the ramrod.
4. Turn out the tang-screw.
5. Take off the lock. To do this, first put the hammer at half-
cock; then unscrew partially the side screws, and with a slight tap
on the head of each screw with a wooden instrument loosen the lock
from its bed in the stock, then turn out the side screws and remove
the lock with the left hand.
6. Remove the side screws, taking care not to disturb the washers.
7. Take off the upper band.
8. Take off the lower band.
9. Take out the barrel. In doing this, turn the rifle horizontally
with the barrel downward, holding the barrel loosely with the left
hand below the rear-sight, the right hand grasping the stock by the
handle, and if it does not leave the stock, tap the plug in the muzzle
gently against the ground or floor, which will loosen the breeech end
from the stock. This is preferable to lifting the barrel out by the
muzzle, because if the tang of the breech screw should bind in the
wood the head of the stock would be liable to be split by raising the
muzzle first.
DISMOUNTING THE BREECH-LOADING PARTS.
10. Remove the hinge-pin by pressing on its point with the point
of the tumbler-punch until the end carrying the arm projects suffi-
ciently far to enable it to be grasped and removed by the fingers.
11. Remove the breech-block carefully, so as not to allow the ex-
tractor and ejector-spring to fall to the ground.
12. Remove the extractor and ejector-spring.
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
33
13. Remove the cam-latch by unscrewing the breech-block cap-
screw and loosening the cap with the point of the screw-driver.
14. Remove the cam-latch spring.
15. Turn out the firing-pin screw, then take the firing-pin from
the breech-block.
The foregoing parts are all that will usually be found necessary to
be taken off or dismounted. The soldier should never dismount the
band-springs, guard, side screws, washers, butt-plate, or rear sight,
except when an officer considers it necessary. The breech screw
should only be taken out by an armorer, and never in ordinary
cleaning. The lock should not be taken apart, nor the bayonet clasp
taken off, except when absolutely necessary in the opinion of an
officer. If proper and regular care be taken of the arm this will be
very seldom necessary.
The parts which are especially assigned to be dismounted by an
experienced armorer will be stated in their regular order following
No. 15, viz:
16. Take out the upper and lower band springs, using a wire punch
of proper size.
17. Take out the side screws.
18. Take out the guard, using care to prevent injuring the wood
at each end of the guard-plate.
19. Take out the side-screw washers with a drift punch.
20. Take out the butt-plate screws with the largest blade of the
screw-driver and remove the butt-plate.
21. Remove the rear sight by turning out the rear-sight screws
with a clamp screw-driver.
22. Remove the receiver. In doing this be particular to see that
the extractor is removed beforehand.
23. Turn out the breech screw by means of a "breech-screw
wrench," suited to the tenon of the breech screw. No other wrench
should ever be used for this purpose, and the receiver should be held
during the operation in neatly-fitting clamps.
ORDER IN WHICH THE LOCK IS TAKEN APART.
1. Bring the hammer to full-cock and clamp the notch of the screw-
driver over the two branches of the mainspring. Remove the
spring from the lock-plate, being careful not to let it go from the
notch of the screw-driver.
2. Turn out the sear-spring screw. Before turning this screw en
tirely out, strike the elbow of the spring with the screw-driver so as
to disengage the pivot from its mortise; then remove the screw and
spring.
3. Remove the sear-screw and sear.
4. Remove the bridle-screw and bridle.
7534 S R-3
34
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
1
5. Remove the tumbler-screw.
6. Remove the tumbler. This is driven out with a punch inserted
in the screw-hole, which at the same time liberates the hammer.
7. Detach the mainspring swivel from the tumbler with a drift-
punch.
RULES FOR ASSEMBLING.
The lock and rifle are put together in the inverse order of taking
them apart.
THE LOCK.
1. Replace the mainspring swivel.
2. Replace the tumbler and hammer.
3. Replace the tumbler-screw.
4. Replace the bridle and screw.
5. Replace the sear and screw.
6. Replace the sear-spring and screw.
7. Replace the mainspring.
Before replacing the screws, oil them slightly with good sperm oil,
putting a drop on the point of the screw, also on the arbor and pivot
of the tumbler. After the lock is put together avoid turning the
screws in so hard as to make the limbs bind.
THE RIFLE.
1. Insert the firing-pin in the breech-block and then replace the
firing-pin screw.
2. Insert the cam-latch spring in its place.
3. Replace the cam-latch and breech-block cap; turn the cap-screw
well down.
4. Insert the ejector spring in its place.
5. Replace the extractor in such a position in the breech-block that
the small recess in the back of the extractor will be in a position to
be presented to the point of the ejector-spring spindle.
6. Insert the breech-block. After seeing that the point of the
spindle has entered the recess in the back of the extractor, strike the
breech-block over the thumb-piece and head of the firing-pin a
smart blow, with the palm of the hand forward and downward; this
will cause it to enter sufficiently to hold it in place. Then press it
into position by grasping the block and receiver with the fingers and
thumb, the thumb uppermost, and squeeze it home.
7. Insert the hinge-pin by striking it a sharp blow with the palm
of the hand. See that the stud in the arm enters the recess cut for
it on the side of the receiver.
8. Drop the barrel into its place in the stock and squeeze it down
with the hand; give the butt of the stock a gentle tap against the
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
35
floor to settle the breech end of the barrel against the head of the
stock.
9. Put on the bands with the letter U upward, being careful not
to mar the stock or barrel in sliding them to their places. Apply
the thumb to the band-springs to see that they work freely.
10. To replace the lock, half-cock the hammer, take the lock in the
right hand with the mainspring and sear toward you, holding the
stock with the left hand by the swell, with the butt between the
knees; enter the lock fairly into the lock-bed, taking care to keep
the arm of the sear clear of the trigger. Press the plate well down
into the wood and then turn the rifle over, holding the lock and
stock together with the left hand.
11. With the right hand turn in the side-screws, after having
touched the screw-threads with oil.
12. Turn in the tang-screw after having oiled the screw-thread.
Be careful to see that each of these screws is turned firmly home,
but not forced. Observe that the lock plays freely without friction
and that no limb is bound by the wood.
13. Return the ramrod.
14. Refix the bayonet, after having oile the clasp and socket to
prevent chafing.
15. Oil the stock well with sperm or linseed oil; let it stand a few
hours, and then rub it with a woolen rag until the wood is perfectly
dry. Repeat this from time to time and it will produce a polish
which moisture will not affect. Linseed oil is the best for this pur-
pose, and it should be used while the arm is dismounted.
CLEANING AND CARE OF ARMS.
TO CLEAN THE BARREL.
A wet flannel rag should be first passed through the bore; this
should be only sufficiently moistened to soften and remove the greater
portion of the residuum of the powder; if an excess of water is em-
ployed, the difficulty of wiping the piece dry is enhanced and the
possibility of rusting the extractor or the head of the breech-screw
is much increased. Hot water should not be used, as cold or tepid
water will dissolve the residuum much better. Several oiled flannel
or strong cotton rags should next be used; these should fit the bore
closely and be run up and down several times to remove any lead.
After the bore is clean it should be wiped out with a dry rag to re-
move any excess of oil. The cosmoline oil supplied with the box of
cleaning materials is one of the best for this purpose. Sperm and
sewing-machine oils are also good. Olive oil often gums and should
not be used. A wooden cleaning rod should always be employed,
as the iron ramrod may scratch the bore and injure the rifling. The
36
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
rag used in cleaning should not be left in the barrel; for if present
when the piece is fired it may produce a swollen barrel; the sand or
dust which might collect around it and perhaps remain after it was
withdrawn might also tend to produce the same result. When
practice is concluded the piece should be at once cleaned before the
fouling has had time to harden.
TO CLEAN THE LOCK.
Wipe every part with a moist rag and then a dry one; if any part
of the interior shows rust put a drop of oil on the point or end of a
piece of soft wood dipped into flour of emery; rub out the rust
clean and wipe the surface dry, then rub every part with a slightly-
oiled rag.
TO CLEAN THE MOUNTINGS.
For the mountings and all of the iron and steel parts, use the
scouring material described in the contents of box of cleaning ma-
terials.
Remove dirt from the screw-holes by screwing a piece of soft wood
into them.
Wipe clean with a linen rag and leave the parts slightly oiled. In
cleaning the arms great care should be observed to preserve the qual-
ities essential to service rather than to obtain a bright polish.
Burnishing the barrel (or other parts) should be strictly avoided,
as it tends to crook the barrel and also to destroy the uniformity of
the exterior finish of the arm. It is very important to use no other
implements than those before mentioned. By using nails to drive.
out the wires their holes are enlarged. The mainspring should
never be heated for the purpose of either raising or lowering its
temper; this destroys the elasticity of the spring, and the lock no
longer explodes the cartridge.
The notches of the tumbler, the mainspring swivel, and, in gen-
eral, all the joints of the lock should be frequently oiled after first
wiping off the hard grease and the dust.
Browned arms are cleaned by rubbing them hard with an oiled
rag until the oil is well incorporated with the browning, or by rub-
bing them with beeswax on a rag or cork.
When the ramrod is used for any purpose, care should be taken
not to injure the rifling; it should never be "sprung" in the bore,
as in the old muzzle-loading smooth-bore arms.
Besides all the precautions in dismounting, remounting, and clean-
ing which have been pointed out in the foregoing pages, habitual
care in handling the arms is necessary to keep them in good and
serviceable condition.
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
37
In ordering arms on parade, let the butt be brought gently to the
ground, especially when the exercises take place on pavements or
hard roads. This will save the mechanism of the lock from shocks
which are very injurious to it, and which tend to loosen and mar
the screws and split the woodwork.
In stacking arms care should be taken not to injure the bayonets
by forcibly straining the edges against each other. The stack can
be as well secured without such force being used.
No cutting, marking, or scraping in any way the wood or iron
should be allowed, and no part of the gun should be touched with
a file. Take every possible care to prevent water from getting in
between the lock or barrel and stock. If any should get there, dis-
mount the gun as soon as possible, clean and oil the parts as directed,
and see that they are perfectly dry before reassembling them.
STOCK.
Under the front end of the guard-plate a hole is bored to intersect
the ramrod groove at its lower end, in order to facilitate the removal
of dirt when collected at the bottom of the groove.
To remove dirt from ramrod groove.—Loosen the tang-screw; re-
move the guard-screws and guard-plate, and drive the dirt into the
hole above mentioned by means of the small end of the ramrod.
After driving out the dirt ejected replace the plate and screws.
CLEANING MATERIALS, ETC.
Cleaning materials for small-arms and accouterments are issued
by the Ordnance Department to company commanders at the rate of
one box per company.
On the under side of the cover of each box is pasted the following
printed notice, viz:
"This box contains: One tin box, holding 40 ounces scouring ma-
terial, marked 1, composed of 12 ounces paraffine, 18 ounces flour
corundum, 6 ounces cosmoline oil, 4 ounces lampblack, melted to-
gether; one tin box, holding 16 ounces leather-polish, marked 2,
composed of 13 ounces bayberry tallow, 3 ounces lampblack melted
together; one tin box holding 40 ounces compressed whiting, marked
3; one tin can linseed oil, holding 1 pint, marked 4; two tin cans
cosmoline oil, holding 1 quart each, both marked 5; two chamois
skins, each about 2 feet square; one wire scratch brush, handle of
sheet tin; four wooden button sticks, four button brushes; one sheet-
iron cleaning plate.
“GENERAL DIRECTIONS.-For removing rust and cleaning brass
work: Rub off a very little from box 1 on a cloth or on the end of
the finger. For rust use a soft stick. Finish with whiting for bright
work and oil for browned work.
38
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE,
“For polishing accouterments: 1. Rub off a little on a soft cloth
from box 2. 2. Rub it well on the leather and finish lightly with a
soft cloth.
(6
Lubricating oil: Apply the oil lightly with a rag.
Weight of box, filled, 23 pounds.”
GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR RE-BROWNING BREECH-
LOADING SMALL-ARMS.
1. Dismount the arm, leaving the receiver on the barrel.
2. Clean the red rust from all the components with emery cloth,
but do not rub off the former browning on the barrel.
3. Clean the bore of the barrel and oil it with sperm oil.
4. Drive the small ends of white-pine plugs (similar in shape to a
file handle) into the muzzle of the barrel and rear end of the re-
ceiver to serve as handles, as the bare hand should not touch the
work during the process. Also, to protect the bore, drive a cork or
plug into the rear end of the barrel where it enters the receiver.
5. Clean the barrel from dirt and grease by rubbing it thoroughly
with a cloth and air-slaked lime, or boil it half an hour in lime-
water, and then brush off the lime and dirt with a stiff bristle brush.
6. Apply the first coat of browning mixture over the entire barrel
and receiver with a piece of fine sponge.
7. Put the barrel at rest and let it remain for about nine hours in
a moist room (not too moist), with the thermometer as near 85° or
90° as convenient.
8. Then place the barrel in a pan of boiling water; let it boil six
minutes, take it out, and with a stiff bristle brush remove the loose
oxide. Then card it thoroughly with a piece of second-hand "card
clothing."
9. Apply with the sponge the second coat of browning mixture,
and place at rest, as in the 7th operation.
10. Repeat the 6th, 7th, and 8th operations until five or six coat-
ings of the mixture have been applied; then finish by removing the
plugs, wiping the bore clean, and oiling the barrel inside and out
with sperm oil.
If the barrel is to remain at rest a much longer time than the 9
hours, the temperature of the room may run down to 55° or 60°
without injury to the work. Doors and windows should be kept
closed (particularly in warm, damp, or rainy days or nights) to avoid
an excess of moisture in the process of browning.
After browning, the cam recess (if rusty) should be polished with
oil and flour of emery on the end of a pine stick.
The gun-stock should be sand-papered smooth and oiled with lin-
seed oil; the bed for the barrel, guard, lock, and groove for the
ramrod should be given a light coat of shellac varnish.
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
39
Directions for coloring by the nitre process now used at the National
Armory.
The following metal parts of the rifle are colored by this process:
Bands, band-springs, bayonet complete (bayonet scabbards also),
guard complete, ramrod, front sight cover, base and leaf of rear
sight and tip. The method in brief is as follows: A cast-iron pot
or vessel, open to the air and heated from below, contains the nitre
and oxide of manganese (100 pounds nitre to 8 to 10 pounds black
oxide of manganese) at a temperature sufficiently high to cause
quick ignition and combustion of a pinch of sawdust thrown upon
the surface of the mixture. The parts to be subjected to oxidation
are suspended in the center of the mixture by wires from a station-
ary hook above the pot. The parts (when finished with the excep-
tion of color) are immersed when cold in the mixture and moved
about through it, to stir it up. They are left suspended as above
from five minutes up, depending upon their size and the color re-
quired. After a satisfactory color has been obtained, which can be
determined by lifting the parts out of the mixture and looking at
them, they are plunged into a vessel of cold water to prevent spots,
next into a vessel of hot water to remove the adhering nitre, then
into a vessel of oil to darken the color, after which they are plunged
again into hot water to remove all traces of oil and are then wiped
dry, completing the process. Before immersing the parts it will be
found advantageous to thoroughly stir the manganese from the
bottom with a ladle. Care should be taken not to splash the mix-
ture, and spectacles should be worn by the workman to protect the
eyes.
INSPECTION OF ARMS IN SERVICE OR WHICH HAVE
BEEN IN SERVICE.
IMPLEMENTS.-Standard and limit gauges for the bore, limit gauges
for the exterior of the barrel, and a screw-plate with taps for the
holes of the lock-plate.
The following are the principal points to be attended to in the in-
spection of arms, which should always be first taken to pieces and
cleaned:
BARREL.-Defects for which the barrel must be condemned as
unfit for service: The large gauge entering the whole length of the
barrel; the small or standard gauge not entering, unless the diminu-
tion of the bore be caused by the barrel being indented or bent; de-
fects which may be remedied. A diminution of the exterior diam-
eter at the breech or at the muzzle so as to enter the small receiving
gauges. This diminution is 0.1 inch at the breech, 0.03 inch at the
40
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
muzzle for arms with bayonets, and 0.045 inch for arms without
bayonets. A diminution of more than 0.25 inch in the length of a
pistol barrel, or 0.5 inch in the length of other barrels. Splits,
cross-cracks, and other serious defects caused either by bad work-
manship or by use.
Examine the barrel carefully to see if it have any of the above
defects, and, if so, mark them with a file when not very apparent.
See if the bayonet-stud be broken or too much worn. If the breech-
screw be not tight after entering five or six threads, or if it can be
screwed down by hand without the use of a wrench; if the threads
be not sharp and sound; if the plug do not fill up the whole box of
the female screw; if the tang be broken or cracked at the screw-
hole; or if, when the breech screw is in, the tang be not even with
the upper surface of the barrel, a new breech-screw is required.
The firing-pin should not bind in its hole; it is liable to do so from
the upsetting of the comb of the breech-block by the blows of the
hammer and by breaking.
If the extractor does not eject the shell freely, the spring is either
broken, clogged with rust, or the extractor binds in the hinge-joint.
The surface of the recess in the breech-pin should be free from dirt
and rust, and should not be indented by the pressure of the cam.
The hammer should not be liable to strike on the firing-pin unless
the thumb-piece is in place, nor should the face of the hammer be too
deeply indented by striking on the head of the pin. The failure of
the thumb-piece to close properly does not necessarily arise from
faulty construction of the arm, but may from a cartridge too large
in some of its parts to enter fully into the chamber of the piece.
The surface of the chamber should be smooth, free from scratches
and indents that will cause the cartridge-shell to stick in it after
firing.
BAYONET.-A bayonet is considered unserviceable if the blade be
1 inch too short. See if it be sound and perfect in all its parts, and
if it fit the barrel; also, if the clasp be in good order and turn freely.
LOCK.-See if the fixed branches of the springs fit close to the lock-
plate, if the movable branches be clear of it, and if any of the parts
be wood-bound.
Have the springs and the bridle of the tumbler renewed when
their pivots are broken. There should be an equal space between
the lock-plate and the sear, the tumbler, and the hammer.
If the sear rub on the plate, have it adjusted. The friction of the
tumbler may be caused by the bridle being badly pierced, in which
case renew the bridle. If the hammer rub on one side only, have it
adjusted; if it rub everywhere, the arbor of the tumbler does not
project sufficiently, and the tumbler should be renewed; if the notches
of the tumbler be broken or the edges too blunt, have them dressed ;
if the hook of the tumbler project beyond the edge of the lock-plate
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
41
when the hammer is let down, the tumbler should be renewed. The
arbor and the pivot of the tumbler should fit well in their holes.
Examine the sear closely, and have it renewed when the nose is too
thin or is worn on the side next the lock-plate, although it may be
perfect on the exterior. If the hammer be not steady, the tumbler
should be renewed. Try the action of the hammer to see that it ex-
plodes the cartridge with certainty. Renew the lock-plate when the
holes are too much worn to be dressed over. Renew every limb that
is broken or cracked, the screws which are too much worn, or of
which the stems are bent or the slits too much enlarged.
MOUNTINGS.-See if the parts be complete and sound. If the tang-
screw do not fit tight in the screw-hole of the guard-plate, renew
whichever part is defective.
RAMROD.-See if it be sound and be of the proper length; other-
wise, replace it.
STOCK.-Examine carefully the bed of the lock and the holes for
the band-springs. Press the thumb against the facings to see if they
be split at the holes for the side-screws, and renew the stock if it be
split there or at any other part to an injurious extent.
PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS, ETC., OF THE RIFLE AND CARBINE.

Dimensions.
Rifle, Carbine, Cadet,
model 1884. model 1884. model 1873.
Barrel:
Diameter of bore..
Variation allowed
Diameter of muzzle.
Diameter at breech
Length in the bore.
•
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.73
0.73
0.73
1.044
1.044
1.044
32.6
22
29.6
Length in the bore with receiver.
36.0
25.4
33
Diameter of chamber, front end.
0.482
0.482
0.482
Diameter of chamber, rear end.
0.508
0.508
0.508
Total length of chamber, including counterbore and throat.
Height of front sight above axis of bore..
2.155
2. 155
2.155
0.653
0.7385
0.679
Distance between top of front-sight and rear-sight joint.
26.843
16.728
23.975
Bayonet, length of blade.
+
18
16.25
Ramrod, length
35.6
32.6
Stock:
With butt-plate and tip, length...
48.7
29.85
45.7
Crook of stock, i. e., distance between top line of barrel and
heel of the butt..
2.50
2.50
2.50
Distance of trigger from center of butt-plate.
13.5
18.5
13.5
Arm complete:
Length without bayonet
51.92
41.3
48.92
Length with bayonet fixed...
•
69.88
65. 15
Grooves:
Number
3
3
3
Twist, uniform, 1 turn in.
22
22
22
Width, lands
.
0.235
0.235
0.285
Depth, uniform.
0.005
0.005
0.005
42
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
Principal dimensions, weights, etc., of the rifle and carbine—Continued.
Weights.
Barrel, without receiver, etc..
Lock, assembled, with side-screws and washers.
+
Bayonet, assembled
Butt-plate
Ramrod ...
Receiver and stud.
Breech-block, assembled
Receiver, complete .
Stock*
•
Total weight of metallic parts.
Total weight of arm, without bayonet.
Triggers are adjusted to pull off at..
Rifle.
Carbine.
Cadet.
Pounds.
Pounds. Pounds.
3.609
2.625
3.312
0.625
0.625
0.625
0.75
0.625
D
0.39
0.49
0.20
0.32
0.312
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.68
0.68
0.68
1.68
1.08
1.68
1.63
1.47
1.62
7.67
6.48
7.07
9.30
7.90
8.49
6 to 8
6 to 8
6 to 8
*Stocks vary in weight according to the density of the wood.
The front-sight cover is a component part of the rifle and carbine. Its weight is 400 grains for the
rifle and 460 grains for the carbine.
The upper band of the Cadet rifle has no gun-sling swivel, and also
differs in the shape of the lug and the size of the stacking swivel.
The guard has no gun-sling swivel. The barrel is reduced at the
muzzle to the same diameter as that of the rifle.
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
43
THE CARTRIDGE.
The solid-head reloading cartridge, Fig. 76, caliber ."45, consists
of a copper case containing 70 grains of musket powder, an exterior
FIG. 76.

F-
G-
THE SOLID-HEAD CARTRIDGE.
primer containing grain of percussion composition, and a lubri-
cated lead bullet weighing 500 grains. The case tapers from the
rear to the point where it is crimped to the bullet, whence it merges
into a right cylinder. The primer consists of a cup, F, which con-
tains the percussion composition, and an anvil, G, which resists the
blow of the firing-pin. The anvil has two vents by which the flame
is communicated to the charge. The form of the bullet is a cylinder,
surmounted by a conical frustum, which is surmounted by a spheri-
cal segment. Three rectangular cannelures contain the lubricant.
There is a dished cavity in the base of the bullet sufficient to bring
it to its proper weight without affecting its general form. Length
of bullet, 1."31. Diameter of cylindrical part of bullet, 0."456. The
lubricant is contained in the cannelures of the bullet and consists of
bayberry tallow or Japan wax. The bullet enters more than half
its length into the case in order that the lubricant in the grooves
may be entirely covered and protected, and to render the cartridge
waterproof the edge of the case is tightly crimped around the bullet.
G-
Fia. 77.

DE
A
C
B
THE FOLDED-HEAD CARTRIDGE.
In the solid-head cartridge the head is made by subjecting the metal
to a heavy pressure, causing it to flow and fill the space left for it.
In the folded-head cartridge the head is made by folding the metal on
itself. This operation of folding weakens the metal at the head and
it is strengthened by a reinforce cup placed within the case, which has
a recess in which the primer composition is placed and acts as the
anvil. Two crimps on opposite sides of the case keep the cup in place.
The cartridge for the carbine contains only 55 grains of powder;
the bullet weighs 405 grains.
44
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
MEMORANDA OF TRAJECTORY.
1.-ELEVATIONS.
Range.
Rifle.
Carbine.
Range.
Rifle.
Carbine.
//
O
100 yards
17 53
22 32
200 yards
31 18
31 23
800 yards
900 yards
2 12 02
2 34 36
300 yards
44 58
43 15
1,000 yards
2 58 10
400 yards
1 0 32
500 yards
1 17 18
58 30
1 18 36
1,100 yards
600 yards
1 34 30
1 40 12
1,200 yards
1,300 yards
700 yards
1 52 36
2
03 23
с
2 27
2 52 52
➢3}ལྷ༴⪜
3 19 53
3 51 07
4 27 22
5 07 47
The foregoing angles of elevation are taken directly from the arms.
2.-RAPIDITY OF FIRE.
A practiced person can fire this arm from 12 to 13 times per minute,
loading from the cartridge-box. (It has been fired from the shoulder
at the rate of 25 times per minute from the cartridge-box.)
3.-ACCURACY.*
Mean result of target practice at the National Armory, the arm
being fired from the shoulder with a muzzle rest.
Radius of circle of shots.
100 yards
200 yards.
300 yards
400 yards
500 yards
600 yards
700 yards
Range.
Rifle.
Carbine.
Range.
Rifle. Carbine.
Inches.
Inches.
1.3
1.7
800 yards.
Inches.
13.8
Inches.
23.50
2.7
4.2
900 yards.
17.0
26.00
4.2
•
+
6.5
1,000 yards..
21.4
5.8
9.0
1,100 yards.
7.6
11.7
1,200 yards.
9.5
15.5
1,300 yards.
•
11.6
19.0
The radius of circle of shots is the average distance of the shots.
from the center of impact. The center of impact is the center of the
cluster of shots which are aimed at a given point, generally the center
of the target. The best recorded targets at 500 yards are, for the
rifle, 2.8 inches; carbine, 3.4 inches; at 800 yards for rifle, 8.5 inches;
at 1,000 yards for the rifle, 11.9 inches.
ff Average of a large number of targets, and which may reasonably be expected
to be duplicated by a good marksman,
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
45
From an inspection of the curve showing the relation between
accuracy and range, it will be seen that for short ranges the former
decreases almost uniformly as the latter increases, while for long
ranges the decrease is more rapid than the increase of range.
4.-DRIFT.
It has been found that in firing a rifle with right-hand twist
rifling, as in the service rifle, the projectile has a tendency to deviate
to the right of the plane of fire. This is reversed in firing with an
arm rifled with left-hand twist rifling. This deviation is called the
drift.
The drift given in the following table was determined by making
alternate targets with right and left hand twist rifles and taking half
the sum of the distance of the center of impact when on the opposite
sides, and half the difference when on the same side of the vertical
through the point aimed at, thus eliminating the effect of wind. A
curve showing graphically how the drift increases with the range is
shown in Plate II.
Drift to right for rifle and carbine.
Drift.
Drift.
Drift.
Range.
Range.
Range.
Rifle.
Carbine.
Rifle. Carbine.
Rifle. Carbine.
Inches.
Inches.
100 yards.
1.29
1.14
200 yards
3
1.33
500 yards
600 yards.
11.5
16.1
Inches. Inches.
9.55
15.75
800 yards
900 yards.
Inches.
28.35
35.7
Inches.
37.30
300 yards..
5.1
2.8
700 yards
21.9
25.44
+
1,000 yards. 43.2
•
400 yards
7.8
5.0
5.—VELOCITY.
The muzzle velocity of the rifle bullet is 1,315.7 feet. The muzzle
velocity of the carbine bullet is 1,150 feet.
Remaining velocity.
Range.
Rifle. Carbine.
Range.
Rifle.
Carbine.
Range.
Rifle. Carbine.
100 yards.
Feet.
1172
Feet.
Feet.
Feet.
Feet.
Feet.
1,018
1,000 yards.. 711.6
500
1,800 yards
344
200 yards
1059.2
913
1,100 yards.
473
1,900 yards.
331
300 yards
986
827
1,200 yards
449
2,000 yards
320
400 yards
932
757
1,300 yards
428
2,100 yards.
308
500 yards...
886
697
1,400 yards
408
2,200 yards
298
600 yards
844.5
646
1,500 yards
390
2,300 yards.
288
700 yards
806.9
602
1,600 yards
373
2,400 yards
279
800 yards …….
772.4
564
1,700 yards.
358
2,500 yards.
271
900 yards ...
740.7
530
46
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
The muzzle or initial velocity varies slightly (the cartridge and
gun remaining the same) with the temperature of the gun, on account
of its effect on lubrication and the amount of fouling. The remaining
velocity varies with the initial velocity and density of the air.
6.-FORCE OF IMPACT.


Range.
Rifle. Carbine.
Range.
Rifle. Carbine.
Range. Rifle. Carbine.
Ft-lbs. Ft-lbs.
Ft-lbs. F't-lbs.
Ft-lbs. F't-lbs.
100 yards
1,525.4
930
1,000 yards.. 562.3
225
1,800 yards.
107
200 yards
1,245.9
749
1,100 yards.
202
1,900 yards.
99
•
300 yards
1,079.6
616
1,200 yards
182
2,000 yards.
92
400 yards
964. 6
515
1,300 yards
164
2, 100 yards
86
500 yards
871.7
437
1,400 yards
150
2,200 yards
80
600 yards...
792
376 1,500 yards
137
2,300 yards.
75
700 yards...
723
326
1,600 yards
125
2,400 yards
70
800 yards.
662.5
286
1,700 yards
116
2,500 yards.
66
900 yards.
609.3
253
Rifle.
Carbine
Range.
7. PENETRATION IN WHITE PINE.

200
300
100
500 700 1,500 2,000 2,500
yards. yards. | yards. yards. yards. yards. yards. yards.
Inches. Inches. ||Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches.
19.1 16.5 14.1 10.6
14.5 11.4
9.3 7.25
9.0
6.3 3.0
1.5
1.3
NOTE.-A penetration of 1 inch in pine corresponds to a dangerous wound.
8.-PRESSURE.
Pressure per square inch on the chamber of the gun, about 25,000
pounds.
9.-RECOIL.
The theoretical recoil of the rifle is 14.4 foot-pounds; that of the
carbine is 7.5 foot-pounds.
10.-TIME OF FLIGHT,
Range.
Rifle.
Carbine.
Range.
Rifle.
Carbine.
"
100 yards
0.25
200 yards
0.50
.58
38388
28
800 yards..
2.37
2.80
900 yards.
2.81
3.21
300 yards
0.75
.91
1,000 yards..
3.29
3.64
400 yards
1
1.26
1,100 yards.
4.06
500 yards
1.25
1.62
1,200 yards.
4.50
600 yards
1.6
2.00
1,300 yards.
4.94
700 yards
1.97
2.40
The foregoing times of flight for the carbine were calculated from
the formula t, assuming the space to be equal to the horizontal
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE.
47
100 yards.
range. The actual times of flight are slightly greater than those
given in the table. The time of flight for a range of 2,000 yards is
9.25 seconds; for 2,500 yards, 17.75 seconds. The times of flight for
the rifle were determined by telephone and stop-watch, a method
probably not sufficiently sensitive at short ranges.
11.-MAXIMUM RANGE.
With the service ammunition, i. e., 70 grains, and a 500-grain
bullet, the maximum range is 3,500 yards-the angle of elevation
being 29° 45′ 36″, the penetration 10 inches in sand; time of flight,
21.2 seconds.
The maximum range of the carbine is about 2,800 yards with 405-
grain bullet and 70 grains of powder.
12.-ORDINATES OF TRAJECTORY ABOVE LINE OF SIGHT.-RIFLE.

Horizontal distance.
100 yards.
200 yards.
300 yards.
400 yards.
500 yards.
600 yards.
700 yards.
800 yards.
900 yards.
Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet.
0
1.1 0
200 yards
300 yards
2.3
2.4
0
400 yards
3.7 5.1 4.1 0
500 yards
5.1 7.9
.
600 yards
6.6
10.9
700 yards
800 yards
900 yards
1,000 yards
ORDINATES OF TRAJECTORY ABOVE LINE OF SIGHT.-CARBINE.
8.4 5.7
13.0 11.9 7.6
8.1 14. 1 17.6 18.3 15.4
9.8 17.4 22.6 | 24.7 | 28.9
11.6 21.0 28.2 32.3 33.5
13.5 24.8 34.0 40.3 43.4
0
0
9.4 0
19.6 11.9
31.2 25.5
43.4 39.8
0
15.5
0
32.1
18.5
0
Range.
100 yards.
200 yards.
300 yards.
400 yards.
500 yards.
600 yards.
700 yards.
800 yards.
900 yards.
1,000 yards.
1,100 yards.
1,200 yards.
1,300 yards.
100 yards
200 yards.
Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. | Feet. Feet. Feet. | Feet. | Feet. Feet. Feet.
0
1.5 0
300 yards
3.2 3.3 0
400 yards
5.2 7.4 5.8 0
500 yards
600 yards
700 yards
7.3 11.6 12.3
9.7 16.2 19.3 17.9 11.3 0
12. 1 21.0 26.4 | 27.3 | 23.5 14.5 0
8.7
0
800 yards
14.4
25.9 34.0 37.5
36.3 | 29.7 17.9
-
900 yards
17.3
31.5 42.1
|
48.3
1,000 yards
20.0
37.1 50.5 59.7
49.845.9
63.8 62.7
36.8 21.7
56.3
0
43.9 25.4 0
1,100 yards
23.1 43.2 59.6| 71.5 | 78.7 80.4
1,200 yards
77.0 67.5 51.9 30.3
25.9 48.7 68.0 | 82.9 92.9 97.6 96.9 90.7 77.7
C
57.1
31.8 0
•
1,300 yards
30.0 55.3 77.7 95.8 108.9 116.8 119.5 116.0 106.3
89.7
66.7 38.4 0
1,000 yards.


48
SPRINGFIELD RILLE AND CARBINE.
13.-DANGEROUS SPACE.
The dangerous space is calculated under the assumption that the
gun, when fired, is 56 inches from the ground; that it is aimed at a
point 34 inches from the ground, and that the stature of a man is 68.
inches; and that the head of a man on horseback is 8 feet above the
ground.
:
It should be borne in mind that these measurements are conven-
tional. Owing to the ricochet frequently causing the ball to rise at
about the angle of fall, when small, the dangerous space may be con-
sidered as nearly double that given in the following tables.
The dangerous space is of course increased by the firer lying down
and aiming at his adversary's feet. Aiming at the enemy's feet 404
yards distant, the rifle gives a continuous dangerous space for that
distance.
Distance on
line of sight.
RIFLE AGAINST INFANTRY AND CAVALRY.
Falling branch of trajectory.
Rising branch
of trajectory.
In front.
In rear.
Maximum con-
tinuous danger-
ous space.
Total.

Inf'y. Cavalry. Inf'y. Cavalry. Inf'y. Cavalry. Inf'y. Cavalry. Inf'y. Cavalry.
Yds. Yds. Yds. Yds.
Yds.
Yds.
Yds. Yds. Yds. Yds.
100 yards
all.
all.
all.
all.
72.5
122
172.5
222
172.5
222
200 yards
all.
all.
all.
all.
ΤΟ
100
270
300
270
300
•
300 yards..
40
all.
86
all.
45
74
131
374
171
374
400 yards
22.5
91
49
87
42.5
63
91.5
150
114
241
500 yards
18
59
38
62
34
50
12
112
90
171
600 yards
13
45
30
45.5
26.5
40.5
56.5
86
69.5
131
700 yards
12
35
23
35
22.5
32
800 yards
10
29
19.5
29
17
900 yards..
8
24
15.5
22
14.5
21
1,000 yards
5
20
12.5
19
10
2 4 2 =
45.5
67
57.5
102
25
36.5
54
46
83
30
43
38
67
17
22.5
36 27.5
56
The column of maximum continuous dangerous space is the most
important to the marksman, since it indicates approximately double
the maximum margin of error in estimating distances for the differ-
ent elevations. For example: in aiming with the 500-yard sight,
the enemy may be about 35 yards on either side of the 500-yard point
and may still be struck, if the circumstances of firing are as above
indicated.
He will
When the rear-sight is set for a range of 255 yards, a foot soldier
is covered at all distances between that point and the firer.
also be struck at 60 yards beyond that point.
This distance of 255 yards may be termed the range corresponding
to the maximum dangerous space.
On this account the men should be habituated in firing with the
sight fixed at the mark corresponding approximately to this range,
SPRINGFIELD RIFLE AND CARBINE,
49
and should be taught that with this elevation their fire will be gen-
erally the most effective for medium-range firing.
The range corresponding to the maximum dangerous space against
cavalry is 310 yards. There is a further dangerous space beyond the
object of 72 yards.
CARBINE AGAINST INFANTRY AND CAVALRY.

Falling branch of trajectory.
Distance on
line of sight.
Rising branch
of trajectory.
In front.
In rear.
Maximum con-
tinuous danger-
ous space.
Total.
Inf 'y. Cavalry. Inf 'y. Cavalry. Inf 'y. Cavalry. Inf 'y. Cavalry. Inf 'y. Cavalry.
Yds.
Yds. Yds. Yds. Yds. Yds.
Yds.
Yds.
Yds.
Yds.
100 yards....
all.
all
all.
all.
58
90
158
190
158
190
200 yards....
all.
all.
all.
all.
54
82
254
282 251
282
300 yards.... 39
all.
65
all.
41
59
106
359
145
359
400 yards.... 23
500 yards...
15
600 yards....
11
37
700 yards.
8
800 yards..
7
900 yards...
1,000 yards...
6
1,100 yards...
- 10 10
5 & & & &
63
39
48
27
22
32
28
18
23
13
19
11
5,5
16
10
3 2 2 4 29
60
32
44
71
104
94
167
42
24
32
51
74
66
122
19
27
41
59
25
16
23
20
14
20
油酥
​34
48
17
11
16
22
15
10
14
20
5
14
8
11
8
11
16
÷ 3 2 *
40 34
33
28
2 * * *
52
86
42
76
63
52
29
25.5
45
22
21
6
1,200 yards...
4.5
12
7
10
10
14
20
18.5
1,300 yards..
4
11
6
9
B
9
12
18 16
£9
23
32
The range corresponding to the maximum dangerous space against
infantry is 247 yards. There is a further dangerous space beyond
the object of 55 yards.
The accompanying diagram, from which the preceding tables of
ordinates and dangerous spaces have been derived, is constructed by
using the fall of the projectile from the line of fire. The vertical
scale is assumed ten times as great as the horizontal.
To construct a trajectory by this method, lay off on a right line,
according to any assumed scale, a distance corresponding to any
range the trajectory of which is desired. At the extremity of this
line erect a perpendicular to it. On this perpendicular from the first
line lay off a distance, according to any assumed vertical scale, equal
to the drop of the projectile during the time of flight for that range.
Connect the point thus determined with the initial point. From the
intersections of this last line with perpendiculars through the inter-
mediate ranges lay off distances equal to the drop of the projectile
at such ranges. Through the points thus determined draw the
trajectory.
It is believed this method gives a sufficiently close approximation
for a satisfactory graphical representation of the dangerous spaces.
7534 S R-4
1.3
2.7
4.2
6.8
0
100 yds.
200yds
300yds.
400 yds.
500yds.
600yds.
700 yds.
9,4
Scale for Deviation:
4 inokes.
9.5
11.6
THE SPRINGFIELD SERVICE RIFLE-BULLET OF 500 GRS. WEIGHT.
· ACCURACY-
CURVE SHOWING THE RELATION BETWEEN ACCURACY AND RANGE.
13.8
8 inches.
800 yds.
900 yds.
1000 yds.
Scale for Range:
25
50
75
100 yds,
150
200 yds.
17.”
21:4
PLATE I.
01,9
7'8
Sinker
Scale for Drift:
11.46
THE SPRINGFIELD SERVICE RIFLE-BULLET OF 500 GRS. WEIGHT.
- DRIFT-
CURVE SHOWING THE RELATION BETWEEN DRIFT AND RANGE.
20:97
12 inches.
Scale for Range:
21
28.35
225
150
75
100 yds.
200 yds.
300 yds.
400 yds.
500 yds.
600 yds.
700 yds.
800 yds.
900 yds.
1000 yds.
100 yds.
200 yds.
35.
43.2
PLATE II.
270 yds.
THE SPRINGFIELD SERVICE RIFLE-BULLET OF 500 GRS. WEIGHT.
TRAJECTORY —
PROJECTED BY THE METHOD OF POLAR DISTORTION.
Horizontal Scale:
25
50
75 100 yde.
181 yds.
01.5 yds.
200
ayos. Angles multiplied by 10.
DANGEROUS SPACE SHOWN FOR INFANTRY.
72 yde
LINE OF SIGHT
GROUND LINE
56.5 yds.
45.5 yds.
36.5 yds,
30 yds,
PLATE III,

22.5 yea
700 yıla
200yds
300 yds.
400 yai,
LINE OF SIGHT
GROUND LINE
300 yar.
600 yde
700 yds.
800yde.
900yds
DANGEROUS SPACE SHOWN FOR CAVALRY.

374 yds.
150 yds.
112 yds.
LINE OF SIGHT
GROUND LINE
86 yds.
67 yds.
54 yds.
1
49 yds.
+
36 yds.
800 yde
900 yds
1000 you
LINE OF SIGHT
100 K
200yda
300 yılı
400yds.
500 yds.
GROUND LINE
Soo yds
700 yds.
1
}

ARMY REVOLVERS.
51

ARMY REVOLVERS.
53
COLT'S ARMY REVOLVER, CALIBER .45.
DESCRIPTION.
FIG. 78.
SIDE ELEVATION OF COLT'S ARMY REVOLVER, CALIBER .45, HALF SIZE.

54
ARMY REVOLVERS.
B
B
H
B
от
DM
M.BRADLEY.CO
FIG. 79.
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF COLT'S ARMY REVOLVER, SHOWING THE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE MECHANISM.
ARMY REVOLVERS.
55
NOMENCLATURE.
F. Back-strap.
V. Back-strap screw.
A. Barrel.
DD. Center-pin.
D'. Center-pin bushing.
Y. Center-pin screw.
C. Cylinder.
R. Ejector-head.
Q.
Ejector-rod.
Ejector-spring.
Q'. Ejector-tube.
S. Ejector-tube screw.
J Firing-pin.
Firing-pin rivet.
B. Frame.
X. Front sight.
Gate (shown in Fig 79).
Gate catch (not shown in figure).
Gate-catch screw (not shown in figure).
Gate spring (not shown in figure).
E. Guard.
T. Guard-screw, short.
Guard-screw, long (not shown in figure).
G. Hammer.
K. Hammer-cam.
I.
Hammer-roll.
Hammer-roll rivet.
J. Hammer-screw.
Hand.
L.
Handspring.
H. Mainspring.
W. Mainspring screw.
B'. Recoil-plate.
S
Sear and bolt-spring.
U.
Sear and bolt-spring screw.
Stock (shown in Fig. 79).
M.
S
Bolt.
Bolt-screw.
N. {Trigger.
Trigger-screw.
Screw-driver.
56
ARMY REVOLVERS.
PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS.*
Total length...
Length of barrel
Diameter of bore
• •
Grooves, mumber of .
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
12".5
77". 5
•
0".445
6
Grooves, kinds of.-The grooves are flat, two-tenths (0.2) of an inch
wide at the bottom, and are tangent to the bore along their middle
lines. The lands are narrower than the grooves, being from three-
hundredths (0.03) to thirty-three thousandths (0'.033) of an inch wide.
Grooves, depth of.
Grooves, depth...
•
Grooves, twist of, one turn in
Grooves, twist
Grooves, twist, kind of.
• •
0".005
Uniform.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
►
•
•
•
•
16"
Left-handed.
Uniform.
Chambers, number of.
Chambers, diameter of .
•
Cylinder, length of……….
Cylinder, diameter of...
Front sight, top to axis of bore………
•
Total weights.
Weight of powder-charge.
Weight of bullet....
WEIGHTS.
•
•
6
0".485
0".482
0".450
1".608
1".65
0".6225
•
1
•
2.31 pounds.
28 grains.
230 grains.
OPERATION OF THE PARTS.
(See Fig. 79.)
As the hammer is cocked, the hand, which is pivoted to its lower
portion, rises and engages with the ratchet on the base of the cylinder
and causes it to revolve.
The lower point of the hand engages with one of the teeth of the
ratchet just as the revolution of the cylinder has carried away the
preceding tooth from the upper point of the hand. This com-
pletes and insures the revolution of the cylinder by increasing the
effective leverage of the hand.
The stop-bolt M engages with the stop notches in the surface of the
cylinder to prevent the momentum of the cylinder from carrying it
past the firing point. It is caused to disengage from them by the
action of the hammer-can K, which, as it rises during the cocking
of the hammer, presses up the rear end of the stop-bolt and liberates
its front end from the notch. When the revolution is about com-
plete the beveled lower surface of the hammer-cam comes opposite
to the point of contact with the stop-bolt. At this moment the tail
*The Chief of Ordnance may modify the dimensions of minor details at any time.
ARMY REVOLVERS.
57
of the stop-bolt, being slit so as to have a lateral spring, and the head
being pressed upward by the stop-bolt branch of the flat spring U,
slides down over the inclined surface of the hammer-cam, and the
head engages with the stop notch in the cylinder. The spring U is
slit and bent so as to act upon both the stop-bolt and the trigger,
forming thus a combined sear and stop-bolt spring.
MECHANICAL FEATURES.
The frame is made of soft steel (of wrought iron prior to 1883).
It incloses the cylinder and is made in one piece, into which the bar-
rel is screwed. The center-pin bushing affords a third surface of
revolution for the cylinder and diminishes the chances of sticking
from dirt or rust. The cylinder and bushing may both revolve on
the center-pin, which in turn may revolve in its own bearings. The
double feed-finger on the hand gives two points of contact with the
ratchet instead of only one. The finger of the hand moves in the
direction of the tangent to the circle upon which the ratchet is cut,
and, after rotating the cylinder to a certain position, it passes from
the notch of the ratchet and can no longer act upon it. But before
the first or upper finger leaves its notch in the ratchet the lower
finger begins to act upon the next notch, and thus insures the cer-
tainty of the revolution of the cylinder. This form and action of
the hand allows the space between the chambers to be utilized for
cutting the ratchet-teeth upon a larger circle, thereby increasing the
leverage and consequently the rotatory effect of the hand upon the
cylinder. It also produces less wear upon the ratchet. The hammer
(made of steel since 1883) has three notches--the safety-notch, the
half and full cock notches. The former is the first one felt in cock-
ing the revolver. The ejector head fits closer to the barrel than
formerly, and the tube has been slotted to the rear end, to allow the
removal of the ejector-rod without unscrewing.
MANIPULATION.
TO LOAD THE REVOLVER.--Hold the revolver in the left hand.
muzzle downward. Half-cock it with the right hand and open the
gate. Insert the cartridges with the right hand. Close the gate and
bring the hammer to the safety-notch. Keep it there until the re-
volver is to be fired.
TO EJECT THE CARTRIDGE SHELLS.-Hold the revolver in the left
hand. Bring the hammer to half-cock and open the gate. Push
out the shells with the ejector-rod, using the right hand, turning the
cylinder with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand.
TO DISMOUNT THE REVOLVER.-Half-cock the revolver; loosen the
center-pin catch-screw; draw out the center-pin; open the gate, and
then take out the cylinder. To remove the ejector, turn out the
58
ARMY REVOLVERS.
ejector-tube, screw, then push the front end away from the barrel
and pull it toward the muzzle. The stock can be removed by turning
out the two back-strap screws just behind the hammer and that at
the bottom of the strap. Remove the mainspring and guard. The
parts of the lock can then be readily separated. The center-pin
bushing should be pushed out for cleaning. To remove the gate,
turn out the gate-screw in the lower side of the frame hidden by the
guard. Withdraw the gate-spring and catch, then push out the gate.
TO ASSEMBLE THE REVOLVER.-Follow the directions for dis-
mounting the revolver in inverse order. The mainspring is most
conveniently mounted by turning in the screw part way, and then
swinging the front end of the mainspring around until it bears
against the under side of the hammer-roll. The center-pin bushing
should be frequently removed for cleaning.
AMMUNITION.-Revolver ball and blank cartridges, caliber 0".45,
metallic case, center-fire, and similar in their construction to the
cartridge for the Springfield rifle.
•

ARMY REVOLVERS.
59
SCHOFIELD-SMITH AND WESSON ARMY REVOLVER,
CALIBER 0".45.
DESCRIPTION.
FIG. 80.
MBRADLEY.CO
டு
SIDE ELEVATION OF SCHOFIELD-SMITH AND WESSON ARMY REVOLVER, CALIBER 0.45.

60
ARMY REVOLVERS.
FIG. 81.
Q
4
S
BRADLEY.CO.SC
MY V
TVE
N
F
Я
PARTIAL LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF SCHOFIELD-SMITH AND WESSON REVOLVER, SHOWING THE ESSENTIAL
PARTS OF THE MECHANISM.
NOMENCLATURE.
A. Barrel.
E. Barrel-catch.
Barrel-catch screw.
E'. Barrel-catch spring.
Base-pin.
F. Cylinder.
D. Cylinder-catch.
D'. Cylinder-catch cam-screw.
ARMY REVOLVERS.
61
D". Cylinder-catch screw.
Escutcheon (not shown in Fig. 81; see Fig. 80).
G. Extractor.
H'. Extractor-spring.
H. Extractor-stem.
G'. Extractor-stud.
B. Frame.
K. Friction collar.
Z. Front sight.
Gas-ring, not shown.
X. Guard.
Y. Guard-screw.
N. Hammer.
R. Hammer-stud.
W. Hand.
Hand (spring) pin.
Hand-spring.
Joint pivot.
C. Joint-pivot screw.
J. Lifter.
O. Mainspring.
P. Mainspring swivel.
Nut (not shown).
L. Pawl.
Pawl-pin..
M. Pawl-spring.
U. Recoil-plate.
Side-plate screws (one shown).
Sight-pin.
I. Steady-pin.
Stock, two pieces (see Fig. 80).
Stock-pins.
Stock-screw (see Fig. 80).
V. Stop.
Stop-pin.
Stop-spring.
Q. Strain-screw.
P. Swivel-pin.
T. Trigger.
Trigger-pin.
S. Trigger-spring.
Trigger-spring pin.
Screw-driver.
Wiper.
62
ARMY REVOLVERS.
PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS.
Total length...
Length of barrel...
Diameter of bore
► *
Grooves, number of .
•
Grooves, kind of.-The grooves are of uniform width to their full
depth.
The bottoms of the grooves are concentric with the
bore.
The grooves and lands are of equal width.
Grooves, depth of ...
Grooves, depth
• •
• ►
Grooves, twist of, one turn in
Grooves, twist
•
Grooves, twist . .
·
•
•
•
• •
•
• •
Chambers, number of.
Rear end.
Front end.
Chambers, diameter of Shoulder, incline
Cylinder, length of
Cylinder, diameter of .
• · •
•
Total weight..
Weight of powder-charge.
• •
Weight of bullet...
•
·
WEIGHTS.
12".5
77".0
0".436
5
0". 006
Uniform.
20 inches.
Right-handed
Uniform.
6
.0".481 to 0". 482
..0".481 to 0". 448
.0".448 to 0".449
1". 425
1". 69
•
•
•
•
[
2.5 lbs.
28 grains.
230 grains,
OPERATION OF THE PARTS.
(See Fig. 81.)
A is the barrel, connected with the frame B by the joint-screw C.
From the rear of the barrel projects the base-pin, on which the cyl-
inder F revolves. This is kept in place on its pivot by the inner
hook of the cylinder-catch D. The cylinder-catch is pivoted at its
front end on the cylinder-catch screw D", and is held down by the
cylinder-catch cam-screw D', the upper part of the middle portion
of which being cut away allows the catch to rise when the cam is
turned to a certain position.
The base-pin is hollow and contains the extractor-stem H, made
in two parts, which screw together. Between the head of the stem
and the bottom of the hole in cylinder is confined the extractor-
spring H' (more properly the retractor spring), which is compressed
when the extractor moves out. The extractor G is recessed into the
face of the cylinder. The ratchet by which the cylinder is revolved
is cut in the face of the extractor, and the extractor-stud G' forms a
rear bearing for the cylinder on the frame when the revolver is
closed.
ARMY REVOLVERS.
63
The steady-pin I keeps the extractor exactly in place when it is
down.
The lifter J moves upon the friction-collar K, under the influence
of the pawl L, in the manner hereafter described. The pawl is
pressed against the lifter by the pawl-spring M. The lifter is moved
by the pawl in one direction only, and is therefore free to follow
the motion of the extractor-spring.
In closing the revolver the outer hook of the cylinder catch presses
back the barrel-catch E and engages with it under the influence of
the barrel-catch spring E'. The position of the hammer prevents.
the opening of the barrel-catch, and consequently of the piece, until
it has been brought to the position of half-cock.
The parts of the lock resemble in their general features those of
the Colt's revolver, already described. They are, N, the hammer;
R, the hammer-stud; O, the mainspring; Q, the strain-screw; P, the
swivel and swivel-pin; I, the trigger and trigger-pin; and S, the trig-
ger-spring.
The hand W is kept in place by the hand-spring in the front sur-
face of the hammer, which bears against a flat place on the pivot
arm of the hand. The stop V is thrown up into the stop-notches of
the cylinder by the stop-spring. It is drawn down out of them by
the action of the trigger-spring on the trigger when the piece is at
half-cock. When the hammer is at full-cock, and also during its
fall, the upper arm of the trigger bears down on the rear end of the
stop and keeps its head securely in the stop-notch. The guard X is
secured to the frame by the guard-screw Y and by a lip on the rear
end of the guard-strap, which fits under a corresponding projection
of the frame, and so serves to hold the guard in place.
The sight Z is let into a groove in the upper side of the rib of the
barrel. The recoil-plate U receives the bearing of the cartridge head
at the time of firing.
MANIPULATION.
TO LOAD THE REVOLVER.-Bring the hammer to the position of
half-cock and draw back the barrel-catch with the thumb. Swing
the barrel open to its full extent, and place the cartridges in the cyl-
inder.
The revolver can be readily opened with one hand by drawing back
the barrel-catch with the thumb and at the same time throwing down
the barrel from the wrist.
By bringing back the barrel to its former position it is automati-
cally locked in place by the barrel-catch.
TO EJECT THE CARTRIDGE SHELLS.—In the act of opening the re-
volver, the lifter, being held by the pawl, presses against the under
side of the stem of the extractor and raises it from its seat in the
64
ARMY REVOLVERS,
cylinder, carrying with it, between the branches of the extractor,
the cartridge shells. If these are empty and the motion is rapidly
made, they are thrown out; if they are loaded, the weight of the
ball and its extra length will keep them in the extractor. In closing
the revolver the extractor-spring returns to its former position. By
pressing on the end of the pawl nearest to the trigger-guard, in the
act of opening the piece, the lifter does not act on the extractor and
the cartridges remain undisturbed in the cylinder.
To remove one or two cartridges or shells without disturbing the
remainder, open the revolver half way and throw out the pawl in
the manner just described; the extractor returns to its place, so that
the cartridges may be picked out at pleasure or else pressed back
into the chambers preparatory to closing the piece.
TO DISMOUNT THE REVOLVER.-The only part of the revolver
which will ordinarily require removal is the cylinder, which can be
taken out as follows: Turn the cylinder-catch cam-screw just 180°,
as indicated by the notch on its head; open the revolver; press up
the head of the cylinder-catch until it clears the cylinder and draw
out the cylinder. Replace it in inverse order. The other parts of
the revolver should only be dismounted by an experienced person,
and then in the manner indicated in the description of the figure.
AMMUNITION.
Revolver ball and blank cartridges, caliber 0″.45, metallic case,
center-fire, and similar in their construction to the cartridge for the
Springfield rifle.
GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR RE-BROWNING REVOLVERS.
(All parts which are re-browned may instead be colored by the niter process.)
1. Dismount the revolver.
2. Clean the red rust from all the components with emery cloth
and a wire scratch-brush. It is unnecessary to rub off the original
bluing or browning.
3. Clean the bore of the barrel and all of the chambers in the cyl-
inder with a wire caliber brush and oil them with sperm oil.
4. Drive the small end of a white-pine plug (similar in shape to a
file handle) in the muzzle of the barrel and also into the base-pin
hole in the cylinder, to serve as handles; as the bare hand should
not touch the work during the process.
5. Drive short pine plugs in all the other holes in the cylinder and
in the butt end of the barrel.
6. The parts to be browned are: The barrel, frame, cylinder,
ARMY REVOLVERS.
65
ejector-tube, ejector-rod, and back-strap of both revolvers, and the
guard and the cylinder-catch in the Smith & Wesson revolver.
7. Rub thoroughly all the parts enumerated in paragraph 6 with
a cloth and air-slaked lime to clean them from dirt and grease, or
boil them half an hour in lime-water and then brush off the lime and
dirt with a stiff bristle brush.
8. Apply the first coat of browning mixture over the entire outer
surface of the parts named in the 6th paragraph with a piece of fine
sponge.
9. Put them at rest for about nine hours in a moist room (not too
moist), with the thermometer as near 80° or 90° as convenient.
10. Then place the parts in a pan of pure boiling water, letting
them boil 6 minutes. Take them out, and with a stiff bristle brush
remove the loose oxide; then card them thoroughly with a piece of
"card clothing."
11. Apply the second coat of browning mixture and place at rest,
as in the 9th operation.
12. Repeat the 8th, 9th, and 10th operations until five or six coat-
ings of the browning mixture have been applied; then finish by re-
moving all the plugs, wipe out and oil all the holes and the browned
surface with sperm oil.
13. If the parts are to remain at rest for a much longer time than
9 hours the thermometer may be allowed to fall to 55° or 60° without,
injury to the work. Doors and windows should be kept closed, par-
ticularly during warm, damp, or rainy days or nights, to avoid an
excess of moisture in the process of browning.
14. Clean the stock with fine sand-paper and oil it with linseed
oil.
15. All of the smaller components not before enumerated may be
blacked by the process known as "blazing off oil."
16. For this process a sheet-iron pan is needed, 6 inches square and
6 inches deep, the bottom to be perforated with numerous small
holes. The pan should have a handle about 4 feet long.
Place in the pan a convenient number of components, such as
screws, springs, bridles, sears, etc., and hold the pan over a charcoal
fire. Pour a small quantity of sperm oil over the pieces in the pan,
using a ladle for this purpose. Roll and shake the pan slightly, and
as the heat increases add a little more oil until it has spread over the
entire surface of the components. Continue this shaking until the
oil is almost entirely burned off. Then empty the parts upon a
sheet-iron plate to cool. If not sufficiently black, repeat the opera-
tion. When nearly cool the components should be rinsed in a boil-
ing solution of sal-soda to wash off the surplus oil.
Revolvers can be cleaned, re-browned, and blacked by the fore-
going process and reassembled complete, at the rate of two per day
for each man employed.
7534 S R-5
66
ARMY REVOLVERS.
MEMORANDA OF TRAJECTORY.
THE COLT'S ARMY REVOLVER.
1.-RAPIDITY OF FIRE.
This arm may be fired 18 times in one minute and fifty-four
seconds, beginning and ending with chambers empty.
2.-ACCURACY.
150 yards. 200 yards. 250 yards. 300 yards.
Deviations.
50 yards.
100 yards.
Inches.
Inches.
Mean horizontal . .
•
Mean vertical.
Mean absolute
4.2
•
..8
Inches.
7
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
9.8
20
19.9
3.3
7.4
10.1
12.5
14.8
20.7
5.3
8.3
12.3
15.9
24,9
28.7
The above results are the average of a limited number of targets
of twelve shots each.
3.-DRIFT.
The twist of the rifling being to the left, the drift is in the same.
direction. The tendency to throw the muzzle to the right by the
pull on the trigger serves, however, largely to neutralize the drift at
ranges less than 150 yards. At 300 yards the drift is about 30 inches.
4.-RECOIL.

Weight of revolver.
Weight of powder.
2.31 pounds.
28 grains.
Range
Inches
Weight of ball.
Recoil (theoretical).
230 grains.
3.89 foot-pounds.
5. PENETRATION IN WHITE PINE.

50 yards.
100 yards.
150 yards. 200 yards.
250 yards. 300 yards.
31-
31
31
28
21
21
A penetration of one inch in white pine corresponds to a dangerous
wound.
5.—TRAJECTORY.
a.-Velocity.
Mean initial velocity, 730 feet.
b.-Angles of sight.

50 yards. 100 yards. 150 yards. | 200 yards. | 250 yards. | 300 yards.
Range...
Elevation
9' 3"
Depression..
1° 14' 24"
57′ 13″
41′ 41″
25' 5"
8' 54"
ARMY REVOLVERS.
67
It is worthy of note that up to about 275 yards the axis of the
bore is below the line of sight. This is probably due to the fact that
before the ball has left the piece the barrel is rotated upward—the
line of application of the force being above the point of resistance,
the hand-until the axis of the bore is sufficiently far above the line
sighted for the object to be struck.
c.-Ordinates of trajectory above line of sight. Range, 300 yards; 300 yards ele-
vation.

Horizontal distance.
Inches
+
· •
50 yards. 100 yards. 150 yards. 200 yards. 250 yards. 300 yards.
43.7
69.4
79.7
71.5
47
0
As there is but one height of rear sight on this revolver-viz, that
corresponding to 50 yards-the center of impact will fall lower and
lower on the target as the range is increased. It will, therefore, be
necessary in firing to raise the line of sight as much above the object
as the trajectory passes below it.
The following table gives the ordinates of points of the trajectory
at 300 yards below the line of sight corresponding to 50 yards :
d.-Ordinates of trajectory below line of sight. Regular sight; 50 yards elevation.

Horizontal distance..
50 yards. 100 yards. | 150 yards. 200 yards. 250 yards. 300 yards.
Inches
0
16.2
48.6
99.9
165, 1
256.4
This table is important, as it shows how far above one should aim
in order to hit the object at the distances given. For instance, at
150 yards the point aimed at should be about 4 feet, and at 200 yards
8 feet above the object.
e.—Dangerous space. Cavalry against cavalry.
Distance.
Ascending
branch
of trajectory.
Descending branch of
trajectory.
Before Beyond
the object. the object.
Maximum con-
tinuous dan-
gerous space.
Total,
50 yards
100 yards
150 yards
200 yards
250 yards
• •
300 yards
Yards.
Yards.
Yards,
Yards.
Yards.
all.
all.
38.2
88.2
88.2
all.
all.
49.7
149.7
149.7
all.
all.
47.2
197.2
197.2
12
71.8.
44.5
116.3
128.3
7.5
57.7
36.8
94.5
102.0
5.3
41.7
31.2
72.9
78.2
68
ARMY REVOLVERS.
50 yards
100 yards
150 yards
200 yards.
250 yards
300 yards
50 yards
100 yards
150 yards
200 yards
250 yards
300 yards
• •
50 yards
100 yards
150 yards
200 yards
250 yards
300 yards.
I
Distance.
Cavalry against infantry.
Ascending
Descending branch of
trajectory.
Maximum con-
branch.
tinuous dan-
Total.
of trajectory.
Before Beyond
the object. the object.
gerous space.
Yards.
Yards.
Yards.
Yards.
Yards.
7.6
22.9
24.5
55.0
55.0
46.7
38.2
79.9
79.9
46.9
31.2
78.1
78.1
39.5
31.9
71.4
71.4
34.2
27.5
61.7
61.7
26.2
22.2
48.4
48.4
Infantry against cavalry.
Ascending
Descending branch of
trajectory.
Maximum con-
Distance.
branch
of trajectory.
Before Beyond
tinuous dan-
gerous space.
Total.
the object. the object.
Yards.
Yards.
Yards.
Yards.
Yards.
all.
all.
63.5
113.5
113.5
all.
all.
64.2
164.2
164.2
e
all.
all.
57.7
207.5
207.5
·
all.
all.
50.5
250.5
250.5
51.2
72.0
40,0
112.0
163.2
35.2
45.5
27.7
73.2
108.2
Infantry against infantry.
Distance.
Ascending
branch
of trajectory.
Descending branch of
trajectory.
Before
Beyond
the object. the object.
Maximum con-
tinuous dan-
gerous space.
Total.
Yards.
Yards.
Yards.
Yards.
Yards.
all.
all.
35.0
85.0
85.0
all.
all.
41.7
141.7
141.7
15.0
71.5
38.1
109.6
124.6
8.8
49.7
35.4
85.1
93.9
6.0
40.2
28.5
68.7
74.7
4.6
28.5
20.5
49.0
53.6
The dangerous space is determined under the assumption that a
foot-soldier is 68 inches in height; that the head of a man on horse
is 96 inches from the ground; that the pistol is at the height of the
eye or 4 inches below the top of the head, and that the points aimed
at are 34 and 48 inches from the ground for infantry and cavalry,
respectively.
The dangerous space may be increased by the firer lying down and
aiming at the feet of the enemy.


355
Un338rd
}
1

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
wils
355 Un338rd
Description and rules for the management
3 1951 002 079 206 Q
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ANNEX
AISLE 67
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ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ONE LOMB
PRODUCED BY GRAPHIC ARTS RESEARCH CENTER