Research Division Report #1 Employment and Unemployment vs> of Artists: 1970-1975 National Endowment for the Arts I I Employment and Unemployment of Artists: 1970-1975 CONTENTS Tables and Figures Introduction Summary of Employment and Unemployment Changes from 1974 to 197 5 How Many Artists Appendix I - Data Reliability and the Standard Error 21 Appendix II - Employment and Unemployment Trends.. 22 Appendix III - Need for Additional Employment...... 23 TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1 comparison of Unemployment for Selected Occupations with all Professional, Tech- nical and Kindred Workers: 1974 and 1975 7 Table 2 Comparison of Unemployment for Writers, Artists and Entertainers with all Pro- fessional, Technical and Kindred Workers: 1970 - 1975 8 Table 3 Total Writers, Artists and Entertainers, Growth of Labor Force and Unemployment: 1970 - 1975 10 Table 4 Total Labor Force and Unemployment for Selected Artistic Occupations and Sex: 1970... 15 Table 5 Total Labor Force and Unemployment for Selected Artistic Occupations and Sex: 1971... 16 Table 6 Total Labor Force and Unemployment for Selected Artistic Occupations and Sex: 1972... 17 Table 7 Total Labor Force and Unemployment for Selected Artistic Occupations and Sex: 1973... 18 Table 8 Total Labor Force and Unemployment for Selected Artistic Occupations and Sex: 1974... 19 Table 9 Total Labor Force and Unemployment for Selected Artistic Occupations and Sex: 1975... 20 Table 10 Class of Worker of Employed Persons by Detailed Occupation and Sex: 1970 25 Table 11 Self -employment as a Percent of Selected Artistic Occupations Labor Force: 1970 26 Table 12 Employed, Experienced Unemployed, Not in Labor Force, But Worked 1960 to 1970, by Detailed Occupation and Sex: 1970 28 Table 13 Persons Not in Labor Force But Last Worked in Artistic Occupations 1960 to 1970, as a Percent of Selected Artistic Occupation Labor Force: 1970 29 Figure 1 Total Writers, Artists and Entertainers Labor Force, Employed and Unemployed, 1970 - 1975... 11 Figure 2 Diagram of Possible Shifts in Labor Force Status Within the Artistic Occupations 27 -3- Introduction The employment of persons in artistic occupations and the complementary number of unemployed in artistic occupa- tions are the subjects of this report. Information about unemployment is always more urgent since it is a measure of a serious deficiency. However, the two subjects cannot be isolated from each other since they are based on the same data. The relationship has been described as that 1/ of the doughnut and the hole. Compilation of data on the unemployment and employment of artists on a base comparable with the data for the total U. S. population is possible because of the work of the Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data used in this report for 1970 is from the 1970 Census of Population. The data for subsequent years is from annualized monthly averages from the monthly Current Population Studies conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the census. The Bureau of 1/ Shiskin, Julius, Commissioner of Labor Statistics, "Employment and Unemployment: The Doughnut or the Hole?' Monthly Labor Review , February 1976, p. 3. -4- Labor Statistics has released to the National Endowment for the Arts detailed data on artistic occupations for 1971 - 197 5 that has not been made available through its regular publications. The style adopted for this report uses tables to present the main body of information about employment and unemploy- ment. Tables 1-3, and Figure 1, are a summary data presentation in simple form. The following Tables 4-9 are very detailed and provide data that should be help- ful to readers interested in the statistical basis for the percent unemployment that is reported. The text is a brief summary of highlights from the tables. Three Appendices with several tables and a figure complete the report. This final material is very technical and is intended for persons who are specially concerned about the reliability of the data and its use for trend projection as well as needs for additional research. In reading the report, the differences in the data source for 1970 and 1971 - 1975 should be remembered. The statis- tical reliability of the data for the latter years is much less because of the differences in sample size. "Standard Errors" are shown in Tables 3-9. The use of this measure for data reliability is discussed in the appendices. -5- Summary of Employment and Unemployment changes From 1974 to 197 5 The most striking observation from the examination of employment and unemployment data for the artistic occupa- tions is the increase in the total work force that has occurred in recent years. In 197 5, the employment of artists continued to increase and the total experienced Writers, Artists, and Entertainers labor force grew at a rate of 5.5%. Changes in unemployment followed the general trend of the U. S. population and was substantially greater in 197 5 than in 1974. Table 1 summarizes the percent unem- ployment for selected artistic occupations in 1974 and 197 5. The percent unemployment increased for most of the selected occupations and was substantially greater than for all Pro- fessional, Technical, and Kindred Workers. The increase or decrease in the percent unemployment for these two years should be interpreted carefully in the light of the Standard Errors shown in Tables 8 and 9 and Appendix II on Employ- ment and Unemployment Trends. Table 2 compares percent unemployment for Writers, Artists, and Entertainers with that of all Professional, Technical, and Kindred Workers for the period 1970 - 1975. -6- TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF UNEMPLOYMENT FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS WITH ALL PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS: 1974 and 1975 All Professional, Tech- nical & Kindred Workers 1974 2.3% 1975 3.2% Change — ' + .9% Architects 2.7% 5 . 4% +2.7% Actors 47 . 4% 35.0% -12.4% Authors 2.1% 4.3% +2.2% Dancers Designers Musicians & Composers Painters & Sculptors Photographers 2.3% 7 . 4% +5.1% 4.1% 7 . 9% +3.8% 3.2% 5 . 8% +2.6% 3.8% 6.2% +2.4% Data base is too small to provide a meaningful estimate 1/ See Appendix II and Standard Errors in Tables 8 and 9. Source: See Tables 8 and 9 for data source. -7- TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF UNEMPLOYMENT FOR WRITERS, ARTISTS AND ENTERTAINERS WITH ALL PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS: 1970 - 1975 % Unemployment Writers, Artists & Entertainers % Unemployment All Professional, Technical and Kindred Workers 1/ 1970 ~ 4.6% 1.8% 2/ 1971 -' 7.1% 2.9% 2/ 1972 ~ 5.6% 2.4% 1973 - 4.8% 2.2% 1974 ~ 4.8% 2.3% 1975 - 7.4% 3.2% 1/ Table 51, U Population: . S. Bureau of 1970 Subject the Census , Census of Reports , Final Report PC(2)-7A, Occupational Characteristics. 2/ Unpublished data furnished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. -8- How Many Artists ? In the 1970 Census, the total of Writers, Artists, and Entertainers in the labor force was 797,574 persons. The Bureau of Labor Statistics data for 1975 is 1,055,000 persons in the same group. The increase reflects a com- pounded annual growth rate for the 5 year period of 5.7%. At this rate of growth, the labor force of artists would double in a period of about 12.5 years. Data on the growth of the artistic occupations labor force for the 1970 - 1975 period is presented in Table 3. Figure 1 illustrates graphically the rise in this labor force during the period and the changes in the subgroups of the unemployed and employed. Unemployment of Artists For 197 5, the percent unemployment of all Professional, Technical, and Kindred Workers is 3.2%. This compares with 7.4% for the Writers, Artists, and Entertainers occupational group. Among the selected artistic occupa- tions in 197 5, the following unemployment rates are reported: Architects — 5.4%, Actors — 35.0%, Authors — 4.3%, Designers — 7.4%, Musicians and Composers — 7.9%, Dancers — (inadequate data), Painters and Sculp- tors — 5.8%, and Photographers — 6.2%. -9- w PQ < Eh in en TJ 4-1 -P ^ 1 c 03 £ 0) TJ CD 1 fX3 U D -P H rH co W ^ CM TJ I 0) ^ (U C H S eg e w ^ o 3 -p ^ o u * t. •H 03 o > Q) U CD CD >i O -P r-i 05 CU * S ■H in $ CO $ CD H| fN ™| OJ| fN in S U TJ o o o o o o 0) 1 CD CO o o o o o A e > ^f o o o o o 6 0) O 3 C H KO o o in CO CO £ d a CO CO in > rH -H H H H » CD u >i A en rQ -p -p T3 cw 5-4 CU X a to 3 •H 03 C< c CD r^ U H J3 3 03 4-1 PQ £ •H 03 • fa -P CO 03 • - TS D to ■P T3 u Q) - rQ rH a to m Q) •H tf H 0) rQ H -P ^ rQ O a 03 CD c Eh r- o fM -10- FIGURE 1 TOTAL WRITERS, ARTISTS AND ENTERTAINERS LABOR FORCE, EMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYED: 1970 - 1975 1,050,000- 1,000,000- 950,000- 900,000- 850,000- 800,000- Total Writers, Artists & Entertainers Labor Force Employed Writers, Artists & Entertainers 100,000- 50,000- — I — 1970 Unemployed Writers, Artists & Entertainers 1 — 1971 — I 1972 1 — 1973 — I 1974 ' — I — 1975 Source : Table 3 -11- Unemployment of Writers, Artists, and Entertainers as a broad occupational group was 4.6% in 1970. In the five years since 1970, the percent of unemployment of Writers, Artists, and Entertainers fluctuated annually and roughly followed the trend in unemployment of all Professional, Technical, and Kindred Workers but at a rate 2 to 2^ times greater. Tables 4-9 present a detailed analysis of the total experienced labor force for selected artistic occupa- tions, the number and percent unemployed, and Standard Errors of the percent unemployed statistics. This data is provided for Architects, Actors, Authors, Dancers, Designers, Musicians and Composers, Painters and Sculptors, and Photographers, for both sexes combined and separately. Similar statistics are provided in these tables for the larger group of all Professional, Technical, and Kindred Workers for comparison. Separate tables are provided for each year from 1970 to 1975. As a result of the difference in the basis for the 1970 Census and the annualized averages from the Current Population Studies data for the subsequent years, stan- dard Errors of percent unemployment are fairly large for some of the occupations in 1971 - 1975. Users of -12- this report are cautioned against plotting an unemploy- ment trend line with the data for individual artistic occupations reported in Tables 4-9 before considering the information in Appendix II, Employment and Unemploy- ment trends. A very significant observation from the examination of the tables for the six years is the very great difference in unemployment in the artistic occupations. Unemployment is most severe among Actors ranging from a high percentage of 47.4% recorded in both 1971 and 1974 to a low of 3 3.4% recorded in 1970. The percent unemployment of Actors in 1975 is 35%, close to the low of 33.4% in 1970, and con- trasts with unemployment among the other artistic occupa- tions as the only one in which there was a decrease in 197 5 As the Standard Errors of percent unemployment of Actors are fairly high, caution should be taken in making trend comparisons. Dancers are .second in percent unemployment ranging from a low of 14.5% in 1970 to a high of 30% in 1971. The data on unemployment of Dancers is considered unreliable except for the Census Year 1970 and comparisons with other occupa- tions should be limited to that year. This is because of -13- the relatively small number of Dancers and the difficulty of obtaining satisfactory data for this occupational group in the sample used for the monthly Current Population Studies . In contrast to Actors and Dancers, the other selected artistic occupations in Tables 4-9 are represented by a sufficiently large number of persons in the labor force so that the data on percent unemployment is more useful. -14- TABLE 4 TOTAL LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT FOR SELECTED ARTISTIC OCCUPATIONS AND SEX: 1970 Total Experienced Labor Force (thousands) Number Unemployed (thousands) % Unem- ployment Standard Error % Unem- ployment All Professional, Tech- nical & Kindred Workers 11,667.0 Male 6,992.3 Female 4,674.7 215.1 116.4 98.7 1.8% 1 . 7% 2 . 1% .1% .1% .1% Architects 57.1 Male 54.9 Female 2 . 1 0.8 .7 .04 1.4% 1.3% 2.0% .4% .4% 1.7% Actors 14.1 Male 8.2 Female 5 . 9 4.7 2.6 2.1 33.4% 32.2% 35.0% 2 . 2% 2 . 9% 3.4% Authors 26.0 Male 18.1 Female 7 . 9 1.1 .7 .4 4.1% 4.1% 4 . 1% .6% .8% 1 . 2% Dancers 6.9 Male 1 . 3 Female 5 . 7 1.0 .3 .8 14.5% 20.9% 13.3% 2.2% 5 . 5% 2.3% Designers 112.3 Male 85.2 Female 27.1 3.5 2.0 1.5 3 . 1% 2 . 4% 5 . 5% .2% .3% .7% Musicians & Composers 96.5 Male 63.7 Female 32.9 6.5 5.1 1.4 6.7% 8.0% 4.1% .3% .7% .7% Painters & Sculptors 107.5 Male 67.9 Female 39.6 4.1 2.0 2.1 3.8% 2.9% 5 . 3% .2% .3% .6% Photographers 66.0 Male 56.5 Female 9.4 2.0 1.4 .6 3.0% 2 . 4% 6.7% .3% .4% 1.1% Source: Table 51, U.S. Bureau of 1970 Subject Reports, Final Report the Census , PC(2)-7A, Census of Population Occupational Charac- teristics . -15- TABLE 5 TOTAL LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT FOR SELECTED ARTISTIC OCCUPATIONS AND SEX: 1971 Total Experienced Labor Force (thousands) Number Unemployed (thousands) % Unem- ployment Standard Error % Unem- ployment All Professional, Tech- nical & Kindred Workers 11 Male 6 Female 4 ,416 ,933 ,483 331 188 143 2.9% 2 . 7% 3.2% .1% .1% .1% Architects Male Female 70 67 3 1 1 1.4% 1.5% * .8% .8% Actors Male Female 19 11 8 9 4 5 47.4% 36.4% * 7.7% 9 . 1% Authors Male Female 33 21 12 2 1 1 6.1% 4.8% 8.3% 2.5% 2.8% 4.6% Dancers Male Female 10 1 9 3 1 2 30.0% * * 8.7% Designers Male Female 106 78 28 7 4 3 6.6% 5.1% 10.7% 1.4% 1.4% 3.5% Musicians & Composers Male Female 126 82 45 10 8 2 7.9% 9.8% 4.4% 1.5% 1.9% K 9% Painters & Sculptors Male Female 130 82 48 5 2 3 3.8% 2.4% 6.3% 1.0% 1.0% 2.0% Pho toqr aphe r s Male Female 81 67 13 4 2 1 4.9% 3.0% 7 . 7% 1.3% 1.2% 4.5% * Data base is too small to provide a meaningful estimate. Source: Unpublished data furnished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics -16- TABLE 6 TOTAL LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT FOR SELECTED ARTISTIC OCCUPATIONS AND SEX: 1972 Total Experienced Labor Force (thousands) All Professional, Tech- nical & Kindred Workers 11,741 Number Unemployed (thousands) 282 % Unem- ployment 2 . 4% Standard Error % Unem- ployment .1% Male Female 7,110 4,631 153 129 2 . 2% 2.8% .1% .1% Architects Male Female 68 66 2 2 2 2 . 9% 3 . 0% 1 . 1% 1 . 2% Actors Male Female 18 13 5 8 5 3 44.4% 38.5% 8 . 1% 8.7% Authors Male Female 31 18 13 1 1 3 . 2% 5.6% * 1.9% 3.4% Dancers 6 1 5 1 1 • Male Female * * — Designers Male Female 113 91 21 3 2 1 2 . 7% 2.2% 4.8% .9% .9% 2 . 9% Musicians & Composers Male Female 130 92 39 9 8 1 6 . 9% 8.7% 2.6% 1.3% 1 . 8% 1 . 4% Painters & Sculptors Male Female 137 78 60 8 4 4 5 . 8% 5 . 1% 6 . 7% 1.3% 1.4% 1 . 9% Photographers Male Female 80 67 13 3 2 1 3 . 8% 3.0% 7 . 7% 1.2% 1.2% 4.5% * Data base is too small to provide a meaningful, estimate. Source: Unpublished data furnished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics -17- TABLE 7 TOTAL LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT FOR SELECTED ARTISTIC OCCUPATIONS AND SEX: 1973 Total Experienced Labor Force (thousands) All Professional, Tech- nical & Kindred Workers 1 2 , 037 Male Female Architects Male Female Actors Male Female Authors Male Female Dancers Male Female Designers Male Female Musicians & Composers Male Female Painters & Sculptors Male Female Photographers Male Female 7,186 4,852 74 72 2 ii 7 8 39 18 20 10 3 7 125 98 27 129 88 41 141 80 60 76 63 13 Number Unemployed (thousands) 260 120 141 1 1 7 3 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 9 6 3 5 3 2 1 1 % Unem- ployment 2.2% 1.7% 2.9% 1.4% 1. .4% 1 k 43, .8% i «r i k 2, .6% * • 20, .0% * • 1. .6% 1, .0% 3, .7% 7. .0% 6. .8% 7, .3% 3. .5% 3. .8% 3. .3% 1. .3% Standard Error % Unem- ployment .1% .1% .1% 8% .8% 8.3% 1.5% 7.5% .7% » .6% 2, .1% 1, .3% 1. .6% 2. . 2%: • ,9% 1. .2% 1. .3% « .7% 1 . 6% .9% * Data base is too small to provide a meaningful estimate. Source: Unpublished data furnished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics -18- TABLE 8 TOTAL LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT FOR SELECTED ARTISTIC OCCUPATIONS AND SEX: 1974 Total Experienced Labor Force (thousands) Number Unemployed (thousands) % Unem- ployment Standard Error % Unem- ployment All Professional, Tech- nical & Kindred Workers 12, Male 7 , Female 5 , ,623 ,482 ,142 285 136 150 2 . 3% 1.8% 2 . 9% .1% .1% .1% Architects Male Female 73 71 2 2 2 2 . 7% 2 . 8% * 1 . 0% 1.1% Actors Male Female 19 11 8 9 5 4 47.4% 45.4% * 7.2% 9.7% Authors Male Female 47 27 21 1 1 1 2.1% 3.7% 4.8% 1.2% 2 . 1% 2 . 8% Dancers 7 1 5 2 1 * __ Male Female • * — " Desiqners Male Female 132 99 33 3 1 2 2.3% 1 . 0% 6 . 1% .8% .6% 2.5% Musicians & Compo; Male Female sers 146 102 44 6 4 1 4.1% 3.9% 2.3% 1.0% 1.1% 1 . 3% Painters & Sculpt< Male Female Drs 154 89 65 5 2 3 3.2% 2 . 2% 4.6% .9% .9% 1 . 5% Photoqraphers Male Female 79 67 13 3 1 1 3.8% 1.5% 7.7% 1 . 2% .9% 4.5% * Data base is too small to provide a meaningful estimate. Source: Unpublished data furnished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics -19- TABLE 9 TOTAL LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT FOR SELECTED ARTISTIC OCCUPATIONS AND SEX: 1975 Total Experienced Labor Force ( thous ands ) All Professional, Tech- nical & Kindred Workers Male Female Architects Male Female Actors Male Female Authors Male Female Dancers Male Female Designers Male Female Musicians & Composers Male Female Painters & Sculptors Male Female Photographers Male Female 1 3,173 7,700 5,474 74 71 3 20 13 7 47 26 20 8 3 5 135 103 34 151 104 47 155 84 72 81 67 14 Number Unemployed (thousands) 425 219 207 4 4 7 3 4 2 1 2 1 1 10 9 2 11 9 3 9 5 4 5 4 1 % Unem- ployment 3.2% 2.8% 3.8% 5.4% 5.6% * 35.0% 23.1% * 4.3% * 5.0% * * 7.4% 8 . 7% 5.9% 7.9% 8.7% 6.4% 5.8% 5.9% 5 . 6% 6.2% 6.0% 7.1% Standard Error % Unem- ployment .1% .1% .1% 1.5% 1 . 6% 6 . 9% 7.2% 1 . 6% 3.0% 1.4% 1. .6% 2. .4% 1. .4% 1. .7% 2. .1% 1, .1% 1. .5% 1. .6% 1. .6% 1.7% 4.4% * Data base is too small to provide a meaningful estimate. Source: Unpublished data furnished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics -20- APPENDICES I . Data Reliability and the Standard Error "Standard Error" (S. E.) is a commonly used measure of sampling variability, that is, a measure of the degree of confidence that can be attached to a statistic which is estimated by a sampling method rather than a complete count. An individual statistic estimated from a sampling pro- cedure will vary from the "true" figure that would have been obtained from a complete count by an unknown amount due to chance. However, if the Standard Error of an estimated num- ber is known, statistical theory permits a specific inter- pretation of the estimated number's reliability in terms of probabilities. There is approximately a 2 out of 3 chance (68%) that the difference (either plus or minus) between a sample estimate and the true figure is greater than the estimate's standard error. There is about a 95% probaba- bility that the difference between the estimate and the true figure is less than twice the Standard Error. For example, (from Table 3), there is approximately a 95% probability that the true percent unemployment of all Writers, Artists, and Entertainers in 197 5 was between 6.4% and 8.4% [7.4% - 2 (.5) to 7 . 4% + 2 (.5) J . About a 5% chance remains that the true value falls outside of this range. This range is sometimes called the "95% confidence range," and is a commonly used benchmark as an indication of data reliability. The Standard Errors shown in this report have been computed using error tables furnished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A further technical note: The basic concept behind the construction of a confidence range in this way requires that the sample size be reasonably large. A substantial number of the unemployment rates given in Tables 5 through 9 are based on very small samples and it is not valid to interpret a confidence range as more than a rough indication of reliability in these cases. For example,, in several cases, the lower limit of a 9 5% confidence range would' be less than 0% unemployment, obviously an impossibility. This problem also arises in cases of moderately large samples -21- but with a very low estimated rate of unemployment. Even in such cases, however, the calculation of a confidence range can provide a still useful, though often very crude, indication of reliability. As noted in the tables, cases marked with an asterisk are based on samples so small that neither the percent unemployed nor a measure of its relia- bility would be accurate enough to be considered useful. Accordingly, all cases in Tables 5-9 with less than 10,000 persons estimated in the total labor force or with zero unemployment are marked by an asterisk in the percent unemployed column. II . Employment and Unemployment Trends Some of the data for individual occupations presented in Tables 4-9 indicate substantial changes in unemployment from year to year or overall 5 year trends. However, because of the data reliability problem arising from the very small samples in some cases, most such year to year changes and trends cannot be confidently attributed to other than varia- tions that would be expected to occur due to chance errors in estimation. There are statistical testing procedures available to calculate the probability that a particular statistic varies from year to year because the true figure has varied rather than because of chance fluctuation. 1/ A number of the noticeable annual fluctuations in unemploy- ment for the individual occupations do not pass these tests, and it is generally suggested that Tables 4-9 should not be used to plot trend lines. However, the total Writers, Artists, and Entertainers in Table 3 can be used to plot a trend line because of the improved reliability that results from the aggregation of data. This trend line is plotted in Figure 1. 1/ One convenient test uses the Standard Error of the two numbers to be compared (S. E.i and S. E.2 ) to compute the Standard Error of the estimated difference between them (S. E-2 - l). In an identical fashion to the pro- cess involving a single statistic, a confidence region can be constructed for the difference between the two estimates. The formula for the standard error of the difference between 2 estimates is: S.E. 2 , = -i/(S.E., ) fc + (S.E- 2 ) where S. E . ^ and S. E-2 are the standard errors of the two estimates. -22- Ill . Need for Additional Research A. Seasonality of Employment . Part of the lore of the artistic occupations is seasonality in employment. This is thought to be the greatest for Actors, Musicians, and Dancers. Similarly, Architects' employment lore suggests a broad peak starting at the beginning of the construction season and continuing at a fairly high level until late fall when construction activity tends to diminish. Other artistic occupations such as Painters and Sculptors, Photographers, and Designers are believed to have relatively lower degrees of seasonality in their employment. The data currently available for study is too limited to permit assessment of seasonality. The data obtained in the 197 Census was based on employment in the week prior to the Census, namely, the last week of March, 1970. This might have been a period of relatively low employment in the year for artists in the performing arts occupations, but was probably a peak period of employment for architects. The available data does not permit the appropriate adjustments to be made. Therefore, the data shown in Table 4 for 1970 may be misleading with respect to percent unemployment of Architects, shown at a fairly low level of 1.4%, if compared with the annualized monthly coverages for 1971 - 1975; and similarly too high for Actors, Dancers, and Musicians and composers. The data presented for years 1971 through 197 5 is based on an annualized monthly average and is not revealing of seasonal variations of employment. Virtually no research has been done on the subject of seasonality in unemployment in the artistic occupations . This topic should be part of a broad series of studies to acquire a far better understanding of the characteristics of employment in the artistic occupations. B. Shifts in Employment Status . A general problem in the measurement of employment and unemployment is that the characteristics and conditions of the work force are not static but are constantly changing in many ways. Of par- ticular importance in the artistic occupations are multiple employment, sometimes referred to an "moonlighting," and movements between classifications in which employment and -23- unemployment are measured. Unfortunately, however, very little information is available for analysis. Part of the lore of artistic occupations such as Musicians and Composers, Painters and Sculptors, and Writers, is that many individuals derive their principal income from non- artistic occupations. No measure of this condition is presently available. In addition, it is believed that many persons in artistic occupations frequently shift status or maintain a dual status between working for wages and s elf -employment . For example, a Musician working for wages may also be a self-employed music teacher and Painters and Sculptors, and Writers, may work at home or in studios as self-employed individuals without deriving income for their work for long intervals of time. The distinction between an unemployed artist and a self-employed artist without income is largely a personal self-view. Table 10 shows the numbers of persons in artis- tic occupations working for wages or self-employed in 1970, while Table 11 shows self -employment as a percent of the artistic occupation labor force. Figure 2 diagrams the relationships between the several possible categories of employed and unemployed individuals in the artist labor force. In addition, a very large group of individuals are to be found in a group not employed or currently seeking employment that are therefore excluded from the labor force total. This includes individuals who are keeping house, at school, ill, or retired. There are undoubtedly substantial shifts between such individuals and those who are working for wages, self-employed, and unemployed. Table 12 shows the numbers of persons who last worked in artistic occupations but were not counted in the labor force in 1970, while Table 13 shows the persons not counted in the labor force as a percent of the labor force. This group exceeded 100,000 individuals or about l/8th as large as the artist labor force in 1970. Full understanding of the importance of shifts of status to the measurement of employment and unemploy- ment of artists is not possible with currently available information. Substantial additional research is required as part of a broad program to improve understanding of the artistic occupations. -24- Ie.8 c ° * 3»| ■So E i w < Eh O X a t/i -b c c o '+• a u w o ■o a* a >» -fl c o e 4) Ol "0 0) a E o w o o £ 5 $ o * ~ '8 '88 f»> — — ""* 1 "9 3 ' ' — < ^n ao rv IN — CN m — — — i r*> r> SCNH^ O^ CO 00 CM — — — CD O (N -Q I o •4 cv — — I" 0» CN — r»» i/t — O 1/1 ■O 0- 1 "I T l*» 0> r-. -o O -o eo -o s t/^ 0D ■• f*l CD W^ Ps *3 CO CN ~ © — O CN *^» CN PN r*. oo ^ cn eo CM PS ^ O fcO i/l CM CD W*> CM CN T ao n n «~ o o O Q CO rfl O CO N O O CO — T S3 ?(n^°N ^T ""> O *y — - r**. r» — O cn q> cn 9 s CM Q — rv-gn — u-lP^. — ^» O N 0<--NfV -O s 2 - — ■ — co iO r^ o <-no* "O CD nO O O — COCC CO ./-> n un incN 8< i o- — >0 — r-*. m i no CO r^ o n o o — m o (N vn — ^ CD O ^ "O O (D — CO n r^ u-i — o — n — -O rs. t o w-i o p*- t t n on — o "7 vo OiTiO" ^(N — cn ri' — t n — CN CM -O — 1 X"l *n O O ao O cn 3 4 8' f) CO */i ^ a <> £ ZEE _ " " * 3 •o— -o — s s ^•rv^o — O n cn T cn ) — *rj -COO- -O — wO O i/lfN CD CO O /inn O *0 >0 u*"> r-- i/l CN Q O r* cn do c*J eo S •o r«> e« — ■o ■o c ^o — moo-o IN rv ^ — n (N O -O O i — r^ o i r»* r*. -o _ o -^ o P-. P^ CN O ' i/INN OH' — w^ -7 N ^ fNCNCNH "7 t> ^ r^ OO •0/10NO V ^"^ O rv -'^ ■OTTO' fN-O O — o C* r^. r>* ^ c> ^ * -c — O O — ^ r^ -C — O O T — D OJ f\J -3 o "3 r^ — CO T — O O ■O f^ CO CN — o cn cs t o > ao n -7 rn T — *N p- o ^- n CO o- ■Ci/INM 'JN Si — ^ /ICNH r^ O w"> >0 T "»* *n 'O O t O CN CO Cm CO — -O — f) — CN O — CN O CD r*. ncoNH': rn n *o o Jl CN — m n co - CO © r-. -c m ~ o -) o tn COO NfN CNU-1 wi — — — n t i y-^ u-1 — O Q O i CD O -O O O — - — no co ao CO-n/l TO ./I -O vTi i/ir -7 r* o OO onT^-rwio n — cn — cn vn — n co o — *^ n n — — a 'E 3 v -r ° o = E * O a; - O - o E c 4. > »- E - ~ => 2 c °-° § S 1 ■«' O" . _ — O >s* O c. Z. o a. o "D •" > i •." ^ i/> *- LI fc- Of _= 01 c & 2 % - oo £ c _£ O c- < < *- i o — 3 O " < O i O- qc > i m tfi i/i ^ ^ o o. _o -q O w if o y o a> ^ o ^ r> o ^ 4J u 0) •r- CO O r- cn c « to •H u -p H 03 +J rH CO 3 H a s^ 0) ex, -P u M-l 03 S-i 03 n ,r: ^ O CO C H CD 03 U c » •H to -p 3 03 to a c ^ JO o o o* ■o I 0> v 3 o z 0) > a ■o 4» .. w X C a) .2 «* *z a> "O a c x o UJ *f > O o a "a 3 111 O - 8"5S t J5 ■a tiQ °5§ "2 "8 "8 II ■s s"8S ■8*3 1 ? Jsg r» cm o -o m m» f- ■Of"lcNcoor>r^'>TCM ■* CN — o -*r cm w"> . r^ 3 o r** ^ > oo o r~^ cd p^ . m p* *q co fib o — O n CN r* o n — -o o- — go rn <-CN — pvNiontNri «A co ■» -O m oi oo n m co op •C — c^m5«jo-0-OMjO^ SCN •— O c*> v> ^ r-* u-i r^ . — ^T — TT — CN Mj «A — CN o *n o c . t ■<» co cm rt co o o ^ t n ^ oifl nmcs »n comt-^c> CN o o o — •© on cm — £ "8 "8 u > F o 1! X C UJ 3 "8 > o -&. E -o oo *n -o N-N-nooo rt C> oo o n — -o — ^ oco go ^r t> <-n n u-i cn -o co ao o o o cn o ID ^ ^N ^ CN O -O *n — -O Si = 3 s cnj en co -onr- CN^SlcS^ •o 'On , -o — o O CV U-l CO sj — CNQ(N( S 3 CN o — vn >o r*- — en O 2 — n n — ao oo oo -^nncDO-O" ^ ^ O; CN- c> ON 'J o O "Of> -CNCVCJCNCNU^ ■? o n 00 r»» CO ~ *n <— •-n — *r> m — oo o ui'0>/nncN N-CNONH •OO^A •OCD'- n r> -o u"i o r*» ■0'0*n*ofN ^ o -a — 'c 3 c i e 3 a> 8" °. £ o | * £ -o "-r-oi t . c o jj-c y- o ^ •- Jr •- _c •— c- «" ^ O /> a h .« £ o .a o i >■ U *- fitt r 01 c ^§s Q. 3 l_ O Oi -a c - §§ £ c c-o %° a t ^ - "» > ^! *" r* 01 *" 4i O !)■- JZ V — w Q._0 -q O " 0) C - i_ O trt o .y o a» o 15 x) ■ c -C 3 o >. cl o_ ac > u ■I— A o c • co •H u -P •H fO -P H CO 3 •H a n CD & -P U H-l fd u IT3 CO £ u oo C H 0) fd O c «. •H co +J ^J rd CO a C 3 (U U CJ U o GO ^ » -M < r- iw i *-*. -l ^ 4J PQ }-1 ~ a H Q) in p< Q) H H ra /2 c m •H Eh fc • • (0 Q) p U 5-1 U 2 a OJ CO CK -28- TABLE 13 PERSONS NOT IN LABOR FORCE BUT LAST WORKED IN ARTISTIC OCCUPATIONS 1960 TO 1970 , AS A PERCENT OF SELECTED ARTISTIC OCCUPATION LABOR FORCE: 1970 Architects 10.0% Actors 63.3% Authors 21.2% Dancers 74.2% Designers 16.5% Musicians & Composers 28.5% Painters & Sculptors 22.2% Photographers 17.0% 'o 'o 'o Source: Table 51, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970 Sub- ject Reports , Final Report PC(2)-7A, Occupational Characteristics. -29- C. Data Frequency . The best data available at the present time for the study of employment and unemployment of artists are from the decennial censuses conducted by the Bureau of the Census. This data is fairly detailed and makes possible the study of many aspects of the employment and unemployment of artists. However, the ten year interval is so great that comparisons from census to census are a coarse measure of change. Within the ten year interval, the annualized monthly averages data available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics provides some interesting infor- mation that is helpful in understanding gross trends in employment and unemployment for the aggregate group of Writers, Artists, and Entertainers and selected occupational classifications. This data, however, is less accurate be- cause of the sample size and many of the detailed data elements of the decennial census are not included. A change of the census period from the ten year interval to a five year interval beginning with 1985 is now proposed in the Authorization Bill for the 1980 Census. This change would provide a significant improvement in the data available for the study of the artistic occupations. I I i i