' HAYNES's ' I 
 
 P TREATISE ON THE IMPROVED CULTURE Q 
 
 (1 
 
 OF THE ® 
 
 STIRAWBEEEY, | 
 
 Raspberry, and Gooseberry. © 
 
 
 Second Edition. 
 
 Price 7s. Boards. S 
 
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 fiAJtO 
 
A 
 
 TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 IMPROVED CULTURE 
 
 OF THE 
 AND 
 
 (S^ooselierr^, 
 
 Designed to prove the present common Mode of Cultivation 
 erroneous, and the Cause of Miscarriage in Crops of Fruit; 
 also to introduce a cheapand rational Method of cultivating 
 the Varieties of each Genius, by which ample Crops of supe- 
 rior Fruit may be uniformly obtained in all ^easons, and 
 preserved beyond the usual Time of Maturity. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 By THOMAS HAYNES, 
 
 Of Oundle, Northamptonshire 3 
 
 Author of 
 
 AN IMPROVED SYSTEM OF NURSERY GARDENING, ALSO INTE- 
 RESTING DISCOVERIES IN THE PROPAGATION OF ALL 
 FRUIT-TREES, SHRUBS, AND PLANTS, BY CUT- 
 TINGS, WITHOUT ARTIFICIAL HEAT, &C. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed by Plumtner and Brewis, Love Lane, Eastcheap, 
 
 FOR B. AND R. CROSBY AND CO. 
 
 stationers' COURT, LUDGATE STREET, 
 
 Aud Sold by all Booksellers. 
 1814.. 
 
^3 4--2,S</ 
 H33 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 These Instructions for 
 the Improved Culture of the 
 StrawberrYjRaspberry, and 
 Gooseberry, in which the na- 
 tures and constitutions of these 
 Plants are accurately considered ; 
 designed for the use and benefit of 
 Families, the amusement of the 
 Amateur, Connoisseur, and other 
 private person wishing to excel 
 in the size and flavour of these 
 fruits; are most respectfully sub- 
 mitted to their candour and the 
 notice of the scientific Horticul- 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 turist, in full confidence that 
 where a due regard is paid to the 
 directions oflFered, their atten- 
 tion will uniformily be rewarded 
 with ample crops of superior 
 fruit. 
 
TREATISE ON FRUITS. 
 
 THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 The leading design is to prove, that the 
 Strawberry is to be considered a, plant of 
 shade, naturally, or a native of moist and 
 shady situations, which clearly appears, 
 by arguments we have adduced, that it is, 
 and that it is consequently unfit to plant 
 on all soils, and in every situation indis- 
 criminately : and to point out and recommend 
 a system by which their culture may be ef- 
 fected, with the utmost certainty of obtain- 
 ing ample crops of Superlatively large and 
 fully ripe fruit in the driest season, (in which 
 their fruitage generally fails from drought or 
 heat,) on being protected by temporary shade. 
 
VI TREATISE ON FRUITS. 
 
 at trifling charge, with the further advantage 
 of cool and natural soil. 
 
 It is easy to prove, that Strawberries 
 are, in general, natives of woods, and con- 
 sequently of cool soils and shady situations ; 
 therefore are incapable of extreme heat or 
 drought. 
 
 RASPBERRY, 
 
 Although not generally understood, is 
 evidently a hog soil plant, or plant of shade by 
 nature ; the original red sort growing wild in 
 woods where the soil is cool and soft, as in the 
 north of England; and they also succeed 
 beyond conception on fenny and boggy soils, 
 even contiguous to very large bodies of 
 standing water, where the soak is constant, 
 and in the winter season excessive. 
 
 In such situations, both wood and fruit 
 will generally prove doubly large, and pro- 
 lific in the extreme: whereas, those planted 
 on hot and dry soils produce only the most 
 inferior and under-sized fruit. 
 
TREATISE ON FRUITS. Vll 
 
 GOOSEBERRY. 
 
 By the cultivation laid down, the fruit- 
 age of several varieties may be obtained 
 in far greater perfection of size and flavour 
 than by former practice; together with an 
 easy and certain method of preserving its 
 fruit in full perfection beyond the common 
 season of maturity. Also, a novel System of 
 propagating the several sorts, by planting 
 cuttings taken from hearing trees, when their 
 fruit is fully ripe, by which much time will 
 be saved, and the particular species with 
 certainty be obtained 
 
 It is easy to infer, that the very same sort 
 of Gooseberry, by different soils and ma- 
 nagement, has produced very different-sized 
 fruit, by the annual exhibitions in many 
 countries. 
 
IMPROVED 
 
 Culture of iFtagarta, 
 
 THAT UNIVERSALLY ESTEEMED FRUIT 
 
 THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Calculated to prove that the mode of 
 cultivating this plant, in the several varie- 
 ties generally adopted, is ungenial, and 
 consequently erroneous ; which may be con- 
 sidered the common cause of partial pro- 
 duction, and in many instances a total mis- 
 carriage of their crops of fruit. 
 
 Wherein is pointed out, a cheap and ra- 
 tional mode of cultivation, without liability 
 to sterile plants, decay of bloom by drought, 
 or defalcation of fruit from scorching sun: 
 by which ample crops may be uniformly 
 obtained in almost every situation ; and ex- 
 cept in rainy seasons, in the fullest perfec- 
 
THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Season for formins the Beds. 
 
 tion. Together with an easy and effectual 
 method of perserving their fruit beyond 
 the common season of maturity. 
 
 The most favourable season in which to 
 form these beds is the autumn ; preferring 
 September, or the early part of October, as 
 may be most showery, in order to -the young 
 plants establishing themselves before win- 
 ter, thereby to avoid the liability of being- 
 thrown out of the ground by frost and ver- 
 min, as well as rendered competent timely 
 to produce good fruit the ensuing summer. 
 
 The more certainly to procure prolific, and 
 guard against sterile plants aflbrding false 
 or insufficient blossoms, we recommend an 
 attention to the following preparatory mea- 
 sures, with full confidence, that where due 
 attention is paid to the directions prescribed, 
 ample success will crown the efforts of the 
 diligent gardener. 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Directions for transplanting. 
 
 Transplanting Runners and Off- 
 sets, 
 
 About Midsummer, and in as moist wea- 
 ther as possible, with a small and close 
 three-tined fork, from young beds not more 
 than two or three years old, take a sufficient 
 quantity of the strongest and first-formed 
 young plants, by runners or off-sets, growing 
 nearest to each bearing parent plant only, 
 and with all the fibres possible ; previously 
 well watering the bed from whence they are 
 intended to be taken, if the ground be hard 
 and dry, in order that they may rise with en- 
 tire roots ; when cut off the strings close on 
 each side, and early as possible plant them 
 in nursery beds, four to six inches apart, 
 evenly throughout, and in any situation 
 shaded from mid-day sun, where the soil is 
 good to promote growth, and strengthen the 
 young plants. Immediately after planting 
 well water them throughout, and repeat the 
 B 2 
 
THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Situation and Formation of the Beds. 
 
 same in evenings, during' hot and dry wea- 
 ther, keeping the ground constantly moist, 
 not but muddy wet. 
 
 Forming the Beds. 
 
 In forming beds to receive the plants, the 
 first thing which claims attention is their 
 situation, which ought to be as open an ex- 
 posure as can be obtained, there to form a bed 
 or border three feet wide, pointing duly east 
 and west, and extended as far as may be con- 
 Tcnient, in order to receive, on the south 
 side, a temporary shade or skreen, designed 
 to afford friendly protection to the blossom 
 and fruit, from the violent heat of mid-day 
 sun, and that they may receive the benefit 
 of early and late sun, after such skreen is 
 applied. 
 
 That moisture and shade are natural, and 
 genial to the growth and perfection of this 
 race of plants, is easy to infer, from the cool 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 The most favourirble Soils. 
 
 and shaded situations in which the wild 
 varieties, indigenous to this country, as Fra- 
 garia sylvestris, or Strawberry of the Woods, 
 is usually found growing, where the plants 
 are spontaneously produced, and their fruit 
 arrive at perfection without the means of 
 cultivation; whereas, such are rarely to be 
 found growing on dry soils, and in open and 
 airy exposures.* 
 
 A further argument in favour of this idea, 
 is, the liberal disposition of these plants to 
 increase by runners, freely emitting fibres at 
 every joint ; to receive and nourish which 
 shade and soft soils are admirably calcu- 
 lated, whilst dry soils and exposed open 
 situations will prove unfavourable in the 
 extreme. 
 
 * Miller, and others, observe, that the early scarlet 
 fruited Strawberry is a native of woods, in Virginia ; and 
 others assert, the large Carolinian to be an inhabitant of 
 sylvatic situations in that country. 
 B 3 
 
6 THE CULTURE OP 
 
 Advantages of Situation. 
 
 In creeping' herbaceous plants, form- 
 ing roots at the joints of the runners, in 
 manner of the Strawberry, it will gene- 
 rally he found that the growth and vigour 
 of such are abundantly promoted by mois- 
 ture and shade ; as in Fzo/a, Violet; Glecoma, 
 Ground Ivy, &c. And of hardy trees and 
 ligneous plants, whose shoots freely ajfTord 
 fibrous roots, adhering to other trees, or 
 walls, for their support, as in several varie- 
 ties of Hereda, Ivy, such, in northern expo- 
 sures, will far surpass in growth those in 
 more warm and sunny situations. 
 
 From the prevailing mode of planting 
 Strawbebries on any common earth, 
 without discrimination, it may be supposed 
 that an attention to soil is of trivial im- 
 portance; and especially as some eminent 
 horticultural writers appear to have consi- 
 dered this as of little moment; but in this 
 we are not agreed, considering that every 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Advantages of Native Soil. 
 
 plant worthy of cultivation deserves to be 
 accommodated v^ith the most friendly soil ; 
 and in cases where it can be conveniently 
 obtained, that which is natural. 
 
 These plants growing in any common 
 garden and earth, does not prove that every 
 soil is alike calculated to produce abundant 
 crops of well perfected fruit ; therefore, 
 clearly to conceive ariajht of the native and 
 indigenous soil, may be considered one grand 
 point obtained, and of the utmost import- 
 ance towards success. 
 
 Whoever have directed their attention to 
 the infinity of herbaceous productions, ex- 
 ploring the boundless varieties which the 
 immense fields of nature present to the eye 
 of the diligent observer, will readily discover 
 and be free to acknowledge, that every plant 
 is found most freely to thrive and delight in 
 that peculiar soil of which it is indigenous. 
 B 4 
 
THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Of the Formation of Soils. 
 
 Hence appears the importance of a uniform 
 attention in the cultivation of trees, 
 SHRUBS, and plants of all descriptions, that 
 they be accommodated with soil similar as 
 possible to their native origitial earth, in 
 order to being planted with success. 
 
 That these plants will grow on any com- 
 mon soil is readily admitted ; but without a 
 return by an adequate production of fruit, 
 the planter would be ill rewarded for his at- 
 tention and trouble. 
 
 Of the various soils which have come 
 under our notice, that of rich light loam is 
 to be considered favorable, from its soft and 
 pliable temperature ; but which will admit 
 of considerable improvement, by the appli- 
 cation of soft bog earth, incorporated with 
 the most cool and rich manure, and will be 
 found amply to improve their culture hat 
 where the common earth is of the first men 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 9 
 
 Where Compost is necessary. 
 
 tioned description, the moist and cool com- 
 post or manure recommended may, in all 
 cases, be vised with the greatest promise of 
 success. But where such is not the natural 
 soil, similar compost ought to be pi'ocured :, 
 except in situations where the soil is found 
 to consist principally of good bog earth ; 
 where the additition of neat, cow, or swine's 
 dung, in good proportion, is all which can 
 be further necessary. But where the com- 
 mon soil is the reverse to either we have de- 
 scribed as friendly, it is reccommended to 
 form the beds entirely of the compost pre- 
 scribed, which being required not more 
 than one foot deep, the roots of these plants 
 growing near the surface, sufficient quan- 
 tity of bog earth, rotten tree soil, or de- 
 cayed leaves, may be obtained in most situa- 
 tions. These beds require to be formed in 
 all respects as the former, with the excep- 
 tion of digging out the common earth one 
 foot deep, laying a part thereof on the sides 
 
10 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Cool Soils most beneficial 
 
 and ends of the bed, to form the necessary 
 emhankment. On the soil becoming settled, 
 smooth the surface with a rake, and plant 
 them by a line at the same distance as in 
 the other beds. 
 
 Those who have attended to the growth 
 of these plants in fenny countries, where 
 the soil is generally light, loose, deep, and 
 of black complexion, without that silvery 
 grit essential to the culture of American 
 plants, heaths, &c. and subject to standing 
 wet in winter, proceeding from what is com- 
 monly denominated the sock, or soake, or 
 what may be considered the humidity aris- 
 ing from the very low situation of these 
 countries, which standing water, or soake, is 
 always found in proportion to the depth of 
 water contained in the dykes by which the 
 several parcels of lands are intersected or 
 divided, will have observed the astonishing 
 progress and constant vigour of Strawber- 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. ] 1 
 
 Advantage also of Bog Earth. 
 
 RiEs universally thriving on these cool soils; 
 whereas, it is to be remarked, that such 
 planted on what is there denominated skirt- 
 land, or what may be properly considered 
 the exterior of the fens, or rising ground, 
 where the soil, in many instances, becom- 
 ing shallow, and frequently inclining to 
 sand or gravel, from its natural warmth, 
 these fruits, in such situations, cannot, with- 
 out the greatest difficulty, be obtained even 
 in any tolerable quantity, from the liability 
 of these plants to scorch on the early ap- 
 proach of hot weather.* 
 
 As we recollect no instance in which 
 HERBACEOUS PLANTS, delighting in shade, 
 will not freely succeed in bog earth, which, 
 in our idea, appears, in every respect, adapt- 
 
 * Viewing the several varieties of Strawberries as na- 
 tives of soft cool soils, and shady situations, shade and 
 moisture are considered indispensable to their fructifica- 
 tion. 
 
12 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Much Warmth required for the Pine-apple Strawberry. 
 
 ed to their culture; and from the advan- 
 tages hitherto derived by its having been 
 applied, we are free to recommend it as 
 the surest preventive of miscarriage from 
 drought, on the hottest soils. With a proper 
 proportion of the manures pointed out as 
 most cool, we consider this calculated to 
 form a very superior and most genial com- 
 post for the cultivation of the Strawberry 
 in all its varieties. 
 
 That species of Frag aria, formerly 
 called the green, or Pine-apple Straw- 
 berry, with greenish fruit, and when ripe 
 tinged with a faint shade of red, has been 
 by many considered as requiring greater de- 
 gree of warmth in its cultivation than any 
 other variety ; on which Miller has remarked, 
 that, unless it be planted in moist loam soil, 
 it is a bad bearer ; adding, however, that in 
 land where it succeeds, it merits cultivation. 
 A proof this, that the soil has not always 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 13 
 
 The raost fattening Manures ; and their Superiority. 
 
 been regarded. He also considers it one of 
 the varieties of wood Strawberry. 
 
 Admitting these his ideas to be well- 
 founded, it appears we may conclude this 
 variety to be what we consider each other 
 species, a native of cool soil and shady situ- 
 ation. 
 
 Cool Manmes. 
 
 Having described the soils most genial 
 to this pleasing and profitable family of the 
 herbaceous tribes, it remains that we point 
 out those manures which will prove most 
 friendly to their culture. As the importance 
 of cool and soft soils has been urged, by the 
 same parity of reason we recommend only 
 cool, rich, and fattening manures : of these 
 swine's, neat's and cow's dung are to be con- 
 sidered superior to every other ; and espe- 
 cially on more light and dry soils. The 
 unfriendliness of drought to the fructifica- 
 
li THE CULTURE OF 
 
 The Formation of an excellent Manure. 
 
 lion of these plants, being considered the 
 common cause of miscarriage in their corps 
 of fruit, to guard against it, is essential to 
 obtain good production ; for which purpose, 
 no manure can be better calculated than 
 those above-mentioned. As manures are 
 commonly applied to the use of the kit- 
 chen-garden, indiscriminately, it will be 
 easy to select and hold in reserve those 
 specified as peculiarly favourable to the 
 present business. 
 
 Green or unrotten stable manure, however 
 excellent for other purposes, ought never to 
 be applied to the cultivation of Sta w ber- 
 ries ; but in default of those we recom- 
 mend an equal quantity of entirely rotten 
 buttery, hot-bed manure employed in work- 
 ing frames the former spring, and the sweep- 
 ings of streets in paved towns, which, well 
 intermixed by repeated and regular turn- 
 ings, will afford a good substitute ; laying it 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 15 
 
 A Substitute for Bog Soil. 
 
 upon the ground doubiy thick. The violent 
 heat of stable manure having been thus ex- 
 haled, these ingredients together will form a 
 soft, cool, moist, and excellent compost. 
 
 As bog soil suitably soft may not be af- 
 forded in every situation, convenient substi- 
 tutes may be generally found. The best 
 we know is black rotten tree soil, which 
 may be collected in tolerable quantities 
 from the decayed trees of various descriptions, 
 recollecting that this production is from 
 the more hard wooded, as ash, elm, oak, 
 &c. especially such as have been headed 
 or cut down to form pollard ; also fruit 
 trees of large growth, as apples and pears ; 
 but that of willow, from its extreme light- 
 ness, will prove less beneficial, and being 
 frequently less decayed, requires to be more 
 finely sifted ; but in default of these a very 
 useful article may generally be obtained at a 
 trifling expence, in the decayed foliage of 
 
16 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 How to render light boils serviceable. 
 
 trees of every description, from any conti- 
 guous plantation ; which, on being collected 
 together by rakes, or other implements, im- 
 mediately after their fall in the autumn, and 
 laid in large heaps in any obscure situation, 
 by taking heat from the repeated heavy rains 
 and falling wet throughout the winter, and 
 being occasionally turned over during the 
 spiing and summer, by the following au- 
 tumn will afford a very useful and ample 
 supply. 
 
 These light soils well intermixed, and tho- 
 roughly incorporated with a proportionable 
 quantity of neat's, cow's or swine's dung, 
 will prove extremely serviceable in whatever 
 form they may be applied. 
 
 Compost, 
 
 The proportion of the articles we recom- 
 mend as proper and necessary to form a 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 17 
 
 Method of preparing Composts. 
 
 compost, in which to plant Strawberries* 
 and apply to the beds for an autumnal 
 dressing, is as follows: One half of fresh or 
 maiden earth from a rich pasture ground 
 of cool, soft, and loamy texture, taken one 
 whole spit deep with the turf; one fourth, 
 of soft and black bog earth, or of any other 
 substitute that can most readily be ob- 
 tained; with one fourth of rotten neat's 
 cow's, or swine's dung ; or in default of this, 
 the most rotten hot-bed manure, well incor- 
 porated, which will be most readily effected 
 by laying the whole together, and frequently 
 turning it over during six, nine, or twelve 
 months. 
 
 The peculiar method of preparing com- 
 post will be found more particularly ex- 
 plained in the culture of Ribes Grossularia, 
 ■—the Gooseberry. 
 
18 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Directions for preparing the Beds. 
 
 Plantinc^ the Berh, 
 
 In September, or early ia October, when 
 showers most prevail, transplant those which 
 have been placed in nursery beds into situ- 
 ations where they are to remain, and as near 
 to water as may be convenient. 
 
 In preparing these beds for the reception 
 of the young plants, mark out the ground 
 three feet wide, evenly chopping down the 
 earth two inches deep, with a spade, on 
 each side, and close to the line within the 
 bed ; then dig out the soil regularly one half 
 a common spade deep, and throw out the 
 crumbs, laying the same regularly on the 
 outside, each line placed to form or mark 
 out the bed. This done, level the undug 
 ground within the line designed to receive 
 the plants, affording it a handsome dressing 
 with the rich and cool manure we have pre- 
 scribed, six inches thick, evenly throughout 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 19 
 
 Directions for preparing the Beds. 
 
 the bed ; which being- thus prepared, pro- 
 ceed to plant in the following manner: 
 
 At either end, begin the work by throw- 
 ing out a trench with a spade, as in common 
 digging; which must be wheeled to the op- 
 posite end, in order to complete regularly the 
 digging of the bed. 
 
 The better and more speedily to effect 
 this business of planting, especially where 
 large quantities are required, let one per- 
 son be employed to take up the young 
 plants, with great care that all roots possi- 
 ble, and a small proportion of earth, be ob- 
 tained, laying them on each side the bed, at 
 distances where they are likely to be re- 
 quired, say two plants on each side of the 
 bed, about one foot apart, preferring a moist 
 or cloudy day. 
 
 Being thus prepared, immediately pro- 
 c 2 
 
■20 THE CULTURE OP 
 
 Directions for planting the Beds. 
 
 eeed to the business of planting before the 
 roots become dry, in the following manner : 
 The ground being evenly dug, six inches from 
 the end of the bed where a trench was first 
 formed, with a straight staiTor ruler three feet 
 in length, and marked into four equal divi- 
 sions one foot apart, lay such ruler exactly 
 across at each end, reaching within about 
 three inches of the side of the bed, gently 
 pressing it upon the fresh dug earth to form 
 a line for the reception of the first rows of 
 plants ; when, with the finger opposite 
 each end, and at the two divisions in the 
 middle of the ruler, mark on the sidfe toward 
 you the equal distances to receive four 
 plants in such first line across ; then with 
 either hand form holes by drawing the soil 
 towards you, each sufficiently large to re- 
 ceive a plant with its entire root, and re- 
 turn the soil to make even the surface about 
 the plants. The distances designed for these 
 lines across the bed throughout being one 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 21 
 
 Directions for planting tiie Beds. 
 
 foot, provide two equal measures of such 
 length, to apply to each side of the bed ; 
 and having dug the ground sufficiently far 
 to receive a second row of plants, mark ou^ 
 the line across with the ruler as before, 
 when plant three in the second, and four in 
 the third, row, according to quincunx or- 
 der, by which is intended four plants form- 
 ed in a square, and the fifth placed in the 
 middle, thus t * |, which will afford a 
 greater scope for the growth of the plants 
 than if placed in exact squares, observing 
 the same method throughout the bed. The 
 entire length of ground being thus planted, 
 earth up, with a spade, each end of the bed 
 in manner of the sides, to form an even, re- 
 gular, and complete embankment four inches 
 above the surface throughout, the better to 
 receive and retain all copious waterings and 
 heavy rains, thereby to facilitate the growth 
 of plants, invigorate their bloom, and pro- 
 mote fructification. 
 
 c 3 
 
22 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Directiong for securing the Embankments. 
 
 On the business of planting being com- 
 pleted, afford each bed a light but some- 
 what copious supply of water; and should 
 the weather continue warm and dry in the 
 autumn after planting, moderate waterings 
 must be applied until the plants are well 
 rooted. 
 
 The embankment, on becoming impaired 
 by severe frosts, or winter rains, will require 
 to be completely repaired with the spade, 
 early in the spring, or before the commence- 
 ment of dry weather. 
 
 As it may frequently occur that runners 
 and off-sets of particular species cannot be 
 obtained to plant on nursery beds in July, a 
 practice we earnestly recommend, Straw- 
 berry beds may be very successfully planted 
 with the strongest off-sets and runners taken 
 from bearing plants growing on young beds 
 in the autumn season ; but with these con- 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 23 
 
 Clearing the Weeds. 
 
 sequent disadvantages — the liability of ob- 
 taining barren plants, and the certainty of 
 an inferior production both in size and quan- 
 tity of fruit the season after planting. 
 
 We do not recommend forming planta- 
 tions of this description in the spring ; ex. 
 cept in cases where plants cannot be ob- 
 tained at the more favourable seasons ; as 
 such will rarely afford fruit the same year, 
 and but little time in the end will be gained. 
 
 As the spring advances, on the morning 
 of a fine and dry day, with a hoe of conve- 
 nient size, cut up all young weeds appear- 
 ing between the plants and throughout the 
 bed, and rake over the surface as evenly as 
 possible, clearing away all such rubbish as 
 the rake may collect. 
 
 In April and May abundance of strings 
 
 and runners will be found to proceed from 
 
 c 4 
 
24 THE CULTURE OP 
 
 Of Clearing the Runners. 
 
 the sides of these plants, spreading over the 
 surface of the ground, of which they require 
 to be early and frequently divested, by 
 pulling them off close to the plants, in the 
 former mouth, and continuing such practice 
 regularly over the bed every two or three 
 weeks throughout the summer, or at least 
 mitil the crop of fruit is matured and col- 
 lected, entirely clearing away the whole ; 
 the growth of which being suffered, will not 
 only enervate the parent plant, but consi- 
 derably affect the vigour of its bloom and 
 fructification. 
 
 In the Alpine, which is a perpetual 
 bearer by runners of the same year's growth, 
 soon after they appear in the spring, thin 
 them regularly by pulling or cutting away 
 the more weak, and leaving only a mode^ 
 rate supply of the largest and strongest, to 
 produce fruit, throughout the summer : but 
 in the autumn, when the beds are about to 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 25 
 
 Shading the Plauts. 
 
 be dressed, it is of importance that all and 
 every of the runners thus produced be fork- 
 ed up clean, and taken away. 
 
 Early in May, as the plants advance into 
 bloom, to effect the necessary shade for pro- 
 tection from violent sun, apply the wattled 
 hurdles hereafter described ; placing them 
 in one direct line on the south side the bed, 
 eight or nine inches distant from the nearest 
 row of plants ; and as the season becomes 
 warm and dry, it will be necessary to water 
 them in the following manner. 
 
 JVaiering the Plant sin Bloom Sec. 
 
 Invariably perform this business in an 
 evening on the surface of the beds inclining 
 to be dry, when an ample supply will be 
 necessary, which requires to be administered 
 lightly, but copiously, with a pot or pan, 
 having a moderate rose, during the season 
 of bloom and growth of the fruit, even to 
 
26 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Watering the Plants. 
 
 deluge the bed, the more fully to establish 
 the blossom and fruit, by which future wa- 
 terings will become less frequently necessary. 
 
 In this shaded situation, the heavy falling 
 rains and water administered being thus 
 confined by the embankment, and the beds 
 completely soaked throughout, few repeti- 
 tions will be necessary, where the soil is 
 moist, and situation low and cool. 
 
 Every cultivator of the Strawberry 
 Plant, by the usual method, has been led 
 to consider frequent and plentiful waterings 
 in dry seasons essential, not only during 
 the time of bloom and setting their fruit, 
 
 but until the latter have nearly attained 
 their full size ; an evident proof that mois- 
 ture is considered by those interested in its 
 culture of real importance to its fructifica- 
 tion ; but it requires to be recollected, that 
 the most copious supplies of water in hot 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 27 
 
 Planting in shady Situations. 
 
 and dry seasons, especially in open expo- 
 sures, can in no cases prove abundantly be- 
 neficial, except where the ground is remark- 
 ably low and cool. Hence the importance 
 of moderate watering. 
 
 How far the practice we recommend, with 
 a view to effect permanent moisture through- 
 out the critical periods we have alluded to, 
 by planting in such shady situations, secure 
 from violent sun, in beds composed of soft, 
 cool, and rich soils and manures, formed 
 not only to receive, but the better to retain 
 all occasional waterings and falling showers, 
 which in such exposure must be considered 
 of far greater permanency, and consequently 
 render future supplies of watering less fre- 
 quently necessary, is to be considered ra- 
 tional, is submitted to the candour of the 
 scientific horticulturist. 
 
 Notwithstanding the advantage afforded 
 
28 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Protection from the Wattle Hurdle. 
 
 to the plants by the skreep or shade during 
 the season of bloom, and until the fruit are 
 somewhat advanced in growth, on the wea- 
 ther proving warm and dry, supplies of wa- 
 ter are to be considered essential ; but from 
 the friendly protection afforded by the wat- 
 tled hurdle, only sufficiently often to keep 
 the ground moist, not constantly wet, will 
 be necessary, which will abundantly increase 
 the size of the fruit. 
 
 On deluging the earth, within the em- 
 bankment of each bed, in such shady situa- 
 tion, future supplies cannot be frequently 
 necessary, nor until the soil of the surface in- 
 clines to be dry. 
 
 This shade, or skreen, we recommend, 
 will, in general, he found both cheap and 
 convenient, the article being to be con- 
 sidered comparatively of small cost. There 
 are few counties in which the use of the 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. g9 
 
 Substitute for the Wattle Hurdle. 
 
 hurdle is not generally known for its utility 
 in agriculture; and for the special purposes of 
 penning or fencing otf turnips and cole-seed 
 for the feeding of sheep ; and being required 
 in the present business at a season when they 
 are to be considered useless for almost every 
 other purpose, but little charge can be sup- 
 posed to be attached to their being thus 
 employed ; and the light wood used in their 
 formation, required for the purpose of wat- 
 tling between the bars, being of little other 
 use, may be applied for fuel at the end of the 
 season. Should any objection be made to 
 this shade, under an idea of its unsightly ap- 
 pearance, others equally beneficial may be 
 formed, by nailing thin bars of light wood 
 lialf inch wide, and at such even distance 
 from each other, on a frame of similiar form, 
 but more finished make ; but which, from 
 the present high price of wood of every de- 
 scription will be found far more expensive, 
 without the least advantage in point of 
 utility. 
 
30 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Forraation of the Wattle Hurdle. 
 
 From the ready admission of air through 
 the wattle-work, to invigorate the plants 
 throughout the time they are applied, they, 
 are to be considered far superior to any close 
 shade whatever. 
 
 To Form the Wattle Hurdle. 
 
 Provide a sufficient number of light- 
 wooden hurdles, five to six feet in length, 
 and about three feet deep from the upper to 
 the lower rail, when with smooth branchy 
 boughs of willow, or other light, straight, 
 and pliable wood, six feet long, wattle each 
 hurdle to the bottom, by fixing these boughs 
 uniformly between the three rails of which 
 the hurdle is composed, spreading the small 
 branches in such manner as to admit be- 
 tween the wattle-work about one half the 
 mid-day sun regularly throughout the bed. 
 
 On the south side the bed or border of 
 plants, place these hurdles in a direct line» 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 31 
 
 Willow preferred in Skreens. 
 
 as has been directed, first making holes in 
 the earth with an iron bar to receive their 
 pointed stakes, and with a mallet or beetle 
 drive them into the ground, until the lower 
 rail becomes even with the surface of the 
 earth. To prevent their being blown down, 
 secure them by affixing other stakes on the 
 south sida of the hurdles, taking care to 
 keep them erect. 
 
 Branches of willow, well furnished with 
 long pliable side shoots, on account of their 
 smoothness and lightness, and being attain- 
 able in most situations, are to be preferred to 
 every other. 
 
 The advantage resulting from this fa- 
 vourable skreen, in tending to promote 
 growth, and secure good crops of these 
 fruits, will appear obvious in reflecting on 
 the peculiar benefits which the plants must 
 enjoy in such situation, having the early 
 
3'2 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Advantages resulting from Skreens. 
 
 morning and late evening sun, in hottest 
 days until near eleven, and after three 
 o'clock; and being in this northern expo- 
 sure favourably refreshed by the most friend- 
 ly shade during the violent heat of mid-day 
 sun, the entire crop may reasonably be sup- 
 posed to continue in one constant and uni- 
 form state of vegetation, without the liabi- 
 lity of blossoms falling off, or the young and 
 tender fruit being checked in their growth 
 by scorching sun ; calamities which fre- 
 quently occur in more exposed situations, 
 where if the summer proves hot and warm, 
 the most abundant waterings will prove of 
 little service either in setting blossoms or 
 procuring fruit, especially where the com- 
 mon mode of forming these beds has been 
 adopted, leaving the ground or pathway on 
 each side the lowest, which invariably runs 
 off the greater part of rain, and other watef 
 ings falling on the plants ; whereas, from beds 
 formed in the manner we have directed, 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 33 
 
 Watering lo be observed previous to removing the Shade. 
 
 somewhat lower than the level of the com. 
 mon ground, regularly embanked, to retain 
 all waterings and falling rains, shaded from 
 the violence of scorching smi, and supplied 
 with only occasional waterings, at but little 
 trouble or expence, incalculable advantages 
 may be expected. 
 
 Should it be objected, that perpetual 
 shade will tend to injure the flavour of the 
 fruit; we reply, that the skreen we recom- 
 mend is so constructed as to admit of being 
 wholly taken away at leisure, and which is 
 considered indispensible on the earliest in- 
 dication of the fruit to ripen, by inclining 
 to their natural colour, in order to their re- 
 ceiving all possible sun for their full per- 
 fection, and which they will endure, afford- 
 ing the beds an ample watering on the even- 
 ing before the shade is removed, and after- 
 wards repeating such watering, in proportion 
 as the weather proves hot and dry. 
 
 D 
 
34 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Goed flavoured Crops produced by having the Sun. 
 
 It may also be remarked, that in moist 
 seasons, such shade will be found of little 
 use, crops of strawberries being general, with 
 little attention, in most situations in wet and 
 cloudy summers : but it deserves to be un- 
 derstood, that crops thus produced, having 
 the advantage of all the sun which the usual 
 time of ripening affords, will be found equal 
 to any other ; and in common, but more es- 
 pecially in warm and hot seasons, ample 
 crops of full-grown fruit may be uniformly 
 looked for; while those indiscriminately 
 planted, without regard to soil or exposure, 
 notwithstanding repeated liberal and expen- 
 sive supplies of water in dry seasons, will in 
 general, produce, at best, partial crops or di- 
 minutive fruit. 
 
 From what has been stated on the advan- 
 tage of shady situation, some persons may, 
 with apparent reason, incline to consider 
 any common north border eligible. Such 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 35 
 
 Fruit ill-flavoured if obstructed from the Sun. 
 
 we admit to be favourable to the growth of 
 the plants; but where it is not duly formed, 
 pointing directly east to west, or is subject 
 to the least obstruction from trees or build- 
 ings at either end, to prevent access of 
 early and late sun, the fruit must prove, 
 in a degree, ill-flavoured; and, admitting 
 that they receive this advantage, the sub- 
 stantial and permanent shade of wall or 
 other close fence, totally excluding mid-day 
 sun during the time of ripening, must render 
 the fruit far inferior in point of flavour than 
 in situations where the temporary shade is 
 applied, which can, at this peculiar season, 
 be readily removed, in order to the fruit 
 having the benefit of the sun to its full ma- 
 turity. 
 
 In cases where it is required to retain 
 
 these crops of fruit beyond their common 
 
 season; by continuing the shade, they will 
 
 be well preserved ; except in moist and 
 
 D 2 
 
36 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Jerusalem Artichokes afford a most refreshing Shade. 
 
 rainy seasons, when they will become liable 
 to injury from snails, and subject to mould 
 and decay ; but when designed to preserve 
 Strawberries in considerable quantities, 
 and as long as possible after the time of ri- 
 pening, it may be best effected by planting 
 as early as October preceding, in one direct 
 line, nine inches distant from that in which 
 the skreen by hurdle is intended to be placed, 
 and on the south side of the same : 
 
 And to afford a more widely extended shade, 
 roots of Helianthus Tuherosus, commonly 
 called Jerusalem Artichoke, in manner recom- 
 mended hereafter, from their broad foliage, 
 will, in the hotter months of July and Au- 
 gust, be found to afford a more cool and re- 
 freshing shade ; when the wattled hurdles, 
 as far as they extend, may be entirely removed. 
 
 In many families it is considered of great 
 importance, and no expence is spared to pro- 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 37 
 
 Rain or Dew Droppings from the Artichoke injurious. 
 
 long the crops of these fruits to the utmost 
 extent of time possible; to effect which, the 
 peculiar excellence of the shade afforded by 
 these lofty and erect growing plants is most 
 admirably calculated, and will be found far 
 superior to any close fence, as by a wall or 
 paling, admitting the free circulation of warm 
 air and drying winds, essential to maturing 
 the fruit; from the want of which, in con- 
 fined situations, and especially in moist and 
 cloudy seasons, these soft, tender, and delicate 
 fruits will be found extremely subject to de- 
 cay by mould and rot. 
 
 As the plants of the artichoke advance in 
 growth, they will not unfrequently incline 
 forward, and become pendant over the 
 Strawberries bearing fruit; which requires 
 to be guarded against as much as possible, 
 as the drops of rain or dew, collected on their 
 broad foliage, falling on the fruit, will prove 
 injurious ; but this inconvenience may, in a 
 d3 
 
38 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Description of the Jerusalem Artichoke. 
 
 great measure, be guarded against, by cutting 
 close away, with a sharp knife, the lateral 
 young shoots proceeding from the upper part 
 of the stems, in July and August ; which will 
 otherwise incline the stems to lean or fall 
 sideways. 
 
 Culture ofHeManthus Tuberosus. 
 
 The root of this plant bearing some re- 
 semblance to that of potatoe, may be consi- 
 dered by some persons in its nature as analo- 
 gous ; but such idea is erroneous, the former 
 being perennial, and the latter annual in du- 
 ration ; that like most other perennial herba- 
 ceous plants, the Jerusalem artichoke being 
 planted early in autumn, its root being imper- . 
 vious to frost, will more early and freely vege- 
 tate the following spring, and effect a far more 
 speedy and effectual shade than these planted 
 in the spring ; observing to plant them soon 
 after they are out of the ground as, possible, 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 39 
 
 Autumnal Dressing the Beds, 
 
 as on the roots becoming dry, their vegeta- 
 tion will be retarded. 
 
 To promote the vigorous growth of these 
 plants, in order to obtain a more effectual 
 shade, it will be necessary, on their having 
 attained about one foot in height, to earth or 
 mould them up on each side with a broad 
 hoe, drawing the soil towards the plants, as 
 is common in the culture of potatoes, thereby 
 cutting up all weeds growing on the surface; 
 which will abundantly strengthen and enable 
 them to afford a more early and effectual 
 shade. 
 
 Autumnal Dressing the Seds. 
 
 Prior to this business, let the beds be 
 carefully looked over by boys, pulling off all 
 runners which may have escaped notice dur- 
 ing their growth in the summer season. About 
 Michaelmas, when the ground is tolerably 
 D 4 
 
40 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Autumnal Dressing of the Jerusalem Artichoke. 
 
 dry, and before autumnal rains fall, it will be 
 necessary to cleanse the beds from all weeds 
 throughout, by hoeing over the surface on a 
 dry day, with a strong four or six-inch wide 
 hoe, chopping over and breaking up entirely 
 the ground two inches or more deep, between 
 the plants, carefully pulling out and casting 
 away all weeds which may be found ; this 
 done, with a round-headed rake of convenient 
 size, immediately smooth over the entire sur- 
 face of the bed ; after which, afford a good 
 dressing with the same cool and rich manure 
 applied at the time of planting, by laying it 
 two inches thick between the plants through- 
 out the bed ; which will most easily be per- 
 formed by taking it out of scuttles or wheel- 
 barrows on each side the bed, on the point of 
 a narrow spade, laying the same at such equal 
 and convenient distances, as to admit of its 
 being afterward spread evenly by the hand, or 
 with hoes of convenient width, two inches 
 thick all over the bed. The beds being com- 
 
THE STRAWBERRY. 41 
 
 Autumnal Dressings to be attended to. 
 
 pletely dressed thus early in the autumn, the 
 manure administered will be in good propor- 
 tion washed into the ground by winter rains, 
 and, together with the soil, become well set- 
 tled to the roots of the plants, that on the 
 earliest approach of spring, without the small- 
 est impediment to their progress, they will 
 have every possible advantage contributing to 
 their full growth. The second season after 
 planting, ample crops of Strawberries, in every 
 variety, may with confidence be looked for.— 
 We refer to the former year for their spring 
 and summer treatment. 
 
 The Strawberry being a very hardy plant, 
 and of great durability, the beds, on being ma- 
 naged as we have directed, will continue in a 
 full bearing state about four years; but it will 
 be peculiarly necessary that the autumnal 
 dressings be punctually regarded. 
 
IMPROVED 
 
 Culture of ^uhm 3traeu0» 
 
 THAT MUCH-ADMIRED FRUIT, 
 
 THE RASPBERRY. 
 
IMPROVED 
 
 Culture of S^ubus 3(^aeu0. 
 
 THAT MUCH-ADMIRED FRUIT, 
 
 THE RASPBERRY; 
 
 C-^LEARLY demonstrating its usual cultiva- 
 tion to be unfriendly to the nature and consti- 
 tution of the several varieties, and the imme- 
 diate cause of inferior production, as well as 
 frequent total failure in its crops of fruit. 
 
 Directing a rational and easy method of 
 cultivating the various species, without liabi- 
 lity to decay of bloom by drought or sterility 
 of soil, or defalcation of fruit from scorching 
 sun, to afford strong fruit wood the second 
 season, which are succeeded by an abundant 
 
46 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Soils mostly to be preferred. 
 
 supply from the bottom, in summer, for the 
 next year's bearing". — They may be literally 
 said to merit culture in every good garden, for 
 their pleasant and useful fruit. 
 
 From the general practice of planting the 
 Rubus Idaeus, on any common garden ground, 
 indiscriminately, the soil may be considered 
 of trivial moment ; but if these varieties are 
 worthy of cultivation, they will, no doubt, be 
 though, by every amateur of fruits, to merit 
 the accommodation of a soil perfectly genial; 
 especially when it can be obtained at a trifling 
 expence. 
 
 Of the various soils and situations in which 
 we have noticed the growth of these plants, 
 none have been more productive of strong, 
 clear, vigorous, and healthy young wood, than 
 those growing in fenny countries : and more 
 especially on deep black and soft, but cool 
 soil, even in the lowest situations, and conti- 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 47 
 
 Soils mostly to be preferred. 
 
 guous to large bodies of standing waters, as 
 lakes, meres, &c. subject to a heavy and con- 
 stant soak throughout the autumn, winter, 
 and spring seasons ; and this where the natu- 
 ral soil is considered of inferior quality, with 
 the further disadvantage of but little cultiva- 
 tion ; yet under such circumstances, generally 
 affording the most abundant crops of fullest- 
 sized fruit, not in peculiar, but common sea- 
 sons, without any perceptible difference of 
 success in the varieties, except the red early 
 Premier and yellow large Antwerp, which we 
 have not noticed in these situations. In many 
 other places, in such countries where the 
 earth is naturally of richer quality, but cool, 
 and with the further advantage of liberal cul- 
 tivation, these plants grow in boggy soils, 
 somewhat similar to the former, their produc- 
 tions have been far superior to any we have 
 elsewhere witnessed, annually affording an 
 abundant crop of very superior fruit. It has 
 been not unfrequently noticed, that in fenny 
 
48 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Soils mostly to be preferred. 
 
 countries, the same garden, consisting of 
 low and cool bog soil, and of more dry or 
 skirt land, bordeiing on the high country, 
 has afforded the most opposite productions 
 of these fruits and plants ; the former of 
 very luxuriant growth in wood, and an abun- 
 dant produce of superior fruit ; whilst the 
 latter, from the unfriendliness of a dry and 
 warm soil, with the want of that moisture, 
 most essential to their cultivation, have, in a 
 few years, totally decayed away and dried 
 off, after the trifling product of small and 
 inferior fruit, unworthy the trouble of col- 
 lecting. 
 
 To self-propagating trees, shrubs, and 
 plants, by suckers, as the several varieties of 
 the Raspberry, cool and soft soils will not 
 only be found the most favourable, but they 
 appear more natural than any other, which 
 affords presumptive argument in favour of 
 the utility of rich, loose, cool, and deep 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 49 
 
 Opinion of eminent horticultural Writers. 
 
 ^^^ ' ' ■ " . . — i 
 
 soils in their cultivation, and especially as 
 such plants cannot freely increase in very 
 heavy and adhesive, or dry and shallow 
 soils ; from which it is reasonable to infer 
 that they are indigeous to no other than 
 soft and cool soils ; as without such, it is 
 evident that all plants thus increasing by 
 suckers, could not make their way into the 
 earth, to receive sufficient nourishment for 
 their support from the soil ; and being thus 
 exposed to drought, must form, at best, 
 weak and insufficient plants ; both which 
 circumstances appear clearly to prove, that 
 soft and cool soils are to be considered im- 
 portant and essential in the cultivation of 
 these fruits. 
 
 The most eminent horticultural writers 
 have agreed, that the common raspberry is 
 a native of cool soils, and shady situations, 
 and that it will not thrive on hot and dry 
 ground; but we do not recollect to have 
 
50 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Superiority of cool Manures to Loam. 
 
 noticed the mention of bog earth as pecu- 
 liarly favourable to this tribe of British 
 fruits; or that the plants would even thrive 
 therein ; which, if well selected, and inter- 
 mixed with the most cool manures, as neat's, 
 cow's, or swine's dung, will prove infinitely 
 superior to the richest loam ; and 'especially 
 in situations were proper shade can* be ob- 
 tained, it will far surpass every other. 
 
 In default of the above manures, which, 
 from their peculiar coolness, are to be con- 
 sidered preferable to all others, rich, well 
 decayed, rotten, and buttery hot-bed ma- 
 nure may be applied; but in no case ought 
 green or long stable manure to be used in 
 compost, as its natural heat would tend to 
 subvert the purpose of promoting a cool 
 soil. 
 
 Of the several descriptions of bog soil, 
 none will prove so genial as that which is 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 51 
 
 Rotten Tree Mould good Soil. 
 
 as black and soft as can be obtained, with or 
 without silvery grit, with which such soil 
 sometimes abounds; but such as is obtained 
 from low situations will generally be found 
 the most cool and friendly; taking care that 
 it be soft, and as much as possible free from 
 large lumps, which are frequently too hard 
 to pulverize ; and where the ground intended 
 to be planted is not thus boggy, ^ the soil re- 
 commended may frequently be found in ad- 
 jacent meadows, or other low situations; 
 but in default of this, and where proper bog 
 soil cannot be obtained, rotten tree mould 
 of willow, or any other wood, will form an 
 admirable soil for the plants; sifting out 
 only the more coarse and larger pieces of 
 decayed woodv 
 
 Where an opportunity does not offer to 
 procure tree mould in sufficient quantity, 
 rotten and decayed leaf soil may be applied 
 with at least equal promise of success ; the 
 
 E 3 
 
5Q THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Soft Bog Earth the most preferable. 
 
 one or other are to be obtained in most 
 situations; and especially the latter, where 
 there are plantations of large trees affording 
 abundant foliage; which, on being laid in 
 heaps twelve months to rot, will afford an 
 admirably cool and soft compost. As such 
 will always prove more or less useful in the 
 various branches of horticulture, it will ge- 
 nerally be found advantageous to preserve 
 them every autumn, which can be effected 
 without further trouble or expence than 
 barely collecting them together by rakes, 
 &c. on their falling from the trees. 
 
 Plants of shade, as the Raspberry and 
 Strawberry, will always be found to succeed 
 freely in soft bog earth, and all fruits the pro- 
 duction of such plants must find great advan- 
 tage from temporary shade connected with 
 a cool soil, as tending to promote growth, 
 and increase the size of their fruits ; especi- 
 ally in situations where soft sun and air can 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 53 
 
 Method of preparing Bog Earth. 
 
 be received in good proportion ; as on the 
 weather proving warm or hot, this will be 
 abundantly effected, being protected from 
 violence of sun at noon-day. The necessary 
 culture of these plants appears to be as lit- 
 tle understood, or at least regarded, as the 
 Strawberry. Miller, Maw, &c. agree that 
 both are natives of woods in the north of 
 this kingdom, especially where the soil is 
 light and cool ; but the perpetual shade of 
 such situations can by no means be consi- 
 dered favourable to ripen and perfect their 
 fruits. 
 
 Where proper bog earth can be obtained, 
 it deserves to be preferred to every other 
 in this business, and in situations afford- 
 ing such in tolerable quantities, it will be 
 easily and cheaply procured; little other 
 trouble or expence being necessary than that 
 of digging out only the softest and best soil, 
 together with the turf, laying the whole in 
 B 3 
 
54 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 The mixing ofcool Manures with Bog Earth recommended. 
 
 one entire heap, six, nine, or twelve montlis 
 to rot, in manner as is hereafter directed 
 for Gooseberries. 
 
 As bog soil is the common production of 
 moist and frequently watery situations, it 
 will be always most easily obtained in the 
 spring or smumer; and that procured in the 
 former season will generally be found suffi- 
 ciently ameliorated for this purpose in 
 the autumn, having laid six months to pul- 
 verize, by frequent turnings over and break- 
 ing the turf with a spade. Bog earth being 
 frequently somewhat sterile, it will always 
 be advantageous, where it is applied in the 
 cultivation of fruits, to enrich such soil as 
 much as possible, which will be best effected 
 by intermixing therewith strong but cooling 
 manures, in order to improve the size and 
 quantity of such fruits. Towards the au- 
 tumn, and some weeks before it is required, 
 the better to incorporate the whole, apply 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 5o 
 
 Good Substitutes for Bog Earth. 
 
 to three-fourths of the above one-fourth of 
 rotten neat's, cow's, or swine's dung, re- 
 served for the purpose; at first intermixing 
 the same well together that it may readily 
 be well incorporated by future and frequent 
 turnings over, until it is required in Sep- 
 tember or October, when it will be fit for 
 use : this we consider the best soil in which 
 the Raspberry can possibly be planted. 
 
 But as proper bog earth is not to be met 
 with in every situation, it remains to direct 
 to such substitutes as are best adapted to 
 the present design; next to which, brown 
 or black, but rotten-tree soil, which is inva- 
 riably soft, as that obtained from the bodies 
 or trunks of decayed ash, elm, oak, apple ; 
 pear, or willow, will be found to answer 
 every good purpose, on sifting out the more 
 large and coarse pieces of undecayed wood. 
 This may be readily performed by exposing 
 the whole to the sun and air a day or two, 
 turning it over to become dry. 
 
5Q THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Directions for collecting decayed Tree Leaves. 
 
 In places where the willow, usually grow- 
 ing near to brooks and rivers, in mea- 
 dows and other low and moist situations, is 
 common, the greater supply may be ob- 
 tained from these tree: but where a large 
 quantity is required, the supply will proba- 
 bly prove short, which deficiency may be 
 annually remedied, by seasonably collecting 
 in the autumn fallen decayed tree-leaves, 
 laying them in any obscure situation to rot, 
 until they are required. 
 
 It will be most easy to collect decayed 
 tree-leaves in considerable quantities in or 
 contiguous to plantations, coppices, or 
 woods, formed of any deciduous trees, at the 
 autumn season, immediately after their fall, 
 and before they are blown away by high 
 winds, common in October, by raking them 
 together with large rakes of any description; 
 first in small heaps, then with barrows, skips, 
 or other convenient articles, lay the whole 
 together in any close situation, defended 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 57 
 
 Treatment in the Spring. 
 
 from the wind, in one or more large heaps, 
 somewhat round or flat at the top, the better 
 to receive the falling rains of autumn and 
 winter; by which they will soon become 
 warm, and subject to a constant moderate 
 heat, completely rotting the whole during 
 the winter season ; but which will not be ef- 
 fected, on their laying dry, without being 
 exposed to much wet. 
 
 On the advance of spring, and the wea- 
 ther becoming dry, turn over each heap, 
 breaking with the spade, or a three-tined 
 fork employed, all lumps or parcels of con- 
 solidated or dry leaves, in order to the en- 
 tire bulk becoming pulverized as soon as 
 possible ; after w hich, reduce the number of 
 heaps, by putting them together either in 
 one or more larger lots than before, that the 
 whole quantity be the more easily and ef- 
 fectually prepared for use. 
 
58 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Further Treatment to be observed. 
 
 If in removing the first formed heaps, it 
 is discovered that any considerable quantity 
 of the leaves remain sound, which can only 
 happen from the want of wet, it will be be- 
 neficial to moisten them by a pot or pan of 
 water, having a rose, from which they will 
 more speedily become rotten. By after- 
 wards turning over the whole once in two or 
 three weeks, and affording a moderate sup- 
 ply of water as before to the undecayed 
 leaves, by Midsummer, the whole will have 
 become one general heap of soft and light 
 soil, admirably calculated for the culture of 
 plants requiring cool soils; and to render 
 this competent to the production of their 
 fruits in the fullest perfection, it will be 
 only necessary to apply rotten neat's, cow's, 
 or swine's dung, as directed, to be inter- 
 mixed and incorporated with bog soil. 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 5^ 
 
 Importance of Soils. 
 
 To form the Compost. 
 
 Apply one half proper bog soil, or other 
 substitute described, as can be most readily 
 obtained; one fourth fresh light loamy 
 earth from a rich old pasture ground, and 
 one fourth completely rotten swine's, cow's, 
 or neat's dung; which, on being well incor- 
 porated, by preparing it in the manner di- 
 rected hereafter for Gooseberry Compost, 
 will prove most favourable to the growth 
 and fructification of these plants in every 
 variety, and considerably increase the size 
 and number of their fruits. 
 
 From the prevailing mode of planting 
 Raspberries on any common earth without 
 discrimination, it may be supposed that an 
 attention to soil is of trivial importance, 
 and especially as some horticultural writers 
 appear to have considered this as of little 
 
Co THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Importance of Soils. 
 
 moment; but in this we are not agreed, 
 considering that every plant worthy of cul- 
 tivation deserves to be accommodated with 
 the most friendly soil; and in cases where 
 it can be conveniently obtained, that which 
 is natural. 
 
 These plants, growing in any common 
 garden earth, does not prove that every soil 
 is alike calculated to produce abundant 
 crops of well perfected fruit : therefore, 
 clearly to conceive aright of the native and 
 indigenous soil, may be considered one grand 
 point obtained, and of real importance to- 
 wards success. 
 
 The Raspberry being of very forward 
 growth, the young wood will be early ma- 
 tured; and from their forming fresh roots 
 in the autumn, by planting in September or 
 early in October, the plants will become 
 established before winter, and tolerable 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 61 
 
 Objection to planting in bieptember. 
 
 quantities of good fruit may be obtained the 
 first summer; but if later planted, the pro- 
 duction of the first season will be propor- 
 tionably less. 
 
 The chief objection to planting these 
 trees early in September, and before the 
 leaves are wholly fallen, may be that the 
 ground in a dry autumn is often insuffici- 
 ently moist ; but this inconvenience will be 
 easily remedied, by earthing up the sides of 
 the trenches in which they are planted, and 
 affording the bed an ample supply of water, 
 with a pot having a rose, immediately after 
 planting, making the soil muddy wet ; 
 which is all that can possibly be required, 
 and by which, during the continuance of 
 mild weather, young fibrous roots will be 
 freely produced, that they will be securely 
 established against the drought of the fol- 
 lowing spring. 
 
62 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Directions for forming the Beds. 
 
 If the business of planting be deferred so 
 late as Christmas, the plants will have 
 fornned young suckers half an inch long, by 
 which the fruitage of the first summer will 
 be materially affected; that it will always 
 be best to plant them out, as soon as they 
 incline to shed their leaves. 
 
 Forming the Beds, 
 
 In forming the beds, it will be found ad- 
 vantageous to fix on a convenient situation, 
 low, cool, and moist, which will invariably 
 prove favourable to the free growth of these 
 plants in each variety. 
 
 Being provided with a" suiSicient quantity 
 of bog soil, or similar compost, as is pre- 
 scribed, proceed to form the beds or trenches 
 designed to be planted, by digging out the 
 common earth in one direct line, pointing 
 east to west, ome foot and a half wide, of 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 63 
 
 Directions for forming the Beds. 
 
 the same depth, and of such length as may 
 be convenient, marking it out by a line on 
 each side. With a barrow, wheel away the 
 first spit to any part of the garden where it 
 may be required, laying the next spit regu- 
 larly on each side, and on the ends of the 
 beds, to form an embankment, the better 
 to retain all falling showers, &c. in order to 
 keep the ground more moist during the 
 summer, clearing away all crumbs or loose 
 mould from the bottom : then fill the trench 
 somewhat more than even with the level of 
 the ground with the soil or compost recom- 
 mended, leaving the same about fourteen 
 days to settle, previous to planting. It will 
 be advantageous, especially in a dry season, 
 to procure the plants from the nearest situa- 
 tion possible, to prevent the fibres becom- 
 ing dried ; and as their roots will require to 
 be reduced to a convenient size to plant, 
 care is requisite that no buds are cut off 
 next to the stem, such forming the next 
 
64 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Directions for planting the Beds. 
 
 year's wood. On the soil being properly 
 settled, level the surface with a spade, and 
 proceed to plant in the following manner: 
 
 Planting the Beds. 
 
 Place a line exactly in the middle of 
 the bed, throughout ; and on selecting the 
 strongest and best rooted plants of each 
 sort, plant them by digging out the soil or 
 earth on either side the line, and at either 
 end, when throwing away the first spit, let 
 a boy hold the first plant near to the line 
 without touching, when dig out the second 
 hole to fill up the first, covering the root 
 a little deeper than before, and very lightly 
 trampling the soil to the plant if it be dry, 
 but not otherwise; and so throughout the 
 bed at the following distances, according to 
 the size and growth of the different sorts, as 
 the dwarf red early Premier, two feet; those 
 of moderate height and strength, as the 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 65 
 
 Directions for planting the Beds. 
 
 common red and white, also twice bearing, 
 two feet and a half; and the red and yel- 
 low Antwerp, with others of larger growth, 
 three feet apart. 
 
 On the ground being planted throughout, 
 with a spade, earth up each end of the bed 
 in manner of the sides, completely to form 
 a regular embankment, about four inches 
 above the surface, as in Strawberries, to re- 
 ceive and retain all copious waterings and 
 heavy rains ; thereby to facilitate the growth 
 of the plants, invigorate their bloom, and 
 promote fructification. This being done 
 smooth the surface of the bed with a small 
 headed iron rake, on each sidie the plants; 
 and on the weather being dry at the time 
 of planting, afford one plentiful but light 
 watering throughout, nearly to deluge the 
 bed. Should the embankment become im- 
 paired during the winter, it will require 
 complete repair by earthing up in the 
 
66 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Directions for planting the Beds. 
 
 spring, or before the commencement of dry 
 weather. 
 
 Those who are anxious to obtain a good 
 supply of Raspberries the first summer, will 
 find great advantage from laying a coat or 
 covering of long green or wet straw, not sta- 
 ble or horse-litter, on the surface through- 
 out the bed, pressing it on the ground by 
 beating with a heavy three-tined fork, that 
 it remain not more than two inches thick ; 
 when cover the same with good common 
 earth about an inch, that the whole cover- 
 ing [be then not more than three inches 
 thick; by which, the piercing sharp and cut- 
 ting winds of spring, and the greatest heat of 
 the summer months will be most effectually 
 excluded from the roots. On this cover- 
 ing being applied in autumn, it will be pro- 
 perly settled before the spring, without 
 proving the smallest impediment to the 
 growth of suckers affording a future supply. 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 6? 
 
 Of cutting the Plants. 
 
 As the quantity of suckers thrown out is 
 commonly superfluous, it will in such case, 
 be beneficial to reduce their number, by 
 pulling away, with the hand, those of smaller 
 size, when about a foot high, leaving not 
 more than two [or three young shoots to 
 each plant; by which they will become more 
 strong, and produce larger quantities of 
 superior fruit. 
 
 Cutting doivn the Plants. 
 
 Reducing or shortening the stems of 
 these plants will be best performed in the 
 spring, when it is probable some may re- 
 quire to be placed more upright, being 
 blown aside by boisterous winds, or other- 
 wise removed from that erect state in which 
 they have been planted; and at which time 
 all may conveniently be cut to any certain 
 length, which will be most readily per- 
 formed by holding upright the plant with 
 either hand, and, at the same time, treading 
 
 F 2 
 
68 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Of cutting the Plants. 
 
 close the soil of the beds with the outer side 
 of the same foot. 
 
 The reduction of the stems must be pro- 
 portioned to their growth, leaving those 
 shortest of the most inferior size, and others 
 of largest growth most long, as the Dwarf 
 early Premier, one foot and a half; com- 
 mon red and white also twice bearing, three 
 feet; and the Antwep and other large 
 growing sorts, not less than four feet in 
 length. 
 
 protection by temporary Shade. 
 
 In May, when the blossoms are perfected, 
 apply the wattled hurdle to afford a shade 
 for their protection, and promote the set- 
 ting of fruit, by placing as many wattled 
 hurdles in manner directed for the culture 
 of Strawberrie,s, as may be found conveni- 
 ent and necessary, in a direct line, on the 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 69 
 
 Protection by Shade. 
 
 south side the plants, and about ten or 
 twelve inches distant; that the points of 
 the hurdles be driven into the common 
 earth, which will be most firm for their 
 support. 
 
 Thus protected from the heat of sun, and 
 preserved from drying winds, but little wa- 
 ter can be necessary, except in hot sea- 
 sons ; when once deluging the surface of the 
 beds may be very advantageously per- 
 formed, as it will render other light water- 
 ings totally unnecessary ; especially as all 
 heavy rains and waterings thus confined 
 within the embankment will most effectu- 
 ally contribute to the retention of moisture, 
 that few repetitions can be requisite, espe- 
 cially where the soil is cool, and the situa- 
 tion of the ground low. 
 
 As in Strawberries, the same advantages 
 will be found from the friendly shade af- 
 
 F 3 
 
70 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Protection by Shade. 
 
 forded by the wattled hurdle; as well to 
 protect the bloom from decay by the heat of 
 the sun and drought, as to promote an abun- 
 dant increase in the growth and size of these 
 fruits, and which may be taken away at 
 pleasure to admit all possible sun, in order 
 to effect their maturity. No article can be 
 better calculated to protect the blossom 
 from the violent heat of the sun, or pro- 
 mote an increase in the size of their fruits, 
 especially where the plants are of humble 
 growth. Its formation has been described 
 under the article Strawberry; and the same 
 advantages will be found to result from its 
 application in the present instance, tending 
 to secure good crops of fruits in all seasons ; 
 recollecting, that the height of the skreen 
 must be proportioned to the altitude of the 
 plants ; and such shade or skreen will admit 
 of being removed and taken away on the 
 earliest indication of the fruit to maturation, 
 by inclining to their natural complexion, 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 71 
 
 Protection by Shade. 
 
 for the admission of all possible sun fully 
 to perfect them. The shade here recom- 
 mended is to be considered totally unneces- 
 sary in moist and cloudy seasons; and it 
 requires to be recollected, that where these 
 borders are formed in situations not point- 
 ing duly east and west, and in other than 
 open exposures where the early morning and 
 late evening sun is prevented, it will be less 
 advantageous to the perfection of the fruit, 
 especially in close and confined situations; 
 as from a want of the early and late soft 
 sun, and a free circulation of air, the fruit 
 will prove of very inferior flavour, and be 
 subject to decay by mould or rot. By a 
 continuance of this shade beyond their com- 
 mon season of maturity, the fruit may be 
 preserved a greater length of time, which in 
 many instances will prove desirable ; and for 
 those which are of the largest growth, and 
 the greatest altitude, it will be necessary 
 that the hurdle be wattled with branches of 
 f4 
 
72 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Of renewing the Plantations. 
 
 sufficient length entirely to defend the ripe 
 fruit from the mid-day sun. But it will 
 be in great danger of being devoured by 
 thrushes and blackbirds, particularly in 
 large gardens affordnig shade; to which at 
 that season they commonly resort, and fre- 
 quently in considerable quantities, especi- 
 ally on the weather proving warm or hot, if 
 unprotected by netting or other open co- 
 vering freely admitting air, being securely 
 placed over the plants. 
 
 The Raspberry being a plant remark- 
 ably prolific in its growth, more numerous 
 suckers will be produced as the roots in- 
 crease in size and strength ; which will have 
 a certain tendency to render the shoots weak, 
 and reduce the size of the fruit; that it will 
 be advantageous to renew these plantations 
 at farthest every fourth year. 
 
THE RASPBERRY. 73 
 
 Directions for the Autumnal Dressings. 
 
 Aiiiuinnal Dressings. 
 
 This work requires to be done as early 
 as the fall of the leaf, when fresh fibres are 
 about to proceed from the roots; which 
 will be best performed by a broad three- 
 pronged fork, with which lightly dig or 
 fork over the surface of the trench or bed, 
 by which the litter strewed over the surface 
 will contribute to the nutriment of the 
 plants. 
 
 In the spring, smooth the surface with a 
 fine rake, which will effectually destroy all 
 young and tender weeds; when break off 
 the decayed stems close at the bottom, re- 
 ducing the number of such as are green, to 
 two or three at most, and shorten them to 
 proper lengths, as has been directed. 
 
IMPROVED CULTURE 
 
 That pleasant and useful Fruit, 
 
 THE GOOSEBERRY. 
 
IMPROVED CULTURE 
 
 OF 
 
 %ihts <gro0Matta, 
 
 THAT PLEASANT AND USEFUL FRUIT 
 
 THE GOOSEBERRY. 
 
 Designed to point out a rational and ef- 
 ficacious process of cultivation, by which 
 the fruitage of the several varieties may be 
 obtained in far greater perfection of size and 
 flavour than by former practice; together 
 with an easy and certain method of preserv- 
 ing its fruit in full perfection beyond the 
 common season of maturity. 
 
 To which is added, a novel system of pro- 
 pagating the several varieties, by planting 
 cuttings taken from bearing trees, when 
 their fruit is fully ripe; by which, with the 
 utmost certainty, any particular variety 
 
78 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Preparations for planting. 
 
 may be obtained, and much time gained in 
 the growth of the young plants. 
 
 Those who are anxious to obtain supe- 
 rior Gooseberries, will not regard the little 
 extra trouble attendant on the necessary 
 preparations; which, at most, will be of 
 but trivial expence, and that principally in 
 the preparation of soil peculiarly favourable ; 
 which will, in most situations, be found es- 
 sential, except in newly-formed gardens, and 
 on a soil directly similar to that we recom- 
 mend : to obtain which, the following direc- 
 tions are given. Such must be" procured in 
 quantities, in proportion to the size of the 
 plantation intended to be made, as the en- 
 tire bed formed will require to be completely 
 furnished therewith ; but as such soil will 
 be abundantly found, and readily obtained 
 in most situations, it deserves to be recol- 
 lected, that beds thus well prepared, will, 
 with slight annual winter dressings, with 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 79 
 
 The most preferable Soils. 
 
 rotten hot-bed manure, as has been recom- 
 mended, remain many years in good state, 
 and be capable of affording large quantities 
 of excellent fruit a considerable length of 
 time. 
 
 Favourable Soil and Compost, 
 
 The best soil which can possibly be pro- 
 cured for this purpose, is fresh or maiden 
 earth from a rich pasture ground, of light 
 but fat mouldy temperature ; and, if possi- 
 ble, of a soft loamy texture. Of such earth, 
 take one whole spit deep with all the turf; 
 to which add one fourth of completely rot- 
 ten horse or stable litter, preferring that 
 from an old hot-bed made in the former 
 spring ; which, from its softness and greater 
 readiness to intermix with new soil, will be 
 found preferable to every other; and also 
 one fourth of the finest soft and black bog 
 earth that can possibly be procured, or in de- 
 
80 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Directions for forming the Compost. 
 
 fault of which the same quantity of the dark- 
 est coloured tree-soil, preferring that from the 
 more hard- wooded trees; as oak, ash, elm, 
 or fruit-trees, such being most black and 
 soft; or the same quantity of fully rotten 
 and decayed tree-leaves, recommended in 
 the culture of Raspberries : all which may 
 be obtained at a trifling expence ; when mix 
 the whole regularly together, laying it in 
 one narrow heap or ridge, about a yard high, 
 in any situation fully exposed to the sun 
 and air, there to remain six, nine, or twelve 
 months, as circumstances may admit; turn- 
 ing over the whole every two or three weeks 
 on the weather being favourable, that the 
 entire heap become thoroughly incorporat- 
 ed; and the longer time the compost remains 
 in this state, the more advantageous it will 
 prove to the young plants and fruits. 
 
 This compost being formed early in the 
 spring, and duly prepared by repeatedly 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 81 
 
 Advantages of Bog Earth. 
 
 turning over, will be in fit condition to ap- 
 ply in the business of planting, either -in 
 September or October, as may be required ; 
 when proceed to mark out the ground and 
 form the beds in the following manner: 
 
 Persons unacquainted with the use of bog 
 earth in the culture of fruits, will probably 
 express their surprise at its application to 
 these common and hardy trees, growing on 
 almost all soils, and in every situation and 
 exposure; but of the Gooseberry, as well 
 as most other trees, it may be said to have 
 its peculiarly favourable or genial soil: 
 such, by practice, we have discovered to be 
 bog earth, applied in a proper proportion, 
 having an evident tendency to ameliorate 
 the earth in which these trees are planted, 
 by rendering it soft and open to receive the 
 smallest fibres of these finely-rooted plants, 
 and cool to promote increasing growth of 
 their fruit during the warm summer months 
 
82 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Summer in North America unfavourably hot. 
 
 of Jane and July. Whoever have atten- 
 tively noticed the growth of the trees in va- 
 rious soils and situations, will have observed 
 those growing on dry soils, however well 
 cultivated, to have produced fruit of very 
 inferior size, and this in common seasons, 
 when our summers have not been unusually 
 warm or hot. And as a farther proof that 
 warmth of sun, in conjunction with a hot 
 soil, is unfavourable to the perfection of 
 Gooseberries, it is a vrell-known fact, that 
 in the State of New York, in North Ame- 
 rica, where the summers are more hot than 
 in England, that those of larger size taken 
 from this country, there produce fruit of 
 such insignificant growth as not to merit 
 culture: and it may invariably be observed 
 of the practice of cultivators of this fruit, in 
 the habit of exhibiting their superior pro- 
 ductions at annual meetings, as in the seve- 
 ral counties of Warwick, Northampton, 
 Leicester, Nottingham, Lancaster, &c. that 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 83 
 
 Directions for forming the Beds. 
 
 a preference is generally given by such con- 
 noisseur to cool and rich soils. 
 
 Forming the lieds. 
 
 In this business, particular attention must 
 be paid to the situation ; observing, that 
 the trees require to be planted in a fully 
 open exposure, unannoyed by large trees or 
 buildings, both in east and west aspects, the 
 more fully to admit all oblique or early 
 morning and late evening sun in the warm 
 summer months, the more freely to pro- 
 mote fructification, and full growth of their 
 fruit. 
 
 The ground on which this plantation re- 
 quires to be made, must be marked out 
 four feet wide, evenly by a line, and in one 
 uniform direction, of convenient length, as 
 circumstances may require, or the extent of 
 
 the garden may admit, pointing duly east 
 g2 
 
84 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Directions for forming the Beds. 
 
 and west. Having securely placed the line 
 on eilher side, evenly chop the ground two 
 inches deep on the surface within, on both 
 sides the bed; when dig or throw out the 
 common or natural soil one spit deep 
 throughout, wheeling away the earth by put- 
 ting the same into barrows, to be taken away 
 to the most convenient situation; then with 
 a broad shovel, clear away by throwing out 
 all crumbs or loose mould at the bottom of 
 the bed, after which, dig out a further half 
 spit of the lower soil evenly throughout 
 clearing away the crumbs as before, thus 
 making the newly-formed bed about half a 
 yard deep. On the common earth being 
 thus removed with barrows, wheel therein a 
 sufficiency of the same soil or compost pre- 
 pared to fill the bed, leaving it two or three 
 inches higher than the surface of the ground, 
 that it remain even therewith, when the 
 compost has fallen by sinking to a level 
 with the common earth. In two or three 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. S5 
 
 Proper season for transplanting. 
 
 weeks it will be fully settled to admit of 
 planting: for which business a dry day only 
 is to be considered favourable. 
 
 These plants maturing their wood more 
 early than the generality of fruit-trees, will 
 admit of being planted in autumn as soon 
 as their leaves have changed colour, or be- 
 gan to fall off, which will happen to those 
 growing in sunny and hot situations ; as soon 
 as September, or early in October, when they 
 may be safely transplanted to the situation 
 in which they are intended to remain ; by 
 which, as they will be less liable to injury 
 from drought in case of an ensuing dry 
 spring, a tolerable proportion of fair fruit 
 may, by such early planting, be obtained 
 the following summer, and, at least, suffi- 
 cient to determine their varieties. Should 
 the weather prove dry at that season, it will 
 be easy to furnish these newly-planted trees 
 with one or two soaking waterings, to pre- 
 gS 
 
86 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Directions for planting the Beds. 
 
 vent the young wood becoming shrivelled 
 or dry, to the injury of fruit buds formed 
 for the following season, and which will ren- 
 der watering in the spring less necessary. 
 
 Planting the Beds. 
 
 In preparing to plant, with a shovel or 
 broad spade make even the surface ; when 
 place a line throughout the bed eight inches 
 distant from the south side, and measure off 
 the distances for the plants in the rows ex- 
 actly three feet apart; and on the south 
 side the line placing small sticks or other 
 marks regularly close to the line through- 
 out the bed, whereby to plant the young trees 
 without the ground being trampled by the 
 persons digging, or holding the young trees. 
 Begin to plant at either end, by throwing the 
 soil away from out of the first hole; when 
 apply the plant, and earth it up with soil 
 from the second mark, thus completing 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 
 
 Directions for planting the Beds. 
 
 each row, taking- care to plant all close to 
 the line; after which remove the line to the 
 opposite side of the bed, marking it out by 
 the sticks in the same manner, and at an 
 equal distance on the north side as on the 
 south, placing the plants not oppositely, but 
 in the intermediate spaces, that they appear 
 in triangular order. 
 
 The general method of planting Goose- 
 berries adopted by common gardeners, from 
 six to eight feet apart, has been considered 
 a proper distance for these plants; which 
 being but little pruned, and suffered to re- 
 main many years, become very large, and 
 assuming a tree-like growth, but unproduc- 
 tive of other than under-sized and inferior 
 fruit; but as small or young trees, with 
 little bearing wood at most will be required 
 to our present purpose, the distance of 
 planting recommended is fully sufficient ; as 
 observation and experience clearly prove 
 G 4 
 
88 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Directions for Pruning. 
 
 that fruit of superior size and flavour can 
 only be obtained from young trees in well 
 thinned wood. 
 
 Pruning Trees, 
 
 In the culture of these trees, it is requi- 
 site that the business of pruning be well un- 
 derstood; and as both the old and young 
 wood annually bear fruit, there can be 
 less occasion for a redundancy of young 
 shoots remaining on the trees; and being 
 naturally of very branchy growth, it will be 
 necessary to reduce the number of shoots 
 materially ; recollecting, that every spur or 
 knot of the old wood will afford fruit or 
 bloom ; and that those of moderate and free 
 growth require to be left in preference to 
 the more luxuriant. Such healthy young 
 wood remaining on the trees at equal dis- 
 tances as possible, not less than six inches 
 apart, will much contribute to the increased 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 89 
 
 Application of the Wattled Hurdle. 
 
 growth and size of the fruit; and as a far- 
 ther auxiliary, it will be equally neces- 
 sary to guard against shortening any young 
 branches in the winter or spring pruning, 
 which remain for fruit, as it would tend to 
 promote numerous lateral shoots, and inva- 
 riably prove productive of much superfluous 
 wood. 
 
 The size of this fruit in its several varie- 
 ties, will be abundantly promoted in 
 growth, by the application of an open and 
 airy shade, as the wattled hurdle, when the 
 fruit first inclines to maturity by changing 
 colour: but little hot sun being thus ad- 
 mitted, and the ground thereby kept mode- 
 rately cool, a greater length of time will be 
 thus afforded to perfect the growth of the 
 fruit. 
 
90 THE CULTURE OP 
 
 Advantages of the Jerusalem Artichoke for Shade. 
 
 Preserving Fruit. 
 
 No article can possible be found better 
 calculated to effect the purpose of preserv- 
 ing these fruits beyond the common season 
 of maturity by shade, than the Jerusalem 
 Artichoke, planted at convenient distances 
 on the south side, to form a permanent and 
 due north border, where the situation is 
 open. 
 
 Thus admitting the early morning and 
 late evening sun, together with the drying 
 air common in the warm summer months, 
 between the leaves of the Helianthus Tube- 
 rosus, the fruit in dry seasons will be long 
 and well preserved from mould or damp. 
 
 As it will always be advantageous to ob- 
 tain this shade or protection from the sun 
 as early as possible after first planting these 
 roots, prefer those which are first dug out of 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 91 
 
 To form Shade by Jerusalem Artichoke. 
 
 the ground in October, or they probabl 
 may not attain snfficient altitude of growth 
 to protect the trees bearing fruit so early as 
 July, especially if planted late in the spring. 
 
 Thus, it will probably happen, that the 
 fruit on the outer row on the north side of 
 the bed, may not receive the shade intended 
 sooner than they are about to become ripe, 
 when, in July, they will be open to all ex- 
 cept the mid-day sun. 
 
 To form Shade by Jerusalem Artichoke. 
 
 See described under the article Straw- 
 berry. 
 
 Having described the necessary culture, 
 we proceed to offer a novel and 
 
 Improved Mode of Propagation. 
 
 The propagation of this tree is universally 
 sally understood to be effected by planting 
 
92 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Improved Mode of Propagation. 
 
 cuttings ; but an improvement of no incon- 
 siderable importance in their propagation, 
 as well as culture, has been discovered in 
 the practicability of obtaining not only young 
 trees more speedily, but, with the utmost 
 certainty, any desirable variety of this fruit, 
 hy—^^ planting cuttings,'' during the summer 
 months, when we have ocular dernonstra- 
 tion of fully ripe and perfected fruit, even 
 of the superior sorts growing on the trees; 
 and by which they will have formed consi- 
 derable protuberances, or some roots, before 
 winter ; that much time will be saved in the 
 growth of the young plants, and by which 
 we obtain with certainty, any particular 
 variety we are desirous of cultivating. 
 
 The fittest cuttings to be selected for this 
 purpose, are those from the bearing branches, 
 six to eight inches in length, taking each 
 cutting with its entire base or foot, together 
 with the heel, as they are denominated by 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 93 
 
 The most favourable Months for Planting. 
 
 slipping them out. Such cuttings of mode- 
 rate growth and strength, will form better 
 plants than more luxuriant shoots from the 
 stem or any other part of the tree. 
 
 July and August are to be considered the 
 most favourable months for planting, which 
 may be always best determined, by the si- 
 tuation in which the trees from whence the 
 cuttings intended to be taken, are found 
 growing, whether in the sun or shade, and 
 where the wood will be more or less hard. 
 
 By taking cuttings from bearing trees, in 
 July, or after Midsummer, they will not 
 only be in excellent condition to plant, 
 but those remaining on the trees will be- 
 come more strong, and better able to pro- 
 duce superior fruit the following season. 
 
94 THE CULTUE OP 
 
 Method of preparing the Cuttings. 
 
 Preparing Ground for Cuitings, 
 
 The situation in which to form beds to 
 receive these cuttings, must be similar to 
 that in which we direct bearing trees to be 
 planted; that is, in an exposure fully open 
 to the early morning and late evening sun, 
 and unobstructed by trees or buildings; 
 without which there will be great danger of 
 decay in cuttings by damp, or rotting off. 
 
 In cases where cuttings are of greater 
 lengths than are recommended, it will be 
 easy to form those which are over long, to 
 one uniform size, by reducing the tops of the 
 longest with a knife; and prior to planting, 
 prepare the foot of the cuttings slipped out, 
 by cutting away the heel or lower extre- 
 mity to little more than the extent of the 
 foot, smoothing the edges of the outer bark 
 throughout; when cut away any small pieces 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 95 
 
 Method of Planting. 
 
 of old wood, which, in slipping out from the 
 trees, may be found to adhere within the 
 bottom of the cutting, forming the base 
 somewhat round ; when they will be ready 
 to plant. 
 
 Method of Planting. 
 
 Cuttings being prepared, mark out the 
 bed for their reception three feet wide, by a 
 line on each side, evenly chopping down 
 the earth with a clean spade within the 
 lines, two inches deep ; when dig out the 
 soil regularly half a spit deep close to 
 each, laying the same regularly on the 
 outside of the lines placed to mark out the 
 bed; wherewith, and at the same time, 
 forming one regular embankment four to six 
 inches in height throughout, the better to 
 retain all waterings and falling showers 
 through the summer season. This done, 
 make even the bed designed to receive the 
 
96 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Method of Planting. 
 
 cuttings, affording' it a moderate dressing 
 of rich and very rotten manure about two 
 inches thick, preferring that from an early 
 formed hot-bed ; spread the same regularly 
 over the surface, and proceed to plant in the 
 following manner: — 
 
 At either end, begin the work by ''throw- 
 ing out a small trench as in common dig- 
 ging, marking out the ends of the bed as 
 before on the sides; having dug even the 
 ground about eight inches from the end of 
 the bed, and being provided with two sticks 
 six inches long, measure out that distance 
 on each side from the end ; then mark out 
 a line by laying a straight staff three feet in 
 length, directly across the bed, lightly press- 
 ing it on the new dug ground, to form a di- 
 rect line by which to plant the first row of 
 cuttings; when, with a clean spade, chop 
 away the earth evenly aslope, three to four 
 inches deep, against which to place the cut- 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. QJ 
 
 Method of Planting. 
 
 tings, ill such manner, that their tops ap- 
 pear regularly above the surface about two 
 inches ; tlien return the loose soil which has 
 been cast back from the line to the cut- 
 tings, lightly earthing them up about half 
 their length, and proceed to dig the ground 
 little more than six inches, to receive other 
 cuttings, by marking across, and chop- 
 ping aslope the ground, and planting others 
 as before, clearing away all weeds and 
 stones, until the bed is completed. Ob- 
 serve, on no account to press the earth to 
 the cuttings in the smallest degree, that all 
 waterings may be freely discharged ; as a 
 retention of moisture, from trampling the 
 earth to the cutting, will infallibly rot and 
 decay them. 
 
 On the business of planting being com- 
 pleted, make the suiface of the embank- 
 ment as smooth as possible, by striking the 
 earth of which it is formed on each side 
 
 H 
 
&8 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 Planting the Cuttings. 
 
 with the back of the spade, to render it 
 more firm, and prevent the water, in the 
 smallest proportion, running off. 
 
 Soon as the cuttings are planted, or on 
 the evening of the same day, it will be ne- 
 cessary to deluge the ground by lightly wa- 
 tering with a pot or pan, having a fine rose, 
 until the ground become muddy wet, to 
 settle the soil about them, and prevent 
 the admission of drying air, and winds. 
 Future waterings will require to be adminis- 
 tered, according as the season proves warm 
 or hot, which are only to be considered ne- 
 cessary when the surface of the ground ap- 
 pears dry, and must be afforded in mode- 
 rate proportions, not to endanger the cut- 
 tings by over moisture, always performing 
 this business towards night; and on the 
 same or following day apply the temporary 
 skreen or vs^attled hurdle, to protect these 
 newly planted cuttings from the hottest sun. 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 99 
 
 Clearing the Weeds from the Cuttings. 
 
 This article, as recommended for the 
 culture of Strawberry and the Raspberry, 
 may be very advantageously applied in 
 the propagation of these trees, by cut- 
 tings planted in the w^arm summer months, 
 to protect them from the more violent or 
 mid-day sun ; but on their being planted 
 not earlier than the latter end of July, or 
 beginning of August, a superior protection ' 
 or shade will be afforded by the HeliantJius 
 Tuherosiis, or Jerusalem Artichoke^ planted 
 and cultivated as has been directed for pre- 
 serving the fruit of Strawberries beyond 
 their common season. 
 
 About Michaelmas, when the soil is dry, 
 and before autumn, or winter rains fall, 
 with a sharp hoe, four inches wide, cut up 
 and clear away all weeds growing in and 
 between the rows of cuttings; on making 
 even the surface throughout the bed, lay 
 rotten and finely broken hot-bed manure, 
 
 h2 
 
100 THE CULTURE OF 
 
 To keep the Beds sufficiently watered. 
 
 about an inch thick, regularly between the 
 rows; then reduce the embankment formed 
 at the time of planting on the sides and ends 
 of the bed, by throwing away the earth, the 
 more readily to shoot off all wet, to prevent 
 inundation from heavy rains and dissolving 
 snows. 
 
 Early in the spring, on the weather be- 
 coming dry, make clean the surface of the 
 ground, with a sharp hoe, between the rows 
 throughout, renewing the embankment on 
 each side, and at the ends of the bed, the bet- 
 ter to retain all copious rains or waterings 
 during the spring and summer seasons; and 
 on the first symptom of the ground becoming 
 dry, which sometimes happens in March and 
 April, it will be advantageous to deluge the 
 bed by one copious supply of water, gently 
 administered by a pot or pan having a rose, 
 as at first planting, the more eflfectually to 
 secure them against extreme drought of the 
 
THE GOOSEBERRY. 101 
 
 Necessity of keeping the Cuttings clear from weeds. 
 
 spring, which may occasionally be repeated 
 until Midsummer, on the season proving 
 warm and dry. 
 
 Such waterings can be only necessary on 
 the ground becoming dry, and will require 
 to be seldom but freely afforded. 
 
 The only culture requisite during the 
 summer will be thai of keeping them clear 
 from weeds. 
 
 In the autumn, and within sixteen months 
 from the time of planting, sufficient well- 
 rooted trees will be afforded finally to trans- 
 plant into most situations, which may be 
 reduced by the knife to any particular form, 
 according to the purpose for which they are 
 designed. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
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