Research Division Report #7 
 
 Minorities and Women in e b £* ,b *~»«« 
 
 the Arts: 1970 55** 
 
 January 1978 
 
 A Study by Data Use and Access Laboratories, October 1977 
 
Research Division Report #7 
 
 Minorities and Women in IHriS ,tewm * 
 
 the Arts: 1970 
 
 January 1978 
 
 A Study by Data Use and Access Laboratories. October 1977 
 
Minorities and Women in 
 the Arts: 1970 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries 
 
 http://archive.org/details/minoritieswomeniOOdata 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This report is the second in a series that analyzes in 
 considerable detail the data from the last national census. 
 Some of the data being used has not been published before, 
 except in the form of computer data tapes known as the 
 Public Use Sample. In this report the participation of 
 women and minorities in artist occupations in 1970 is com- 
 pared with their overall participation in the labor force. 
 Likewise, their earnings in each artist occupation in 1969 
 are compared with earnings for their counterparts in the 
 same artist occupation. Also, patterns of residence and 
 migration are discussed. 
 
 Because the number of persons employed in artist occupations 
 is small relative to total U.S. employment, only extremely 
 large or specialized surveys can provide information on 
 employed artists nationwide. The decennial census provides 
 sufficiently accurate and detailed occupational information 
 and has been used in this study. Furthermore, census data 
 is part of an ongoing process so that valid statistical 
 comparisons can be made of changes over time. The 1970 
 Census information used in this study can be compared with 
 data from the 1980 Census when they become available and 
 will show changes that occur in this decade. 
 
 The tabulation and analysis of the 1970 Census data for this 
 study was performed for the Research Division by Data Use 
 and Access Laboratories. This report was written by Diane 
 Ellis under the general direction of Jack Beresford. Much 
 of the data appearing in this publication was taken from 
 three sets of tabular material prepared earlier by Data 
 Use and Access Laboratories — "Rank of Artists in Specific 
 Artistic Occupations," "Interstate and Interregional Migra- 
 tion of Artists Based on the Printed Results of the 1970 
 Census," and "Tabulations of Artists and Persons in Compara- 
 tive Occupations in the United States: 1970." Copies of 
 these materials can be examined at the Library of the Arts 
 Endowment or borrowed through inter-library loan. To do 
 so, contact Mrs. Chris Morrison, Librarian, National Endow- 
 ment for the Arts, Washington, D.C. 20506; phone: (202) 
 634-7640. 
 
 Research Division 
 
 National Endowment for the Arts 
 
 November 1977 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 INTRODUCTION 1 
 
 MINORITIES IN THE ARTS 3 
 
 Population Size 3 
 
 Earnings 8 
 
 Residence and Migration 10 
 
 WOMEN IN THE ARTS 12 
 
 Population Size 12 
 
 Earnings 13 
 
 Residence and Migration 15 
 
 APPENDIX 17 
 
 11 
 
TABLES AND FIGURES 
 
 Table 1. 
 Table 2. 
 Table 3. 
 
 Table 4. 
 
 Minority Composition of Artist 
 Occupations, U.S., 1970 
 
 Percentage Distribution of Minority 
 Artists by Occupation, U.S., 1970 
 
 Percentage Comparison of Earnings of 
 Minority and Non-Minority Artists in 
 Each Artist Occupation, U.S., 1969 
 
 Percentage Comparison of Earnings of 
 Established Men and Women Artists in 
 Each Artist Occupation, U.S., 1969 
 
 Page 
 5 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 Figure 1 
 
 Figure 2 
 Figure 3 
 
 Proportions of Minorities in Artist 
 
 Labor Force Compared with Proportions 
 
 in Total Labor Force, U.S., 1970 4 
 
 Median Incomes Among Established 
 
 Artists by Race/Ethnicity , U.S., 1969 8 
 
 Male - Female Composition of the 
 
 Artist Occupations, U.S., 1970 12 
 
 in 
 
APPENDIX TABLES 
 
 Page 
 
 Table A. Persons 16 Years Old and Over in Artist 
 Labor Force and Labor Reserve, By Oc- 
 cupation and Race/Ethnicity, U.S., 1970 18 
 
 Table B. Median Incomes by Occupation and Race/Eth- 
 nicity for Artists Age 30 and Over Who 
 Worked 40 Weeks or More in 1969 and Were 
 in the Same Occupation in 1965 and 1970, 
 U.S., 1970 , 19 
 
 Table C. State Residence of Employed Black Artists, 
 
 U.S., 1970 20 
 
 Table D. State Residence of Employed Spanish-American 
 
 Artists, U.S., 1970 % 21 
 
 Table E. Persons 16 Years Old and Over in Artist 
 
 Force and Labor Reserve, by Occupation and 
 
 Sex, U.S., 1970 22 
 
 Table F. Median Incomes by Occupation and Sex for 
 
 Artists Age 30 and Over Who Worked 40 Weeks 
 or More in 1969 and Were in the Same Occupa- 
 tion in 1965 and 1970, U.S., 1970 23 
 
 Table G. State Residence of Employed Women Artists, 
 
 U.S., 1970 24 
 
 IV 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The 1970 U.S. Census provides data on artists who are 
 women and artists who have minority racial or ethnic 
 backgrounds. This data shows: there were lower propor- 
 tions of minorities and women in artist occupations than 
 in the total labor force in 1970; income levels for estab- 
 lished minority artists were below the levels for estab- 
 lished non-minority artists; and income for established 
 women artists was less than half the income of established 
 men artists. 
 
 The following discussion of population size is based on 
 artists who were 16 years of age and over in the experienced 
 labor force or labor reserve in 1970. Thus, artists working 
 in 1970, as well as those who last worked in an artist oc- 
 cupation are included. However, in the discussion of the 
 place of residence of artists only artists working in 1970 
 make up the data base. The term "minority" in this report 
 is used to describe persons from four major ethnic or racial 
 groups: black, Spanish-American^, American Indian, and Asian* 
 American. The race of all persons reported in the census is 
 determined by self-identif ication. 
 
 Data on population size and earnings are from the 1970 Census 
 Public Use Sample. Tables for this analysis were prepared 
 by DUALabs from extracts of these samples. Descriptions of 
 sample sizes, weighting, and sampling error are found in 
 the DUALabs report. ^ Data on residence are from printed 
 
 * For description and use of this data file, see U.S. 
 Bureau of the Census, Public Use Samples of the 1970 Census: 
 Description and Technical Documentation (Washington, D.C.: 
 GPO, 1972). 
 
 Included in the category, Spanish-American, are persons 
 with Spanish surnames, of Spanish countries of origin, and 
 with Spanish mother tongues. 
 
 3 Data Use and Access Laboratories, "Tabulations of Artists 
 and Persons in Comparative Occupations in the United States: 
 1970" (prepared for the National Endowment for the Arts, 
 January 1977), Tables 1-12. 
 
 _i_ 
 
results of the 1970 Census recompiled by DUALabs to 
 provide breakdowns on the locations of minority artists 
 in specific occupations. ^ Data on migration are also 
 from printed results of the 1970 Census. 5 
 
 4 See U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population 
 1970, Detailed Characteristics , Series PC(1)-D, Final Re- 
 ports 1 through 52; and Data Use and Access Laboratories, 
 "Rank of States and Standard Metropolitan Statistical 
 Areas by Number of Artists in Specific Artistic Occupations" 
 (prepared for the National Endowment for the Arts, January 
 1977). 
 
 5 
 
 See U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population 
 
 1970, Detailed Characteristics , Final Report PC(1)-D1, 
 U.S. Summary, Table 293, "Detailed Occupations of the 
 Experienced Civilian Labor Force, by Sex, for Regions"; 
 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population 1970, 
 Subject Reports , Final Report PC (2) -7A, Occupational 
 Characteristics, Table 34, "Residence in 1965 for the 
 Experienced Civilian Labor Force by Occupation, Race, 
 Spanish Origin, and Sex, 1970" and Tables 35 to 37 
 "Region of Residence in 1965 for Persons in the Experienced 
 Civilian Labor Force, who moved between Regions, by Oc- 
 cupation and Sex: 1970"; and Data Use and Access Labora- 
 tories, "Interstate and Inter-regional Migration of Artists 
 Based on the Printed Results of the 1970 Census" (prepared 
 for the National Endowment for the Arts, August 1976). 
 
 •2- 
 
MINORITIES IN THE ARTS 
 
 POPULATION SIZE 
 
 In 1970 there were about 68,000 persons of minority racial 
 and ethnic backgrounds who had occupations as actors, archi- 
 tects, authors, dancers, designers, musicians, composers, 
 painters, sculptors, photographers, radio and television 
 announcers, university teachers of art, music, or drama, 
 and other types of artists and entertainers. Appendix 
 Table A breaks this figure down by occupation and ethnic 
 background. 
 
 Minority artists made up about 9% of all artists in the 1970 
 labor force. This figure is low when compared with the 
 proportion of minorities in the total labor force, which was 
 about 15% in 1970. It is similar to minority participation 
 levels among all professional, technical, and kindred workers 
 in the 1970 labor force. 
 
 Of the four minority groups studied, black artists were the 
 only minorities who were found in a considerably lower pro- 
 portion than their proportion in the total labor force. 
 Artists of Spanish heritage, as well as American Indian and 
 Asian-American artists, were represented in nearly identical 
 proportions as their proportions in the total labor force. 
 These relationships are illustrated in Figure 1. 
 
 In specific artist occupations, some fields had a sizeable 
 proportion of minorities in 1970, while other fields had 
 very few such persons. Dance had the highest participation 
 levels — nearly 20% of the U.S. dancers in the labor force 
 were minorities. The writing field had the lowest proportion 
 of minorities. Only 4% of all authors in the labor force 
 were minorities. (Examination of related writing occupations 
 also showed low levels of minority participation: 5% for 
 editors/reporters and 6% for public relations and publicity 
 writers . ) The percentage of minorities in the labor force of 
 each artist occupation is shown in Table 1. 
 
 -3- 
 
Figure 1 
 
 Proportions of Minorities in Artist Labor Force, 
 Compared with Proportions in Total Labor Force, U.S., 
 . 1970 
 
 3.8% Spanish 
 
 3.6% Black * T 
 T 
 
 1.8% Other* 
 
 3.7% Spanish 
 
 1.6% Other* 
 
 ARTIST** 
 LABOR FORCE 
 
 TOTAL 
 LABOR FORCE 
 
 * Includes American Indians, Asian-Americans, Eskimos, 
 Aleuts, and others identified as non-black, non-white, 
 and non-Spanish. 
 
 **Actors, architects, authors, dancers, designers, musicians, 
 composers, painters, sculptors, photographers, radio and 
 television announcers, and university teachers of art, music, 
 or drama. 
 
 -4- 
 
Table 1 
 Minority Composition of Artist Occupations, U.S., 1970 
 
 Occupation 
 
 Dancers 
 
 Actors 
 
 Musicians/Composers 
 
 Photographers 
 
 Designers 
 
 Architects 
 
 Painters/Sculptors 
 
 Radio/TV Announcers 
 
 University Teachers of 
 
 Art, Music, Drama 
 Authors 
 
 Other Artists/Entertainers 
 (not elsewhere classified) 
 
 All Artist Occupations 
 
 All 
 
 
 Spanish- 
 
 
 Minorities 
 
 Black 
 
 American 
 
 Other* 
 
 19.5% 
 
 7.8% 
 
 6.8% 
 
 4.9% 
 
 12.2 
 
 4.8 
 
 5.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 11.7 
 
 7.0 
 
 3.7 
 
 1.0 
 
 8.8 
 
 3.3^ 
 
 3.7 
 
 1.8 
 
 8.5 
 
 2.2 
 
 4.1 
 
 2.2 
 
 8.1 
 
 2.1 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 2.3-" 
 
 3.3 
 
 1.9 
 
 6.5 
 
 2.7 
 
 3.0 
 
 .8 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 4.4 
 
 2.1 
 
 1.7 
 
 .6 
 
 13*5 
 
 4.4 
 
 6.1 
 
 3.0 
 
 9.2% 
 
 3.6% 
 
 3.8% 
 
 1.8% 
 
 ♦Includes American Indians, Asian-Americans, Eskimos, Aleuts, and 
 others identified as non-white, non-black, and non-Spanish. 
 
 Dance had high levels of participation by all minority groups. 
 The architect and author occupations had the lowest proportions 
 of blacks, while the occupation of university teacher of art, 
 music, or drama had the lowest proportion of Spanish-Americans. 
 Census data shows no American Indians with occupations as 
 university art, music, or drama teachers. 
 
 Table 2 summarizes occupations of all minority artists in 1970. 
 The largest single group of minority artists was that of black 
 musicians and/or composers. Also, one-third of all black artists 
 were in the musician occupation, while blacks were found with 
 least frequency as authors and radio/TV announcers. In contrast, 
 Spanish-American artists were most numerous in the designer 
 occupation, which was the largest artist occupation in terms 
 of the total number of minority artists. 
 
 -5- 
 
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 -6- 
 
Asian-American artists were most numerous in the designer, 
 architect, and painter/sculptor occupations in 1970 and were 
 least likely to be found as announcers for radio or television 
 broadcasts. American Indians made up only two-tenths of a 
 percent of all artists in the 1970 labor force. Their numbers 
 were very small in all artist occupations, with less than one 
 percent in each field. Painting and sculpture attracted 
 more Indians than any other artistic field in 1970, but the 
 total number in this occupation was less than 400 nationwide. 
 It should be noted that U.S. Census data does not include the 
 craft occupations as part of the professional occupational 
 classification. Thus, this report does not include the number 
 of native Americans (or other minority persons) who worked 
 as craftsmen. 
 
 Although not the subject of this report, artists of other 
 ethnic backgrounds also showed some interesting occupational 
 tendencies in 1970. Most artists of European and Asian 
 ethnicities were concentrated in the designer occupation. 
 Artists of Italian birth or parentage made up 5% of all 
 designers in the 1970 U.S. labor force; Russian artists were 
 strong in both the writing and design fields, composing 4% 
 of authors and 4% of designers; and artists of German ethni- 
 city composed 3 1/2% of all architects in the labor force. 
 
 Among artists whose families had been in the U.S. for at 
 least two generations and who were not black or Spanish, 
 there was a greater tendency to work as radio/TV announcers, 
 editors and reporters, and university art, music, or drama 
 teachers than in any other other artistic field. Designers 
 had the least concentration of this group of white, older- 
 generation Americans. About 40% of all designers in the U.S. 
 labor force were either black, Spanish, foreign-born, or 
 first-generation American. 
 
 -7- 
 
EARNINGS 
 
 Earnings from the year 1969 were examined for all "established" 
 artists — those who were in the same artist occupation in 
 both 1965 and 1970, who were at least 30 years of age, and 
 who had worked 40 weeks or more during the year. These estab- 
 lished artists made up 23% of all minority artists and 33% 
 of all non-minority artists in the 1970 labor force. In 
 other words, minority artists were less likely to be established 
 in their occupations than were non-minority artists. 
 
 For those minorities who did become established in the artist 
 occupation, earnings were less than for established non- 
 minority artists. In 1969, the median income for an estab- 
 lished white artist in the the U.S. was about $11,000. For 
 the established minority artist, median income reached $9,300 
 or 84% of the earnings of established white artists. This 
 percentage of earnings in the artist occupations is higher 
 than the figure for the total labor force, where median incomes 
 for minorities were about 74% of the earnings of non-minority 
 workers in 1970. Among American Indian and black artists, 
 wages were lower than for other minority groups in 1969, at 
 about $8,000 and $8,200, respectively. Asian-Americans were 
 the only minority artists to achieve median incomes nearly 
 comparable to white artists. Figure 2 shows this comparison. 
 
 Figure 2 
 
 Median Incomes among Established Artists 
 by Race/Ethnicity , U.S., 1969 
 
 WX1X LC 
 
 black 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Indian 
 
 Asian 
 
 $11,000 
 
 
 $10,700 
 
 $9,050 
 
 $8,200 
 
 $8,000 
 
 -s- 
 
The earnings gap between established minority and non- 
 minority artists did not exist in all artist occupations. 
 Generally, in the occupations of radio/TV announcer, painter 
 and sculptor, author, and musician and composer almost no 
 income gap was apparent. But in other occupations large 
 earnings gaps existed. The artist occupations are ranked 
 in Table 3 according to the earnings of established minority 
 artists compared to non-minority artists. Appendix Table B 
 provides median incomes for each artist occupation by race 
 of artist. 
 
 Table 3 
 
 Percentage Comparison of Earnings of Established Minority 
 Artists in Fach Artist Occupation. U.S.. 1969 
 
 Median Minority Earnings 
 Occupation* as a Percent of 
 
 Median Non-Minority Earnings 
 
 Radio/TV Announcers 108% 
 
 Painters/Sculptors 99 
 
 Musicians/Composers 95 
 
 Authors 94 
 
 Designers 88 
 
 Architects 83 
 
 Photographers 78 
 
 University Teachers of Art, Music, Drama 77 
 
 Actors 76 
 
 All Artist Occupations 84% 
 
 *Dancers are excluded as a separate category here because 
 too few established minority dancers existed to provide a 
 meaningful comparison. They are included in percentage for 
 "All Artist Occupations." 
 
 -9- 
 
RESIDENCE AND MIGRATION 
 
 Black artists who were employed in 1970 had residential 
 patterns similar to the general population of employed 
 artists. Half were concentrated in New York, California, 
 Illinois, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia. 
 
 Among Spanish-American employed artists, more than 40% 
 resided in California in 1970. Another 30% lived in Texas, 
 Florida, and New York. These residential patterns are 
 similar to patterns for the general Spanish-American population 
 Appendix Table C shows total numbers and percentages of 
 employed black and Spanish- American artists in each state. 
 
 These patterns of residence varied little by artist occupa- 
 tion. The exceptions are actors and radio/TV announcers. 
 Minority actors tended to be more highly concentrated in 
 New York and California than other artists, and radio/TV 
 announcers were more geographically dispersed into such 
 states as Ohio, Michigan, and Texas. (A similar residence 
 pattern exists for these occupations in the general artist 
 population.) For most occupations, New York and California 
 had the largest share of black artists. However, Washington, 
 D.C., replaced California as the second most populous state 
 for black architects. California was overwhelmingly home 
 for Spanish- American artists. 
 
 Between 1965 and 1970, about 2,300 black artists in the labor 
 force moved from one region of the country to another. These 
 interregional migrants represented about 9% of all black 
 artists, a proportion similar to interregional migrants 
 among white artists. The patterns of movement were different 
 from whites, however. More black artists moved out of the 
 South than in, giving the South the largest net loss of black 
 artists of any region. Interestingly, black female artists 
 followed a reverse trend, and like white artists, moved into 
 the South in greater numbers than they moved out. The West 
 gained the most black artists. Net interregional migration 
 during the five-year period did not have a great impact on 
 the total size of the black artist population in the West, 
 however, accounting for less than 1% of black artists in the 
 West by 1970. Movement of black artists from one state to 
 another between 1965 and 1970 affected 12 1/2% of those in 
 the labor force compared with 15% of the general artist labor 
 force. 
 
 Among Spanish- American artists in the labor force, about 
 7% moved from one region of the country to another between 
 1965 and 1970, only slightly less than the proportion of 
 interregional migrants in the entire artist labor force. 
 
 -10- 
 
The direction of interregional migration was similar to 
 artists overall, with the western and southern regions show- 
 ing net gains as Spanish-American artists moved to (or 
 returned to) regions with general concentrations of Spanish- 
 Americans. The Northeast region had the largest net loss. By 
 1970, net interregional migration from the five-year period 
 accounted for about 2% of all Spanish-American artists in 
 the South. The effect in other regions was negligible. Move- 
 ments from one state to another between 1965 and 1970 were made 
 by 11% of Spanish- American artists. 
 
 -11- 
 
WOMEN IN THE ARTS 
 
 POPULATION SIZE 
 
 In 1970 there were about 236,000 women in the labor force as 
 actors, architects, authors, dancers, musicians, painters, 
 sculptors, photographers, radio and television announcers, 
 and university teachers of art, music, or drama. Appendix 
 Table E gives the breakdown by occupation. 
 
 There were more than twice as many men as women in artist 
 occupations in 1970, and the proportion of women in the 
 arts was lower than in the total labor force. Women made up 
 32% of artists in the occupations listed above compared with 
 40% women in the professional labor force and 37% in the 
 total labor force. 
 
 Participation levels of women varied greatly among the 
 different artist occupations. Dance was the only field in 
 which women clearly outnumbered men; the ratio was more than 
 six to one. Among actors, women were represented in a pro- 
 portion nearly identical to their proportion in the total 
 population — 52%. But among architects and radio/television 
 announcers, there were few women in 1970. Figure 3 illus- 
 trates the level of female participation in each artist 
 occupation. 
 
 Figure 3 
 Male - Female Composition of the Artist Occupations, U.S., 1970 
 
 FEMALE 
 
 Dancers 
 
 Actors 
 
 Painters/Sculptors 
 
 87% 
 
 | 52% 
 
 44% 
 
 University Teachers of Art,Music,Drama 
 
 Musicians/Composers 
 
 Authors 
 
 Designers 
 
 Photographers 
 
 Radio/TV Announcers 
 
 Architects 
 
 40% 
 
 39% 
 
 36% 
 
 | 30% 
 
 1 19% 
 
 |9% 
 
 MALE 
 
 13% 
 
 48% 
 
 56% 
 
 60%| 
 
 61% 
 
 64% 
 
 70% 
 
 81% 
 
 % 
 
 -12- 
 
EARNINGS 
 
 In 1970, women who were established artists - that is, who 
 were 30 years old, who had worked in the same artist occupa- 
 tion in both 1965 and 1970, and who had worked at least 40 
 weeks during the previous year - earned less than half the 
 income of men who were established artists:/ median annual 
 incomes were at about $12,000 for such men and $5,500 for 
 such women. These established artists included 19% of all 
 women artists in the labor force and 38% of all men artists 
 in the labor force. Thus, half the proportion of women be- 
 came established artists as did men. Earnings among women 
 artists were considerably below the earnings of black and 
 minority artists, as described in Section II. More than 
 30% of all established women artists had annual incomes of 
 less than $3,000 per year, compared with only 5% for establish- 
 ed male artists. At the other extreme, 9% of established men 
 in the arts had incomes over $25,000 per year, while only 
 1 1/2 % of women artists attained this level of earnings. 
 Also, the National Endowment for the Arts has previously re- 
 ported that unemployment in eight artist occupations in 1970 
 was higher for women than for men — at about 7% for women 
 compared with 4.2% for men.* 
 
 In every artist occupation large gaps existed between male 
 and female incomes in 1970. Architecture and design provided 
 higher earnings for women than any other artist field. They 
 also provided higher earnings for women, in relationship to 
 male earnings, than any other artist field. But even for fe- 
 male architects and designers, median incomes were 30% lower 
 than the earnings of men in those fields. The musician oc- 
 cupation gave women the lowest earnings of any artist field. 
 With median incomes less than $2,000 per year, established 
 women musicians earned about one-fifth the incomes of men who 
 were established in the field. The radio/TV announcer occupa- 
 tion also provided median earnings for women that were less 
 than half the earnings of men. Table 4 ranks the artist 
 occupations according to the comparative earnings of men and 
 women artists. Appendix Table G provides median annual in- 
 comes for men and women artists in each occupation. 
 
 These large differences in earnings between men and women 
 are not unique to the art field. Data on other selected oc- 
 cupations show a similar difference. For example, women who 
 had been lawyers for at least five years and who worked full- 
 time in 1969 had median incomes that were only 57% the median 
 
 National Endowment for the Arts, Employment and Unemployment 
 of Artists: 1970-1975 (Research Division Report #1 (April, 
 1976), p. 15. 
 
 -13- 
 
incomes of established male lawyers — $22,100 per year 
 for men compared with $12 , 700 for women. Among the total 
 labor force of wage and salary workers, women's median 
 earnings were about 62% the earnings of men in 1970. This 
 earnings disparity has not lessened at all in recent years. 
 By 1975, median incomes for women in the total labor force 
 remained at 62% of the earnings of men.^ 
 
 " U.S. Department of Labor, "Trends in Weekly and Hourly Earn- 
 ings for Major Labor Force Groups," Press Release No. 77-955, 
 November 2, 1977, Table 1, p. 4. 
 
 -14- 
 
Table 4 
 
 Percentage Comparison 
 
 of Earnings 
 
 of 
 
 Established Men and 
 
 Women 
 
 Artists in Each 
 
 Artist Occupation, U.S., 
 
 1969 
 
 
 
 
 
 Median 
 
 Earnings of Women 
 
 Occupation 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 a Percent 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 
 Median Earnings 
 
 of Men 
 
 Architects 
 
 
 
 
 68% 
 
 
 Designers 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 Actors 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 Authors 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 Dancers 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 University Teachers of Art, Music, 
 
 , Drama 
 
 59 
 
 
 Photographers 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 Painters/Sculptors 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 Radio/TV Announcers 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 Musicians/Composers 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 All Artist Occupations v 46% 
 
 RESIDENCE AND MIGRATION 
 
 Residence patterns of employed women artists were nearly 
 identical to those of employed men artists in 1970. Thirty 
 percent of employed women artists lived in New York or 
 California, with the woman artist favoring New York slightly 
 more than the man artist. Another 20% of women artists 
 lived in Illinois, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Ohio. Appendix 
 Table G shows the total number of women artists in each 
 state and their distribution among the states. 
 
 Women artists were largely urban-based in 1970. Like men 
 artists, only 12% lived in rural areas (communities of less 
 than 2,500 people). Among major metropolitan areas, New 
 York City was the most frequent choice of residence, with 
 14% of women artists residing there in 1970. Other cities 
 with large women artist populations were Los Angeles, Chicago, 
 Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Philadelphia (each city 
 had more than 2% of all women artists) . 
 
 Women artists were just as likely to move long distances as 
 were men artists between 1965 and 1970, but their patterns 
 of movement were slightly different. About 8% of all women 
 in the artist labor force moved from one region of the 
 country to another during this period. A greater proportion 
 of women artists than men artists moved out of the North 
 Central region and into the Northeast (meaning primarily New 
 York City) did not have as great a net loss among women 
 artists as it had among men artists. 
 
 -15- 
 
Interregional migration gave the West and the South the 
 largest numbers of women artists. The West had the largest 
 net gain due to a higher proportion of women artists moving 
 in from the North Central region. By 1970, interregional 
 migration from the preceding five years accounted for 3.3% 
 of all women artists in the West and 2.3% of women artists 
 in the South. Movement from one state to another from 1965 
 to 1970 affected 14% of women artists, nearly identical to 
 the figure for men artists. 
 
 -16- 
 
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 -19- 
 

 Table C 
 
 
 State Residence of 
 
 Employed Black 
 
 Artists, U.S., 1970 
 
 State 
 
 Number 
 
 Percent 
 
 New York 
 
 3 r 909 
 
 21.0 
 
 California 
 
 2,417 
 
 13.0 
 
 Illinois 
 
 1,358 
 
 7.3 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 968 
 
 5.2 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 951 
 
 5.1 
 
 Texas 
 
 895 
 
 4.8 
 
 Michigan 
 
 830 
 
 4.5 
 
 Ohio 
 
 690 
 
 3.7 
 
 Maryland 
 
 678 
 
 3.6 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 663 
 
 3.6 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 552 
 
 3.0 
 
 Florida 
 
 473 
 
 2.5 
 
 Virginia 
 
 427 
 
 2.3 
 
 Georgia 
 
 427 
 
 2.3 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 354 
 
 1.9 
 
 Missouri 
 
 335 
 
 1.8 
 
 Alabama 
 
 324 
 
 1.7 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 315 
 
 1.7 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 298 
 
 1.6 
 
 Indiana 
 
 208 
 
 1.1 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 203 
 
 1.1 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 162 
 
 .9 
 
 Washington 
 
 136 
 
 .7 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 125 
 
 .7 
 
 Colorado 
 
 113 
 
 .6 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 109 
 
 .6 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 103 
 
 .6 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 72 
 
 .4 
 
 Kansas 
 
 64 
 
 .3 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 61 
 
 .3 
 
 Oregon 
 
 58 
 
 .3 
 
 Delaware 
 
 45 
 
 .2 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 40 
 
 .2 
 
 Arizona 
 
 34 
 
 .2 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 29 
 
 .2 
 
 Iowa 
 
 28 
 
 .2 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 28 
 
 .2 
 
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 22 
 
 .1 
 
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 22 
 
 .1 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 22 
 
 .1 
 
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 22 
 
 .1 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 14 
 
 .1 
 
 Alaska 
 
 6 
 
 .03 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 5 
 
 .03 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 5 
 
 .03 
 
 Utah 
 
 5 
 
 .03 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 4 
 
 .02 
 
 Maine 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 Idaho 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 Montana 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 Source: Data Use and Access Laboratories, "Rank of States and 
 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas by Number of Artists in 
 Specific Artistic Occupations," Table la (prepared for the National 
 Endowment for the Arts, 1977). 
 
 -20- 
 

 Table D 
 
 
 
 State Residence of 
 
 Employed Spanish- 
 
 •American Artists, U.! 
 
 3., 1970 
 
 State 
 
 Number 
 
 Percent 
 
 
 California 
 
 7,419 
 
 40.1 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 2,617 
 
 14.1 
 
 
 Florida 
 
 1,611 
 
 8.7 
 
 
 New York 
 
 1,412 
 
 7.6 
 
 
 Illinois 
 
 535 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 523 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 Arizona 
 
 406 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 Colorado 
 
 406 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 Virginia 
 
 299 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 Michigan 
 
 295 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 Maryland 
 
 293 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 215 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 204 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 Nevada 
 
 184 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 183 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 Missouri 
 
 177 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 173 
 
 .9 
 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 172 
 
 .9 
 
 
 District of Columbi 
 
 a 159 
 
 .9 
 
 
 Georgia 
 
 148 
 
 .8 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 129 
 
 .7 
 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 100 
 
 .5 
 
 
 Kansas 
 
 97 
 
 .5 
 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 72 
 
 .4 
 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 72 
 
 .4 
 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 61 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Indiana 
 
 56 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 56 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Oregon 
 
 51 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 50 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 48 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Alabama 
 
 47 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 47 
 
 .3 
 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 46 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 32 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 26 
 
 .1 
 
 
 Maine 
 
 23 
 
 .1 
 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 18 
 
 .1 
 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 11 
 
 .1 
 
 
 Alaska 
 
 10 
 
 .1 
 
 
 Montana 
 
 9 
 
 .05 
 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 7 
 
 .04 
 
 
 Idaho 
 
 7 
 
 .04 
 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 6 
 
 .03 
 
 
 Delaware 
 
 5 
 
 .03 
 
 
 Iowa 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 
 Vermont 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 
 
 .00 
 
 
 Source: Data Use and Access Laboratories, "Rank of States and 
 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas by Number of Artists in 
 Specific Artistic Occupations," Table la (prepared for the National 
 Endowment for the Arts, 1977). 
 
Table E 
 
 Persons 16 Years Old and Over in Artist Labor Force and 
 Labor Reserve, by Occupation and Sex, U.S., 1970 
 
 Occupation Male Female Total 
 
 Actors 
 
 Architects 
 
 Authors 
 
 Dancers 
 
 Designers 
 
 Musicians/Composers 
 
 Painters/Sculptors 
 
 Photographers 
 
 Radio/TV Announcers 
 
 University Teachers of 
 Art, Music, or Drama 20,800 13,620 34,420 
 
 Other Artists & Entertainers 
 (not elsewhere classified) 54,160 26,073 80,233 
 
 TOTAL 493,976 236,228 730,204 
 
 Source: Data Use and Access Laboratories, "Tabulations of 
 Artists and Persons in Comparative Occupations in the United 
 States: 1970," Table 1 (prepared for the National Endowment 
 for the Arts, January, 1977). 
 
 11,316 
 
 12,114 
 
 23,430 
 
 59,420 
 
 2,797 
 
 62,217 
 
 20,003 
 
 11,447 
 
 31,450 
 
 1,577 
 
 10,112 
 
 11,689 
 
 91,583 
 
 39,056 
 
 130,639 
 
 76,364 
 
 48,087 
 
 124,451 
 
 72,623 
 
 56,392 
 
 129,015 
 
 63,634 
 
 14,452 
 
 78,086 
 
 22,496 
 
 2,078 
 
 24,574 
 
 -22- 
 
Table F 
 
 Median Incomes by Occupation and Sex for Artists Age 30 
 and Over Who Worked 40 Weeks or More in 1969 and Were 
 in the Same Occupation in 1965 and 1970, U.S., 1970 
 
 Occupation Male Female 
 
 Actors $12,780 $8,000 
 
 Architects 15,140 10,250 
 
 Authors 11,870 7,410 
 
 Dancers 
 
 Designers 
 
 Musicians/Composers 
 
 Painters/Sculptors 
 
 Photographers 
 
 Radio/TV Announcers 
 
 University Teachers of 
 Art, Music, or Drama 
 
 All Artist Occupations 
 
 Source: Data Use and Access Laboratories, "Tabulations of 
 Artists and Persons in Comparative Occupations in the United 
 States: 1970," Supplemental Tables T001-T004 (prepared for 
 the National Endowment for the Arts, January 1977, 
 revised November 1977) . 
 
 11,500 
 
 7,000 
 
 12,480 
 
 8,420 
 
 9,110 
 
 1,960 
 
 11,130 
 
 5,670 
 
 10,180 
 
 5,150 
 
 10,990 
 
 3,510 
 
 13,420 
 
 7,900 
 
 $11,980 
 
 $5,510 
 
 -?3- 
 
Table G 
 State Residence of Employed Women Artists, U.S., 1970 
 
 State 
 
 Number 
 
 Percent 
 
 New York 
 
 23,205 
 
 16.9% 
 
 California 
 
 19,467 
 
 14.2 
 
 Illinois 
 
 7,180 
 
 5.2 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 6,657 
 
 4.9 
 
 Texas 
 
 6,526 
 
 4.8 
 
 Ohio 
 
 6,123 
 
 4.5 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 4,831 
 
 3.5 
 
 Michigan 
 
 4,631 
 
 3.4 
 
 Florida 
 
 4,330 
 
 3.2 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 4,061 
 
 3.0 
 
 Maryland 
 
 3,018 
 
 2.2 
 
 Virginia 
 
 2,753 
 
 2.0 
 
 Missouri 
 
 2,705 
 
 2.0 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 2,622 
 
 1.9 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 2,592 
 
 1.9 
 
 Washington 
 
 2,578 
 
 1.9 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 2,484 
 
 1.8 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 2,343 
 
 1.7 
 
 Georgia 
 
 2,206 
 
 1.6 
 
 Indiana 
 
 2,199 
 
 1.6 
 
 Colorado 
 
 1,746 
 
 1.3 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 1,619 
 
 1.2 
 
 Kansas 
 
 1,488 
 
 1.1 
 
 Alabama 
 
 1,377 
 
 1.0 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 1,352 
 
 1.0 
 
 Oregon 
 
 1,342 
 
 1.0 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 1,302 
 
 1.0 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 1,289 
 
 .9 
 
 Arizona 
 
 1,230 
 
 .9 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 1,211 
 
 .9 
 
 Iowa 
 
 1,199 
 
 .9 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 1,046 
 
 .8 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 1,004 
 
 .7 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 837 
 
 .6 
 
 Nevada 
 
 648 
 
 .5 
 
 Utah 
 
 609 
 
 • ^ 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 557 
 
 • " 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 554 
 
 • " 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 543 
 
 • " 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 500 
 
 • " 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 493 
 
 • " 
 
 Maine 
 
 444 
 
 .3 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 321 
 
 .2 
 
 Montana 
 
 321 
 
 .2 
 
 Idaho 
 
 288 
 
 .2 
 
 Delaware 
 
 278 
 
 .2 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 248 
 
 .2 
 
 Vermont 
 
 207 
 
 .2 
 
 Alaska 
 
 155 
 
 .1 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 139 
 
 .1 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 104 
 
 .1 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 136,962 
 
 100.0% 
 
 Source: Data Use and Access Laboratories, "Rank of States and 
 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas by Number of Artists 
 in Specific Artistic Occupations," Table la (prepared for the 
 National Endowment for the Arts, January 1977). 
 
N 
 
 Product and distributed by Publishing Center for Cultural Resources. 152 
 
 ^ . ._ _. Second printing. August 1979 
 
 West 42 Street. New York City 10036. Price (incl. postage): $2.50 
 
Second printing. August 1979 
 Produced and distributed by Publishing Center for Cultural Resources. 152 West 42 Street. New York City 10036. Price (incl. postage): $2.50