WILSON
ANNEX
I
OPIUM
by
John Liggins



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April, 1883.
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No. 74.
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[OCTAVO]
Copyright, 1883, by FUNK & Wagnalls
OPIUM
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY AND ITS DISASTROUS
RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA
THE SPREAD OF OPIUM-SMOKING IN AMERICA
By JOHN LIGGINS
(PRINTED WITHOUT ABRIDGMENT)
That which is morally wrong cannot be politically right
>
SECOND EDITION: REVISED AND ENLARGED.
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OPIUM.
HOW THE FIRST EDITION WAS RECEIVED.
The following are from Notices of the press, and from Letters which have
been received:
"An able presentation of one of the most outrageous and unpardonable
national crimes of any age."-Missionary Review.
"A tremendous indictment against the opium trade. It is a perfect mine
of information on the subject."-Canadian Methodist Magazine.
"A trenchant pamphlet in which has been brought together a large amount
of valuable testimony. The facts are terrible."-Missionary Herald.
"A candid, truthful, and forcible showing up of the crime of a great na-
tion, and of the gigantic evils of the opium traffic."-Rev. Frank S. Dobbins,
late a Missionary in Japan.
"Should be widely read. The facts are presented with telling effect."-
Spirit of Missions.
66
'Having myself seen the horrible effects of opium-smoking in China, I
can fully endorse all your statements in reference to its deleterious effects.
The present policy of England in respect to the Opium Question is disgraceful
to the Church of England, and a reproach to our common Christianity. It
deadens to a great extent mission work, and tends to keep the Chinese de-
graded by a vice which the covetousness of England forces on them. I hope
that your book may have a wide circulation."-Bishop Stevens.
"The cause of truth and righteousness owes you a debt for your brave,
clear, and astounding revelations concerning the iniquitous opium traffic. I
sincerely hope that your wisely constructed and most interesting effort to
arouse and lead public sentiment against it may be successful.”—Bishop
Bedell.
"The evils of opium-smoking are forcibly stated in their dreadful verity in
Mr. Liggins' pamphlet. My residence of forty-three years in China deepened
the impression that it is the greatest obstacle now in the way of that people
advancing in religion and civilization. The danger that the habit is gradu-
ally fastening itself upon the American people is portrayed in startling, facts,
and the warning is none too premature."-S. Wells Williams, LL.D.
}
1
OPIUM
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY AND
ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN
CHINA AND INDIA
THE SPREAD OF OPIUM-SMOKING IN AMERICA
BY
REV. JOHN LIGGINS
FORMERLY AMERICAN EPISCOPAL MISSIONARY IN CHINA
That which is morally wrong cannot be politically right
second edition, revISED AND enlarged
NEW YORK
FUNK & WAGNALLS, PUBLISHERS
1883
339.81
4626
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
OUR aim in this sketch has been to present, as briefly as practicable, the
most important facts and testimonies concerning a traffic which is as disgrace-
ful to England, as it is ruinous to China, and hurtful to India; and which, if
it is not soon suppressed, will very injuriously affect other nations also, as,
indeed, it has already begun to do our own country.
Comparatively few Americans are well-informed upon this subject, and yet
it is important that an enlightened public sentiment should prevail here, be-
cause such a sentiment cannot but react upon England, and aid in the suppres-
Csion of the odious and destructive trade.
they are found in all the
Chinamen have taken up
parlors" or saloons"
It is also of the highest importance that the people throughout our wide
domain should be aroused concerning the new, fascinating and deadly foe
which has entered our country through the Golden Gate. There are twenty
joints" or opium dens in New York City, and
cities of the United States and Canada in which
their abode; there are also in the leading cities
kept by Americans and Europeans; and at this present writing it is com-
puted that there are not only twenty-five thousand Chinese in our country who
are confirmed opium smokers, but also twenty thousand white men, women
and youths, in all classes of society, who are regular or occasional opium
smokers.
We cannot forbear, therefore, from giving a note of warning; and we hope
that better and more effective trumpets than ours will continue to sound the
alarm until the necessary repressive and prohibitory measures are adopted and
. enforced.
How much need there is for prompt and energetic action, may be seen from
the following account of a New York den, by a writer in the Evening Post,
of August 21st, 1882:
959687
6
PREFACE.
"A visit to Pape's establishment is an extraordinary experience. On each
side, and extending the length of the dimly-lighted, stenchful, and meagre
room, are low platforms on which the smokers recline, their heads supported
by small wooden stools. The smokers are in groups of from two to six per-
sons, In the centre of each group is a tray containing a pipe and its appurte-
nances. One of the number "cooks" the opium and prepares the pipe, which
is smoked in turn by the others. Cheek by jowl in these groups are men and
boys of respectable conditions, girls and hardened women, thieves and sporting
men, actors and actresses, drunken carousers and Chinamen. In a corner of
the room Pape, a blear-eyed and wizened Chinaman, drowsily but carefully
weighs and serves in little ocean shells the twenty-five and fifty cents' worth of
opium as it is called for by the smokers. The fumes from the pipes fill the
room with a thick, bluish cloud, which partly hides the scene of abandonment,
intoxication and debasement."
Is the curse of such vile establishments to be extended all over our country,
or is the seductive and fearfully debasing vice of opium-smoking to be sup-
pressed? This is almost as momentous a question for us, as the continuance
or discontinuance of the iniquitous opium traffic is for England.
MARCH 20, 1883.
JOHN LIGGINS,
ASBURY PARK, N. J.
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY AND ITS
DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA.
THE enforced Opium Traffic has now reached such vast proportions, that,
with the approval of the Home Government, and the oft-voted sanction of
Parliament, the British rulers of India have perverted seven hundred thousand
acres of the best land in that country to the growth of the poppy, and they
are the manufacturers of and traffickers in the opium, one hundred thousand
chests, or five thousand tons of which are imported into China every year, and
the profits to the English Government are forty millions of dollars annually!
In a recent charge, the Bishop of Madras alludes to the shameful wrong
which England has been inflicting on China for more than fifty years, and says:
"Protectors of opium-smugglers, we forced the rulers of China, against their
earnest protests, and with the powerful argument of our cannon, to open their
ports for the admission of the drug, which was to besot and ruin the inhabitants
of that vast empire.'
THE VERDICT CONCERNING OPIUM.
Dr. Dudgeon, who has been for twenty years in charge of the Chinese
hospital at Peking, and is a Professor in the Imperial College for Western
Sciences at that city, says: 'Opium is the most mischievous of all substances
ever resorted to as a daily stimulant. This is the judgment of the twenty-
five medical missionaries in China.
The Rev. E. E. Jenkins, an experienced and distinguished missionary, says:
"The opium trade as now carried on between us and China is alike immoral
and impolitic. Opium is poison. Those who endeavor to liken the consump-
tion of it to the use of alcoholic beverages in this country know not what they
say or whereof they affirm. It is a medical poison, and outside the medical
use it is a ruthless and indiscriminating destroyer of body and of mind.”
This is the verdict of the two hundred clerical missionaries in China.
H. II. Kane, M. D., of New York, in his very valuable work on "Opium
Smoking," quotes the following testimony of Sir Charles Forbes: "For
fascinating seductiveness, immeasurable agony, and appalling ruin, the world
1
T
8
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
has yet to see its parallel." This is the opinion of scientific men after extensive
observation and knowledge of the subject.
Wenseang, the distinguished Chinese Foreign Minister, said to Sir Ruther-
ford Alcock, that "the foreign importation of opium was impoverishing,
demoralizing, and brutalizing the people; it is a deadly poison, most injurious
to mankind." This is the settled conviction of the Chinese Government and
nation.
We may imagine, then, what a frightful amount of destitution, crime,
disease and death those thousands of tons yearly produce.
MISERY AND RUIN AMONG THE BURMESE.
A lurid light is thrown upon the effects in China of the enforced opium
traffic by the reports for 1880 to the British Government, of the Chief
Commissioner and eight District Commissioners of British Burmalı, concern-
ing the awful results of the introduction of opium into that country. Before
it was conquered by the British forces, and then annexed to the Indian Em-
pire, opium was as rigidly excluded from every part of Burmah as it now is
from Japan, these Asiatics knowing, as well as the Chinese, that there was
nothing but ruin for them if it was admitted. But no sooner did England
obtain control of the country than British subordinate officials distributed
opium gratuitously among the natives to create a market for it; and now the
results in the demoralization, impoverishment and ruin of the people are fear-
ful.
These reports were withheld from the nation and from Parliament by the
Secretary of State for India, until their presentation and publication were
demanded, and all right-thinking people have been shocked by the revelations.
"The papers now submitted for consideration," says the Chief Commis-
sioner, "present a painful picture of the demoralization, misery, and ruin
produced among the Burmese by opiun smoking
Among the
Burmans the habitual use of the drug saps the physical and mental energies,
destroys the nerves, emaciates the body, predisposes to disease, induces in-
dolent and filthy habits of life, destroys self-respect, is one of the most fertile
sources of misery, destitution and crime, fills the jails with men of relaxed
frame predisposed to dysentery and cholera, prevents the due extension of
cultivation and the development of the land revenue, checks the natural growth
of the population, and enfeebles the constitution of succeeding generations."
A HANDSOME PEOPLE CHANGED TO HAGGARD WRETCHES.
In Arracan, too, the opium policy of the British rulers of India has turned
a "healthy, handsome people into a race of haggard wretches." Before
that province was annexed to England's Indian Empire, it was death by law
'
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA.
f
9
{
to use opium; but as soon as English rule was established, government agents
were sent from Calcutta to educate this industrious and sober people in the
new vice. They opened shops for the gratuitous distribution of opium, invit-
ing the young men to try it. Then when the taste was established, the opium
was sold at a low rate; but as the vice spread, the price was raised, and large
profits ensued; but with the dreadful results to the people which we have stated.
Such is the evidence of Dr. George Smith, Sir Arthur Phayre, and Mr. IIind.
There are still Government officials who are in favor of this abominable
course of proceeding. The Nagas are a brave mountain tribe in India, and
as they are restive under British domination, the Calcutta Englishman, says:
"Our civilizing influence will probably take the form of making the Naga a
peaceable subject through his developing a taste for opium; this indeed is the
aspiration of one political officer expressed in an official report"*
This may not be strange reading to many Englishmen in India, but it ought
to be to Britons at home, who should blush with shame at what their Govern-
ment in India has been doing in the past, and, according to this authority, will
probably do in the future, if permitted.
GIVING AWAY OPIUM IN CHINA.
In his "Middle Kingdom," Dr. S. Wells Williams says that the officers of
some of the first British opium ships to China gave the seductive drug to the
people along the coast, and bribed some of the officials to connive at, and some
of the boatmen and others to aid in the introduction of the baneful stuff.
How little have the people of Great Britain, or those of "Greater Britain,”
known of the scandalous doings of English Government agents, or those
whom they have diplomatically and by force of arms aided, in these Asiatic
countries.
The recent revelations concerning Burmah and Arracan have so shocked the
English people and raised such an outcry, that the Secretary of State for
India has been impelled to order the closing of two thirds of the opium shops.
May the indignation and agitation continue until all of them are closed, and
until England's opium policy toward China shall cease, where the evil has
been carried upon a vaster scale, and accompanied by more violent measures.
It is much more difficult, however, to awaken sufficient interest and effort
in behalf of an injured, far away people, when those people are not "British
subjects."
THE NUMBER OF VICTIMS IN CHIINA.
It is impossible to ascertain with any degree of accuracy the present number
of the slaves of the vice in China. It is conceded by advocates of the traffic
* Friend of China, for March, 1882.
10
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
t
that there are at least six millions, while some missionaries and others who
have travelled extensively in the empire say this is far too small an estimate;
by these it is claimed that there are at least fifteen millions. The Rev. Dr.
Williamson, the author of "Journeys in North China," expresses the belief
that "there are several tens of millions of smokers." Dr. Dudgeon says
"30 to 40 per cent of the male population."
Mr. Thomville T. Cooper, who had travelled through the breadth of
China, testified before the Finance Committee of the House of Commons in
1871, that at least one third of the male population were addicted to the vice.
The reason for the difference of statement is that the vicious habit prevails
in the seaports more than in other towns; in the cities generally more than
in the country, and in some provinces more than in others. It is important
to have the evidence of one who, like Mr. Cooper, has travelled in the
western as well as the eastern provinces, and whose book shows him to be as
free from prejudices as any of the great explorers.
His testimony, however, was given eleven years ago, and if it was correct
then, there are now probably forty per cent of the adult male population,
with a considerable number of the female sex, who are addicted to the vice,
for all testify that there is a constant increase in the number of those who
indulge in the debasing habit.
Mr. A. Wylie, who has travelled in the different provinces of China for
about twenty-five years as the agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society,
says that "unless measures be found to check the practice, it bids fair to
accomplish the utter destruction, morally and physically of this great nation."
Dr. Legge, Professor of the Chinese language and literature at Oxford says:
"It is as certain as anything can be, that this opium traffic, unless it be
arrested, will reduce the empire of China to beggary and ruin."
WHAT THE OPIUM SMOKER WILL DO.
The opium smoker will not only part with his worldly possessions, but he will
even sell his wife and children, and then take to stealing and other crimes in
order to get the means to satisfy his fearful cravings for the drug.
The Rev. W. H. Collins, M.R.C.S., of the English Church Mission at Pe-
king, says "To supply his pipe the man will take the clothes off his chil-
dren's backs, exposing them to all the severity of winter weather; he will sell
his wife; he will take the wadded garments off his aged mother, and so
cause her to die a cruel death from cold."
Dr. S. Wells Williams, in his "Middle Kingdom," says: "The evils
suffered, and the crimes committed by the desperate victims of the opium pipe,
are dreadful and multiplied. Theft, arson, murder, and suicide are perpetrated
in order to obtain it, or escape its effects."
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA. 11
CRIMINAL CONDUCT OF ENGLAND.
That England should forcibly and violently insist upon the introduction of
the noxious stuff, in face of the Government prohibition, and knowing at
the same time what a temptation opium smoking is to the Chinese, and what
havoc it would work among them, is indeed very disgraceful and very criminal.
After two wars, and the loss of many thousands of lives, and many millions
of treasure, the Chinese Government saw that further resistance was useless,
and they consented to legalize the importation of "the foreign poison,” by
receiving a small duty. But they declare that they yielded only to force,
and they have continued formally and definitely to appeal to the English
Governinent and nation for permission to prohibit the disastrous trade, or, if
not this, to be at least allowed to tax the opium heavily to lessen its consump-
tion. But both of these appeals have been refused by the English Govern-
ment, and China's inalienable rights have been trampled in the dust.
THE BITTERNESS TO THE MISSIONARIES.
The Rev. A. C. Moule, in his work entitled "Four Hundred Millions,"
says: “One is ashamed of one's nationality in China. Foreign nations have
brought curses, and not blessings to the land-curses which the prestige of
martial prowess, however thoroughly conceded, cannot obliterate. The
'Arrow' wars, and all the miserable opium history, are known but too well;
and there are but few missionaries who have not tasted at least a little of the
bitterness with which that history has caused the religion preached by the
fellow-countrymen of those who brought the plague to be received. Mission
hospitals, opium refuges-here in Ningpo the expulsion of the hated Tæpings,
as well as many individual cases of integrity and disinterestedness in foreign-
ers, have done something locally to atone for this evil, and raise the foreign
name; but in the national, and especially political feeling, I suppose fear
and hatred, hatred and fear, rise and fall continually."
The Rev. Griffith John, a veteran missionary of the London Society, says:
“The selfish and unchristian conduct of the British Government in regard to
the opium trade, forms a main hindrance to the progress of Christ's Kingdom
in China, and the missionary is made to feel constantly and deeply that this
vile trade, with its disgraceful history, speaks more eloquently and convincingly
to the Chinese mind against Christianity, than he does or can do for it."
CIIIEF JUSTICE SMALE.
Sir John Smale, for twenty years the Chief Justice of IIong Kong, has
recently returned to England. In an address to the Social Science As-
sociation, he spoke of the opium traffic as "That trade which beyond all
dispute we forced upon China and the Chinese Government. After a not
12
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
careless onlooking for more than twenty years, I have come to the decided
conviction that the opium trade has spread abroad unmitigated evils among
the masses of the Chinese population, has scandalized the good among the
Mandarins, and has demoralized the bad among them; it has greatly lessened.
the moral power of England, as the missionary of even the lower stratum of
our Western civilization, and it has all but annihilated the influences of our
highest moral and religious convictions. I could not recur to my reminiscences
of Hong Kong without glancing at this dark aspect."
MISSIONARY WORK AMONG OPIUM SMOKERS.
Lurid indeed are the pictures which England's own sons draw of the shame-
ful conduct of their country, and its awful results in China. This conduct
and these results are indeed very formidable obstacles to missionary enterprise,
and the progress of the Christian religion. Comparatively few conversions.
are made among the millions of opium smokers. The victims of no vice are
so irreclaimable as are the slaves of opium.
Some who are thus enslaved may expect speedy temporal death, if they
give up the vice, and escape eternal death by becoming new creatures in
Christ Jesus. The Rev. Mr. Collins, M.D., refers to a touching case of
this kind. One of his candidates for baptism had given up opium smoking,
and the usual dysentery followed; but when he was informed that he would
speedily die if he did not smoke again, he replied, "I am willing to die, but
not to smoke again." And die he did.
THE WORK IN THE NATION AT LARGE.
But the enforced and destructive traffic makes the missionary work ex-
ceedingly difficult also in the nation at large, and among those who do not
smoke opium.
The Rev. Mr. Moule, in his paper read at the Newcastle Church Congress,
entitled "The Responsibility of the Church as regards the Opium Traffic
with China," says:
"England and Christianity are united in Chinese thought.
The Chinese assume that every foreigner is a Christian. And the acts of the
British Government are supposed to be the expression of Christian morality.
If the policy is condemned, Christianity is condemned."
When Dr. Schereschewsky, now the Bishop of our China Mission, was
stationed at Peking, he went to the large and ancient city of Kaifengfu, the
Capital of IIonan Province, hoping to stay a few days; but he was driven
out of the city by a mob, which followed him, shouting, "You burned our
Emperor's palace, you sell poison to the people, and now you come to teach.
us virtue !"
The writer of this sketch experienced some of the bitterness and opposition
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA. 13
caused by the enforced injurious traffic, especially when in missionary tours in
the province of Kiangsu,
Our grief and indignation were great when we witnessed the widespread
misery and ruin wrought by this English made vice, and we could not pass
an opium den on shore, or see an opium vessel in the harbor of Shanghai,
without the utmost loathing and abhorrence of the vile trade. Our horror
at sight of the latter was like to that of the missionaries in West Africa,
forty years ago, when they saw the European Slavers on the coast; for the
West African slave trade never caused such extensive physical and moral ruin
as this vast and deadly opium traffic.
6
The Rev. Mr. Moule, in his pamphlet entitled "The Opium Question,'
says: "Rarely does a Chinese crowd in city or country break up without
this taunt being flung at the preacher by some listener, Who brought the
opium Physician, heal thyself!' The easy and ready reply, Who smokes.
the opium?' is sufficient to raise a laugh, and often to silence the opponent.
But it is not fair. Nay,' replied one thus argued with a few weeks ago,
Nay, it is not true; you forced it in.'"
เ
6
On the eastern seaboard the Chinese understand now that Englishmen are
most to blame. The Bishop of Victoria, (Hong Kong), said at the New-
castle Church Congress, that again and again, while, preaching, he had been
stopped with the question "Are you an Englishman? Go back and stop
your people from sending opium, and then come and talk to us about Chris-
tianity."
A MEETING BROKEN UP.
Canon Stowell, at a recent meeting in England, said: "One of our mis-
sionaries from China told me the other day that he was in a large hall crowded
with three or four hundred Chinese, and he was preaching to them. They
were all listening attentively and eagerly, when a man walked up to him and
asked him whether he came from that country that introduced the poison of
opium into their country, causing so much ruin and misery." And he said he
was obliged to admit that was true. Then he said, "The man told the people,
'Listen no longer to this man; what these people do contradicts what they say.'
And all the people rushed in a moment out of the room, making the most fright-
ful shoutings, and standing about the door gesticulating and expressing their
contempt for him.”
ELOQUENT DENUNCIATIONS.
Sometimes the ineetings are not broken up until the people have heard
eloquent and powerful denunciations from intelligent visitors. "Oh, then,"
said one such to the Rev. John Macgowan, of Amoy, "your object in coming
here is to teach us charity and benevolence, and truth and uprightness, is it?
If this be your object, then why is it that you yourselves act in a spirit so
14
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
directly the reverse of these, and force upon us instead your abominable
opium? If your nation believes in these doctrines as divine, why has it im-
ported this poisonous stuff to bring poverty and distress and ruin throughout
our land ? "
"As he went on," says the missionary, "he became excited, and his eye
flashed, and, as his eloquence grew, Chinamanlike, he rolled his head from
side to side; while the congregation, which in the mean time had grown
largely, looked on with approving sympathy."
""
Mr. Macgowan admits that he could not answer the man," and that he never
felt so uncomfortable in any meeting in his life before. The man clenched
his argument by saying: "There is no use in your trying to get out of the
matter by saying that you have nothing to do with this opium system; your
country has. It is your nation, England, that is responsible for all the ruin
caused by opium. It was the English guns that compelled our Emperor to
sanction the trade, and it is through England that it may be sold throughout
the length and breadth of the land, without our Government being able to do
anything effectual to prevent its spread throughout the kingdom.”*
THE CONSCIENCE OF CHRISTIANS SHOULD BE ENLIGHTENED.
Every man who is interested in the spread of Christianity in China, should
raise his voice, and use his influence against the cruel and iniquitous traffic.
The Christian conscience not only of England, but also of the world needs to
be enlightened on this subject; and who can doubt that when once it is so,
there will be such protests, remonstrances, and powerful agitation, that the
continuance of the cruel iniquity will be no longer possible.
"The state of matters is this," says the Archbishop of York,
"that the
Christian nation of England has been engaged in forcing an unwilling nation.
to purchase great quantities of poison which it has grown for them, and has
not scrupled to go to war even to enforce what I must call an iniquitous
trade and commerce." When this state of matters and its fearful results in
China, and they are not now confined to China, are well understood by the
Christian world, the suppression of the infamous and deadly traffic must take
place. But the past teaches us that it will not be till then, and it is therefore
incumbent upon all those who have had more than usual opportunities for
knowing the facts of the case, and can "let in the light," to do so. It is
also the duty of all Christian editors, and all ministers of the Gospel to become
well informed upon this most important and most burning question of the day,
and so be better able to exert a potent influence on the side of justice and
humanity, the claims of which are utterly disregarded by the upholders of
England's national abomination," as the Earl of Shaftesbury rightly calls it.
* Missionary Chronicle
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA.
15
I
EFFORTS FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE TRAFFIC.
This truly noble Earl, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Right
Hon. John Bright, Richard Cobden, Sir Joseph Pease, Mr. H. Richard and
other Christian and humane men, have denounced the iniquity in Parliament,
and moved for its discontinuance; but they have been answered, that the
annual profits of forty millions of dollars from the Government's virtual monop-
oly of the manufacture and sale of the opium, are needed for revenue; and
every time the subject has been brought forward in Parliament, the friends of
justice and humanity have been outvoted. And yet a special committee of the
House of Commons in 1867, delivered its judgment that "the demoralizing
effects of the opium traffic are incontestable and inseparable from its existence."
THE BISHOP OF MANCHESTER ON THE REVENUE ARGUMENT.
At a large and enthusiastic meeting held in Free Trade Hall, Manchester,
a short time after Lord Hartington had been there to try to persuade the peo-
ple of that city to oppose the anti-opium agitation, Dr. Fraser, the Bishop of
the Diocese, among other telling things in his important speech, related the
following anecdote :
"The Roman historian, Suetonius, said that the Emperor Vespasian, who
was a rather grasping man, and tried to raise taxes in every conceivable man,
ner, laid a tax upon sewage. Ilis son Titus was somewhat of a dandy, and
did not like the idea. When the first silver sesterces were brought in, Ves-
pasian took them to Titus, and held them under his nose, saying, 'Do they
smell? (Laughter.) In one way, of course, they did not smell, but he
thought that a revenue raised as the opium revenue was raised, should stink in
the nostrils of the English people." (Cheers).
2
And yet the London Times says that if the moral objections to the opium
traffic were even greater than they are, the Government would not be justified
in sacrificing this revenue!
Like some members of Parliament, the leading journal concedes the immo-
rality of the opium traffic, and yet, like them, it defends it, for filthy lucre's
sake. A sorry spectacle !
EXAGGERATION OF THE FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY.
But even the financial difficulties of abolishing the traffic are evidently greatly
exaggerated. Sir Bartle Frere, long time Governor of Bombay, and Sir Arthur
Cotton, for fifty years Engineer-in-Chief of the Government Works in India,
assert that the trade could be at once abolished without any but slight and
temporary financial embarrassment; and the fact that Major Baring, the Ind-
ian Treasurer, has very recently reported that there is a surplus of three
millions of dollars, and that, too, so soon after the great burden of the
Afghanistan war expenses, seems to prove that they are correct.
16
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
But even if they are not quite so, the deficiency could doubtless be made
good by devoting those seven hundred thousand acres to sugar, tea and quinine
raising, instead of continuing the perversion of them to the baneful opium.
The present Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, Captain Markham, and other
competent authorities assert that the three products named are exceedingly
profitable to the cultivators of them in India.
CROPS OF POISON INSTEAD OF FOOD CROPS.
Or if the vast perverted area was to be reverted to food cereals, though the
profits might not be so great, the periodic famines in India would be less, for
it is this perversion from food crops to crops of poison that is a main cause
of these famines. So testified, before a Parliamentary Committee in 1871, the
late Dr. John Wilson, Vice-Chancellor of the University at Bombay, a man
as distinguished for his learning as for his conscientiousness. Many others
have given similar testimony.
Among the most recent items of intelligence from India, is one that the
Viceroy is engaged in raising a permanent fund for the benefit of the sufferers
from these periodic famines. This is creditable and praiseworthy, but a much
wiser and more far-reaching benevolence would be the course we have alluded to,
and which is demanded not only by justice toward the much injured Chinese,
but also by a regard for the welfare of the IIindoos, who are not only sub-
jected to these famines, but also to other and greater demoralization by the in-
famous opium business.
INJURY TO THE HINDOOS.
Not only have English clerical and lay residents in the opium producing
districts written about the injury done to the thousands of Hindoos who, under
English supervision, grow the poppies and make the opium, but even an agent
of the East India Company, Mr. Sym, testified that "wherever opium is grown
it is eaten, and the more it is grown the more it is eaten
We are
demoralizing our own subjects in India. Half of the crimes in the opium
districts-murders, rapes, and affrays-have their origin in opium eating."
Sir Cecil Beadon and Dr. George Smith, both long resident in India, bore
testimony to this demoralization of the Hindoos before a Parliamentary Com-
mittee in 1871.
Then, too, the impoverishment and ruin of so many millions of the Chinese
by the pestilent thing, greatly injures British and American legitimate trade
with China, and even some British Chambers of Commerce have passed reso-
lutions condemnatory of the traffic from a mere commercial point of view.
"Send us less of your opium, writes the Taoutai, or chief native official
at Shanghai, "and we will be able to take more of your manufactures."
Dr. Williamson well says that the forcing of opium into China
was not
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA.
17
merely a sin, but a commercial mistake." It has led to " a crippled com-
inerce, and the malediction of a great nation.”
From whatever point of view the opium traffic is considered, it is seen to be
a thing to be abhorred by all right-minded people. Never were the advocates
of any system placed in a worse predicament than the upholders of England's
wicked opium policy.
THE CHARGE OF INSINCERITY.
But, say some of them, the Chinese Government and nation are not now
sincere, however they may have been in the past, for opium is now largely
produced in China itself.
It is true that the fostering and forcing of the vice by England has resulted
in there being such an immense number of victims, and such a tempting
market for the baneful stuff, that unprincipled men are engaged in producing
it, and unfaithful officials are conniving at the illegality-for a consideration.
But as at the beginning, the connivers at, and the aiders and abettors of the
foreign opium smugglers were often severely punished, the most incorrigible of
them even to execution, so it has been with the producers of the Chinese
opium, and their aiders and abettors.
And yet as the native article can be very profitably furnished at so much
lower rate than the foreign traders sell the Indian opium, its production is on
the increase, and many of the native officials and others are wearying of the
contest with both the foreign and the native drug, and are saying, that as
England compels us to admit and legalize her opium, we may as well legalize
the native article, and thus obtain an immense revenue for the Government,
after the manner of the American and European Governments with ardent spirits.
They say that the country is drained of from eighty to one hundred millions
of dollars annually for the benefit of the British Government of India and the
foreign traders, and that the vast profits of this trade ought to accrue to the
Chinese if the traffic is to go on.
Others say let us encourage the native production all we can, and thus by its
greater cheapness kill the foreign trade, and when this latter is done, we can
more effectually take the native product in hand.
POSITION OF THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT.
But the Imperial Government, with the approbation of its best subjects,
resists this specious reasoning, as it does also the tempting money offer of the
former class of advocates; and yet it is embarrassed by both these parties.
Not only is there discord between some of the governors of the provinces
and the district officials, but some of the governors themselves are only half-
hearted supporters of the national policy. But the Imperial Government
remains as firm against the native, as it was against the foreign poisonous stuff,
and it still desires the suppression of the trade in both.
W
18
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
f
*
#
As illustrative of its present temper we note the appointment of Tso Tsung
Tang to the important Vice-Royalty of Nanking. He has been Governor of one
of the north-western provinces for some years, and has been suppressing in
the most energetic and determined manner, the native production of opium in
that province. A man of a similar spirit has been appointed to the Gover-
norship of the Foo-chow Province.
As regards the foreign article, note the fact that when any foreign nation.
desires a revision of an old, or the making of a new treaty, every endeavor is
made by the Chinese Government to have the citizens of that country pro-
hibited from importing into, or buying and selling opium in China, and this
has been conceded in the new Russian and United States treaties.*
The Chinese chief authorities say that they could deal much more effectually
with the native production if they could only keep out the foreign importation,
and the refusal of England to permit its exclusion is a great outrage-a far
greater one than if she should go to war with France just now, because the lat-
ter does not want Manchester and other English goods except on her own terms.
SIR RUTHERFORD ALCOCK.
The
But Sir Rutherford Alcock makes the extraordinary statement that the
Chinese Government and nation have been insincere from the beginning.
article in the December number of the Nineteenth Century, in which he
makes this, and other remarkable statements, was read by us with astonish-
ment, as it must also have been by all readers who were familiar with this
gentleman's previous record.
When he returned to England in 1871, after long official life in China, first
as Consul at Shanghai, and then as Minister at Peking, he testified before a
Committee of the House of Commons that "" opium had been forced upon the
Government of China;" that "it was no wonder that they complained of
such conduct ; that he believed that the Chinese Government were
per-
fectly sincere in their desire to put an end to the consumption of opium;" but
that if they were "to attempt to exclude it, they must be prepared to fight
for it."
66
In his Nineteenth Century article he sets himself to refute himself on
all these points, though the facts, of course, were the same in 1881 as they
were in 1871, except that there was added the additional disgraceful fact to
England, that she refused to ratify the treaty of 1876, of which we will make
mention further on. The evidence is overwhelming that this eccentric and
* In his official correspondence, published in October, 1882, Sir Thomas Wade,
the British Minister at Peking, says that Germany, France, and other powers will
probably imitate the United States and Russia. So if England persists in not only
refusing to the Chinese prohibition, but even an increase of duty on the baneful
thing, her course will appear more unjust and odious than ever.
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA. 19
contradictory witness was right at the former period, and wrong, egregiously
wrong in December last.
An able confutation of Sir Rutherford's attempt to refute himself appeared
in the Contemporary Review for April, from the pen of Mr. B. Fossett
Lock. At the conclusion of his article, this writer asks the Ex-Minister to
China to state why he has changed his mind and desires public opinion to
follow him in his right-about-face movement.
RT. HON. W. E. GLADSTONE.
We have the highest possible English authority that the pestilent article
was forced upon the Chinese, and that the traffic is an abominable one. At
the time of the first Opium War, Mr. Gladstone said: "They (the Chinese)
had a perfect right to drive you from their coast, on account of your obstinacy
in persisting in this infamous and atrocious traffic. A war more unjust in its
origin, a war more calculated to cover this country with permanent disgrace
I do not know, and I have not read of."
He has recently said that he has no word of his speech on this occasion to
retract.
At the conclusion of this wickedest of wars, fifteen millions of dollars were
demanded and received by the English for the expenses of it, and six millions
for the contraband opium which the Chinese Commissioner had justly seized
and destroyed.
INCREASE OF ENGLAND'S PERMANENT DISGRACE.
Since Mr. Gladstone's forcible and richly deserved words were used, Eng-
land's "permanent disgrace" has been much increased by a second opium
war, and by her refusal to this hour to permit China to prohibit the "infamous
and atrocious traffic," or even to tax heavily the death-dealing drug to lessen
its consumption.
At the Cheefoo Convention, six years ago, the English Minister, Sir Thomas
Wade, agreed that the Chinese should raise the tariff one half on condition
that certain additional ports be opened, and that Englishmen be permitted to
travel everywhere in China, and be protected by the native authorities. The
Chinese kept their part of the compact, but the English Government has re-
fused to ratify this treaty because of the increased duty on the opium. Eng-
land quickly availed herself of all the Chinese conceded, and the latter had the
mortification of seeing the "foreign poison" poured into the newly-opened
ports and at the very low rate of duty.*
* Our Government has refused to ratify so much of the convention as imposes
obligations on itself, while it has rigidly enforced all that imposes obligations on the
Chinese.—Mr. B. Fossett Lock, in Contemporary Review, for April.
If the Chefoo Convention be not ratified, the reputation for international honesty
of both political parties in England will be irretrievably damaged. It may possibly
be too late soon, and we may be dragged into another unrighteous war.-Ibid.
$
}
}
}
20
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
What international wrong-doing is comparable to that which England has
for more than fifty years been practising toward China-first in defending the
smugglers of her opium; then in open wars, and lastly in a crooked diplomacy?
When the grievances of Ireland are redressed, it is to be hoped that Mr.
Gladstone's attention will be given to the fearful injustice toward China-an
injustice compared with which any heretofore shown toward Ireland, or any
other country, is but as a drop in a bucket.
DR. H. H. KANE'S STATEMENTS.
And now we come to what very immediately concerns ourselves, and calls for
prompt attention and action on the part of our own statesmen. Dr. H. H.
Kane, of New York city, whose investigations and published works have been
mainly on the various drugs that enslave men, and who during the last four or
five years has been specially engaged in the treatment of American victims of
opium smoking, has recently published, through G. P. Putnam's Sons, a very
valuable work entitled "Opium Smoking in America and China," which
deserves to be read by every American citizen.
In it he well says:
"The
Chinese smokers themselves are not free from blame, but every honest observer
must believe that if China had been allowed to have her own way the vice, to-
day, would be nearly dead.”
But through England's wicked coercive policy there are not only many mill-
ions of victims in China, but the Chinese are carrying this English-made vice
to the many countries to which they are going, and the inhabitants of these
countries are learning the vice from them. This, we are sorry to say, is true
of our own countrymen.
SIX THOUSAND AMERICAN OPIUM SMOKERS.
The first American began to smoke opium in San Francisco, in 1868, and
the second in 1871; and now says Dr. Kane, there are at least six thousand
American men and women in all classes of society, who are the slaves of the
vice, and the number of victims is rapidly increasing.
"At the present
day," he says, "almost every town of any note in the United States, and
more especially those in the West have their smoking dens and habitues. Even
the little frontier towns and mining camps have their layouts and their dev-
otees. Arrests are being constantly made in San Francisco, Virginia City,
New Orleans, and occasionally in Chicago."
Nevada has passed severe measures of repression, and the vice has been
somewhat checked in that State; but in California they are less severe, and
there the victims are increasing in number. These are the only States that
have as yet taken action.*
* New York has since passed a prohibitory law. See Note H in the Appendix,
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA.
21 -
OPIUM DENS IN NEW YORK CITY.
Nothing seems to be done in New York city to suppress the many opium
dens. These are found in Mott, Pearl and Park Streets, in Second and Fourth
Avenues and in Twenty-third Street. Not only in those kept by Americans,
but also in those whose proprietors are Chinamen, American men and women
may be seen, some of them engaged in smoking the opium, and others lying
in a state of stupor in the rows of bunks or "layouts" found there. A pain-
ful and repulsive spectacle.
"It is thus seen," says Dr. Kane, "how fascinating a habit that of opium-
smoking is, and with what rapidity it is spreading all over the country, ensnar-
ing individuals in all classes of society, leading to the downfall of innocent
girls and the debasement of married women.
Our country needs to be aroused concerning the insidious but cruel foe
which has entered it through the Golden Gate; and the most severe repressive
and prohibitory measures are necessary, not only on the part of the State
Governments, but also of the general Government.
PRESIDENT ARTHUR AND THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS.
President Arthur, in his message to Congress four months ago, urged the
enforcement of the stipulations of the new Chinese treaties, and stated that
those regarding the opium trade would undoubtedly receive the approval of
Congress, thus attesting the sincere interest the American people and
Government feel in the efforts of the Chinese to stop that demoralizing and
destructive traffic." Congress did approve and American citizens are pro-
hibited from importing opium into China; but it is just as necessary to prevent
them and the citizens of all other countries from bringing the smoking opium
into the United States.
LARGE IMPORTATION OF SMOKING-OPIUM.
This smoking opium, it should be remembered, is a much more potently
poisonous preparation than ordinary opium. On the latter our Government
levies only one dollar per pound, but on the smoking opium six dollars. But
this duty is as truly blood money as that which the English make by the
growth and manufacture of opium in India, and its enforced sale in China.
More than seventy thousand pounds of the smoking opium were imported into
the United States in 1880, and there is an increase of thousands of pounds
each year-sad proof of the growth of the vice among Americans.
We believe that very few of our people and not many of our law-makers
in the Eastern States know what is going on at San Francisco, and the
present extent and rapid increase of the vice, and the facts should be pub-
lished as widely as possible. Each one of our State Legislatures should
22
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
speedily pass repressive cnactments, as the one hundred thousand Chinese now
in our country are going into all the States, and twenty thousand of them are
opium smokers, and even where dens are not opened by them, American
young men and women learn the vice at their laundries and other places.
"
""
ACTION BY THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT NECESSARY.
Corresponding action must be taken by the Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives at Washington, and the Government not to be allowed to receive
duty on the abominable smoking opium, and its exclusion from the country
must be absolute. The baggage of the Chinese coming here must be ex-
amined, and all opium which is found concealed among it be destroyed, and
the smoking apparatus taken possession of, and the resuming of the habit
while in this country should be made a criminal offence.
We are not in favor of excluding any class of foreigners from our country
except the criminal class, but we consider opium smokers as belonging to this
class; and our country must so consider and treat them if an immense number
of our people are to be saved from the appalling ruin which has already over-
taken so many millions of the Chinese.
"Viewed from any standpoint," says Dr. Kane, "The practice of opium
smoking is filthy and disgusting; is a reef that is bound to sink morality; is a
curse to the parent, the child, and the Government; is a fertile cause of crime,
lying, insanity, debt, and suicide; is a poison to hope and ambition; a sun-
derer of family ties; a destroyer of bodily and mental function; and a thing
to be viewed with abhorrence by every honest man and every virtuous
woman.
""
It is to be hoped that our nation will speedily show its abhorrence by severe
repressive and prohibitory measures, and by seeing that these measures are
faithfully carried out.
THE PRESENT INDICATIONS.
The indications are, that unless Christian people are alert and active against
this comparatively new and fascinating vice, it will be a greater obstruction
to Christianity and the welfare of the human race in the future, than alcohol
has been in the past, and the Upas tree which the East India Company planted
in China, and England violently defended, and which has now attained such
vast proportions, will spread its deadly branches the wide world over. Against
such a calamity all Christian people should earnestly pray and labor, and they
should be aided by all who have any regard for the welfare of mankind.
If the extensive poisoning of China and portions of India continues, the whole
human race may be more directly and more deeply affected than is implied in
the following excellent words from a recent speech of the Archbishop of York:
"This is a question affecting the whole of the human race for whom Christ
#
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA. 23
died. It affects this great country in its honor and its consistency; it affects
the population of China more vitally still. We are bound by the example
of One who went about the world doing good, and if we go about the world
doing evil we are not only not with Him, but we are against Him, and He will,
according to His law, cast us out. He loves all the people of the world alike,
and we can't sit down as some statesmen have done by saying, 'Oh, we would
abolish this trade if we could, but then consider the revenue.' Words like
those have occurred in speeches, and even in public documents put forth in
this country. We, as Christian ministers have nothing to do with that ;
though the whole of the revenue of India, from end to end, depended entirely
on the opium traffic, if it is a sinful and a wrong traffic, we are bound to pro-
test against it, and to seek other ways in which revenue of some sort can be
supplied. It is not a matter which we can afford any longer to treat with in-
difference; we will approach the crown in every way that lies in our power,
and we will express our opinion that the time has come to make the necessary
arrangements for the suppression of this iniquitous traffic."
THE URGENT DUTY OF MISSIONARY SOCIETIES.
About a year ago, the Rev. Dr. Strachan left his important labors in India,
to return for a while to England. On his way, he visited the various coun-
tries on the seaboard from India to Japan, and from the latter country took a
steamship for San Francisco. Not long after his arrival in England, he was
appointed to the Bishopric of Rangoon. He has published a record of his
travels, under the tle of "From East to West." From the account of his
visit to Shanghai we extract the following:
Just opposite our hotel (the Central Hotei) the opium barge was moored.
It was very neat and clean, and looked very harmless, though it contained the
most deadly curse that has ever visited the Chinese shores. For the first time
in my life I felt ashamed of being a Briton. I feel sure that the people of
England have only to be made fully acquainted with the truth respecting the
introduction and maintenance of this iniquitous traffic to raise a cry of indig-
nation, that no plea of financial necessity, of political policy, will be able to
withstand. And it seems to me to be the urgent duty of the Missionary
Societies to make most strenuous efforts for the removal of this, the greatest
obstacle to the advance of Christ's Kingdom in the Chinese Empire."
We suppose that there are not any of these societies that would say that
they have made, strenuous efforts for the removal of this most formidable
hindrance to the success of the missionary work of China, and that many of
them must say that they have not made any special efforts at all; and yet,
surely, as the present Bishop of Rangoon says, it is their "urgent duty" to
do all they can.
One of the most effectual methods, no doubt, would be the formation of a
24
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
deputation, consisting of one or two delegates from each American and Ger-
man, as well as English Society having missionaries in China, to wait upon
and present a memorial to the Queen.
FORMER INTERNATIONAL DEPUTATIONS.
The past shows that such international deputations are a powerful means for
accomplishing a proposed end.
Bishop McIlvaine, and other distinguished Americans, joined with Angli-
can, French and German delegates in presenting a memorial to the late Czar
concerning the persecuted Protestants in Finland, and success crowned the
effort. A few years later a similar international deputation waited upon the
Emperor of Austria in behalf of the Protestants subjected to persecution in
that empire, and more liberal regulations were adopted.
But what was the persecution of these few Protestants in comparison to the
extensive misery and ruin caused by England's enforced opium traffic with
China? Myriads are sent by it each year to the opium-smoker's grave, and
millions are living the wretched opium smoker's life, and the greatest possible
obstacle is raised to Christian missions.
Even if success did not for some time crown the effort, it would at once power-
fully aid in arousing the attention and inquiry of the Christian world, and one
sure result would be that better knowledge of the subject which is the pressing
need.
The fact that many of our own people are now being involved in the wide-
spread misery and ruin caused by the vast scale on which the Imperial Govern-
ment of Great Britain and India manufacture and sell the deadly article, is an
additional reason why our country should be well represented in such a dep-
utation. If this method is not adopted some other should be, and that with-
out delay. During the last two or three years there has been a large increase
in the area devoted by the Anglo-Indian Government to the growth of opium,
and every effort is being made by some of the authorities in India to "push
the odious and destructive trade.
THE ENGLISH BISHOPS AND OTHERS.
The venerable Dr. Moberly, Bishop of Salisbury, writing in October last,
said: “I feel the utmost repugnance to the traffic, and cannot but regard the
action of the English nation in upholding it as an offence against public moral-
ity and the comity of nations." Similar sentiments have been expressed by
the Archbishops of Canterbury, York and Dublin; by the English Bishops
generally; by Deans Howson, Church, and Payne Smith; Canons Liddon,
Hoare and Knox-Little; the Revs. C. H. Spurgeon, Newman Hall, Alexan-
der Maclaren, Professor Cairns, and numerous other distinguished clergymen.
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA. 25
The Convocation of York last year, with but one dissentient voice, and no
opposing vote, condemned the traffic, and the position of the English Govern-
ment.
On May 9th, 1882, the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol moved the follow-
ing resolution in the Upper House of the Convocation of Canterbury: "That
the effect of the opium trade as now carried on between India and China is
not consistent with Christian and international morality, and that it is the
duty of this country to put an end to the opium trade as now conducted, and
to support the Chinese in their efforts to suppress the traffic.'
The Bishop
of Winchester seconded the resolution, which was supported by the Bishop
of Lincoln, and carried unanimously.
OTHER CHRISTIAN BODIES.
The Methodist Ecumenical Conference also adopted a resolution denun-
ciatory of the trade, and calling“ upon the Government to deliver the country
from all further responsibility arising from such an iniquitous traffic."
Similar resolutions have been passed by the Evangelical Alliance, the Synod
of the Presbyterian Church of England, the General Assembly of the Free
Church of Scotland, the Baptist Union, the Congregational Union, the Society
of Friends, and other bodies.
A petition to the House of Commons on the subject was signed by Cardinal
Manning and nearly all the Roman Catholic Bishops of England and Wales.
THE MISSIONARIES IN CHINA AND INDIA.
The verdict of the missionaries in China is unanimous in regard to the
ruinous results of the opium traffic, the dishonorable conduct of the English
Government, and the very formidable obstacle presented to Christian missions.
About three months ago there was received in London a petition to the
House of Commons against the opium trade, signed by the Bishop of Bom-
bay, and three hundred and thirty-seven missionaries and chaplains in India.
Among other things this petition :
"Humbly sheweth, That the opium traffic has been attended by very
great evils both in India and China. In corroboration of this the attention of
your Honorable House is directed to the report of the Chief Commissioner of
British Burmah for 1881.
"That the Indian Government, especially by its action in Bengal, is respon-
sible for the increased consumption of the drug in India itself, and the disas-
trous results in Burmah and China.
"That all attempts to justify the traffic in opium, on the ground of its
being necessary as a means of raising revenue for the Indian Government,
seem to imply the setting aside of moral obligation and the adoption of the
26
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
degrading principle that everything is legitimate which appears to promote
self-interest."
SIR GEORGE BIRDWOOD.
But the conflict is an arduous, and may be a lengthy one; for there are,
and no doubt will continue to be many adversaries. It may be well to notice
some who have very recently defended the traffic.
Sir George Birdwood, who is employed in a subordinate position in the
India Office in London, wrote an article for the Times eight months ago, in
which he maintained that opium smoking was harmless, for he had tried it
himself. as harmless as twiddling your thumbs.” He condemns the efforts
of the Chinese Government to suppress it as "despotic."* The North
China Herald, the leading English paper in China, and one not at all under
the influence of the missionaries, or disposed to take other than what it calls.
a moderate view of the much-vexed opium question," thus disposes of the
most ridiculous article which has yet appeared in the controversy :—
"We regard this as rubbish of the purest type, and disbelieve it flatly.
Nobody before, as far as we know, has ever ventured to deny the evil effects
-moral and physical-of opium-smoking. Every man with his eyes open
knows perfectly well that, among the Chinese, at all events, the results of
opium-smoking are fatal and deadly; that the practice is condemned as on a
par with the grossest sensuality, by all Chinese moralists; and that no man
feels the burden and agony of the opium despot more keenly than those who
are in slavery to it. We do not mean to be flippant when we express an
opinion that Sir George Birdwood would have been far better employed in
twiddling his own thumbs than in writing such mischievous nonsense to a lead-
ing paper.
OPIUM WORSE THAN ALCOHOL.
But some pro-opiumists who laugh at Sir George Birdwood, nevertheless
maintain that opium smoking is no worse than gin and whiskey drinking. If
this be so, how is it that Burmah, Arracan and China, which permit the use of
ardent spirits, forbade, under the heaviest penalties, opium smoking, and
would have been free from the vice to-day but for England's coercive opium
policy? Or how is it that Japan rigorously excludes opium now from articles
of import and of home production ? †
These Orientals know, what all competent authorities assert, that the opium.
vice is sinister beyond all drinking or other tyrant habits, in its fascination at
the beginning, and in its intense necessity when it is once adopted.
* Sir George Birdwood wrote in May retracting some of his most important state-
ments, and acknowledging that he was wrong.
† After the above was written, intelligence reached this country that Corea required
the prohibiting of opium in the newly-made treaty with the United States.
*
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA.
27
"It differs from drinking habits," says Dr. Graves, of Canton, "in the in-
sidiousness of its approach, and the difficulty of escaping its clutches."
TESTIMONY OF MESSRS. COOPER, CARNE AND MATHESON.
The Parliamentary Committee on East India Finance, in 1871, asked Mr.
T. T. Cooper, the traveller: "Do you think, from your own experience in
travelling over China, and investigating these matters, that the use of opium
there causes as much public injury as the consumption of drink in England,
as far as you can see?" His reply was: "Yes; I think that the effects of
opium-smoking in China are worse than the effects of drink in England.'
M. Carne, who has travelled in some of the Southern and Western prov-
inces of China, writes in the Revue des Deux-Mondes: "I do not believe
that there ever has been a more terrible scourge in the world than opium.
The alcohol employed by Europeans to destroy savages, the plague that rav-
ages a country, cannot be compared to opium.
""
Donald Matheson, Esq., one of the original partners in the extensive mercan-
tile firm in China, of Jardine, Matheson & Co., who left it because the other
members would engage in the opium traffic, says: "Opium is twice as seduc-
ing as alcohol. Of those who take it, scarce one in one hundred escapes.
The only comparison which can be made is between opium smoking and
drunkenness."
THE OPIUM VICTIM BOUND HAND AND FOOT.
At
The pro-opiumts seem to forget that every time the opium smoker in-
dulges, from his first smoke to his last, it is for the express purpose of pro-
ducing an immediate stupor, or partial insensibility akin to drunkenness.
first it is a sort of beatific trance, and hence its fascination; but after the vice
has got a firm hold of its victim," it lays aside its angel aspect, and enslaves,
tortures, and destroys like a fiend."
But though the wretched man now knows that every time he indulges, his
dreams will be horrid, and his imaginings wild and fearful, he yet cannot re-
frain from lessening the period between each indulgence without much physi-
cal torment, while the craved for dose must be increased to produce the daily
effect.
Dr. Kane says the pleasurable sensations" may last a year, in rare cases
two years, but more often only a few months. Then the good spirit of the
pipe disappears, giving place to a demon, who binds his victim hand and foot."
Advanced opium smokers suffer from "an agonizing affection of the di-
gestive organs, and mucous membranes ; they often become emaciated and
cadaverous, and are spoken of by their countrymen as "opium ghosts" or
opium fiends." Dr. Kane says that the word " fiend" is also applied by
American opium smokers to their fellows who are in the later stages of the vice.
""
1
28
{
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
}
OPIUM SMOKERS NOT ADMITTED TO CHURCH MEMBERSHIP.
Another evidence that opium smoking is far worse than imbibing alcoholic
drinks, is that no Protestant missionaries admit smokers of opium to church
membership, while, of course, they all do those who moderately indulge in
spirituous liquors. The same is true of the Greek and Roman Catholic mis-
sionaries. To do otherwise would violate the convictions not only of the
native Christians, but even of the heathen.
In the Government proclamations, and in the religious tracts of the various
Chinese sects, opium smoking is classed with gambling and licentiousness.
The following is the testimony of sixteen missionaries at Canton, of different
nations, and different Protestant denominations :
The empire and people of China are daily becoming more and more
demoralized and impoverished by the increasing use of the drug. The moder-
ate use of opium, granting that such a use is possible, is uniformly regarded
by Chinese Christians as a sufficient reason for refusing admission to the
Church; and though none of us enforces such a rule in regard to the use of
spirits, we do all believe that the danger of excess is so much greater in the
case of opium that this rule in regard to it is necessary.
""
The moral sense of the people of China, whether addicted to the vice of
the smoking opium or not, is opposed to the traffic, and condemns all con-
cerned in the importation of the drug.'
The Rev. David Hill, an experienced missionary in Central China, says :
"The Chinese speak of it as a most vicious and pernicious habit. During
my residence in the Province of Shansi, prizes were offered to the literati of
the place for the best essays on certain moral and religious subjects. One of
these was The Opium Trade, and the best means of suppressing it;' and
out of the hundred essays which were sent in on that occasion, there was not
one but condemned the trade, and many in most emphatic language. These
may be taken as an expression of opinion on the part of the literati of China.
Whatever we may think of the trade, the Chinese have made up their minds
as to its character. Baneful as we may account the liquor traffic, they account
the trade in opium immensely worse."
THE LATEST LINE OF DEFENCE.
The pro-opiumists have been driven from one line of defence to another,
and some of them have at length taken refuge in the bold, but utterly unwar-
ranted assertion that opium was extensively produced, and the smoking of it
largely practised, especially in the south-western provinces, long before it was
introduced on the eastern sea-board by Europeans.
An anonymous correspondent of the London Times, writing from Shanghai,
says that this was the case "hundreds of years before it was carried from
India to China by the English.'
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA. 29
If this assertion was correct we should certainly have learned of the facts
long ere this.
Six hundred years ago Marco Polo was a long time in China,
and he wrote minutely and elaborately of the productions of the country and
the habits of the people, but he says not a word about opium. In the six-
teenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there were numerous Roman
Catholic missionaries in China, and every province had some of them, for
they were favored by the authorities because of their willingness to impart a
knowledge of the arts and sciences of Europe; and even when they fell into
disfavor, though many left the country, others continued in it disguised as
natives. In the writings of these men no reference has been found to opium
smoking, though almost everything pertaining to the Chinese is alluded to.
CONSUL WATTERS AND A CHINESE AUTHORITY.
This correspondent's principal authority is Consul Watters, but it is stated
that this gentleman declines to be responsible for the statements attributed to
him.
But we are referred to a native work, published more than two hundred
years ago, for proof that opium has been long known to the Chinese.
This publication, however, gives no warrant for the inferrence that the
drug was smoked. The title of the work is "Pen Ts'au,
"Pen Ts'au," generally
rendered "Chinese Herbal.” It is, however, a great Thesaurus of the
Chinese Materia Medica, and in it opium is spoken of as a new medicine,
and there is not the slightest allusion to any other use of it than that of a
medicine.
As we have before stated European Roman Catholic priests have been in
these south-western provinces for three hundred years, and those who are
now there assert that it is only about thirty years ago that opium was begun
to be grown for smoking, at first in a very small way, but latterly more
largely. Such too, is the testimony of the Protestant missionaries who
have visited these provinces, and the few who are now residing there. Such,
also, is the view of the distinguished traveller, Mr. T. T. Cooper, who ex-
plored these very provinces. Father Deschamps, the leading ecclesiastic of the
region, and who had resided for more than thirty years in Sze-chuen, told Mr.
Cooper that he had seen the growth of the poppy introduced into that great
province.
A missionary of the China Inland Mission, travelling recently in Yunnan
was informed by the old men with whom he conversed, that opium had been
introduced only thirty years ago, that they considered it a terrible curse, and
that they believed it had come from foreign countries.
Now this was sixty years after the unscrupulous Warren Hastings sent two
heavily armed British ships to Chinese waters to begin the Anglo-Indian
opium smuggling, and ten years after the British opium war.
30
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY
TESTIMONY OF AN IMPORTANT JOURNAL.
The London and China Telegraph, than which there is no higher authority
on matters relating to China, and foreign commercial and political intercourse
with that country, says:
"Several writers lately have fallen into error, notably, the Times' Shanghai
correspondent, and Lord Hartington, who quoted him in the late opium debate,
on the subject of opium being known, produced, and used before Europeans
went to China. The British Consul Watters, who is quoted, could never
have made a statement in the sense imputed to him by these writers. Other
British Consuls, who know the subject thoroughly, refute such a statement.
It is one thing to state that opium was known and used (as a medicinal
remedy) long before we came to China, but it is quite a different thing to as-
sert that the Chinese produced and smoked opium hundreds of years ago.
The whole thing lies therefore in this misunderstanding and confusion, and
this is the key to much of the difficulty of the subject, and to the diversity of
views. Thirty years ago opium was not grown in either Yunnan or Sze-chuen,
and was procured from Canton until they had obtained seeds and the knowl-
edge of the cultivation from India, and all this within the last thirty years."
COMPLICITY OF AMERICANS IN THE OPIUM TRADE.
The Rev. F. Storrs Turner, the editor of The Friend of China, the organ
of the excellent" Anglo-Chinese Society for the Suppression of the Opium
Trade," says in the May number of that magazine, in an article on Dr. Kane's
book:
All at once, thousands of Americans are fascinated by this new tempta-
tion, finding in it fully as much pleasure and solace as the more phlegmatic
sons of Ham. Ilad England been the scene of this acclimatization of a vice
which has hitherto been regarded as peculiarly oriental in its habitat, a visible.
Nemesis would have been discerned; but it seems strange that while England
fought the opium-war and fosters the opium-trade, it is Americans who are
succumbing to the fumes of the opium-pipe. Not that America can claim to
be altogether free from complicity in the sad transactions which have cul-
minated for her in this disastrous result. Always American and English mer-
chants have traded side by side in China, and most of the Americans were as
ready to deal in opium as their British neighbors; and although America
spent no powder and shot in the various wars, her diplomatists have been on
the spot, demanding for their country an equal share in the spoils of victory.
In the legalization of the opium-trade, it was the United States minister who
egged on Lord Elgin to push the business through. Moreover, as to the law
of moral retribution, we have not come to the end of things yet. America has
been the first to catch the infection, but we know not which land will be most
fearfully scourged by the pestilence before it has run its course.”
AND ITS DISASTROUS RESULTS IN CHINA AND INDIA.
31.
OPIUM SMOKING IN ENGLAND.
"L
We have several times seen it stated that there are dens "in the city of
London, and that the vice of opium smoking has taken root in England. And
we think it quite probable that had there been from ten to twenty thousand
Chinese opium-smokers in England as long as they have been in America,
there would now be as many Englishmen addicted to the vice as there are
Americans. There is more consumption of intoxicants there than here, and
there is no reason why opium-smoking should not equally prevail there under
equal temptations.
The mistake which has been made in the United States has been the permit-
ting of this more deadly vice than alcohol drinking to go on unchecked as
long as it was confined to the Chinese and a few thousands of Americans. It
is to be hoped that a similar mistake will not be made in England.
BISHOP WORDSWORTH.
The venerable Dr. Wordsworth, Bishop of Lincoln, in a speech delivered
at the Convocation of Canterbury in May of this year, said:
"We as a nation were not only deriving a revenue from this poisonous
drug, but had assisted in propagating it, had held it to the lips of the Chinese,
and administered it to them under coercion. That seemed to be the head and
front of our offending; and being so, we owed them some reparation for the
opium war in which we had been engaged with them, and in which we had
gained a most disastrous victory.
"Most of them knew that an immense amount of it was even consumed in
our own country. He believed there was scarcely a market town in Cam-
bridgeshire or Norfolk-and he could certainly say in Lincolnshire-where it
was not sold to the country-people to be consumed by them. It was high
time they raised their voice against it, tending, as it did, to the misery, degra-
dation, and demoralization of both body and soul.
It would seem, therefore, that if there are not as many opium-smokers, there
are as many opium eaters in England as in the United States, and perhaps there
are more.
DR. BURDON, BISHOP OF VICTORIA (HONG KONG).
The present Bishop of Victoria, has been in China thirty years, first as
missionary at Shanghai, then at Peking, and for the last five or six years as
Bishop of Victoria, with jurisdiction in Southern China. He has traversed
the length of the Empire and a good part of its breadth. He was associated
with Bishop Schereschewsky, in the translation of the Bible and the Book of
Common Prayer into the Mandarin language, and he is a very high authority
on matters relating to China. At the Church Missionary Society's annual
meeting in London in May of this year, he is reported by the Church Standard
as having said:
32
ENGLAND'S COERCIVE OPIUM POLICY.
I venture to say without the possibility of contradiction by any one, that
the national conscience of China is against the opium traffic. (Hear, hear.)
China may take it because we have filled the eastern part of the country with
it. But whether they take it or not, they are ashamed of it. They know it
is wrong; their well-wishers are against it; and if complaints are not so loud
against it as they used to be, it is because England is regarded as a hopelessly
hard country. The story of the opium traffic is a long and bitter story; and
I am rejoiced to think that there has been an agitation against it. (Cheers.)
I would say go on agitating until you stop all connection of our Government
with it—(cheers)—but until India has taken the land from the growth of
opium for the growth of cereals for her own fainine-stricken people there is no
hope of stopping the traffic. They say if we do not grow it others will. Is
that an argument? Do two blacks make a white? Because another person
is sure to commit a murder, must I anticipate him? Surely not.
Let us go
on agitating to remove this blot from England, and then let China do what
she will. It is late, indeed, to reform, but let us do our best."
It is unquestionably the duty of all Christian people to continue the agita-
tion,
1. Until China is permitted to save herself, as much as she now can, from
the deadliest foe she has ever known.
2. Until the vast area in India now perverted to the growth of opium, is
reverted to food crops, and thus the famines be lessened there, and the im-
mense source of supply of what threatens to become the curse of the world is
cut off.
3. Until there is an enlightened public sentiment in the countries in which
the seductive, and fearfully enslaving and ruinous opium habit has taken root,
and the necessary measures of repression and prohibition are enacted and en-
forced.
APPENDIX.
THE OPIUM WARS.
NOTE A.-Of course we do not maintain that opium was the only cause of
the armed conflicts between England and China. Chinese conceit and exclu-
siveness, and the mistakes of native officials who were ignorant of international
law and European precedents, had something to do with them, but that opium
was the principal cause is indisputable, as are also the statements, given be-
low, of Mr. B. Fossett Lock in the Contemporary Review article already
referred to.
Sir Henry Pottinger, the English Plenipotentiary to China at the time of
the first opium war, after the signing of the Treaty of Nanking, proposed and
was permitted by the Chinese Commissioners to say a few words upon, to
quote his own language, "the great cause that produced the disturbances which
led to the war, viz., the trade in opium.
""
Such is the testimony of Dr. S. Wells Williams, ("Middle Kingdom,"
Vol. 2, p. 569) who was in China at the time and had been for some years,
and was familiar with the whole case. This distinguished authority says, page
524, "It was an opium war, and eminently an unjust one, more especially as
carried on by a Christian power like Great Britain against a pagan monarch
who had vainly endeavored to put down a vice so hurtful to his people."
The Emperor, Taoukwang, before sending Commissioner Lin to Canton to
enforce the prohibition of opium, consulted the most influential men in all
parts of the empire, as he was pursuaded that war with England would be the
result. The replies were almost unanimously in favor of enforcement, war or
This was in accord with his own view; and it is said that when he
took farewell of his Minister Lin with the words "See, inquire, and act," he
wept, because of the calamities which would come upon his people whether
the foreign poison was permitted to come in, or there was a more determined
effort to keep it out.
no war.
Chinese assumptions of superiority and dislike to foreign intercourse were
enhanced by the evil doings of the opium smugglers, and other unprincipled
34
APPENDIX.
foreigners, and by England's violent support of the opium smuggling. Dr.
Williamson and other extensive travellers in the Chinese empire assert, that the
whole of the country would have been opened to foreign intercourse and resi-
dence long before some of the now open ports were, had it not been for the
fear that wherever foreigners should reside, the opium curse would be fostered
and fastened upon the people. What good reason there was for these fears we
have abundantly shown.
MR. LOCK'S STATEMENTS.
"There has been, in fact, no difference of opinion upon this that the Treaty
of Nanking, our first commercial treaty with China, was extorted by force of
arms after a war which was commenced to avenge the detention by the Chinese
authorities of certain Englishmen until they would consent to surrender a
quantity of smuggled opium, which had no right to be where it was, within
the port of Canton. So much Mr. Cobden admitted with shame; so much
Lord Palmerston paraded with pride.
"It may be granted that nothing is said about opium in the treaty of Nan-
king itself, nor in the tariff regulations which followed. For fifteen years after
the date of the Treaty (1842) the trade in opium, increasing at the rate of
10,000 chests in every ten years, was to be carried on as an illicit and smug-
gling trade.
It is none the less the fact that the smuggling was connived at
and supported by the British authorities, that they made periodical reports on
the state of the trade, that licenses were granted to pirates and smugglers to
sail under the British flag, and that they were supported in their conflicts,
with the lawful authorities of China by the naval forces of the Queen.*
Neither can it be denied that this practice led, as might have been expected,
to the China war of 1857. The story of the pirate ship, The Arrow-how
she was sailing under the British flag when she had no right to do so; † how
she dishonored that flag by smuggling; how she was detected by the Chinese;
how she was lawfully and rightfully seized and a portion of her crew detained
for piracy; how Sir John Bowring demanded an apology, which was re-
fused; how we thereupon went to war with China to avenge this imagined
insult; how we succeeded, and insisted upon the execution of the Treaty of
Tien-tsin, in which we formally declared that the Christian religion taught
us to do as we would be done by, and in which we insisted upon a revision of
the commercial tariff; how, under that provision, a new tariff was drawn up,
in which the importation of opium was to be allowed, subject only to a low
duty (about one-fortieth part of the rate imposed by ourselves in India)—all
this is too well known to need repetition in detail.”—Mr. B. Fossett Lock, in
the Contemporary Review for April.
* See Papers relating to Naval Forces at Canton, p. 10, Parliamentary Papers, 1857,
vol. xii.
+ See dispatch from the Governor of Hong Kong, printed July, 1862.
APPENDIX.
35
}
Mr. Lock alludes to the fact that England did not succeed in getting the
importation of opium legalized in the Treaty of Nanking. The reason that
nothing was said in the Nanking Treaty about opium was, that notwithstanding
the heavy loss of life and treasure by the first opium war, and the exaction of
twenty-one millions of dollars indemnity by the English, the Chinese Com-
missioners positively refused to have it go into the treaty, or to legalize its
importation in any way. Commissioner Keying said nobly, "We will not
put a value on riches, and slight men's lives." The emperor, Taou-Kwang,
said: “It is true I cannot prevent the introduction of the flowing poison;
but nothing will induce me to derive a revenue from the vice and misery of
my people."
It required another war, and another emperor on the throne, and that em-
peror's palace to be sacked and destroyed, before the first penny was received.
as duty on the pestilent and abhorred thing. As a specimen of how both
wars were carried on, we quote the following, from an English writer, on the
bombardment of Canton :
"Field pieces, loaded with grape, were planted at the end of long narrow
streets crowded with innocent men, women and children, to mow them down
like grass, till the gutters flowed with their blood. In one scene of carnage,
the Times correspondent recorded that half an army of 10,000 men were in
ten minutes destroyed by the sword, or forced into the broad river. The
Morning Herald asserted that a more horrible or revolting crime than this
bombardment of Canton has never been committed in the worst ages of bar-
barian darkness.'"'*
THE EARL OF ELGIN AND KINCARDINE.
NOTE B.-Lord Elgin was the ablest and most distinguished of all the
British envoys to China. He was induced to accept the position at the time
of the second opium war, because he thought it would be better to effect the
legalization of the traffic than that such extensive smuggling should continue
and be supported by the British Government. He hoped also to diminish the
trade by putting it under legal restraint.
But when he found that not only the English traders and consuls in China,
but also the British rulers of India, and the Home Government were bent
upon the extension of the traffic, and that the war which he had encouraged,
and another into which it glided, had really been made to greatly aid in this
extension, his indignation and vexation were very great.
"Are all my exertions," said he, "to result only in the extension of the
area over which Englishmen are to exhibit how hollow and superficial are both
their civilization and their Christianity?"
't
** England and the Opium Trade with China." S. W. Partridge & Co., London.
"Letters and Journals," page 325.
36
APPENDIX,
But the Earl was in a false position, and all his ability and good intentions
could not prevent the evil consequences of his being in that position. Instead
of forcing legalization he ought to have favored the conceding to China her
indisputable right to prohibit, in self-defence, the seductive and baneful drug,
and to put down, with England's consent and aid, the infamous opium smug-
gling.
The Christian lady referred to in the following from Mr. Moule's "Opium
Question" was wiser than the Earl :
"Lord Elgin, when passing up the coast of China on his way to Tien-tsin,
was conversing with a well-known Christian lady on the subject of the opium
trade. He expressed his opinion that of two evils legalization of the trade was
likely to be productive of less injury than the continuation of the contraband
sale. 'My Lord,' was the reply, surely for a Christian country there must
be some other alternative than the choice between two moral evils.'
SIR ROBERT IIART.
་
NOTE C.-Sir Robert IIart, an Irish gentleman who is acting as Inspector-
General of Customs in China, has written an article in which he computes that
there are only two millions of opium smokers in that country. That this is
far too small an estimate is the declaration of the North China Herald, and
of all the English papers in China, and also of merchants, travellers and mis-
sionaries.
In his reckoning, this gentleman gave a larger amount consumed daily by
the smoker than even the average wealthy smoker uses, or than the whole
daily wage of a laboring man or artisan would pay for, while vast numbers of
these latter, as well as the higher classes, are addicted to the vice. Dr. Kane
says that the average amount consumed daily by the Chinese" is about sixty
grains.' This is only about one third of what Sir Robert Ilart states.
Then, too, at the smoking places, that which the well-to-do have only taken
a few whiffs from, is sold again, at a less price, to poorer smokers, and, for a
third time, to still poorer wretches, many of whom have been reduced from
affluence or competence to poverty by this vicious indulgence.
Sir Robert Hart, too, considered not the immense amount of opium which
is smuggled into various parts of the empire. Sir J. Pope Ilennessey, the
Governor of Hong Kong, in his report to Lord Kimberly, dated April 29th,
1881, but only very recently published, says the Government of China loses
more than a million of dollars of revenue per annum through the opium smug-
gling from Hong Kong to China. As the English Government allows China
to levy but a very small duty on the unsmuggled opium, that loss of a million
of dollars shows how vast is the amount of the smuggled drug.
The governor further says that battles take place between the Chinese
Government cruisers and the smuggling vessels within view of Hong Kong,
APPENDIX.
37
and that such a state of things is inimical to peace between China and Eng-
land; and yet neither the English Government at home, nor the Colonial
Government at Hong Kong, do anything to stop this colony being made the
principal base of the opium smugglers' operations. Similar statements have also
been made by Sir Thomas Wade, British Minister at Peking, who favors action
against the smugglers, who are mostly reckless and daring Chinamen of the
piratical sort.
TESTIMONY OF THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY.
NOTE D.-The chiefs of the late Conservative Government of England would
not agree to the ratification of the Chefoo Convention, because it would make
it easier for the Chinese to prevent opium smuggling. The Rev. J. Llewelyn
Davies, in an article in the Contemporary Review, entitled "International
Christianity," says:
"The Government were moved by Sir Thomas Wade, but they were also
inoved, and more powerfully, by the opium interest. Lord Salisbury, with
that candor which sometimes characterized the late Government, explained the
whole matter. The arrangement would have put it into the power of the
Chinese to prevent smuggling. With smuggling prevented, they would have
been able to raise their own internal duty on opium. That would be a re-
sult,' in Lord Salisbury's words, which practically would neutralize the
policy which has hitherto been pursued by this country with regard to that
drug.
No wonder that the Earl of Elgin said: "I am sure that in our relations
with the Chinese we have acted scandalously." ("Letters and Journals," page
280.)
THE RIGHTS OF AN INDEPENDENT STATE DENIED TO CHINA.
NOTE E.-After more than forty years of effort, the opponents of the en-
forced opium traffic have been unable to carry through Parliament even so mild
a resolution as the following, which is to be moved and advocated every year
urtil its adoption:
"That an humble address be presented to her Majesty, praying that in the
event of negotiations taking place between the Governments of her Majesty
* In his official correspondence concerning the Chefoo Convention, which has only
just been published, Sir Thomas Wade says that the conceding to China the right to
raise the duty on opium is but "simple justice." Upon this the editor of The Friend
of China writes: "But alas! Sir Thomas Wade's superiors at the Foreign Office and
the India Office were far from welcoming this act of 'simple justice.' And the
author of the Chefoo Convention had not the magnanimity to stand or fall with his
work. Instead of boldly telling his employers that if they would not do' 'simple
justice,' he was not the man for their service, he consented to return to Peking, and
to spend years in trying to induce China to submit her 'right' of taxation to the will
of the British Cabinet,"
38
APPENDIX.
and China, having reference to the duties levied on opium under the treaty of
Tien-tsin, the Government of her Majesty will be pleased to intimate to the
Government of China that in any such revision of that treaty the Government
of China will be met as that of an independent state, having the full right to
arrange its own import duties as may be deemed expedient."
The Archbishop of York, writing in April, 1882, says:
"
I sincerely hope that the clergy of the Northern Province, and especially
those of my own diocese, may be induced to petition Parliament on the sub-
ject of the opium trade. The question is, whether a nation, convinced that
the traffic in opium is injurious to the people, is to be free to make its own
regulations as to the importation of the drug, or is to be coerced by a stronger
nation, that has a good deal of opium to sell. China only asks for that power
of self-government, in the matter of the opium traffic, which we exercise for
ourselves in all matters. It is difficult to see any grounds for refusing such
a right. That a Christian nation should be forcing the sale of a noxious drug
upon a heathen nation that complains of and would reject it, is a very sorry
spectacle."
1
It is, indeed, a very sad spectacle, and a very flagrant violation of the principle
of the law of nations. Says Vattel, the great authority on international law,
"all nations are under a strict obligation to cultivate justice toward each
other, to observe it scrupulously and carefully, to abstain from anything that
may violate it."
What an utter ignoring of this there has been from the days of Warren
Hastings to the present time, and what "a century of dishonor" it has been
to England. It far surpasses in the magnitude and vast reach of its evil re-
sults, the same century of dishonor to our own Government for its unjust
treatment of the Red Men of the West.
SINCERITY OF THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT.
NOTE F.-There are no persons who enjoy greater advantages for under-
standing the attitude of the National Government of China on the opium
question, than the missionaries who are resident in the Capital.
The Rev. Luther II. Gulick, D.D., the agent in China of the American
Bible Society, writing from Peking, May 15th, 1882, to the New York Ob-
server, says:
!
"During the past week there have been some very interesting discussions,
in the monthly conference of missionaries of this place, on the attitude of the
Chinese Government toward the opium question. The prevailing sentiment.
among the body seems to be that the Chinese central government is sincerely
opposed to opium, and will put forth great efforts to check its use by the peo-
ple as soon as they are relieved of the foreign importation, now so iniquitously
forced upon them; till then they are paralyzed."
APPENDIX.
39
Dr. Mackenzie, the physician to the great Viceroy Li Hung Chang, the
virtual ruler of China, testifies to the latter's sincerity, and to his determined
purpose to do his utmost to suppress the immoral and destructive traffic,
Prince Kung, the Regent, is well known for his opposition to the trade.
GENERAL TSO TSUNG TANG.
NOTE G.-Next to Li Hung Chang and Prince Kung in power and influence
is General Tso Tsung Tang, who is now Viceroy of three important provinces,
and has his official residence at Nanking. He fought successfully the battles
of China against the Russians in the north-west, and has put down native re-
bellions. Like Li Hung Chang, he is a man of progress, and a determined
opponent of the opium traffic.
In January of this year, Enoch J. Smithers, United States Consul at Chin-
kiang, made a visit to Viceroy Tso. He was very cordially welcomed, and
treated with unusual respect and honor, in the presence of a very large number
of officials and literati. When refreshments were served, the viceroy said,
according to a correspondent of the New York Evening Post:
Now, Mr. Consul, just try some of these sweets. I believe that I am
offering you something delicious, for these sweets were prepared by my wife
in our distant home in Hunan, and I know that they are excellent."
continuing conversation, the viceroy said:
Still
"You American people, in regard to the late treaty concerning the opium
traffic, have done the right thing. You Americans, Mr. Consul, know what is
right, and have acted upon that knowledge." Then, taking in his fingers one
of the choicest delicacies, he offered it to Consul Smithers, saying:
"Now,
Mr. Consul, I give you this sweet because I know that it is good and can do
you no harm.
What would you say were I to offer you opium? That, I
Do you think that I would be right in offering it to you?
In regard to Mr. Wade, the British Envoy at Peking, and the opium question,
I believe that he is vacilating. But what do you think of Mr. Wade's course
in this?"
know, is bad.
Consul Smithers replied: "Well, your Excellency, Mr. Wade's position
has been a very difficult one to fill. You see that there is in England a large
proportion of the people in favor of a change of policy with reference to
opium, but the Governmental party are still in favor of obtaining revenue by
that means.
To this the viceroy made no reply.
We are sorry that the Consul was not outspoken in opposition to England's
disgraceful policy, and the course of Minister Wade.
When the President of the United States, in a Message to Congress, speaks
of the opium traffic as "that demoralizing and destructive trade," and when
even an English consul in China, Mr. Lay, writes that "it is hamstringing
40
APPENDIX.
the Chinese nation," it is very fitting in every man, no matter what his na-
tionality or his position, to use plainness of speech concerning this odious and
ruinous business, and the equally odious policy which sustains it.
It is not a mere political question, but it is one of humanity, morality and
religion; and it is becoming in every opponent of the enforced traffic, to ex-
press freely his opposition, and to use all possible influence against it.
A PROHIBITORY LAW IN NEW YORK.
NOTE H.-Since the remarks on pages 20 and 21 were written, the follow-
ing prohibitory law has passed both branches of the Legislature of the State
of New York :
Every person who opens or maintains, to be resorted to by other persons,
any place where opium, or any of its preparations, is sold or given away, to
be smoked at such place, and any person who at such place sells or gives away
any opium, or its said preparations, to be there smoked or otherwise used, and
any person who visits or resorts to any such place for the purpose of smoking
opium or its said preparations, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and
upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $500 and
by imprisonment in the penitentiary not exceeding three months, or by both
such fine and imprisonment.
The urgent need for such a law, (though it is not severe enough, as the ex-
perience under a similar law in California proves,) may be seen in the follow-
ing from the New York Sun, of August 15th:
The appearance of
Sergeant Thompson, acting Captain of the Elizabeth Street police, ar-
raigned in the Tombs Police Court yesterday morning several Chinamen and
white women. A policeman carried a basket of strange-looking pipes and
lamps and odd-looking little cakes of a dark substance. The sergeant told
Justice Gardner that on Saturday night he had made a descent upon the opium
den at 21 Pell street. "Men and women go there every night," he said.
"The odor of opium is so strong that it pervades the whole neighborhood.
Men come staggering out at all hours, and often get robbed.”
The prisoners were five Chinamen and several women.
Ah Chung, the proprietor of the den, suggested that of an Egyptian mummy.
He did not move except when touched, and he seemed to have only a spark of
life in him. By his side was William Sing, whose opium dreams had left him
in such a happy mood that he grinned and smiled and seemed to enjoy his visit
to the court. Phing Fee was surly, while mild-mannered Lee Tong looked
crestfallen and afraid. Doc Hop, the strongest of the men, eyed the basket
filled with pipes and cakes of opium. Mrs. Wong Ah Yel, a pale-faced, yel-
low-haired Irish girl, glanced at Ah Yel, who sat in the room, and tried to sig-
nal to her his sympathy. Susan Chang was still under the influence of the drug.
Mary J. Fitzgerald, Kate Moss, Mary O'Brien, Mary Fitzgerald, Maggie
APPENDIX.
41
Hogan, and Bella Murray, opium smokers, were also among the prisoners. A
lawyer tried to convince Justice Gardner that the Chinamen considered the
effect of the Indian poppy a near approach to heaven; but the Justice re-
plied : "In this country we don't want any poppy heaven. I will put a stop
to the habit if I can."
Justice Gardner held Ah Chung for trial in default of $1000 bail, and sent
all the other prisoners to the Island for six months, in default of $500 bail for
their good behavior.
These arrests were made under the old law against disorderly conduct, and
on complaint of the residents in the house who were annoyed by the opium
smokers. Sergeant Thompson at first proposed to have the arrest made under
the new law passed by the last Legislature, but it appeared that, although the
act provided that the law should take effect immediately, the requisite official
notification has not yet reached this city, and Justice Gardner was not pre-
pared to issue a warrant under it.
THE CHARGE AGAINST THE BRITISH NATION.
NOTE I.—Of course we do not charge Great Britain with the first introduc-
tion of the opium vice into China, except on the middle and northern seaboard
in the way already indicated. For fifty years or more before Warren Hastings
sent his two heavily armed opium ships to Chinese waters, the Portuguese
had taken about two hundred chests of the drug annually to Macao, where
duty was paid on it as a medicine, it being used, as we have shown, to some
extent, in some parts of China, medicinally. Some of the Chinese had learned
also to smoke it before the arrival of the British ships, and the Government
had prohibited the new vice. The indictment drawn up by well-informed as-
sailants of the traffic could not perhaps be better stated than in the words of
the Rev. Storrs Turner, the able Secretary of the Society for the Suppression
of the Opium Traffic :
"The charge brought against us is that when the opium vice in China was
in the early stage in which we see it now in America, and when the Chinese
rulers were endeavoring to extinguish it in its first beginnings, as the Govern-
ments of New York and California are now doing in their states, we (the
British nation) stepped in to furnish the supply for the vice, in violation of
Chinese law, and have continued this infamous support by bribery, smuggling,
war, and diplomacy, ever since, during which time the vice has rooted itself
firmly in the soil, and overspread the land."*
LORD HARTINGTON'S ADMISSION.
NOTE J.-In a debate in the House of Commons, the Marquis of Hartington
admitted that if the Government, of which he was a member, was to establish
* Friend of China, November, 1882.
1
42
APPENDIX.
a vast distillery for the purpose of supplying England with intoxicating liquors
it would be acting like the Viceroy and his Council in India as regards the
opium. But this is only a part of the parallelism, and not, the worst part.
If he had said for the purpose of compelling a foreign State which prohib-
ited intoxicants to receive them, his parallel would have been complete. The
London Spectator is fairer and fuller than the Marquis :
"The allegation of sensible philanthropists is not that Great Britain sells a
drug which may be abused, like alcohol, but that she forces a Government,
anxious to restrict its importation, to allow its admission free. Grant, that
opium is as harmless and as harmful as whiskey-which is. we conceive very
near the truth-and does not the case stand thus? The ruling classes of
Maine wish to prohibit whiskey, and so to make its use very costly and quite
illegal. Has any country a fair moral right to say that this is folly, and there-
fore, if Maine is not wiser, we shall invade Maine? That is what we do in
China, and that is excessively difficult to defend."
We may say here that what the States of Maine, Kansas, and Iowa, in our
own country have done, Canada has also done, and that for a long time, in
her north-western provinces. Having regard to the welfare of the many Ind-
ians in those provinces, and to peaceable and friendly relations between them
and the whites, she prohibited the introduction of the fire-water, and has
rigidly enforced the prohibition; and the result has been an unexampled
peace and prosperity, which does infinite credit to the Canadian authorities-
as infinite as the discredit which an opposite policy toward the Burmese and
Chinese has brought upon the authorities in India and the majority of the
members of the British Parliament. The Marquis of Lorne, as is well known,
has recently visited those north-western provinces, and the statement is pub-
lished that what he has seen has not only convinced him of the sound policy
of prohibition in north-western Canada, but also of the wisdom of suppressing
the liquor traffic everywhere.
RETRIBUTION.
NOTE K.—“ I tremble for the future of my country when I remember that
God is just," said Thomas Jefferson, referring to African slavery in the South-
ern States. The gigantic civil war was looked upon not only by our own
people, but by the nations generally, as God's visitation for the wrongs which
the black race had endured in the so-called Land of Liberty. And well may
Englishmen tremble for the future of their country if the terrible injustice
toward China, and the nefarious traffic of the Imperial Government of Great
Britain and India is continued.
There are many, and among them some of the best informed on this whole
subject, who believe that retribution has in part already taken place. They
see something more than mere coincidences in the uprising in Afghanistan,
APPENDIX.
43
and the massacre of the entire British army in that country, at the time of the
first opium war with China; and in the terrible mutiny in India, and the
awful massacre of English men and women, at the time the British forces
were nearing the coast of China to bombard Canton and carry on the second
opium war.
And what God-fearing man can doubt that if, after all the light that has
been thrown upon the subject, there is persistence in this great crime, there
are very heavy judgments awaiting the English nation? Says the Earl of
Shaftesbury :
1
"The opium traffic is the greatest of modern abominations, and I believe
that, unless it is corrected, it will bring upon this country of England one of
the fiercest judgments that we have ever known.”
CO-OPERATION WITH THE CONVOCATIONS OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND.
NOTE L.-At the conclusion of an article on the first edition of this pam-
phlet, the editor of the Spirit of Missions, the organ of the American Episco-
pal Missionary Society, says:
“One outcome of this pamphlet is that at the meeting of the Board of
Managers, held December 12th, upon the recommendation of the Foreign
Committee, the following action was taken:
"Resolved: That the Board of Managers appoint a special committee of
three to express to the Convocations of the Church of England its conviction
of the very great hindrance and injury to our mission work in China arising
from the continuance of the opium trade; and the Board's desire to co-oper-
ate, in every suitable manner, with their efforts for its early suppression.
“The committee appointed under this resolution were the Rt. Rev. M. A.
De Wolfe Howe, D.D., the Rev. H. Dyer, D.D., and Mr. Frederick S.
Winston.'
This is the first movement of any American society against the traffic.
Why do not the American Board, and the Methodist, Baptist, and Presby-
terian Societies take some action? Surely a few words on the subject in their
publications is not all that the case requires.
ESTABLISHMENTS IN WASHINGTON AND PHILADELPHIA.
NOTE M.-The Washington correspondent of the Hartford Evening Post
writes: "The practice of opium-smoking, which was introduced into Wash-
ington several months ago by the establishment of regular resorts where de-
votees of the habit might enjoy their appetites for the poison, is now indulged
in extensively in public and in private."
In Philadelphia, Mrs. Chisom has opened an elegant "parlor," as it is
called, but really the various rooms of a house on Mt. Vernon Street. The
1
1
44
APPENDIX.
walls of these rooms are rich in gilding and decoration; on the floors are
heavy Turkish and Persian rugs, and bric à-brac are scattered about in every
direction. Many of the wealthiest ladies of the city resort here to indulge in
the fascinating and fatal habit.
On being questioned about her antecedents, by a reporter of the Philadel-
phia Press, Mrs. Chisom told the following story of her career :
"It was in New York that I first learned to smoke opium," she said. "I 1
was taken by a friend to an opium parlor on Eighteenth Street, kept by a
French woman called Madame Fanlan. Mansfield, Montaland, and other noto-
rious women, were regular patrons of the place. No men were admitted, and
the rooms were fitted up with Oriental luxury. I often remained there a
week at a time without seeing the outside world. Women prominent in
society came there also, but, as a rule, they did not smoke much; the novelty
of the thing alone seemed to attract them. It soon became expensive for me
to continue to go there, for her charges were enormous.
About this time the
idea of having a place of my own suggested itself to me.
friends, and money enough left to furnish a few rooms. So I opened an
opium parlor on Sixteenth Street. My place soon became popular. Many of
Madame Fanlan's customers came to me, and my success was assured. I
would be there to-day had it not been for the treachery of one whom I be-
friended.
I had a number of
"Among the frequenters of the French woman's place was a young actress,
then playing a leading part in one of the New York theatres. She was very
beautiful and quite the rage among the gilded youth who affect things theatri-
cal. She came originally, I think, from England, and of all the opiuin-takers
I have ever seen she was the worst. She was completely infatuated with it,
and whenever she could escape from her duties at the theatre she would come
to Madame Fanlan's and smoke. A short time after I had opened my place
she came to me, broken in health, and in abject poverty. I pitied her, and
took her in and gave her a home, but she proved an ingrate, and I soon
regretted my kindness to her. In order to obtain money she informed the
husbands of some of my best patrons that their wives came to my house to
smoke opium. Of course this greatly injured my business in New York, but
it taught me a lesson that I have not forgotten.'
It is to be hoped that she will get another lesson while in Philadelphia, and
that is, that such infamous establishments as hers will not be tolerated.
PROHIBITION NECESSARY IN BURMAII, AS ELSEWIIERE.
NOTE N.-J. F. St. John, late Commissioner at Akyab, British Burmah,
writing at the close of 1882, says: "Opium must be prohibited and the pos-
session made highly penal if Burmah is to be saved. I know well that if the
APPENDIX.
45
Burmese nation were polled, there would not be an ounce of opium allowed
to come into the country.'
""
The missionaries in Burmah write that while tens are converted to God
through Christian labors, hundreds are ruined for time and eternity by this
poisonous stuff which was introduced, and the monopoly of which is held by
the representatives of a Christian government.
1
MORAL HARM WROUGHT THROUGHOUT INDIA.
NOTE O. Besides the evils already referred to as wrought in India proper
(see page 16), great injury is done to the mind and conscience of the people
of that land generally by the hateful traffic. Rev. Dr. Kay, formerly Presi-
dent of Bishops' College, Calcutta, says: "There can be no doubt about the
moral harm done by our Government in dealing with opium. The practice
goes against the fundamental moral feelings of the Hindoos. They look upon
it as an evil trade, and view it with abomination."
ADDITIONAL TESTIMONY.
During the last hundred years or a little more, we have subjected 200
millions of people in Asia to our rule; we have had two or three wars with
the Chinese Empire, arising, first of all, out of our determination to insist
upon it that they should allow us to introduce opium to the people."-Rt.
Hon. John Bright, in 1881.
"It is remarkable that we are doing more than any other nation for the
advancement of the gospel over the habitable globe; and remarkable it is that
we are doing more than all other nations put together, for the purpose of pre-
venting and repressing the effects of that gospel."-Earl of Shaftesbury.
“One of the articles of the treaty with China contains the clause that the
Chinese are no longer to call us barbarians—a most important clause.
But
it is much more important that we do not in any respect act as barbarians.
I am convinced that the present course pursued by us is one that ought to be
abandoned at whatever cost."-Archbishop Tart, Oct., 1881.
66
'I do not believe that there has been a blacker page in the history of our
country than that which records our transactions with China."- Wm. Mc-
Arthur, M.P., Lord Mayor of London, Oct., 1881.
"From whatever side we view it the responsibility of the English Govern-
ment in fostering and forcing this vice upon the Chinese people, finds no
justification, and the continuance of the trade at the present day merits only
condemnation."-H. H. Kane, M.D., New York.
1
46
APPENDIX.
"It would be a disastrous thing for England if, upon the flimsy pleas that
have been urged, there should be persistence in a wrong which the whole
civilized world exclaims against. We stand alone in this infamy, furnishing
to the nations by our conduct only too plausible a motive for asserting that all
our endeavors after righteousness are but a mockery, and that our zeal for re-
ligion is only a cloak for our covetousness.”—Church Missionary Intelligencer,
May, 1882.
I really do not remember in any history a war undertaken with such com-
bined injustice and baseness. Ordinary wars of conquest are to me far less
wicked than to go to war in order to maintain smuggling, and that smuggling
consisting in the introduction of a demoralizing drug, which the Government
of China wishes to keep out."-Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, on the first Opium
War.
"So important is opium financially, that having introduced it at the bayo-
'net's point, we had better let it rest than attempt to defend our indefensible
action."-North China Herald (English).
"In all the twenty-eight centuries which the Chinese claim of history, they
say they never conceived of an act so cruel and so enormously wicked, as that
of forcing the deadly opium traffic upon an unwilling people.”—From
"Around the World Tour," by Rev. W. F. Bainbridge.
"In this struggle China deserves deep compassion; for in it we can only see
a Pagan Government humbled and crushed, and that by a Christian Govern-
ment, in its attempt to suppress a gigantic vice, and save the nation from a
terrible calamity.”—Rev. Griffith John, of Central China.
"An odious policy, unjust to China, the scandal of our country, and our
reproach before the civilized world."-Rev. F. Storrs Turner, Secretary of
the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Traffic.
By secret methods, I mean smuggling; by open violence, I mean war ;
by what I hardly like to characterize, but which I will call diplomacy, we
have forced this poisonous drug upon the Chinese nation."-Cardinal Man-
ning, at the Mansion House Meeting, Oct., 1881.
"The more I study the subject, the more I am convinced of the cruel
iniquity of the opium traffic. "'-Canon Knox Little.
"All through China the brethren still deplore the blight of the opium traffic,
a greater national calamity than famine, a calamity which enlightened heathen
are urging a Christian nation, which first imposed it on them, to remove.
-The late Rev. Dr. Morley Punshon.
"To our mind, nothing is more clear than that the Chinese had both the
right, the power, and the will to stamp out the use of opium in China at the
1
APPENDIX.
47
time when they first came into collision with the power of England. We are
fully convinced that but for England they would then have accomplished
this.”—Rev. J. Hudson Taylor, M.R.C.S., Founder of the China Inland
Mission.
“Opium is a subject in the discussion of which England and China can never
meet on common ground. China views the whole question from a moral stand-
point; England from a fiscal. England would sustain a source of revenue in
India, while China contends for the lives and prosperity of her people."-The
Chinese Grand Secretary and Viceroy, Li Hung Chang.
"No person can describe the horrors of the opium trade. That the Govern.
ment of British India should be the prime abettor of this abominable traffic,
is one of the wonders of the nineteenth century. The proud escutcheon of
the nation which declares against the slave trade, is thus made to bear a blot
broader and darker than any other in the Christian world."-Rev. Howard
Malcolm of Philadelphia.
"It cannot be doubted that the opium traffic has much to answer for in the
way of neutralizing missionary efforts, not only in its direct effects upon the
victims themselves, but in the hatred and suspicion of everything foreign
which it has engendered in the minds of the natives generally."-W. H. Med-
hurst, late British Consul at Shanghai.
"It is surely an unholy revenue that blinds men's eyes to some of the plainest
dictates of fairness and honor in our dealings as a nation with China in this
matter. Whatever men may say, such a revenue is a continuous curse.
James L. Maxwell, M.A., M.D., eight years a Medical Missionary in China.
"I can conceive of nothing more ignominious than the position of a great
Imperial Government manufacturing the opium, selling the opium, and enter-
ing into all the details of retail dealers. It is a nefarious traffic, and a na-
tional abomination."-Earl of Shaftesbury, 1881.
"The greater the love a man has for his country and for his church, the
more bitterly will he deplore, the more carnestly will he denounce, acts which
bring shame upon both."-Rev. J. Llewelyn Davies.
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UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
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