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 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS 
 LIBRARY 
 
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THE 
 
 History of Florence, 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 INCLUDING A COMPLETE ACCOUNT 
 OF THE 
 
 Northampton Association of Education and Industry 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 CHARLES A. SHEFFELD 
 
 FLORENCE, MASS.: 
 PUBLISHED BY THE EDITOR. 
 
 1895. 
 

 COPYRIGHT, 1894, 
 
 By CHARLES A. SHEFFELD. 
 
 
 SPRINGFIELD PRINTING AND BINDING 
 SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
 
TO MY GRANDFATHER, 
 
 Samuel Xapfoam Ibill, 
 
 WHOSE KINDNESS AND BENEVOLENCE, WHOSE MORAL COURAGE, 
 
 REMARKABLE SAGACITY, AND TIRELESS ENERGY WILL 
 
 EVER BE GRATEFULLY REMEMBERED BY THE 
 
 CITIZENS OF FLORENCE, 
 
 I DEDICATE THIS BOOK. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Many events have occurred in Florence that have rendered it a 
 village of especial interest and have given it distinction, and this work 
 is offered to the public in the hope that not only its present citizens, but 
 those who will make Florence their home, in years to come, may find it 
 both interesting and valuable. 
 
 Three years ago, upon the suggestion of a friend, a book illustrating 
 the picturesque attractions of the village was conceived, and a beginning 
 made. As no one could be found to contribute an adequate historical 
 sketch, the writer reluctantly assumed the task. 
 
 A little research revealed a mine of material as yet undisturbed by 
 the historian's pickaxe, which made it apparent that something more 
 comprehensive than a mere sketch was needed, and the result is the 
 history that forms Part I. However, the original idea of giving variety 
 to the text by having many contribute has not been abandoned, but 
 instead of the six articles, at first projected, the number has been in- 
 creased to thirty-seven. 
 
 We take pleasure in acknowledging our great indebtedness to the 
 researches of Sylvester Judd, Esq., and to the files of the Gazette, which 
 have yielded valuable material. Other sources of information have been 
 the town and count}' records, the manuscript documents of the old 
 "Community," and the memories of aged persons. We are under special 
 obligations to our contributors, whose assistance has added much to the 
 value of the work. 
 
 The engravings were made by the Springfield Photo-Engraving 
 Company and the Boston Engraving Company from pen and ink 
 sketches, of which the greater number were the work of Miss Susanne 
 Lathrop, and of which four were contributed by Miss Helen Louise 
 Davis, and from photographs by Clifton Johnson, Ferdinand Schadee, 
 W. A. Sheldon, and the Editor. The landscapes on pages 70 and 91 
 were photographed by Miss Mabel Hinckley, who manifested as an 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 amateur photographer the enthusiasm and devotion that were distin- 
 guishing traits of her character. To her the Editor owes his interest in 
 the camera, an interest that finally led to the inception of this book. 
 
 To the custodians of the records in public offices and to their clerks ; 
 to the librarians at the Center and Florence; to James R. Trumbull, 
 for valuable assistance with the Judd manuscripts ; to E. C. and E. E. 
 Davis, for instruments loaned to take altitudes ; to The Price & Lee Co., 
 for permission to use the map of Florence ; to Charles F. Warner, for per- 
 mission to use the biographical sketch of C. C. Burleigh, first published 
 in the Hampshire County Journal; to Miss Ella C. Elder and Miss Ellen E. 
 Osgood, for helpful and painstaking criticisms upon the Editor's manu- 
 script ; to Arthur G. Hill, for unwearied co-operation in many directions, 
 as well as to the multitude of other friends, at home and abroad, whose 
 kindness has been unfailing, — the Editor hereby tenders grateful thanks. 
 
 Florence, Mass.. December 22, 1894. 
 
PART I 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHICAL. „ A ,.„ 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Natural Features of the Territory — Description of Ancient Localities, and 
 
 Places of Special Interest 1 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 i How Northampton was Settled — The Nonotuck Indians — The Deed of North- 
 ampton — Condition of the Country as the Settlers Found it — The Divis- 
 ion of the Lands at Nonotuck iS 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 FROM 1654 TO FIRST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 The First Visit of the English to Florence Territory, and the First Owners 
 of Land there — The First Enterprise in Florence — The Sawmill of Ly- 
 man Brothers, Wright <S: Parsons — The One Acre Grant to Parsons, 
 and its Contribution to the Early History of the Place — The Hulberts, 22 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 F I R.ST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 The French and Indian Wars Hindered the Settlement of Outlying Dis- 
 tricts — The Settlement Begun — The First House Built — Daniel War- 
 ner the Second Settler — Story of the Phelps House — Gaius Burt Comes 
 in 179S — Josiah White and His Oil Mill — First House in the Center of 
 the Village, 1809 29 
 
6 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 SETTLEMENT CONTINUED. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 The Tavern of Solomon Warner — Captain Julius Phelps Comes in 1815 — 
 Enoch Jewett, 1816 — William Warner, 1 S 1 7 — The Seth Warner House — 
 Colonel Thomas Pomeroy, 1820 — The Dwight Farm — The Oliver Warner 
 Tavern in the Twenties, .......... 37 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 FROM 1831 TO 1835. 
 
 The "Traveler's Home" — The Tavern Stand ; and an Evening Scene — Early 
 
 Roads and Bridges — The Later History of the Saw, Grist and Oil Mills, 45 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 MULBERRY FEVER AND^SILK ENTERPRISE. 
 
 Early Biography of Samuel Whitmarsh— The Northampton Silk Company — 
 Later Enterprises of Mr. Whitmarsh — David Lee and Lydia Maria 
 Child — Josiah Gilbert Holland, 55 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 /NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 The Spirit of the Times — The Transcendental Movement — Kindred Associa- 
 tions, Brook Farm and Hopedale— ^The Projectors of the Northampton 
 Association — Why Florence was Selected as the Site of the New Venv 
 ture — The Leaders Buy the Silk Company's Property — The Preliminary 
 Circular — Organization — Constitution and By-Laws — Items from the 
 Secretary's Book, ............ 65 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION. — Continued. 
 
 The Years 1843. 1844, 1845, 1846 — Causes of the Dissolution — Membership 
 List — Notes, 87 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 ABRIDGED ANNALS. 
 
 How Florence Took its Name — Population — First Store — Post Office Estab- 
 lished — Casualties — Cemeteries, . . . . . . . . .107 
 
PART II. 
 
 OLD COMMUNITY TIMES. PAGE . 
 
 Reminiscences, . . . . . . . . . . • • M 5 
 
 By Frances P. Judd. 
 
 When I was a Boy, n ^ 
 
 By George R. Stetson. 
 
 When I was a Girl, ........... 123 
 
 By a Community Maiden. 
 
 A Young Man in the Community, . . . • • • ■ • ' -^ 
 
 By Giles B. Stebbins. 
 
 ^/U hat I Found at the Northampton Association, i-9 
 
 By Frederick Douglass. 
 
 The Hutchinsons' Visit, .......... 13 2 
 
 By John W. Hutchinson. 
 
 RELIGIOUS HISTORY. 
 
 The Congregational Church, ......-•• L37 
 
 Historical Sketch. By Rev. E. G. Cobb. 
 Quarter-Centennial — 1 866-1 891. By Frank N. Look. 
 
 Methodism in Florence, ........•■ >4 2 
 
 By Mary E. Gould. 
 
 The Church of the Annunciation, ......... 1-1-5 
 
 By Rev. P. H. Gallen. 
 
 The Free Congregational Society. ........ 146 
 
 By Henry B. Haven. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. 
 
 The Florence Public Schools, '5 1 
 
 By William D. Miller. 
 
 The Kindergarten 156 
 
 Manual Training, ........... J 59 
 
 By Rev. Frederic A. Hinckley. 
 
 The Florence Lyceum, . . . . . . . . • • - 161 
 
 By Judge Daniel W. Bond. 
 
8 CONTENTS. 
 
 HISTORIC REMINISCENCES. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Florence, .............. 165 
 
 By Mrs. Helen T. Clark. 
 
 The " Underground Railway," 165 
 
 By Joseph Marsh. 
 
 The Florence Dramatic Club, ... ..... 168 
 
 By Arthur G. Hill. 
 The Sewing Machine Band, 171 
 
 By Edward Birge. 
 
 The Fire Department, ........... 176 
 
 By Clayton E. Davis. 
 
 The Eagle Base Ball Club 179 
 
 By One of the Players. 
 
 My Early Recollections. 1 86 
 
 By John B. O'Donnell. 
 
 The Munde Water Cure, 190 
 
 By Paul F. Munde, M. D. 
 
 Florence in the Mill River Flood, . . . . . . . . 193 
 
 By Clayton E. Davis. 
 
 Florence and the War, ........... 197 
 
 By Joseph B. Whitehouse. 
 
 What Florence Needs, 
 
 By William H. Riley. 
 
 The Village Improvement Society, 
 Bv W. L. Wilcox. 
 
 BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 Samuel Lapham Hill ^05 
 
 Preface. By Seth Hunt. 
 
 Biographical Sketch. By Arthur G. Hill. 
 
 Charles C. Burleigh 211 
 
 By Seth Hunt. 
 
 Daniel Greene Littlefield, ->4 
 
 By the Editor. 
 
 Alfred Theodore Lilly, 216 
 
 From the " Memorial."' 
 
 Alfred P. Critchlow 219 
 
 By George P. Warner. 
 
CONTENTS. 9 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Elisha Livermore Hammond, ... ..... 221 
 
 By 1 [arriet B. ( rardner. 
 
 Mary White Bond 224 
 
 By Martha Bryant Cary. 
 
 ( reorge A. Burr, ............ 227 
 
 By Frank X. Look. 
 
 Henry Herrick Bond, ........... 230 
 
 By Elizabeth Powell Bond. 
 
 fohn Lord Otis, ............ 233 
 
 By the Editor. 
 
 Industrial Interests, 237 
 
lip 
 
 K \\?^m\^tedf>^ chapter, i z^^^mm 
 
 ^r _, _"' — ^ f ' , <-^-^S'' : ^ - ZZT^^''^ ^=o»- 
 
 
 Naturai. Features of the Territory. — Description of Ancient Localities, and 
 Places of Special Interest. 
 
 A brief account of the topography of Florence is necessary to familiar- 
 ize the reader with the ancient names of certain portions of the territory, 
 and to save the continual use of foot notes. Both the old and the mod- 
 ern names are given, and the aim has been to afford a thorough under- 
 standing to all interested. 
 
 Bounds. — Florence is not incorporated, being simply a part of the 
 city of Northampton, and distinct division lines between the village and 
 adjacent places have never been drawn. The limits of Florence are as 
 vague as some of the original landmarks in the ancient deeds. Individ- 
 uals have ventured opinions as to how far the village extended, but no 
 two have agreed on just the same boundaries. After consulting many 
 citizens, the following lines have been drawn : — 
 
 The natural geographical center of the village is near the junction of 
 Main and Maple streets. From this point as a center, with a radius of a 
 little more than three fourths of a mile, or, to be exact, two hundred and 
 fifty-eight rods, describe a circle. The 1894 map plainly shows this 
 circle. If this boundary was made to include more territory to the north 
 and west it would represent the average opinion of those consulted. 
 
 Florence is beautifully situated two and one half miles west of North- 
 ampton center, and bounded as above embraces parts of Wards five and 
 seven, and the whole of Ward six of the city, and the circle with a diame- 
 ter of one mile and three fifths incloses an area of about thirteen hundred 
 acres. 
 
 Elevations. — The principal part of Florence is a plateau considerably 
 above the level of Northampton, but the village includes a few elevations 
 worthy of distinctive names. 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Bear Hill is near the northwest boundary of Florence, and north of 
 the John F. Warner homestead. It might be called a continuation of 
 the elevation extending from Haydenville, through the northeast portion 
 of Leeds. From the junction of Bridge road and North Main street, a 
 gradual rise northward for thirty rods brings one to the southern sum- 
 ■■.. 
 
 ■:. 
 
 MAI' OF FLORENCE. 
 
 -1S94. 
 
 mit, but the highest point is forty rods to the north. This has an eleva- 
 tion of about two hundred feet from the level of the plain below. Bear 
 Hill is the largest and highest hill in Florence. When the Warners came 
 here it was said that they had "moved to Bear Hill." The name is of 
 ancient origin, having been used as early as 1754. 
 
 Baker s Hill is next in size to Bear Hill. Strictly speaking it is not 
 wholly within the village limits, the southeastern declivity being part of 
 Bay State. It rises about one hundred feet above the general level of 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 13 
 
 the meadows to the west, and takes ils name from Edward Baker. (See 
 " Baker's Meadow.") The road running northeast and southwest over 
 its summit was for a long time the only traveled way from Florence to 
 Bay State. Many of the older residents remember climbing the hill in 
 going from village to village. 
 
 Brush Hill and Strawberry Hill are names applied to the same eleva- 
 tion, the former being the ancient and the latter the modern appellation. 
 The summit is eighty rods northeast of the steam railroad station. In 
 olden times there were numerous " Brush " Hills in the western part of 
 the township of Northampton. This " Brush " Hill is found in deeds 
 bearing the date of the opening years of this century, and for a long time 
 the hill was known by this name. 
 
 FROM DEAR HILL — DOWN THE RAILROAD TRACK. 
 
 Streams. — Mill River is the only stream of any size within the limits of 
 Florence. It enters the village at the northwest and flows southeasterly. 
 One branch of the river rises in the hills of Goshen, and the other in the 
 southwestern corner of Conway. These branches uniting, the river fol- 
 lows a southeasterly course and empties into the Connecticut River at the 
 "ox-bow." It is noted for its many water privileges, and was made mem- 
 orable by the great flood that swept down its channel in 1874, entailing 
 great loss of life and property. 
 
 Broughtoris Brook: The northeast corner of Florence, east of Hol- 
 voke street, is drained by a small brook, which was known in olden times 
 as Broughton's Brook. John Broughton, formerly of Springfield, was 
 
14 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 one of the first settlers at Northampton in 1654. The brook issues from 
 the woods east of Chestnut street, and flows southerly through the 
 meadows, entering Mill river at Bay State. When electricity came into 
 use as the motive power on the street railway, a dam was built across 
 this stream near Locust street. At one time it must have been quite a 
 stream, but for several years the amount of water in the brook has been 
 gradually decreasing. 
 
 Ponds. — Warner's Pond is the modern appellation of the small body 
 of water lying between Locust and South Main streets. Soon after 1825 
 (before 1830) Enoch Jewett built the dam across Broughton's Brook, and 
 
 raised this pond. The 
 pond takes its name 
 from Joseph Warner, 
 silk manufacturer, for 
 a long time proprietor 
 of the mills now com- 
 monly called Leon- 
 ard's Silk Mills, sit- 
 uated several rods 
 south of the pond. 
 Before Mr. Warner 
 owned the mill the 
 pond was sometimes 
 
 BAKER'S HILL.-LOOKING TOWARD MOUNTAINS. ^j^ Holland ' s p Qnd 
 
 — Harvey, son of Harrison, and brother of Dr. Josiah Gilbert Holland, 
 at one time having had an interest in these mills. 
 
 Round Pond : In many early deeds we have found a reference to 
 Round Pond. This name seems to have been applied to the pond, or 
 more truly speaking to the hole, that is now called Frog Pond. It lies 
 just north of Warren street. In olden times the water in this locality 
 was more abundant than now, and William Strong, born 1820, says that 
 when he was a boy and living here (1830-40), the pond covered consider- 
 able ground, and that quantities of muck were dug from it each season. 
 
 Meadows. — Broughton's Meadow: The first record of land granted 
 to the original settlers of Northampton, in the territory now embraced by 
 Florence, was a grant of five acres in the meadows in the western part of 
 the village, now known as Ross's Meadow. Broughton's Meadow was 
 used to denote this locality nearly two hundred years, from 1657 to the 
 dissolution of the "Community'' in 1846. 
 
 Baker's Meadow : The only way that an early grant of land could be 
 designated or described was by comparing its position with another plot 
 noted for some geographical peculiarity, or by its being owned by a per- 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 15 
 
 son conspicuous in the affairs of a certain neighborhood. A descriptive 
 term found continually in the old town records is " which lyes up the 
 Mill River." This seems a vague way to designate a piece of property, 
 but with the aid of an additional landmark the land was plotted to the 
 satisfaction and understanding of those concerned. A spot in Florence 
 that served as a landmark, or general reckoning place, in the early days 
 of Northampton was known as Baker's Meadow. This meadow is small 
 in size and lies in the southerly part of the village, south of River road 
 and north of Mill River, the western end being about one hundred rods 
 below the dam of the Nonotuck Silk Company. It is one of the few 
 places so described by the town authorities that after a period of two 
 hundred years the boundaries may still be traced. But for this clear 
 description the very early history of the village would have remained in 
 obscurity, since had we failed to recognize Baker's Meadow the task of 
 locating the one acre grant to Samuel Parsons (mentioned in Chapter 
 IV.) would have been a hopeless one. 
 
 The original grant as taken from the town records is as follows :— 
 
 " The Record of Mr. Edward Baker's land : — More granted to him by the 
 Towne of Northampton as is above expressed lying up the Mill River a p r cell of 
 Meadow lying compassed partly with a steep bank somewhat like a halfe moone 
 northerly, easterly against the hill and a brooke, Bordering on the Mill River 
 Southerly, (at) the other end of the Meadow the hilly bank comes to the River; 
 containing in estimation nine acres be the same more or lesse." 
 
 The date of this 
 grant was April 2, 
 1662. An examination 
 of this meadow will 
 show how well the 
 grant describes the 
 spot. It is probable 
 that Baker's Hill was 
 like everything else in 
 the vicinity, " Neere 
 Baker's Meadow," 
 and after a time took 
 the name which to 
 this day commemo- 
 rates the first owner of the meadow below. 
 
 Stoddard's Meadow : The original Stoddard's Meadow comprised the 
 land east of Water street and south of Mill River, and, in the language of 
 the authorities, " lys on the south side of the Mill River opposite or 
 against the land granted by the towne to Edward Baker, and is known 
 
 Warner's (Leonard's) pond. 
 
i6 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 by the name of Baker's Meadow." In 1701 this triangular meadow was 
 granted Mr. Stoddard for setting up a sawmill. Later Stoddard's 
 Meadow was the name given to all the interval land between Nonotuck 
 street and the river, from the oil mill on the west to Baker's Hill on the 
 east. 
 
 Plains.— According to Temple and Sheldon's " Northfield " this term 
 as used by the early settlers had a restricted meaning. It was not 
 applied to level lands in general, but to certain well defined tracts that 
 had some common peculiarity of soil and condition, were nearly free 
 from trees, and could be readily cultivated. 
 
 Bear Hill Plain is mentioned in the early deeds and is on the map of 
 1754. This name was applied to the flat country north of the railroad 
 track, south and east of Bear Hill, and to this day it is sometimes called 
 " the plains." 
 
 BROUGHTON S MEADOW. 
 
 The Millstone Mountain Plain recorded on the early maps extended 
 from Bridge road near the Catholic Cemetery south and west to Locust 
 and Hatfield streets. When the railroad was built from Northampton 
 to Williamsburg in 1867 the cut in the vicinity divided this plain into 
 two parts. 
 
 Broughtoris Meadow Plain is occasionally found in the early records, 
 and included the upland above the river, now the center of the village. 
 Before the formation of the " Community " the term was in common use 
 to designate this locality. Like the greater part of the ancient names 
 this one has long ceased to be used, and is only found in the musty 
 records of the past. The transfer of ownership ordinarily welcomes a 
 new appellation, unless the spot bears some peculiarity so great as to 
 render it and the old name inseparable. 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 17 
 
 Miscellaneous. — Some points of special interest, additional land- 
 marks, it may be well to describe. 
 
 Burt's Pit, named for Gaius Burt, lies near the southwestern boundary 
 of Florence, off the road leading to Easthampton. It was previously 
 called Seeger's Swamp. Large quantities of muck are annually dug in 
 this region. " Burt's Road " leads to the pit. 
 
 Bear Hill Swamp lies northeast of the hill, in the rear of Spring 
 Grove Cemetery. 
 
 Elevations. — For those who enjoy facts the following table has been 
 inserted. With few exceptions the altitudes have been taken specially 
 for this volume. Figures give the height above mean sea level. The 
 general level of Florence is about 270 feet. Slight mathematical calcu- 
 lations will give the relative height of any point. 
 
 Junction Main and Maple streets, 275 feet. 
 
 Bear Hill, north summit, 494 
 
 Bear Hill, south summit, 430 
 
 Baker's Hill, 335 
 
 Strawberry Hill, 325 
 
 Fortification Hill, 332 
 
 Millstone Mountain. 300 
 
 Junction Federal and South Main streets, 214 
 
 Dam of Nonotuck Silk Company, 232 
 
 Dam at Bay State Cutlery, 202 
 
 Junction Nonotuck and Maple streets, 235 
 
 Floor of Meadow street bridge, 243 
 
 MILL RIVER — FROM BRUSH SHOP BRIDGE. 
 
COSMIAN hall. EROUGHTON'S MEADOW — VILLAGE IN DISTANCE. SCHOOLHOUSK. 
 
 METHODIST CHURCH. CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 How Northampton was Settled. — The Nonotuck Indians. — The Deed of North- 
 ampton. — Condition of the Country as the Settlers Found it. — The 
 Division of the Lands at Nonotuck. 
 
 In order properly to follow the course of events leading to the settle- 
 ment of Northampton and Florence, let us briefly consider what otherwise 
 might seem out of place here. The great English emigration to this 
 country which began with the coming of the Pilgrims in 1620, reached 
 its highest mark in 1630, and ten years later had nearly ceased. During 
 this time twenty thousand English came to New England. Towns 
 multiplied rapidly. Differences of opinion in matters of town govern- 
 ment led some adventurous ones to emigrate to the Connecticut Valley, 
 and by 1636 the towns of Wethersfield, Hartford, Windsor, and Spring- 
 field had been founded. 
 
 The " Great Falls," as the Indians called the rapid water at South 
 Hadley, hindered the settlement of the attractive country north of them, 
 because all supplies had to come to the new plantations by way of the 
 Connecticut river, therefore no one desired to be above boat navigation. 
 So it was eighteen years after the settlement of Springfield, before North- 
 ampton was founded by men from Wethersfield, Windsor, and Springfield. 
 
 The Nonotuck Indians occupied the portion of the Connecticut 
 Valley extending from South Hadley Falls to Mount Wequomps (now 
 Sugar-Loaf). In 1690 the tribe numbered not far from three hundred 
 souls, and not more than one hundred of these could have been warriors. 
 They had forts on both sides of the river. They lived on fish, game, 
 nuts, fruits, berries, tuberous roots, Indian corn, pumpkins, and after the 
 English came they raised a kind of bean. They had several cultivated 
 fields of from twelve to twenty acres each. The English always pur- 
 chased the land from the Indians, who knew what a deed meant. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 19 
 
 THE DEED OF NORTHAMPTON. 
 
 •• Be it known by these presents, that Chickwallopp, alias Wawhillowa, Nenas- 
 sahalant, Nassicohee, Kiunks, Paquahalant, Assellaquompas, it Awonusk, the wife 
 of Wulluther, all Nonotuck, who are the chief iV' proper owners of all the lands 
 on the west Side of Connecticut river at Nonotuck, on the one * do give, grant, 
 bargain & Sell unto John Pynchon, of Springfield, on the other party, to him, 
 his Heirs. & Assigns, all the Grounds & Meadows, Woods & Ponds & W lying 
 on the west side of Ouonetticut river, beginning the Small river (belowMunham) 
 called Sankrohonk, & So up by Ouonetticut river to the little meadow called 
 Capawonk, namely, to the little brook or Gutter on this Side Capawonk, which 
 little brook is called Masquampe, and the Grounds lying Westward from Con- 
 necticut river (within the Compass Aforenamed) for nine Miles out into the 
 Woods, viz.: as far as Manshoonish is from Springfield, — for So it was expressed 
 to the Indians, — all that Tract of Grounds from Sankronk riveret, &: Ouonack- 
 quck called Munham, Poihnack, Petowwag, Aspowounk, Luckcommuck, Assat- 
 tavvagg, Nayyagg, Nayyvumkegg, Masqump,& by whatsoever other names the Said 
 Grounds are called, & all out into the woods from the great river for 9 Miles 
 within this compass, The aforesaid Indians, & in Particular Wawhollowa, 
 Nenessahalant, & Nassachohee, being the Sachems of Nonotuck, do for them- 
 selves, & with the Consent of the other Indians and owners of the said Grounds, 
 Sell, Give, and Grant unto John Pynchon, of Springfield, & to his Assigns for 
 & in the Consideration of One hundred fathom of Wampam by Tale & for Ten 
 Coats (beside Some Small Gifts) in hand paid to the said Sachems & owners. 
 all the land aforesaid as * these presents have bargained, Granted 
 & Sold to the said * Pynchon all & Singular the Said lands free from all Incum- 
 brances of Indians, provided the Said Pynchon Shall plow up or cause to be 
 plowed up for the said Indians Sixteen acres of land on the Easterly side of Quo- 
 netticut river, which is to be done Sometime next Summer, 1654; And in the 
 mean time, viz., the next Spring 1654, The Indians have liberty to plant their 
 present Cornfields, but after that time they are wholly to leave that west Side of 
 the river, & not to plant or molest the English there. 
 
 " All the Said Premises the Said Pynchon & his Assigns Shall have & enjoy 
 Absolutely & clearly forever, all Incumbrances from any Indians or * their Corn- 
 fields. In Witness of this presents the said Indians have Subscribed their marks 
 this twenty-fourth day of September, 1653." 
 
 THE MARKS OF THE INDIANS. 
 
 /v \yvo 
 
 > 
 
 PAQUAHALE.NT. N'EN ASSAM A LENT. CHICK WALLOP. NASSICOHEE. SKITTOMP 
 
 Note. — This deed was witnessed by four white men and three Indians. The Indians 
 were Wutchamin, Nammeleck, and Skittomp, alias Unquask, of Chicquabee. 
 * Omissions in deed. 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 MAP SHOWING LANDOWNERS IN FLORENCE TERRITORY — 1 754 
 
 Note. — This shows the three principal highways, the " North," " South," and middle 
 roads, the latter called " Isaac's Way." The two vertical lines divided " Inner Commons " 
 from "Long Division." The lots in Long Division were numbered in regular order from the 
 Hatfield town line through to Easthampton. A space for a highway was left between lots 
 Nos. 33 and 34, and for another road near the bridge between lots Nos. 40 and 41. By care- 
 ful search one can find the three plains, Hear Hill, Broughton's Meadow, and Millstone 
 Mountain, as well as other points of interest. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 21 
 
 Was this an unbroken wilderness when the pioneers came to North- 
 ampton ? Did an immense forest cover all this vicinity where now stand 
 beautiful villages, towns, and cities? No, not by any means. Each 
 autumn the Indians burnt over all the country. This destroyed the 
 brushwood, scorched the older trees, and kept the country open for travel 
 and hunting ; so when the settlers came they found the meadows gener- 
 ally free from trees and brush, and grass and fodder growing on the hill- 
 side. Good timber was scarce ; the wet lowlands alone were heavily 
 wooded, and here game abounded. 
 
 The petitioners voted that "every singell man" shall have " foare 
 acres" and "every head of a phamily six acres of meadow." Besides 
 this, each settler was granted a home- 
 lot, generally of four acres. Judd 
 quotes this as the rule by which the 
 lands were divided: "Fifteen acres 
 to the head of a family, three acres to 
 a son, twenty acres to a one hundred 
 pound estate." When meadow land 
 proved swampy, a larger tract of up- 
 land was granted in its stead, as the 
 latter was not considered so valuable. 
 But the meadow land in the eastern 
 part of the town did not hold out, so 
 they came westward to Broughton's m 
 Meadow, and to other land lying up 
 the Mill River. 
 
 All the land not divided was held "in common," each individual hav- 
 ing certain rights in this unoccupied territory. Later, portions of "the 
 commons " were divided among individuals. At one time the township 
 was divided into two principal parts : one, of the land on the eastern 
 boundary, including most of the territory within the present village of 
 Florence, which was called " Inner Commons" ; the other, laid out at a 
 later date, took in all the western portion of the township, and was called 
 "Long Division." Other sections were named "Old Hatefield," "Love- 
 field," " Little " and " Mountain " divisions. On some Northampton 
 maps these ancient divisions are still to be seen. 
 
 WHEN WE WERE HOYS. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 ->l<- 
 
 NEAR LOCUST GROVE. 
 
 FROM 1654 TO FIRST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 The First Visit of the English to Florence Territory, and the First Owners 
 of Land there. — The First Enterprise in Florence. The Sawmill of 
 Lyman Brothers, Wright & Parsons. — The One Acre Grant to Parsons, 
 and its Contribution to the Early History of the Place. — The Hulberts. 
 
 The exact date when the English first visited Florence is not recorded. 
 Inside of ilire_e years after Northampton was settled, it is known that the 
 site of the village had been visited, not by explorers alone, but by those 
 
 officially appointed to 
 divide the lands in 
 this vicinity. The first 
 grant of land that we 
 have been able to find 
 and locate with any 
 degree of certainty, 
 now within Florence 
 territory, was made 
 to John Broughton, 
 formerly of Spring- 
 field, one of the first 
 settlers at Northampton. The utmost difficulty is experienced in locat- 
 ing these first grants of land, since the authorities did not take pains 
 to describe them so that later generations could easily locate them. 
 John Broughton's grant was favored in this particular, so to-day we 
 place him as one of the first owners of land in Florence. Below is the 
 item appearing in the Proprietors' book : — 
 
 " The Record of John Brotton's Land which was granted to him by the Towne 
 of Northampton and to his heirs, execut r s and assigns to have and to hold forever, 
 taken December 12, 1657. [Several pieces of land including] 
 
 "another p r cell of Land which Lieth up the Mill River w c h is thus bounded : 
 Bordering on the Mill River West e ly and on the Commons or hill w c h com- 
 passeth it like an elbow East e ly and South e ly Bounded on the North e ly end on 
 the Land of Lieut. William Clark, being in estimation five acres in lieue of four 
 in the meadow — five acres more or less." 
 
 The two clauses that aided in locating this grant were " Lieth up the 
 Mill River," and bordering on " the Commons or hill which compasseth 
 it like an elbow." The location of this grant is on the easterly side of 
 Mill River, in Ross's Meadow, north of Meadow street and west of Lilly 
 street, directly in the rear of the house long owned and occupied by Mr. 
 
FROM 1654 TO FIRST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 Dwight A. Ross. The line dividing the two sections of land known as 
 "Inner Commons" and "Long Division" at one time ran along the top 
 of the high bank just west of Lilly street. By examining the spot it will 
 be seen that the hill " compasseth it like an elbow," true to the descrip- 
 tion. " The meadow " in the clause " in lieue of four in the meadow" 
 no doubt refers to the great meadow in Northampton, as when no special 
 name was mentioned this one was always understood. 
 
 Other grants in this vicinity followed in quick succession and in less 
 than a year fully a dozen owned land 
 in the meadows. Since Broughton 
 was one of the first to own land there, 
 the meadow took his name. He sold 
 his grant in 1675 to Joseph Parsons, 
 and in a few years nearly an entirely 
 new set of proprietors came into pos- 
 session. 
 
 To keep the cattle within the proper 
 bounds the settlers had to fence por- 
 tions of " the Commons," and each 
 man had to build and keep in repair 
 " his proportion," as determined by 
 the amount of land he owned. Owing 
 to the transfers of land from one to 
 another, it was necessary every few 
 years to draw up a new schedule of 
 each man's "proportion." Those who 
 did not want the trouble of looking 
 after their "proportion" would "alien- 
 ate " so many rods to some other 
 settler by paying him a consideration. 
 
 Each section perfected an organ- 
 ization to keep the fence in repair, 
 and as early as 1663 the landowners 
 in the Broughton's Meadow had 
 already organized, as is shown by the following order passed at a town 
 meeting held that year : " It was voted that the Proprietors of the 
 Meadow commonly called Broughton's meadow, that they shall have 
 liberty to set their fence Streight on the bank on the Common land." 
 
 Another interesting grant was Edward Baker's allotment of a piece 
 of meadow land in the southwestern part of the town. (See first chap- 
 ter.) 
 
 Other owners of land on either side of the river at Broughton's 
 
 The quiet of the fields and woods 
 Sank deep into his soul." — Whitlier. 
 
24 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Meadow included Thomas Bascom, Josiah Dewey, Henry Woodward, 
 James Cornish, William Clark, Joseph Leeds, Jonathan Hunt, and Medad 
 Pomeroy. In 1673 Joshua Pomeroy had a grant of six acres of " swamp 
 and upland." The upland must have been on North Main street, near 
 the present residence of Mr. E. C. Davis, and the records say it was 
 given Pomeroy " to build upon." Evidently he did not consider the 
 locality a favorable one for settlement, for no house was built here. 
 Joseph Hawley bought the land of Pomeroy in 1684, " in all some twelve 
 or sixteen acres." The original grant called it six acres. The early 
 measurements were frequently faulty ; the true acreage is often two or 
 three times as much as the first grant called for. Thus Baker's Meadow, 
 laid out for nine acres, in reality contains nearly twentv-seven. 
 
 RAILROAD STATION. 
 
 THE FIRST ENTERPRISE. 
 
 No new plantation could long be without those indispensable adjuncts 
 of any community— a sawmill and a gristmill, or, as the latter was 
 
 always called in the 
 days of our fore- 
 fathers, a "corn-mill." 
 Very soon after a 
 town had been 
 planted some enter- 
 prising man asked 
 permission in town 
 meeting to establish 
 these industries, and 
 as early as 1657 Northampton had a gristmill, and by 167 1 a sawmill had 
 begun its work. 
 
 Nearly three miles westward from the center, Mill River flowed 
 through Broughton's Meadow, and a natural fall might then be seen 
 where now the dam of the Nonotuck Silk Company stems the stream. 
 The early inhabitants of Northampton were not slow in deciding that 
 here was an excellent opportunity to develop a water power, and no doubt 
 they foresaw that some day mills would stand on either bank, and the 
 busy whir of machinery would drown the noise of the waters tumbling- 
 over the rocks near by. 
 
 Five years after the close of Philip's war the times appeared favor- 
 able for a new undertaking, and at a town meeting held on the second 
 of January, 1681, four men asked permission to erect another sawmill in 
 town. This permission was granted, as may be seen by the following 
 order copied from the Town Records, Book I., page 55: — 
 
FROM 1654 TO FIRST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 25 
 
 " [an. 2. [68i . 
 
 " On a Motion of Richard and Thomas Lyman, Samuel Wright and Samuel 
 Parsons to have a place and liberty to set up a Sawmill, the Town the day first 
 above written granted their request on Consideration 
 
 •• 1st. That they Set it up within one Twelvemonth after the date hereof 
 
 •• 2nd. provided it be no damage to the Corn Mill which stands on the Same 
 Stream 
 
 " 3rd. That when they desert the place as to the use abovesaid, then the 
 place to return to the Town again 
 
 '• The place they desired is above Broughton's Meadow on the Mill river." 
 
 This is the way the first enterprise in Florence had its beginning. 
 But the careful reader has already found that the grant does not con- 
 form with the previous conditions set forth in the narrative. Instead of 
 having liberty to build a sawmill near the present Nonotuck dam, the 
 order reads, " the place they desired is above Broughton's Meadow." 
 There are two ways to account for this. One is that during the discus- 
 sion regarding the location of the mill, both "above" and "below" 
 
 NONUTl'i'K SILK COMPANY S DAM. 
 
 Broughton's Meadow were mentioned, and that the scribe in recording 
 the vote made the mistake and substituted " above " for "below." But 
 as this is hardly probable, let us look for another explanation. In examin- 
 ing Mill River to find a suitable place for their mill, this Lyman, Wright, 
 and Parsons combination could not discover " above " Broughton's 
 Meadow a site adapted to their needs, and so they chose a spot near 
 
26 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 the present dam. It is certain that they built no mill "above" Brough- 
 ton's Meadow, and though only a few slender data have been left from 
 which to draw an inference, it is safe to conclude that they fulfilled the 
 conditions of the grant and erected the mill within a " twelvemonth." 
 It evidently stood on the west bank of the river, the spot now marked 
 by two small trees near the end of the Nonotuck dam. 
 
 The next record concerning this first enterprise in Florence is in the 
 year 1700, when the following item was entered in the town book : — 
 
 " At a legal Town meeting, February 6, 1700, 
 
 " The Town did then grant to Samuel Parsons one acre of land near his Saw- 
 mill between Broughton's and Baker's meadow to be to him and his Heirs for- 
 ever." 
 
 LILLY STREET. 
 
 This grant of land, unimportant in itself, furnishes us with the con- 
 necting link, and shows us, first, that undoubtedly Lyman Brothers, 
 Wright, and Parsons erected their mill below Broughton's and above 
 Baker's Meadow, and therefore it must have been in Florence near the 
 present dam ; second, that in 1700 this mill was still standing, and at some 
 previous time three of the first owners had sold their interest to Samuel 
 Parsons, as the grant distinctly states "his mill." Mr. Parsons was the 
 son of Joseph Parsons, 1st, sometimes called Cornet, who was a leader 
 in the affairs of the town. 
 
 No one knows how long Samuel Parsons continued to own and 
 operate the sawmill. During the opening years of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury the Northampton records contain grants of land in Florence terri- 
 
FROM 1654 TO FIRST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 2 7 
 
 teu- 
 
 ton-, "on the road as we go to the Saw-Mill," " near the mill," etc. 
 ing us it was still in use. 
 
 Samuel Parsons moved to Durham, Connecticut, in 1708-9, and it is 
 not known whether he sold the mill before he went away, or not. The 
 next item that enables us to take up the lost thread is found near the 
 close of the year 1726, when John Stoddard purchases two pieces of land 
 of the town, one of which in the words of the scribe : " Lyeth cheifly in 
 a Swamp on the Westerly side of Mr. Stoddard's land, near Hulberfs Saw- 
 mill." Soon after 1700 John Hulbert owned land in this vicinity, and 
 probably he bought the sawmill soon after Parsons left town, for if but 
 recently purchased this fact would have been mentioned in Stoddard's 
 sale. 
 
 Information regarding the Hulbert family in Northampton is 
 extremely scanty. William Hulbert, one of the first settlers at North- 
 ampton, left several children, and at least 
 three grandsons made Northampton their 
 home. Careful search has failed to bring to 
 light any facts concerning their residence here, 
 but the following inferences may be of inter- 
 est. By the Stoddard item already quoted 
 we know the Hulberts owned the mill in 1726. 
 Whether John was alone, or in company with 
 his brothers, James and Samuel, or whether 
 others of that family, sons of these mentioned, 
 continued the business is not known. In 1733 
 the town " voted to build a bridge* over 
 Mill river above Hulbert's Sawmill." In 1743 
 the town marked off a tract of land in the western part of the township, 
 " Between which lines they " [all the inhabitants] " propose to cut wood 
 and timber for the Space of ten years next coming." One of the bound- 
 ary lines ran " from the front of Long Division at the Bridge by Hul- 
 bert's Sawmill westerly three-fourths of a mile." On the map of 1754, 
 " Hulbert's Sawmill " is again mentioned. It seems probable that some 
 one of the family owned and operated the mill up to about this time. 
 
 Four years later, in 1 760-1 761, the property had passed into the 
 hands of several individuals, each owning from one tenth to one fifth. 
 Of the six owners five were Clarks. In 1768 nearly the same proprie- 
 tors appear. The mill was not considered a very great acquisition, 
 for the valuation in 1760 is quoted at only ^10, in 1762 at ,£18, in 176S 
 at ,£20, and in 1769 at jQ\o again. After 1769 the thread is again lost, and 
 
 HULBERT COAT OF ARMS. 
 
 *This was the first bridge across Mill River in Florence. 
 
2 g HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 it does not reappear till the dawn of a new century. From 1726 (possibly 
 before) to as late as 181 1 this sawmill was "called and well known by 
 the name of Hulbert's Mill." When we again resume its history it will 
 be in connection with that interesting character— the oil-maker — Josiah 
 White. For the present we will turn our attention to a few pioneer 
 families and watch them as they make their homes in the outlying dis- 
 trict, which afterwards became Florence. 
 
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 \p*Htf**r- 
 
 
 ANCIENT DEED — MARK WARNER TO HIS SON. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 FIRST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 The French and Indian Wars Hindered the Settlement of Outlying Dis- 
 tricts. — The Settlement Begun. — The First House Built.— Daniel Warner 
 the Second Settler. — Story ok the Phelps House. — Gaius Burt Comes in 
 1798. — Josiah White and His Oil Mill — First House in the Center of the 
 Village, 1S09. 
 
 Following closely upon the heels of the planters of Northampton, 
 five years after 1654, men from Wethersfield founded Hadley ; Deerfield 
 was founded in 1669, and Northfield two years later. Soon the French 
 and Indian wars began, and not until the conquest of Canada in 1760 
 did the settlers really know what the word " peace" meant. 
 
 Notwithstanding the almost constant warfare, towns had been planted 
 in nearly every part of Massachusetts. However, the times had not been 
 favorable to the settlement of outlying districts. During the French and 
 Indian wars, the settlers who had come to Northampton, and the sons of 
 the original families, in erecting their houses sought the protection and 
 security which the center of the town afforded. 
 
 But there were some in Northampton who were not content to remain 
 near the center. A few years after 1664 John Webb had a house in East- 
 hampton, arud_Hie_Lymans moved to South Farms (Smith's Ferry) about 
 1689. In 1700 there were five families at Pascommac (part of Easthamp- 
 ton), and in 1704 the Indians raided their little settlement, with sad 
 results. Other parts of Easthampton were settled soon after. Before 
 the last French and Indian war (1753-1763), Noah Bridgman and Mark 
 Warner had settled on Horse Mountain (North Farms), "but," as Judd 
 says, " probably removed into the village during the war." 
 
 The first man to erect a permanent dwelling house in Florence seems 
 to have been Joseph Warner. This was in 1778. The Revolution was 
 then in progress, and the times could not have been auspicious for estab- 
 lishing a home three miles from the center of the town. 
 
 Joseph Warner, the first of several by that name, was the fifth in 
 descent from William Warner, who came from England in 1637 and 
 settled in Ipswich. The branch of the Warners from which Joseph 
 descended, had previously lived in Brookfield, Hadley, and Northamp- 
 ton. His grandfather, Mark Warner, 2d, born in Hadley, 1678, had 
 lived in Northampton on a farm in a locality called " Blackpole." This 
 was north of the western end of Prospect street, and west of the town 
 poor farm. 
 
3° 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Daniel Warner, Joseph's father, born in 17 i 7, married 1745, lived near 
 his father at Blackpole. It is sometimes the duty of the historian to be 
 at variance with tradition, as it is in this case. The story, as handed 
 down from father to son, is the same as all published accounts up to this 
 time, namely, that Daniel Warner was the first to remove permanently 
 to Florence, and that the date was about 1759. But diligent search in 
 the Judcj manuscript has revealed the fact that Daniel Warner was at 
 Blackpole in 1763 (four years after he was said to have come to 
 Florence) and in 1767 was still residing there. Then in another place 
 we learn that " Joseph Warner built his house in 1778." As Judd wrote 
 this while Mr. Warner was living (1835) it is no doubt correct. 
 
 Joseph Warner was then a young man of twenty-six years. The next 
 year, 1779, he married Jerusha Edwards and they began housekeeping at 
 the new home near " Bear Hill," which was then a rather desolate locality. 
 For many years their house was the only one between Blackpole and 
 Williamsburg. Later they had " neighbors " in Haydenville. This first 
 house stood on the site of Mr. John F. Warner's residence on North 
 Main street. Although the time of log cabins had gone by, as sawed 
 boards were then in common use, this house must have been a primitive 
 structure as compared to our modern ones. At this time few could 
 afford the luxury of lathed and plastered walls. The immense chimney 
 furnished fireplaces for the rooms on the four sides of it, and these dis- 
 pensed comfort and good cheer to all who gathered around them. 
 
 The father in this house- 
 hold was well known in the 
 community not only as a man 
 of intelligence and good judg- 
 ment, and of strict integrity 
 in all his relations with his 
 fellow men, but as a devout 
 and conscientious Christian. 
 The mother, too, was an emi- 
 nently godly woman. Joseph 
 Warner lived to be eighty- 
 four. He died April 15, 1836, 
 younger than the three preceding ancestors, who had reached the ages 
 of eighty-seven, eighty-nine, and ninety, respectively. Mrs. Warner died 
 in 1833, aged seventy-four. 
 
 The children of Joseph Warner were eleven in number. Oliver, Solo- 
 mon, Flecta, Jerusha, Sarah, Joseph, Seth, Moses, Miriam, Aaron, and 
 John were the good old-fashioned names by which they were known. 
 The three oldest sons, Oliver, Solomon, and Joseph, remained in Flor- 
 
 RESIDKNCK OF JOHN F. WARNER. 
 
FIRST SETTLEMENT, 
 
 3 1 
 
 THE OLD WARNER HOMESTEAD. 
 
 «nce, and from this fact the locality took the name of the "Warner 
 School District." Oliver and Solomon, early in this century, built tav- 
 erns, one in Florence center, and the other towards Leeds. The third 
 son, Joseph Warner, 2d, married in 1S14, and made his home with his 
 father on the old homestead. He worked on the farm, which now con- 
 tained three hundred acres, and when his father became advanced in 
 years took the burden 
 of directing affairs from 
 the old man's shoul- 
 ders. He was select- 
 man several years, and 
 represented the town 
 in the General Court. 
 His death in 1840 was 
 only four years after his 
 father had passed away. 
 His wife survived him 
 twenty-eight years. 
 They had six children. 
 The oldest son, Joseph, 
 was the silk manufac- 
 turer. The youngest child, John Flavel Warner, remains on the farm. 
 
 The old homestead, which, with the additions and the sheds, covered 
 considerable ground, was replaced in 1868 by the present modern struc- 
 ture. A part of the old place was moved to the corner of Bridge road 
 and Oak street, and in its remodeled form may still be seen there. 
 
 The Second Settler. — Daniel Warner did not remain long at Black- 
 pole after his son Joseph had gone to his new home in Florence. Prob- 
 ably not more than a year or two elapsed before he was snugly settled in 
 the small house which he built on a ridge about ten rods west of his son 
 Joseph's house. For many years previous to the time when Joseph built 
 his house (1778), Daniel had owned considerable land on Broughton's 
 Meadow and on the plain near Bear Hill. In order to cultivate this farm 
 he had had one or two log cabins there long before 1778. One of 
 these stood about fifty rods south of the highway, nearly at the point of 
 a V-shaped piece of land running back from Mr. J. F. Warner's tobacco 
 barn. Here Mr. Warner sometimes lived during the summer when the 
 crops required his constant attention. As early as the French and Indian 
 wars (1744-48) (1753-63) he used to work out in the meadows, always 
 carrying his gun to rely upon in case of emergency. It is recorded (not 
 tradition) that once he had a very remarkable escape from death at the 
 hands of the Indians, at a spot a "little below Broughton's Meadow."' 
 
32 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 GATE TO THE PASTURE — WARNER FARM. 
 
 Unfortunately Judd, the recorder, failed to give the details of this inter- 
 esting experience, which he no doubt could have obtained. 
 
 Fire destroyed Daniel Warner's house in 1790. He was an old man 
 then (born 1 7 1 7) and, instead of rebuilding, an addition was made to his 
 son's house, and in this he spent his declining years. He died in 1804. 
 His wife survived him nine years, reaching her ninety-second year. 
 
 Here is an anecdote of 
 Daniel Warner's wife : Her 
 maiden name was Jemima 
 Wright, born 1722. For some 
 years before her marriage 
 (1746) she lived in Col. Tim- 
 othy Dvvight's family. She 
 used to tell her grandchildren 
 that the first tea in Northamp- 
 ton was sent up to Colonel 
 Dwight by a friend in Boston. 
 It was not called tea, but 
 simply " Bohea." Instead of 
 using a small quantity they steeped it just as they would an herb, all at 
 once, a quarter of a pound or more, and in consequence it was so strong 
 that they could not drink it. 
 
 The Phelps House. — Until about 1785 there was a third house in Flor- 
 ence, but it appears to have had no occupant. The interesting account 
 of how it came to be here is given as we find it in Judd's manuscript : — 
 
 "William Phelps' place at Blackpole was narrow in front, eight or ten rods, 
 and went back in the rear of Warner's lot. It was for a time owned by S. Stod- 
 dard, and he sold it to Daniel Warner, who owned land north of it. * * 
 
 " The old Phelps house was two story, and Moses Bartlett was to have it to 
 live in out at Stoddard's Meadow.* While Stoddard owned the Phelps lot, he 
 had the house removed with some difficulty. It was removed by the North roadt 
 (other too narrow), and then across below the Oil Mill to the meadow, some dis- 
 tance below the upper end of the meadow. The woods were cut away to make a 
 path for it, and it was left on the flat above the meadow. Bartlett changed his 
 mind, his affairs and Mr. Stoddard's changed, and nothing more was done to the 
 house. It rotted down there. This was about 1785." 
 
 The Daniel Warner referred to was a son of Daniel who came to Flor- 
 ence. This Solomon Stoddard was the distinguished son of the popular 
 preacher of the same name, who was the second minister at Northampton. 
 Can you not see that two-story house creeping along Bridge road on 
 
 * See Chapter I. for " Stoddard's Meadow." 
 t See Early Roads and Bridges, Chapter VI. 
 
FIRST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 33 
 
 its way to Florence ? Then appliances for moving buildings were not as 
 complete as they are now, and the task must have been a slow and 
 tedious one. But if this was the case on the plain highway, what must 
 it have been when the woods had to be cut away " to make a path " for 
 the house ! No one knows the spot where it linally rested, only to crum- 
 ble to pieces at last. From the description it would seem to have been 
 between Nonotuck street and River road. This would be called the 
 "flat above the meadow." Why did Moses Bartlett want any house, 
 and this one in particular, on Stoddard's Meadow ? In this case "time 
 will tell," — never. 
 
 Settlement by Gaius Burt, 1798. — For twenty years Daniel and 
 Joseph Warner were the only residents in this part of Northampton. 
 Then Gaius Burt 
 moved to Brough- 
 ton's Meadow, and 
 the settlers num- 
 bered three. He was 
 an energetic, indus- 
 trious man, of the 
 resolute, hard work- 
 ing type. He had 
 descended from Da- 
 vid Burt, one of the 
 first settlers at 
 Northampton. His 
 father, Elkanah, lived 
 in the center of the 
 
 town, where Gaius was born in 1775. Like Joseph Warner, when Gaius 
 came to Florence he was a young man about twenty-five years old, and 
 had only recently been married to Hannah Alvord. 
 
 On March 14, 1798, he bought of Solomon and Luther Clark, thirty 
 acres of land in the meadow, which was the same as the present Ross 
 farm on Meadow street. For this valuable thirty acres of alluvial soil he 
 paid the very moderate sum of one hundred and twenty-three dollars. 
 It is probable that he removed soon after, and erected a house* a few 
 rods east of the present Ross homestead. This house was a small one- 
 story, unpainted structure, and was torn down about 1870. In 1S01-3-5, 
 Burt added forty-seven acres to his farm, and in 1809 purchased the 
 triangular piece of land opposite his house, containing twenty-five acres. 
 By his thrift and prudence he soon acquired considerable property. He 
 
 A NOVEMBER DAY — THE ROSS HOMESTEAD. 
 
 l8oi. 
 
 The late Julius Phelps, born 1820, said that as far as he knew this house was built in 
 
34 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 had two sons and several daughters. The oldest son, Theodore, before 
 1830 had built a house a few rods west of his father's, the present Ross 
 homestead. The other son, William, married one of Paul Strong's daugh- 
 ters. In 1834, Gaius and William Burt sold their Broughton Meadow 
 farm to Samuel Whitmarsh. Gains' daughter Frances had married Mr. 
 Ahira Lyman, who lived on Park Hill, Easthampton ; so, after his sons 
 had left for the west, Gaius bought a fifty acre farm just south of the 
 Lymans, and here he lived till his death, February 3, 1840, aged seventy- 
 four. 
 
 Josiah White and His Oil Mill. — Conspicuous among the early 
 residents of Florence stands Josiah White. The thread of the sawmill 
 history, which was lost in the year 1768, is next brought to light in 
 connection with this, interesting man. On Christmas day, 1800, a deed 
 was signed by " Josiah White, of Winchester, New Hampshire, mill- 
 wright," and Solomon Clark of Northampton. This document set forth 
 that for the sum of twenty dollars Clark was to sell White three 
 acres of land " on the east side of the Mill River, near Hulbert's Mill." 
 Who had owned Hulbert's Mill from 1762 to 1806 is not known. In the 
 latter year " Erastus Clark, Innkeeper," sold two thirds of the mill to 
 Phinehas Alvord for three hundred dollars. This first industry did not 
 then consist of a sawmill alone, for in the deed conveying the property to 
 Alvord, Clark wills " all my right in the Auger Mill and Lathe at aforesaid 
 Saw Mill." It seems reasonable that a house was built here before 1800, 
 for the operators of the sawmill. In 1830 two small houses stood just 
 west of the Brush Shop bridge. No one has been able to tell and no record 
 has been found stating when or by whom they were built, but that one of 
 them was there in 1806 is probable, as shown by another clause from the 
 above deed, which reads, "Also the House that Elisha Babcock now lives 
 in, together with all the Land under said House which I own." This 
 seems to have been the fourth house in Florence. 
 
 The ownership of Hulbert's Mill was a company affair. The next 
 year Alvord deals out small portions of the stock. Jonathan Newell 
 invests forty-five dollars in "one sixth" ; the next March he makes his 
 sixth a third, but pays sixty dollars for change. About this time the 
 industrious farmer Gaius Burt buys of Alvord a " sixth part," with 
 " one sixth part of the mill yard, dam and all the utensils." Jonathan 
 Newell was originally from South Hadley, and was an " oilmaker " by 
 trade. He seems to have been the one who first interested White in this 
 business. Although White bought the land on the east side of the dam 
 in 1800, from 1803 till 1807 he lived in Northampton, running in company 
 with William Edwards what they called the "Upper Mills." After sell- 
 ing out (1807) his interest to Edwards it is probable that he soon came 
 
FIRST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 35 
 
 to Florence and began the erection of the building at the east end of the 
 Nonotuck dam, afterwards used for the oil and grist mill. As Newell 
 owned a controlling interest in the sawmill on the opposite bank, 
 together with the water privilege, he was probably in some way con- 
 nected with White's new venture. 
 
 Four years later, March 14, 181 1, it is apparent that White had 
 become a full fledged oil maker and that the enterprise was firmly estab- 
 lished, for on the above date Newell, who by this time had returned to 
 South Hadley, sells White his five sixths of the sawmill, " situated in 
 Northampton by the Oil Mill, now owned and occupied by the aforesaid 
 
 JOSIAH WHITES OIL MILL. 
 From Painting by C. C. Burleigh, Jr. 
 
 White." The remaining one sixth White purchased of Joseph Warner. 
 The valuation is quoted as $300.00 in contrast to the ^10 in 1769. 
 
 At that period it was customary for all farmers to raise flax. From 
 the fibers of the bark of this plant the thrifty housewives made the home- 
 spun linen cloth, so useful and necessary in those days. No doubt Josiah 
 White did a considerable business. He took the flaxseed and expressed 
 the linseed oil, the seeds being first bruised or crushed, then ground and 
 afterwards subjected to great pressure. Henry Shepherd, Esq., remem- 
 bers the huge hydraulic press, and especially the massive lever connected 
 with it, that Mr. White used in obtaining the oil. The oil mill building 
 stood on the east bank of the river, a little west of the present gate house 
 near the Nonotuck dam. It was a two story building about twenty by 
 
36 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 thirty feet. White soon saw the need of a gristmill, and so placed a run 
 of stones in the same building. Mr. John F. Warner remembers taking 
 corn to this mill to be ground. One half of one of the old millstones 
 forms a doorstep to the Nonotuck Silk Company's office building. The 
 dam was then some thirty or thirty-five feet farther up the stream. An 
 old stump stands at what was the easterly end. 
 
 " Esquire " Josiah White was the sole proprietor of the water power, 
 sawmill, gristmill, and oil mill. He lived in a cozy cottage he built soon 
 after 1S10, between the present Brush shop and the " old Silk Mill Board- 
 ing house," nearly opposite the large buttonball tree. It was after- 
 wards moved to Meadow street, where it was enlarged and remodeled, 
 and is now the second house west of Lilly street. 
 
 Josiah White was an original character. At the time he started the 
 oil mill he had just passed middle life. Of a somewhat studious mind, 
 and born and brought up when books were scarce, he had acquired the 
 habit of reading everything he could lay his hands on. White was a self- 
 made man, and did "all his own thinking." His scholarly turn of mind 
 gave him the nickname of " Old Cicero," by which he was commonly 
 known. He was an ardent Freemason. When King Ferdinand of Spain 
 hanged Freemasons because they would not divulge their secrets, Mr. 
 White heard of it, was very indignant, and vehemently remarked : 
 " Ferdinand ! Ferdinand ! he'll find that thrones totter ! " Mr. White 
 died in 1832, aged seventy-four years. He had one daughter. 
 
 The First House in the Center of the Village. — Oliver Warner, 
 the first child born in Florence, in 1780, was the son of Joseph, the first 
 settler. He married in 1807, and two years later built the house now 
 standing on the corner of Main and North Maple streets. This was the 
 fifth house in this district, and Mr. Warner kept it as a tavern. About 
 1790 stage coaches came into use as public conveyances. Northampton 
 was one of the principal stations on the line from Boston to Albany. The 
 stages stopped at Oliver Warner's to water the horses, and allow the 
 passengers to sample the " fire water." 
 
 In 182 1 he sold the tavern, moved to Northampton, and purchased 
 Asahel Pomeroy's place, which became famous under his management 
 as the " Warner House." This was burned in 1870. Mr. Warner kept 
 a hotel thirty-five years in all. He enjoyed a wide acquaintance in the 
 country and state ; was prominent in the political life of the town and 
 county ; served as selectman, representative, and senator. He was a 
 distinguished man in his day, and left a name that will long be cherished 
 by his townsmen. He died in 1853. He had nine children. Edward, 
 born 1815, still resides in Northampton. Oliver, 2d, was a member of 
 both branches of the Legislature, and Secretary of State. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 SETTLEMENT CONTINUED. 
 
 The Tavern of Solomon Warner — Captain Julius Phelps Comes in 1815. — 
 Enoch Jewett, 1816.— William Warner, 1S17.— The Seth Warner House. — 
 Colonel Thomas Pomeroy, 1820.— 'I'm: Dwight Farm.— The Oliver Warner 
 Tavern in the Twenties. 
 
 In 1812, Solomon, the second son of the first settler, Joseph Warner, 
 
 left the old homestead and built a house, a quarter of a mile northwest 
 
 of his father's on the road to Leeds. 
 
 ( vT ; "/, '- — - _- - ~~ Baal This is near the limits of Florence but 
 
 — - - 
 
 was a part of the old " Warner School 
 
 District." He kept this as a tavern for 
 nearly forty years, or until the rail- 
 roads had revolutionized the prevail- 
 ing stage coach mode of travel. 
 Solomon Warner died in 1863. His 
 son Moses lived on the old place until 
 his death in December, 1893. The 
 homestead, the accompanying barns, 
 the rambling sheds and shanties pre- 
 sent much the same appearance to- 
 day as they did fifty years ago. 
 
 Captain Julius Phelps. — With 
 one or two exceptions the early settle- 
 ment of Florence was by men from 
 Northampton. They were sober, in- 
 dustrious men, faithful in the perform- 
 ance of each duty, and impressed with the importance of strict integrity. 
 Captain Julius Phelps was such a man. Thick set, a little over medium 
 height, and brown from exposure to the elements, he presented the per- 
 fect picture of the old style New England farmer. He was the captain 
 of an artillery compan} r in Northampton about 1812, and in that year he 
 marched his company to Boston to aid in defending the state. About 
 1815, when thirty-five years old, he removed from Northampton and built 
 the one story and a half house in the meadows, which still may be seen 
 at the junction of Meadow and Spring streets. Here he made his home 
 till his death in 1857. Of his seven children four were sons. One of 
 these, Julius, born in 1820, remained on the farm. He was well known 
 and highly esteemed. He was an upright man and a good citizen, and 
 an earnest worker in the Congregational church. He died June 4, 1892. 
 
 SOLOMON WARNER TAVERN SIGN. 
 
38 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 A story was told of Samuel Phelps, the father of Captain Julius, by 
 his grandson, the late Julius. It is a singular fact that the late Moses War- 
 ner when interviewed on the subject of Florence history related the very 
 same anecdote, without some of the minor details, but he made the 
 hero his great grandfather, Daniel Warner. One or the other had made 
 some mistake in identifying the principal actor, but, whichever one was 
 correct, the hero was closely connected with the first settlers of Florence. 
 The story is not unlike other Indians stories and should be taken with the 
 customary " grain of salt." As recorded in Mr. Huntington's defunct 
 " Pen and Press," the Phelps version is as follows : — 
 
 " There is a very interesting story of my grandfather and when first told to 
 me, when a mere boy, it made a deep impression on my youthful mind, for it was 
 an ' Indian story' and possessed much of that quality which both charms and 
 excites boys. Late one afternoon, he went in search of the cows. The only way 
 to learn the whereabouts of the cattle ' out to pasture ' was by the tinkling of 
 the bell that was fastened to the neck of one of the animals. As grandfather 
 neared the spot where the sound of the bell seemed to indicate the cows were, 
 he thought the bell sounded differently from the usual or peculiar tinkling which 
 a bell has that is attached to the neck of an animal. The conclusion that he 
 came to was that the Indians had taken the bell off from the cow's neck and 
 were using it as a decoy to lead him a long way into the forest, perhaps to their 
 camp, and thus easily capture him ; but with great presence of mind he began to 
 shout in a commanding voice as though he was giving orders to a large body of 
 men. The Indians, supposing that a force of white men was right upon them, 
 quickly fled, and so frightened were they that they deserted their camp, leaving 
 their food and all their booty. Their camp was on that slight rise a short 
 distance beyond where my house now stands, or to the left, just as you ascend the 
 small hill." 
 
 Hiii ii ii!3HHi£aHifiH& 
 
 ■ g|<j i 
 
 ^»»^,^^^-^^ 
 
 
 ^^^^ffjf * 'ft ™ ^^^^^ 
 
 
 H, i - ■ ■ : K < . 
 
 ' " '---k 
 
 
 
 THE SOLOMON WARNER TAVERN. 
 
SETTLEMENT CON I INUKD. 
 
 39 
 
 THE JULIUS PHELPS HOUSE. 
 
 Enoch Jew kit. -About 1816 Enoch Jewett moved from Northampton 
 and became the neighbor of Oliver Warner. Enoch's father, Timothy 
 Jewett, lived on Elm street, Northampton, nearly opposite Paradise road. 
 He had a shop in the ravine opposite his house, and here his two sons, 
 Enoch and Ansel, assisted their father in making and repairing spinning 
 and Max wheels, 
 and also in the 
 manufacture of 
 old-f a s h i o n e d 
 taps and faucets. 
 In 1816, Enoch 
 came to Florence 
 and built the 
 house on Main 
 street of late years 
 known as the 
 Samuel Bottum 
 place. His farm 
 included a strip 
 of land from Pine 
 
 street to Bridge road. The house when built was a one story and a half 
 structure. Here in addition to the care of the farm he made shuttles for 
 the woolen factory at " Shepherd's Hollow " (now Leeds), using a foot 
 lathe for turning, and also continued the tap and faucet business and 
 repaired wheels. 
 
 In 1828 he purchased of William Clark for two hundred and twenty- 
 five dollars eighty acres of land " situated on both sides of Brotton's 
 Meadow Brook." He obtained permission of Dr. Hunt, who was a great 
 fisherman and who owned the land adjoining, to build a dam across the 
 brook, providing that Hunt should have the fish. Soon after 1828 (before 
 1830) he built the dam and raised the pond which became " Holland's," 
 and later " Warner's " pond. The water power thus developed he used 
 in a small shop which he built a few rods north of Leonard's Silk Mill, 
 manufacturing warp bobbins and spools for woolen and silk mills. His 
 early training in his father's shop had made him a skilled mechanic. He 
 tilled one order for seventy-five thousand warp bobbins for the Shep- 
 herd's Hollow mill. 
 
 In the closing month of the year 1833 he exchanged his farm, the 
 Samuel Bottum place, for two hundred acres of wild wooded land near 
 Brecksville, Ohio. Soon after he built a small house near his shop south 
 of Warner's pond. It stands to this day just back of Leonard's Silk Mill 
 boarding house. Here he lived for nearly ten years, or until he sold his 
 
4° 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 place, including the house, shop, dam, etc., to Conant, Swift, and Chaffee, 
 November 30, 1842. The next May he moved to his Ohio farm. At this 
 time Enoch Jewett was a straight, squarely built man of fifty-two years, 
 standing about five feet eight inches tall, and weighing one hundred and 
 sixty pounds. He had blue eyes, dark iron gray hair and whiskers, and 
 was a quick, active man of few words. He died at Brecksville, Ohio, in 
 1872, aged eighty-one years. He left four children : Henry, who died at 
 Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1886, aged seventy-two years ; Isabella G., who 
 died at Westhampton in 1888, aged sixty-nine ; Edward and Albert G. 
 The latter resides in Westhampton. 
 
 William Warner. — Whoever has a recollection of Florence in the 
 earlier days remembers the " Polly Bosworth place." This was built by 
 William Warner in 181 7. William Warner did not belong to the family 
 of Warners who first settled Florence. He was the son of Luther and 
 Bathsheba Stebbins Warner, and was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, 
 in 1794. At an early age he went to Chesterfield to live with his uncle. 
 In early manhood he worked for "Landlord Edwards" at Roberts 
 Meadow, where he became acquainted with Juliette Bridgman, to whom 
 he was married January 30, 1817. Juliette Bridgman was the sister of 
 Mrs. Oliver Warner, who at this time was living in Florence. 
 
 On June fifteenth 
 following his mar- 
 riage, he paid Gaius 
 Burt ten dollars for 
 a half acre of land 
 " lying between the 
 roads leading to Ches- 
 terfield and Williams- 
 burg." Here he built 
 the one story house 
 which Sylvester and 
 Polly Bosworth after- 
 wards owned and 
 occupied. When Cos- 
 mian Hall was built 
 in 1873, the house was 
 moved to the foot of 
 Lake street, near War- 
 ren street, its present 
 location. William Warner built a blacksmith shop just west of his house 
 and worked here at this trade. He did not remain long, however, for 
 on March 24, 1S20, he sold the place to Josiah Whitney of Northampton, 
 
 THE ENOCH JEWETT-SAMUEL BOTTUM PLACE. 
 
IETTLEM EN I CON UNITED. 
 
 41 
 
 but possibly he rented it of Whitney until about [823, when he bought a 
 farm on Horse Mountain, where he lived several years. At one time he 
 had charge of the Cecil Dwight farm and built the small house for one 
 of the Colonel's sons. This house stood just west of the " Herdsdale" 
 farmhouse, and was burned July 18, 1893. The old chimney remains, 
 giving us a good idea of their usual size in the olden time. 
 
 THE WILLIAM WARNER HOL'SE ON THE SITE OF COSMIAN HALL. 
 
 In 1840 he built the house next below the Brush Shop bridge, later 
 occupied by the Dorsey family. His wife died in 1845, and the next year 
 he married Mrs. Roann Lyman of Easthampton. Shortly after this he 
 exchanged the Dorsey place in Florence for a South Deerfield farm, and 
 removed to the latter, where he spent the remainder of his days, dying in 
 1874. His wife survived him only a week. Though a competent work- 
 man at several trades, he did more carpentry and farming than anything 
 else. Faithful in whatever he undertook, he gave satisfaction to all of his 
 employers. His five children now living are Sybella, widow of S. S. East- 
 man of Greenfield, Juliette, widow of Bella P. Searle of Belchertown, 
 William, now living in Staten Island, N. Y., Frances, widow of William 
 Metcalf of Northampton, and Susan A., widow of Charles L. Washburn 
 of Belchertown. 
 
 The Seth Warner House. — The house on Bridge road near its junc- 
 tion with North Main street was built before 1819 b)' the first settler, 
 Joseph Warner, for his son Seth. This son died soon after (December 
 28, 1819), and others of the Warner family made the house their home. 
 
 Colonel Pomeroy. — Colonel Thomas Pomeroy was one of the early 
 settlers. In 1820, when twenty-five years old, he moved to Florence 
 from the Center and built a house on the brow of the hill on the north 
 
42 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 side of Locust street, which was bought by D. G. Littlefield in 1865, and 
 moved a few rods west to Main street, just east of Chestnut street. 
 After Pomeroy sold the house to Littlefield, he went to Northampton, 
 but the change of location did not suit him, and the next year, 1866, he 
 returned and erected another house near the old homestead, on the corner 
 of Pine and South Main streets, where he resided until his death in the 
 fall of 1880, at the age of eighty-five years. 
 
 The Colonel was wont to say that when he came to Florence land 
 was cheap and he could have purchased the entire territory for ten dollars 
 an acre. Wild game was plenty, and flocks of wild turkeys were often 
 seen in the vicinity of his house. Trout were also abundant, and a half 
 hour was sufficient to enable even an indifferent angler to catch all that 
 his ambition demanded. During his declining years, Colonel Pomeroy 
 was a great friend of the young folks, and frequently carried candy in 
 his pockets with which to treat the girls. At the old time husking bees, 
 it was his great delight to find the red ears and he was always careful to 
 reap the reward of his good luck. He was a genial, kind hearted old 
 gentleman, and for many years a deacon in the Congregational church. 
 
 The Dwight Farm. — Soon after 1820 (some say 1824) Colonel Cecil 
 Dwight came to Florence and made a home for himself and family on 
 the large tract of land lying in the northeast part of the village. A 
 few rods west of the spot where to-day Chestnut street intersects Bridge 
 road he built his house, which forms a part of the present " Herdsdale " 
 homestead. Colonel Dwight descended from an old Northampton 
 
 family. In early manhood he 
 was a deputy sheriff, an auc- 
 tioneer, and a colonel of mili- 
 tia, and in 1812 he represented 
 Northampton in the state leg- 
 islature. When he moved to 
 Florence he was fifty years old. 
 The farm comprised about 
 three hundred acres, previ- 
 ously owned by his father, 
 Major Timothy, who was an 
 extensive landowner, and is 
 said to have owned at one 
 time a large part of " Long Division." Colonel Cecil was the only one 
 of the large family of Dwights that chose Northampton for his perma- 
 nent home. He was much employed as an arbitrator in difficult matters 
 and actively promoted the material interests of the town. He was 
 nearly six feet high, broad shouldered and muscular, with regular feat- 
 
 RUINS OF OLD CHIMNEY — HERDSDALE FARM. 
 
SETTLEMENT CONTINUED. 
 
 43 
 
 HERDSDALE FARM. 
 
 ures and piercing black eyes. He had eleven children, all born before 
 he moved to Florence. About 1830, he built, next to his own, a house 
 for one of his sons. He occupied the farm until about 1835, when his 
 son George took pos- 
 
 ■ 
 
 session. Cecil Dwight 
 died at Moscow, New 
 York, November 26, 
 1839. In 1S48 George 
 Dwight died and the 
 next occupant was 
 Joseph Conant, who 
 lived on the farm till 
 1852. Robert Fitts 
 owned the place for 
 six years ('54 to '60) 
 when he sold it to 
 Charles, a son of Ex- 
 Governor Fairbanks, of Vermont. Constant cropping of the soil with- 
 out just return had made the land poor. Although Mr. Fairbanks never 
 lived here, he made extensive improvements on the farm, and for 
 many years after he sold it it was known as the " Fairbanks Place." 
 Various persons have owned it since, each owner giving it a new name. 
 Once it was the " Chase Farm," then when D. W. Bond bought it he 
 called it " Herdsdale," and now it is known as the "Knight Place." 
 
 THE OLIVER WARNER TAVERN IN THE TWENTIES. 
 
 On the twenty-ninth of May, 1820, "Andrew and Henry W. Lord of 
 Saybrook, Connecticut, merchants," purchased the tavern stand of Oliver 
 Warner. After four years, the father, Andrew Lord, exchanged with 
 James Hutchinson of Northampton, his half interest in the tavern for the 
 William Warner homestead (the Polly Bosworth house), which Hutchin- 
 son had owned just a year. About this time a building was put up oppo- 
 site the tavern, on the site of the present hotel, and presumably it was 
 built by Andrew Lord for a shop. Here he made and sold combs, and 
 kept a small line of toys, and Messrs. Henry Shepherd and Edward War- 
 ner of Northampton both have vivid recollections of how attractive to 
 their youthful eyes was this neat little store, filled with all kinds of toys. 
 Mr. Shepherd thinks that Mr. Lord made in his shop the toys he sold. It 
 seems a strange place for such a store, situated as it was so far from the 
 center of the town. The half interest Mr. Hutchinson had purchased of 
 father Lord he sold the next spring to the son, Andrew Lord, who was 
 granted an innholder's license in March, and remained sole proprietor 
 
44 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 until April 28, 1826, when the tavern with the accompanying thirty acre 
 farm was sold to James Shepherd for four thousand dollars. 
 
 In 1810 James Shepherd started the woolen mills in what is now the 
 village of Leeds, then and for nearly fifty years afterwards known as 
 " Shepherd's Hollow." He was one of the first persons in this country to 
 manufacture broadcloths and woolens. Soon after he bought the tavern 
 he erected a good sized building a few rods east of the tavern barn, nearly 
 on the site of the present Knights of Honor block. He bought large 
 quantities of wool in the "fleece," put up in great bales. As only a cer- 
 tain grade of wool could be made into broadcloth, all that he bought had 
 to be assorted, the different grades selected and placed in separate bun- 
 dles. This wool " loft " served both as an assorting and a store house. 
 
 Mr. Shepherd never occupied the tavern, but rented it to others. He 
 failed in 1828, and Nathaniel Fowle, who had indorsed for Shepherd, 
 seems to have taken upon himself the management of the tavern. Who 
 the landlords of the inn were after Shepherd became proprietor in 1826, 
 until Paul Strong bought the place in 1832,1s not certainly known. Sev- 
 eral names have been found in the records of the Court of Sessions as 
 possible tavern keepers in Florence. They are as follows : 1826 and 1827, 
 Luther White ; September, 1828, no clew ; 1829, Paul Strong ; Septem- 
 ber, 1830, Harvey Kirkland ; 1831, Ira Atkins, who afterwards kept the 
 small shop opposite the tavern, or Charles Morton ; and in June, 1832, 
 Paul Strong was granted the license of an " innholder with spirits," at 
 the " Lord house." 
 
 OLD SILK MILL KOARDINC, HOUSE FORMERLY JAMES SHEPHERDS WOOL HOUSE. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 FROM 1 83 1 TO 1835. 
 
 The "Traveler's Home." — The Tavern Stand; and an Evening Scene. — Early 
 Roads and Bridges. — The Later History of the Saw, Grist and Oil Mills. 
 
 The Paul Strong tavern was, in its day, the most prominent feature 
 of Florence, and through it the surrounding settlement was known. 
 The house now standing on the corner of Main and Maple streets was 
 built in 1S09, by Oliver Warner, but not until Paul Strong appears on 
 the scene did the inn attain its greatest popularity. 
 
 Paul Strong was born in Westhamp- 
 ton, September 25, 1780. In the spring 
 of 1800 he married Sarah Chapman, 
 of Easthampton. They lived on a 
 farm in Westhampton twenty-seven 
 years, and their seven sons and four 
 daughters were born there. In 1827 
 Paul went to Northampton and en- 
 tered the employ of Oliver Warner, 
 as bartender and clerk at the famous 
 "Warner tavern." He purchased the 
 Florence tavern in December, 1832, 
 for thirteen hundred dollars, of the 
 Greenfield Bank, into whose hands the 
 Shepherd property had passed only 
 a short time before. The farm in- 
 cluded fifty acres of land lying north 
 of Main and North Main streets. 
 When the railroads were built about 1845 the tavern was discontinued. 
 Paul Strong died in 1S56, at the age of seventy-six. His wife died in 
 1864, aged eighty-four. Four of his children are living. Those in this 
 vicinity are Mrs. Caleb Loud, of Loudville, and James William Strong, 
 of Easthampton, the former eighty-three years old, and the latter seventy- 
 four. 
 
 Situated on the turnpike from Boston to Albany, which previous to 
 the advent of the railroads in 1841 was the usual route to the west, this 
 Paul Strong inn received its share of the heavy patronage on the through 
 line, and furthermore was a famous resort, especially in the winter, when 
 sleighing parties came from all the surrounding towns. Near the close 
 of the last century several lines of stages were in regular operation, and 
 
 PAUL STRONG. 
 
4 6 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 one could travel with little difficulty or delay in almost any direction. 
 The line to Albany was started in 1794, with Pease, Hunt &: Co. the 
 proprietors. Their advertisement appearing in an old Gazette reads : — 
 
 " The Stages leave Boston and Albany, on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday of 
 every week, at five o'clock in the morning. The stage from Boston, on its way to 
 Northampton, tarries the first night at Spencer, and the second at Northampton. 
 The stage from Albany on its way to Northampton, (passes by New Lebannon 
 Springs,) tarries the first night at Pittsfield, and the second night at Northampton, 
 where they exchange passengers — and the next morning, at five o'clock [the 
 hour was changed later to three] leave Northampton for Boston and Albany. 
 The price of each passenger is 3d per mile, 14 II). baggage gratis— 150 lb. of 
 baggage charged the same as a passenger." 
 
 MAIN STREET — LOOKING EAST FROM CUSMIAN PARK. 
 
 As the years went by the patronage naturally increased till it reached 
 a climax just before the railroads were opened. The travel here was 
 immense for those days. Colonel Pomeroy used to say that he had 
 known twelve heavily loaded stages to pass over this route in a day, 
 during the height of the season at Saratoga. When the stage stopped 
 to water the horses, many of the travelers were tempted to get " some- 
 thing " to brace up their flagging spirits near the close of an all day's 
 journey, or to warm themselves both inside and out on some frosty 
 morning when the very early start from Northampton had occasioned 
 them no little discomfort. During all the time that this house was open 
 for the accommodation of the public, liquors were sold at its bar as freely 
 as the viands from its table. The flip-iron was in almost constant use, 
 and the " flowing bowl " was drained with a frequency quite astonish- 
 ing to the teetotalers of the present day. 
 
FROM 1831 TO 1835. 
 
 47 
 
 The Tavern Stand ; and an Evening Scene. — The old tavern pre- 
 sented much the same appearance in 1832 that it does to-day. Save for 
 the addition now used by F. D. R. Warner as a store, and some minor 
 changes on the rear, the old structure is the same on the outside. This 
 cannot be said of the interior, the attic 
 being the only part that bears no traces 
 of the remodeling hammer and saw. 
 In 1831, a casual observer from the 
 highway would first notice the sign. It 
 stood eight feet from and in line with 
 the southeast corner of the main build- 
 ing, bearing on each side the inscription 
 "Traveler's Home, P. Strong." Sus- 
 pended on a pole that reached to the 
 eaves, it swung back and forth, the sport 
 of every gust of wind. 
 
 Directly opposite the tavern was the 
 small shop then occupied by Ira Atkins, 
 who made patent leather, and was a 
 saddler and harness maker by trade. 
 West of the tavern was the garden. 
 Boyhood days are the days to be re- 
 membered, and Mr. William Strong has 
 retained vivid impressions of many in- 
 cidents that took place in Florence when he was a boy. One day he was 
 setting out bean poles, and when the task was nearly done he found — 
 and who that ever set bean poles has not had the same experience ? — 
 that he had not poles enough to finish his plot. "As I looked around for 
 one," he says, " I happened to see this little sprout of a buttonball tree. 
 I cut it down and put it in the ground, and that tree that is there now 
 (directly in front of Julius Maine's house) is a sprout of the old root from 
 which I cut my bean pole." In the rear of the tavern was the bowling 
 alley, the long, narrow building a favorite resort of the young folks 
 when dancing was not in order. The tavern barn stood about where 
 the Morgan house is now. 
 
 We have completed the inspection of the tavern surroundings, so now 
 let us step inside. If the winter has set in and the genial host is enter- 
 taining a sleighing party, the sight will be a gay one. Entering the side 
 door (the front door was used for state occasions only), we find ourselves 
 in the office, or, as it was known in those days, the barroom. This room 
 was the center of the social and political life of the village. On the 
 opposite side of the room the huge open fire blazed brightly on the 
 
 PAUL STRONG TAVERN SIGN. 
 
48 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 1 
 
 STORE 
 
 OLD HATFIELD 
 PARLOR 
 
 KITCHEN 
 
 DINING ROOM. 
 
 BAR. 
 
 TRONT 
 
 PARLOR 
 
 JCHIMLY 
 
 HALL 
 
 BAR ROOM 
 OR OFFICE 
 
 hearth. To the right was the bar, and on the wall back of it were shelves 
 holding rows of large bottles, conspicuously labeled "New Rum," "Old 
 Whiskey," "Jamaica Rum," etc., etc. If the sleighing party has just 
 arrived, the young ladies are warming themselves before the fire, but if 
 they have adjourned to the dancing hall above, the 
 driver and one or two other men occupy the few 
 straight-backed homemade chairs ; possibly a game 
 of cards has been started around the rude, wooden 
 table that stands in the center of the room. 
 
 The door to the right of the fireplace opens into 
 the dining room, and within we see the festive 
 board heavily laden in anticipation of the keen ap- 
 petites of the guests. Back of the dining room 
 is the kitchen, presenting a very lively scene, for the 
 tidy wife of the landlord, assisted by the daughters, 
 is busily preparing the feast. 
 Passing through the front hall 
 we enter the parlor, called the 
 "front parlor," to distinguish 
 it from the one in the rear of 
 the house, and named " Old 
 Hatfield " because it was so 
 far away. But the sound of 
 music and the shuffling of 
 manv feet leads us to the 
 rooms above. After ascending 
 the stairs that lead from the 
 piazza we turn to the right and find ourselves in a cozy hall, twenty by 
 thirty-eight feet, lighted by candles, and warmed by glowing fires in two 
 good sized fireplaces. In the middle of the floor are the dancers, the 
 men stamping heavily as they keep time to the music,* which comes from 
 the solitary fiddler seated on the platform at the north end of the hall. 
 Bursts of laughter mingle with the noise of the stamping and the 
 squeaking of the violin, and the whole scene is one of excessive merri- 
 ment. Late is the hour when the party breaks up, after having danced 
 and supped to their heart's content. Bidding the landlord good night, 
 they file out of the door and arrange themselves in the long box sleigh 
 amongst a profusion of wraps, robes, and straw. The driver cracks the 
 long whip, and in an instant the music of the bells is heard far down the 
 road. The landlord, son, and hostler return to the barroom. Any soli- 
 
 ex 
 
 GROUND PLAN OF TAVERN. 
 
 * It is stated that Samuel Parsons (father of Colonel Joe), while dancing in this hall, once 
 stamped so hard that he knocked considerable plastering from the ceiling of the room below. 
 
FROM 1831 TO 1835. 
 
 49 
 
 tary guest who has not already gone to bed is aroused from his sleepy 
 mood, occasioned by the lateness of the hour and a too free indulgence 
 in the flowing- spirits. Taking the candle from the mantelpiece, the host 
 precedes the weary traveler up the narrow staircase, and shows him the 
 ice cold chamber in which he is to sleep. Soon the barroom is deserted 
 by all save the hostler, who, after carefully " raking up " the embers in 
 the big fireplace, stretches himself on the bunk at the right of the door, 
 and in less than five minuses is sound asleep. Outside, the creaking of 
 the sign as it swings to and fro in the gusts of wind that whistle around 
 the corner is the only sound that disturbs the silence of the wintry night. 
 
 EARLY ROADS AND BRIDGES. 
 
 The first traveled way from the center to Florence was not a road 
 in the modern sense of the word. It was simply a cart path made by 
 cutting awav the trees and brush and was laid out over the most con- 
 
 LOOKING TOWARD BRUSH SHOP BRIDGE, SHOWING DORSEY HOUSE. 
 
 venient route, always going around obstacles, such as large stones or 
 marshy ground. The date of the layout of this first road is not recorded, 
 but it was within fourteen years after the first settlers came to North- 
 ampton, as the following item from the town book shows : — 
 
 " Voted and agreed that the Committee here mentioned is lmpowered by the 
 Town to Treat with & to conclude (if they can) with Cornelius Merry to give 
 him Satisfaction with respect to the Damage he sustained by the Town's taking 
 a highway out of his lot that is up the Mill river at Broughton's meadow to be 
 seven rods wide." 
 
5° 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 This first highway, starting from the junction of North Elm and 
 Prospect streets, near the site of the old Dennison Water Cure, passed 
 by the spot where the Dickinson Hospital now stands and led straight 
 across the plain to Leonard's Silk Mill. The road crossed Broughton's 
 
 MAP OF FLORENCE, 183I. 
 
 brook just below the dam of Warner's (Leonard's) pond, then turned to 
 the northwest, keeping on the brow of the hill till it coincided with the 
 present Pine street at a point near the Kindergarten, thence followed 
 that street till it came to the river, near the existing Brush Shop bridge. 
 In 1702 this road was extended "through Broughton's Meadow," to a 
 point near where Julius Phelps built in 1815. This first highway was 
 later called " Stoddard's road," and after White built his oil mill it was 
 known as the " oil mill road." 
 
FROM 1 83 1 TO 1835. 5 1 
 
 The other main road from Northampton from the same starting point 
 led northerly to the Catholic cemetery, thence followed the route of 
 the present " Bridge road " to Florence. This was for a long time called 
 the " North road," in contrast to the " South road," by which the first 
 highway was known. Both of these highways are shown on the map of 
 1754, on page 20, and the map on opposite page. In 1831 there was no 
 road to Easthampton, and none south of the "oil mill road,"* all the 
 territory from the dam to the old paper mill below Bay State being 
 a wilderness, and an excellent hunting ground for the boys of the neigh- 
 borhood. Albert G. Jewett, who hunted here when a boy, says the region 
 was full of squirrels, partridges, skunks, woodchucks, and foxes. The 
 D wight farm (" Herdsdale ") was not then easily accessible from the 
 center of the settlement, the choice of routes being around by Joseph 
 Warner's or by what is now Hatfield street and the Catholic cemetery. 
 
 No bridge was built in this region for eighty years after the settle- 
 ment of Northampton. In the record of a highway "through Brough- 
 ton's Meadow " in 1702 the following is found, "Which Highway as soon 
 as you go over Mill river at the Common place of going over," proving 
 
 mp: 
 
 
 MEADOW STREET BRIDGE — FORMERLY BURT'S ISRIDGE. 
 
 that there was no bridge at that time. Whether this fording place was 
 at Meadow street or at Pine street is not known. The first bridge was 
 built soon after December 25, 1733, as under this date the following item 
 appears in the town book : — 
 
 " Voted to build a bridge over the Mill river above Hulbert's Sawmill as Soon 
 as conveniently may be & that Ebenezer Clark, John Baker and Joseph Wright 
 be a Committee & to take care to effect the Same.'' 
 
 *Nonotuck street was laid out in 1836. 
 
52 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 The bridge was lower down than the present Pine street bridge and 
 extended north and south across the river, only a few feet above the dam, 
 which was then a little further up stream. The bridge needed repairing 
 in 1736 and a committee was appointed to see to it. Soon it came to be 
 known as " Hulbert's Mill bridge." In 1768 the bridge was rebuilt, but 
 only four years after we find this in the town book : — 
 
 " And then on Information of the State of Hulbert's bridge, the Towne voted 
 that Mr. Enoch Clark, the surveyor, be desired to provide a Sleeper and also pro- 
 vide and replace the hook posts and girts and make an effectual reparation of the 
 same." 
 
 According to Judd, when Abner Hunt (born 1768) was a boy this 
 bridge was where the Brush Shop bridge is now, so it is likely that when 
 
 FROM COSMIAN TOWER — EAST. 
 
 it was rebuilt in 1768 it was placed farther up stream. Since 1830 there 
 have been three different bridges there, the first was of wood, with side- 
 walks on each side, and the second was the same as the present one, and 
 was swept away by the Mill River flood. 
 
FROM 1 83 1 TO 1835. 
 
 53 
 
 THE LATER HISTORY OK THE SAW, GRIST, AND OIL MILLS. 
 
 The years just preceding the appearance in 1835 of Mr. Samuel 
 Whitmarsh upon the stage on which he afterward played such an impor- 
 tant part, were the years that witnessed the final development of the oil, 
 grist, and saw mills. Early in 
 the spring of 1822, Eliza, the 
 only daughter of the veteran 
 oil maker, Josiah White, was 
 married to Colonel WilliamW. 
 Thompson of Brimfield. This 
 union brought to Florence a 
 man who afterwards became 
 quite as conspicuous in the 
 life of the settlement as Josiah 
 White himself. Thompson 
 lived with his father White in 
 the little house near the Nono- 
 tuck dam before referred to. 
 He was a strong Democrat, 
 and at one time was a candi- 
 date for lieutenant-governor 
 of this state. It is said that 
 he was not over fond of work. 
 Thompson was a great story 
 teller (possibly because he 
 was a politician), and was ac- 
 quainted with everybody. He 
 always drove a good horse in 
 good style, and if reports are 
 correct was one of " Uncle 
 Paul's" best customers. He 
 was six feet high, with broad shoulders, and a fine figure. His early 
 education had been that of a lawyer, but he preferred to dabble in poli- 
 tics, smoke a cob pipe, and patronize the tavern bar, rather than do any- 
 thing in his profession. His father White was growing old, and therefore 
 Thompson worked about the mills. In 1832 White died and Thompson 
 assumed the control and supervision of the various industries built up 
 under the fostering care of the oil maker. The oil and grist mill at the 
 east end of the dam was still in existence, although the oil business must 
 have been practically defunct. The old water wheel that turned the mill 
 stones and furnished power to the huge oil press was of a kind called 
 a "Coffin wheel." From all we can learn of this wheel it must have been 
 
 Pausing here a minute, we will bear a squirrel chuckle, 
 As he darts from out the underbrush and scampers up a tree. 
 —James Whitcomb Riley. 
 
54 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 of the reactionary type, which is illustrated in its simplest form by the 
 wheel known as " Barker's mill." Anson Reed was employed by Thomp- 
 son and worked at the grist mill. He moved to Newbury, Ohio, a few 
 years after 1832. 
 
 On the opposite side of the river, a little below the dam, was the saw- 
 mill building, which at this time contained a machine shop and other 
 industries. An overshot wheel at the south end of the dam furnished 
 power for a sawmill on the first floor of the building. The log yard was 
 on the high ground south of the mill. The basement was fitted up for 
 a machine shop, with lathes, trip hammer, etc., and here Asher Shepherd 
 and his son Frank did quite a business manufacturing butcher knives and 
 
 NOR III MAPLE STREET — FROM HOTEL CORNER. 
 
 screw drivers. Soon after 1832 a machine for making shingles was in use, 
 and a little later a planing machine was set up by a man named Smith, 
 from Hardwick. Previous to the time when Mr. Jewett built his shop on 
 the Oil Mill road he used this machine shop for turning bobbins. Asher 
 Shepherd lived in the Polly Bosworth house for a few years after 1832. 
 
 Esquire Thompson lived here till 1835, when he sold his farm to Sam- 
 uel Whitmarsh and moved to Peoria, 111., where his strong Democratic 
 convictions soon brought him into prominence, and he was the party 
 candidate for governor or lieutenant-governor of that state. The pur- 
 chase by Whitmarsh of the Thompson property marks the beginning of 
 a new era in the life of the little settlement called the " Warner District." 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 MULBERRY FEVER AND SILK ENTERPRISE. 
 
 Early Biography of Samuel Whitmarsh. — The Northampton Silk Company.— 
 Later Enterprises of Mr. Whitmarsh. — David Lee and Lydia Maria 
 Child. — Josiah Gilbert Holland. 
 
 For several years following 1835, Northampton was the center of an 
 excitement which, of its kind, is believed to have been without a parallel 
 in the country. It was similar in some respects to the great oil specu- 
 lation in Pennsylvania a few 
 years ago. To follow the 
 course of events leading up 
 to the time when Florence 
 took an active interest in the 
 rage, let us turn back a few 
 years and observe the move- 
 ments of one of the leaders of 
 this excitement. 
 
 Samuel Whitmarsh was 
 born in Boston, November, 
 1800. By the death of his 
 father, he w r as thrown upon 
 his own resources in early 
 life, and was apprenticed to 
 a bookbinder. After serving 
 his time, in connection with 
 his brother Thomas he en- 
 gaged in the dry goods busi- 
 ness in his native town. Soon 
 they went to New York, where 
 they continued to deal in dry 
 goods and added to their 
 business a line of men's fur- 
 nishing goods. This new de- 
 parture soon led them into the merchant tailoring business. Mr. Whit- 
 marsh thought that if he could furnish a superior article the better class 
 of people, heretofore " custom-made " men, would give him their trade. 
 He was not mistaken and soon the business proved very successful. In 
 1829, having accumulated a comfortable property, he came to North- 
 ampton and purchased of Major William Parsons, of South street, the 
 
 SAMUEL WHITMARSH. 
 
56 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Fort hill property, embracing substantially the lands now owned by Mr. 
 E. H. R. Lyman. On the high ground where Mr. Lyman's house now 
 stands he erected a commodious residence, later extensively remodeled 
 and enlarged by Mr. Jacob Singmaster and Mr. Lyman. Mr. Whitmarsh 
 set to work at once to beautify his place. He laid out the grounds, built 
 
 JUNCTION PARK AND MEADOW STREET. 
 
 walks, driveways, and terraces, set out shrubbery and trees, erected a 
 large greenhouse, made a beautiful garden, and from the wild pasture 
 and plowlands brought forth one of the most beautiful places in the 
 Connecticut valley. He had taste and talent for landscape gardening, 
 and did much for Northampton in this line. 
 
 In some way he became interested in raw silk, and thought that its 
 production might be successfully carried on in this country. With him, 
 to reach a conclusion was to act upon it. Within one or two years after 
 he built the Fort Hill house, he engaged in the cultivation of the mul- 
 berry. He began on a small scale, and gradually added to his collection 
 of trees as his interest in the subject increased. The only variety of mul- 
 berry that had been commonly grown in this country was the " white 
 mulberry." He first experimented with this variety, but soon found 
 another and apparently much superior kind, the " morus multicaulis." 
 He introduced this to the few growers and farmers in this region who 
 had caught some of his enthusiasm regarding this new industry. 
 
 A few towns in Connecticut were interested in the manufacture of 
 silk, and the tireless and persistent efforts of a few leaders like Mr. Whit- 
 marsh bore fruit in the public press in articles on mulberry tree cultiva- 
 tion and the care of the silkworm. By 1835 he was thoroughly convinced 
 that something should be done on a larger scale than he was able to 
 
MULBERRY FEVER AND SILK ENTERPRISE. 57 
 
 prosecute single handed, and he therefore took steps to carry out this 
 idea. 
 
 The Northampton Silk Company. — The valuable water privilege in 
 Florence at this time was the property of Esquire Thompson. Mr. 
 Whitmarsh thought this a desirable spot for his pet scheme, as the water 
 privilege and surrounding interval lands in the fertile ; ' Broughton's 
 Meadow " afforded power and territory sufficient for all future demands 
 of the enterprise. By the middle of September he had purchased nearly 
 three hundred acres of land with which to begin operations. He paid 
 Esquire Thompson seven thousand five hundred dollars for his ninety 
 acre farm, which included the sawmill, oil mill, and water privilege ; he 
 gave Gaius Burt six thousand dollars for his productive one hundred acre 
 farm in the meadow, and obtained ninety-five acres more from William 
 Clark, Senior. He then went to New York to secure money to push his 
 enterprise. His sanguine hopes and great earnestness soon enlisted a 
 ready response from moneyed men, and before the middle of October 
 he had organized the " Northampton Silk Company," as the name is 
 recorded in all the legal documents, instead of the " New York and 
 Northampton Silk Company," the name given in previous histories. By 
 an act of the Legislature the company was incorporated in the spring. 
 
 Among the men interested in the project were Ebenezer Jackson and 
 Samuel Russell of Middletovvn, Connecticut, Augustus Heard of Boston, 
 Smith W. Anderson, Stephen A. Halsey, Robert Jones, James Bowen, 
 Henry \V. Sergeant, John C. Bergh, John W. P. Arcularius, E. W. & F. 
 Tryon, Howard, Kieler & Schofield, Comstock & Andrews, Charles N. S. 
 Rowland, Daniel L. Suydam, Newton Hayes, Christopher S. Hubbard, 
 Charles N. Talbot, Joseph W. Alsop, Junior, Henry H. Casey, Isaac Jones, 
 Eustis Prescott, Charles St. John, and Stephen Crocker, all of New York 
 city. 
 
 Ebenezer Jackson was an English weaver. The first board of officers 
 was as follows : Samuel Whitmarsh, president ; Talbot, Russell, Hub- 
 bard, and Bowen, directors ; Charles St. John, treasurer, and William H. 
 Schofield, clerk. 
 
 To acquaint himself with the practical details of the contemplated 
 business, Mr. Whitmarsh, before the last of October, had sailed for Europe. 
 He visited the silk growing regions of France, Italy, and Switzerland, 
 and made large purchases in France, so large, in fact, that the Gazette 
 says, "The demand for the morus multicaulis is greater than ever. 
 Mr. Whitmarsh's purchases have raised the price of it in that country 
 [France] nearly fifty per cent." Mr. Whitmarsh had a very competent 
 agent in Mr. C. P. Huntington, the editor of the Gazette, who made good 
 use of his organ to advertise the business. Mr. Whitmarsh did not return 
 
58 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 to Northampton till the first of May (1836), but in March this advertise- 
 ment appeared in the Gazette: — 
 
 "FOR SALE. 
 " 50,000 Trees of the Morus Multicaulis, together with a quantity of the GENUINE 
 SEED of the Chinese Mulberry, in papers sufficient for between three and four 
 thousand plants each." 
 
 The seed sold for five dollars a paper, but, notwithstanding the high 
 price, inside of a week orders for two hundred dollars worth had been 
 received. The trees arrived the middle of May, and those three feet long 
 were sold at from thirty to thirty-five cents apiece by the hundred. 
 
 r 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 —^^u+SSm |m 
 
 
 
 
 p*p°«.", ■ 
 
 OLD SILK MILL HOARDING HOUSE. VIEW NEAR THE DAM. 
 
 LILLY PLACE. 
 
 The work now began in good earnest. The company decided to stock 
 one hundred acres with engrafted trees that year. A crop of corn had 
 been raised on the land the year before, this being regarded as a neces- 
 sary preparation of the soil for the cultivation of the mulberry. Mr. 
 William Clark was given the crop for the labor of growing it, and he was 
 now employed to set out the trees. All the land between Park street 
 and the river, fifteen acres in Ross Meadow, and the hillside south of 
 Pine street were covered with cuttings of the multicaulis and the 
 Chinese varieties. The European imported trees were not replanted, 
 
MULBERRY FEVER AND SILK ENTERPRISE. 59 
 
 but were cut into slips about six inches long, and then set in the earth. 
 The growth was vigorous, and in the fall the tops of the plants were cut 
 off, and set the ensuing spring. 
 
 On the eighth of June the company met and re-elected the first 
 board of officers. Success seemed to look them in the face. The quiet 
 hamlet — "the Warner District" — must have presented a busy appear- 
 ance that summer. By the last of June " machines from Europe, and of 
 domestic construction," had arrived, for reeling and weaving silk, and 
 by the first of August the old oil mill was being made ready for the 
 machinery with which to manufacture sewing silk. 
 
 It is probable that this season Mr. Whitmarsh built his large cocoon- 
 ery on the Fort Hill estate. It was two hundred feet long, twenty-six 
 feet wide, and two stories high, and accommodated two million worms. 
 The company this year had no raw silk of their own production. During 
 the early fall a committee from Congress came to Northampton to exam- 
 ine the company's plantation. Daniel Webster, Abbott Lawrence, and 
 James K. Mills, then famous for their advocacy of the doctrine of pro- 
 tection to American industries, made up this committee. 
 
 September 13, 1833, the company bought of Jennette N. Ridgeway 
 the " wool warehouse," built by James Shepherd, that stood near Paul 
 Strong's tavern, and Mr. Ashley of West Springfield and a gang of men 
 moved it across lots to a spot nearly opposite the old oil mill, where it 
 stands to this day. This afterwards became the "old silk mill boarding 
 house." Some machinery was put into this building, and samples of 
 plain and figured satins were woven here. These Mr. Whitmarsh took 
 to Washington and presented to Henry Clay, who was much gratified 
 with them as specimens of home manufactures. 
 
 The fall months were uneventful ones, and the excitement cooled 
 with the weather. The opening of the new year (1837) found the com- 
 pany manufacturing sewing silk, and according to the papers it was 
 " used by all the tailors in town." " Northampton sewing silk " sold 
 well in New York, and the Gazette said : "The company are manufac- 
 turing at the rate of two hundred dollars worth per day and yet can- 
 not supply the demand." In May Mr. Whitmarsh imported from 
 Europe fifteen thousand dollars worth of mulberry trees, but owing to 
 poor packing lost a large quantity of them. More land on the meadows 
 and upland was set with trees this season, making about one hundred 
 acres in all. The Alpine variety was introduced but was not as popular 
 as the multicaulis. The company built this year a substantial brick 
 factory, on a stone foundation, one hundred and twenty by forty feet, 
 and four stories high. This building is now the Braid Mill. The canal 
 was dug from the dam to the factory, and the machinery in the oil mill 
 
6o 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 transferred to the large building. A small house was built at the foot 
 of the hill, at the junction of what is now Maple and Nonotuck streets. 
 This was occupied by Mr. Benson in Community times, and some years 
 ago was moved to the corner of River road and Landy avenue. 
 
 Not content with the amount of land already theirs, on June first the 
 company bought twenty acres of Allen Clark, and in September paid 
 Luther C. Clark two thousand dollars for one hundred acres additional. 
 Their estate now embraced the whole of the southern and western por- 
 tion of the present village. 
 
 The spring of 1838 witnessed no abatement of the mulberry craze, 
 but the silk company was short of funds. Although they claimed a 
 capital of $100,000, with liberty to extend to $150,000, it appears that 
 
 only about $60,000 
 had been subscribed. 
 At a meeting held the 
 first of June, they 
 voted to raise $30,000 
 immediately, in order 
 to pursue their oper- 
 ations with increased 
 vigor. In June a ma- 
 chine for making 
 watch and other nar- 
 row ribbons was put 
 in operation, being " a 
 new application of 
 machinery" as the 
 papers stated. During the fall of 1838 the excitement ran high. The 
 discussions in the newspapers, and the accounts of sales recently made 
 at large profits, had been too much for even the staid old farmers, and 
 every one rushed into the business, many without any knowledge of it. 
 Small plants were sold for fabulous prices, some even for nearly their 
 weight in gold, and there was hardly a garden in Northampton but rejoiced 
 in these treasures. The fever had spread until it embraced all parts of 
 New England where the mulberry could be grown. Trees sold at one, 
 two, and three dollars apiece. Later, so valuable were they considered 
 that cuttings a few inches in length sold for between two and three dol- 
 lars per bud, and hothouses were pressed into service to supply the 
 demand, the ordinary course of nature being too slow for the dealers. 
 
 In the following spring Mr. Whitmarsh published a neat little book, 
 of one hundred and fifty pages, on " Eight Years' Experience and Obser- 
 vation in the Culture of the Mulberry Tree, and in the Care of the Silk- 
 
 FACTORY. — AFTERWARDS "COMMUNITY BOARDING HOUSE." 
 
MULBERRY FEVER AND SILK ENTERPRISE. 
 
 61 
 
 worm." It was printed in Northampton, and, as all previous works on 
 this subject had been reprints from foreign authors, not at all appli- 
 cable to the "American system," it met with a ready sale. His great 
 earnestness and evidently sincere convictions regarding the prosperous 
 future of the new industry permeate the entire volume. The book treats 
 of every detail of the business and, fifty years after the failure of the 
 enterprise, it furnishes interesting reading. 
 
 L. P. Brockett, M.D., was in Northampton in the spring of 1839, an< ^ 
 says that Mr. Whitmarsh and Dr. Daniel Stebbins were rejoicing over 
 the purchase of a dozen multicaulis cuttings, not more than two feet 
 long and of the thickness of a pipe-stem, for twenty-five dollars. "They 
 are worth sixty dollars," exclaimed the Doctor in his enthusiasm. 
 
 On the first of May, pursuant to the state law, the company gave notice 
 that the amount of all assessment voted and actually paid was $94,450, 
 
 and that all existing debts were 
 $48,494.18. Some silk vesting was 
 woven this year. The first superin- 
 tendent, Thomas W. Shepherd, had 
 left, and Mr. Whitmarsh went to 
 Mansfield, Conn., and, on August 9, 
 hired Mr. Joseph Conant to take 
 charge of the business. Mr. Conant 
 was one of the first silk manufac- 
 turers in the United States, having 
 made silk as early as 1829. He was 
 a man of character and of great 
 ability. Earle Dvvight Swift and Or- 
 well S. Chaffee came to Northamp- 
 ton with Mr. Conant. Mr. Whitmarsh 
 soon severed his connection with the 
 company, bought a building in North- 
 ampton, later called the " Hive," and 
 began alone the manufacture of silk. 
 The mulberry bubble, now blown to immense proportions by the 
 breath of the speculators, could stand the strain no longer, and without 
 a word of warning burst, bringing ruin to thousands. The company 
 began to realize that making silk was not on the whole an easy task ; 
 the machinery was rude, and little was accomplished. On March 18, 
 1840, the Gazette printed a notice, "Property of the Northampton Silk 
 Company For Sale." On April 9, the stockholders appointed Talbot, 
 Alsop, Jr., and Casey, trustees, with directions to sell or lease the prop- 
 erty, and, on May 1, they rented the estate to Joseph Conant, for a term 
 
 CAPTAIN JOSEPH C. CONANT. 
 
62 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 of three years if desired, for one thousand dollars a year, said Conant to 
 have the leaves of the mulberry plants on said premises." This lease was 
 not satisfactory, for the next year, on the first of April, the estate was sold 
 at auction with the figures standing at $22,250. It appears that the trus- 
 tees above named were the purchasers. Mr. Conant remained as lessee 
 till September 14, 1841, when the property was bought by the leaders of 
 the future "Community." 
 
 LATER ENTERPRISES OF MR. WHITMARSH. 
 
 After leaving the Northampton Silk Company, Mr. Whitmarsh had 
 not proceeded far in his new project at the " Hive " when he went to 
 Jamaica, led there by a reward offered by the government for the suc- 
 cessful establishment of the culture of silk on that island. After a visit 
 there of several months, he formed a company with a capital of one 
 hundred and fifty thousand dollars, one half of which was taken by 
 capitalists there, and the other half was assigned to him. He went to 
 London and disposed of his stock at par value. 
 
 At this time Mr. Whitmarsh displayed one of the noblest traits of his 
 character. Having thus come into the possession of ample pecuniary 
 means, he returned to Northampton and paid off his old debts in full, 
 with interest, amounting to about seventy-five thousand dollars. He 
 then collected a company of thirty-five men and women, bought horses, 
 machinery, implements, etc., chartered the vessel "Saxon," and on the 
 sixteenth of November, 1840, sailed from Charlestown for Jamaica. 
 They cleared one hundred acres and set twenty acres with mulberry 
 trees ; and erected a blacksmith shop, cocoonery, and a saw and shingle 
 mill. After a visit to this country Mr. Whitmarsh returned to Jamaica 
 only to find that one of the directors of the company, a lawyer by pro- 
 fession, had had some difficulty with the owners of an icehouse in which 
 the silkworm eggs had been placed, and had removed them to a cellar, 
 the dampness of which had spoiled them. This was a great blow to the 
 enterprise, and in 1846 Mr. Whitmarsh loaded a small vessel with tropical 
 plants, and, accompanied by his family of thirty American workmen, 
 sailed for Boston, with a view of opening a botanical garden there, the 
 ship and cargo being all that was left of a large property. The proposi- 
 tion, not meeting with success in Boston, was abandoned. His next 
 scheme was a steam furnace, and then a kind of belting, but both proved 
 failures, after sinking thousands of dollars in trying to develop them. 
 
 Mr. Whitmarsh was one of the most unobtrusive of men. His manner 
 was always quiet, his habits of life correct, and his aim was to do justly 
 and love mercy. The distinguishing trait in his character was his won- 
 derful hopefulness. He was never discouraged. Though failure after 
 
MULBERRY FEVER AND SILK. ENTERPRISE. 
 
 63 
 
 failure overtook him, he was still confident that the next revolution of 
 fortune's wheel would bring him ample recompense for all his labors and 
 losses. He was no hypocrite and never sought to take advantage of 
 others. He possessed an extensive knowledge of men, and was a man of 
 unusual intelligence. If he lacked that practical quality which men who 
 achieve greater pecuniary advancement so often possess, he certainly 
 deserves the credit of sowing the seed from which sprang the present 
 industries of Florence, for his "Northampton Silk Company" led the 
 way for the Community, and the Community was the real beginning of 
 the present village of Florence. Mr. Whitmarsh died in Northampton, 
 April 21, 1875. 
 
 DAVID LEE AND LYDIA MARIA CHILI). 
 
 Before closing this chapter mention should be made of two families 
 afterwards noted in the literary world, who at this time were residents 
 of Florence. While the mulberry fever was raging, another enterprise 
 was also being discussed, namely, the making of sugar from beets. Mr. 
 Child had been in France, where 
 the culture of the beet for this 
 purpose was quite extensive, 
 and, on returning in the spring 
 of 1S38, he came to Northamp- 
 ton, determined to make sugar 
 from beet roots. The first year 
 he cultivated a few acres, and in 
 1840 he invented a " beet cutter" 
 and an improved process for 
 
 obtaining the sugar. Soon after he bought a farm on the road to East- 
 hampton, near the peat swamps, and here Mrs. Child wrote some of her 
 works. Mr. Child had twenty acres of sugar beets planted at the "Silk 
 Factory Farm," and some machinery was put in the oil mill. Another 
 of his schemes was to press peat that it might be used for fuel. Although 
 he spent considerable money on both these enterprises, neither proved 
 successful, and about 1847 Mr. Child moved from town. 
 
 Mrs. Child was not pleased with this region. In her " Letters " she 
 says : " I have never been so discouraged about abolition as since we 
 came into this iron bound valley of the Connecticut." And again : " If I 
 were to choose my home, I certainly would not place it in the valley of 
 the Connecticut. It is true, the river is broad and clear, the hills majes- 
 tic, and the whole aspect of outward nature most lordly. But, oh ! the 
 narrowness, the bigotry of man ! " At this time the influence of Jonathan 
 Edwards was still felt, and the old time theological spirit had not been 
 supplanted by the broader religious toleration of to-day. 
 
 CHILD PLACE ON EASTHAMPTON ROAD. 
 
64 
 
 HISTORV OF FLORENCE. 
 
 DR. JOSIAH GILBERT HOLLAND. 
 
 At about this time (1835-40) this well known author was a resident of 
 Florence. Soon after 1836 his father, Harrison Holland, moved from 
 Granby to Northampton, and seems to have been employed in the silk 
 mill. Josiah was then twenty-three years old. He did not long remain 
 here, for in 1841 he purchased a " daguerreotype apparatus," and had 
 rooms at the "canal building" in the center, where he "executed minia- 
 ture likenesses by this interesting process." In 1843 he taught writing, 
 having his schoolroom at the Gazette office. According to his advertise- 
 ment "All pupils are required to furnish their own lights." 
 
 Harrison Holland spent several years in Florence, living in at least 
 three different houses. His first home, as far as ascertained, was in one of 
 the small houses west of the present Brush Factory bridge, on the road to 
 West Farms. For several years he lived in the William Warner (Polly 
 Bosworth) house, and then in the Paul Strong tavern. While living in 
 the latter house two of his daughters died, Clarissa, February 24, and 
 Lucretia B., July 13, 1842. Later the father moved to the small cottage 
 built by Jewett, that stands back of Leonard's Silk Mill boarding house ; 
 his son Harvey at this time having an interest in these mills. Harvey 
 built and lived in the house opposite the mill, which was remodeled a 
 few years ago by the late Mr. John N. Leonard. Harrison Holland died 
 in December, 1848, aged sixty-four. His inventive turn of mind made 
 him a thorough machinist, but he was unfortunate in his dealings with 
 men and never realized any reward for the machines he invented. 
 
 JEWETT PLACE — WHERE THE HOLLANDS LIVED. 
 
.,1.4. JL 
 
 VIEW SOUTHEAST V 
 
 TRAWDEKRY HILL 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 The Spirit of the Times. — The Transcendental Movement. — Kindred Associa- 
 tions, Brook Farm and Hopedale. — The Projectors ok the Northampton 
 Association. — Why Florence Was Selected as the Site of the New Ven- 
 ture. — The Leaders Buy the Silk Company's Property. — The Preliminary 
 Circular. — Organization. — Constitution and By-Laws. — Items from the 
 Secretary's Book. 
 
 A few months of peace and quiet followed the crisis of the mulberry- 
 fever and the failure of the silk company. The inhabitants of this little 
 hamlet were content to till their farms without indulging in speculative 
 ventures, and therefore they inwardly rejoiced when the silk company's 
 project was abandoned. This feeling of satisfaction was not of long dura- 
 tion, however, for soon a number of people, with peculiar ideas, bought 
 the silk company's estate and came to Florence determined to establish 
 a new social order, in accordance with the most advanced ideas of the 
 time. Social innovations are always regarded with disfavor until they 
 have justified themselves, and these earnest men and women encountered 
 many obstacles in their effort to advance the cause of the " brotherhood 
 of man." 
 
 Before proceeding to study the new institution, which its founders 
 named the " Northampton Association of Education and Industry," let 
 us consider briefly the spirit of the times that prompted this experiment. 
 The years just preceding the beginning of their undertaking had been 
 years of active agitation on the part of the socialists. Projects of radi- 
 cal social reform filled the air. In the words of John Morley : " A great 
 wave of humanity, of benevolence, of desire for improvement, — a great 
 wave of social sentiment, in short, — poured itself among all who had 
 the faculty of large and disinterested thinking." Among the men who 
 were representatives of the vital movement in the direction of spiritual 
 
66 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 supernaturalism may be mentioned Dr. Pusey and Dr. Newman. The 
 Church of England was the target for the criticism of Thomas Arnold 
 and F. D. Maurice, who were trying to broaden it so that " it might 
 embrace heaven and earth, faith and philosophy, creed and criticism." 
 Carlyle's voice was heard above the uproar, crying against shams in 
 religion and politics. But these were not the only ones who were clam- 
 oring for a better state of society. Dickens in his novels was vividly 
 portraying the wrongs of the established order ; Kingsley was " stirring 
 the caldron of social discontent " ; while George Combe, Cobden, John 
 Bright, and Daniel O'Connell gave their energies to the cause of progress. 
 The teachings of Robert Owen were everywhere discussed. Not England 
 and France alone, but all Europe was invaded by this spirit of reform. 
 In speaking of the twenty years following 1820 Emerson says: "It 
 seemed a war between intellect and affection ; a crack in nature, which 
 split every church in Christendom into Papal and Protestant ; Calvinism 
 into Old and New Schools ; Quakerism into Old and New ; brought new 
 divisions in politics ; as the new conscience touching temperance and 
 slavery." 
 
 The influence exerted by this great movement for reform was felt in 
 the United States, and the Americans, with less reverence for old cus- 
 toms and precedents than the English, soon struck out on unbroken 
 ground and resolved to put to a practical test the principles and theories 
 of these reformers. Owen's scheme known as the " New Harmony 
 Settlement" may be said to have reached its greatest popularity in 1826. 
 Before 1842, through the indefatigable zeal of Albert Brisbane and Horace 
 Greeley, the writings of Fourier were interpreted to this country. 
 Eleven experiments followed Owen's, and no less than thirty-four were 
 started from the influence exerted by Fourier's teachings. Noyes, in his 
 " History of American Socialisms," says that of these forty-five Com- 
 munities or Phalanxes, " the majority perished within a year or two of 
 their formation ; many of them did not last more than a few months, 
 and only three survived for a period exceeding five years." 
 
 The Northampton Association of Education and Industry seems to 
 have had its origin in the movement known as " transcendentalism," 
 which sprang up soon after 1836, and enlisted in its interest a company 
 of gifted men and women, among whom were Margaret Fuller, George 
 Ripley, Samuel Robbins, John S. Dwight, Warren Burton, Dr. Convers 
 Francis, Theodore Parker, Rev. Adin Ballou, Dr. Hedge, Orestes Augus- 
 tus Brownson, James Freeman Clark, and William H. Channing. From 
 the informal afternoon meetings which these friends of progress held at 
 one another's houses in Boston, where social topics were discussed, grew 
 the more serious thought, which led to the forming of an association. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 6 7 
 
 There was some difficulty in securing an agreement on principles upon 
 which to lay a foundation. Mr. Ballou believed that success could only 
 be obtained by an avowal of convictions on the part of those uniting, while 
 Mr. Ripley wished to avoid the least appearance of coercion, and to rely 
 wholly on the fraternal spirit to bind the members together. In conse- 
 quence of this difference of opinion a 
 friendly separation took place ; Mr. 
 Ballou and a band of practical re- 
 formers established themselves at 
 Hopedale, Worcester county, Massa- 
 chusetts, where they founded the 
 " Hopedale Community," while Mr. 
 Ripley and his friends in the spring 
 of 1841 proceeded to West Roxbury, 
 where they organized the " Brook 
 Farm Institute of Agriculture and 
 Education." Margaret Fuller, Haw- 
 thorne, Charles Anderson Dana, and 
 others were there, and, as they after- 
 wards became famous in the literary 
 world, Brook Farm is perhaps the 
 most widely known of the contempo- 
 rary associations. 
 
 While these leaders of thought in Boston were busy discussing tran- 
 scendentalism and the prospects of forming associations, there were others 
 who were equally on the alert to receive, weigh, and consider the ideas 
 advanced at their meetings. Among these were William Adam, David 
 Mack, George W. Benson, and Samuel L. Hill. Mr. Adam was a native 
 of Edinburgh, Scotland, and a graduate of its famous University. 
 At this time he was professor of Oriental languages at Harvard Univer- 
 sity, and living so near Boston naturally felt the influence of the tran- 
 scendental movement. David Mack was born in Middlefield, Mass., in 
 1803. Like Mr. Adam he was at this time in Cambridge, having only a 
 few years previous opened a day and boarding school for young ladies in 
 that town. He was so impressed with the spirit of reform that, when 
 Brook Farm was started in the spring of 1841, he became an associate 
 member. Mr. Benson was from Brooklyn, Connecticut. Before his 
 father's death he was engaged in the wholesale leather business, and just 
 before coming to Northampton was in charge of two farms, one in 
 Brooklyn and one in Providence. William Lloyd Garrison had marriecl 
 Mr. Benson's sister, and this union naturally brought Mr. Benson -in 
 touch with the more advanced thinkers of the time. Samuel L. Hill was 
 
 DAVID MACK. 
 
68 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 an overseer in a Willimantic cotton factory, and had kept pace with the 
 world's thought through contact with Garrison's Liberator and corre- 
 spondence with the Boston transcendentalists. It is not known which 
 of these four men was the first to broach the subject of starting a Com- 
 munity. They had been in correspondence with one another previous to 
 the spring of 1841. 
 
 In all probability the failure of the silk company first brought North- 
 ampton to the notice of the four leaders. Whitmarsh's silk enterprise 
 had been the subject of many an article in the New England newspapers, 
 and when the property was advertised for sale it was natural that it 
 should suggest an excellent opportunity to obtain for a very small sum 
 a valuable property, well suited Ito 'the needs of the project. Mr. Hill 
 had known Mr. Conant while the latter was in Mansfield (Mr. Conant 
 was related to Mr. Hill by marriage) and it is evident that Mr. Hill was 
 the prime mover in selecting Florence as the site for the experiment. 
 It seems that the plans for organization had been matured before the 
 spring of 1841, for at this time Mr. Hill moved from Willimantic and 
 
 took up his residence in " Broughton's 
 Meadows." During the summer it is 
 presumed that Messrs. Benson, Adam, 
 and Mack visited Florence to look 
 over the ground and to consult Mr. 
 Conant, who had a lease of the silk 
 property, with reference to his joining 
 the proposed association and giving it 
 his support. 
 
 On the 14th of September, 1841, 
 the trustees of the defunct Northamp- 
 ton Silk Company, for twenty thou- 
 sand dollars, sold the estate to Joseph 
 Conant of Northampton, Samuel L. 
 Hill of Windham (Willimantic), Con- 
 necticut, William Coe and George W. 
 Benson, both of Brooklyn, Connecti- 
 cut. 
 
 The next step was to draw up the 
 declaration of principles and articles of association, which was probably 
 done by Prof. Adam and David Mack, and on the fifteenth of February, 
 1842, the following preliminary circular, stating the object and aim of 
 the proposed association, was sent out. It was printed on two sides of 
 an eight by ten inch sheet, and space was left at the close for the names 
 of subscribers for shares in the stock company. 
 
 GEORGE W. BENSON. 
 From daguerreotype taken about 1845. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OK EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 69 
 
 PRELIMINARY CIRCULAR. 
 
 When existing institutions arc found inadequate to promote the further 
 progress of society, it becomes the duty of those who perceive the necessity of 
 reform, to associate together upon principles, in their opinion, the best calculated 
 to fulfill the designs of God in placing man in this life. Among those designs 
 are believed to be the progressive culture and high development of all the pow- 
 ers and faculties of our nature; the union of spiritual, intellectual, and practical 
 attainments ; the equality of rights and rank for all, except that those stations 
 and pursuits should be regarded as most honorable which promote self-conquest 
 and the most expansive philanthropy; and the practical recognition of the 
 responsibility of every individual to God -^ 
 
 alone in all his pursuits. These designs f^ ,. / rW \ n 1 . -, 
 
 of God demand the co-operation of man MWa^- ■ "^ ' 
 
 as an essential condition, but existing 
 
 institutions of education and business do not afford it, inasmuch as they fail to 
 provide for the full development of the faculties of any class or individual ; rec- 
 ognize invidious distinctions, assigning the highest rank for other reasons than 
 moral worth ; establish separate and conflicting action for various kinds and 
 degrees of culture, skill, and labor; forbid such freedom of thinking and acting 
 as is required by personal accountability; sever intellectual culture from action 
 in such a manner as to make it barren and even subversive of moral principle; 
 and separate labor from speculative pursuits so as to make it drudgery, thus 
 causing the degradation of a necessary means of education, health, and happi- 
 ness. The following Articles of Association are proposed, as a means of reduc- 
 ing to practice the foregoing principles : — 
 
 Article I. The name and style of this association shall be The Northamp- 
 ton Association of Education and Industry. 
 
 Art. II. The management of the affairs and undertakings of this Association 
 shall be conducted by two distinct companies: 1st, a Stock Company; 2d, an 
 Industrial Association. 
 
 Art. III. The Stock Company shall be first formed by obtaining a subscrip- 
 tion of $100,000, to be paid in money or some equivalent at the option of the 
 Stock Directors. As soon as 550,000 are secured by 'binding subscriptions, $30,000 
 of which, at least, shall be paid by the first of April next, the company shall be 
 organized by choosing a President, Secretary and Treasurer, who together shall, 
 as Trustees, hold all the property of the Association in trust, until their successors 
 shall be appointed by the Company. 
 
 Art. IV. The President and Secretary shall sign all contracts and papers 
 binding the Company, and the Treasurer shall give security to the satisfaction of 
 the Company for the safe keeping of its money and papers ; but the Trustees 
 shall not have power to buy or sell, as agents of the Company, on credit. 
 
 Art. V. The Secretary shall keep a book in which copies of all the shares 
 shall be entered, with the names of their owners, and all interest and dividends 
 due thereon. No transfer of stock shall be valid unless indorsed by the Presi- 
 dent and Secretary ; and a copy of every transfer shall be entered on the Secre- 
 
7° 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 tary's book. But no transfer shall be authorized for any person indebted to the 
 Association until security be given for the payment of his debt. 
 
 Art. VI. The Secretary shall keep account of all the property, contracts 
 and obligations of the Company, and of the obligations and money transactions 
 of each member with the Company ; and at suitable times those accounts may be 
 inspected by any member of the Company. 
 
 Art. VII. The Secretary shall make annually an inventory of all the prop- 
 erty of the Association, an adjusted statement of its pecuniary condition, and a 
 full settlement of its transactions with other parties and with each member of 
 the Company ; so that at the beginning of each year new accounts may be 
 opened. 
 
 Art. VIII. New stock may be raised at any time and to any amount deter- 
 mined by a vote of 
 two-thirds of the 
 stockholders. 
 
 Art. IX. Shares 
 shall be for Sioo 
 each, negotiable 
 under the restric- 
 tions of the fifth 
 Article, and shall 
 be entitled to an- 
 nual interest not 
 exceeding six per 
 cent. ; but interest 
 shall not be pay- 
 able under four 
 years, when the an- 
 nual interest and 
 the interest for the 
 four years then due 
 may be paid, or the 
 arrears may be equally divided between the next four years, at the option of the 
 Company. 
 
 Art. X. Interest or dividends of profits may be paid in stock or in cash, at 
 the option of the stockholder ; but the Company shall not be obliged to pay cash, 
 unless previous notice be given to the Secretary thirty days before the payment 
 becomes due. 
 
 Art. XI. In settling with individual members, each shall be charged with 
 rent of apartments furnished by the Stock Company at a reasonable rate, and 
 with supplies furnished by the Association at cost. 
 
 ART. XII. In stock transactions, every share shall be entitled to one vote, 
 provided that no one proprietor shall be entitled to more than ten votes. In the 
 absence of stockholders, their shares may be represented by proxies. 
 
 Art. XIII. Every certificate of stock shall contain a condition providing that 
 shares owned by persons not members of the Industrial Association may be bought 
 
 MEADOW STREET BRIDGE IN WINTER. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OK EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 7 1 
 
 11. upon payment of principal and interest, by members of the Association, when 
 notice of such intention shall be given thirty days before the annual interest 
 becomes due. 
 
 Art. XIV. In making the annual settlement, the disbursements shall be 
 made in the following order: 1st, expenses of stock transactions and manage- 
 ment, including labor; 2d, expenses of supporting members of the Industrial 
 Association unable to earn a support, the property of such members in the stock 
 account being first applied as far as it will go; 3d, six per cent, on all stock ac- 
 tually paid in. The balance shall be divided among the members of the Indus- 
 trial Association in proportion to their several services in labor and talent or skill, 
 to be estimated by the books and reports of the Leaders of Divisions and 
 Subdivisions, two-thirds of said balance being awarded to labor, and one-third 
 to skill. 
 
 Art. XV. The Stock Directors shall determine in what manner their funds 
 shall be invested, and shall make such appropriations for carrying on the differ- 
 ent branches of business as they shall judge best, those branches being most 
 favored that are necessary and less attractive. They may always attend the 
 meetings of the Board of Directors of the Industrial Association and give their 
 advice, but shall not be allowed to vote. 
 
 Art. XVI. Any member expelled or choosing to withdraw, shall receive all 
 that is his due on the stock account, at the next annual settlement, if he give 
 ninety days' previous notice, and before receiving the same shall sign a full 
 discharge of all claims against the Company or the Association. 
 
 Art. XVII. The Stock Company when duly organized shall elect twenty 
 families to commence the Industrial Association. Those twenty families, together 
 with such families and individuals as shall be admitted members, shall elect all 
 subsequent members, and may expel an unworthy member. 
 
 Art. XVIII. The Industrial Association shall be organized by choosing a 
 Director for each branch of employment established by the Association, with the 
 advice of the Stock Trustees. Such Directors shall form a Board, who shall see 
 that suitable employment for all the members shall always be provided ; shall be 
 arbitrators to settle all difficulties between the Divisions or Subdivisions, or 
 between individuals, at the expense of the party by them decided to be in the 
 
 Autograph written Oct. 15, 1843. Autograph written March 21, 1846. 
 
 wrong, such expense being only the value of time, rooms, etc., caused by the 
 arbitration ; and shall fix the rate of compensation for the various employments 
 and ages, awarding higher compensation to the most necessary and disagreeable 
 rather than to the most productive. They shall manage the purchase of mate- 
 rials and goods for the Association and for individuals, and the sale of articles 
 produced or manufactured by the Association, but they shall never buy or sell on 
 credit. 
 
 Art. XIX. Each branch of employment shall be prosecuted by such as 
 
72 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 choose it, who shall form a class, consisting of as many Divisions as the Directors 
 shall determine; each Division shall choose a Leader who shall determine the 
 number of Subdivisions ; and each Subdivision shall choose its Leader, who shall 
 keep an account of the labor and skill of each member of his Subdivision at each 
 time of meeting, and shall report the progress of his undertaking to the Board of 
 Directors annually and as often as necessary. All the Leaders of Subdivisions 
 I shall form a Committee for 
 
 consultation concerning 
 the best ways and means 
 of managing the business 
 of their Division. 
 
 Art. XX. Each Sub- 
 division shall determine 
 the manner in which their 
 employment shall be per- 
 formed, shall assign differ- 
 ent portions to individuals 
 according to their quali- 
 fications, and shall admit 
 new members, who may be 
 qualified, upon their appli- 
 cation. 
 
 Art. XXI. Each Sub- 
 division shall, as far as 
 practicable, consist of dif- 
 ferent sexes and ages, so 
 that the heavier parts may be performed by the stronger ; the lighter, by the 
 more delicate individuals. 
 
 Art. XXII. No charge shall be made to any member of the Association or 
 his family for religious or other instruction, for medical attendance or nursing 
 by members of the Association, or for the use of baths, public rooms, or what- 
 ever is provided for the general use and benefit, unless used for some private or 
 particular purpose. 
 
 Art. XXIII. Every man, woman, and child above the age of five years shall 
 have a separate account with the Association, and shall have a separate and dis- 
 tinct interest. The expenses and the compensation of children shall be so 
 arranged that the profits of their industry shall refund the cost of their support, 
 by the time they become admissible as members of the Association. 
 
 Art. XXIV. This Association and any of its Boards or Committees may 
 establish such By-laws not inconsistent with the spirit and intention of this 
 Declaration and of these Articles, as they may think proper, from time to time. 
 Art. XXV. Any of these Articles may be altered at a regular meeting of 
 the Association, by a majority of two-thirds of the members ; provided notice of 
 the proposed alteration shall be given in the manner to be prescribed in the 
 By-laws. 
 
 " Where sprawling frogs, in loveless key, 
 Sing on and on incessantly." 
 
 —James Whitcomb Riley. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 73 
 
 Broughton Meadows, Northampton, February 15, 1842. 
 
 At a meeting of the owners oi the property known as the Northampton Silk 
 Factory Estate, held this 15th day of February, 1X42. foseph Conant was voted 
 President, and William Adam, Secretary. Whereupon, it was unanimously 
 
 Resolved, That, approving of the principles and objects developed in the 
 preceding Declaration and Articles of Association, we, the owners of the afore- 
 said Estate, consisting of about four hundred and twenty acres of land; six 
 dwelling houses; a large brick factory, nearly new, four stories high, measuring 
 one hundred and twenty by forty feet, with water-wheel, gear, and shafting fit 
 for operation, and situated on a durable stream of water called Mill River, hav- 
 ing from twenty-seven to twenty-nine feet fall; a dye-house, with necessary 
 apparatus ; a wooden building about thirty feet square, formerly used for manu- 
 facturing purposes, with water-wheel, in good condition; a saw-mill; a Ray- 
 mond's shingle mill, with patent right secured for the town of Northampton, 
 capable of cutting ten thousand shingles per hour; a planing machine for plan- 
 ing and jointing boards, planks, and timber ; turning lathes, circular saws, etc., 
 &c, together with machinery in the factory adapted to the manufacture of silk, 
 and sundry other articles of personal property : also a lot of pine timber, con- 
 taining about fifty acres, about a mile and a half from the saw-mill : — the whole 
 estimated to be worth about thirty thousand dollars, — are willing and ready to 
 place it at the disposal of the projected Northampton Association of Education 
 and Industry, at a fair valuation, whenever fifty thousand dollars of stock shall 
 be subscribed, and thirty thousand dollars paid up, as specified in the Articles 
 already referred to. 
 [Signed] 
 
 Secretary. President. 
 
 In conformity to the preceding Declaration of Sentiments and Articles of 
 Association, and in consideration of the foregoing proceedings of the proprietors 
 of the Northampton Silk Company Estate, We, the undersigned, do severally 
 subscribe to the Stock Company therein set forth the number of shares set 
 against our names, the amount of which we promise to pay as herein specified 
 to the Treasurer of said Company ; the said Stock property to be forever holden 
 and managed in all respects according to the principles and provisions of the 
 aforesaid Declaration and Articles. 
 
 Organization. — The circular had the desired effect, awakening an 
 active interest in the new venture especially in this neighborhood, and 
 by the first of April the amount of stock set forth in the circular as 
 necessary for organization had been subscribed. The charter members 
 were the four leaders, Adam, Benson, Mack, and Hill, together with 
 Joseph Conant ; Samuel Brooks from Hadley, Samuel Bottum from 
 
74 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Mansfield, Connecticut, Erasmus D. Hudson from Bloomfield, Connecti- 
 cut, Hall Judd from Northampton, Theodore Scarborough from Brook- 
 lyn, Connecticut, Earle Dvvight Swift and Hiram Wells from Mansfield, 
 Connecticut. The first item in the "Journal of the Northampton 
 Association of Education and Industry " is : — 
 
 At a meeting held in Broughton's Meadows, Northampton, Mass., this 
 eighth of April (Friday), 1842, present Joseph Conant, Erasmus D. Hudson, G. 
 W. Benson, Theodore Scarborough, Hiram Wells, E. D. Swift, William Adam. 
 The following preamble, principles, and regulations were read, discussed, and 
 adopted. 
 
 CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 
 
 It is impossible to survey the present condition of the world, the institutions 
 of society, the general character of mankind, and their prevailing pursuits and 
 tendencies, without perceiving the great evils that afflict humanity, and recog- 
 nizing many of them as the direct consequences of existing social arrangements. 
 Life is with some a mere round of frivolous occupations or vicious enjoy- 
 ments, with most a hard struggle for the bare means of subsistence. The former 
 are exempted from productive labour whiie they enjoy its fruits : upon the latter 
 
 it is imposed as a task with unreasonable 
 severity, and with inadequate compensa- 
 tion. The one class is tempted to self- 
 indulgence, pride, and oppression : the 
 other is debased by ignorance and crime, 
 by the conflict of passions and interests, 
 by moral pollution, and by positive want 
 and starvation. 
 
 The governments of the world are sys- 
 tematically warlike in their constitution 
 and spirit, in the measures they adopt, and 
 in the means they employ to establish and 
 support their power and to redress their 
 real and alleged grievances, without regard 
 to truth, justice, or humanity; and politi- 
 cal parties are notoriously and character- 
 istically destitute of all principle except 
 the love of place, and the influence and emoluments which it bestows, with- 
 out consideration for the true advancement of society. 
 
 Religion, whose essence is perfect spiritual liberty and universal benevolence, 
 is prostituted into a device for tyrannizing over the minds of men by arraying 
 them into hostile sects, by substituting audible and visible forms for the inward 
 power of truth and goodness, and by rendering the superstitious fear and irre- 
 sponsible dictation of men paramount to the veneration and authority that 
 belong only to God. 
 
 For these evils, viz., extreme ignorance and poverty in immediate juxtapo- 
 sition with the most insolent licentiousness ; adverse and contending interests ; 
 
 OUT KOR A RIDE. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY'. 
 
 75 
 
 war. slavery, party-corruption, and selfishness; sectarian exclusiveness and 
 
 spiritual tyranny, society as at present constituted affords no remedy. On the 
 contrary, it has sprung out of these evils, is maintained by them, and has a direct 
 tendency to reproduce them in a constantly increasing progression ; and the 
 human mind is driven to the conclusion either that the Infinitely Wise and 
 Benevolent Creator of the world designed to produce a state of things subver- 
 sive of moral goodness and destructive to human happiness, which is a contra- 
 diction in terms; or that man, necessarily imperfect and therefore liable to err, 
 
 "LOVERS' LANE" — NORTH END. 
 
 has mistaken his path by neglecting the light which Nature and Religion were 
 intended to afford for the attainment of Truth and Righteousness, Purity and 
 Freedom. 
 
 No believer in God can doubt that it is not He who has failed in his purpose, but 
 man who has wandered from his true course, and after the perception of this truth 
 and of the insufficiency of existing institutions to correct the manifold evils of 
 society and promote its further progress, it is the duty of all to endeavour to dis- 
 cover and to adopt purer and more salutary principles, and to apply them individ- 
 ually and collectively to the regulation of their conduct in life. The vices of the 
 present form and practices of civilization are so gross and palpable that no 
 apology is required for the honest attempt to escape from them, even although 
 it should not be accompanied with the pretense of peculiar wisdom and virtue 
 and should not be followed by the complete success which is both desirable and 
 attainable. The following principles indicating dangers to be avoided, duties to 
 be performed, and rights to be maintained, are adopted as a bond of union and 
 basis of co-operation : 
 
 I. Productive labour is the duty of every human being, and every labourer 
 has the exclusive right of enjoying and disposing of the fruits of his labour. 
 
 II. The opportunity of self-improvement in all knowledge is the right of 
 every human being. 
 
7 6 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 III. It is the right of every human being to express the dictates of his con- 
 science on religious and all other subjects, and to worship God under any form 
 or in any manner agreeable to his convictions of duty, not interfering with the 
 equal rights of others. 
 
 IV. Fair argument is the only legitimate means of controlling the opinions 
 or belief of another, and no praise or blame, no merit or demerit, no reward or 
 punishment, ought to be awarded for any opinions or belief for which every 
 human being is responsible to God alone. 
 
 V. The rights of all are equal without distinction of sex, color, or condition, 
 sect or religion. 
 
 VI. The family relation, the relation between husband and wife, and between 
 parents and children, has its foundation and support in the laws of nature and 
 the will of God, in the affections of the heart and the dictates of the under- 
 standing. Other and wider relations may be formed for the purposes of social 
 improvement, but none that are inconsistent with this which is sacred and per- 
 manent, the root and fountain of all human excellence and happiness. 
 
 VII. The combination of individuals and families is an evil or a good 
 according to the objects to which it is directed. To combine for the purpose of 
 inflicting an injury is evil : to combine for the purpose of protecting from injury 
 or conferring a benefit is good. To combine for the purposes of war, aggression, 
 conquest, tyranny, and enslavement is evil ; to combine for the purpose of living 
 in peace and amity towards all, and in the exercise of mutual benevolence and 
 friendly offices, is good. To combine for the purpose of spreading speculative 
 doctrines and ceremonial observances, forms of religious worship and discipline 
 is injurious to the welfare of mankind, because belief is constantly changing in 
 every individual mind according to the fresh accessions of light and knowledge 
 
 which it receives, and 
 because a fixed profes- 
 sion is not and cannot 
 be the true index of a 
 varying belief, and be- 
 cause such combina- 
 tions, therefore, necessa- 
 rily tend to produce 
 habits of insincerity, to 
 restrain freedom of 
 thought and expression 
 on the most momentous 
 subjects, to cause the 
 outward show of relig- 
 ion to take the place of 
 its practical and spirit- 
 ual influences, and to afford an instrument to priests and tyrants to enslave the 
 mind and the body. On the other hand, to combine for the purpose of coun- 
 teraction, within a greater or less sphere, the causes which have produced igno- 
 rance and vice, oppression and crime, bigotry, fanaticism and intolerance; of 
 
 LOOKING EAST ON CENTER STREET. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OK EDUCATION AND INDUSTRN . 77 
 
 raising labour to its true dignity and giving to it its just rewards; of econo 
 mizing labour and increasing its productiveness by means of machinery, of co- 
 operation! and id' a wise division of the departments of industry ; of securing the 
 
 full enjoyment of liberty in thought, in word, and in action ; and of promoting 
 the progressive culture and full development of all the capacities of human 
 nature by the union of spiritual, intellectual and practical attainments, is con- 
 ducive to the happiness and improvement of the world, promotes the cause of 
 freedom, of truth and of goodness, and according to their means and opportuni- 
 ties is the right, the duty, and the interest of all. 
 
 Autograph written March 20, 1845. 
 
 Such are the principles and objects of the Northampton Association of Edu- 
 cation and Industry, and it is in the full and distinct recognition of their truth 
 and obligation and with the view of applying them in practice that the following 
 regulations are adopted : — 
 
 Note. — Articles which are the same and practically the same as those in the Preliminary 
 Circular are so marked. — [Editor. 
 
 I. NAME AND ORGANIZATION. 
 
 i. [Same as Article I.] 
 
 2. [Contained in Article II. | 
 
 3. The Stock Company and the Industrial Community shall be distinct from 
 each other in their organization, in their deliberations, and in their accounts ; 
 but the members of each body shall be allowed to inspect the records and 
 accounts both of the Industrial Community and of the Stock Company; and the 
 Stock Directors may attend the meetings of the Industrial Directors, and give 
 their advice, but shall not be allowed to vote, and the Industrial Directors may 
 attend the meetings of the Stock Directors, and give advice, but shall not be 
 allowed to vote. 
 
 4. The Association shall be organized by those persons who have paid three- 
 fifths of the amount of stock for which they have subscribed, and they shall choose 
 from their own number a President, Treasurer, and Secretary. Those officers 
 shall be ex officio Trustees of all the property of the Association, and members of 
 the Board of Stock Directors and of the Board of Industrial Directors. They 
 shall be chosen annually by a majority of two-thirds of the votes of actual mem- 
 bers ; every officer of the Stock Company and of the Industrial Community shall 
 be chosen annually by a like majority of each body, respectively ; and in all 
 cases the voting shall be by ballot. 
 
 5. The President, Treasurer, and Secretary, with four additional members 
 chosen from the Industrial Community, shall constitute a Board for the admis- 
 sion of new members, by a unanimous vote ; and two-thirds of the votes of mem- 
 bers of the Association at a regular meeting shall be requisite to the expulsion of 
 
78 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 a member, the decision to be confirmed by a similar majority at the next regular 
 meeting. 
 
 6. [Same as Article XVI.] 
 
 II. STOCK COMPANY. 
 
 7. The Board of Directors of the Stock Company shall consist of the Presi- 
 dent, Treasurer, and Secretary of the Association, and of four additional mem- 
 bers. 
 
 8. The Stock shall be in shares of one hundred dollars each ; the Stock sub- 
 scription shall be open until the subscriptions shall amount to one hundred thou- 
 sand dollars ; and those subscribers only who have paid three-fifths of their 
 subscriptions shall be entitled to vote. 
 
 9. Stock may be paid in money or some equivalent, at the option of the 
 Stock Directors; and if a person without any capital shall be deemed eligible as a 
 member of the Association, and shall be desirous of subscribing stock, he shall be 
 permitted to subscribe for one or more shares to be paid from the proceeds of his 
 labour ; but he shall not be entitled to vote as a Stockholder or to receive interest 
 or dividends on the sum at his credit, until it shall amount to three-fifths of the 
 Stock which stands in his name. 
 
 10. [Contained in Article V.] 
 
 11. [Contained in Article IX.J 
 
 12. [Same as Article VIII.] 
 
 13. Children above the age of five years may hold Stock in their own names, 
 and may be present at the meetings of Stockholders, but they shall not vote until 
 they have attained the full age of sixteen years. 
 
 14. [Same as Article X.] 
 
 [Same as Article XII.] 
 [Same as Article XIII.] 
 [Contained in Article IV.] 
 [Contained in Article VI.] 
 [Same as Article VII.] 
 [Contained in Article XV.] 
 
 III. INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY. 
 
 21. The Industrial Community shall be organized by individual members and 
 families uniting to constitute it ; by establishing distinct departments of industry ; 
 and by electing a Director of each department. 
 
 22. Every member of the Industrial Community may devote himself to dif- 
 ferent departments of industry ; and all the members belonging to any one depart- 
 ment shall choose from amongst themselves the Director of that department. 
 
 23. The Industrial Directors, with the President, Treasurer, and Secretary of 
 the Association, shall form a Board who shall provide suitable employment for all 
 the members, shall fix the rate of compensation for the various employments, 
 awarding the highest compensation to the most necessary and disagreeable, and 
 shall manage the purchase of materials and goods, and the sale of articles pro- 
 duced or manufactured, but after the actual payments of Stock shall amount to 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 79 
 
 thirty-one thousand, two hundred dollars, they shall have no power, as officers 
 and agents ol the Community, to buy or sell on credit. 
 
 24. Children above the age of five years may become members, and be 
 present at the meetings of members, and may engage in the industrial pursuits of 
 the Community, and receive compensation for their labour ; but they shall not 
 vote until they have attained the full age of sixteen years. 
 
 25. The Association shall provide for the members of the Industrial Commu- 
 nity and their families, moral, literary, scientific, agricultural, and mechanical 
 instruction, medical at- 
 tendance, and nursing, 
 baths and public rooms 
 without charge ; but every 
 member shall be at liberty 
 to seek and procure for 
 himself and his family 
 other instruction, medical 
 attendance, and nursing, 
 at his own cost. 
 
 26. If labour in kind 
 or in quantity is required 
 which the IndustrialCom- 
 munity does not supply, 
 it may be hired for the oc- 
 casion at the expense of 
 the Association ; if the 
 Industrial Directors can- 
 not furnish constant la- 
 bour to members of the Community, they may labour for others for hire, the pro- 
 ceeds of such labour to be for the benefit of the Association ; and if any members 
 shall prefer employment not under the direction of the Industrial Community, 
 they may engage in it, with the consent of the Directors, for the benefit of the 
 Association. 
 
 27. [Contained in Article XXIII.] 
 
 28. Every member of the Industrial Community shall live on the lands 
 belonging to the Association, and shall be provided with suitable apartments ; 
 and in settling with individual members each shall be credited with the value of 
 labour performed, and charged at a reasonable rate with the rent of apartments 
 occupied, and at cost with articles for domestic consumption. 
 
 29. In making the annual settlement, the disbursements shall be made in the 
 following order: first, the wages of labour ; second, the expense of members of 
 the Industrial Community unable to earn a livelihood by their own labour, includ- 
 ing destitute widows and orphans of deceased members, the property of such 
 members in the Stock account being first applied as far as it will go ; third, inter- 
 est on Stock; and fourth, the net balance, if any, shall be divided among the 
 members of the Association, one-half being awarded to labour, one-fourth to skill., 
 and one-fourth to capital. 
 
 RIVER I1END IN I1AKERS MEADOW. 
 
8o 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 30. Any matter in dispute shall be decided by arbitration. The two parties 
 concerned shall each select an arbitrator. The two arbitrators thus selected shall 
 choose a third. And the three thus chosen shall constitute a Board of Arbitra- 
 tion, who shall in open court hear the representations and examine the witnesses 
 of both parties, and shall deliver a written decision, conformable to equity and 
 good conscience, which shall be binding without appeal, and shall be placed on 
 record for future reference and guidance. The arbitrators shall be compensated 
 for their time and labour by the Association according to a rate fixed by the 
 Industrial Directors. 
 
 31. The litigation in a court of law of any question in dispute between parties 
 belonging to the Association, either instead of having recourse to arbitration or 
 for the purpose of overthrowing a decision pronounced by arbitrators, shall sub- 
 ject the offender to expulsion. 
 
 32. The Association may establish By-laws not inconsistent with the spirit 
 and intention of this Constitution. 
 
 33. I Contained in Article XXV.] 
 
 The Meeting then proceeded to organize the Northampton Association of 
 Education and Industry by the choice of a President, Treasurer, and Secretary, 
 when the following persons were elected by ballot, viz., Joseph Conant, Presi- 
 dent ; Samuel L. Hill, Treasurer ; William Adam, Secretary. 
 
 The following persons were in like manner elected members of the Board for 
 the admission of new members, viz., Hall Judd, Samuel Brooks, G. W. Benson. 
 
 The following persons were in like manner elected Directors of the Stock 
 Company, viz.: G. W. Benson, Theodore Scarborough, E. D. Swift, D. Mack. 
 
 The meeting closed by appointing a committee of three to provide 
 accommodation for new members. The object and principles upon 
 
 which the association 
 was founded are set 
 forth at some length 
 in the above Consti- 
 tution and By-Laws. 
 The Northampton As- 
 sociation like Brook 
 Farm and Hopedale 
 rejected communism 
 as unfavorable to in- 
 dividuality. All three 
 desired honest co-op- 
 eration. During the first year the Northampton Association in its man- 
 agement differed materially from Brook Farm, inasmuch as the affairs 
 of the association were conducted by two distinct bodies, all financial 
 matters being governed by the holders of the stock, and the "Industrial 
 Community" having absolute control of the departments of industry. 
 
 A CURIOSITY — "AN ENDLESS KNOT." 
 
NORTH AMP ION ASSOCIATION OF EDl'CA HON AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 Thus capital and labor were separate, and yet bound together. The 
 Stock Company could attend the meetings and offer advice to the Indus- 
 trial Community, but could not vote, and vice versa. 
 
 The second meeting was held the following day, Saturday, April 
 ninth. The stock directors purchased a quantity of raw silk from Mr. 
 Conant, a committee was 
 authorized to purchase ten 
 or twelve cows, one yoke of 
 oxen, six horses, swine, poul- 
 try, and some farming im- 
 plements and supplies ; three 
 applications for admission 
 were received ; and the In- 
 d u st r i a 1 Community ap- 
 pointed E. D. Swift director 
 of the silk department, with 
 instructions to begin oper- 
 ations on the first of May. 
 On April 14 the lumber, 
 agricultural, and mechanical 
 departments were organized, 
 and Samuel Brooks, G. W. 
 Benson, and Joseph Conant, 
 respectively, were appointed 
 directors. It was voted that 
 labor be paid by the hour 
 and that the Constitution be 
 printed. By the last of April, 
 a " Communit) r store " had 
 been fitted up, and nineteen 
 persons (including children) 
 were admitted as members. 
 
 The month of May was a 
 busy one for the new associa- 
 tion. William Adam was ap- 
 pointed director of the Ed- 
 ucational Department, and 
 was instructed to prepare at 
 
 the expense of the Community a course of lectures on Social Economy, 
 "in illustration of the principles and practices of the association." The 
 Industrial Community appointed a building committee of three mem- 
 bers ; Mr. Mack was authorized to procure information and report on 
 
 INBOARD — 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 the subject of horticulture, with a view of establishing such a depart- 
 ment. Oliver D. Paine was made director of the department for the 
 feeding of silkworms and the manufacture of raw silk. 
 
 During this month the brick building (later known as the Greenville 
 Cotton Factory) was fitted up and the " factory boarding house " estab- 
 lished. In the basement was the laundry ; on the floor above or second 
 story, besides two rooms given to silk manufacturing, was a room fitted 
 up with " bunks " in which several men slept. On the third floor at one 
 end was the kitchen and long dining room, and at the other end were 
 several sleeping rooms. The " finishing room," where the silk was 
 
 skeined and packed, 
 and the " Community 
 store " were on this 
 floor also. The fourth 
 story was divided into 
 sitting and sleeping 
 rooms for families 
 and single persons. 
 All the partitionswere 
 of plain boards. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Hiram Wells 
 were appointed to 
 take charge of the 
 new department, and 
 they were instructed 
 to entertain only such 
 boarders as the stock directors might sanction. All supplies were ob- 
 tained at the Community store. 
 
 The stock directors saw the need of some changes in the constitution 
 and therefore adopted four amendments. One stated that any officer of 
 the association or either department could be removed by a two thirds 
 vote of the body appointing him. Another provided for an annual 
 meeting to be held in January, and that no stockholder could vote who 
 failed to pay his assessments on stock subscribed. The fourth provided 
 for the dissolution of the association and read as follows : — 
 
 " The Trustees with the concurrence of the Stock Directors shall have the 
 right to sell and convey in fee simple or for other less estate any or all of the 
 real or personal property * * * on such terms as they shall think proper 
 * * * and thereupon they shall as may be voted by the Stock Directors either 
 re-invest the proceeds of such sale, or employ them in carrying on or extending 
 the Industrial pursuits of the community, or after discharging all claims against 
 the association divide the proceeds or any part thereof amongst the stockholders 
 in proportion to the amount of stock which they have respectively paid in." 
 
 BRAID MILL — FORMERLY THE COMMUNITY BOARDING HOUSE. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OK EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 83 
 
 This declaration of trust and the other important parts of the con- 
 stitution were prepared by E. G. Loring of Boston, and duly examined 
 by Mr. Charles Forbes* of Northampton, " both gentlemen of legal 
 eminence." Nineteen names were added to the membership list, a ma- 
 jority being children. 
 
 In the month of June benches were placed in the mechanical depart- 
 ment, and slates, books, etc., were purchased for the " infant school " ; 
 a " Daily Express between Broughton Meadows and the village of North- 
 ampton " was established, and Mr. Hall Judd was to be credited two 
 
 REAR VIEW OF BRAID MILL — ORIGINAL COMMUNITY BUILDING IS SHOWN IN CENTER. 
 
 hours a day, and more if necessary, to attend to this duty. Members 
 who employed his services were charged on the following scale : 
 "One cent per letter, one-half a cent per newspaper, two cents for an 
 errand or message or small purchase, and six cents for any commission 
 or business in which the use of a wagon is required." Implements of 
 husbandry to the amount of $1,576 were purchased ; the question of 
 remuneration of labor was left to be determined by the directors at the 
 end of the year with reference " to the actual nature, usefulness and 
 value of the labor performed by each member " ; and the following 
 rules governing the boarding house were adopted : — 
 
 " 1st. All the boarders are required to retire to their sleeping apartments for 
 the night at one half past nine o'clock, and to extinguish their lights at ten o'clock. 
 
 * Donor of Forbes Library. 
 
8 4 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 " 2d. It is left exclusively to the discretion and judgment of the superintend- 
 ents of the Boarding House to make provision for the table and generally for the 
 comfort and convenience of the boarders, and in the event of any dissatisfaction of 
 the boarders they are requested to first make known their wishes to the super- 
 intendents, and, finally, if necessary, to the Board of Industrial Directors. 
 
 " 3d. Washing is included in ' Board and lodgings' to be furnished by the 
 Association, but should any boarder appear at the end of the year to have occa- 
 sioned disproportionate expense on this account, he will be debited with the 
 excess. 
 
 " 4th. Mending is not included in boarding and lodging, and the boarders are 
 left to provide for their own wants in this respect, either through the Department 
 of Domestic Economy, in which the charges will be as moderate as will compen- 
 sate for the labour, or in any other way that may be preferred." 
 
 But few items of interest appear in the month of July. The board for 
 the admission of new members was busy investigating the credentials of 
 
 the numerous applicants 
 for membership; the 
 charge to the members for 
 using the daily express was 
 discontinued ; S. L. Hill 
 was made assistant direc- 
 tor of the silk manufactur- 
 ing department ; it was 
 voted to rebuild the saw- 
 mill, and build a gristxnill ; 
 weekly reports were re- 
 quired from heads of de- 
 partments ; Mrs. Wells 
 resigned the superintend- 
 ence of the boarding house; 
 and some time was given 
 to investigating " Mr. Pres- 
 ton's machine for making 
 flax." 
 
 During the months of 
 August and September but 
 little of importance is 
 chronicled. Mr. Swift re- 
 signed the directorship of 
 his department, and E. D. Hudson was made his successor ; several 
 other changes in the directors of departments took place ; Henry C. 
 Wright of Boston was requested to undertake the agency of the associa- 
 
 ELECTRIC POWER HOUSE — MOUNTAINS IN DISTANCE. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 85 
 
 tion in England, to procure subscriptions of stock, and was offered three 
 percent, on the amount subscribed ; the first withdrawal from the asso- 
 ciation took place in the resignation of Mrs. Sally Hill. 
 
 Joseph Conant, Earle D. Swift, and Orwell S. Chaffee withdrew in 
 October. They had been active workers for the good of the association, 
 
 especially in the silk man- 
 ufacturing department, 
 where Mr. Swift had been 
 superintendent. Mr. Co- 
 nant's practical judgment 
 in business affairs and 
 the executive ability he 
 displayed as president of 
 the association had made 
 him a valuable member, 
 and his resignation was 
 a severe blow to the Com- 
 munity. The experiment 
 he feared would not 
 prove a financial success, 
 and his business tact told 
 him to seek a new field 
 that might yield better 
 returns. In the "Book 
 of Letters," the secre- 
 tary, William Adam, in 
 a letter addressed to John 
 Bailey, dated the six- 
 teenth of March, 1843, 
 gives the reason for the withdrawal in the following words : — 
 
 " * * * The fact is that towards the close of last year three of our mem- 
 bers left us, finding that they had hastily united with us, and they could or would 
 not merge their private interests in the general and common interest. The sepa- 
 ration has taken place in an amicable way. They are all three relatives, have 
 commenced business and purchased farms in our immediate neighborhood, have 
 received from us all the assistance which it has been in our power to give, and have 
 given us all the accommodation in their power in withdrawing their stock. They 
 are men of good private character as the world goes, but their object in joining us 
 appears to have been from the first, pecuniary advantage, not moral improvement, 
 or social usefulness, and we all feel that their departure has strengthened instead 
 of weakened us." 
 
 "A NEW ENGLAND FARMER." 
 
86 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 The three members referred to purchased Enoch Jewett's farm, which 
 included the house, shop, and water power, and began at once to erect a 
 silk mill, which now forms the western end of " Leonard's Mill." 
 
 The association quickly recovered from the temporary embarrass- 
 ment caused by losing these members. Owing to the frequent resig- 
 nations of those appointed superintendents of the boarding house, 
 on October fifteenth the families and individual members residing there 
 appointed David Mack, Maria Mack, and Nancy Richardson a committee 
 " to superintend and control the domestic arrangements of the house." 
 Edward Vallentine, an English dyer, had heretofore done all the work in 
 this line, but he was not a member, and the association wanted some one 
 of their number to do this work, so they agreed to pay him one hundred 
 dollars to " instruct James D. Atkins in the art of dyeing silk," and the 
 contract was signed October twenty-second. For eight years Mr. Atkins 
 had been a stereotyper at the University Press, Cambridge, where the 
 constitution of the association had been taken to be printed. In this 
 way his attention was called to the Community, and, thinking favorably 
 of the experiment, he came to Florence and was admitted as a member. 
 
 The board for the admission of new members for the last three 
 months had been busy considering applications, and, although many 
 were declined, a goodly number were accepted. Before the year closed 
 a cutlery department was started, and the making of boots and shoes 
 begun. 
 
 SOUTH MAIN STREET PARK. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON ASSOC " I ATION. — ( 'ontinued. 
 
 The Years 1843, '844. 1845, ^46, 1847. — Causes of the Dissolution. 
 List. — Notes. 
 
 Membership 
 
 Soon after the association started, the vital question of the remunera- 
 tion of labor had come up for discussion, and the members had voted to 
 leave this till the end of the year. At a meeting of the Industrial 
 Directors, held the sixteenth of January, 1840, this matter was decided 
 after many ballots had been cast, as shown by the following item taken 
 from the secretary's book : — 
 
 " Resolved, That the labour of members of the Community during the past 
 year, shall be remunerated in the following manner, namely: — those under 
 twelve years of age at the rate of one cent per hour, above twelve and under six- 
 teen years of age at the rate of three cents per hour, above sixteen and under 
 twenty years of age at the rate of four cents and one-half per hour, and above 
 twenty years at the rate of six cents per hour." 
 
 The first annual meeting of the asso- 
 ciation was advertised for the eighteenth 
 of January, but, as some departments 
 were not ready to report, it was post- 
 poned two days. As many matters came 
 up for consideration, the meetings were 
 adjourned from day to day, and the an- 
 nual meeting did not end till the first of 
 February. However, the amount of 
 business transacted was proportionate 
 to the number of meetings. When the 
 association was started in April, 1842, 
 the leaders were unacquainted with the 
 task of directing a " Community," and, 
 as a natural consequence, many of the 
 regulations intended to govern the work- 
 ing of the association after a trial of nine 
 months had proved impracticable. These 
 objectionable features came up for consideration at the annual meet- 
 ing, and after many days of earnest discussion, in which nearly all the 
 members took part, numerous amendments to the constitution were 
 adopted, and a code of by-laws added. While these changes did not 
 make the object of the association any different from the original 
 
 GEORGE W. BENSON. 
 Photograph taken in 1S66. 
 
05 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 design of the founders, and while the principles as set forth in the pre- 
 amble remained the same, the new constitution was a radical departure 
 in respect to regulations governing the privileges of stockholders and 
 non-stockholders. Several extracts from replies sent by the secretary 
 to inquiries from abroad will not only give the gist of these amend- 
 ments, but will tell us how they were regarded by the members. 
 
 " Fei;. 27, 1843. 
 "To Henry G. Wright, Lynn, Mass. : 
 
 " Last year labour and capital held joint sway. This year, trs an experiment, 
 labour has exclusive control. * * * All this is exceedingly bad and imperfect. 
 Come and judge for yourself. We do not claim to be perfect, and everything is 
 open to the candid inquirer." 
 
 To Moses K. Meader, same date, Mr. Adam writes : — 
 
 "* * * The person who gave you the information that the amendment of 
 the Constitution recently adopted makes the object of the Association very dif- 
 ferent from the original design, is, in the opinion of a large majority of the asso- 
 ciation, widely mistaken ; the amendment in their view directly tending to carry 
 out that design more fully, to invest the whole body of the members with equal 
 rights and powers, to unite them in co-operative industry, and to give them a 
 common interest in the produce of their labour. To show this I should wish to 
 send you a copy of the new regulations but it would occupy more space than 
 this sheet would afford and I therefore will give the substance in the form of an 
 abstract. 
 
 " 1st. This regulation merges the Stock Company and the Industrial Com- 
 munity into one, and gives every member, whether stockholder or labourer, only 
 one vote. 
 
 " 2nd. This provides for the election of the Directors by the Community 
 at large in public meeting. 
 
 "3rd. This provides that members and their families shall receive lodging, 
 necessary furniture, fuel, oil, and clothing at the common expense, in addition to 
 what is provided by Article 29th of the first constitution. 
 
 " 4th. This provides that after payment of all expenses and charges at the 
 end of the year, one-fourth of the net profits shall be divided equally among all 
 the members, and the remaining three-fourths shall constitute an Association 
 Fund. 
 
 " 5th. This abolishes the Board or Committee for the admission of new 
 members and gives the power of admitting members to the whole community. 
 
 "6th. This restricts the right of voting to those over eighteen years of age. 
 
 "7th. This pledges able bodied and healthy members to ten hours labour 
 per day. 
 
 " These are all the new regulations, and I would remark on the fourth that 
 instead of dividing only one-fourth, some wish that the remaining three-fourths 
 also should be divided equally among the members, but this has not been fully 
 resolved on, although it is probable that it will be adopted before the close of 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY, 89 
 
 the year. You will judge for yourself whether there is any departure from the 
 original design." 
 
 Mr. Conant's resignation had left the office of president vacant, and 
 at the annual meeting Mr. Mack was chosen to succeed him. Mr. Adam 
 was re-elected secretary, and Mr. Hill treasurer. The reports of the 
 directors of different departments showed that the past year had been 
 a successful one. It was voted to have eleven departments, and the 
 work of each was defined in detail to avoid any clashing among the 
 parts of the great machine. The duties assigned to each department 
 and the names of the directors and their assistants are given below : — 
 
 "I. Agricultural Department, including all farming operations, and all 
 standing wood and timber. Theodore Scarborough, Director. E. D. Hudson. 
 Assistant Director in Horticulture. 
 
 " 2. Lumber Department, including sawing lumber, cutting shingles, care of 
 lumber yard, and sale of lumber. G. W. Benson, Director. 
 
 WEST ON MAIN STREET — NEAR OIL-GAS STOVE WORKS. 
 
 " 3. Silk Manufacturing Department, including the manufacture of Silk and 
 Flax, and the direction of the machine shop. E. L. Preston, Director. 
 
 "4. Cutlery Department, including all kinds of blacksmithing and cutlery. 
 H. Wells, Director. 
 
 " 5. Mechanical Department, including all carpentry, the planing machine, 
 and the manufacture of shoes. W. F. Parker, Director. 
 
 "6. Silk Growing Department, including the culture of mulberry trees, the 
 feeding of silk-worms, and the reeling of cocoons. O. D. Paine; Director. 
 
 " 7. Domestic Department, including the providing of females with work, 
 the superintendence and care of domestic labour and of the community board- 
 
9° 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 ing house. Roxie Brown, Director. Nancy Richardson, Assistant Director of 
 the Table. S. L. Hill, Assistant Director of the Household. 
 
 "8. Store Department, including the purchase and sale of supplies and the 
 care of the Daily Express. Hall Judd, Director. 
 
 "9. Accountant's Department, including charge of the book and accounts 
 of the Association. W. Larned, Director. 
 
 " 10. Educational Department, including the direction of the studies, 
 labours, and amusements of all members under the age of eighteen, in consulta- 
 tion with parents, guardians, teachers, and industrial directors. W. Adam, 
 Director. 
 
 "11. Secretarial Department, including charge of the correspondence of 
 the Association, keeping copies of letters sent and recording the transactions of 
 all business meetings. W. Adam, Director. (J. W. Benson, Financial Assistant 
 in the Treasurer's Department," 
 
 During the closing winter months the members were busy perfecting 
 the organization of the " Community," as it had come to be called. The 
 
 new regulations pro- 
 vided for the clothing 
 of the members, and 
 the sixth of February, 
 in accordance with this 
 provision, it was voted 
 that for the year 1843 
 twenty dollars should 
 be allowed to all mem- 
 bers over eighteen 
 years old; fourteen 
 dollars for those be- 
 tween the ages of four- 
 teen and eighteen ; ten 
 dollars for those be- 
 tween ten and fourteen 
 years ; eight dollars 
 tor those between six and ten years ; and live dollars for children under 
 six years old. 
 
 The allowance for board was fixed at the rate of eighty cents per 
 week for all members over ten years old, and forty cents per week for all 
 under that age. This was the expense of board at the "Community 
 House" and included fuel, oil, and rent, and no charge was made for 
 labor which was furnished by the association. 
 
 The spring opened with bright prospects, and the founders thought 
 that at last their ideals were to be realized. A lyceum and book club 
 were organized and a reading room fitted up in the factory building. 
 
 A COMMUNITY HOUSE. — WHERE WM. ADAM LIVED. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 91 
 
 The old oil mill was turned into a gristmill, and a cocoonery one hun- 
 dred feet long by twenty live feet wide was elected near what is now 
 the junction of Park and Pine streets. Applications for membership 
 came flowing in from all parts of the country. A personal acquaintance 
 with the applicant was necessary for admission, and to make this regula- 
 tion practical those who lived at some distance from Northampton were 
 invited to visit the association for a few days. Sometimes applicants 
 were asked to reside in the community for two, six, or twelve months, on 
 probation as it were, during which time they received board and lodging 
 in return for the labor they gave the association. If at the end of this 
 time both parties were satisfied, the probationary members became 
 regular ones. 
 
 Mr. Adam, as secretary, wrote to an inquirer : " The result of one 
 year's experience has been on the whole satisfactory to all concerned, 
 and although much 
 pressed for capital 
 we are advancing 
 into the second 
 year with increased 
 energy and spirit." 
 In another letter, in 
 a n s w e r to the 
 question, " W h a t 
 branches of busi- 
 ness are in oper- 
 ation ? " he . says, 
 " We cultivate a 
 farm, we sell lum- 
 ber and shingles, 
 we grow silk and 
 manufacture it. 
 We have v amongst 
 us teachers for the 
 instruction of our 
 
 children, blacksmiths, carpenters, masons, and shoemakers. * 
 need a wheelwright, a machinist, a bootmaker and a baker." 
 
 On the twenty-second of April Mr. Mack resigned the presidency, " in 
 order that more complete and satisfactory arrangements might be 
 effected," as the secretary's report reads. Mr. Adam also tendered his 
 resignation as secretary and director of the Educational Department- 
 Mr. Benson was chosen president and Mr. Mack assumed the duties 
 heretofore assigned to Mr. Adam. 
 
 " Wliile firmer ice the eager boy awaits. 
 Trying each buckle and strap beside the fire." 
 
 We 
 
Q2 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 An extract from another letter gives us these items. " We number 
 thirty men above the age of eighteen ; twenty-six women, with six more 
 hired to work in our silk room ; forty-six children under the age of eight- 
 een. We have but a feeble commencement of a library and reading 
 room, but have raised some more than one hundred dollars for these 
 purposes. * * * Our baths are yet /'/; the river, and of course open to 
 all." 
 
 On the first of June the report of the silk department showed a profit 
 of $105.82 for the last six months. The director, E. L. Preston, resigned, 
 and James Stetson was appointed in his stead. During the next few 
 
 NORTH FROM COSMIAN TOWER. 
 
 months much time in the meetings was taken up by discussing minor 
 matters, and a committee was appointed to draft a new constitution. The 
 new secretary, Mr. Mack, in a letter dated July 22, writes as follows 
 regarding this document : — 
 
 >< * * * j ought t say, however, that all our members are not satisfied with 
 the modifications, and that there exists among us quite a difference of opinion 
 as to the propriety of continuing the modifications permanently, or of returning 
 to the provisions of the Constitution, though I cannot persuade myself that we 
 shall again ever consent to give votes to dollars. Our experience has taught us 
 some important lessons : That it is highly important to select members who are 
 more interested in realizing the undertaking of the Association, especially their 
 moral and social undertakings, than in making money; that to commence in 
 debt is very bad, as expenses must multiply for some time and returns must be 
 small ; that full power to manage the various departments of industry and busi- 
 ness should be submitted to the persons chosen to conduct them, and that they 
 be not always liable to be called upon for explanation, reports, etc., and that 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF KDl'CATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 93 
 
 experiments in business be postponed until they can be tried without involving 
 the risk of serious embarrassment." 
 
 On September ninth the new Articles of Association and By-Laws 
 
 were formally adopted. These were practically the same as those which 
 
 had been in force since January. It seems that the stockholders, as a 
 
 body, had not accepted these modifications of the original constitution, 
 
 and at a meeting held on the thirtieth of September no decision was 
 
 reached. The following protest copied from the record book explains 
 
 Mr. Adam's position : — 
 
 " Northampton, September 30, 1843. 
 
 " The meeting of the Stockholders of the Northampton Association, of which 
 the present meeting is an adjournment, having been the first that was held this 
 year, and the first consequently at which I 
 have had an opportunity of expressing my 
 judgment as a Stockholder of the proceed- 
 ings of the present year, I avail myself of 
 the present occasion to record my dissent 
 in the most formal manner, and in the 
 above-mentioned capacity, to certain of 
 their proceedings. 
 
 " I protest against the changes that have 
 been made in the Constitution as contrary 
 to the constitution of the Association, as 
 illegal, or contrary to the law of the land ; 
 and as immoral or contrary to the plain- 
 est principles of justice and honesty. 
 
 " I protest, in particular, as a direct vio- 
 lation of the constitution of law and of 
 morality, against the assumption, whether 
 by individual members of the association 
 holding office, or by the Industrial Com- 
 munity in their associated capacity, of the 
 power to appropriate the funds of the 
 Association for any purposes whatsoever, 
 without the sanction either of a regular 
 vote of the Stockholders, or of the Di- 
 rectors appointed by them as their repre- 
 sentatives." 
 
 ( Signed) 
 
 "W. ADAM." DR. JAMES BOYLE. 
 
 The amended constitution was adopted by the stockholders October 
 28th, and the question was settled for the time being. The funds of the 
 association were limited, and in November an effort was made to raise a 
 subscription of twenty-five thousand dollars. James Boyle, as agent, was 
 instructed to undertake this task and to lecture and hold conventions in 
 
94 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 the middle and eastern counties of the state. Mr. Mack and Mr. Benson 
 were to co-operate with Mr. Boyle, the former being assigned the central 
 and western portions of New York state. Mr. Adam was sent to New 
 York city and Philadelphia to make arrangements with a publisher to 
 print a literary article for the benefit of the association. 
 
 THE YEAR 1844. 
 
 The new year opened with the resignation of William Adam. He had 
 never been satisfied with the changes in the constitution, as was shown 
 by his letters and protest. At the second annual meeting the old board 
 of officers was elected, but the financial standing of the association was 
 not all that could be desired. In June Mr. Benson made a proposition 
 to purchase the stock and property of the association at cost, and to 
 assume all the liabilities, but the members were not ready to disband, 
 and after a heated discussion Mr. Benson's proposition was rejected. 
 
 This year seems to have been a quiet, peaceful one in the life of the 
 association. The organization had proved efficient, and the differences 
 
 arising between indi- 
 vidual members were 
 easily settled, and har- 
 mony generally pre- 
 vailed. The unique 
 character of the asso- 
 ciation naturally at- 
 tracted persons who 
 had never been able 
 to earn a living under 
 ordinary conditions, 
 as well as those who 
 joined from higher 
 motives than simply 
 to gain a subsistence, 
 consequently the work was sometimes unequally shared. At one time 
 the washing of the clothes belonging to the blacksmiths and farm labor- 
 ers was assigned to a member, after others of greater physical strength 
 had refused to do it. The complaint was made that a shirt was not 
 
 washed clean, and the accused said, " If would change his shirts 
 
 more frequently, it would be easier to wash several less soiled ones than 
 
 - is so 
 
 ELECTRIC CAR I-SARNS. 
 
 one which had lasted a week," whereupon the reply was, "Ah ! - 
 
 stuck up now, I don't know what I should do with him with more than 
 
 one clean shirt a week." 
 
 But hardships were endured without much grumbling, and the mem- 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OK EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 95 
 
 bers labored as they never had before. One of them worked one and a 
 half years and received in return board and lodgings, one calico dress, 
 one pair of slippers, and one dollar and fifty cents in cash. Notwith- 
 standing these unpleasant features, the members who still survive 
 remember only the bright side of their life in the old association. 
 
 The Educational Department deserves more than a slight notice. 
 William Adam was its first director, and he was ably assisted by Mr. and 
 Mrs. Mack, who afterward succeeded Mr. Adam. Sophia Foorde was 
 also one of the teachers. Many parents sent their children to the asso- 
 ciation, and these " boarding scholars " were required to work as well as 
 study. At one time, the forenoon from seven to twelve o'clock was 
 
 BRIDGE AT COOK'S DAM. 
 
 devoted to study, and the afternoon from one o'clock to sunset was 
 given to manual labor. Later, more time for labor was deemed neces- 
 sary, and the older scholars worked all day and studied in the evening. 
 The tuition for boarding scholars was one hundred dollars per annum, 
 which included everything save clothing, books, and stationery. A 
 pupil received instruction in the mechanical and agricultural arts, sci- 
 ence, and literature. In Mrs. Mack's class of girls were : Mary A. Rich- 
 ardson, Sarah F. Stetson, Emily Brigham, Louisa Hill, Harriet Hubbard, 
 Helen Adam, Anna Benson, Esther, Clara and Mary Cone, and a daughter 
 of Josiah Hayward. Among the boys may be mentioned Horatio and 
 Giles B. Stebbins, now both well known clergymen. 
 
 The old oil mill was now a gristmill, first floor, above was a shoe- 
 maker's shop, and in the basement a bath room was fitted up. Mr. and 
 
96 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Mrs. James Atkins remember hearing the scholars at four o'clock on 
 winter mornings with lanterns in hand on their way to the bath house, 
 where the ice in the tubs had to be broken before the morning bath 
 could be taken. 
 
 At this time many noted men visited Florence. William Lloyd Gar- 
 rison and wife spent several summers here. Wendell Phillips, George 
 Thompson, and Henry C. Wright, and others of like stamp, addressed the 
 Sunday meetings, which were held in summer under the gigantic "old 
 pine " tree. When winter came the company assembled in the dining room 
 of the factory building. Sojourner Truth, the African sibyl, could hold an 
 audience spellbound, and her singing always brought forth applause. 
 She was chief laundress of week days, and Mr. Atkins says he used to 
 help her wring out the clothes on Mondays when work in his department 
 was dull. 
 
 Social life was unconventional and free, running to the verge of pro- 
 priety, but never beyond. The marriage and family relations were held 
 sacred, and, notwithstanding reports to the contrary, no scandal ever 
 occurred within the association fold. Many applied for membership this 
 year, but the accommodations were already crowded and only enough 
 were received to fill the places left vacant by those withdrawing. 
 
 All had not been accustomed to hard manual labor, and it is no 
 wonder that some made better teachers than Community farmers. At 
 one time a new gate for the pasture was needed, and Dr. Hudson and 
 Professor Adam spent several evenings drafting elaborate plans for the 
 new structure, only to abandon them all finally and decide to make the 
 new one like the old. 
 
 This anecdote is equaled only by an incident which happened at a 
 "candy pull" at the factory boarding house. Everything went smoothly 
 until Professor Adam found the candy clinging closer and closer to his 
 hands, and not knowing how to get it off he went rushing around the 
 room with open hands and outstretched arms. 
 
 From sixty-five to eighty took their meals at the common table, and 
 nearly this number found shelter under the factory roof. The other 
 members occupied the seven houses owned by the association, which were 
 distributed as follows : The Benson house at the junction of Maple 
 and Nonotuck street ; the Adam house on Nonotuck street, later known 
 as "No. 10," and in recent years occupied by Major Angell ; the "old 
 silk mill boarding house " ; Josiah White's cottage, which stood just west 
 of the boarding house ; the Mack house on the other side of the bridge, 
 north of Spring street ; the Ross homestead and Gaius Burt's cottage, 
 both near the Meadow street bridge. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF KI H'iATION AND INIU'STRV. 
 
 97 
 
 TIIK vf.ar 
 
 1845- 
 
 Extracts from a letter addressed to Abner Sanger, Danvers, Mass., 
 give us the condition of affairs at the opening of the year. The letter 
 was evidently written by Mr. Hill, and was signed by the executive 
 council, and the department directors. 
 
 " * * * We are not at all discouraged or disheartened at the withdrawal of 
 ' those friends who joined us with ardent hopes, and soon left us,' for we have 
 found they were not prepared for the great 
 sacrifices (so called), the labours and trials to 
 which we are called, and their absence proves 
 a relief rather than disappointment, but we 
 are aware that their withdrawal may tend to 
 weaken confidence abroad in the success of our 
 enterprise, and that in some instances at least 
 they have used their influence to injure our 
 credit. * * * There is a mutually good un- 
 derstanding between us. and we have full con- 
 fidence in each other, and in our ability to 
 transact here a profitable business. We are 
 determined to prosecute our enterprise to suc- 
 cess if possible. * * 
 
 " We rind the gross earnings of the Associ- 
 ation for the year 1844, 57,361.19, an amount 
 covering the estimated cost of living for the 
 year, with interest and expenses, and that a 
 great proportion of that sum, say at least $5,- 
 000, was earned the last six months. 
 
 " In the result of past exertions, and in the 
 increasing advantages for business, we feel that 
 we have a guaranty of future success, and, un- 
 less we are cramped for means to do with, the 
 result of another year must be triumphantly 
 decisive and cheering. * * " J 
 
 The third annual meeting of the association was held on January 
 twenty-third, and lasted several days. The influence exerted by "dis- 
 affected members," who had withdrawn, was given as the cause of the 
 failure to raise the twenty-five thousand dollars stock subscription, and 
 many members expressed the opinion that " perhaps the best interests of 
 the association had been as much forwarded by our disappointment in 
 this respect as they would have been by obtaining the end proposed." 
 As the various department reports were read, many complaints were 
 heard regarding the management, and explanations were called for. 
 Some time before, a new regulation had been adopted which gave the 
 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 members the privilege of criticising one another as to conduct or habits 
 and shortcomings, and might be called a " mutual criticism system." 
 This provided for an officer named the " Intendant of Order," and he 
 was required " to suggest to every one connected with the association 
 the proper care and arrangement of the property or business of the 
 association, and' to persevere in such suggestions until they were 
 attended to. * * * It was expressly understood that the Director 
 had no power authoritatively to interfere in the business of any depart- 
 ment." The first one to hold this office was Elisha L. Hammond, who 
 received his appointment on the eighteenth of January. Benson, Mack, 
 and Hill were re-elected president, secretary, and treasurer respectively, 
 and the annual meeting closed by adopting a set of by-laws providing 
 for regular reports on the time each member had worked ; rendering indi- 
 vidual accounts quarterly ; dividend made equally to all members in 
 proportion to time worked ; and some minor matters. 
 
 Early in January the Gazette 
 printed an advertisement 
 which stated that the Asso- 
 ciation was prepared to saw 
 lumber ; that " Woodworth's 
 patent planing machine" soon 
 would be in operation ; that 
 the gristmill did a general 
 milling business ; that the 
 association would make boots 
 and shoes, augers, bits, chis- 
 els, etc., and would shoehorses 
 and oxen ; that it had a press for cutting nuts, washers and sawmill 
 saws ; and that a German dyer would color dresses, shawls and stockings, 
 wool, cotton or linen. 
 
 To accommodate the increasing number of those desiring to live at 
 the boarding house, several changes were made in the arrangements at 
 the brick factory. The kitchen was removed to the basement, the din- 
 ing room occupied a large room in the second story, a dumb waiter 
 running up from the kitchen below, and the space thus gained on the 
 third story was utilized for additional sleeping rooms. The new dining 
 room was dedicated March tenth, 1845. 
 
 On the thirty-first of May, Mr. Benson, as president, and Mr. Mack, 
 as secretary, resigned. Joseph C. Martin was elected president, and 
 Hall Judd took Mr. Mack's place. In June negotiations were com- 
 menced relative to starting the manufacture of cotton in the factory 
 building. Mr. Benson was to form a stock company and purchase the 
 
 A HIGH STREET HOUSE. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OK EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY 
 
 99 
 
 factory, and in this way the association hoped to liquidate part of its 
 debt, which steadily increased in size until now it threatened the life of 
 the association. By the last of July the contract was signed, and the 
 
 new company was to take possession 
 in October. To take the place of 
 the brick factory, the association be- 
 gan the erection of a wooden build- 
 ing near their sawmill, which stood 
 near the present " round house" of the 
 Nonotuck Silk Company. Three years 
 of toi! and struggle had had its effect 
 on some of the members. The pros- 
 pect of success seemed farther away 
 than ever, and on September fifth 
 David Mack and family withdrew from 
 the association. Broken down in 
 health, he repaired to Brattleboro, and 
 sought recuperation at Woesselheft's 
 water cure. Mr. Mack, one of the 
 founders, had always been a pillar of 
 the association. His resignation was 
 followed by that of Mr. Benson, who 
 withdrew October first to devote his 
 energies to the cotton enterprise. 
 Thus three of the leaders had left, but 
 new men had joined who put their 
 shoulders to the wheel with renewed 
 vigor. Among these may be men- 
 tioned Hall Judd, Joseph C. Martin, 
 
 William F. Parker, James A. Stetson, James D. Atkins, and E. L. Ham- 
 mond. 
 
 THE LAST YEAR. 
 
 The fourth annual meeting was held on January twenty-eighth. 
 Martin, Judd, and Hill were re-elected executive council, and several new 
 members were received. It was voted to allow sixty dollars per annum 
 for the subsistence of every member over eighteen years of age, forty 
 dollars for those between ten and eighteen years, and twenty dollars for 
 those under ten years old. It was also voted that two thirds of each 
 person's dividend of the net profit should be invested as permanent stock 
 of the association. 
 
 The spring passed without any unusual incidents in the life of the 
 association. The membership list had diminished somewhat, but those 
 
 TOBOGGAN CHUTE — WINTER 1886-S7. 
 
IOO HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 who remained displayed unswerving loyalty to the cause they sought to 
 promote. Extracts from a letter penned by Bailey Birge in reply to an 
 applicant for admission tell us how practical this body of reformers had 
 become. 
 
 " We are in debt, and are obliged to work for our bread, and the compensation 
 for labor is no more than food, raiment, and lodging, which I take it is all any 
 man can have in this life. Our sources of pleasure are found in seeing our busi- 
 ness prosper, and finding our brethren contented, cheerful, and industrious. 
 With regard to the number of hours that our members labor, they are gov- 
 erned by the same rules that govern all who are anxious to do the most they 
 can to promote their own interest, thereby promoting the interest of all. Your 
 queries I will answer in detail. 
 
 "i. 'Is the divine art of music, " the soul of religion," as you are pleased to 
 call it (though why I cannot perceive), cultivated among you ? and to what 
 extent?' — Answer. Every member is allowed to cultivate this ' divine art ' to 
 any extent he or she pleases, provided it does not interfere with the daily duties 
 and calls which our circumstances require from them. We have singing in great 
 abundance. The birds about us sing. The girls in the factory sing, sometimes 
 singly, at other times in duet and trio, making sweet melody ; at other times all 
 striking different tunes ; then the melody is not so sweet. Every one sings who 
 pleases. We have very few musical instruments among us. One lady has a 
 piano, and one of our hired men had a fiddle, but, as I have not heard it lately, I 
 do not know but he has disposed of it. 
 
 " 2. 'Are there many well educated persons among you ? ' — Answer. None 
 to boast of. 
 
 " 3. ' What is the state of moral and intellectual cultivation ? ' — Answer. 
 We all mean to behave well, and so teach our children. Our intellects are mostly 
 exercised in contriving ways and means to earn a livelihood and to pay our debts. 
 
 " 4. ' What arts and trades are pursued by the members, and can a proba- 
 tioner take hold of any occupation he likes best ? ' — Answer. One member is a 
 mason, one a blacksmith, one a ioiner, one a shoemaker, one a miller, one a store- 
 keeper and bookkeeper, one an overseer in silk factory, and a few do little in the 
 way of labor, but see to providing ways and means, and stand ready to wait upon 
 the working men and women, running hither and thither upon their call, so that 
 they are not obliged to drop their work to wait upon themselves. These we call 
 our Executive. * * * 
 
 " 6; ' Of what religious sect are your members ? ' — . Insiver. ( )t no particular 
 sect. Each one is at liberty to choose his own. 
 
 " 7. ' Is the location of the place agreeable or otherwise ? ' — Answer. About 
 si > so. Not remarkable either way. 
 
 "8. ' Is the intercourse of the different members with each other harmonious 
 and agreeable ? ' — Answer. About as is usual in good neighborhoods. 
 
 " 9. ' Do you consider the community a suitable and advantageous situation 
 for the moral, physical, and intellectual development of the man ?' — Answer. If 
 you allude to our association, 1 should say not for a man of your ' turn of mind,' 
 and therefore cannot advise you to come.'' 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 PICTURESQUE BARN IN THE MEADOW. 
 
 The summer came and went, but brought no relict" to their strait- 
 ened financial condition. The association was hopelessly in debt. As a 
 matter of fact, only about twenty thousand dollars had ever been sub- 
 scribed. This amount was 
 paid for the property, and 
 from the beginning money 
 had been borrowed to conduct 
 the business. As disaffected 
 members withdrew their stock, 
 matters grew worse. In April, 
 
 1844, only $17,000 was invest- 
 ed, and the debt was $30,000. 
 By the thirty-first of July, 
 
 1845, the figures had reached 
 $39, 1 96, about $25,000 of winch 
 
 was in the form of a permanent loan. In June, 1846, part of the debt 
 was lifted by the Bensonville Manufacturing Company buying the brick 
 factory, together with one hundred acres of land, but the erection of a 
 new mill and the running expenses for the last year had kept the liabili- 
 ties near the forty thousand dollar mark. Dissolution was near at hand. 
 The following quotations from the secretary's book explain themselves : — 
 
 "Regular Monthly Meeting. September 26, 1846. Met at J. C. Martin's. 
 The president in the chair. There being no business before the meeting, there 
 was a general conversation among the members about the business, prospects, 
 etc., of the Association, and many were of the opinion that it was best to dis- 
 solve, as we were deeply in debt, and no prospect of there being any more stock 
 taken up, which was the only thing that could relieve us, as our earnings were 
 not large, and those members who had left us, whose stock was due, were calling 
 for it. etc. Some spoke of the want of harmony and brotherly feeling which 
 were indispensably necessary to the success of such an enterprise. Others spoke 
 of the unwillingness to make sacrifices, to retrench and economize, on the part 
 of some of the members; also the lack of industry and the right appropriation 
 of their time ; also the apparent unwillingness of some of the parents to have 
 their children labor as much as our circumstances seemed to require they should, 
 and the indifference to the same thing, on the part of others. After a pretty full 
 discussion of the matter, the meeting adjourned." 
 
 "At an informal meeting held at J. C. Martin's, Nov. 7, 1846, the Executive 
 Council stated that, in view of all the circumstances of the Association, they had 
 decided upon a dissolution of the several departments as at present organized, 
 and should proceed to close the affairs of the Asso n in accordance with the 
 tenth article as soon as practicable ; and that no allowances for subsistence of 
 members would be made after Now 1. 1846. 
 
 "HALL JUDD, Secy." 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Thus the association ended. Mr. Hill assumed its liabilities, sold 
 parts of the estate, and contirtued the silk business. The members 
 scattered, some remaining in Florence, where they have been known for 
 their honesty, sobriety, good morals, and industry and zeal in working 
 for public improvements. 
 
 CAUSES OF DISSOLUTION. 
 
 It has been claimed that the system of " mutual criticism " was the 
 rock upon which the association split. This system was instituted, hop- 
 ing that it would tend to the mental and spiritual growth of the mem- 
 bers. The criticisms 
 were to be made in 
 a spirit of brotherly 
 love, no offense being 
 intended, and to be 
 received in a spirit of 
 meekness and with a 
 desire for improve- 
 ment. While the crit- 
 icisms may always 
 have been in the right 
 spirit, some did not 
 receive them with due 
 humility, and dissen- 
 sions arose, the of- 
 fended ones seeking 
 relief by withdrawing from the association, and removing from the local- 
 ity. This system may have caused the resignation of some members, 
 but it is extremely doubtful if it was the chief factor in bringing about 
 the final dissolution. To quote the words of Samuel L. Hill : "The last 
 two or three years of the association were decidedly pleasant and profit- 
 able to its members, except pecuniarily ; they acquired a mutual famil- 
 iarity with, and confidence in, each other, enabling them to speak plainly 
 of errors and faults without the presence of anger, and to discuss calmly 
 and candidly any differences of opinion upon religious or other sub- 
 jects." 
 
 This statement from one of the leaders, who remained a member to 
 the end, seems to indicate that the "mutual criticism system " was not 
 so powerful a disintegrating element as some would have us believe. 
 Had the association started on a better financial basis, unincumbered 
 by a large loan, and with means sufficient to extend its business, the 
 experiment might have resulted very differently. 
 
 THE PAUL STRONG TAVERN TO-DAY. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OT' EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 103 
 
 But though dissensions among members and financial embarrassment 
 
 contributed their share to the final result, we may reasonably conclude 
 that the failure was largely due to the fact that the world was not ready 
 for the experiment. The members of the Northampton association 
 were earnest men and women. They set themselves a lofty ideal of 
 social and industrial life, of human brotherhood, and through four long 
 years struggled to overcome the many obstacles that beset their path, 
 enduring many hardships and privations. Although they were finally 
 forced to abandon their experiment, it must be admitted that they did 
 not wholly fail. 
 
 MEMBERSHIP LIST. 
 
 The system adopted by the association of admitting members on 
 probation accounts for the apparent errors in the list below, which is 
 copied from the book kept by the secretary. People often resided in the 
 community for a year before being admitted as regular members. Dur- 
 ing the last twelve months the-^ecretary did not take very great pains to 
 enter names and withdrawals7"and in some cases these have been supplied 
 from the other records. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 William Adam, wife, 4 children, 
 
 James D. Atkins, 
 
 George Ashley, 
 
 George Benson, wife, 4 children, 
 
 *Frances P. Birge, 
 
 Samuel Brooks, wife, 7 children, 
 
 Samuel A. Bottum, wife, 
 
 tRoxey A. Brown, 
 
 James Boyle, wife, 
 
 Wm. J. Bumstead, wife, 3 children, 
 
 Luther Brigham, 4 children, 
 
 Susan Byrne, 
 
 William Bassett, wife, 4 children, 
 
 Cyrus Bradbury, 
 
 Elizabeth Ely Bradbury, 
 
 Sarah Elizabeth Bradbury, 
 
 Bailey Birge, wife, 3 children, 
 
 Joseph Conant, wife, 
 
 Orwell S. Chaffee, wife, 1 child, 
 
 George Cooper, 
 
 |Octavia M. Damon, 
 
 Sophia Foorde, 
 
 Emily Farwell, 
 
 FROM. 
 
 Cambridge, 
 Old Cambridge, 
 Chaplin, Ct., 
 Brooklyn, Ct., 
 Colebrook, Ct., 
 Hadley, 
 Mansfield, Ct., 
 Bloomfield, Ct., 
 Boston, 
 
 Bloomfield, Ct., 
 Worcester, 
 Willimantic, Ct., 
 Lynn, 
 Boston, 
 
 Colebrook, Ct. 
 Mansfield, Ct, 
 
 Chesterfield, 
 
 Dedham, 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 April 8, 1842. 
 Sept. 28, 1842. 
 Jan. 13, 1844. 
 April 8, 1S42. 
 May 28, 1842. 
 April 9, 1842. 
 April 8, 1842. 
 Nov. 12, 1842. 
 June 5, 1842. 
 Nov. 16, 1842. 
 Nov. 29, 1843. 
 Nov. 4, 1843. 
 Feb. 24, 1844. 
 April 4, 1844. 
 April 4, 1844. 
 April 4, 1844. 
 Jan. 31, 1846. 
 April S, 1842. 
 April 24, 1842. 
 April 15, 1843. 
 Sept. 30, 1844. 
 April 15, 1843. 
 June 17, 1843. 
 
 WITHDREW. 
 
 Jan. 2, 1844. 
 March 6, 1847. 
 Dec. 28, 1845. 
 Oct. 1, 1845. 
 
 March, 1843. 
 Oct. 13, 1843. 
 
 July, 1844. 
 Nov. 18, 1844. 
 Dec. 2, 1844. 
 
 Oct. 8, 1S42. 
 Oct. 22. 1842. 
 Sept. 12, 1843. 
 March 6, 1847. 
 June 12, 1845. 
 
 * Married Hall Judd, June 1, 1842. 
 
 t Married A. R. Nickerson, June 8, 1S44. 
 
 % Married James D. Atkins, Sept. 30, 1844. 
 
io4 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 NAMES. 
 Gustavus Gifford, 
 Rosvvell K. Goodwin, 
 Caroline M. Gove, 
 
 Erasmus G. Hudson, wife, 2 childien, 
 Rhoda Hudson, 
 Romulus Fowler Hudson, 
 Samuel L. Hill, wife, 3 children, 
 Sally Hill, 4 children, 
 Josiah Hayward, wife, 3 children, 
 William Haven, wife, 7 children, 
 Matilda Hill, 4 children, 
 Lucy Charlotte Hayden, 
 * Harriet W. Hayden, 
 Elisha L. Hammond, wife, 
 Hall Judd, 
 William Larned, 
 David Mack, wife, 2 children, 
 Charles May, 
 Abner S. Meade, 
 Littleton T. Morgan, 
 Moses K. Meader, 
 George W. Miller, 
 A. Menkin, M. D., 
 Joseph C. Martin, wife, 4 children, 
 Lorenzo D. Nickerson, 
 Enos L. Preston, wife, 1 child, 
 William F. Parker, wife, 2 children, 
 Susan F. Parker, 
 Oliver D. Paine, 
 George Prindle, 
 Fortune R. Porter, 
 Lydia P>. Pierce, 
 Nancy Richardson, 4 childien, 
 David Ruggles. 
 Stephen C. Rush, 
 Lucius F. Reede, 
 Austin Ross, wife, 
 Ezra Rosbrooks, 
 Polly Rosbrooks, 
 Louisa C. Rosbrooks, 
 Francis O. Rosbrooks, 
 Three Rosbrooks children, 
 Theodore Scarborough, wife, 1 child, 
 Jason Sullaway, wife, 
 Pamelia Small, 1 child, 
 Earle Dwight Swift, wife, 
 Herbert Scarborough, 
 Mary Ann Smith, 
 
 FROM. 
 Nantucket, 
 
 Lynn, 
 
 Bloomfield, Ct., 
 Wolcottville, 
 Bloomfield, Ct., 
 Willimantic, Ct., 
 Northampton, 
 Salem, 
 
 Windham, Ct., 
 Willimantic, Ct., 
 Path, Me., 
 
 New Ipswich, N.H 
 
 Northampton, 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 Benton, Ala., 
 
 Danvers, 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 Nantucket, 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Chaplin, Ct., 
 Boston, 
 Brooklyn, Ct., 
 Nantucket, 
 
 Chesterfield, 
 New Haven, Ct., 
 New York, 
 
 Waltham, 
 
 New York, 
 
 Cummington, 
 Chaplin, Ct., 
 Cicero, N. Y., 
 
 Brooklyn, Ct., 
 Canton, 
 Norwich, Ct., 
 Mansfield, Ct., 
 Brooklyn, Ct., 
 Bloomfield, Ct., 
 
 ENTERED. 
 
 Nov. 29, 1842. 
 Nov. 25, 1843. 
 June 25, 1844. 
 April 8, 1842. 
 Feb. 1 1, 1843. 
 April 8, 1842. 
 April 8, 1842. 
 April 8, 1842. 
 March 8, 1843. 
 May 4, 1S43. 
 Jan. 13, 1844. 
 April to, 1844. 
 April 10, [844. 
 , May 16, 1844. 
 May 28, 1842 
 Oct. 15, 1842. 
 May 15, 1S42. 
 Jan. 13, 1843. 
 Dec. 6, 1842. 
 July 28, 1S43. 
 April 15, 1843. 
 July 22, 1843. 
 Jan. 13, 1844. 
 April 9, 1844. 
 April 15, 1843. 
 Sept. 3, 1842. 
 Oct. 22, 1842. 
 Jan. 14, 1843. 
 April 10, 1842. 
 May 13, 1S43. 
 Aug. 19, 1843. 
 Feb. 25, 1843. 
 Sept. 24, 1842 
 Nov. 30, 1842. 
 Nov. 4, 1843. 
 May 20, 1S43. 
 Mar. 29, 1845. 
 Jan. 26, 1844. 
 Jan. 26, 1844. 
 Jan. 26, 1844. 
 Jan. 26, 1844. 
 Jan. 26, 1S44. 
 April 8, 1S42. 
 April 17, 1842. 
 April 8, 1842. 
 April 8, 1S42. 
 Jan. 14, 1843. 
 Jan. 8, 1843. 
 
 WITHDREW. 
 
 Sept. 16, 1843. 
 May 13, 1843. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1842 
 July 2, 1844. 
 
 Nov. 1, 1846. 
 
 Aug. 2, 1843. 
 Sept. 5, 1845. 
 
 April 3, 1844. 
 
 March, 1844. 
 
 Nov., 1843. 
 July, 1S43. 
 
 June 16, 1845. 
 May, 1S45. 
 Jan. 31, 1844. 
 
 April 23, 1846. 
 Nov., 1843. 
 
 May 31, 1845. 
 Oct., 1S42. 
 
 * Married Sidney Soutllworth, July 3, 1844. 
 
NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION OF EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 I05 
 
 NAMES. FROM. ENTERED. 
 
 Calvin Stebbins, wife, 2 children, Wilbraham, May 7, 1843. 
 
 William Stearns, wife, 1 child, Waltham, March 25, 1843. 
 
 James A. Stetson, wife, 6 children, Brooklyn, Ct., April 20, 1843. 
 
 Lama Stebbins, Springfield, July 8, 1843. 
 
 George Washington Sullivan, Baltimore, Md., Nov. 3, 1843. 
 
 Sidney Southworth, Boston, Jan. 27, 1844. 
 
 George Thurber, wife, 1 child, " April 17, 1S42. 
 
 Hiram Wells, wife, 1 child, Mansfield, Ct., April 8, 1842. 
 
 Joseph S Wall, wife, Worcester, April 10, 1842. 
 
 Wm. G. Wilson, Vergennes, Vt., Feb. 4, 1843. 
 
 James Willey, Hartford, Ct., Mar 16, 1843 
 
 Lyman F. Wight, Easthampton, Aug. 19, 1S43. 
 
 Thomas Whitmarsh, Northampton, Nov. 25, 1843. 
 
 WITHDREW. 
 
 May 16, 1844. 
 Nov., 1843. 
 March 16, 1846. 
 Jan. 30, 1844. 
 
 Aug. 19, 1843. 
 
 Aug. 8, 1845. 
 July 8, 1843. 
 April 8, 1843. 
 1S43. 
 Dec, 1843. 
 
 Statistics : The whole number of names enrolled is two hundred and 
 ten. These two hundred and ten people represented eight different 
 
 QUARRY IN CHESTNUT STREET WOODS. 
 
 states, being divided as follows : Massachusetts, ninety-eight ; Con- 
 necticut, eighty-eight ; New York, ten; New Hampshire, three ; Maine, 
 two; Vermont, one ; Alabama, one ; Maryland, one ; Unknown, six. 
 
 As far as ascertained the adult members who are still living are : 
 Mr. and Mrs. James D. Atkins, Mr. Samuel Bottom, Mrs. Joseph C. Martin, 
 Mr. Austin Ross, all in Florence ; Mrs. Hiram Wells, Mittineague, Mass. ; 
 Mrs. A. R. Nickerson, Appleton, Wis. ; Mr. Lucius Bumstead, Colorado 
 Springs, Colo., aged eighty-five ; Mrs, Scarborough, Northampton, Mass. ; 
 
io6 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Mrs. James Stetson, Brooklyn, Conn., aged eighty-seven ; Romulus 
 Fowler Hudson, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Oliver D. Payne, Youngstown, Ohio. 
 Notes. — Many interesting items appear in the old account books of 
 the association, but only a few can be given here. 
 
 " Jason Sulloway, Dr. 
 
 To horse to Springfield, .50 
 
 " Educational Department, Dr. 
 
 To cash paid Toll for the children to Mount Holyoke, .33 
 
 " Wm. L. Garrison,* 
 
 To Expense Account, Dr. 
 
 To Self & wife — Board from Aug. 17 to Sept. 19 — 9 
 
 weeks, 3 days, 12.57 " 
 
 The following items show the cost of articles at the Community 
 store : — 
 
 "Sam A. Bottum, Dr. 
 
 To I doz. eggs at 10 c , 
 " Mary Ann Smith, Dr. 
 
 To 1 Back Comb, 
 " David Mack, Dr. 
 
 To 50 Herring at ± c, 
 "Geo. A. Hill, Dr. 
 
 To 1 Neck Collar, 
 " Boarding House, Dr. 
 
 To i doz. Britannia Spoons, at 10 s. 
 
 •05 
 •03 
 
 .20 
 ■83" 
 
 New milk sold for two cents and skim milk for one cent a quart. 
 Butter sold for ten cents and coffee for eleven cents a pound. Veal cost 
 four cents, pork six cents, mutton five cents, and beef three and one- 
 fourth cents a pound. 
 
 *The famous Abolitionist. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 ABRIDGED ANNALS. 
 
 How Florence Took its Name. — Population. — First Store. — Post Office Estab- 
 lished. — Casualties. — Cemeteries. 
 
 From the very early days of Northampton till 1847, tne locality now 
 called Florence was known as " Broughton's Meadow Plain," or simply 
 as "Broughton's Meadow." Soon after 1810 another name was applied 
 commonly to this region, namely the " Warner School District." The 
 Northampton Association of Education and Industry was started in 
 18.42, and while it existed the common term given to the settlement was 
 ''The Community." In 1848 these three names gave way to Bensonville, 
 and when two years later Mr. Benson failed, and the old appellation 
 became objectionable, the village was called Greenville, from the new 
 cotton company. 
 
 In the fall of 1852 a meeting of the villagers was held in the South 
 schoolhouse to choose a name for the place. Postal communication 
 was soon to be established and a new name was desired. " Shepherd's 
 Hollow " with its woolen mills had been named " Leeds " after the city 
 of Leeds, in England, and the name of the great silk emporium of Italy 
 was offered by Dr. Munde as a suitable appellation for this place. The 
 pretty village, the clear stream, the silk mill, all suggested to his vivid 
 imagination the propriety of naming the village " Florence," and the 
 stream " Arno." The citizens thought well of the neat and euphonious 
 " Florence " and unanimously adopted it, but the " Arno " never replaced 
 the historic term of " Mill River." 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 In 1800 the population of this district was not far from fifteen ; in 
 1820 the number had increased to about fifty, and in 1845, while the 
 Community was in progress, probably two hundred and twenty per- 
 sons were living in this vicinity. During the next ten years many 
 persons came to Florence and by i860 the population was one thousand. 
 In 1863 it is quoted as twelve hundred and eighty-two, in 1864, fourteen 
 hundred and forty-two, and in 1865 it was sixteen hundred and fifty-four. 
 The village was making rapid growth at this time, and by 1867 it is 
 estimated that the number had reached about two thousand. Since 
 that time a more gradual increase has been noted, until to-day the popu- 
 lation of Florence is not far from thirty-five hundred. 
 
io8 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 FIRST STORE. 
 
 The first store in Florence was established by the "Northampton 
 Association " in April, 1842. On the seventeenth of that month the stock 
 directors voted " That Mr. Conant be authorized to purchase groceries 
 .according to his best judgment for the use of the Community and that 
 a store be fitted up for their reception." Later it was resolved " That 
 individuals and families not belonging to the Community may be fur- 
 nished with articles from the Community's Store at an addition of ten 
 per cent, to the cost charged to members." Hall Judd was clerk in this 
 store. 
 
 After the Community dissolved, Mr. Hill continued the business alone 
 till the fall of 1850, when Isaac S. Parsons, son of Captain Samuel Par- 
 sons of Northampton, moved to Florence and formed a partnership with 
 Mr. Hill under the name of I. S. Parsons & Company. This store was 
 in a one story brick building, which was built by Mr. Hill soon after 
 1847 f° r a s 'lk rnill and office, and now forms the western end of the 
 Nonotuck Silk Company's office building. Bailey Birge succeeded Mr. 
 Judd as clerk, and later several young men who are now at the head of 
 the mercantile interests of the village received their first training in this 
 store. The list includes R. M. Branch, L. F. S. Plimpton, and Henry 
 Cutler. 
 
 THE POST OFFICE. 
 
 On the twenty-eighth of December, 1852, after much hard labor, 
 owing to the opposition made by the postmaster of Northampton, a post 
 
 office was established in 
 Florence, and Mr. I. S. Par- 
 sons was appointed post- 
 master, a position which he 
 filled for sixteen years. Mr. 
 Henry Cutler was clerk for 
 Mr. Parsons during a greater 
 part of this time. 
 
 Before '52 all the Florence 
 mail had been placed in Mr. 
 S. L. Hill's box, No. 175, at 
 the Northampton office, and 
 he brought it each day to 
 the village. For months after the petition had been sent to Washington, 
 those who opposed the change were successful in preventing the estab- 
 lishment of the new office, on the ground that Florence was not two miles 
 from Leeds. At this time a general rule provided that no office should be 
 
 MAPLE STREET. NEAR WEST CENTER STREET. 
 
AI'.Rll.HlKn ANNALS. 
 
 IO9 
 
 
 established within two miles of any other office, unless the postmaster 
 general could be convinced that one was really needed. William F. 
 Quigley's (later Oliver Thayer's) stage carried the one daily mail. It 
 went towards Northampton about ten o'clock in the morning and towards 
 Leeds at four o'clock in the afternoon. 
 
 From 1852 to 1868 the office was at the brick store of I. S. Parsons & 
 Co., then for a few weeks it was at 
 Mr. Haven's house, until Mr. Cutler 
 received the appointment, and it was 
 removed to the building now Cutler, 
 Plimpton & Co.'s. In 1884 it was 
 transferred to the building erected for 
 it, on Maple street, near Main street, 
 where it has since been. 
 
 The postmasters have been as fol- 
 lows : I. S. Parsons, appointed Dec. 
 28, 1852; J. L. Otis, 1868; Henry 
 F. Cutler, 1S6S ; Maj. J. F. Angell, 
 1884 ; H. K. Parsons, April 8, 1889 ; 
 William M. Smith, July 13, 1891. 
 
 Casualties. — On July n, 1859, the 
 steam boiler in Hiram Wells & Com- 
 pany's machine works (which stood 
 on the site of the present oil-gas stove 
 plant) exploded ten minutes before 
 seven o'clock, killing the engineer, 
 Frank Spear, and injuring Mr. Wells, 
 so that he lived but twenty-four hours. 
 John Franzen was badly burned, and 
 died after six weeks of suffering. Mr. 
 C. B. Rose, the superintendent of the 
 foundry and pattern shop, was badly 
 scalded and bruised. Wells and Rose 
 were in the workshop and nearly opposite the rear end of the boiler. 
 
 The engine, a machine of ten horse power, had not been used for a 
 week on account of repairs, but had been tried on Saturday and Sunday, 
 and found to be in good running order. On Monday morning, a good 
 fire had been made under the boiler, and at ten minutes of seven steam 
 was issuing from the safety valve. Spear received orders to weight 
 down the valve, which he reluctantly did, and, as the steam was forcing its 
 way through one of the gauges in consequence of the increased weight 
 on the valve, he remarked to Franzen (who was sitting near by smoking, 
 
 "And all around me every bush and tree 
 Says Autumn's here, and Winter soon will be.'' 
 
 — Lowell. 
 
HO HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 waiting for the machinery to start up), that if the boiler should burst 
 then, he would catch it. A moment after it burst, scattering the bricks 
 over a distance of five or six rods, and covering the body of the engineer 
 in the ruins. He lived till 9.30 a.m. 
 
 The boiler was thirty feet in length, and had two flues, both of which 
 collapsed. The discharge of steam forced down an eight-inch brick 
 wall, and moved the heavy iron machinery three or four feet. The 
 explosion shook the ground throughout the neighborhood. 
 
 Mr. Spear was thirty-eight years old, and Mr. Wells forty-eight years. 
 Each left a wife and two children. 
 
 Edwin Thwing lost his life in the machine shop connected with the 
 silk mill, Saturday, April 18, 1861. It was a rainy day and the water was 
 dripping through an open skylight upon his tools in the shop. He went 
 to the attic to close the skylight, but, through carelessness, allowed his 
 clothes to catch in the shafting which ran near the top of the room. 
 He was whirled around the shaft with great rapidity, death coming in a 
 few seconds. 
 
 CEMETERIES. 
 
 Soon after 1820 Josiah White, the oil-maker, gave the town a little 
 plot of land for a cemetery, and in 1825 the first burial was made there. 
 This plot was the northeast corner of the present Park street cemetery, 
 and the original gift included the land on which the North schoolhouse 
 was afterward built. This schoolhouse was given to Samuel L. Hill in 
 1863 (on consideration that he would build a larger one to replace the 
 South schoolhouse) and he sold it soon after to private parties, and they 
 acquired the land by " peaceful possession." So through carelessness 
 this portion of Josiah White's gift was forfeited. During the fifties it 
 was seen that a larger burial ground would soon be required, and on 
 May 4, 1858, the town paid Mr. A. P. Critchlow seventy-five dollars for 
 enough land to make the lot nearly square. 
 
 By 1881 the growth of the village warranted the purchase of addi- 
 tional ground for burial purposes. There had been a strong desire 
 among many residents of Florence that the two places, Florence and 
 Northampton center, might sometime be merged into one, and when, in 
 1881, the town purchased the Dennison water cure property for a bury- 
 ing ground, there was much dissatisfaction expressed among some who 
 foresaw that this move would mean death to their hopes. Timely agi- 
 tation of the subject brought about the desired result, however, and at 
 the annual town meeting, held March 20, 1882, the town rescinded its 
 
ABRIDGED ANNALS. Ill 
 
 vote of the year previous whereby the Dennison property was to be 
 plotted and staked off for burial lots, and the Florence cemetery matter 
 was referred to a committee of five. This committee, consisting of 
 H. K. Parsons, W. H. Riley, L. F. S. Plimpton, J. L. Otis, and G. H. Ray, 
 reported June 19, 1882, recommending the purchase of a large tract in 
 the northern part of the village known as the " Graves and Warner " 
 lots. The land was bought for $1,731, and by the year following the 
 amount of money expended for the land and putting it in shape had 
 reached $3,891.96. The first burial took place in April, 1883, and before 
 the year closed a receiving tomb had been built at a cost of $700. To 
 transform the wild waste into a suitable burying ground was no small 
 task, and the present Spring Grove cemetery, although not famous for 
 its attractiveness, is a spot of natural beauty and some day will be a 
 park that the village will take pride in. 
 
 SPRING GROVE CEMETERY. 
 
JkondJ \ 
 
 c 
 
 
 ; OLD 
 
 •T]A\ES • 
 \ KELIGIOV5 — f > 
 <L \ * EDVCATIONALI *JT 
 JAM5CELLANEOV51 
 
 ^f biographical;* 
 
 
 NDU5TRIAL 
 
 *L/ 
 
 
OLD COMMUNITY TIMES 
 
 REMINISCENCES. 
 By Frances P. Judd. 
 
 In attempting- to recall the early days of what is now Florence, one 
 cannot avoid in a measure living it all over again ; of thinking of one's self 
 as young and hopeful, and full of the enthusiasm of new ideas, and new 
 aspirations for higher and purer conditions of humanity. A half century 
 has gone by since then, with many changes for the writer, but with no 
 abatement of the interest then felt in social, religious, and political 
 reforms. I well remember the first time I saw the place which was after- 
 wards to be the scene of so much struggle, enjoyment, disappointment, 
 and sorrow ; struggle with poverty, not scarcity of the necessaries of life,, 
 but an ever present consciousness of the necessity of self-denial and rigid 
 economy ; enjoyment of congenial society, a common purpose in life, and 
 a mutual desire to promote the best interests of mankind. The end 
 desired could not be reached in the way we had hoped, hence our disap- 
 pointment. 
 
 I came from Northampton one beautiful Sunday in spring, a friend 
 driving in to bring me and another, to see the place which we hoped 
 would be to us a paradise. We came out by Prospect street, then down 
 what is now Pine street, and across the lot to the back door of the house 
 that was occupied by Mr. Benson and his large family. This house was 
 at the corner of what is now Maple and Nonotuck streets. It seemed to 
 be in a wilderness. A pine grove and ravine were west of it, and the land 
 to the east was covered with mulberry bushes. Indeed, the side hill and 
 plain above were given up to the " moms multicaulis." 
 
 The only names I had heard in connection with the new enterprise 
 were those of Benson, Hill, Adam, and Mack. The matter of our joining 
 the " Northampton Association " was discussed that day, and when we 
 returned to Northampton the question was put to me, " Shall we take 
 what little money we have and cast in our lot with these people, who 
 everybody says are visionary, fanatical, and foolish, or shall we go else- 
 where to make our home and get our living?" I said, "We will join 
 them." In a short time we married, and came here. This was in 1842, 
 and here my home has since been. 
 
n6 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 The association was formed. New people constantly came, drawn by 
 sympathy of views on one subject or another; all were earnest in the 
 anti-slavery cause ; many were deeply interested in non-resistance ; all 
 were temperance people and some had suffered expulsion from the 
 churches for their course on anti-slavery or other matters. They came 
 together, and the former inhabitants of this rural hamlet looked on with 
 suspicion and distrust at this new order of things. These people, who 
 had invaded their formerly quiet domain, had such strange notions ; 
 many of them imbued with Quaker ideas and thinking all days alike 
 holy. Some did not reverence the church and priesthood ; some were 
 advocates of vegetarianism, discarding animal food and all stimulating 
 drinks. No wonder we were " past finding out." I do not know that 
 
 WILDER PLACE — PARK STREET. 
 
 any of our people were immoral, or that their neighbors could accuse 
 them of dishonesty in their dealings, or anything worse than their disre- 
 gard of outward religious observances. 
 
 Houses were scarce, and to accommodate all who wished to join us, 
 part of the brick factory was fitted up as a boarding house. The quar- 
 ters were rude and plain, and the fact that the members were willing to 
 submit to the many inconveniences, and to forego all luxuries and many 
 of the comforts to which they had been accustomed, showed how dear 
 to their hearts was the cause they had espoused. 
 
 The " labor question " was, even then, stirring earnest and philan- 
 thropic souls, and the fact that the employees in the silk factory were 
 confined twelve hours a day led some of our zealous members to express 
 themselves earnestly against it, and to advocate a reduction of the hours 
 
OLD COMMUNITY TIMES. 
 
 117 
 
 of labor. That the immediate consequences of this proceeding were 
 injurious to the financial interests of the association, there is no doubt, 
 but the final result was satisfactory, especially to those who gained an 
 hour a day for rest and recreation by the change from twelve to eleven 
 hours. 
 
 The question of the equality of the sexes was never discussed. It 
 was accepted as one of our fundamental principles. A wife has been 
 known to vote contrary to her 
 husband, and the family re- 
 main intact. Some of the 
 more timid women looked to 
 their husbands as their teach- 
 ers, in accordance with St. 
 Paul's injunction, "Ask thy 
 husband at home." I remem- 
 ber one instance when some 
 subject was under consider- 
 ation, the opinion of the mem- 
 bers was asked regarding it. 
 One woman replied, " My 
 opinion has gone to the West," 
 referring to her husband's 
 
 - , xt i- THE liENSON HOUSE ON MAIN STREET. 
 
 absence from home. No dis- 
 tinction was made on account of color. When David Ruggles came here 
 from New York to find a refuge, he was welcomed and treated as an 
 honored friend, and so were many others. 
 
 After four years of struggle, it was thought best to disband. For 
 various reasons many persons had withdrawn and gone away to resume 
 their former vocations under the ordinary conditions of society. Some 
 remained and pursued their various callings. Meanwhile, the population 
 outside the community had increased ; new branches of industry had 
 been started, so all could find employment. 
 
 New schoolhouses were built, one for a primary school on the site of 
 the old one, which had been removed, and one near where the present 
 fine edifice stands. It was plain, and small, and inconvenient, in the 
 light of the present time, but to us then it was a great improvement 
 over most of the country schoolhouses. It served many purposes. On 
 Sundays it was used for religious meetings. The Congregational, the 
 Methodist, and the Free Congregational societies, all had their beginning 
 there. New enterprises were started, new societies were formed, and 
 meetings for other purposes enlisted the attention of the people. At 
 that time anti-slavery was the great subject in the minds of the whole 
 
Il8 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 nation. I think it would be true to say that the people of Florence were 
 on the right side. I am sure a person must have been very bold to have 
 argued in favor of the slave system, and the cases were rare when it was 
 done. 
 
 Perhaps no place of its size has had so much of interest in its history 
 as Florence. The best speakers on every subject have been heard here. 
 There has always been a platform to which all reforms have been wel- 
 comed, and an opportunity given to all to hear the best thought on every 
 subject. This opportunity has been well improved. Those who have 
 enjoyed the rich treats which have been provided have been strengthened 
 and enriched thereby. The seed thus sown has not been lost. Not all 
 fell upon good ground, but enougli did to make Florence the home of 
 free thought, and of great tolerance of the diversity of views which nec- 
 essarily prevail in such a community. 
 
 Florence, as " Broughton Meadows," was beautiful. The river, the 
 meadows, the sandy plain with its fine views, then unobstructed by trees 
 or buildings, made it very attractive fifty years ago. The Florence of 
 to-day still has its river, its meadows, and its plain, but now the meadows 
 and the plain have changed. Houses cover the plain, factories and 
 shops are numerous, and their number is constantly increasing. Still 
 " beautiful for situation " is Florence, and may her people be as good as 
 their home is beautiful. 
 
 WHEN I WAS A BOY. 
 
 By Geokge R. Stetson, New Bedford, Mass. 
 
 My recollections of the Community are those of boyhood, and I can 
 only give some idea of the life of a boy. As I reflect on the methods 
 adopted for our education and government, I am led to believe that the 
 hope of our parents and the controlling minds in the Community was so 
 to educate the children that, in their maturer years, the ideas of a broad, 
 liberal, and moral character should have an influence in the improve- 
 ment of society. In reviewing the lives and characters of those who 
 have grown out of the Community, the conclusion is forced upon me 
 that the results desired have been generally obtained. Mr. S. L. Hill, 
 who watched over the children with more intelligent care than any other 
 person, expressed his thought agreeable to this conclusion. There was 
 no effort made to instruct us in any sectarian or peculiar theological 
 ideas. If there was not much said regarding " the Fatherhood of God," 
 " the Brotherhood of Man " was a constant object lesson. I have heard 
 the opinion expressed that among the reasons why the project was not 
 
OLD COMMUNITY TIMES. 
 
 II 9 
 
 more of a financial success was that this "charity towards all" was too 
 generally extended in a material way. But this general hospitality drew 
 together people of varied experiences, among whom were many bright 
 and superior minds. 
 
 I remember most of those who were the adult members of the Com- 
 munity. Among them may be mentioned Samuei L. Hill, George Ben- 
 son, Austin Ross, David Mack, Samuel A. Bottum, Hiram Wells, E. L. 
 Hammond, Hall Judd, William Adam, Luther Brigham, James Willey, 
 and Calvin Stebbins. These men impressed themselves on my mind as 
 
 1 
 
 METHODIST CHURCH. SOJOURNER TRUTH HOUSE. JUDD PLACE. 
 
 A PARK STREET VIEW. 
 
 HAVEN HOUSE. 
 
 being more than ordinary men. Among the women might be mentioned 
 an equal number who were all competent, and possessed greater intel- 
 lectual ability than the average women of that time. 
 
 My father, mother, and their five children joined the Community in 
 the spring of 1843, when I was six years old. I remember distinctly our 
 arrival at the little cottage of my uncle, George Benson. For a great 
 many years there was a beautiful pine grove back of this cottage. 
 Among the trees were several graves, but I do not remember the history 
 of them. Standing at that time in the belfry of the present Braid Mill, 
 but three dwellings could be seen. To the right, towards Northampton, 
 was the house of an Irishman, named Hickey, and this must have been 
 seen through the forest trees, which covered the plain to a greater or 
 
120 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 less extent ; to the left was the Adam house, and to the north was the Ben- 
 son cottage. Our family was installed in a suite of rooms in the south- 
 east corner on the third floor of the Community boarding house. Very 
 sunny and pleasant rooms, as I recollect them. While the danger from 
 fire, or the distance from the ground, caused our parents some anxiety, we 
 children did not suffer from this cause. 
 
 The large dining room was where the meetings were held, and during 
 the winter a regular lyceum was maintained. The children recited 
 pieces, and classes in music furnished song. The debates were carried 
 on with spirit, and, as would naturally be expected among such positive 
 minded men as composed the Community, personal antagonism would 
 sometimes be engendered. But when different opinions were honestly 
 
 PARK STREET CEMETERY. 
 
 held, a broad mantle of charity was extended and the ultimate outcome 
 was a better understanding and confidence. Any visitors who had 
 special talent were invited to contribute to the general pleasure and 
 instruction. I heard here for the first time the Hutchinson family ; Jud- 
 son, Abby, John, and Asa then made up the famous quartette, which for 
 years was so well known. Fred Douglass was introduced to Northamp- 
 ton through this channel. I remember him as a finely formed, athletic 
 young man. Among the family curiosities is a stone which was thrown 
 at him while trying to speak in the Northampton town hall, about this time. 
 David Ruggles was another of the peculiar characters that I remember 
 distinctly. He was blind, and it was one of my boyhood duties to lead 
 him to his baths. Garrison was a frequent visitor. I remember hearing 
 him speak under the large pine tree that used to be our summer meet- 
 
OLD COMMUNITY TIMES. 
 
 ing house. All of the old Community people remember this tree with 
 reverence. The memory of many instructive lessons from earnest and 
 capable men cluster around this spot. 
 
 Sojourner Truth, the African, who was a conspicuous figure during 
 the anti-slavery controversy, was here and was accustomed to speak and 
 sometimes to sing. In either 
 act she commanded attention, 
 having a tall imposing figure, 
 a strong voice, and a ready 
 wit. Her retorts or argu- 
 ments were usually well di- 
 rected and secured the desired 
 results. She was brought 
 from Africa when a child and 
 held as a slave in New York 
 state. She bore her tribal 
 mark and it was sometimes 
 suggested that she came from 
 royal stock. She neverlearned 
 to read, write, or figure, and 
 in speaking once she said, 
 "Three thirds of the people 
 are wrong." Some one in the 
 audience said, " That takes 
 them all, Sojourner," and she 
 
 answered, " I am sorry, as I had hoped there were a few left." One of 
 the boys fell off the dam, and, as fortune favored him, struck in a deep 
 pool only a few feet long. This was the only place where he could have 
 fallen without injury as there was a ledge extending the remainder of 
 the way. Sojourner remarked, on hearing of the accident, " If the Devil 
 made him fall the Lord had a fixed place for him to light in." 
 
 The educational methods were original and our instructors were 
 among the first in this country to use object lessons. While the chil- 
 dren of my age had lessons from books, the lessons taught through the 
 oral and practically illustrated methods are the ones I now remember. 
 A class of which I was a member was under the instruction of Miss 
 Sophia Foorde.. Our schoolroom was frequently the plain back of the 
 present braid factory. On the banks of the river we were taught to 
 build the different geographical formations, miniature islands, capes, 
 promontories, peninsulas, and isthmuses. I have frequently noticed that 
 I have a much clearer idea of these formations than others of my age, 
 who were my superiors in memorizing lessons. 
 
 VIEW ON PINE STREET IN 187O. 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Work was interspersed with our lessons. We gathered the mulberry 
 leaves for the silkworms, being watched over and directed by a member 
 appointed for that purpose. Among those who had my class in charge 
 was a man educated for a Catholic priest. To encourage us to work and 
 to still the clatter of our tongues he sometimes recited a Latin prayer. 
 
 As this was always a 
 reward for welldoing 
 
 n o u r part, he ex- 
 pected to receive an 
 immediate answer. Mr. 
 Austin Eoss usually 
 had the care of the boys 
 older than myself, 
 though sometimes my 
 class was placed under 
 his charge. We were 
 watched while at work 
 or at play, instructed 
 in swimming, as well 
 as in hoeing, and while 
 
 1 never knew corporal 
 punishment to be re- 
 sorted to, Mr. Ross had 
 the reputation of being 
 able to close his hand 
 very tightly on the arm 
 
 or shoulder of any boy who disobeyed his orders. I presume the Com- 
 munity children had their troubles and hardships, but my memory mostly 
 brings " visions of happiness." The occasional rides to the wood lot with 
 Mr. Bottum, or to the farm with Mr. Ross, and many incidents of work 
 and play are all reflected in rose-colored hues. 
 
 There has been much interest excited about the grave of a young 
 lady who was buried by the road leading to Bay State. This was a 
 beautiful place, sloping toward the river. Our Community Paradise, 
 with its large pine trees, among whose roots wound a brook, was on one 
 side, and the river on the other side. Over the grave a beautiful oak 
 spread its protecting branches. She was buried here according to her 
 request, and the children filed by and dropped in her grave their sprigs 
 of evergreen and wild flowers. Very few of those to maturity grown 
 who stood around her grave at that time but have followed her to the 
 great unknown. Mrs. Judd,* Mrs. Martin, Mr. Ross, Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 THE ISAAC PARSONS PLACE — NOW H. F. CUTLER'S RESIDENCE. 
 
 * Died January, 1894. Article written December, 1892. — [Editor. 
 
OLD COMMUNITY TIMES. 
 
 123 
 
 Atkins, and Mr. Bottum yet remain, and have watched the many transi- 
 tions that have taken place around the homes of the old Community, an 
 association formed to help its individual members to more complete and 
 well rounded life. The enterprise failed materially, but among the 
 eternal forces that live and influence the world, I believe the Community 
 still has its being. 
 
 WHEN I WAS A GIRL. 
 By a Community Maiden. 
 
 My earliest recollections connected with Florence were of the long 
 journey from Brooklyn, Conn., made with our family by private convey- 
 ance, there being no railroad to Northampton at that time. The cottage 
 to which we came stood on rising ground, terraced to the road, with a 
 rather long, sandy hill at the back ; a beautiful grove of great pine trees 
 at one side, and just beyond that a deep, broad, sand valley, clean, 
 white, and fine ; an ideal playground for children. Our great delight 
 was to start some distance from its brink, run as fast as we could, jump 
 over and land knee deep in its warm embrace. 
 
 Across the road, and directly opposite the cottage, ran a shallow 
 brook, with sandy soil on either side, in which grew fine, firm cranberries, 
 the first and last I ever ._- 
 saw growing. Beyond 
 the brook, and a zig- 
 zag fence, lay a swamp 
 of some extent, which 
 was our resort when 
 hunting the trailing 
 arbutus, which grew 
 there in perfection. 
 One day, while looking 
 for the flowers, I rolled 
 a log over, and beheld 
 a large, black snake surrounded by her family of little blackies, where- 
 upon the mother opened wide her mouth, and one by one the six baby 
 snakes disappeared down that receptacle. 
 
 How long it might have been before the Community was founded, 
 I have no idea, but soon the brick mill became a place of residence for 
 families, and uncles, aunts, and cousins, besides others, began to arrive, 
 and my lonely life was relieved by companions of all ages. 
 
 And then began our school life, which was so different from the 
 
 ■ ; ^Mm^'J^sa^i 3 
 
 I'ULLY UOSWORTH HOUSE TO-DAY. 
 
124 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 stereotyped training of other young folks of those days. Our teachers 
 were people of original ideas on education ; thoughtful, progressive, 
 intellectual, somewhat unusual qualifications, then, for school teachers. 
 The best remembered of them all were Mr. and Mrs. David Mack. All 
 our teachers, however, were our friends and companions, and our school- 
 room, very often, some lovely grove, or shady nook on the banks of the 
 winding Mill River. We were taught botany wherever flowers grew, and 
 we learned by object lessons many things that city children never knew 
 unless in adult life their interest in some special pursuit brought them in 
 close contact with nature. We traveled miles, climbed Mounts Holyoke 
 and Tom in search of rare specimens of their flora, or minerals ; any- 
 thing, in fact, that our quick eyes could spy out from which our teachers 
 could give us a new idea. 
 
 When the cold weather drove us indoors, our work differed in many 
 points. We were taught sewing, braiding straw, knitting silk and beaded 
 purses, and other useful things. And while we worked our teacher read 
 the classics to us, — Shakespeare's plays, Scott's novels, Prescott's " His- 
 tory of the Conquest of Mexico," " Undine," and many other charming 
 books, both prose and poetry ; so that while our minds were the most 
 receptive, all the beauties of the literature were pointed out and impressed 
 upon us. Another feature was the bringing of a new fact, or idea, each 
 morning to school with us, and some of them were very new, indeed, as, 
 for instance, when a small cousin of mine gave as her quota of informa- 
 tion, that she " never knew before that Mary, Queen of Scots, cut her 
 own head off ! " the shocked expression of her large, blue eyes attesting 
 her firm belief in her " fact." But with all that was unusual in our 
 schooling, the old-fashioned ways of study were by no means neglected, 
 and we had to learn our lessons, also. 
 
 One feature of our training was the athletic exercises that the girls, 
 as well as the boys, were expected to take. As the blind, colored man, 
 Dr. Ruggles, was very fond of us youngsters, we were, of course, great 
 friends of his. No sooner did we "sight" him, than, with arm sharply 
 bent at elbow, we gathered around him to have the exact extent of 
 muscular improvement from our latest practice on cross-tree (or other 
 trees, for that matter) decided by his infallible judgment. I am still 
 proud to say that my muscle always stood well in his estimation. Bath- 
 ing was another much sought amusement of ours, and many a retired 
 nook on the river was a favored sporting place. 
 
 One department of industry was raising silkworms for raw silk. 
 Extensive fields of mulberry bushes were already planted, a cocoonery 
 was built, and the eggs imported. The children did the work, under the 
 supervision of a couple of men to keep us in order, and see that it was 
 
OLD COMMUNITY TIMES. 
 
 125 
 
 not all play and no work. The long, rather low cocoonery had shelves 
 on each side of a passageway, running lengthwise with it, upon which the 
 eggs were hatched, and the boys brought the leaves in baskets, while the 
 girls distributed them over the shelves, and worms soon devoured them. 
 The work was clean and wholesome, done at regular times, between 
 school hours, and really enjoyable. Some of us were sorry when it had 
 to be abandoned after a full trial, it proving cheaper to obtain the silk 
 from China. 
 
 In winter our chief amusement consisted in coasting. In the fall, 
 when the mill pond was full of logs, it was great fun to run over its 
 
 THE ROSS FARM — FORMERLY OWNED BY THE COMMUNITY. 
 
 narrowest part, jumping from log to log. What should we do or say if 
 we caught our daughters indulging such dangerous accomplishments ? 
 We were undoubtedly a set of tomboys, as all girls would be if given 
 their freedom, as we were, to follow the footsteps of their boyish com- 
 panions. We ran races ; climbed trees and fences ; waded rivers and 
 brooks ; fished, rowed, skated, and swam — at least all of us who could 
 learn the latter accomplishments, which but a few did. 
 
 And so passed the happiest hours of the happiest possible childhood. 
 And it lingers in the memory of all who enjoyed its privileges, as an ideal 
 
126 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 unattainable in these days of more artificial training for the young, 
 which, superior as it undoubtedly is, so far as book knowledge goes, yet 
 makes them old before reaching their teens. I leave it for others to 
 tell of the many celebrated people who often came amongst us, lectured 
 for us, and entertained us in various ways. I have only aimed at giving 
 some experiences in the life in the Community of the children under 
 twelve years of age. 
 
 A YOUNG MAN IN THE COMMUNITY. 
 By Giles D. Stebbins, Detroit, Michigan. 
 
 Florence has its own atmosphere and character. It is noteworthy, 
 not only for its natural beauty and for its aspect of thrift and taste, but 
 for the cheerful industry, the decent ways, the fraternal spirit, the free 
 and active mental and moral life and the religious charity of its people. 
 
 What ideas inspired its founders ? What influences shaped its charac- 
 ter and vitalized its air ? My part of the answer will be some glimpses 
 of a year in the Community, when I was twenty-five years old. The 
 brick factory by the river side, the few plain houses scattered around it, 
 the pleasant valley, the broad fields, the wooded hills with paths among 
 the great trees and the laurels and wild flowers along their winding 
 ways, — all are in my mind's eye. 
 
 Plain living and high thinking went together. Social life was uncon- 
 ventional, going to the bounds of propriety but not beyond. I did not 
 know a grossly depraved person, and there were no tragic outbreaks of 
 vice or crime. Vulgarity was less common than in the outer world. 
 They were thinking people, trying a noble experiment, — an effort for 
 industry and education more fraternal than seemed possible elsewhere. 
 It may be said that they did not succeed, but surely they did not wholly 
 fail, for the memory of those days has been pleasant and helpful to all. 
 There and elsewhere, far and near, I have met the pioneers of that Commu- 
 nity, and have found no " black sheep " among them. There was a strange 
 charm in the daily contact with persons of widely varying opinions, 
 freely exchanged without controversy. Even in religion there was no 
 cold wave of self-righteous bigotry, and we find to-day a kindly charity 
 and mutual respect among the various denominations. 
 
 There were many visitors, — persons eminent in thought and life, inter- 
 ested in this experiment, — and meeting them was interesting and instruct- 
 ive, sometimes amusing. Rev. Mr. Woodbridge, a grave Puritan D.D. 
 of Hadley, came one day, met among the silkworms a young man named 
 
OLD COMMUNITY TIMKS. 
 
 127 
 
 Porter, and asked, "What do you do here Sundays ?" The reply was : 
 " We rest, sometimes do pressing- work, read, think, hold meetings, and 
 try to behave as well as we do Mondays." The preacher asked, " Have 
 you no minister?" "No," was the answer; "we all speak if we wish, 
 men and women. You can come and say what you please ; we will treat 
 you well, but we may not agree with you and may ask questions." " Do 
 you all think alike? How do you get along when you don't agree ? " 
 The young man picked up a stick and rapped on the fence rail, first on 
 one place and then along the rail, saying, "You notice that when I rap 
 on one spot the sound is monotonous, when I move my stick it varies. 
 Don't you like the variations? You are not foolish enough to quarrel 
 with the stick or the rail 
 because these sounds 
 differ, but you like to 
 hear them and make up 
 y o u r mind which is 
 best." A good object 
 lesson in free inquiry. 
 
 The Sunday meetings 
 were always provocative 
 of thought, usually inter- 
 esting, sometimes crude. 
 They were held in the 
 factory dining room, or 
 under the shade of a 
 great pine in the grove 
 on the hilltop. William 
 Lloyd Garrison spent 
 part of the summer here, 
 and spoke several times. 
 The listening group, the 
 
 speaker standing by the massive trunk of the towering tree, his bold yet 
 reverent utterances, the fragrance of the pines, the mountains in the dis- 
 tance, and the blue sky over all, seem like something of yesterday. 
 
 I was not a member of the Community, but a student with William 
 Adam and David Mack as teachers, ripe scholars and excellent men. It 
 was a study of character as well as of books ; — of marked individuality, 
 moral courage, devotedness to good ends, some tinge of erratic fancies, 
 and a warm sympathy which made life pleasant. 
 
 I remember a wedding at the breakfast table of the factory dining hall, 
 with no cake or cards, but brown bread and wooden chairs and a squire 
 to make the rite legal. The ripe wisdom and delicate tenderness, finely 
 
 RESIDENCE 
 
 SAMUEL POKIER. 
 
128 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 shown in gracious words or acts by those who went from the wedding 
 feast to their work in mill, or kitchen, or the open fields, made some 
 weddings, where silks and diamonds and shallow compliments abound, 
 poor in comparison. 
 
 It is sometimes well for a young man to find out how little he knows. 
 It takes awav self-conceit and leads to deeper thinking. I was at the age 
 when self-esteem is active. A Massachusetts youth, who was a Whig, a 
 Unitarian, and a prospective clergyman, might naturally have a fair share 
 of complacent self-satisfaction. I had a room in a house partly occupied 
 by James Stetson and family from Brooklyn, Conn. Mrs. Stetson was a 
 superior woman, a personal friend of S. J. May, and other early anti- 
 slavery leaders. One evening, in their room, the talk was of anti-slavery, 
 and she quoted some Bible texts favoring freedom for all. Gravely and 
 with oracular air, I spoke of Paul and Onesimus, and of the Apostle 
 sending back the slave to his master. I can see still the shade of amused 
 pity that spread over her fine face as she heard me through. Then she 
 took up the matter and expounded the Scriptures in the light of liberty. 
 As she expounded I was confounded, — that I, one of the lords of crea- 
 tion, who hoped, like Walter Scott's Dominie Sampson, to " wag my 
 pow in the pulpit " in due time, should be so utterly humiliated by a 
 person unlearned, as I supposed, in clerical lore, and that person a 
 woman ! She was kind, but that made it worse. There really seemed 
 nothing left of me, I did not sleep for half the night, for thinking of my 
 mental and moral confusion. But at last it dawned on me that the 
 lesson was needed as well as right, and I went to her in the morning 
 and heartily thanked her. We became cordial friends, and, having come 
 into a teachable mood, I learned much from her. 
 
 Other friends I had, whose useful lives and large thoughts were 
 inspiring suggestions of much that has since been well done. Samuel 
 L. Hill, — unpretending, sagacious, tireless, of moral courage unsur- 
 passed, and a fine integrity that made his promise sure, — the fatherly 
 helper beloved by all ; Hammond, Benson, Atkins, Judd, Ross, are names 
 calling up men and women known and prized. 
 
 A leading aim of the Community was to emphasize human fraternity, 
 to uplift the common lot, and its members carried that aim into the 
 business enterprises in which they engaged on the domain which had 
 been the place of their joint efforts for a better life for all. The charac- 
 ter of a town where large industries employ many persons is modified by 
 the spirit and methods of the managers and employers. Where business 
 sagacity and fraternal humanity are combined all seem to live in a 
 purer and more vitalizing air, and much is done to enrich the life of the 
 people. 
 
OLD COMMl'NITV TIMES. 
 
 129 
 
 In this respect Florence has been sirigularly fortunate, and the busi- 
 ness career of Samuel L. Hill and others gives signal proof that this 
 combination is practicable and that the union of wisdom and love helps 
 to the best material results, as well as to the best life for all. Fraternity 
 and self-respect are better stimulants to skilled and faithful labor than a 
 blind and chilling selfishness. 
 
 The Community was short-lived. Its errors have died away, its 
 influence for good is still felt, for the right outlives the wrong and so 
 the world moves upward. 
 
 WHAT I FOUND AT THE NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION. 
 
 By Frederick Douglass. 
 
 Of the great mental wave of reform that passed over New England 
 fifty years ago and gave rise to the Florence, Brook Farm, and Hopedale 
 Communities, others can tell you more and better than I. The religion 
 of good will to man ; of fervent 
 desire and courageous determi- 
 nation to put aside the old and 
 to venture boldly upon the 
 new ; to change and improve 
 conditions of human existence ; 
 to liberate mankind from the 
 bondage of time-worn custom ; 
 to curb and fix limits to in- 
 dividual selfishness ; to diffuse 
 wealth among the lowly ; to 
 banish poverty ; to harmonize 
 
 " Far from gay cities and the ways of men." — Pope. 
 
 conflicting interests, and to promote the happiness of mankind gener- 
 ally, had at that time such a revival as, perhaps, New England had never 
 seen before, and has certainly never seen since. 
 
 This high thought of the time took deep hold upon men and women, 
 and led them to dare and do startling things in contradiction to the 
 common sense of the period. Many who thought themselves reformers 
 were not ready to embark in the wild, or what seemed to them wild, and 
 fantastical measures of these radicals ; who, in their war against old 
 forms and social arrangements, sometimes seemed to assume that what- 
 ever was new, was true, and that whatever was old, was erroneous. With 
 them, the old way was the wrong way, and the new was the right, or at 
 least had within it the promise of the right. 
 
130 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 The period was one of faith, hope, and charity ; of millennial fore- 
 shadowing. The air was full of isms — Grahamism, mesmerism, Fou- 
 rierism, transcendentalism, communism, and abolitionism. Fresh from 
 slavery at that time, and keenly alive to its horrors, my mind was mainly 
 occupied with the last mentioned ism, and yet with a strong leaning 
 towards communism as a remedy for all social ills. I found, too, that the 
 men and women who were interested in the work of revolutionizing the 
 whole system of civilization were also deeply interested in the emancipa- 
 tion of the slaves ; and this was enough to insure my sympathy to these 
 universal reformers. 
 
 Of the various attempts to give form and substance to the broad and 
 beneficent ideas of the times, Florence and Hopedale seemed fullest of 
 promise. For harmony, Hopedale had a decided advantage over Flor- 
 ence, in that its leaders were of one religious faith, while Florence was 
 composed both of men and women of different denominations, and of 
 those of no religious bias or profession. It was from the first a protest 
 against sectism and bigotry and an assertion of. the paramount impor- 
 tance of human brotherhood. 
 
 I visited Florence almost at its beginning, when it was in the rough ; 
 when all was Spartan-like simplicity. It struck me at once that the 
 reformers had a tremendous task before them. I knew that many of 
 them were people well to do in the world, and I naturally wondered how 
 they could content themselves to leave the smooth and pleasant paths of 
 life to which they were accustomed, for the rough and thorny ways they 
 were now compelled to tread. The site of the Community was decidedly 
 unpromising. The soil was poor and had little or nothing upon it but 
 stubby oaks and stunted pines. The most hopeful thing I saw there was 
 a narrow stream meandering through an entangled valley of brush and 
 brier, and a brick building which the communists had now converted 
 into a dwelling and factory. The place and the people struck me as the 
 most democratic I had ever met. It was a place to extinguish all aris- 
 tocratic pretensions. There was no high, no low, no masters, no servants, 
 no white, no black. I, however, felt myself in very high society. I met 
 there Samuel Hill, Seth Hunt, George Benson, Hall Judd, William 
 Bassett, James Boyle, Giles B. Stebbins, Elisha Hammond, his wife, Miss 
 Sophia Foorde, and a number of others, all people from the upper walks 
 of life, and yet fraternizing with the humblest members of the association 
 of which they formed a part. 
 
 My impressions of the Community are not only the impressions of a 
 stranger, but those of a fugitive slave to whom at that time even Massa- 
 chusetts opposed a harsh and repellent side. The cordial reception I 
 met with at Florence, was, therefore, much enhanced bv its contrast with 
 
OLD COMMUNITY TIMES. 
 
 13 1 
 
 many other places in that commonwealth. Mere, at least, neither my 
 color nor my condition was counted against me. I found here my old 
 friend, David Ruggles, not only black, but blind, and measurably help- 
 less, but a man of sterling sense and worth. He had been caught up in 
 New York city, rescued from destitution, brought here and kindly cared 
 for. I speak of David Ruggles as my old friend. He was such to me 
 only as he had been to others in the same plight. Before he was old and 
 blind he had been a coworker with the venerable Quaker, Isaac T. 
 Hopper, and had assisted me as well as many other fugitive slaves, on 
 the way from slavery to freedom. It was good to see that this man who 
 had zealously assisted others was now receiving assistance from the 
 benevolent men and women of this Community, and if a grateful heart 
 
 VIEW OF FLORENCE — LOOKING NORTH FROM SCHOOLIIOUSE TOWER. 
 
 in a recipient of benevolence is any compensation for such benevolence, 
 the friends of David Ruggles were well compensated. His whole theme 
 to me was gratitude to these noble people. For his blindness he was 
 hydropathically treated in the Community. He himself became well 
 versed in the water cure system, and was subsequently at the head of a 
 water cure establishment at Florence. He acquired such sensitiveness of 
 touch that he could, by feeling the patient, easily locate the disease, and 
 was, therefore, very successful in treating his patients. 
 
 David Ruggles was not the only colored person who found refuge in 
 this Community. I met here for the first time that strange compound of 
 wit and wisdom, of wild enthusiasm and flint-like common sense, who 
 
132 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 seemed to feel it her duty to trip me up in my speeches and to ridicule 
 my efforts to speak and act like a person of cultivation and refinement. 
 I allude to Sojourner Truth. She was a genuine specimen of the uncul- 
 tured negro. She cared very little for elegance of speech or refinement 
 of manners. She seemed to please herself and others best when she put 
 her ideas in the oddest forms. She was much respected at Florence, for 
 she was honest, industrious, and amiable. Her quaint speeches easily 
 gave her an audience, and she was one of the most useful members of the 
 Community in its day of small things. 
 
 It is hardly possible to point to a greater contrast than is presented 
 by Florence now, and what it was fifty years ago. Then it was a wilder- 
 ness. Now it blossoms like the rose. Though the outward form has 
 changed, the early spirit of the Community has survived. The noble 
 character of its men and women, and the spirit of its teachers, are still 
 found in that locality, and one cannot visit there without seeing that 
 George Benson, Samuel Hill, Mr. and Mrs. Hammond, Sophia Foorde, 
 William Bassett, and Giles B. Stebbins, and the rest of them, have not 
 lived in vain. 
 
 THE HUTCHINSONS" VISIT. 
 
 By John W. Hutchinson. 
 
 The glorious principle of the " Fatherhood of God, and the Brother- 
 hood of Man " is a legacy to humanity from primeval times ; it was the 
 spirit that pervaded the day of Pentecost, and actuated the early Chris- 
 tians, who " held all things in common." From out the dim vista of 
 years, to the believers of a later generation this spirit came once more, 
 as though ordained to awaken anew the cherished idea advanced by the 
 Master, the rule of love — that mighty, controlling influence which was to 
 be once more promulgated to lift the struggling world to a realm of 
 confidence in God and man. 
 
 It was this vital principle that made itself visible in the spirit that 
 shone forth and the motives controlling the dear cluster of believers 
 gathered in the Northampton valley, on the banks of the picturesque 
 Mill River, coming thence from the homes of New England to form the 
 " Northampton Association of Education and Industry." They sought 
 to establish a community. For reasons that it is no part of my task to 
 state, their experiment, like that at Brook Farm in Roxbury, the "North 
 American Phalanx " in New Jersey, and the community of my own 
 loved brothers and sisters in Milford, N. H., was short lived, but the idea 
 is immortal, and some day will receive its successfid demonstration. 
 
OLD COMMUNITY TIMES. 
 
 *33 
 
 As the last remaining member of the hand of singing hrothers and 
 one sister, who in 1844 spent two happy days with this Community, it is 
 a privilege to put on record sonic impressions and reminiscences of this 
 delightful occasion. We were youthful and ambitious. Our voices 
 had been already lifted in aid of freedom and reform. We had just 
 closed our first tour to Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. In 
 the latter cities we had received our first impressions, by actual contact, 
 of the horrid iniquity of slavery. We were now on our way from New 
 York city — where we had achieved in its fullest measure the success so 
 dear to the heart of every artist — to our New Hampshire home. 
 
 In the party that arrived at Northampton on that bright day in open- 
 ing spring, was my brother Zephaniah, the elder of the band, who was 
 our business agent. A verita- 
 ble Yankee, full of plans, ftdl 
 of hope, except when a tempo- 
 rary set-back in our work or 
 some slight illness subdued his 
 spirits and found expression in 
 some whimsical remark, half- 
 sad, half-jocose ; the life he saw 
 at the Florence Community 
 filled him with enthusiasm, and 
 it was hard for him to tear him- 
 self away from the entrancing 
 company. He was an Illinois 
 pioneer, and now lies buried 
 near his prairie home. Judson 
 was there, dear, warm-hearted, 
 whole-souled, angel-voiced 
 
 t , tt- u J .. • TV/T-1 RESIDENCE OF NELSON A. DAVIS. 
 
 Judson. His body rests in Mil- 
 ford, near the farm where the Hutchinsons were even then dwelling in a 
 happy community, with Benny and Rhoda as the home guard, while the 
 others were earning money for the common treasury in the concert field. 
 Asa, the basso of the troupe and the youngest brother, was there also. 
 He sleeps by the banks of the Hassan river, in the western home of the 
 brothers, Hutchinson, Minnesota. And Abby, the youngest of all, then 
 only fifteen, was also there. It is only a few short months since she was 
 with me. Now she sings with the rest in the spirit world. And I only 
 remain ! How many of that band which we visited are left I do not 
 know, but I do know that there was not a word or look or act during 
 our visit that did not tell the story of perfect love and good will toward 
 us and toward each other. 
 
r 34 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 The date was April 29, 1844. All nature was alive. As we rode 
 from Northampton village on that Saturday morning, we saw the 
 farmers putting the seed into the ground, and found our young hearts 
 in the fullest unison with the bright, awakening spring. We had long 
 looked forward to the time when we should make our advent to this 
 delightful, picturesque valley. We were greeted as we rode into the 
 village by scores of communists, who had evidently been anticipating 
 our arrival. Our sympathies were at once commingled, and soul met 
 soul in true communion. We pealed forth a song of greeting, which 
 kindled a flame of sacred love that pervaded all hearts. At once we 
 were ushered to our lodgings and soon were prepared to be conducted 
 about the grounds. One place we saw was most charming. In that 
 delightfully picturesque spot we longed to linger. It was called " Para- 
 dise Regained," and at this point we gave a strain of music : — 
 
 " This world is full of beauty 
 As other worlds above ; 
 And, if we did our duty, 
 It might he full of love." 
 
 We strolled about the farm in groups. We went to the silk factories 
 and thence back to the unpainted Community building, and into the 
 
 dining apartments, where, 
 at the touch of the bell, 
 all assembled to partake 
 of food. Order and per- 
 fect decorum prevailed, 
 and joy lighted up all 
 countenances. The dis- 
 tribution of labor seemed 
 to be properly adjusted, 
 and order prevailed 
 among all the people. 
 We saw no signs of disaf- 
 fection, and our joy was 
 full as we discussed the 
 grand problems of the 
 day, fully believing the 
 whole world could be in- 
 duced to come up higher into such realms of glory. In the afternoon we 
 played ball. On Sunday there was a meeting in the great dining room. 
 Frederick Douglass, then so recently "chattel personal," who the follow- 
 ing year went with us to Europe, to promulgate the gospel of freedom, 
 
 A MODERN INTERIOR. 
 
OLD COMMUNITY TIMES. 
 
 J 35 
 
 was there, and spoke to the communists, as did one of the leaders, Mr. 
 Hill, and others. We sang many of our songs. 1 well recall the genial 
 presence at the meeting and about the premises, of Dr. Boyd,* in his 
 quaint Continental costume. Other faces are in my mind, though their 
 names ha\'e slipped from my memory. At night we rode back to North- 
 
 
 FORMERLY A PART OF THE COMMUNITY FARM — FROM MEADOW STREET BRIDGE. 
 
 ampton, where we sang at a great anti-slavery meeting in the town hall. 
 I remember Douglass talked three hours. The communists came over to 
 hear him and us in several two-horse teams. 
 
 And all this was a half century ago ! I was then a youth of twenty- 
 three ; now my white locks tell me of the swift passage of time, though 
 my heart is as young as ever, for I never mean to grow old. I have many 
 times seen Northampton since, and in later years often met Samuel L. 
 Hill. The silk mills remain as a memorial of the quiet Community 
 which once dwelt where now is the site of a populous village. I am glad 
 that I am able to join with such gifted spirits as Hill, Stebbins, Judd, 
 Douglass, and Birge, in contributing a leaf to the history of such an 
 enterprise. It is certainly well to secure such a memento before all the 
 actors in the scenes of long ago have passed away. 
 
 * See portrait on page 93. 
 
RELIGIOUS HISTORY. 
 
 THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 
 By Rev. E. G. Cobb. 
 
 In the fall of i860 a movement was made for erecting a church edifice 
 in Florence. Land for this purpose, and for a parsonage, was given by 
 the Greenville Manufacturing Company of that place, and the requisite 
 funds were raised by subscription, friends in the Center making liberal 
 contributions. The immediate success of the effort was in a large meas- 
 ure due to the earnest co-operation of Rev. Z. Eddy, D.D., pastor of the 
 First Church. In the chapel of that church, on Saturday, the twentieth 
 day of October, i860, the " Florence Church Society " was organized. 
 The subscribers to the building fund were also present, and united with 
 the society in choosing a building committee, consisting of Messrs. D. G. 
 Littlefield, A. L. Williston, I. S. Parsons, Joel Hayden, and J. P. Willis- 
 ton. In the following spring the edifice was commenced, and by the 
 ensuing fall it was finished and paid for. 
 
 On the ninth of October, 1861, twenty-six members of different evan- 
 gelical churches, having adopted the confession of faith and covenant, 
 were regularly organized by an ecclesiastical council, into a church of 
 Christ ; and in the afternoon of the same day their house of worship was 
 dedicated to the Lord. For six months after this they had the services of 
 Rev. T. A. Leete, who had also labored with them for some time previous 
 to the organization. He was succeeded by Rev. S. O. Dyer, who supplied 
 the pulpit for the term of three months. On the fifteenth of December, 
 1862, Rev. Horace C. Hovey was called to settle as pastor, and on the 
 fifth of February, 1863, he was duly installed. On the twenty-fifth of 
 August, 1866, Mr. Hovey offered his resignation, was released by a 
 mutual council September third, and closed his labors witli this church 
 October first, 1866. On the twenty-first of the same month Rev. Elisha G. 
 Cobb, then pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church in Peekskill, N. Y., 
 was called, and on the sixth of December, 1866, was installed pastor by a 
 council of which Rev. Zachary Eddy, D.D., was moderator. Prof. 
 William S. Tyler of Amherst College preached the installation sermon. 
 
 The original church building cost about four thousand dollars. It 
 was divided into two parts, the rear, entered by a side door, being used 
 for Sunday-school and prayer meetings. In 1864 a separate building was 
 
130 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 erected for a chapel, and the entire church made into one audience room. 
 The cost of the chapel building and changes in the church was about 
 three thousand dollars. In 1877 a kitchen and parlors were added to the 
 chapel at a cost of about three thousand dollars more. These rooms 
 have been of great advantage in developing the social life of the congre- 
 gation. The evening sociables, under the auspices of our Ladies' Benevo- 
 lent Society, have furnished occasions for the introduction of strangers, 
 mutual acquaintance, and a happy association of children with our 
 church life. In 1878 the church was frescoed within, an organ recess 
 built, and a new organ placed in the rear of the pulpit. The cost of this 
 organ was eleven hundred dollars, toward which the old one counted for 
 one hundred and twenty-five dollars. The cost of the other improve- 
 ments was about four hundred and twenty-five dollars. While these 
 repairs were going on the congregation worshiped in the church parlors, 
 and were comfortably accommodated. This chapel and parlors were en- 
 tirely destroyed by fire February thirteenth, 1885, and the present chapel 
 building was erected on the same site during the following summer, at a 
 cost of four thousand five hundred dollars for the building, and seven 
 hundred and thirty dollars for furnishing. As the former building was 
 insured for four thousand six hundred dollars, the additional cost of this 
 one was six hundred and thirty dollars. In the summer of 1890 the 
 church edifice was extensively repaired within and without. New win- 
 dows, new pews, new lighting, new furniture, and a new finish have 
 given us our present tasteful and comfortable sanctuary. The cost of 
 this improvement has been about four thousand dollars. 
 
 By examining the record it will be seen by the numbers joining by 
 profession that this church has been favored with seasons of special 
 religious awakening about once in four years. These seasons generally 
 began with the week of prayer, and have greatly strengthened the church 
 by bringing in successive companies of new members. The largest 
 number uniting by profession at any one time was in 1885, when fifty-one 
 were received. At ten other times from fifteen to forty have been 
 received. The work of these special seasons has always been done by 
 the members with their minister, except in 1885, when Rev. Rufus 
 Underwood, an evangelist, assisted for two weeks. The whole number 
 of members from the beginning to January first, 1895, is seven hundred 
 and seventy-two, of which three hundred and ninety joined by pro- 
 fession, and three hundred and eighty-two by letter. 
 
 If it should seem to any that more space is given in this sketch to the 
 buildings than to spiritual work, it is because the material part can 
 better be put into figures. Christian transformation of character and 
 the divine tempering of spirit which sweeten the life that now is, and 
 
RELIGIOUS HISTORV. 
 
 139 
 
 prepare us for that which is to come, are more precious than silver 
 and gold. What has been our success in this direction in the thirty years 
 of our church life now completed cannot be stated in words or figures. 
 We believe it has been as great as our faithfulness has deserved, and that 
 it will endure in glory immortal when all trace of these material struc- 
 tures shall have vanished. 
 
 1866-1891. 
 
 1!y Frank N. Look. 
 
 A pastorate of twenty-five years does not come to the lot of many 
 ministers at the present time. Conditions of life now change rapidly, 
 and mere custom ceases to be the dominating influence, as of old, in 
 deciding many of our problems and 
 relations. Such a pastorate marks 
 both the minister and people. Be 
 the church really alive to all its 
 possibilities, and in vital sympathy 
 with them, qualities of mind and 
 heart are at once demanded of the 
 pastor, that not all possess. 
 
 A progressive church demands 
 a progressive minister, having full 
 sympathy with it, in all of its work. 
 To work thus unitedly for twenty- 
 five years manifests many great and 
 admirable qualities, and hearty 
 cooperation of pastor and people. 
 Such a service could not be limited 
 to the immediate members of the 
 church itself, and the expression of 
 interest on the part of all of the 
 people of Florence, when, on Octo- 
 ber twenty-second, 1891, the quarter 
 centennial of the pastorate of the 
 
 Rev. E. G. Cobb was commemorated, bore striking testimony to this fact. 
 His service had been to the people, irrespective of creed or nationality. 
 It was a normal pastorate, for it had grown more happy, more fruitful, 
 and more useful every year. 
 
 The history of this church, covered by this quarter of a century, 
 includes many days of uncertainty and of opposition, difficult for the 
 present generation to understand, but through the wise guidance of its 
 pastor, inspired by his love for all men, and his strong faith in God's 
 
 CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH 
 
140 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 leading, the church has been molded into what it is, "liberal toward 
 everything good, and the good in everything." 
 
 No commemorative service could surpass this in expressions of joy 
 and thankfulness, for all that it represented. 
 
 Sons and daughters from afar joined in the rare celebration, and it is 
 a matter of great satisfaction that the life of Julius Phelps was spared 
 
 to extend the welcome of 
 the church at this time. 
 His long life in Florence, 
 being at that time the old- 
 est member of the church, 
 his keen observation, his 
 strong character, ripened 
 into all its fullness through 
 the example and counsel 
 of Mr. Cobb, especially 
 fitted him to be the voice 
 of the church itself. 
 
 The coming of Mr. Cobb 
 to Florence had always 
 seemed to him to have been 
 of divine leading, and the 
 joys of the occasion were heightened because of the presence of the ven- 
 erable and beloved Professor Tyler of Amherst, through whom the 
 church was brought to know of Mr. Cobb in 1866. Said Professor Tyler, 
 at the close of his very interesting address, " Let me give you the right 
 hand of fellowship for another twenty-five years. I shall not be living 
 when you reach that goal, but I hope to be among the great cloud of 
 witnesses who will look down from heaven," and the people said "Amen." 
 The Rev. H. C. Hovey, the first pastor of the church, brought cordial 
 greeting and interesting reminiscences of the early life of the church. 
 
 Dr. David Torrey, the early pastor of Mr. Cobb, and his lifelong 
 friend, spoke in his brilliant and fascinating manner, of the early life of 
 Mr. Cobb, and of the happy results of his pastorate. 
 
 Mr. A. L. Williston, ever the friend of pastor and church, to whom 
 more than to any other man the Florence Church has always turned for 
 counsel and for aid, gave a very valuable history of the period covered 
 by this twenty-five years, as well as of the years preceding. The results 
 of this pastorate were made possible largely through the quiet, constant, 
 and faithful work of the wife of the pastor. Her genuine interest in the 
 young men and boys, particularly, her love for them, has made men of 
 large numbers of them. Her Sunday-school class, like the church, has 
 
 ;ON~GREGATIONAL CHAPEL. 
 
RELIGIOUS HISTORY. 
 
 141 
 
 always had a changing membership, having been as a training school, 
 fitting young men for wider activities, for a broader life. 
 
 That many were not able to be present, but sent their tributes of 
 congratulation and thankfulness, for the memory of her work, showed 
 that in the work of life they were bearing their part with heart stronger 
 for conflict, and with mind clearer because of the teachings and example 
 received from Mrs. Cobb. 
 
 Letters from friends far and near, full of congratulations and good 
 wishes, and gifts to both pastor and wife, expressed the love of the 
 
 NEAR THE RIVER "LOVERS' LANE." 
 
 people for them, for " how much the faithful pastor and his equally 
 faithful wife have done in molding and influencing the intellectual, 
 moral, and spiritual life of the community." Could such heartfelt 
 tributes produce other result than at the close of the day, when Mr. 
 Cobb so appropriately expressing his appreciation, said, " I give you my 
 most hearty thanks and offer myself afresh to the service of the Lord in 
 this church." 
 
 Three years more of this pastorate have passed since this silver wed- 
 ding, and stand as an auspicious omen for the attainment of the second 
 quarter century, the golden wedding of this rich and happy union. 
 
142 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 METHODISM IN FLORENCE. 
 By Mary E. Gould. 
 
 Early in the history of Florence, Methodists held preaching services ; 
 they were indeed the first to hold a Sunday service, the people being 
 obliged to go to Northampton to worship in the earliest days. In 1848 
 we have record that Rev. Thomas Marcey preached here, though not as 
 
 an appointed pastor ; but in 
 1855 Rev. Jonas M. Clark was 
 appointed by the New England 
 Conference, pastor of the Flor- 
 ence Methodist Church, which 
 had then twenty-five mem- 
 bers. A flourishing Sabbath- 
 school was held, of which J. 
 B. Whitehouse was superin- 
 tendent ; A. G. Hill, secretary ; 
 and H. B. Haven, librarian. 
 The library was the gift of a 
 patient at Dr. Munde's water 
 cure. 
 
 The following year the 
 Northampton pastor supplied 
 the Florence and Leeds 
 churches ; and in 1857 Rev. 
 John Noon was stationed here, 
 and services were held in the 
 North schoolhouse, on the 
 corner of Meadow and Park 
 streets, now occupied by M. C. 
 Howard's paint store. The business panic of 1857-8 made it difficult to 
 pay the preacher's salary and for that or unknown reasons no pastor 
 came to take Mr. Noon's place, and the church disappeared. 
 
 Eighteen hundred and seventy marks the beginning of the present 
 society ; in the summer of that year, James E. Smith and Mr. and Mrs. 
 J. W. King started a Methodist prayer meeting at the home of the latter, 
 a brick house on Maple street which was torn down to be replaced by 
 Contractor Latham's stone residence. So much interest was manifested in 
 the prayer meeting that a class meeting was started. Both meetings soon 
 outgrew private houses and a hall in Little's block was rented, where 
 Sunday services were also held, with preaching by the Methodist minis- 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
 
RELIGIOUS HISTORY. 143 
 
 ter from the Northampton church, Rev. J. S. Whedon ; later two 
 Wesleyan Academy students, who were preparing for the ministry, came 
 on alternate Sabbaths to conduct the services. One of them, Rev. 
 George Sanderson, was afterwards stationed here. 
 
 The hall in Little's block soon became too small, and in January, 
 1S71, Davis Hall was rented and a church formally .organized, the con- 
 ference in April appointing Rev. Thomas W. Bishop, the first pastor. 
 Rev. Bishop served the church most acceptably for two years, during 
 which time the land for the present church was purchased and plans for 
 the building made by Architect Thayer, of Boston, and the membership 
 of the society increased from twenty-one to seventy-five. 
 
 Rev. William H. Cook was pastor from 1873 to 1875 ; during his 
 pastorate the church was erected and the vestry finished and dedicated. 
 The dedicatory exercises were held September 30, 1874. Rev. D. Richards 
 of Northampton, Rev. E. G. Cobb, H. K. Parsons, and the pastor took 
 part in the dedication, and Rev. R. R. Meredith preached on the sub- 
 ject, " Divine Origin of Christianity." After the sermon, Rev. George 
 Whittaker, then presiding elder of Springfield district, made an appeal 
 for subscriptions and secured eight hundred dollars. At the evening 
 session Rev. E. R. Thorndike, of Williamsburg, read the opening hymn. 
 Rev. N. H. Martin offered prayer, and addresses were made by Rev. 
 Messrs. E. G. Cobb, George Whittaker, John A. Cass, and T. W. Bishop. 
 
 Rev. Raymond F. Holway followed Mr. Cook. He was greatly 
 beloved by the people, and during his three years' stay fifty were added 
 to the church and much accomplished for the spiritual and intellectual 
 life of the people. Rev. Frank Bowles began raising the church debt, 
 which Rev. George Sanderson, who came to the church in April, 1880, 
 continued with so much zeal and such indefatigable labor that thirty- 
 four hundred dollars was raised and the property freed from debt. Not 
 content with this he believed the church might be finished and began 
 collecting funds for that purpose, and work on the audience room of the 
 church was begun. At this time, Rev. M. C. Chapin built a parsonage 
 to be the unincumbered property of the society on the death of himself 
 and wife. At the close of Rev. Sanderson's three years pastorate, resolu- 
 tions were adopted commending his faithful labors, and thanking him 
 for the zeal and energy he had so unsparingly used for the good of the 
 church. 
 
 Rev. A. J. Hall, in 1883, continued the work of raising funds for the 
 completion of the church, and it was dedicated, free of debt, June 5, 1884. 
 Bishop Mallalieu preached from Acts ii., ^^. Rev. Dr. Ela, Rev. Henry 
 Matthews, Rev. A. C. Hussey, Rev. N. Fellows, then presiding elder, and 
 others took part in the dedicatory service, and Rev. George Sanderson 
 
144 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 preached most acceptably the following Sabbath. Brother Hall is espe- 
 cially remembered for his faithful pastoral work, the poor and sick find- 
 ing in him a sympathizing friend. 
 
 Rev. J. F. Allen was pastor from 1885-1888, and won the confidence 
 of the whole community, though he did not hesitate to take an aggres- 
 sive attitude on the subject of intemperance, and other evils. He secured 
 a fine pipe organ for the church, and acted for a while as superintendent 
 of the Sabbath-school. Rev. A. W. Mills, who followed Rev. Allen, is 
 now pastor of a prominent Brooklyn church ; and Rev. A. R. Nichols was 
 stationed here from 1889 to 1891. During his second year he married 
 Adella Shepherd, who had for some time been a resident of Florence. 
 
 Rev. John Peterson changed the hour of the preaching service from 
 2 p. M. to 10.30 a. m., and the Sabbath-school session now follows at 
 
 CHURCH OF THE ANNUNCIATION. 
 
 11.45. The faithfulness of his service here is remembered by all the 
 people. In the winter of 1892 the Christian Crusaders held meetings in 
 the vestry with good results. Rev. George F. Durgin began his pastoral 
 relation with the people in April, 1893, being succeeded the following 
 year by Rev. W. F. Stewart. 
 
 Among those who have been notable in their support of the church 
 and are now in the church triumphant, are Adna Back, Ebenezer Nut- 
 ting, M. C. Chapin, H. K. Parsons, and Frederick W. Moore ; while 
 many are still living who have endured hardness as good soldiers, that 
 the gospel might be preached from the " corner church." 
 
RELIGIOUS HISTORY. 1 45 
 
 The church sustains, besides the Sabbath-school and preaching serv- 
 ices, prayer-meetings on Sunday and Friday evenings, class meetings on 
 Wednesday evening of each week, an Epworth League, Mission Band, 
 Ladies' Aid Society, and Woman's Foreign Missionary Society. 
 
 THE CHURCH OF THE ANNUNCIATION. 
 By Rev. P. H. Gallen. 
 
 For many years the Catholics of Florence attended service at North- 
 ampton. When their number increased sufficiently, a request by them 
 for a separate parish was granted by Bishop O'Reilly, and Rev. Cornelius 
 Foley was appointed the first rector in 1S78. The new parish included 
 Leeds, Haydenville, and adjoining districts. For some time the services 
 were conducted in one of the halls of Florence, but the desire for a new 
 church grew stronger, and the present site was purchased. 
 
 Great enthusiasm was displayed by the young and rapidly growing 
 parish, and much encouragement was extended by the leading citizens 
 of other churches^who, with characteristic liberality, subscribed to the 
 undertaking. Rev. Mr. Foley having been sent elsewhere by the bishop, 
 the work of building the church and of perfecting the parish organiza- 
 tion was assumed by Rev. P. F. Callery. Few outside of the clergy 
 comprehend how exacting and laborious such a work is. All the respon- 
 sibility is thrown upon the rector, and to a sensitive nature the burden 
 sometimes is very hard to bear. It weighed heavily on Father Callery. 
 However, in a comparatively short time success attended his efforts, and 
 the present church was dedicated October third, 1880. Since that time, 
 the society has been undergoing the process of development as regards 
 organization and usefulness. Strenuous efforts were made from time 
 to time by the rector and people to pay the debt contracted in building; 
 societies were formed, and the usual work of a Catholic parish was car- 
 ried forward with considerable success. It was interrupted for a time 
 by the death of Father Callery, whose genial nature had greatly endeared 
 him to his people. His many sterling qualities of head and heart were 
 recognized by those outside his church as well, and much sorrow was 
 felt by the community in general at his death. His remains are at rest 
 near the entrance to the church. 
 
 For seven years Father Callery had been ably assisted in the work by 
 Rev. J. J. McMahon, his curate, and greatly to the satisfaction of the 
 people he was appointed rector in August, 1886. For a few years only 
 did he fill the position, until death called him. Scarcely less was he 
 mourned than his predecessor had been. Young and apparently vigor- 
 
146 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 ous, with a thorough knowledge of the wants of the parish, a pleasant, 
 affable manner, and most winning personality — great hopes were centered 
 in him. His death, in March, 1889, at the early age of thirty-three, was 
 
 a severe blow to his people. He was 
 buried in Fitchburg, Mass. Other 
 priests formerly stationed in Flor- 
 ence as curates were Rev. James 
 Boyle, now rector of Ware, Mass., 
 and Rev. Thomas Lucey, curate at 
 the Center. 
 
 Father McMahon was succeeded 
 in April, 1889, by Rev. P. H. Gallen, 
 the present rector. He was born in 
 Milford, Mass., March 17, 1855, edu- 
 cated in the public schools, and 
 made the higher studies under the 
 Jesuits and Franciscans. He was 
 ordained at Springfield in May, 
 1881, and his first appointment was 
 to St. John's Church, Worcester. 
 The following year he was sent to 
 Sacred Heart Church, Holyoke, 
 where he remained until May, 1883, 
 thence to St. Paul's, Worcester, where he spent six years. 
 
 The present condition of the Catholic society in Florence is fairly 
 satisfactory. Its membership has increased from a few families in the 
 early days to nearly one thousand two hundred souls. The moral stand- 
 ing of its members is not inferior to any class in the community, and in 
 business integrity and general intelligence they are second to none. The 
 old feeling of distrust toward the church they represent has disappeared, 
 let us hope, forever, and they are now ready and anxious to promote the 
 good fellowship that tends to united moral action in all matters pertain- 
 ing to the welfare of the community. 
 
 ALTAR OF CATHOLIC CHURCH. 
 
 THF FREE CONGREGATIONAL SOCIETY. 
 
 By Henry 15. Haven. 
 
 The Free Congregational Society of Florence really had its founda- 
 tion in the days of the " old Community." After that organization dis- 
 solved there was no society to assume the support of regular services, but 
 
RELIGIOUS HISTORY. 
 
 147 
 
 for sonic years private enterprise sustained regular speaking, until, in 
 1863, the following call was issued : — 
 
 "To the people of Florence and vicinity: All interested in the promotion of 
 good morals, general education, and liberal religious sentiments, whether Catholic 
 or Protestant, or of whatever sect, creed, or nationality, are invited to meet at the 
 South schoolhouse, on Tuesday, May third, 1863, at three and one-half o'clock, 
 p. \i.. to organize arrangements for the better attainment of the objects above 
 named." 
 
 At this meeting an organization was formed under the following 
 Articles of Agreement : — 
 
 " We, the undersigned, inhabitants of Florence and its vicinity, in the town of 
 Northampton, wishing to avail ourselves of the advantages of associate effort for 
 
 COSMIAN HALL. 
 
 our advancement in truth and goodness, and for the promotion of general intel- 
 ligence, good morals, and liberal, religious sentiments, do hereby agree to form 
 ourselves into a body corporate, under the name of the ' Free Congregational 
 Society of Florence.' 
 
 " Respecting in each other — and in all — the right of intellect and conscience 
 to be free, and holding it to be the duty of [every one to keep his mind and heart 
 at all times open to receive the truth and follow its guidance, we set up no theo- 
 logical condition of membership, and neither demand nor expect uniformity of 
 doctrinal belief ; asking only unit}- of purpose to seek and accept the right and 
 true, and an honest aim and effort to make these the rule of life. And, recogrniz- 
 
148 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 ing the brotherhood oi the human race and the equality oi human rights, we make 
 no distinction as to the conditions and rights of membership in this society, on 
 account oi sex, or color, or nationality." 
 
 To these Articles of Agreement, thirty-three active, earnest, and 
 thoughtful men and women subscribed, and the society, established upon 
 the principles as indicated in its Articles of Agreement, commenced its 
 work. 
 
 Upon the first organization of the society its meetings were held in the 
 South schoolhouse, but in April, 1864, it began to hold its meetings in 
 
 Florence hall and chapel, 
 which were rooms made for 
 their special use in the new 
 schoolhouse which Mr. S. L. 
 Hill had just built for the use 
 of Warner school district, and 
 to which he gave the property, 
 reserving, in his gift of the 
 building, the two rooms above 
 mentioned, and a third room 
 for a library and reading- 
 room, for a term of ten years. 
 The use of these three rooms, 
 which occupied the whole of 
 the second story of the present school building, he gave to the society 
 for its use, for the time lie controlled them. 
 
 Near the expiration of this ten years, all the rooms in the building 
 being required for the increasing size and number of the schools in the? 
 village, it was decided to build a hall, not only adequate for all the uses of 
 the society, for its Sunday services, Sunday-school, and social gatherings, 
 but of a capacity and design suitable for all general public meetings 
 liable to be called for in a village of the size, enterprise, and public spirit 
 of Norence. The result is Cosmian Hall, a noble edifice, built in a com- 
 manding location, with ample arrangements lor the general uses of the 
 public in its main hall, with a seating capacity of nearly seven hundred, with 
 large stage and abundant stage appointments, including organ and grand 
 piano. This hall has been opened on all occasions of general public- 
 interest, celebrations, and anniversaries, for the people's use, without any 
 expense to them or the town. 
 
 Cosmian Hall was dedicated in 1 «S 7 4 , and cost about forty thousand 
 dollars, — Mr. S. L. Hill contributing much the larger part, Mr. A. T. 
 Lilly, about ten thousand dollars, and the balance by subscription in the 
 societv. In 1893, a platform for the choir was built to the right of the 
 
 PROSCENIUM AKC1I — COSMIAN HALL. 
 
RELIGIOUS HISTORY 
 
 '49 
 
 stage, and the capacity of the organ was nearly doubled. The lower 
 story contains lower Cosmian Hall, and connecting recitation rooms for 
 use of Sunday-school and other purposes, also double parlors, with 
 adjoining kitchen accommodations for use of the Industrial Union. 
 
 For some years previous to the organization of the society, Mr. C. C. 
 Burleigh was a regular lecturer, supported by private enterprise, and he 
 remained the resident speaker after its organization, for ten years. Miss 
 Elizabeth M. Powell, now Mrs. Elizabeth Powell Bond, officiated as 
 assistant in 1871 and 1872, succeeded by Mr. Roland Connor in the last 
 named year, until Mr. Burleigh resigned in [873, when Mr. Connor 
 became resident speaker for one year. David II. Clark was resident 
 speaker for three years, to 1878. Mr. W. II. Spencer and Mrs. Anna 
 Garland Spencer jointly held the office from 1881 to 1884, Mrs. Elizabeth 
 Powell Pond from 1884 to 1886, and Rev. F. A. Hinckley has been the 
 minister since September first, 1888. 
 
 During various times, in which the society has not had a regular min- 
 ister, the desk has been 
 supplied by some of 
 the best speakers from 
 
 the liberal and reform ^."Z — ,:■;■ liw 
 
 ranks, among others: >\ ' ^H|\ ,?. :' u . 
 Theodore D. Weld, A. ''■ V 
 Hronson Alcott, Sam- 
 uel Longfellow, Fred- 
 erick Douglass, Wil- 
 liam Lloyd Garrison, 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson, 
 John W. Chad wick, 
 Felix Adler,and George 
 W. Cable ; the design 
 being to secure the representation of all phases of sincere thought on 
 moral and religious subjects. 
 
 The position of the society cannot be better stated than from an 
 extract from its executive committees' reports. "This society believes 
 that in this free interchange of thought and ideas, and in the hospitality 
 that is willing to listen to diverse religious theories, is the surest promise 
 of the truth that maketh free, which Lord Bacon pronounces 'the 
 sovereign good of human nature.' " 
 
 The minister is not, like the minister or pastor of most religious socie- 
 ties, pledged to advocate and defend a formal statement of faith. He is 
 under no intellectual bonds. He is at liberty to express freely his latest 
 thought, and it is understood he speaks only for himself. 
 
 ■• 
 
 ENTKANI'K TO COSMIAN IIAI.L. 
 
150 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 From the first organization of the society the Sunday-school has been 
 sustained with success and usefulness, as a very important branch of the 
 work of the society. It is held in the forenoon of each Sunday, and is 
 opened with singing and responsive reading, followed, first, by class 
 work, and then by general exercises, including a talk by the superin- 
 tendent. There are at present classes in the study of the life of Jesus, 
 the life and work of Paul, and a class of adults in the economic and 
 moral bearings of political economy. The little folks, of whom there are 
 three classes, receive moral instruction by means of illustrated cards. 
 
 A very useful adjunct to the society is the Ladies' Industrial Union, 
 composed of the ladies of the society and others, who, during the winter, 
 hold semi-monthly afternoon meetings in the parlors, doing such work in 
 the line of sewing as is presented, and afterwards in providing a supper 
 for such members of the society as care to attend, followed by a social 
 evening, which may include dancing. The Union yearly turns into the 
 general expense fund some hundreds of dollars as the result of their 
 work. 
 
 One of the first works of the society after its organization was the 
 establishment of a free public library and reading room, in one of the 
 rooms provided by Mr. Hill's liberality for that purpose. Subscriptions 
 of books were liberally made by the members of the society, Mr. Hill 
 buying hundreds of volumes for the purpose, and a good library and 
 reading room was maintained by the society for the general public, for 
 several years ; eventually laying the foundation of the present Florence 
 branch of the public library. 
 
 The Free Congregational Society of Florence was one of the first 
 religious bodies to organize on a platform of entire free thought and free 
 speech. It may not be amiss to state here that the two largest contrib- 
 utors and active supporters of this society have not confined their bene- 
 factions to it exclusivelv. but have devised their property so all the 
 people of the village are receiving the benefit of it : Mr. S. L. Hill in 
 the building and gift to the village of the fine large schoolhouse and 
 later by his endowment of the kindergarten, and Mr. A. T. Lilly by his 
 gift of the Lilly Library, and five thousand dollars for books for the use 
 of the village, and his large estate to the trustees of the Florence kinder- 
 garten, to be used for educational purposes. 
 
EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. 
 
 THE FLORENCE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 By William D. Miller. 
 
 Until 1866 Northampton was divided into school districts. The 
 town, in town meeting assembled, elected a general committee of six 
 who had the general oversight of the schools. Each district had a com- 
 plete organization of j»> , 
 its own, built and 
 took charge of its 
 buildings and hired 
 its teachers. The 
 chief executive offi- 
 cer was a prudential 
 c o m m ittee. The 
 town raised a certain K 
 amount of money 
 for the support of 
 the schools, and 
 divided it among 
 the districts, which 
 raised any addi- 
 tional amount required by direct tax upon the inhabitants of the district, 
 or by subscription. The district including Florence was called the 
 " Warner district." Leeds was known as " Rail Hill district." 
 
 The earliest written record that can be found begins with the year 
 1845, but the printed town reports date back to 1838. The first school- 
 house in the Warner district was a one-room, wooden building on North 
 Main street, in the southeast corner of the farm now owned by Mr. John 
 F. Warner, and near Mr. J. L. Campbell's house. Traces of its founda- 
 tion can still be found near a large maple tree. 
 
 Sometime between 1825 and 1830, the voters in the eastern part of 
 the district outnumbered those in the western part, and the schoolhouse 
 was moved to what is now the center of the village, and located on the 
 corner of Park and Meadow streets, near the cemetery. This caused so 
 much dissatisfaction in the western part that a school was for some time 
 maintained bv the Warner families in their houses, at their own expense, 
 
 THE SECOND SCHOOLHOUSE IN THE "WARNER DISTRICT." 
 
i5 2 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 and later a schoolhouse was built by them on the corner of North Main 
 street and Bridge road, the foundation of which still remains. So far as 
 is known, the town did not aid in the support of this school. The build- 
 ing was afterwards moved to the east side of Park street, and is now 
 the first house south of the late Mr. A. W. Shumway's. 
 
 Under date of February sixth, 1846, the following is found in the 
 district record book : — 
 
 " Voted, To build a schoolhouse the coming season, by unanimous vote. 
 
 " Voted, To build a one-story house. 
 
 " Voted, That individuals by subscription can have the privilege of putting on 
 an additional story if there be money enough raised by subscription to defray the 
 expense of the same. 
 
 " Voted, That it be at or near the place where the old schoolhouse now 
 stands." 
 
 The " old schoolhouse " mentioned was the one that had been moved 
 from North Main street and placed on the corner of Park and Meadow 
 streets. This house was sold to Nathan Olney for twenty-six dollars, and 
 moved to the corner where the Methodist church now stands. When 
 this church was built, the house was moved a few rods to the south, and 
 now forms a part of the house occupied by Mr. Austin Allis. It appears 
 that individuals did not take advantage of the privilege offered them of 
 putting on an additional story, as a one-story brick building was erected 
 at a total cost of $487.82, which building now forms the lower story of 
 the building occupied by Messrs. Howard & Rice. This was afterwards 
 known as the " North schoolhouse." 
 
 The first account entered in the record book shows the expenses of 
 the district for the year 1845-6 to have been $94.45. The next year the 
 expenses were $148.74, the teacher receiving $2.50 a week, and the district 
 paying $1.25 a week for her board. An item showing the cost of wood 
 at that time is — "One half cord hard wood, $1.25." Another, showing 
 the price paid for labor, — " For sawing and splitting two cords wood, 
 $1.00." 
 
 April thirtieth, 1845, a committee was appointed to see about the 
 expenses of a new schoolhouse or an addition to the old one. This 
 committee recommended building a new schoolhouse. The report was 
 adopted and a building committee appointed, which built a one story 
 brick building near the northeast corner of the present High school 
 building at a total cost of $774.15. Mr. Hill furnished seats and outline 
 maps at his own expense. This was known as the South schoolhouse. 
 
 Besides the main room there was a small square addition opening 
 into it, which was known as the stove room, and contained a large box 
 stove, designed to warm the larger room. One who was there says it 
 
EDUCATIONAL HISTORY 
 
 *53 
 
 often was so cold in the main room that the pupils took turns in going 
 into the stove room to get warm. 
 
 One winter a man was hired to teach geography by singing the 
 names of capitals, capes, etc., to popular tunes. The following was a 
 verse sung to the tune of Yankee Doodle : — 
 
 •' Mr. Brewster went one day 
 From Cape North to Gloucester Haw 
 To bid Farewell to a certain man 
 Whose name was Mr. Walsingham." 
 
 The whole school sung while one pupil pointed out the places on the 
 map as they were named. 
 
 At this time there was no public building in Florence and the school- 
 house was used as a 
 public hall and for re- 
 ligious services. 
 
 The space between 
 the teacher's desk and 
 the seats was utilized 
 for dances, the gentle- 
 men paying three cents 
 apiece for the services 
 of a violinist. 
 
 The ground in front 
 of the schoolhouse, 
 which is now occupied 
 by the Congregational 
 church and chapel, was 
 covered with a thick 
 growth of pine trees, 
 through which a foot- 
 path led to the school- 
 house. The present 
 school yard was used 
 as a lumber yard for 
 the mill below, and 
 
 there is a tradition that one of the committee from Northampton, a good 
 old doctor, while trying to guide his sleigh among the logs to the school- 
 house, tipped over, much to the amusement of the boys ; but this acci- 
 dent did not prevent his going to sleep in the warm schoolroom and 
 sleeping through his entire visit. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL F.UILDING. 
 
J 54 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Concerning the school grounds, the following report of a committee 
 in 1855 is given : — 
 
 " In the school yards we behold a barren waste in regard to which the public 
 appear to take no other interest than in making it a common wood and lumber 
 yard. Catching their inspiration by means of such influences from without, 
 added to the gloom, monotony, and too often uninteresting performances within, 
 we need not wonder if the children consider the schoolhouse as an old Bastile 
 and show their utter contempt for the whole system by cutting up the benches 
 and throwing stones at the windows." 
 
 About the same time the committee passed the following vote : — 
 
 " Voted, That the prudential committee be authorized to notify the parents of 
 children to visit the school each week, two from each family." 
 
 The record does not state whether this plan was carried out by the 
 people of the district. The younger pupils went to the North school- 
 house, the older or more advanced to the South. A sweeping list was 
 kept and the pupils took turns in sweeping the rooms. 
 
 In i860 the annual expense had risen to four hundred and fifty-three 
 
 dollars. In the winter of 
 1859-60, D. W. Bond taught 
 sixteen weeks for five dollars 
 a week. At this time (i860), 
 it was voted to sell the North 
 schoolhouse and build a new 
 one near the South school- 
 house, and a committee ap- 
 pointed to prepare plans and 
 estimates reported that a 
 substantial two story brick 
 building thirty-four by sixty 
 feet could be built for four 
 thousand dollars, and recom- 
 mended that both school- 
 houses be sold and the pro- 
 ceeds put into a new one. 
 No action was taken until 
 1862, when Mr. S. L. Hill 
 offered to raise by subscription such a sum as, added to the proceeds 
 lrom the sale of the old buildings, would make up one thousand five hun- 
 dred dollars, on condition that the district raise one thousand dollars by 
 direct tax, and the town appropriate one thousand five hundred dollars. 
 This the town refused to do, and the district voted to postpone the mat- 
 ter indefinitely. 
 
 OLD PINES, NEAR SCHOOLHOUSE, IN 1875. 
 
EDUCATIONAL HISTORY 
 
 '55 
 
 In 1S63 Mr. Hill offered to build a schoolhouse himself if the district 
 would raise two thousand dollars by direct lax and give him both the 
 old buildings, he to retain the use of the second story for ten years, after 
 which time the whole building should be used for school purposes. The 
 offer was accepted, and Mr. Hill built the present schoolhouse at a cost 
 of over thirty-three thousand dollars 
 above the amount raised by the dis- 
 trict. At a district meeting held March 
 21, 1865, a resolution was passed which 
 expressed in the strongest terms the 
 gratitude of the people for this splen- 
 did gift. 
 
 The name of the district was 
 changed to Florence in 1865, and in 
 1866 the district system was abolished 
 and the present system adopted. As 
 the school buildings of the Florence 
 district were worth more than the 
 buildings in the other districts, upon 
 taking possession of the school prop- 
 erty the town paid the Florence dis- 
 trict a certain amount of money, 
 
 which was paid by making a pro rata reduction in the taxes for that 
 year of the inhabitants of the district. 
 
 Mr. Hill believed that a superintendent of schools was necessary, and 
 in 1868 offered to pay five hundred dollars towards the salary of one, if 
 the town would pay the balance. The offer was accepted, and the five 
 hundred dollars paid by Mr. Hill for four years. 
 
 The introduction of music into the public schools met with much 
 opposition, and in 1868 Mr. Williston and Mr. Hill hired Mr. Henry 
 Jones to teach music in the schools, as an experiment. He was afterward 
 hired by the town. The Free Congregational Society moved to Cosmian 
 Hall in 1S74, and Mr. Hill surrendered the entire building to the use of 
 the schools. The second story has been divided into rooms and the 
 heating arrangements altered ; otherwise, very little change has been 
 made since that time. 
 
 A list of the principals of the Florence schools : Miss Mary Bond, 
 appointed 1865 ; Miss Chiara A. Curtis (Plimpton), 1868 ; Miss Susie L. 
 Leach, 1S70 ; Miss Mary E. Hester, 1874; Miss Sarah A. Hunt, 1875 ; 
 Mr. Asa B. Copeland, 1876 ; Mr. Charles S. Palmer, 18S0 ; Mr. W. F. 
 Nichols, 1881 ; Mr. W. M. Green, 1882 ; Mr. George A. Hoadley, 1883; 
 Mr. William D. Miller, 1886. 
 
 l'INE STREET SCHOOLHOUSE. 
 
156 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 THE KINDERGARTEN. 
 
 One of the institutions which has given to Florence a more than 
 local fame is the kindergarten. Established in 1876, it was one of the 
 pioneer institutions of the kind in the country. At a time when in our 
 large cities such an institution existed only for the favored few, the 
 children of wealth, and occasionally in connection with mission work for 
 the very poor, the little village of Florence enjoyed the distinction of 
 having a well equipped kindergarten which was thoroughly democratic, 
 knowing no high and no low, no rich and no poor. 
 
 In 1884-86 Mrs. Leland Stanford opened, in San Francisco, six kin- 
 dergartens as memorials of her beloved son, Leland Stanford, Jr., but it 
 was not until 1891 that they were endowed, so that up to that time the 
 Florence institution was probably the only endowed kindergarten in the 
 country. It is still one of the few kindergartens with a building of its 
 own, planned with special reference to its needs, and having spacious 
 lawn and playgrounds. 
 
 To speak of the Florence kindergarten is to be reminded of Samuel 
 L. Hill, whose generous benefaction to the village it is, and whose memo- 
 rial it will long remain. It is impossible to estimate the value of such 
 an institution to a community. There is striking testimony to the value 
 of kindergarten training in a recent report of the Golden Gate Kinder- 
 garten Association of San Francisco. After most careful investigation, 
 they fail to find among the juvenile offenders of that city the names of 
 any of the thousands who have been connected with the kindergartens, 
 and this in face of the fact that the kindergartens are located in the 
 districts which are the hotbeds of vice. The conditions are very differ- 
 ent here ; the children generally come from orderly homes, and yet it is 
 not necessary to be much upon our streets to realize that here as else- 
 where there is great need of an elevation of moral sentiment, and in this 
 direction the kindergarten is a vital force. 
 
 From the early days of Florence, Mr. Hill was deeply interested in 
 all efforts for the mental and moral advancement of its people, supply- 
 ing from his own means needed appliances for the schools, special teach- 
 ers, and even a school building. After his retirement from active business, 
 he gave much thought to educational problems, and pondered deeply 
 the question how best to help the youth of Florence to true and noble 
 manhood and womanhood. The more he pondered the subject, the 
 stronger grew his conviction that " the seed sown in life's early spring- 
 time takes deepest root." In those days, Elizabeth P. Peabody was one 
 of the few enthusiastic preachers of the kindergarten idea, and to her 
 Mr. Hill went for counsel. At his solicitation she came to Florence, and 
 
IM. \ riONAL HISTORY. 
 
 '57 
 
 in a lecture at Cosmian Hall set forth the I'Yoebelian philosophy. 
 Whatever may have been the effect upon the minds of the majority of 
 her hearers, Mr. Hill, whose mind, by long consideration of the subject, 
 was prepared to apprehend the truth that was in her discourse, decided 
 to make trial of this new educational idea, and, with his usual prompt- 
 ness, he set about perfecting the necessary arrangements. A few weeks 
 later, in January, 1876, he opened in the parlors of his own house a kin- 
 dergarten. A brief trial was sufficient to conyince him that he had made 
 
 FLORENCE KINDERGARTEN. 
 
 no mistake and plans were made for a permanent home for the institu- 
 tion. 
 
 Meantime the numbers, fifteen at first, increased beyond the limits of 
 his parlors, and for a short time, pending the completion of the new 
 building, the sessions were held in lower Cosmian Hall. In December, 
 1876, the building was ready for occupancy, and there the children gath- 
 ered about their first kindergarten Christmas tree, laden with the simple 
 gifts which they had prepared for their friends. 
 
 The growth of the .kindergarten has been slow but steady. There 
 was at first a strong prejudice against it, in the minds of many, because 
 it was supposed to be a place where the children were allowed " to do 
 as they pleased," but this prejudice gradually vanished as it came to be 
 recognized that they did as they pleased because they pleased to do right. 
 
 The building erected was supposed to be sufficient for all possibility 
 
i58 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 of growth, but not- 
 withstanding some 
 additions have been 
 made, it is now, 1894, 
 fairly outgrown, one 
 hundred and twenty 
 children having been 
 together for the morn- 
 ing exercises on many 
 a day of the past year, 
 and while in the be- 
 ginning two kinder- 
 gartners were suffi- 
 cient, eight or nine are 
 now employed. 
 
 In addition to the 
 regular kindergarten 
 classes, there is a con- 
 necting class, for ad- 
 vanced kindergarten 
 and primary work, 
 where the children are 
 prepared to enter the 
 second year of the 
 public school. Ses- 
 sions are from 9 a. m. 
 to 12 M. Visitors are 
 welcome at all times. 
 With characteristic 
 breadth of view Mr. 
 Hill desired that the 
 advantages of the kin- 
 dergarten should be 
 open to every child in 
 Florence ; at the same 
 time lie believed that 
 that is more highly 
 valued for which 
 some sacrifice ismade, 
 and he framed his 
 statement of terms to 
 meet both these re- 
 
EDUC \ HON \i. His iok\ 
 
 '59 
 
 quirements : "Parents and guardians whose children attend shall he 
 required to pay at the close of each term, such sum as each can afford 
 or is disposed to pay." 
 
 Increasing ill health made it expedient for Mr. Hill to leave home 
 immediately after the completion of the building ; he therefore appointed 
 a board of trustees to aid in the management and direction of the kin- 
 dergarten. The following passage occurs in his letter of appointment : — 
 
 "The object of the institution being, as you are aware, to promote a healthy 
 physical, intellectual, and moral development of young children, * * * there- 
 fore, in order that the advantages of the institution may be acceptably extended 
 to the people of the village generally, it is hereby made a condition of its direc- 
 tion and management that it shall be conducted unmixed with any ecclesiastical 
 or theological exercises." 
 
 By his will, he gave to the trustees property in trust, for the mainte- 
 nance of the kindergarten so long as it should seem to them expedient. 
 In 1884, by special act of the Legislature, the trustees were made a cor- 
 poration under the title, "Trustees of the Florence Kindergarten." 
 
 Although so greatly interested in the kindergarten, Mr. Hill was 
 never a visitor there. While it was in his own house, he sometimes 
 looked in at the open door, but the sight of so many children always 
 touched him, and he lingered but a moment. He was never happier, 
 however, than in listening to kindergarteners' reports of the proceedings, 
 and of the wise or quaint remarks of the youthful recipients of his fos- 
 tering care. 
 
 Upon the kindergarten wall hangs a fine crayon portrait of Mr. Hill. 
 On a certain day of each year, the children bring flowers to place before 
 the portrait, and sing songs of gratitude in memory of their benefactor, 
 whose name will be associated in their hearts with that of another friend 
 and benefactor of children, Friedrich Froebel. 
 
 MANUAL TRAINING. 
 
 By Rev. Frederic A. Hinckley. 
 
 Northampton enjoys the distinction of being the first place in the 
 country to adopt on a systematic basis the principle of manual training 
 in its public schools of the Primary and Grammar grades. For some- 
 what over two years the system which now bears the name of our city 
 has been in operation here, and it has become an integral part of our 
 school work. It was first adopted experimentally in the schools of 
 Florence, and the enthusiasm of Florence teachers and pupils was among 
 the earliest factors in its success. It had long been the desire of educa- 
 
i6o 
 
 HISTORY Oh' FLORENCE. 
 
 tors that something should be done to bridge over the chasm between 
 the hand work of the kindergarten and the shop work of manual train- 
 ing schools of the High school grade. Our system does just that, on a 
 basis at once thorough, economical, and entirely American in its spirit 
 and methods. The material used is basswood and soft pine, the tools 
 are pencil, rule, jackknife, compasses, small hammer, screw-driver, gim- 
 let, gauge, and try-square, and 
 the work is all done in the school- 
 room and administered by the 
 regular teacher. As will be seen, 
 the jackknife is the only cutting 
 tool, and, so far as it is con- 
 cerned, the work is divided into 
 three sections, line cutting, sur- 
 face cutting, and cutting of sol- 
 ids. Fifty-one blue print plates 
 have been prepared which fur- 
 nish working drawings of the 
 entire course. About one thou- 
 sand six hundred children are 
 now taking the course in two 
 periods each week, of thirty 
 minutes each. The annual cost 
 to the city is about six hundred dollars, which sum is spent for material 
 and tools. All the work is dictated by the teacher, and drawing is made 
 a fundamental preliminary to cutting. At every stage the element of 
 original design is introduced and proves a most valuable and attractive 
 feature to children of all ages. 
 
 Among the many advantages of this kind of training in our public 
 schools are these : — 
 
 i. It furnishes a new channel of expression, appealing with special 
 benefit to those who do not find what they most need in abstract mental 
 processes. 
 
 2. It teaches accuracy of the mind in listening to the dictation ; 
 accuracy of the eye in observation ; accuracy of the hand in execution. 
 
 3. Through the formation of habits of accuracy in these ways, it 
 promotes general accuracy of thought and conduct. 
 
 4. It offers the fullest possible realization of object teaching by 
 associating thoughts and things ; the abstract with the concrete. 
 
 5. It appeals to the average child and commands the interest of the 
 worker without the temptation of rewards of merit on the one hand, or 
 the push of compulsion on the other. 
 
 TEMPERANCE HALL, PINE STREET. 
 
EDUCATIONAL HISTORY 
 
 161 
 
 To sum it all up, I may say with Mr. George W. Cable, after he had 
 carefully examined our last public exhibit : — 
 
 " Manual training- can be made in our public schools as materially 
 profitable as arithmetic and as spiritually refining ;is music." 
 
 THE FLORENCE LYCEUM. 
 
 By Judge Daniel W. Bono. 
 
 No history of Florence would be complete without an account of the 
 
 Florence Lyceum. It was not uncommon at this period, during the 
 
 winter months, for nearly every school district to have its debating 
 
 LILLY LIBRARY. 
 
 society. Everybody attended, and the old men and young took part in 
 the exercises. Some districts were more favored than others with resi- 
 dent debaters, but ever}'' district contained some who had ideas upon the 
 various questions discussed and were sufficiently interested to prepare 
 themselves for the debates, and who could express their thoughts with 
 force and oftentimes with elegance. After the debate by the debaters 
 who had selected, or been appointed upon, the affirmative or negative of 
 a question, an opportunity was given for " volunteers." The time from 
 seven to ten and sometimes till eleven o'clock was occupied. For days 
 
162 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 after the meetings they were the topic of conversation throughout the 
 district, — the weight of the argument, the methods and manners of the 
 speakers, the merits of the question, all came in for a share of attention 
 and were talked over. No old time singing school could " hold a candle " 
 to the village lyceum, for the general interest the meetings created. 
 
 Florence was one of the localities that were fortunate in having a 
 number of men who could take their part in a lyceum debate during the 
 palmy days of its lyceum. Generally a declamation was given by some 
 young man ; frequently a young lady read a selection from a standard 
 author ; a paper was prepared, made up of articles written by people, 
 young and old, which its editor read at the meeting. After the paper 
 was read, the debate took place, and usually the exercises were enlivened 
 with some excellent singing by the Glee Club. 
 
 The meetings were held in the South schoolhouse, which was 
 "packed," — every seat was occupied, and all available standing room in 
 the building, including the entries, was crowded. The fact that the 
 people gathered to such an extent one evening in each week during the 
 winter shows the great interest taken in the meetings. 
 
 The Florence Lyceum differed from others at this time in one respect. 
 From the days of " the Community" established there, the village con- 
 tained men who held various opinions upon social and religious subjects. 
 In the Florence Lyceum, to avoid injuring the feelings of anyone, no 
 religious questions were discussed, and it was an unwritten law that 
 nothing should be said in debate which could wound the feelings of the 
 orthodox people upon religious subjects, and this law was rarely violated. 
 
 The men who took part in the debates in the Florence Lyceum were 
 all engaged in business, and their time and strength must have been 
 greatly exhausted in their special callings. None of them were " pro- 
 fessional " men ; at that time there was no doctor, lawyer, or clergyman 
 living in the village. 
 
 Joseph B. Whitehouse was prominent among the men who could 
 always be depended upon to take part in the debates. He was a very 
 pleasant speaker, his manner was deliberate, his sentences were well 
 formed, and his remarks were always interesting. 
 
 Deacon Julius Phelps was among the older men who took part in the 
 debates. He was not what would be termed a brilliant debater, but he 
 clothed his thoughts in well chosen words, expressed himself clearly, 
 logically, and without any attempt at display. Whenever he took part 
 he said something; his remarks did not consist in mere words. 
 
 D. G. Littlefield then lived in the village, and was another of the older 
 men who took part in the meetings, although not as generally as some 
 others. He was a man with clear, well defined ideas ; his suggestions 
 
KIH'CATION \l HISTORY. 
 
 163 
 
 were always practical and to the point ; his manner was unusually good ; 
 tall, erect, and dignified in his bearing, earnest in his manner, with a good 
 voice, his remarks always received attention. 
 
 Morris Machol was probably the best educated member of the lyceum. 
 His German accent and imperfect English made it more difficult to 
 follow him, but 
 he was a good de- 
 bater, and always 
 received close 
 a 1 1 e n tion. He 
 made no attempt 
 at rhetoric or 
 eloquence, h i s 
 whole aim 
 seemed to be to 
 present a r g u - 
 ments, and this 
 he did with great 
 force, clearness, 
 and apparent 
 ease. 
 
 Leavitt Beals 
 probably en joyed 
 
 the debates more than any other member. He had considerable of 
 what would be called natural eloquence ; he seemed much interested in 
 the questions debated, and apparently took great pains to prepare him- 
 self for his part ; he would probably be called the most eloquent debater 
 in the lyceum. 
 
 James Flood was always prepared to debate, give a declamation, or 
 take part in the presentation of a play — comedy or tragedy. He was 
 Hamlet in the ghost scene, and his rendering of the declaration : 
 "Whither wilt thou lead me ? Speak ! I'll go no further," was enough 
 to bring any ordinary ghost to a standstill, and to be long remembered 
 by the audience. He was a great lover of eloquence and oratorical dis- 
 play, and seemed to cultivate this tendency ; nothing apparently suited 
 him better than to express some bit of history in a style which would 
 have done credit to a Fourth of July orator of " ye olden time." 
 
 E. Y. Foster was another member of the lyceum. While he did not 
 take so prominent a part in the debates as others, he was one of the 
 leaders in the dramatic exercises. His " Claude," in the " Lady of 
 Lyons," will be remembered by all who ever heard it. The cheap print 
 of the fair " Pauline," which he exhibited, while it did not do him much 
 
 INTERIOR LILLY I.IliRARY. 
 
164 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 credit as an artist, gave him an opportunity to " play his part." His 
 ghost to Flood's Hamlet sent the cold chills over at least the younger 
 portion of the audience. 
 
 A. T. Lilly was a prominent member of the lyceum. He was a fre- 
 quent contributor to the paper. Few men could express themselves so 
 clearly, logically, and forcibly upon their feet, in the presence of an 
 audience, as he could, and when in earnest he exhibited much natural 
 eloquence. 
 
 William Bonney was one of the younger members. He was consid- 
 ered a talented young man, and displayed much ability as a public 
 speaker. 
 
 Edward Birge was another of the younger members, who frequently 
 
 FROM COSMIAN TOWER — SOUTHEAST. 
 
 wrote for the paper, was its editor a part of the time, and frequently 
 took part in the debates. He was also the leader of the Glee Club. He 
 was regarded as a strong, capable man. While he made no attempt at 
 display, he possessed good sense, was well informed, and had consider- 
 able literary ability. 
 
 There were others who took part in the debates, but who were less 
 prominent than those named. The Florence of that period was not the 
 Florence of to-day. Considering the number of inhabitants in the vil- 
 lage, and the opportunities for mental culture, the character of the 
 Florence Lyceum compared favorably with that of any other place, and 
 undoubtedly was instrumental in fostering the spirit of inquiry and love 
 of literature which exist in the village at the present time. 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCENCES. 
 
 FLORENCE. 
 
 By Mks. IIflen T. Clark, Northumberland, Penn. 
 
 The hunted slave whose dusky, trembling form 
 
 Sank at your sheltering doors for one brief night, 
 Xe'er touched a fairer foothold in his flight 
 
 To lands where Freedom dwelt with northern storm. 
 
 Helpers of man ! The child of poverty 
 
 May rise, despair may hope, the dull may learn, 
 The wavering torch of genius brighter burn, 
 
 Where thought magnetic flows in impulse free. 
 
 Seekers for truth ! who deem that every soul 
 
 Should have its perfect meed of growth and light — 
 Not statelier than your Temple reared for Right 
 
 Rose classic fane where waves vEgean roll ! 
 
 Dear, honored dead,* who wrought for brotherhood, 
 In golden deeds, in words of deathless power. 
 Not vainly did ye live your " crowded hour," 
 
 And pour your souls out for the wide world's good ! 
 
 Bright homes of thrift ! strong hearts and kindling eyes 
 Wherein the spirit of the Future thrills — 
 Encircled by your blue, eternal hills, 
 
 Draw strength and life from blue, eternal skies ! 
 
 THE "UNDERGROUND RAILWAY." 
 By Joseph Marsh. 
 A COMPLETE history of the underground railway in Florence will 
 never be known. Those who ran it upon the principles of the brother- 
 hood of man did so at their peril. It is not strange that some, moving 
 within and being a part of the influence and inspiration of the com- 
 munistic spirit of Florence, should abhor slavery. Most of them had 
 
 S. L. Hill, A. T. Lilly, Charles C. Burleigh, Mary W. Bond and others. 
 
l66 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 thrown off the bondage of superstition, and had peculiar sympathy 
 with those who were trying to free themselves. 
 
 One of the stations on the underground railroad was kept by Samuel 
 L. Hill. Be sure if anything of this kind was going on he would have a 
 hand in it. The account of it is best related by his son in his own words. 
 
 Florence, Mass., January 31, 1893. 
 Dear Mr. Marsh, — 
 
 Although I saw a good many passengers who were on the underground rail- 
 way, bound north, I remember few of the incidents that occurred. A good 
 many passengers stopped " five minutes for refreshments " at my father's, and 
 conductors were often changed here. On a few trips I was either conductor or 
 assistant conductor. Quite a number of the through passengers temporarily took 
 iip their abode in Florence, the balmy anti-slavery climate here proving very 
 attractive to them. After the forced return of Anthony Burns from Boston to 
 the Southern tyrants, the sojourners here became alarmed and pushed on to their 
 original destination, Canada. Fathe r_Hensoii, one of the originals that furnished 
 parti cular s for Harriet Beecher Stowe's " Uncle Tom," came by this line on one 
 of his trips to Canada. I think that it was not his first trip, but that he had 
 been south again after some of his friends. 
 
 William Wilson was landed here, remained a few months, worked and earned 
 some money, returned south secretly, was gone quite a while, but finally reached 
 here again with a grown-up son, that he had been able to guide from slavery to 
 freedom. The two men hire d a small tenement, were industrious, and worked 
 for anj object. After they had saved money enough they went south to rescue 
 their daughter an d sister. After a long absence the younger man returned, the 
 older one having been captured and returned to slavery. The younger was con- 
 fident that his father would again escape and decided to wait for him here. Sure 
 enough, ina little while the old gentleman and daughter came, and after a short 
 stay to rest and get a little money the whole party moved north to the queen's 
 dominions. 
 
 Many of the refugees, who were intelligent enough, became the talking centers 
 for our neighbors and sympathizers to gather around. I heard many a thrilling 
 story of brutality, suffering, and exciting adventures in the " leap for freedom." 
 Father's most frequent trip as conductor ran to the Kingman's in Cummington, 
 but occasionally our living freight was delivered at a Mr. Crafts' house in 
 Whately. 
 
 Sincerely yours, 
 
 Arthur G. Hill. 
 
 David Ruggles, a colored man who had edited a paper in New York 
 city called The Mirror, kept another station. On account of his activ- 
 ity there in conducting the underground railroad, he was roughly han- 
 dled, but was protected by the Tappans, Broken down in health, and 
 suffering a partial loss of eyesight, he came to Florence, and, by a skillful 
 home treatment upon hydropathic principles, he regained his health in 
 
1 1 1 STO R I C K EM I N [SC KNC ES. 
 
 167 
 
 good measure, but not his eyesight. Rumor has made him the success- 
 ful conductor of many fugitives to a land of freedom. On one occasion, 
 Mr. Seth Hunt and David Ruggles induced Sheriff Ansel Wright, Si., 
 to bring a slaveholder and a slave girl, whom he had brought into 
 Northampton, before Judge Charles A. Dewey. The judge gave the 
 woman to understand that having been brought by her master into a 
 free state, she was at liberty to leave him if she chose. Through fear of 
 her master, she declined to leave him. The sheriff incurred, in conse- 
 quence, quite offensive threats from the slaveholder. 
 
 Another station was kept by Mr. Austin Ross, who harbored a young 
 man about a year 
 and a half in one of 
 his chambers, em- 
 ployment being fur- 
 nished him as a night 
 watchman at Green- 
 ville cotton mill. His 
 name was Wilson 3 
 and he must have 
 been the same man 
 whom Mr. Hill de- 
 scribes. Mr. Calvin 
 Fairbanks, who for 
 several years was a 
 
 citizen of Florence, was one of the heroes of this underground railroad, 
 although the scene of his exploits was not in this region. He was the 
 means of securing freedom to forty-seven slaves. 
 
 Among the active workers on this railroad was Mr. A. P. Critchlow. 
 He acted in concert with Mr. Hill, Mr. Hammond, and others, and fre- 
 quently gave the fugitives employment in his daguerreotype case fac- 
 tory. Here he did what he could to shield them and prevent recapture, 
 and one case may not be amiss to record. A slave named French 
 made good his escape, and sought rest in Florence. His master, or 
 master's half brother, a Mr. King, came to the water cure while in 
 pursuit of the runaway. Mr. Critchlow stayed with French a few 
 nights at the mill until King, being unable to find any trace of the 
 slave, left Florence to seek him elsewhere. 
 
 The details of the assistance rendered by Florence citizens to that 
 unfortunate race in their flight for freedom will never be recorded, 
 but enough is given here to show that Florence was not behind in this 
 good work. 
 
 RESIDENCE OK REV. E. G. GOBI: 
 
1 68 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 THE FLORENCE DRAMATIC CLUB. 
 
 By Arthur G. Hill. 
 
 Among the many institutions of Florence worthy of notice is the 
 Dramatic Club, an organization dating back many years, and showing a 
 record that few amateur theatrical associations can rival. While the 
 tragedies of Shakespeare have not been essayed, and the terpsichorean 
 and nude drama have been across the other border, the range over which 
 the talent of this club has successfully roamed for over a quarter of a 
 century has been so extensive that the individual members of the club 
 have nearly as great a reputation, locally, as the leading actors who have 
 amused and startled the continent during the same period of time. 
 
 During the war of the rebellion, enacted in the years 1861-1865, a ^ ve > 
 wide-awake Soldiers' Aid Society was maintained here by the loyal, gen- 
 erous hearted women of the village, which received and forwarded the 
 many contributions of clothing, delicacies, comforts, and money to the 
 valiant men at the battle front. 
 
 Many entertainments were presented in private houses, small halls, 
 the little old South schoolhouse, and, upon its completion, in the Florence 
 Hall, which existed for a time in the so-called high school building here. 
 The money received by the young people for these exhibitions was used 
 to good effect by the Soldiers' Aid Society in the performance of its 
 mission. 
 
 Bare walls were the only scenic effects of the first dramas, and the 
 
 costumes were very 
 crude. The first beard 
 was made from a por- 
 tion of an old buffalo 
 robe, or formed by a 
 smudge of the easily 
 obtained burnt bottle 
 cork. The first wig, 
 though not the hol- 
 lowed out half of a 
 w a te r melon, was 
 nearly as startling, 
 being silk waste sewed 
 on cotton cloth, and dipped into a dye vat, which, upon that occasion, 
 held magenta colored dye. A dirty lipped youth then passed for a 
 Romeo, and a magenta pated comedian was the omnipresent Irishman 
 with his carefully planned and clumsily executed blunders. 
 
 SOUTH MAIN STREET. 
 
H IS I'ORIC R KM I N ISCENCliS. 
 
 169 
 
 •?- 
 
 
 THE NOTCH — CHESTNUT STREET WOODS. 
 
 A. T. Lilly, E. C. Gardner, and Mrs. F. P. Judd, each wrote little 
 plays which were early placed on the boards. The first real theater 
 plays brought out were the two farces " Box and Cox," and " The Two 
 Buzzards." James J. Kennedy, George T. Cutler, and Arthur G. Hill 
 were the actors in the first one, and the same youths, with Miss Kate B. 
 Judd and Miss Carrie Tayntor, appeared in "The Two Buzzards." 
 
 Soon after, the Florence Dramatic Club, with regular board of 
 officers, stage manager, consti- 
 tution, and by-laws, was regu- 
 larly launched to prey upon a 
 guileless public. To prevent 
 dissensions so likely to occur 
 in large membership, the club 
 was limited to ten gentlemen as 
 members, with such ladies as 
 should accept invitations to 
 assume characters in the dra- 
 mas. Any lady having once 
 acted with the club was thence- 
 forth a member as long as she 
 chose to be so considered. 
 
 C. C. Burleigh, Jr., one of the members, became noted as a painter, 
 and died abroad while perfecting himself in the art. The beautiful 
 scenery of the club, and the fine frescoing of Cosmian Hall were the 
 work of his brush. Eugene W. Presby, a member, has been for years a 
 stage manager of the Madison Square Theater of New York. W. L. 
 Wilcox has never appeared on the stage, but his faithful work in many 
 other directions has made him a valuable member. 
 
 In nearly every drama, it became necessary, to fill all the characters, 
 to have minor parts filled by others not members of the club. These, 
 however, were not considered as members, and had no voice in the man- 
 agement. Occasionally, as a vacancy occurred in the list, one of these 
 assistant actors who showed talent would be promoted to membership. 
 In no case did an actor receive a cent for his services, but all cash receipts 
 were devoted to charitable objects, or for better scenery, or outfit for the 
 club. Only the legitimate drama received the attention of the club, and 
 this was put upon the stage with all the care and attention to minor 
 details that the experience of the manager and his assistants could sug- 
 gest. The scenic effects were constantly improved upon as the club 
 grew in experience, and many a scene received a round of applause from 
 an appreciative audience for the evident care of its preparation. 
 
 The two entertainments, " The Two Buzzards " and " Eileen Oge," 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 F. D. C. 
 
 cosira mi 
 
 FLORENCE, 
 
 WEDNESDAY£THURSDAY EYENINCS. 
 
 Jan. 20th & 21st, 1875. 
 
 Slieridan's Comedy, 
 
 of this club mark the two extremes of bare walls in the first to the exqui- 
 site landscapes with waterfalls and fountains of real water in the latter, 
 as great a contrast as the barnstorming plays of old England and the 
 " pump and real water " of " Vincent Crummies." 
 
 The initials, F. D. C, at the top of the posters was an assurance of a 
 good entertainment, and an election to the corps of actors was always 
 
 considered an honor, and one never de- 
 clined in a single instance. The following 
 were prominent actors, appearing fre- 
 quently in the dramas : George T. Cutler, 
 George A. Jencks, Joseph C. Martin, 
 Henry H. Bond, Maria L. Bond, William 
 L. Norton, Fred C. Shearn, Arthur G. 
 Hill, Walter S. Jencks, Sarah E. Jencks, 
 Emma Jencks, Kate B. Judd, Kate E. Hill, 
 Julia A. Bartlett, Carrie Haggert, Dwight 
 A. Ross, O. M. Smith, Nannie M. Worth, 
 
 DJosie Ridlon, and Lucy D. Cleveland. 
 The following among others also ap- 
 I''PvWll peared with credit at various times : 
 
 James J. Kennedy, Mr. and Mrs. George R. 
 Kennedy, Lemoyne and Cecil Burleigh, 
 Carrie Tayntor, Emily K. Hill, Ella How- 
 ard, Mary L. Fuller, Lucy B. Hunt, Mary 
 W. Hunt, Mr. and Mrs. William Patt, 
 Edward S. Bottum, John B. Bottum, Miss 
 Kyle, Carrie Clark, Eugene W. Presby, 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Henry, E. A. Ells- 
 worth, John Eager, Fred C. Eager, Archi- 
 bald Hugh (an old Scotch actor), John 
 Brown, E. H. Martin, Mrs. Sanford, Mary 
 V. Ross, Charles Huxley, Annie W. Hill, 
 Effie Atkins, Olive Bodman, and Mary E. 
 Sheffeld. 
 
 The most noted production of the 
 club was probably " The School for Scan- 
 dal," with the beautiful Boston Museum 
 costumes adorning the actors. In this 
 play, the talented Henry H. Bond and sister appeared as "Sir Peter" 
 and " Lady Teazle"; E. H. Martin and George T. Cutler enacted the 
 characters of "Charles" and "Joseph Surface," and Mrs. Kate E. Hill 
 well portrayed the gossipy "Mrs. Candor." 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Act. 
 
 1st, 
 5th 
 
 
 - Lady 
 
 Picture Gallery 
 Joseph 
 
 Sneerweli's 
 Sir Peter's 
 at Chas. 1 
 Surface's 
 Sir Peter's 
 
 Parlor. 
 
 Parlor. 
 Surface. 
 Library. 
 
 Parlor. 
 
 I'll 
 
 l ■ 
 
 
 
 ^f the™ 
 ton Musi 
 
 - used ;ii 
 
 ,!aj .ii ill 
 
 the r. ■ 
 
 Tickets. i 
 Doors op 
 
 with F 
 
 !:_="> 
 
 red Seats. - - 3! 
 Entertainment commences 
 
 i Cents. 
 
 at 1 1-2. 
 
 at 7 ■ 
 
 I'dotk, 
 
 F. D. C. HANDBILL. 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCENCE.s. I 7 I 
 
 Other well executed presentations of the club were : " She Stoops to 
 Conquer," "The Golden Farmer," "The Country Squire," "The Drum- 
 mer Boy " (with the Northampton Grand Army Post), " Eileen Oge," 
 " The Golden Fetter," " Rose of Ettrickvale," " Peep O' Day Boys," 
 " The Ticket of Leave Man," "Caste," "Heir at Law," and " School." 
 Many other dramas have been produced by the club, but the above were 
 especially fine entertainments. 
 
 Pleasant interchanges have from time to time been made with the 
 POR S T Club of Northampton, the Easthampton Dramatic Club, 
 and the Casino Dramatic Club of Brightwood. 
 
 When Cosmian Hall was built, the construction of the stage and its 
 equipment were placed in the hands of members of this club, who visited 
 several theaters and adopted what they considered the best arrangements 
 then in use. The Grand Arm}' and other local organizations have fre- 
 quently drawn upon the Florence Dramatic Club for talent in the various 
 entertainments, and much of the success upon those occasions was due 
 to the borrowed talent. The club still has an existence, and still hopes 
 again to send forth its F. D. C. posters, its heralds, summoning its many 
 friends to the gatherings where the " mimic world " is portrayed by 
 amateurs who faithfully study to please and instruct. 
 
 THE SEWING MACHINE BAND. 
 
 By Edward Birge. 
 
 " Sometimes as one who almost grieves, 
 His memory would recall 
 The merrymaking Christmas eves, 
 
 The frolic, and the ball ; 
 Till his hands would shake like withered leaves, 
 And his pipe go out and fall." 
 
 — Alice Carv. 
 
 The " Florence Serenaders " served the music lovers of the village 
 many years. The dear old friends who " tripped the light fantastic " at 
 their playing, or listened to their voices or violins in the calm moonlight, 
 lovingly recall Sylvester Bosworth, Charles Strong, Nathan Vance, 
 Edson S. Ross, Henry Bottum, Elisha Jenney, George Graves, and Otis 
 Moody. 
 
 At the revival of trade and business after the great financial panic of 
 1857. a young man came to Florencefrom the old homestead in Hatfield. 
 He was immediately surrounded by a prominent " Serenader," who told 
 him that Godfrey's boarding house was once more established on a firm 
 
172 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 basis, that the " winders " and " doublers " in the Nonotuck mill were 
 rapidly increasing, that something must be done, and now, under the 
 circumstances, what would he take? The boy replied, "I'll take one of 
 them, a winder, or a doubler, I don't care which." The " Serenader " 
 had to " tack," and naming over the violin, piccolo, flute, bass viol, 
 cornet, and triangle, asked him which instrument he would play. The 
 young man chose the triangle. Limits forbid more than the affirmation 
 that a corpulent alderman of Northampton to-day* owes his still rising 
 
 prosperity and popularity to 
 that triangle, and to that 
 boarding house. 
 
 The FlorenceCornet Band, 
 which was organized in the 
 summer of 1858, under the 
 instruction and leadership of 
 Mr. David Shields, was com- 
 posed of the following mem- 
 bers : Mr. Shields, leader, 
 Edward Birge, Andrew Fran- 
 zen, Thomas Bailey, Jerome 
 Mead, John Franzen, Edwin 
 Martin, and Oscar Eldredge. 
 The members, in the order above named, played respectively, 1st E}> 
 cornet, 2d E't cornet, Bi alto, E'i tenor, Bi tenor, Ei bass, snare drum, and 
 bass drum and cymbals. Mr. Eldredge was treasurer of the band. Each 
 member furnished his own instrument, and shared the other band ex- 
 penses equally. Mr. Shields' services as instructor were without com- 
 pensation. The band room was furnished by the brothers, Israel and 
 Orson Graves, at a very moderate charge. 
 
 Two " Bugle blasts for Liberty " were notable engagements for the 
 new band the first year ; the one, at an anti-slavery convention in Cum- 
 mington, early in the winter, and the other, the celebration in Florence, 
 of the anniversary of the West India emancipation on the first of August 
 following. Both of these events were successfully carried through by the 
 co-operation of the Free Religious societies in Florence and Cummington, 
 represented officially by Rev. Charles C. Burleigh, and Deacons Hill, 
 Hunt, Kingman, and Abells (giants of the earth in those days). 
 
 At five o'clock on a frosty morning of a Sunday in November, 1858, 
 the Florence Cornet Band and Glee Club were snugly stowed away in a 
 band wagon rattling over the hills to Cummington, twenty miles away, 
 
 SEWING MACHINE WORKS, FROM THE WEST, 1875. 
 
 *This article was written in 1892. — [Editor. 
 
HIS fORIC RKMINISCENCES. 
 
 173 
 
 with Joel Abercrombie, a rare whip, holding the ribbons over four pranc- 
 ing steeds. Deacon Hill had mildly said to Dave that the band should 
 play one or two patriotic marches before leaving our village. Dear, 
 deluded deacon ! Dave would have done that anyway. But in conse- 
 quence of the mild suggestion, the man in the moon heard the serenade, 
 and the little, drowsy hamlet on the earth was aroused and terrified. A 
 better acquaintance with Dave taught the deacon the superfluity of any 
 mild hints. He never urged the band again, although he more than once 
 checked it, generously. 
 
 The first of August celebration followed close upon that terrible 
 calamity, the "boiler explosion." Our bass player, John Franzen, being 
 one of the three vic- 
 tims, his place in the 
 band was filled tem- 
 porarily by George 
 Stoddard of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 In May, 1S60, the 
 generosity of Flor- 
 ence business men 
 enabled the band to 
 purchase new instru- 
 ments and increase 
 its membership. The 
 Nichols brothers, Josiah, Edward, and Henry, Edwin Smith, George R. 
 Stetson, Henry Fechter, Messrs. Dodge and Judd, Ira Todd, and Dwight 
 A. Ross were the new members. The Nichols brothers as comedians 
 would " bring down the house " every time. Any one of the brothers 
 would " rhyme you rhymes" by the hour, and Edward was a ventrilo- 
 quist of no mean ability. Memory recalls the dedication, with music, 
 mirth, and dancing, of a new room in the sewing machine works, when 
 one stanza out of a multitude of local hits which rhymed together to the 
 tune of "Axes to grind," was sung by Henry as follows : — 
 
 IRMERLY THE WILLISTON HOT 
 
 "And there are four Eds who made a great splurge, 
 Ed Martin, Ed Nichols, Ed Smith, and Ed Birge, 
 
 'T would please you to see them, marching the fields, 
 And trying to play music composed by Dave Shields. 
 
 Ri tu di nu," etc. 
 
 This referred to our marching practice in Mrs. Bosworth's pasture, a 
 practice to which Dave very properly subjected the boys. 
 
 The presidential campaign of that year gave the band, thus enlarged, 
 
174 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 frequent and profitable engagements, extended its reputation and popu- 
 larity, and created in each member a desire to improve his musical 
 ability. With this end in view the band engaged Mr. Solomon Merrill, 
 who gave us a few lessons in the autumn of i860, the only instruction 
 under a professional bandmaster we ever received. About this time our 
 name was changed to "The Florence Sewing Machine Band." 
 
 When the war cry of 186 1 rent the hills and valleys of our land, vil- 
 lage bands, as a rule, were broken up. Our band was no exception. 
 
 The members who en- 
 listed in the armies are 
 recorded elsewhere in this 
 history. Not again until 
 1865 was the band suffi- 
 ciently strong for duty in 
 military parades. North- 
 ampton celebrated Inde- 
 pendence Day of that 
 year by a grand welcome 
 home to her " boys in 
 blue." The late Col. Jus- 
 tin Thayer was marshal 
 of the day, and Hon. 
 Lewis J. Dudley was the 
 orator. The feast for 
 soldiers and citizens was 
 spread in the grove on 
 Round Hill. Our band was on duty that day, the writer having the 
 honor of being its leader. 
 
 The changed conditions of trade and manufactures, and the frequent 
 coming and going of mechanics and musicians in consequence of the 
 late war, made our success as a band quite variable until 1868, when our 
 leader, Mr. Shields, after an absence of several years, was again in the 
 sewing machine works, instructing a band class of about twenty young 
 men. This class was the nucleus, under Mr. Shields' enterprise and 
 remarkable executive ability, of a superb musical organization, complete 
 in all appointments, named the " Florence Sewing Machine Military 
 Band and Orchestra." It was from the start received here that our old 
 friend Richard W. Irwin developed a remarkable power for rapid, 
 rattling, clean cornet execution, and our friend A. Frank Hutchins 
 graduated, and later became bandmaster of the Twenty-sixth New York 
 Battalion, a position he retained for eight years. 
 
 The following "personnel" undoubtedly incorrect, made at this dis- 
 
 WILLIAM P. LATHAM S RESIDENCE 
 
HISTORIC KE.MINISCKNCES. 
 
 1 75 
 
 tance with unaided memory, represents our band in the height of its 
 
 power : — 
 
 NOTE. — Where t he name of more than one instrument follows the member's name, the 
 first instrument refers to the orchestra, and the second to tiie band. For example, II. Harry 
 Havnor was leader of the orchestra, and played Ki alto in the band, and David Shields was 
 solo cornet in the orchestra, and leader of the band. — [EDITOR. 
 
 H. Harry Haynor, leader, E^ alto ; David Shields, solo cornet, leader ; 
 
 Anthony Sheffeld, first violin, ; Henry Schadee, clarinet, clarinet ; 
 
 Edward Cowing, second violin, Eh tuba ; Fred Schadee, second violin, 
 E^ tuba; Charles W. Kinney, flute, piccolo; Fred Shearn, trombone, 
 trombone ; James Laws, clarinet, trombone ; Richard W. Irwin, cornet, 
 solo cornet ; Andrew Franzen, cornet, cornet ; Julius Schadee, contra- 
 
 ^T ma ^ u ^ m ' im,,u ' , f ,,mi " ,| .' , »»'*«niTrmiriiiiiijiiiliiji'fh||jim 
 
 i mm ii n 
 
 RESIDENCE OK DR. J. B. LEARNED. — FORMERLY A. SHEFFELD S. 
 
 bass, bell tree ; Thomas Irwin, clarinet, clarinet ; Jerome Mead, violin, 
 Eh tenor ; William Norton, piano, solo baritone ; Edwin Martin, snare 
 drum ; James Tayntor, snare drum ; Edward Hammond, Eh bass ; Dan- 
 iel Franzen, Ei tuba ; Albert Shumway, Eh tenor; E. P. Nichols, bass 
 drum ; Louis Eager, Eh tenor ; Elbert M. Couch, Ei cornet ; Fred 
 Smith, cymbals ; James O'Niel, treasurer of band, solo alto ; George 
 Gaffney, drum major. 
 
 I trust I may be pardoned if I close my poor contribution with a trib- 
 ute to the " Northampton Community," a part of which I was in 1846, 
 the last year of its existence. I remember it as a congregation of fam- 
 ilies of education, refinement, and sturdy common sense, but with no 
 worldly wealth among them. I recall how our assemblies for the enjoy- 
 
176 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 ment of literature, debate, religion, and temperance were devoid of all 
 instrumental aids to the songs which were poured forth by the glad 
 voices of the men, women, and children. Dear, old, beautiful Commu- 
 nity ! I remember thy works and poverty, but thou wast rich in a noble 
 philanthropy, " remembering those in bonds as bound with them " ; rich 
 in a lofty patriotism, which, like that of the Hebrew minstrels, "could 
 not sing the Lord's songs in a strange land " of bondage ; rich in neigh- 
 borly kindness, in the happy laughter of children as I heard the sound 
 of their going to and fro among the mulberry trees ; thou, dear old boy- 
 hood's home, wast an earnest of the Florence of to-day, with her lavish 
 accompaniment of music and her abundant evidences of material pros- 
 perity heard and seen on every hand. 
 
 THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 By Clayton E. Davis. 
 
 Florence has always prided herself on her fire department. Although 
 less than twenty-five years old, it has taken rapid strides and to-day our 
 
 engine house con- 
 tains the latest of fire 
 apparatus, and the 
 members of the de- 
 partment are fully 
 versed in the art of 
 fire fighting. 
 
 In 1870, at the an- 
 nual town meeting it 
 was voted to pur- 
 chase three new 
 "self-acting fire ex- 
 tinguishers." These 
 were delivered to the 
 city in July, and 
 were to be stationed 
 at Florence. The 
 first company was or- 
 ganized with A. C. Estabrook, foreman, and Nonotuck No. 1 was chosen 
 for its name. The original members were D. A. Hemenway, George 
 Ballow, Patrick Dady, N. P. Abbott, David Remington, C. Fairbanks, 
 Joseph Huxley, L. B. Askins, W. H. Riley, Nicholas VanSlike, William 
 VanSlike, Cornelius VanSlike, D. A. Ross, L. H. Ranney, and A. C. 
 
 ENGINE HOUSE — FIRE DEPARTM F.NT. 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCENCES, 
 
 l 77 
 
 Estabrook. The company met 
 at a small wooden building in 
 the rear of the Congregational 
 chapel. 
 
 Soon after a second com- 
 pany was formed which had its 
 headquarters in a small build- 
 ing on Chestnut street, then 
 owned by the Florence Sewing 
 Machine Company. In 1872, 
 hose reels were placed here, 
 which were drawn by hand. 
 In those days when a fire alarm 
 was sounded the firemen had to 
 run to their respective engine 
 houses and drag, oftentimes 
 through the mud or snow, a 
 reel weighing thirteen hundred 
 pounds, and, when the fire was 
 reached, the men were gener- 
 ally ready to drop from ex- 
 haustion. 
 
 The present engine house 
 was completed in 1883, the 
 town appropriating $4000 for 
 the ground and building. On 
 the lower floor is stationed a 
 new hose wagon, the Clapp and 
 Jones steamer and the hook 
 and ladder truck. The second 
 floor is devoted to a large re- 
 ception room, which was fur- 
 nished by our citizens, a bed- 
 room and another small room. 
 Within the past year the elec- 
 tric alarm system has been ex- 
 tended to this village, and every 
 alarm throughout the city is 
 now sounded at our engine 
 house. 
 
 Florence has been quite free 
 from large fires. One of the 
 
i 7 8 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 largest was the burning of the 
 tack works on March 16, 1877; 
 $30,000 worth of property was 
 destroyed, but fortunately the 
 company was insured for $23.- 
 000. Before the first company 
 was organized the Munde water 
 cure burned, in 1865. A crowd 
 of volunteer firemen and fire- 
 women soon gathered, and the 
 comical scenes which often oc- 
 cur at fires were repeated here. 
 Crockery and furniture were 
 thrown from second story win- 
 dows, and doors and windows 
 were smashed to keep them 
 from burning. The doctor's 
 private wine vault was dis- 
 covered and many a bottle 
 emptied. 
 
 Other fires of consequence 
 have been as follows : Decem- 
 ber 7, 1877, the " Pine Street 
 block " of the machine com- 
 pany; December 30, 1877, 
 Burns' box shop, near the Non- 
 otuck works ; April 4, 1880, 
 the "Center Street block" of 
 the machine company ; Sep- 
 tember 22, 1880, the Williston 
 house on Pine street, and Saw- 
 yer's soap factory, May 8, 1887. 
 
 The " Pine Street block " 
 was burned through the 
 thoughtlessness of a tenant, 
 who wound rags around a 
 frozen water pipe, and, after 
 saturating them with kerosene, 
 set the mass afire to take out 
 the frost. The attempt was 
 successful, all the frost in the 
 building disappearing. 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCENCES. 
 
 179 
 
 The firemen have had the usual experiences of being called out on 
 false alarms. The most laughable one, perhaps, was a run to Hayden- 
 ville made by one of the companies, dragging the extinguisher, in 
 answer to the call of a new whistle that was being tried at the brass 
 works. The start was made at the suggestion that there was trouble at 
 Leeds. 
 
 Accidents to members of the department while on duty have been 
 few. Thomas Rothwell was struck by a brick at a fire at the Center 
 several years ago, and William Rhood was laid up for a month from 
 injuries received at the Howes barn fire. Cornelius VanSlike caught 
 cold at the Congregational chapel fire, which, it is claimed, caused his 
 death. 
 
 THE EAGLE BASE BALL CLUB. 
 
 By One of the Players. 
 
 The ball players that brought renown to Florence attained their skill 
 in the days of round ball, the game 
 from which the more scientific base 
 ball was evolved, or in the early asso- 
 ciations known as the Florence, Em- 
 mett, Active, and Bay State Clubs. 
 
 In the summer of 1865, the Twen- 
 tieth Massachusetts Volunteer Infan- 
 try returned from the war with a 
 glorious record for bravery and en- 
 durance. One of its members who 
 had his home in this neighborhood 
 wrote to a friend here that a nine from 
 the regiment had successfully com- 
 peted with nines from other regiments 
 in adjoining camps, and it claimed 
 the championship of the Army of the 
 Potomac. He challenged his friend to 
 find a nine that could defeat the 
 champions. To accept this challenge, 
 the Eagle Base Ball Club was organ- 
 ized with H. H. Bond as president and 
 E. S. Bottum, secretary. Fred W. 
 Clark, a player of recognized ability, was elected captain, and, while 
 awaiting the return of the regiment, active practice was commenced. 
 
 firemen testing the life chute. 
 
l8o HISTORY OF FLORENCE 
 
 The game was played August first, 1865. Captain Clark played left 
 field, H. H. Bond pitcher, Jonas Polmatier catcher, W. M. Kingsley 
 short stop, Luther Askins, John Metcalf, and Frank Holmes tended the 
 bases, while J. B. O'Donnell and Patrick Whalen were in right and cen- 
 ter fields, respectively. The score, thirty to three, gave to the Eagles 
 the first of a long series of championships. Clark, Kingsley, Metcalf, 
 and Holmes did not again appear in the nine, while Bond and Polmatier 
 did not return to the club until the next year. 
 
 New players to fill vacancies were admitted, and a challenge from the 
 Conway Club was accepted. The game was fought and won on Sep- 
 tember second, 1865, on the Colonel Pomeroy place, near Mr. Stock- 
 bridge's present residence, with the score of forty-six to thirteen. The 
 game was followed by a supper given by the victors to their Conwa)' 
 visitors. 
 
 A warm, personal friendship grew up between these two clubs, which 
 continued during the life of the organizations, and frequent interchanges 
 of courtesies took place between them. The return game between these 
 clubs was played at Conway, on September sixteenth, and in this game 
 the players had drifted into the positions which they afterwards usually 
 occupied. O'Donnell acted as captain in his famous stronghold, the 
 second base position ; Arthur Hill now first appeared with the club, hav- 
 ing been away from home when the first two games were played. The 
 day was a fine one. and it was made a special holiday in Conway. The 
 mills stopped, and the farmers took a rest. The " beauty and chivalry " 
 of Conway had gathered in a mowing lot north of the village, and the 
 game was played under pleasant auspices. The Conway Club enter- 
 tained the victors with a bounteous supper at the Conway Hotel, and the 
 hilarious " Eagles " went home to dream of future conquests. 
 
 One week later the " Nicaean Nine " of Amherst College undertook 
 to capture the Eagles, but failed, much to the surprise of the collegians, 
 who had expected an easy victory. The Eagle Club had as yet no uni- 
 forms, and a marked contrast was visible between the trim, handsomely 
 costumed " Nicoeans," and the bareheaded, barefooted, country lads, 
 who could play ball if they did not look pretty. 
 
 Two more games were played, with the Williston No. 2 from East- 
 hampton, and the Haydenville Club, and the season of 1865 was closed 
 with a clear list of victories for the club. 
 
 With the opening of the season of 1866, the nine had been much 
 strengthened by the return of Bond and Polmatier, who became very 
 important members. Bond had made a scientific study of the art of 
 pitching and immediately stepped into the front rank of the Western 
 Massachusetts pitchers. 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCENCES. 15 r 
 
 Upon April second, the Conway Club, now called the Franklin Club, 
 under Capt. George Kaulback, appeared in Florence and another victory- 
 over these genial fellows was awarded the Florence boys. J. W. O'Neill 
 appeared from this time as the official scorer for the club. The Nicaean 
 nine as re-organized was defeated at Amherst by the score of thirty- 
 eight to twenty-one, on the Agricultural fairgrounds. Contact with such 
 men as composed the Amherst nine did much to improve the players 
 
 (*V f% 
 
 'fife?-** 
 
 fir &* M 
 
 E. F. CONNELL, J. POLMATIER, A. G. HILL, E. S. BOTTl'M, M. H. DUNN, 
 
 P. WHALEN, H. H. BOND, A. ROBERTSON, J. B. o'DONNELL. 
 
 EAGLE BASE BALL CLUB. 
 
 and give them self-reliance. A marked improvement in the playing of 
 the club was noticed from this time. In this game, the college boys 
 learned the mettle of the Florence team and acknowledged its strength. 
 On June first, the Monitor Club of Holyoke was defeated by a large 
 score and, on June ninth, the first of a series of contests took place at 
 Chicopee, between the Hampden Club of that place and the Eagle Club, 
 for the silver ball championship of western Massachusetts. The Eagle 
 Club here met its first defeat, the score being thirty-six to ten. On July 
 fourth, the Amateur Club of Westfield received the attention of the 
 Eagles and in five minutes less than two hours were defeated in a West- 
 
1 82 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 field sand bank, with the thermometers registering high figures, and the 
 scorers making the runs twenty to thirteen. 
 
 It was voted to try again for the silver ball championship. When 
 they felt that they were strong, the Eagles resorted to a little stratagem 
 to learn the strength of the Hampden Club. An impromptu organiza- 
 tion was made by five Eagles and four players from Northampton, which 
 was called the " Bay State nine." This team challenged the Hampden 
 Club to a friendly game not for the championship. The challenge was 
 accepted and the boys went to Hampden Park, Springfield, each one 
 girdled with a " Bay State " engine company's belt. The result of the 
 game being favorable, a challenge was sent from the Eagle Club for the 
 silver ball championship. 
 
 On August eighteenth, the Hampden and Eagle Clubs, therefore, 
 met again on the " Patch " in Chicopee. The crowd was very large 
 and the excitement intense. Hill, the lucky fellow, w r as first at the bat 
 and struck the first ball pitched, getting to first base by the " skin of his 
 teeth." Bond, who followed, had adopted a new style of batting, and the 
 first ball pitched to him was landed in extreme right field, close to the 
 foul line. On this hit he reached third base, sending Hill home with a 
 scored run. Result on first two pitched balls, one run and a man on 
 third base. O'Donnell and the succeeding players continued the good 
 work and the first inning closed with nine tallies for the Florence boys. 
 
 When Ed Hickey of the Hampdens planted a fly ball in Bottum's 
 hands, the game was won by the Eagle nine and the excitement culmi- 
 nated. The players and the crowd went crazy ; Dunn came in from the 
 field turning handsprings, Hammond stood on his head on the third 
 base, Polmatier and Robertson were in the hands of their friends, Bot- 
 tum and O'Donnell were yelling themselves hoarse, Hill and Bond were 
 on the shoulders of enthusiasts going around the " Patch " at a little less 
 than forty miles an hour, while Whalen to this day cannot tell what hap- 
 pened to him. The arrival home was an ovation from the Northampton 
 railroad station to the homes of the boys, a brass band parade and an 
 illuminated village giving them a great welcome. 
 
 After defeating the Mount Tom Club of Easthampton, the Eagles 
 prevented the silver ball from returning to Chicopee by again defeating 
 the Hampden Club, this time at Florence. 
 
 On September eighth, the Pioneer Club of Springfield appeared in 
 search of the silver ball, but it was unfortunate in the day, as the Flor- 
 ence boys had on their batting clothes, and did terrific execution, batting 
 out sixty-eight runs to their opponents' twenty. The little printed 
 poem, "Nine graves for the Eagles," brought to the grounds by the 
 Pioneers, was not distributed as was the intention. 
 
H IS TOR IC R L-'.M I N ISCKNCKS. 
 
 I8 3 
 
 On October third, the Franklins of Conway were again defeated, and, 
 on the fourth, the Monitors of Holyoke suffered another defeat at the 
 hands of the Eagle Club. On October sixth, the Hampden Club appeared 
 again and carried away the silver ball, the score, twenty-one to ten, giving 
 them this privilege. This trophy ever afterwards remained in Chicopee, 
 neither the Eagle Club nor any other association taking any interest in it 
 from the construction placed upon the regulations governing the contests. 
 
 In November the club visited New York city to play with the great 
 amateur clubs, but the weather was so unpropitious little skill could be 
 exhibited, and the games with the Excelsior and Atlantic Clubs were 
 played in overcoats, and all hands were glad when they closed. 
 
 The season of 1867 opened with victories over several minor clubs, 
 
 DAVIS AND KNIGHTS OF HONOR BLOCKS- 
 
 the first game of any importance being the defeat at Greenfield of the 
 Ouinipiac Club of West Meriden, Conn., July second. On July twenty- 
 seventh, the Star Club of Greenfield was defeated by the score of fifty- 
 five to twenty-six. The Union Club of Lansingburgh, N. Y., better 
 known as " the Haymakers," came to Northampton, and a noteworthy 
 game took place on the Agricultural fair grounds. It was a close con- 
 test for eight innings, but in the ninth the Haymakers mowed too wide 
 a swath for the local club, and the score, seventeen to nine, entitled 
 the visitors to carry off the Eagles' claws. Victories over the Old Elm 
 Club of Pittsfield, the Pequot Club of New London, the Champions of 
 Connecticut, the Stars of Greenfield, and the Federal Club of Shelburne 
 
184 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 '"-■ * -T^TT'l- 
 
 Falls followed in quick succession, the two latter occurring on the same 
 day. The Greenfield Gazette nicknamed Bottum and Whalen " Battem 
 and Whalem " for their work at the bat in the two games. The Conway 
 Club was again defeated in September, and on the eighteenth of the 
 same month the Union Club of Lansingburgh, N. Y., sent the Eagles 
 home with the worst defeat sustained in their career — fifty-eight to 
 eighteen. 
 
 A New England Association of Base Ball Clubs had been formed, and 
 the Eastern states put into five districts. The champions of the five 
 
 districts met on September 
 twenty-third, at Riverside 
 Park, near Boston, to compete 
 for the New England cham- 
 pionship. The Eagle Club ap- 
 peared as the champions of the 
 fifth district (western Massa- 
 chusetts, and state of Connect- 
 icut). The Eagles easily de- 
 feated the Rollstone Club of 
 Fitchburg, the Fraternity Club 
 of South Boston, and the cham- 
 pion club of the third district. 
 On the twenty-sixth came the 
 strife between the Eagle Club 
 and the Trimountain Club of 
 Boston. This game the Eagles have always repudiated, as the club 
 received such unfair treatment from the tournament committee and the 
 umpire. The club after protesting, without effect, to the selection of the 
 umpire by the committee, felt obliged to decline proceeding with the game 
 after three very unfair decisions of the umpire, and the game was awarded 
 the Trimountain Club. The boys returned home, feeling ill-used, but 
 confident of their ability to cope successfully with any New England 
 Club. 
 
 The season closed after two more games with the Hampden Club, not 
 for the silver ball, however. The first of the two was won by the Flor- 
 ence team, while the latter one resulted in a tie game, each club scoring 
 twenty-two runs. The club did not reorganize after that season, and 
 though Eagle Clubs have existed in Florence to this day, the old Eagle 
 nine rested on its laurels, and has been since then a memory of the past. 
 The Eagle Club suffered six defeats only in its three years' career, two 
 by the Hampden Club of Chicopee (this club was beaten three times by 
 the Eagles, and the sixth game of the series was a drawn game), two by 
 
 "Young hearts shall hail the drifted cold, 
 As gayly as we did of old." 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCKWl S. 
 
 I8 5 
 
 the Unions of Lansingburgh, and one each by the Atlantic and Excelsior 
 Clubs of New York city. These, with the game given to the Trimoun- 
 tain Club by the tournament committee, are the only records which can 
 be found against the Eagle nine. Only the important games have been 
 mentioned here. 
 
 The individual members did not apparently suffer in their morals by 
 their frequent trips from home. Good discipline was maintained, and 
 the younger members were well looked after by the older ones. The 
 warmest feeling always existed between the members, no bickerings or 
 unpleasant scenes ever transpired. 
 
 The scores were large in those days as the balls were largely com- 
 posed of rubber. There was a charm about good amateur playing which 
 the present collections of professional players do not furnish; a Flor- 
 ence Club meant a club of Florence players, and a local pride in the 
 nine was felt by each inhabitant of the village. 
 
 Of those recognized as the nine, Henry H. Bond, Philip J. Mara, 
 Edward H. Hammond, and Edmund Connell are no longer living. Flor- 
 ence is still the home of Jonas Polmatier, J. B. O'Donnell, Edward S. 
 Bottum, and Arthur G. Hill. Patrick Whalen lives in New Haven, 
 Andrew Robertson in Springfield, while Michael H. Dunn, James Mehan, 
 and John McGrath are sup- 
 posed still to be busy some- 
 where in the world's work. 
 James W. O'Neill, the faithful 
 scorer, holds an important 
 position in Wichita, Kansas. 
 
 The club was greatly in- 
 debted to the people of Flor- 
 ence, especially to the work- 
 men in the shops of the 
 Florence Sewing Machine 
 Company, who did much in 
 the way of providing uni- 
 forms, equipments, and trans- 
 portation expenses. No player 
 received any pay for his time, 
 
 the individual gave that freely, and to several it meant self-sacrifice in 
 many directions. 
 
 Bond and O'Donnell would rank as first-class players. What they 
 did was carefully planned and executed. Dunn was a phenomenon, 
 lithe, active, though apparently careless, with a keen eye, always in the 
 right place, seemingly by accident. Polmatier, long of arm and large of 
 
 EAST ON MAIN STREET IN 1S75. 
 
l86 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 frame, was the easiest player on the team, sometimes a little too easy for 
 the best results. Robertson and Mara, the catchers, were small and 
 active, often achieving success where larger men would have failed. 
 Robertson was the stronger and better player of the two. Bottum, 
 though small, was cordy and resolute, never afraid, a strong batter and 
 a sure catch. Whalen was thoroughly reliable, no steadier or more 
 graceful player appeared on the field. His " daisy cutters " were sent 
 with such power that rarely were they stopped in season to do him mis- 
 chief. Askins at his best was a good player. " Old Bushel Basket " was 
 his pet name, for, until his sickness, 'the balls seemed to drop into his 
 fingers and stay there as if a basket held them. Hill was active and 
 made a fair showing as a player. He achieved his greatest renown from 
 the nine he captained. Never a strong batter, he slid to many a base 
 just quick enough to claim it. His throwing powers were weakened by 
 an injury to his arm in the season of 1866, so that he played only as sub- 
 stitute in 1867, though retaining the captaincy until the end. Connell 
 was a good short stop and reserve pitcher, and generally did heavy batting. 
 The third base was always the weak spot in the nine, Hammond, Mehan, 
 and Payson doing good work in that position, but neither of them prov- 
 ing an ideal baseman. McGrath, the pitcher of the first year, was a 
 better pitcher than batter, but he was much missed until Bond showed 
 his great ability. 
 
 The days of such organizations seem to have passed, but an enthu- 
 siast derived more pleasure in witnessing the honest games of such teams 
 as the Eagles and the Hampdens, than the 1S94 games of the more scien- 
 tific professionals. 
 
 MY EARLY RECOLLECTIONS. 
 By John B. O'Donnell. 
 
 In complying with your request to write relative to my early recol- 
 lections of the beautiful village so long my home, scenes of pleasure and 
 joy crowd upon me. These are mingled with sorrow and sadness when 
 I think of the many dear friends and kind neighbors who then were 
 adding to and aiding in the general happiness but, alas ! who are now in 
 their long and silent homes. 
 
 About the middle of March, 1859, when twelve years of age, stout 
 and muscular, robed in a farmer's frock, near the " Cross house," in Flor- 
 ence, with unerring aim, I stood at noon pouring snowballs at the boys 
 and young men on their way to the cotton mill and button shop. The 
 snowballs were so hard and my boldness so exasperating that several 
 
HISTORIC RKMINISCENCKS. 
 
 I8 7 
 
 times a rush was made to thrash me, to avoid which I sought refuge 
 within the walls of the house. Thus it was that I introduced myself to 
 the companions and friends of my youth and manhood. 
 
 Florence at this time was a place of humble but happy homes. The 
 classes and self-styled aristocrats, now so numerous in other places, 
 were here unknown. Protestant, Catholic, Gentile, and Jew, white and 
 black, all were invited, received, and welcomed as members of one com- 
 mon brotherhood. There were but few houses, comparatively. There 
 
 M* t|#^^ 
 
 VIEW OF FLORENCE AND RESIDENCES ABOUT 1865 — FROM OLD LITHOGRAPH. 
 
 was no church, but meetings were often held in the little district school- 
 house that stood where the High school building now stands. The 
 Catholics went to Northampton to mass in the King street church. To 
 this church and back, the people of Florence, and very many from East- 
 hampton, Hatfield, Williamsburg, and Amherst, walked, yet consump- 
 tion and heart disease were almost unknown among them. There was 
 no public mode of conveyance on Sundays, and only Abercombie's bus 
 on week days, at fifty cents for the round trip. Of course livery horses 
 
1 88 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 then, as now, were in demand on special occasions, all of which were 
 supplied by Graves Brothers, " under the hill," in the rear of the houses 
 just below the Askins homestead. They are yet in business on the hill, 
 and long may they live and prosper ! Nonotuck street was then the 
 main street and the only business place of the village. 
 
 The games and sports of the youth were mostly indulged in on the 
 Sabbath day. " Paradise," then owned by the Greenville Manufacturing 
 Company, was fairly alive with girls, boys, and men on Sundays during 
 the summer. In the winter the scene of action changed to the crust- 
 covered snow on the hillsides, and the ice on the ponds and river, and 
 always their merry laughter and joyous shouts rang and echoed over 
 the neighboring hills. 
 
 The strict Sabbatarian who may peruse these lines, will not, I trust, 
 too severely criticise and censure the youth, the parents, or the com- 
 munity of those days. There was no law fixing the school age of the 
 children, and all the poor were obliged to begin to work at an early age. 
 It was no uncommon thing to see children regularly employed at the age 
 of nine years, and these — almost infants — and all others were obliged to 
 labor from half past six in the morning till half past seven at night, with 
 only one half hour intermission for dinner. Where was the time during 
 the week for reading, recreation, and sleep ? 
 
 But as time went on and the factories prospered, many strict church 
 people immigrated to the village. They naturally objected to this god- 
 less manner of observing the holy Sabbath, and an effort was made to 
 break it up. They had Mr. Julius Phelps, afterwards a deacon of the 
 "White" Church, appointed a constable to arrest and imprison (!) all 
 Sabbath breakers. While Mr. Phelps was a conscientious, Christian 
 gentleman, he had a big, liberal, and sympathetic heart. The boys 
 respected him very much, and they were ever ready to show their obedi- 
 ence and good intentions — when he was in sig/it ! They continued clan- 
 destinely, however, to plav as of old, but when the games were in progress 
 the sentinels and pickets were always on duty, ever on the alert to give 
 the alarm, when all would at once put on their coats, sit down lawfully, 
 and await the approach of the "common enemy." They always got a 
 lecture and good advice from the kind-hearted constable. But Mr. 
 Phelps " caught on " to the picket protector, and formulated plans to 
 break through it. 
 
 A match game of ball was arranged between the forces of the cotton 
 mill and button shop, to be played opposite the brick house near Landy's 
 — no Landy avenue then. It was a great battle ! In the middle of the 
 game, while excitement ran high, a great shout of alarm rent the air, and 
 lo and behold ! there was the officer coming at full speed and almost 
 
HIS l'< IRIC RI.MINISCENCKS. 
 
 189 
 
 upon them. The warriors grabbed their scanty wardrobes and ran for 
 dear life down the Bay State road towards the dam, many jumping into 
 the river and swimming to the opposite shore. But after every storm 
 there comes a calm. They halted on a lot near the insane asylum, 
 reorganized, threw out their pickets, and fought the battle to a finish. 
 A quarter of a century afterwards, when Mr. Phelps, a stanch friend of 
 mine, and I were on duty as city assessors, I reminded him of this epi- 
 sode. He remembered it well, and he laughed loud and heartily. 
 
 The evening school of 
 Florence was a most timely 
 and beneficial institution. 
 Samuel L. Hill was the 
 prime mover and principal 
 supporter for five years, 
 when the town assumed 
 the management. A. T. 
 Lilly, Samuel A. Bottum, 
 and others were contribu- 
 tors. For a few years the 
 teaching was done by vol- 
 unteers. Among these 
 were Daniel W. Bond, now 
 an honored judge of the 
 superior court, Thomas S. 
 Mann, and A. R. Morse. During the vacations of this school, writing was 
 taught by Michael Walsh, Edson S. Ross, and a Mr. Hillman. 
 
 Among the persons employed to teach the evening school were Mary 
 W. Bond, a very successful teacher, a Mr. Battles, who was not so success- 
 ful, and Caroline W. James, who was the longest connected with the 
 school. She was a lady of rare executive ability, kind and gentle, yet 
 the most unruly boy was completely under her control. She seemed 
 readily to extricate from difficulty the dullest mind, and never appeared 
 impatient or discouraged. The school was well and regularly attended, 
 having about fifty scholars, and among her "graduates " are successful 
 journalists, lawyers, mechanics, and business men and women. 
 
 To this school many of us owe much, and to the originators, support- 
 ers, and teachers we can never be too grateful. I gladly take this oppor- 
 tunity to acknowledge my appreciation of their philanthropy and valu- 
 able services, and to extend my grateful thanks to those of them who are 
 living. I shall ever revere and cherish the memory of those who have 
 since joined the silent majority, who, I trust, are now enjoying their 
 heavenly reward. 
 
 COOLING OFF. 
 
190 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 A «* 
 
 THE MUNDE WATER CURE. 
 By Paul F. Munde, M.D. 
 
 We first went to Florence early in the fifties and there I spent sixteen 
 of the happiest years of my life. As a boy I roamed over the fields and 
 woods, fished the stream and the brooks, then teeming with trout, bathed 
 at Locust Grove many times with my old friend, Arthur Hill, played 
 baseball in the field near his house, coasted in winter down the hills, 
 went for the mail to the post office at the village store kept by I. S. 
 Parsons, and enjoyed myself in the magnificent country as only a boy 
 can. 
 
 The land opposite our house was covered with mulberry trees, the 
 ripe and luscious fruit of which I gathered with great pleasure. They 
 
 were a remnant of the Whitmarsh mul- 
 berry fever. In those days, game was 
 fairly plenty. Coons were common, 
 squirrels abundant, partridges and 
 quail easy to find in the season, and 
 the woods in places were more or less 
 primeval. Northampton was then a 
 " town," but to us villagers quite a 
 place, toward which our ambitions 
 soared. 
 
 At that time new ideas and practices 
 in various lines were very popular in 
 Florence, which had always been a sort 
 of haven of refuge for original minds, 
 reformers, and conspirators in a mild 
 way. The Graham Bread Cure, Abo- 
 litionism, Freethinkers, Cold Water 
 Cure, and other innovations on com- 
 monly accepted customs, found ready support among the business men 
 and farmers of Hampshire County. In this way can be explained the 
 foundation of a small water cure establishment at Florence which was 
 managed by "Dr." Ruggles, whose natural shrewdness in a measure com- 
 pensated for his want of scientific knowledge. 
 
 Hydropathy had found its way across the water from the numerous 
 followers and pupils of Priessnitz, who, at Graefenberg, in the moun- 
 tains of Austrian Silesia, had established an institution which in spite of 
 its fanatical and reckless methods of treatment, achieved remarkable 
 cures and spread the name of its founder throughout the civilized world. 
 
 J& ^ 
 
 CHARLES MUNDE, M.D. 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCENCES. 
 
 I 9 I 
 
 
 CHARLES MUNDES WATER CURE. 
 
 One of these pupils and followers was my father, who had become a 
 convert through his own cure of gout, which at the early age of thirty 
 threatened to terminate his life. 
 
 After struggling for nearly a year in New York in search of a prac- 
 tice (my father's office was in a basement in Chambers street, I believe) 
 through Horace Greeley, I think, my father was informed of the oppor- 
 tunity to take up his 
 favorite method at 
 Florence, through the 
 death of " Dr." Rug- 
 gles. Without money, 
 but endowed with a 
 vigorous constitution, 
 an iron determination, 
 and indomitable en- 
 ergy, my father took 
 charge of the dilapi- 
 dated building which 
 constituted the so- 
 called " water cure," 
 and with the help of 
 
 kind friends who loaned him money without security, soon had them in 
 such condition that they were fit to receive patients from the better 
 classes. In two years or thereabouts, he was able to pay off his debts 
 and build a large new house. From that time the tide of prosperity 
 flowed steadily for him until the breaking out of the Rebellion threatened 
 to ruin him. A very large number of his patients were from the South, 
 and among the guests were to be found the names of the proudest families 
 of Virginia, Kentucky, the Carolinas, and Alabama. 
 
 I remember well the day of the election of Abraham Lincoln, when 
 my father and I returned from a visit to Boston, expressly that my father 
 might cast his vote for Lincoln. On our return home, a Southern lady, 
 a Mrs. Wogram from New Orleans, asked my father, as he alighted from 
 the carriage, why he had returned sooner than he had expected. He 
 replied, "To vote." She asked, "And whom did you vote for, Doctor?" 
 " Why, for Lincoln, of course." " We leave the house to-morrow, Doctor," 
 at once replied the lady. "Very well," said my father, "you can all go, 
 if that is your reason," and go they did, all of them. In two days there 
 was not a Southerner in the house. 
 
 Soon, however, when the country rallied from the shock of secession 
 and settled down to the conviction of a long war, business again resumed 
 its natural channels, improved even, and new patients from North, East, 
 
192 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 and West fully made up for those from the South who stayed away, and 
 the old prosperity of the establishment returned and continued until it 
 was destroyed by fire on the night of November seventh, 1865. Feeling 
 exhausted by fifteen years of work, and having reached the age of sixty, 
 my father decided not to rebuild, and we all returned to Europe in 
 April, 1866, my father, mother, and sister not to return. 
 
 Only those who knew our place when my father first took it can 
 appreciate the hard and incessant labor, and the great expense which it 
 cost to make out of a comparatively barren wilderness a beautiful park, 
 with large trees, shady walks, and fragrant flower beds. When I revisited 
 the old place in 1872, on my return from abroad, I hardly knew it. The 
 old wilderness had returned, one building only was standing of the 
 horseshoe structure which easily accommodated one hundred and fifty 
 patients. The woods in which I had played and hunted the partridges 
 were cut down, and blackened stumps occupied their place. 
 
 The popularity of my father's establishment was mainly due to his 
 successful treatment of his patients. Many chronic, intractable ailments, 
 which had resisted the usual remedies employed by the medical profession, 
 yielded to the regular hours, carefully regulated diet, exercise, bathing, 
 sweating, rubbing, drenching, etc., which formed the routine of life in 
 the cure. Many prominent physicians visited the establishment with 
 patients, or in order to see the methods there employed. I will but 
 mention the late Dr. J. Marion Sims, the father of modern gynecology. 
 
 Although at first practiced empirically and with the reckless hardi- 
 hood peculiar to new methods ; although in imminent danger of becom- 
 ing obsolete through the fanaticism of "cranks," who would make the 
 
 world believe that water was 
 a " cure-all," in course of time 
 hydropathy assumed a more 
 scientific aspect, and was 
 gradually recognized by the 
 regular profession as a potent 
 aid in their practice. In the 
 popular mind hydropathy 
 formerly meant the treatment 
 of all kinds of diseases with 
 cold water. This was an error. 
 The treatment was really 
 with water, cold, hot, warm, and tepid, as the case should indicate, 
 applied in many different ways in accordance with well understood 
 scientific rules and practice. Diet, rest, early hours, freedom from care 
 and excitement, fresh country air, — all these were, of course, natural ad- 
 
 PINE STREET BRIDGE IN 1863 
 From a letter head of Dr. Mimde's. 
 
His I Okie REMINISCENCES. 
 
 193 
 
 junctS to the hydropathic treatment. No doubt many a patient lias 
 succumbed to the misjudged zeal of his (hydropathically) ignorant med- 
 ical attendant. 
 
 Our life at Florence was a happy one, but, on the whole, uneventful. 
 My father's large establishment, with its grounds of over one hundred 
 acres, kept him so occupied, that in the busy season (spring and sum- 
 mer), he had little time to attend to other matters. But he was always 
 warmly interested in the welfare and progress of the village, which was 
 slowly and steadily increasing in size and importance. He never forgot 
 to his dying day (he died in Goez, Austria, in February, 1S87, at the age 
 of eighty-two) the beautiful spot where he had spent so many happy 
 years, met so many warm friends, and last, but not least, amassed a 
 competence which enabled him to spend the last sixteen years of his life 
 in comfort and independence. My father always gloried in his American 
 citizenship, and in his association with Florence. Pictures of our old 
 home there hung in his house at Goez in prominent positions when I last 
 visited him there in 18S6. 
 
 FLORENCE IN THE MILL RIVER FLOOD. 
 By Clayton E. Davis. 
 
 This work would not be complete without a brief sketch of the Mill 
 River flood. The whole valley, from Williamsburg to Northampton, 
 shook from stem to stern on that now memorable morning, May sixteenth, 
 
 1874, and when the enemy had 
 passed beyond, it was discovered 
 that it had wrecked four villages, 
 destroyed thousands upon thou- 
 sands of dollars worth of property, 
 and had sent into the unknown 
 land one hundred and thirty-six 
 human beings. 
 
 The defective reservoir, which 
 was the cause of this terrible cat- 
 astrophe, was situated about three 
 miles above Williamsburg, in the 
 northeastern part of the town. In the month of May, 1874, there was stand- 
 ing all along this valley a costly array of mills, factories, shops, offices, 
 and banks. Nearly all were in operation. The stream was low, and, upon 
 the evening of the fifteenth, the families retired to rest with no thought 
 of the impending danger ; mill owners, bankers, capitalists, were 
 
 FLOOD WOOD ON WARNER'S MEADOW. 
 
194 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 *!►* 
 
 WRECK OF BOARDING HOUSE AT HAYDENVILLE 
 
 RUINS OF STONE BRIDGE AT LEEDS. 
 
 engrossed in their schemes 
 for the future ; all was peace, 
 prosperity, comfort, and do- 
 m e s t i c happiness. The 
 morning of the sixteenth 
 dawned — the fatal day had 
 arrived. 
 
 The reservoir was in 
 charge of George Cheney, 
 and he inspected the dam, 
 as usual, at six o'clock on 
 the eventful morning, and 
 found everything satisfac- 
 tory. But very soon his 
 father from the house dis- 
 covered the break, and 
 Cheney, grasping at once 
 the situation, sprang on 
 his horse, and started for 
 Williamsburg. The rides of 
 Cheney to Williamsburg, of 
 Collins Graves and Jerome 
 Hillman to Haydenville, and 
 Myron Day from Hayden- 
 ville through Leeds to Flor- 
 ence, have passed into his- 
 tory. This article must be 
 brief, and it is sufficient to 
 say that by their heroic work 
 hundreds of lives were saved. 
 
 Hardly had Cheney 
 started when the dam began 
 to crumble more and more. 
 The wall fell away faster and 
 faster, and soon with a sud- 
 den roar the great mass was 
 carried out at once. The 
 imprisoned waters, pouring 
 through with indescribable 
 fury, began their terrible 
 work of destruction. The 
 flood had commenced. 
 
HISTORIC KKMINISCENCES. 
 
 195 
 
 Pages could be filled with an account of this mad rush of the waters from 
 the time the flood burst upon Williamsburg until it had passed Florence. 
 
 The water dashed out from its heretofore strong house, and, seeming 
 to mock the dam that previously had held it in check, flew into the val- 
 ley below. The waters first struck the village of Williamsburg, and 
 houses, mills, bridges, and fifty-seven persons were grasped within its 
 arms. The same story can be told of Skinnerville, where four lives were 
 lost, in Haydenville, where forty-one buildings and twenty-four per- 
 sons were carried onward, and in Leeds, where fifty-one of its inhabitants 
 swelled the list of the dead to one hundred and thirty-six. Out of thirty 
 buildings along the main street in Leeds, but three defied the flood. 
 
 The village of Florence awoke, as usual, that morning, and its people 
 hurried through the rain to their different places of daily toil. Soon 
 after eight o'clock, Myron Day drove into the lower part of the village, 
 and alarmed the employers of the shops and mills. The alarm quickly 
 spread, and the mill employ- 
 ees fled to places of safety, 
 there to watch the mad rush 
 of the waters. The warn- 
 ing flew throughout the vil- 
 lage, but before many could 
 get to the river the flood 
 had passed, and the angry 
 waters had added another 
 chapter to the disasters of 
 this country. 
 
 The first rush of the ad- 
 vancing flood was formid- 
 able as a tidal wave, sweep- 
 ing everything before it. It 
 rolled onward in a billow 
 from six to ten feet in 
 height, as it entered Flor- 
 ence, laden with a mass of 
 flood wood, comprised of 
 dismantled houses, bridges, 
 factory buildings, fences, uprooted trees, dead animals, and, fearful to 
 relate, human bodies — men, women, and little children, rent, bruised, 
 stripped of their clothing, and battered almost beyond recognition. While 
 people were yet wondering, dazed, and confounded at this terrible rush 
 
 SEARCHING FOR DEAD ON FLORENCE MEAEOWS* 
 
 * Seventeen bodies were found here. 
 
196 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 of waters, the Meadow street bridge gave way with a crash, and was 
 hurled onward toward the iron bridge at the brush shop. In a twink- 
 ling, this second bridge was torn from its supports, and a minute later 
 both bridges went over the dam. At about the same moment the wooden 
 bridge just below the Nonotuck Silk Company yielded to the force, and 
 
 that, too, passed onward. In 
 ten minutes the water had 
 " v *~ v risen to six feet above the 
 highest watermark, and the 
 scene for the next hour was 
 absolutely appalling. Scores 
 of dwellings on every hand 
 in the lower part of the vil- 
 lage stood like so many 
 islands in a wilderness of 
 angry waters, and people 
 were running in every direc- 
 tion, alarmed and bewildered 
 by the catastrophe which 
 had come so suddenly upon 
 them. Lower floors had to 
 be abandoned, and the fam- 
 ilies crouched in terror in 
 the upper stories expecting 
 every moment to have their 
 homes swept down the 
 stream. 
 But little property was lost in Florence. The Nonotuck Silk Com- 
 pany lost an addition to their dye house which was in process of com- 
 pletion, a blacksmith shop and storehouse were carried away, also ashed 
 forty feet long, containing five hundred dollars worth of flour, a lot of 
 lumber owned by Amos Eldridge, and one hundred cords of wood 
 belonging to the Nonotuck Silk Company. The Florence Manufactur- 
 ing Company estimated their loss at $3000, and the remaining damage 
 done in Florence was in the meadows, which were then owned by Austin 
 Ross, Samuel Bottum, Solomon Phelps, Bela Gardner, John and Joseph 
 Warner. John F. Warner sold at one dollar each, six hundred wagon 
 loads of flood wood from his meadow. This gives an idea of the vast 
 amount of debris strewn over the lowlands. 
 
 As soon as the water began to recede, the bodies were found and a 
 place was provided for them, until they could be identified, in a small 
 wooden building used by William J. Warner as a carpenter shop and 
 
 DEBRIS ON JOHN WARNER S MEADOW. 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCENCES. 197 
 
 situated above his residence on North Main street, where the bodies 
 were brought in all day Saturday and Sunday. They were laid in 
 two rows and each made as presentable as possible. There were men, 
 women, and children, some with features convulsed in agony, others 
 quiet and peaceful as if in sleep. As soon as a body was recognized, 
 it was removed, and many were the heartrending scenes as the bereaved 
 ones recognized companions, friends, or relatives in that silent company. 
 The news of the disaster spread over the country like wildfire, creating 
 the greatest excitement. Before noon Saturday, though it was raining, 
 people began to arrive. On Sunday the weather being pleasant, people 
 came by the thousand ; lumber wagons, buggies, carriages, and express 
 wagons crowded the entire route of the disaster. Springfield, Holyoke, 
 and other places sent large delegations. The railroad made hourly 
 trips to accommodate the vast throng. Main street of this village was 
 crowded with teams all day Sunday, and here and there was seen a 
 casket that was to hold the remains of some victim. By actual count, 
 four hundred and seventy teams passed the residence of the late Moses 
 Warner in one hour on Sunday and all going in one direction. The 
 work of finding the dead bodies was pushed as soon as the waters would 
 permit, and, by Sunday morning, forty-two had been found on the 
 Florence meadows. 
 
 FLORENCE AND THE WAR. 
 
 By Joseph 15. Whitehouse. 
 
 After the lapse of one third of a century it is somewhat difficult to 
 recall the names of those who participated in the stirring scenes which 
 connected Florence with the great civil war. To learn its cause, the stu- 
 dent of history must turn its pages far back, tracing its dark annals 
 through many Congressional fights and bitter discussions over slavery, 
 our national sin. Then came secession, an attempt to destroy our glo- 
 rious Union, at which every patriotic son of the republic revolted, and 
 when the first call to arms rung out like a death knell, from the chief of 
 our nation, the response was quickly made. We now look back with 
 loyal pride to Company C, ioth Massachusetts Infantry, as the first 
 company in Hampshire County to respond to the call. 
 
 Meetings were frequently held in the town hall, where eager crowds 
 listened to speeches filled with patriotic eloquence from such able speak- 
 ers as Delano, Maltby, Hopkins, Littlefield, and many others. I well 
 remember what emotions thrilled the large audience when the first man 
 arose in the bodv of the house and said that he was going " to the front," 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 as soon as he could get there. He was cheered again and again, and 
 when order was restored Mr. Maltby arose to inquire the name of this 
 first volunteer, saying, " My friend, you will find five hundred dollars 
 placed to your credit in the old Northampton bank." In one evening 
 about forty names were added to the roll. Meetings were held in vari- 
 ous places nearly every night, at which the events of the day were eagerly 
 discussed by anxious citizens. 
 
 It will seem strange to relate that there were those among us whose 
 
 sympathy was strongly with the South. 
 Among these may be mentioned several 
 Southern gentlemen, guests at Dr. 
 Munde's water cure, who manifested 
 not a little uneasiness lest their views 
 might cause them some trouble. Mr. 
 A. T. Lilly assured them that they need 
 fear no violence, as they would be 
 treated respectfully. I may here re- 
 mark that the infamous Wirz, of rebel 
 prison fame, resided in Florence for a 
 few years previous to the war, being 
 employed at the water cure. 
 
 Perhaps there was nothing more 
 realistic in this section than Company 
 C's marching through the village to Williamsburg, where the boys 
 camped for the night. The next day they returned and were met in 
 Florence by leading citizens, including Messrs. Lilly, Littlefield, Parsons, 
 Phelps, and Flood, and escorted by the Florence brass band to the open 
 space near the Congregational church, where a bountiful collation had 
 been provided for them by the ladies. D. G. Littlefield made the speech 
 of welcome, and after the boys had responded with three cheers, he pre- 
 sented them with a box of choice cigars. Dr. Munde's water cure was 
 also visited, where flags were flying, the Doctor having been a colonel in 
 the Hungarian army. At the house of Julius Phelps the company halted 
 and gave three cheers, well knowing the patriotic spirit of its inmates. 
 On the return to Northampton each member of the company was pre- 
 sented with a Testament or Bible, by Dr. Eddy, the gift of the Sunday- 
 schools of Northampton. Thus it was that the men went forth with a 
 divine trust, knowing that the " God of battles " would be with them. 
 
 Pulpit and press were thoroughly awake to the great question then 
 filling the popular mind, and a deep, Christian spirit prevailed over all. 
 Men who had long since passed the meridian of useful labor cheered on 
 their fellow comrades. At that time I was superintendent at Littlefield, 
 
 BOYS HEAD— BY C. C. BURLEIGH, JR. 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCENCES. 
 
 199 
 
 Parsons & Company's factory. Once- I had occasion to leave town for a 
 few hours. Everything was running smoothly at the shop when I went 
 away — each man was at his place. Imagine my surprise, on returning, to 
 meet several of my employees at the railroad station. " What does this 
 mean ? " I asked, as those were 
 not times of labor unions and 
 of strikes. " We are going to 
 enlist to-night," they replied. 
 "All right, boys, go ahead ! " I 
 answered. The war waged on 
 to the end, and when the re- 
 maining members of the com- 
 pany were expected home, 
 many of the town's people 
 gathered at the station to meet 
 them. Loud cheers of welcome 
 greeted the soldier boys as they 
 raised their tattered flags, and 
 with uniforms ragged and 
 worn, marched up Main street, 
 Northampton. But what a wel- 
 come home ! 
 
 r~, , , ... PINE STREET (BRUSH SHOP) IRON BRIDGE.* 
 
 1 hese are but a tew outlines 
 of those soul-stirring times. Ah, who can tell the price of peace ! But 
 let these lines remind our surviving comrades that their service is not 
 forgotten, and as time goes on our nation will ever commemorate their 
 noble deeds and prompt action in her hour of peril. 
 
 The following list of the Florence men who went to the war has been compiled from the 
 " History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. — [Editor. 
 
 Second Regiment : Three years. — John Cahill, Jr., Company D ; mus- 
 tered in, May 25, 1861 ; discharged for disability, January 27, 1863. 
 
 Tenth Regiment: Three years. — Thomas Cahill, Company E; 
 mustered in, June 21, 1861 ; discharged, June 28, 1864. Constant E. Ban- 
 erat, Company C ; mustered in, June 21, 1861 ; killed in action, May 3, 
 1863. Charles Hickey, Company E ; mustered in, June 21, 1861 ; re-en- 
 listed Company K, Thirty-seventh. Henry L. Nichols, Company E ; 
 mustered in, June 21, 1861 ; discharged, July 1, 1864. Edwin S. Pease, 
 Company C ; mustered in, October 18, 1861 ; died February 4, 1863. 
 
 Twenty-first Regiment : Three years. — Thomas Gilmartin, Company 
 
 *This bridge was twisted up by the flood, and lodged in the rear of the Greenville 
 cotton factory, now the braid mill. 
 
200 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 G ; discharged for disability, November 18, 1862. Thomas Stephens, 
 Company B ; mustered in, August 19, 1861 ; re-enlisted, January 1, 1864 ; 
 missing, June 17, 1864. 
 
 Twenty-seventh Regiment : Three years. — Andrew Cahill, Company 
 A ; mustered in, September 27, 1861 ; died, September 15, 1862. John F. 
 Hannum, Company G ; mustered in, October 15, 1861 ; re-enlisted ; dis- 
 charged, June 26, 1865. J. Freeman Nutting, Company G ; mustered in, 
 October 19, 1861 ; re-enlisted ; discharged, June 26, 1865. Charles H. 
 Otto, Company A ; mustered in, September 20, 1S61 ; discharged for 
 disability, January 1, 1863. Edward W. Pease, Company G ; mustered 
 in, October 14, 1861 ; transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, August 14, 
 1863. 
 
 Thirty-first Regiment : T/iree years. — Daniel Franzen, Company B ; 
 mustered in, November 26, 1861 ; re-enlisted. 
 
 Thirty-seventh Regiment : Three years. — Austin J. All is, Company 
 G ; mustered in, August 6, 1862 ; discharged, June 21, 1865. Edmund 
 M. Bartlett, Company G ; mustered in, August 30, 1862 ; sick in hospital 
 when the regiment was mustered out. David Congden, Company G ; 
 mustered in, August 30, 1862 ; discharged, July 10, 1865. James Cramp- 
 ton, Company K ; mustered in, August 9, 1862 ; killed at Gettysburgh, 
 July 13, 1863. Eeander F. Dawes, Company G ; mustered in, August 
 30, 1862 ; discharged, July 21, 1865. Thomas Dumfree, Company G ; 
 mustered in, August 30, 1862 ; discharged, June 21, 1865. Francis 
 A. Gouch, Company G ; mustered in, August 30, 1862 ; discharged for 
 disability, November 17, 1863. Edward P. Nichols, Company H ; mus- 
 tered in, August 15, 1862 ; discharged for disability, June 5, 1864. S. E. 
 Nichols, Company G ; mustered in, August 30, 1862 ; discharged, June 
 21, 1865. Oscar C. Powell, Company G ; mustered in, August 30, 1862 ; 
 sick in hospital when regiment was mustered out. Austin H. Stockwell, 
 Company G ; mustered in, August 30, 1862 ; discharged for disability, 
 February 25, 1863. Ira Todd, Company G ; mustered in, August 30, 1862 ; 
 sick when regiment was mustered out. 
 
 Fifty-Second Regiment : Nine Months. — Edward L. Abercrombie, 
 Company C ; mustered in, October 2, 1862 ; discharged, August 14, 1863. 
 Jona. Bailey, Company C ; mustered in, October 2, 1862 ; discharged, 
 August 14, 1863. Edward E. Graves, Company C ; mustered in, October 
 11, 1862 ; discharged, August 14. 1863. Henry W. Gladden, Company C ; 
 mustered in, October 11, 1S62 ; died, August 6, 1863. John Hannah, 
 Company C ; mustered in, October 2, 1862 ; discharged, August 14, 1863. 
 Orin Q. Moore, Company C ; mustered in, October 2, 1862 ; discharged, 
 August 14, 1863. Euther A. Martin, Company C ; mustered in, October 
 2, 1862 ; discharged August 14, 1863. Edward Martin, Company C ; 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCENCES. :oi 
 
 mustered in, October 2. 1862; discharged, August 14, 1863. Sidney C. 
 Smith, Company C; mustered in, October 2, 1S62 ; died at Brazier City, 
 La.. May 29, 1863. 
 
 First Cavalry: Three Veins. — William C. Pelton, Company M ; 
 mustered in, January 14, 1864. 
 
 WHAT FLORENCE NEEDS. 
 By William H. Riley. 
 
 During the past twenty-five years Florence lias been looked upon 
 very properly as a model New England village. Business depression, and 
 the death and removal of many of those who assisted in founding and 
 building up the place, however, have changed the country village some- 
 what, and Florence of 1894 has not the air of thrift and prosperity which 
 was so patent in the Florence of twenty years ago. There is more of 
 the "down at the heel " and slipshod feeling in the very atmosphere 
 than there used to be in the days when Messrs. Hill, Lilly, Burleigh, 
 Williston, Clark, Burr, Otis, Parsons, Bond, Bottum, Edwards, O'Donnell, 
 and many others of notable worth, were with and of us. These were 
 the founders and builders of our village, and they have left us a goodly 
 inheritance. There can be no question that we can, and should, build 
 well on the broad foundations which they so faithfully laid. In attempt- 
 ing to answer the question put to me by the editor, " What does Flor- 
 ence need ?" I shall not assume the role of the preacher or moralist and 
 assert, what is no doubt true, that, were we all to live more temperate 
 and upright lives, our village would have a sweeter and more inviting 
 air about it, nor am I going to say what men with philanthropic dispo- 
 sitions and a plethoric pocketbook could do for the place. I speak 
 rather in a plain, frank manner, to an open-hearted and sensible people, 
 with malice toward none, and only a sincere desire for our mutual good. 
 
 Perhaps, first of all, Florence needs to-day, as it has for many years, 
 an active and wide-awake business men's association or board of trade. 
 Books, illustrative of our growth and prosperity, can be utilized as 
 excellent adjuncts in calling attention to whatever meritorious features 
 there may be to the place, but men of brains, push, and capital are 
 essential to the success of a business men's association. The men of 
 such an organization would be like sentinels on the watchtowers look- 
 ing for anything and everything that would add to our material pros- 
 perity. Such a steering committee has been needed on several occa- 
 sions. A business men's association could have saved the tack shop. 
 
202 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 In this case, as in others, it was not capital, but a little tact that was 
 needed. A number of important industries could have been saved to 
 the place, and others brought in, had an energetic board of trade been on 
 the alert. Then, too, a permanent association of this character would 
 be beneficial in other directions. There is a natural tendency in small 
 places to formulate religious, political, and social cliques, which, while 
 they are looked upon, perhaps, as beneficial to individuals, have a dis- 
 integrating tendency upon the place at large. Our village improvement 
 society has done a good work in the past, and its members are deserving 
 of much praise for their commendable efforts. But the society's field 
 might well be enlarged so as to embrace the village sidewalks. This 
 lack of substantial walks is especially severe upon pedestrians in the 
 winter season. Our people are generous and willing to pay their share 
 of the cost, and what is needed is that some strong, effective organization 
 should stand back of this movement for better sidewalks. Now that we 
 have ample water and sewer facilities, with our fine schools and strong 
 churches, there is no reason why Florence should not become a popular 
 residential portion of the city of Northampton. 
 
 As patriotic citizens, we need, too, more enthusiasm for our schools. 
 Few places have had greater blessings in this direction, and they should 
 be well cherished and preserved. There is a movement on foot, however, 
 to have our High school removed to the Center. This should be stopped 
 at once. Some people are running wild on this centralization hobby. 
 The same arguments which are brought to bear for the purpose of hav- 
 ing our High school removed to Northampton, would apply equally as 
 well to every hamlet in the county. To take this school away means 
 that many of our boys and girls will be deprived of essential educational 
 advantages, as their parents will not be able to pay the requisite addi- 
 tional expenses. Samuel L. Hill, of honored memory, gave to the 
 village a substantial schoolhouse that we might have an advanced 
 course, and now let every true citizen of Florence see to it that our edu- 
 cational advantages are not diminished or abridged. 
 
 THE VILLAGE IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY. 
 By W. L. Wilcox. 
 
 It is very interesting in the make-up of a town or village to note what 
 has contributed to its growth, and the Village Improvement Society is 
 largely responsible for the neatness of the lawns and well kept hedges, 
 and the streets and walks. There is no one individual who started the 
 
HISTORIC REMINISCENCES. 
 
 society, but a number of them, among whom the lamented Mary W. Bond 
 stands quite conspicuous. She was for many years the treasurer of the 
 society, and everywhere gave an encouraging word to those who were 
 property owners, to make their places look as well as possible. At first 
 the notices to meet for organization were not heeded except by a few, 
 who, as every spring came, met together and chose officers for the com- 
 ing year, and appointed committees for the care of streets, parks, etc., 
 but as time rolled on those citizens who were striving to make their own 
 premises look inviting enthused their neighbors, until at length the 
 effort to beautify became a success. 
 
 There was in the matter of tree trimming a little jealousy, at first, on 
 the part of a few, who seemed to feel 
 that it was encroaching on their rights, 
 but that has all passed away. The 
 money that has been used for beauti- 
 fying the parks was at first all obtained 
 from the fees of members, but later fifty 
 dollars of the amount appropriated by 
 the city for improvements was secured 
 each year for use in Florence, so that 
 quite a little work has been done on 
 the three parks, namely, the one front- 
 ing Cosmian Hall, the one fronting the 
 Congregational church, and the one be- 
 tween Locust and South Main streets. 
 
 Among those who have been indefatigable in the work of this society, 
 the names of George S. Graves and Henry B. Haven, senior, appear, the 
 former in his care of the trees and the latter in his interest in the general 
 work, parks in particular. It was wholly due to Mr. Haven's efforts that 
 the pretty fountain fronting Cosmian Hall was secured. The above 
 named gentlemen have been ably seconded in their efforts by S. B. 
 Fuller, ex-Mayor Hill, and many others. The improvement of our vil- 
 lage has been so marked that strangers who ride out from the Center are 
 often heard to comment on the pretty appearance of the place. 
 
 When this society started there was nothing but gravel walks here, 
 and the first concrete walk that was laid, was around the square, includ- 
 ing the post office and Methodist Episcopal church. Some at first 
 objected to paying for this work, but they afterward were very glad the 
 concrete had been laid. At the present time the finances of the society 
 are in such condition that with the opening of spring the same efforts 
 will be put forth, and parks, lawns, street borders, and trees will all be 
 looked after as usual. 
 
 FOUNTAIN AT COSMIAN PARK. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 SAMUEL LAPHAM HILL. 
 
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 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
 
 By Arthur G. Hill. 
 Samuel Lapham Hill was born July thirtieth, 1806, in that part of 
 Smithfield, R. I., which has since been taken to form the town of Lincoln. 
 Since 1763, the family had owned the poor, rocky farm from which his 
 father and mother, Samuel and Olive (Lapham) Hill, now derived their 
 scanty support. He was the sixth Samuel in the direct line of descent, 
 and was first known as Samuel Hill, Jr. As each of the several Samuels 
 had also been known as "Junior" in early life, the confusion was great 
 
206 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 when wishing to refer to a particular individual. This led our sixth 
 Samuel to adopt Lapham as a middle name. The early history of the 
 name Hill is obscure, but tradition says the name was originally Hills- 
 grove, and that twelve brothers of that name came from England at an 
 early date and settled near Newburyport, Mass. After a while by curtail- 
 ment the name became Hills and remained thus for several generations, 
 when one of the earlier Samuels dropped the " s." 
 
 The returns from the farm were extremely limited, and early in life 
 each son had learned the carpenter's trade, at which he worked when 
 calls came for his services from the neighboring thinly settled towns. 
 The Hill family were Friends or Quakers, and the simplicity of the 
 dress, tastes, and requirements of these pure religionists left impressions 
 on the mind of Samuel L. that remained with him through life. Like 
 most of the boys of his time he had few chances for learning, and attend- 
 ance at a small country school during the winter terms, for a few years, gave 
 him the most of the education with which he worked his way upward. 
 
 At an early age the family needed his services to aid in providing the 
 necessaries of life. Hard labor on the farm and work as a journeyman 
 carpenter kept him busy during his youth and early manhood. His 
 well-filled tool-chest, most of the tools in which were made or put 
 together by him, always remained in his possession, and in later years 
 was often opened, and the tools used with the pleasure and satisfaction 
 that only his early associations with them could have given him. 
 
 When about eighteen years of age his desire for a better education 
 led him to save from his earnings enough to enable him to attend for a 
 few months the well known Leicester Academy, in Worcester County, 
 Mass. Before he had attained his majority he purchased the remainder 
 of his time from his father and married Miss Louisa Chace, of Smithfield. 
 As Miss Chace was not a member of the society of Friends, he suffered 
 expulsion from his birthright membership in the church. He, however, 
 always retained his early reverent spirit, and, though his religious ideas 
 grew and broadened with his expanding life, deep reverence and humility 
 were marked traits in his character. Feeling a necessity to do some- 
 thing in the higher work, soon after he became an active member and 
 worker in the Baptist church. 
 
 During his early manhood he worked at his carpenter's trade, taught 
 village schools and writing classes and kept a small country store, all in 
 the vicinity of his native place. In 1830 he became an under overseer in a 
 cotton factory and soon thereafter removed to Willimantic, where he 
 became respectively overseer, superintendent, and manager of a cotton 
 factory, and thus made his beginning in his long and successful career 
 as a leader in manufacturing industries. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 207 
 
 In Willimantic he became prominent in church and village work and 
 did much to encourage his associates and workmen to lead better and 
 purer lives. The spoken and written words of Garrison, Phillips, Bur- 
 leigh, Pillsbury, Whittier, and other mighty teachers of " Whatsoever ye 
 would that men should do unto you, do ye even so to them," appealed 
 forcibly to him. Me became deeply in sympathy with the enslaved 
 colored people and endeavored to 
 get the Baptist society in which 
 he was a popular deacon to place 
 itself on the side of the down- 
 trodden. As an officer of the 
 church he opened its doors to the 
 gifted Wendell Phillips. The 
 anti-slavery lecture was disturbed 
 and broken up, and the auditors 
 driven from the church under a 
 shower of rotten eggs, by a church 
 mob headed by a brother deacon. 
 This treatment, so foreign to the 
 professions of his associates, so 
 saddened and disheartened Mr. 
 Hill in his church work, that he 
 formally withdrew from the Bap- 
 tist society and never again al* 
 lowed his great mind and heart to 
 be trammeled by a church creed, 
 although his ideals were never 
 lowered and his life was forever 
 devoted to the uplifting of his 
 brother man. 
 
 He was an earnest reader of 
 the progressive thoughts of the time and became familiar with the great 
 men that were molding the age. Their words were incentives to him 
 for higher and greater work. About this time cooperative and com- 
 munistic ideas were being advanced and many writers advocating them. 
 Mr. Hill became an earnest believer in the theory of these twin ideas. 
 Although all attempts at making them practical had failed, he had faith 
 that the times were propitious for another and more successful attempt 
 at harmonizing humanity. For some time he had been in correspond- 
 ence with others equally convinced of the benefit of a communistic society, 
 and with the express purpose of forming one Mr. Hill moved to Flor- 
 ence from Willimantic in the spring of 1841. In the following year he 
 
 SAMUEL I.. HILL. 
 From Anibrotype taken about 1850. 
 
208 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 cast in his lot with others to organize the " Northampton Association of 
 Education and Industry." Mr. Hill, from his experience, thoughtful- 
 ness, and zeal, took a prominent part in the instructive and elevating work 
 of the association, and was pre-eminently one of its great leaders. The 
 branches of manufacturing that took his time and attention beyond 
 what was required of him as treasurer were the silk industry, the saw- 
 mills, and the gristmills, all of which proved moderately successful. 
 
 Upon the breaking up of the association, Mr. Hill interested his 
 brother-in-law, Edwin Eaton, of Chaplin, Conn., in joining him in the 
 purchase of the flat table-lands which form the center of Florence. This 
 land was plotted, streets laid out, building lots sold as they were needed 
 by the gradually increasing population, and financial assistance given to 
 the worthy settler, to enable him to make a home of his own. It was a 
 strong desire of Mr. Hill that every man of family should own his little 
 
 home place, and his influence 
 
 was thus extended. He had 
 great pleasure in seeing the 
 growing number of houses 
 that owed an existence to his 
 encouraging words and sym- 
 pathetic money loans. The 
 faithfulness with which the 
 loans were regularly paid in 
 the small amounts, from time 
 to time, as they could be 
 saved for this purpose, kept 
 alive in him his great faith in 
 the people. 
 
 When the Community dis- 
 solved he continued the silk 
 business, but soon (1850) had 
 his feet swept from under him 
 by the failure of a brother 
 manufacturer, whom he had assisted, and on whose notes he was an 
 indorser. He carefully looked his affairs over, made his estimates and 
 decided that under ordinary circumstances, by the strictest economy, he 
 would be able, if allowed to continue, to pay all his indebtedness in a 
 very few years. He visited his creditors, obtained a five years extension 
 of time in which to pay them, and commenced anew a hard, self-denying, 
 upward climb. Mr. Samuel L. Hinckley, a wealthy resident of North- 
 ampton, having confidence in him, furnished working capital and the 
 firm of Hill & Hinckley became favorably known in the business world. 
 
 HILL RESIDENCE IN I 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 209 
 
 H , 
 
 it, 
 
 Within five years, by his indomitable energy, perseverance, and frugality, 
 he paid off, one by one, eacli creditor. The chest of tea presented to him 
 by the last creditor, a New York raw silk importer who held the last of the 
 old obligations, became the symbol to him of the completion of a long con- 
 test in which he had proved a conqueror. Desiring to extend the silk 
 business, more capital was raised, several parties admitted, and the 
 " Nonotuck Silk Company " 
 incorporated. Samuel L . 
 Hinckley was its first presi- 
 dent, and Samuel L. Hill its 
 treasurer and manager. 
 
 Mr. Hill's mind, hands, 
 money, and influence became 
 interested in everything that 
 pertained to Florence and the 
 public good throughout North- 
 ampton. He took a deep in- 
 terest in school matters. On 
 many occasions he contributed 
 largely to the school funds. 
 School subjects were almost 
 the only ones that he allowed 
 himself to speak upon in the 
 town meetings, as he dreaded 
 the ordeal of appearing before 
 the people as a speaker. 
 Though a broad and deep 
 thinker his modest utterances 
 embarrassed him. When pos- 
 sible he would put his thoughts on paper and read them in preference to 
 off-hand arguments. For many years he was on the school board, but 
 would accept no other office in the town or state, although frequently 
 urged to be a candidate for representative. On two occasions he was 
 elected selectman, against his wishes, and promptly declined the office. 
 
 In the latter part of his life he was deeply considering what his final 
 contribution to the school interests of the town should be. He inter- 
 viewed many educated persons and carefully looked into the educational 
 wants of the times. From the many theories and experiments with 
 which he had become acquainted, he thought the following of great 
 importance : A thoroughly equipped college for scientific research ; an 
 institute in which physical culture should accompany a high literary 
 curriculum ; an agricultural college ; a manual training school, and a 
 14 
 
 SAMUEL LAPHA.M HILL. 
 From Photograph taken 186S. 
 
i<&****^6/ <£. s^too^^ 
 
 2IO HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 trades school, where young people should be taught to work with their 
 hands as well as with their minds. The college for scientific research he 
 at length dropped from his list, thinking that the schools already exist- 
 ing afforded the needed opportunity in this direction. He also found 
 that the amount required to establish such a college would be more than 
 he could command. The physical culture school he left for some one else 
 to develop, although he thought it was much needed. He foresaw that 
 
 the state agricultural col- 
 lege, and the prospective 
 early use of the Oliver 
 Smith agricultural fund, 
 would render another 
 school of this kind in Western Massachusetts unnecessary. Manual 
 training and education in trades were favorite ideas with him to the last, 
 but the various attempts to embody them in a systematic course had 
 not culminated in complete success anywhere. He therefore referred 
 this subject to his trustees, to whom he addressed a communication ask- 
 ing them to assist in the development of any system in this line that 
 should seem practicable. 
 
 In his final conclusion he turned to the kindergarten method of 
 Friedrich Froebel, as a more natural beginning for a child, than the 
 system in vogue. He gave this method a practical test for a few years 
 under his own observation, and that of persons in whose judgment he 
 had confidence. Later he founded the Florence kindergarten. 
 
 Mr. Hill, as has been mentioned, was a birthright member of the 
 Society of Friends. He afterwards adopted the doctrines, ordinances, 
 and covenants of the Baptist faith. The last forty years of his life 
 broadened his views until the brotherhood of man and his intimate rela- 
 tion with the pervading Spirit of the universe were clearly and simply 
 defined in his mind and heart. 
 
 He was one of the originators and most generous supporters of the 
 Free Congregational Society, and frequently aided all religious ideas 
 that seemed to him broad enough for the needs of the people. His ear- 
 nestness in all things made him so devoted to his business that he always 
 carried his cares about with him. This finally reacted upon his health, 
 and, the last fifteen years of his life, caused a vigorous struggle against 
 the encroaching disease, a struggle that occasionally care and change of 
 climate seemed to affect, but in which disease finally came off the victor. 
 The brave, conscientious man yielded up his life calmly and philosoph- 
 ically, without a murmur or dread of the future, at Citronelle, Alabama, 
 December thirteenth, 1882, aged seventy-six years. 
 
 Upon the death of his first wife, he remained for a while a widower, 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 211 
 
 but finally married Roxana Maria Gaylord of Ashford, Conn. She died 
 eight years after the marriage. Two daughters and a son survived him, 
 all living in the village of Florence. 
 
 His life and career make an interesting study, and his record is that 
 of a strong, earnest thinking, humane man. 
 
 CHARLES C. BURLEIGH. 
 
 By Seth Hunt. 
 
 As a logical thinker and an eloquent public speaker, Charles C. 
 Burleigh probably surpassed any one that ever lived in Northampton. 
 Few men, anywhere, could so 
 readily and ablv extemporize in 
 a public speech as that brave 
 champion of civil and religious 
 freedom. Some of his most 
 brilliant and effective speeches 
 were made on the spur of the 
 moment. In discussing any ques- 
 tion he was noted for stating 
 the strongest points of his op- 
 ponents, and effectually answer- 
 ing them, so that when he had 
 finished it seemed that nothing 
 more could be said. The argu- 
 ments on both sides would be ex- 
 hausted. His diction was clear 
 and finished. 
 
 Charles C. Burleigh was born 
 at Plainfield, Conn., November 
 third, 1810, and died at Florence, 
 Mass., June thirteenth, 1878. He 
 was from a family of marked 
 mental gifts. His brothers were 
 all noted for their talents. His 
 
 CHARLES C. BURLEIGH. 
 
 father was a graduate of Vale 
 
 College, and became distinguished as a teacher of Plainfield academy. 
 His mother, Lydia Bradford, was a lineal descendant of Gov. William 
 Bradford, one of the Mayflower Pilgrims. Governor Bradford's quali- 
 ties as a dissenter, a promoter of peace and a lover of liberty seemed to 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 have reappeared in Charles C Burleigh, to be manifested under different 
 circumstances, but still by one and the same spirit as that which brought 
 Governor Bradford to the shores of Plymouth. 
 
 At the time of the persecution of Prudence Crandall for admitting a 
 colored girl into her school at Canterbury, Conn., which persecution was 
 followed by the enactment of the unconstitutional " Black Law" of the 
 state, Samuel J. May, aided by Arthur Tappan, had decided to publish a 
 paper to be devoted to the defense of human rights in general, and the 
 
 Canterbury school in particular. Having 
 seen an admirable article that was written 
 by Charles C. Burleigh, and heard him 
 commended as a young man of great prom- 
 ise ; and having listened to an able speech 
 from him, Mr. May decided that Charles 
 C. Burleigh was the man for editor of the 
 new paper. Mr. May says : " I drove over 
 to Plainfield, from Brooklyn, Conn. ; Mr. 
 Burleigh was living with his parents and 
 helping them carry on their farm, while 
 pursuing as he could his studies prepara- 
 tory to the profession of a lawyer. It was 
 Friday of the week, in the midst of haying 
 time. I was told at the house that he was 
 in the field as busy as he could be. Never- 
 theless, I insisted that mv business with 
 
 CHARLES C. BURLEIGH, IR., ARTIST. . . . i" i • o 
 
 him was more important than haying, bo 
 he was sent for, and in due time appeared. Like other sensible men at 
 the hard, hot work of haying, he was not attired in his Sunday clothes, 
 but in his shirt sleeves, with pants the worse for wear ; and although he 
 then believed in shaving no razor had touched his beard since the first 
 day of the week. Nevertheless, I do not believe that Samuel, of old, saw 
 in the ruddy son of Jesse, as he came up from the sheepfold, the man 
 whom the Lord would have him anoint, more clearly than I saw in C. C. 
 Burleigh the man whom I should choose to be my assistant in that 
 emergency. So soon as I had told him what I wanted of him, his eye 
 kindled as if eager for the conflict. We made an arrangement to supply 
 his place on his father's farm, and he engaged to come to me early the 
 following week. He then put on the harness of a soldier in the good 
 fight for equal, impartial liberty * * nor are there many, if any, of 
 the anti-slavery warriors who have done more or better service than Mr. 
 Burleigh." 
 
 Mr. Burleigh had early fixed upon the legal profession for his life 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 213 
 
 vocation. When he was admitted to the bar in Windham County, Conn., 
 in January, 1835, ms examiners were surprised at the extent of Ids 
 acquirements, and he was pronounced the best prepared candidate that 
 had been admitted to the bar in that county within the memory of those 
 then practicing there. But, notwithstanding- all his bright prospects of 
 success and fame in his chosen profession, when he was asked to engage 
 as lecturer in the anti-slavery cause, and while fully aware of the hard- 
 ships and persecutions that would befall him, he replied : " This is not 
 what I expected or intended, but it is what I ought to do ; I will accept 
 the invitation. 
 
 Although a peace man, he was fearless and self-possessed in times of 
 danger. He stood by William Lloyd Garrison and gave him timely aid 
 when Mr. Garrison's life was in great peril from the great Boston mob. 
 Mr. Burleigh himself was many times exposed to personal injuries by his 
 pro-slavery enemies. Once while speaking in an anti-slavery meeting, a 
 bad egg, hurled by an enemy, struck Mr. Burleigh on the forehead. 
 Coolly wiping his brow, he said : " I always thought that pro-slavery 
 arguments were unsound." 
 
 Mr. Burleigh was the first resident speaker of the Free Congregational 
 Society of Florence. He held the office for ten years, and had often 
 addressed Sunday meetings in Florence before the organization of that 
 society. 
 
 His personal appearance was striking. He had a fine, animated 
 countenance, mirroring an active mind and a great soul. He was tall 
 and his frame bore the impress of great physical strength and endurance. 
 Of no one could it be more truthfully said, that " he had the courage of 
 his convictions." What he deemed proper to do, whether in matters of 
 dress, of personal appearance and habits, or in regard to political, social, 
 or religious concerns, he unhesitatingly carried out, however strange 
 his course might appear to those with whom he came in contact. I 
 remember his wearing a full beard, long before such a practice was con- 
 sidered becoming or proper. He also wore his hair long and in ringlets. 
 
 His religious views were, in some respects, similar to those held by 
 Unitarians. Probably few professing Christians have imitated more 
 nearlv than he did, the life of Jesus as recorded in the New Testament. 
 He thoroughly believed, and, as occasion demanded, ably defended the 
 broad principles of religious freedom laid down in the platform of the 
 Free Congregational Society of Florence. 
 
 Mr. Burleigh's lamentable death was caused by his being struck by a 
 railroad train at Florence, while he was hurrying to the station to post 
 a letter. The funeral services were held in Cosmian Hall and were 
 attended by a large concourse of people. Addresses were made by 
 
2 14 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 William Lloyd Garrison, Samuel May, Mrs. Elizabeth Powell Bond, and 
 Rev. E. G. Cobb, pastor of the Orthodox church at Florence. The 
 remains were buried in the old Florence cemetery, by the side of Mr. 
 Burleigh's beloved and devoted wife, whose rare mental gifts and brave 
 consecration to reformatory movements made her a worthy helpmate. 
 As their joint epitaph records, they were " truly one in work and spirit." 
 
 DANIEL GREENE LITTLEFIELD. 
 
 By the Editor. 
 
 Daniel Greene Littlefield was born in North Kingstown, R. I., 
 November twentv-third, 1822. He was the third son of the family of 
 eleven children of John and Deborah (Himes) Littlefield. Left to the 
 sole care of their mother, her children were brought up according to the 
 
 accepted New England idea of youth- 
 ful training. At the age of eight, 
 Daniel went to work in the Jackson 
 cotton factory in the town of Scitu- 
 ate, where his parents then resided. 
 Even at this tender age he gave evi- 
 dence of those sterling qualities that 
 were so characteristic of him in his 
 maturer years. His fidelity and de- 
 termination to master every detail of 
 the business were marked. For over 
 twenty years he labored in cotton and 
 woolen mills, and machine shops, and 
 made himself thoroughly acquainted 
 with whatever business he was en- 
 gaged in and with whatever machine 
 he worked upon. Naturally of a me- 
 
 DANIEL GREENE LITTLEFIELD. ... , . . r . , 
 
 chanical and inventive turn ot mind, 
 his early training and experience proved of great value to him in after 
 years. From bobbin boy he became secondhand, overseer, and superin- 
 tendent. In 1846 he came to Florence, and assisted in starting the cot- 
 ton mill, a few months before the dissolution of the Community. 
 
 Leaving Florence he went to Northampton and engaged in the dry 
 goods business. Two years later, his store having been destroyed by 
 fire, he went to Haydenville and assisted in establishing a cotton mill for 
 Hayden & Sanders. After two years in this mill, he became proprietor 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 2I 5 
 
 of a '• country variety store " in Haydenville, and later traveling salesman 
 for Ilayden & Sanders. 
 
 About 1854 he came to Florence and was employed as traveling 
 salesman and business manager by A. P. Critchlow & Company. Shortly 
 after he became a partner in the business, Mr. Critchlow retiring, and 
 the name was changed to Littlefield, Parsons & Co. This firm continued 
 business until 1866, when the Florence Manufacturing Company was 
 formed, with Mr. Littlefield as president. 
 
 At this time he was also interested with S. L. Hill and Hiram Wells, 
 in the manufacture of pumps and grip wrenches. The death, in 1859, of 
 Mr. Wells, by the boiler explosion, ended the pump business, and as the 
 Florence sewing ma- 
 chine was just material- 
 izing, Mr. Littlefield 
 turned his energies in 
 that direction. He was 
 one of the founders of 
 the Florence Sewing Ma- 
 chine Company, and, on 
 the retirement of Mr. 
 Hill from the business, 
 he became its president, 
 which position he held 
 up to the time of his 
 death in May, 1891. 
 
 A friend of his, a few 
 years ago, accompanied 
 him to this place when 
 
 he came on a business trip to inspect the various establishments wherein 
 he was interested, and heard this testimony volunteered by some of his 
 associates : "Mr. Littlefield is never satisfied with any device he employs 
 till he thoroughly understands its workings, and contrives modes to 
 increase its effectiveness." 
 
 In 1 861 he represented Northampton in the lower house of the legis- 
 lature, and was re-elected the following year. In March, 1889, he was the 
 nominee of the Republican party of Rhode Island for lieutenant governor, 
 and, there being no election by the people, he was elected by the General 
 
 Assembly. 
 
 In 1863, at the repeated solicitation of gentlemen representing the 
 Pawtucket Hair Cloth Company, Mr. Littlefield went to Pawtucket to 
 undertake the work of perfecting the complex machinery of that com- 
 pany. He made arrangements to remain one year. He remained there 
 
 BY THE OLD RAIL FENCE. 
 
2l6 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 permanently. He retained his interest in several manufactories in Flor- 
 ence, which were mainly of his own creation. In 1865 he visited Europe 
 in the interests of the Pawtucket Hair Cloth Company, and repeated the 
 trip in the years 1866, 1868, 1871, and 1872, visiting all the principal 
 countries of Europe. The valuable information he obtained for that 
 company made the concern the only complete plant of its kind in the 
 world. 
 
 In 1878 he went to France as honorary commissioner from Rhode 
 Island to the Paris exposition. Here his reputation had preceded him, 
 and immediately upon his arrival he was appointed an American juror of 
 small and fine machinery, and mechanism of all nations. His work on 
 this board was of much value to American inventors. 
 
 " Intensely and practically one of our self-made business men and a 
 successful manufacturer, Mr. Littlefield was essentially a man of the 
 people, modest and unassuming, at all times approachable, and a cour- 
 teous listener." At home as well as abroad honors came to him unsought. 
 At the time of his death he was president of no less than seven corpora- 
 tions. "He was a skillful organizer and a wise arbitrator, and his decis- 
 ions in important cases where his judgment and counsel were sought 
 were always sound and acceptable to all concerned." 
 
 Mr. Littlefield was a man of magnificent physical proportions. Stand- 
 ing more than six feet in height, his commanding presence was always 
 permeated with genuine kindliness of heart that inspired the respect and 
 admiration of all with whom he came in contact. He was twice married. 
 His second wife and a son and daughter survive him. His mother, a 
 woman of sterling worth, died in January, 1891, at the ripe age of ninety- 
 three years. Mr. Littlefield was a member and trustee of the Pawtucket 
 Congregational Society, and was a liberal provider for the support of 
 church and society. 
 
 It may seem to some that Mr. Littlefield devoted his life to work out- 
 side our village. What he did for Florence should be reckoned by the 
 prosperity of our manufacturing concerns, which have known his guid- 
 ance, and have looked to him for support. 
 
 ALFRED THEODORE LILLY. 
 
 From the "Memorial." 
 Alfred Theodore Lilly was born in Mansfield, Connecticut, April 
 fifteenth, 1813. His mother's maiden name was Jerusha Swift. 
 
 His father, Alfred Lilly, was a blacksmith, and made screw augers 
 
BIOGR U'lllKs. 
 
 21 7 
 
 and auger bits, and later manufactured silk at Mansfield. The company 
 failed in 1S3S, Mr. Lilly losing all his property. 
 
 Alfred Theodore attended the summer and winter terms of the dis- 
 trict school until he was twelve years old, and the winter terms until he 
 was seventeen. When he ceased to attend school he worked for his 
 father at auger and bit making until he was twenty-one. Then In- 
 worked for his father as a journeyman about a year, until the failure, 
 when the burden of supporting the family fell upon his shoulders. He 
 continued the auger and bit 
 business, borrowed a small 
 sum of money, and for fifteen 
 years applied himself closely 
 to this business. No defective 
 work was allowed to leave 
 the shop ; he was punctual in 
 all his affairs no matter how 
 trivial ; and he gained at once 
 a reputation for integrity from 
 all who knew him. 
 
 His health failed, however, 
 and in 1850 he was obliged to 
 give up the business. He be- 
 came superintendent for one 
 year of the Rixford <$: Butler 
 Silk Manufacturing Compa- 
 ny, at Mansfield Center, and 
 then accepted a position as 
 traveling salesman for a Mans- 
 field silk manufacturer. Af- 
 ter this he went to Providence, 
 R. I., and opened a retail 
 grocery store, where he remained until the spring of 1853, when he came 
 to Florence, as a superintendent of the Nonotuck Silk Company, remain- 
 ing with the company until his health failed, February 1, 1887. After a 
 few years, Mr. Hill asked Mr. Lilly to assist as treasurer and general 
 manager of the company ; he purchased a small interest in the business 
 and was allowed to pay for it as he was able. In 1865 Mr. Hill appointed 
 him acting treasurer, and he was elected treasurer of the company in 
 1872. 
 
 Mr. Lilly did not acquire wealth as soon as he came to Florence. 
 During the early part of the time it was difficult for him to meet his 
 obligations ; his own family, his father, mother, and sisters receiving his 
 
 ALFRED THEODORE LILLY. 
 
2 l8 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 assistance. He did a great deal more than is publicly known to aid 
 others in various ways. 
 
 This desire to assist others led him to become a stockholder and 
 director in the Florence Furniture Company in 1873. The company was 
 not successful the first year, and it was 'due to Mr. Lilly, and a few 
 others, that it became prosperous. Mr. Lilly was its president from the 
 time of its organization to his death. 
 
 He was one of the original incorporators of the Florence Savings 
 Bank, and always took an active interest in the public business of the 
 town ; voted at all elections, but always declined public office. In all 
 his transactions he was thorough, punctual, and always reliable. From 
 boyhood he was strictly temperate, using neither tobacco nor intoxi- 
 cating liquor in any form. 
 
 In 1859 Mr. Lilly assisted in establishing the evening schools here, and 
 
 in 1869 served on the 
 committee appointed 
 to erect the Memo- 
 rial Hall and Libra- 
 ry, in Northampton. 
 He was a charter 
 member of the Free 
 Congregational So- 
 ciety, and, when this 
 society built Cos- 
 mian Hall, he gave 
 ten thousand dollars 
 towards the building, 
 and during his life 
 contributed gener- 
 ously to its support. 
 In his will he pro- 
 vided for an annual 
 payment to the so- 
 ciety. He was a trustee of the Florence kindergarten, and at his death 
 left all his estate to these trustees to be used for educational purposes. 
 
 In 1884 Mr. Lilly learned that Smith College needed a building for 
 scientific purposes, and, a year later, finding that President Seelye had 
 not obtained the necessary money for the erection of a science building, 
 he furnished the desired amount. In 1886 Lilly Hall of Science, a fine 
 structure, suitable for the needs of the college, was dedicated with appro- 
 priate exercises. 
 
 No biographical sketch of Mr. Lilly would be complete without more 
 
 LILLY DRUM CORPS. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 219 
 
 than an incidental reference to his home and domestic life. He was 
 married at Hebron, Conn., in 1838, to Lucy Maria Crane, daughter of 
 Isaac and Constantia (Young) Crane of that town. Mrs. Lilly was a 
 quiet, thoughtful, kind-hearted woman, highly esteemed by all who 
 knew her. To his friends, Mr. Lilly often spoke of the cheerfulness with 
 which she practiced economy and self-denial in their early married life 
 that he might aid his father and mother, and often remarked that he 
 owed his prosperity to his wife. This home was to him of the utmost 
 importance. He could not have applied himself so continually to the 
 active, responsible work had it not been for the rest and recreation of 
 his home, and those who had claims on his hospitality remarked that it 
 was a delight to notice the cheerfulness and consideration which he 
 showed for their comfort and enjoyment. Mr. and Mrs. Lilly had no 
 children. Mrs. Mary Valentine Ross had her home with them for a 
 number of years before her marriage. Mrs. Ross's children were a great 
 comfort to Mr. and Mrs. Lilly in their declining years. Mrs. Lilly died 
 in 1886. After this Mr. Lilly seemed to be alone. He tried to be cheer- 
 ful and bear the sorrow without outward manifestations, but to his inti- 
 mate friends he sometimes disclosed the great grief which oppressed 
 him. 
 
 Early in the fall of 1888, he arranged for the erection of the library 
 building which bears his name, giving thirteen thousand dollars for the 
 purpose, and the same season he provided by his will for the disposition 
 of his estate at his death. 
 
 Thus, among his friends, surrounded by such recognitions of his use- 
 ful life, his strength gradually failed until the end came, January twenty- 
 first, 1890. 
 
 ALFRED P. CRITCHLOW. 
 By George P. Warner. 
 
 Alfred P. Critchlow was born in Nottingham, Eng., in 1813. His 
 father was a silk stocking weaver. His mother died when he was a lad 
 of nine years. At fourteen, he was apprenticed to a die sinker, and 
 served the required seven years' apprenticeship. On becoming of age, 
 he engaged in the horn button business in Birmingham, and was carry- 
 ing it on successfully, when, in 1S43, he met the late Josiah Hayden, who 
 induced him to emigrate, and start the manufacture of horn buttons in 
 Haydenville. At this time his family consisted of his wife and two small 
 children, and their experiences during the six weeks' trip across the 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 stormy Atlantic in a sailing vessel were ever after the subject of frequent 
 joking and merriment by Mr. Critchlow. 
 
 He made buttons for the Haydens for two or three years, and then 
 moved to Florence, and commenced manufacturing wood buttons, mak- 
 ing them from the common wild laurel found in the woods. Soon he 
 invented a composition suitable for making buttons, and machinery and 
 
 appliances for its proper manipulation, 
 and began manufacturing buttons and 
 daguerreotype cases. He made of this 
 business a decided success, giving it 
 untiring personal attention ; running 
 the mill night and day, much of the 
 time with two sets of hands, and fre- 
 quently sleeping at the mill, where he 
 could be called upon quickly in case 
 of emergency. Samuel L. Hill was 
 interested in this business with him, 
 and later Mr. Isaac Parsons and D. G. 
 Littlefield, to whom he finally sold out 
 in 1857. 
 
 While living in Florence, he became 
 quite a landholder, owning a large 
 tract extending from Park street to the 
 river. On this and other tracts he 
 erected several houses. Most of the time he lived in the house he built 
 on the site of Mr. Samuel Porter's brick residence. He was connected 
 with the local station of the underground railroad, being by nature sym- 
 pathetic and helpful, and believing that all men are born free and equal. 
 His broad views unfitted him for living under a monarchial form of gov- 
 ernment, gave him little respect for royalty, and were the chief reasons 
 for his coming to America. 
 
 Mr. Critchlow always treated his help kindly, and was greatly 
 respected and beloved by them. A little story shows this, as well as his 
 own personal courage. One night at the mill, two workmen quarreled 
 and finally came to blows just as Mr. Critchlow put in an appearance. 
 He at once jumped right between them, called a halt, and was instantly 
 obeyed by both, whose feelings of anger gave place to shame and con- 
 fusion. As the combatants were large men, one being a stalwart six- 
 footer of pugnacious propensities, and as Mr. Critchlow was very short, 
 the spectacle presented had a decidedly ludicrous side. 
 
 After selling out his business in Florence, he visited his native land, 
 and, on his return in 1858, bought one of the old woolen mills in Leeds, 
 
 ALFRED P. CRITCHLOW. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 22 1 
 
 and commenced manufacturing vegetable ivory buttons, continuing the 
 business about fifteen years. This was the first ivory button factory in this 
 country, and business was so successful that within five years a second 
 mill was built. Previous to the flood of 1874 he owned quite a portion 
 of Leeds, and was worth, at least, one hundred thousand dollars. In 
 1S70. on account of failing health, he withdrew from active work, and 
 spent eighteen months in England. Later he traveled in South America, 
 but never fully recovered his health. After rebuilding the mills which 
 the flood destroyed, Mr. Critchlow held a leading position in the factory 
 till his death in March, 1881. 
 
 Although small of stature, he was a man of broad mind and large 
 heart, and his charities were neither few nor small. Many have been 
 helped by him in time of trouble or sickness, and, like all generous souls, 
 he was sometimes victimized by the unappreciative or undeserving. 
 He had a "genius for hard work," as well as a wonderfully fertile and 
 inventive mind. These traits showed themselves in whatever business 
 he engaged in, whether agriculture, horticulture, or mechanics. He had 
 also a practical knowledge of chemistry. He was a natural pioneer, 
 sowing seed that would bear fruit. The present Florence Manufactur- 
 ing Company is the outgrowth of the business he established. 
 
 Mrs. Critchlow and two daughters are still living, Mrs. Naramore of 
 Perth Amboy, N. J., and Mrs. Warner, wife of George P. Warner, formerly 
 of Leeds, now living in Denver, Colorado, with whom Mrs. Critchlow 
 resides. 
 
 ELISHA LIVERMORE HAMMOND. 
 
 By Harriet B. Gardner. 
 
 " The grass may grow o'er the lowly bed, 
 Where the noblest Roman hath laid his head, 
 But mind and thought, — a nation's mind 
 Embalm the lover of mankind." 
 
 Elisha Livermore Hammond was born in Newton, Mass., December 
 twenty-ninth, 1779. He was the oldest of a family of ten children and 
 his education was limited to a short period in the district school. Quite 
 early in life he worked at stucco work in Boston, and having an artistic 
 temperament took lessons for some time of Chester Harding, the artist. 
 For his second wife he married Eliza Preston, daughter of Dr. John 
 Preston, of New Ipswich, New Hampshire. He was living in a pleasant 
 home, earned by years of hard labor, devoting his time to managing a 
 
HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 New England farm and painting portraits, for which he had a decided 
 talent; and, being an ardent abolitionist and an enthusiastic temperance 
 reformer, he was quite ready, when the claims of the "Northampton 
 Association for Education and Industry " were presented to him in glow- 
 ing colors, to sell his home at a sacrifice and follow, as he thought, the 
 teachings of the greatest reformer the world has ever known. This 
 appeared to him the beginning of the reign of heaven upon earth, uni- 
 versal brotherhood. I think, more than any man I ever knew, he tried 
 to follow Christ's teaching literally. He could not twist and turn them 
 to suit his life ; he must make his everyday living conform to them. 
 
 He joined the association in 1844, and proved a valuable member, 
 always taking an active interest in its welfare, and doing what he could 
 
 to promote harmony in the "hetero- 
 geneous mass of people of all ages, 
 colors, and conditions of life," as he 
 was wont to call them. Although 
 Community life fell short of his ideal, 
 he never lost faith in the association's 
 broad platform, and though he knew 
 the human race must cast off much of 
 its selfishness before such a scheme 
 could succeed, while poorer in purse, 
 he always felt richer in soul for having 
 been one of its members. He fully ac- 
 cepted the closing words of Bronson 
 Alcott's speech in Florence a few years 
 ago. Mr. Alcott, after giving a little 
 sketch of his life, of the many " isms " he 
 had tried and found wanting, of a visit 
 lie made to the old Community, think- 
 ing that was to be the millennium upon 
 earth, now, in his old age, declared that he had winnowed them all down 
 to this simple doctrine, " The kingdom of heaven is within." 
 
 After leaving the association he built his little cottage in Florence 
 and lived there with his devoted wife about thirty-five years. Always a 
 worker with his hands, he managed by strict economy to keep his pleas- 
 ant home, devoting much time and labor to the many good causes which 
 appealed to his sympathies. 
 
 On the subjects of temperance and tobacco he was a radical of the 
 radicals. Here is a characteristic paragraph from his journal : — 
 
 " Tobacco is yet too respectable to be talked about. Rum used to be, but it 
 does behave so badly that its conduct is spoken against now by many respect- 
 
 ELISHA L. HAMMOND. 
 From a Painting by himself. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 2 2> 
 
 able people, and when women come to the front they will open wide the doors 
 and sweep it out. Hasten the day ! " 
 
 The following brief paragraphs taken at random from Ids journal 
 suggest his habits of thought and the underlying principles that con- 
 trolled his action, yet he was not a man of theories, and it might almost 
 be said that his theories were the result of his own experience, of his 
 daily life. 
 
 "My investments in silver and gold have not been successful, but my invest- 
 ments in humanity have been yielding a percentage quite satisfactory and 
 remunerative." 
 
 " On my platform every human being shall have the privilege of explaining 
 his or her individual convictions. I do not feel I have any right or authority 
 delegated to me to coerce my fellow beings, or do anything that shall disturb their 
 religion or diminish their hopes." 
 
 " Honesty is a lost art. It used to be considered a desirable quality adorning 
 the character of any human being, if for no higher motive than policy. Now it 
 is dispensed with altogether." 
 
 I find this last record in his journal dated July tenth, 1882 : — 
 
 " One week ago, the anniversary of my wife's death, I left my Florence home 
 for a home with my adopted children in Brightwood. Owing to my feeble health 
 the old house had lost its charm for me, and the new home seems the most rest- 
 ful place, till I hear the summons, 'Come up higher.' " 
 
 So full of faith was he that what we call death was for him only the 
 setting forth upon a pleasantly anticipated journey concerning which lie 
 had no shadow of doubt or misgiving. It was by his own request that 
 his burial was absolutely without ceremony. 
 
 The following is an extract from an address by a friend in his old 
 home, New Ipswich : — 
 
 "Such a one, not unknown to some of you, once walked our streets whose 
 hand was ready and strong in every good work ; a skillful artisan, a sound 
 thinker, an earnest speaker in his plain, straightforward way, always in the front 
 rank for freedom, temperance, and all reforms. After he had reached the age of 
 fourscore years, looking back upon the scene as nearly ended, honored and loved 
 by all who knew him, he exclaimed : ' I fear my life has been a failure.' Can 
 you wonder if in the minds of those who heard him, the response at once sprang 
 up, 'A life like yours is of the highest type ' ? " 
 
 Another friend, immediately after his death, wrote : — 
 
 " He was a man of strong individuality, possessing remarkable characteristics ; 
 his intellectual endowments and attainments, together with his acute moral and 
 social susceptibilities, rendering his position in society one of peculiar bearing 
 and influence. His temperament was naturally very sanguine and hopeful. His 
 impulses were quick and earnest ; his humanity broad as the world, and of con- 
 
224 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 stant, untiring activity; while his sympathies possessed a feminine sweetness and 
 tenderness. He was the coadjutor and companion of Garrison, Foster, Phillips, 
 Burleigh, Pillsbury, and other noble pioneers of the anti-slavery cause. ' Let 
 justice be done though the heavens fall,' was the watchword of his life." 
 
 MARY WHITE BOND. 
 
 By Martha Bryant Cary. 
 
 Mary White Bond was born at Canterbury, Conn., May twenty-first, 
 1836, and died at Florence, Mass., September twenty-fifth, 1891. Her 
 father, Daniel Herrick Bond, was a descendant of Henry Herrick of 
 Salem, who came to this country in 1629. The ancestry of the Herrick 
 
 family is traced to Eric the 
 Forester, and later to Sir 
 William Herrick, who was 
 connected with the court of 
 Queen Elizabeth in 1575, a 
 member of Parliament from 
 1601 to 1630, and continued 
 his connection with the gov- 
 ernment through the reign of 
 James I. It is an interesting 
 fact that the coat of arms of 
 the Herrick family bears the 
 motto," Virtus nobilitat omnia." 
 Mary White Bond inherited 
 
 HAILSTONES OF THE GREAT STORM, JUNE 20, 70.* J 
 
 many of the qualities of her 
 far-away ancestors, and was a marked illustration of the truthfulness of 
 the motto upon the Herrick coat of arms — "Virtue ennobles all." 
 
 The first paternal ancestor in this country was William Bond, son of 
 Thomas Bond, of Bury Saint Edmunds, England, who came to Water- 
 town, Mass., in 1630, with the first settlers of that town. He was select- 
 man, town clerk, a captain of a company of horse, a justice of the peace, 
 a member of the council of safety in 1689, often chosen a representative 
 to the General Court, and four times elected speaker of that body. His 
 grandson, Nathaniel Bond, sold his property in Watertown, and removed 
 to Canterbury, Conn., in 17 10. Bethuel Bond, grandson of Nathaniel, 
 married Ruth Herrick, one of whose children was Daniel Herrick Bond. 
 
 *In this picture are two hens' eggs, one at the extreme left, and one in the background, 
 showing the comparative size of the hailstones, which were only average specimens. Stones 
 formed in Northampton and Florence larger than anywhere else in the line of the storm. 
 
lIUK'.ttAl'HIIiS. 
 
 225 
 
 Mary White Bond's mother, Deborah White, was the daughter of 
 George Savage White, who came with his family from England to this 
 country in 1S12. He was an Episcopal clergyman, and preached in 
 various places in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Her 
 mother died when Mary was thirteen years old, leaving seven children, 
 the youngest, Henry, being not quite two years old. Her father never 
 married again, and she remained with him and the children, caring for 
 them and maintaining the home. Her influence upon her brothers and 
 sisters was, perhaps, the most important part of her life work, and they 
 all lived to recognize their great obligation to her for her unceasing 
 exertions for their welfare. 
 
 She inherited the strong mental qualities of her mother's family, and 
 the love of study and independence of thought of her father, at an early 
 age manifesting an eager desire for knowledge. All books within her 
 reach were read, and many often re- 
 read. She early became familiar with 
 history, poetry, and many of the stand- 
 ard works of prose, while later she pur- 
 sued the study of botany, mathematics, 
 and German, acquiring familiarity with 
 the works of the best German authors, 
 and conversing readily in that lan- 
 guage. In her knowledge of Shake- 
 speare and the literature pertaining 
 to his works, she was the equal of some 
 of the best scholars of the day. 
 
 Her career as a school-teacher com- 
 menced in 1858 and continued until 
 1872, first in her native town, after- 
 wards in Farmington, Conn., and, in 
 1864, she came to Florence, where she 
 was made principal of its public 
 schools. She was an ideal educator, developing in her pupils an enthu- 
 siastic interest in their studies, and an earnest desire for knowledge. 
 Many " self-made " men and women to-day delight to do her memory 
 honor by giving to her the credit of making the right suggestion at the 
 right time, which sent them forth with new light and courage to make 
 their way in life. 
 
 She saw little of the world by travel, yet she possessed all the culture, 
 refinement, and ease of manners which are usually acquired only by 
 those who have the leisure for extensive reading, travel, and social inter- 
 course. By a liberal purchase of books and photographs of the best 
 
 MARY WHITE BOND. 
 
226 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 works of art, and by subscription to the best periodicals and newspapers 
 of the day, she brought to herself the world she had never visited. 
 
 Miss Bond was the first woman elected a member of the school com- 
 mittee of Northampton, and continued in that position by re-election to 
 the time of her death. She was selected by Alfred T. Lilly as one of 
 the trustees of the Lilly Library Association, and devoted her time and 
 talent to the end that the generous gift of Lilly Library to Florence 
 should be a positive factor in the promotion of the cause of education in 
 the village, serving as a member of the book committee, and exercising 
 great care in the selection of books which would be of value to the 
 school children in their studies. During the last year of her life, she 
 formed a plan for additional educational facilities in Florence, under the 
 scheme known as university extension, but her death prevented its exe- 
 cution. 
 
 In 1873, when the Florence Savings Bank was organized, her brother, 
 Henry Herrick Bond, was chosen treasurer, but the work was largely 
 performed by his sister, and after his death, in 1882, she was chosen 
 treasurer of the bank, being the first woman ever elected to such an 
 office. This position she occupied during the remainder of her life. 
 
 Here she might always be found before business hours, ready to 
 accommodate those whose convenience required an early call. Here 
 depositors of all ages were encouraged to come with their savings, how- 
 ever small. Here, too, she came in contact with almost every phase of 
 human character, and in her not only the educated and the rich, but the 
 ignorant and the poor, found a cheering, inspiring, and sympathetic 
 friend. She recognized true nobility under the roughest exterior, and, 
 though possessing intellectual gifts and social graces that made her the 
 peer of the highest, she was never " bored " by the society of the hum- 
 blest. In her large heart there was room for all. 
 
 In the midst of her arduous and faithful labors in school and at the 
 bank, Miss Bond found time to conduct free classes in several branches 
 of study for the benefit of her young friends, some of whom met with 
 her, with only occasional interruptions, during a period of nearly twenty 
 years. In this way she taught botany, gathering her pupils about her in 
 her office after business hours, and in favorable weather going with them 
 on Saturday afternoon to gather and analyze specimens afforded by the 
 fields and woods of Florence. The class in German met at her home one 
 evening in each week for fifteen years, and during that time she had the 
 pleasure of seeing some of her pupils progress from the " First German 
 Reader" to familiarity with the best writers in that language. How 
 thrilling the memory of those delightful hours when we, her privileged 
 pupils, were wont to gather in a friendly circle about the ample table, to 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 227 
 
 partake of the feast thus freely and generously offered ! What pleasure 
 from time to time to steal a glance at her sweet, strong, benign face, as 
 she bent in absorbed attention over the book before her ! 
 
 For eighteen years she conducted a class in Shakespeare, meeting 
 with her pupils once a week, and it was in this class possibly more than 
 in either of the others, that they learned something of the depth and 
 richness of her intellect, and the beauty and nobility of her character. 
 Henceforth life possessed for them a new and greater meaning. She 
 gave them higher ideals to live by and nobler ends to work for. 
 
 Not the least of her services to oth- 
 ers was her work as superintendent of 
 the Sunday-school of the Free Con- 
 gregational Society of Florence, a posi- 
 tion requiring much time and thought, 
 and a service book, which was her own 
 generous gift to the school, is still used 
 in the opening exercises. 
 
 Miss Bond liked " wide margins," 
 as she would sometimes say, humor- 
 ously, when, opening some book, she 
 pointed to its clear print and wide mar- 
 gin, apparently unconscious of the 
 deep significance of her words, the 
 truth of which was daily illustrated in 
 her own life. Though her work would 
 seem to have been sufficient to absorb 
 her whole time, she left "wide mar- 
 gins " for those who needed her, and for those who might call upon her 
 for aid or sympathy. 
 
 But if all were said which gratitude and affection could prompt, the 
 best would still remain unspoken. We knew her and knew her not. 
 ' For that is the nobility of the great, that they cannot be divined, but 
 send the seeker farther and farther into their own unsurveyed heavens.' 
 
 GEORGE A. BURR. 
 
 GEORGE A. BURR. 
 
 By Frank N. Look. 
 
 Almost without exception, the men who were at the head of the vari- 
 ous manufacturing interests of the Florence of fifteen or twenty years 
 ago have died, or have removed to other localities. Seldom is a place 
 found having such diversified industries, where this is as true as in Flor- 
 
228 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 ence, or where so large a portion of its active men of business are as yet 
 in the very prime of life, able to give from their full measure of strength 
 the best of mind and heart for the interests intrusted to them. To some 
 of those who now bear these responsibilities, counsel, example, and 
 strength have come from association with those who, alone and under 
 great difficulties, shaped the successful beginnings of our industries, 
 the heritage of whose toil and wisdom we now enjoy. To some of us 
 have come similar qualities, from those who have laid down their work 
 while in the possession of their full strength, and at the time for doing 
 their best work \ and, again, from others whose active life has been spent 
 elsewhere, yet who always gave generously of time and money for 
 Florence enterprises, influences have come that are fully appreciated by 
 those who direct the affairs for which they labored. Rich as is this 
 inheritance, and inspiring as is this record for character and qualities 
 that ever make for success, as other pages in this volume witness, yet we 
 must always regret that we have not had the benefit of the ripe experi- 
 ence and matured judgment of some who, loving Florence, watching her 
 interests with loyal pride, and planning wisely for the future, have died 
 in the prime of life, leaving to us the attainment of their anticipations. 
 
 George A. Burr was such a man, and, had his life been spared, it must 
 have been of much advantage to this community. Mr. Burr was born 
 in Worthington, Mass., December twelfth, 1829, and was an inheritor of 
 those qualities that have made the true American what he is ; the son of 
 Ames Burr, one of those men of sterling character who largely made 
 his own circumstances, instead of being made by them, whose influence 
 was not merely local, whose sympathies were broad, and whose word was 
 synonymous with truth. 
 
 He grew to young manhood on a farm, attending the district school 
 and forming his love of nature that never lessened, taking to himself the 
 strength and ambition coming from the broad outlook from the home 
 in Worthington, with its pure air and clean surroundings. 
 
 With this equipment, he came to Northampton when fourteen years 
 of age, and began his business career, serving as errand boy for the dry 
 goods firm of Stoddard & Lathrop. Faithfulness to duty characterized 
 him at the very beginning. One of his duties was to cover the windows 
 at night with heavy wooden shutters. One morning he found a notice 
 of warning, stating that he must be more careful of his work. Recog- 
 nizing the handwriting as that of a fellow clerk, who may have thought 
 to discourage him, or to whom the fidelity of Mr. Burr may have been a 
 reproof, he preserved it for many years as a reminder of his early life. 
 Fitted by the advances made in this store, he sought a wider field for his 
 energies, which all recall who knew him during those years. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 229 
 
 A partnership was formed with Mr. Mclntyre for the purpose of hand- 
 ling coal. Hour, and grain, occupying the brick building at the railroad 
 crossing on Main street. Mr. Burr, though now only a young man of 
 nineteen, at once began to increase the line of business, and early in this 
 partnership the first carload of coal was received that was ever brought 
 to Northampton. During this period he learned the telegraph business, 
 and was wont to tell of his many experiences of his early work. 
 
 When Mr. Christopher Clark undertook to arrange for the extraor- 
 dinary undertaking at that time of a concert by the famous Jenny Lind, 
 it became necessary to have a liberal guarantee against financial loss, 
 and he found in Mr. 
 Burr a faithful ally. 
 The concert was 
 given with great suc- 
 cess, and her coming 
 led to the happy days 
 that this sweet singer 
 spent in Northamp- 
 ton, "the paradise of 
 America." 
 
 Some of Mr. Burr's 
 family having gone 
 West, after a few 
 years he retired from 
 the business, and, 
 
 while en route for the West, stopped at Bleecker, N. Y., to visit a brother, 
 and became interested in the lumber and furniture business, in which he 
 continued for about ten years. Hard work and great energy had built 
 up a fair business, but the life there was not a congenial one, nor was it 
 adapted for his family, for, at the time of his going to Bleecker, he had 
 married Miss Sarah M. Ely of West Springfield. 
 
 The entire building and a large portion of the machinery being 
 destroyed by fire, he at once decided to return to Northampton, and 
 very soon afterward was elected general agent of the Florence Sewing 
 Machine Company. Here he found an opportunity for his strength, 
 and, under his management, this company attained great success, largely 
 extending its business, and its capital stock increased to twice its nom- 
 inal value. "Had the same honesty, integrity, and ability governed the 
 management of the prominent local offices for the sale of machines that 
 characterized the administration of the home office, the financial con- 
 dition of the company would have proved a marvel of business prosper- 
 ity." During his administration as treasurer, the script of the sewing 
 
 THE GEORGE A. BURR PLACE. 
 
230 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 machine company was issued, which served as local money for some 
 time, all but a very small amount being eventually redeemed. 
 
 Disposing largely of his stock in this company, though he continued 
 to serve the interests of stockholders in later years, as all who knew his 
 keen analysis of managements and men remember, he entered upon the 
 work of his life, the management and development of the Florence Man- 
 ufacturing Company. Giving to this business his entire time and 
 matured powers, he quickly brought it to an assured success. During 
 the fifteen years of his management, the most cordial relations existed 
 between employer and employed, officers and stockholders. Visiting 
 Europe several times in the interest of the business, and being in touch 
 with the advances made in similar lines of industry, he left this business 
 as a monument to his sagacity and wisdom in financial matters. 
 
 Mr. Burr was for a number of years on the board of assessors and 
 selectmen. He was for many years a valued member of the board of 
 directors of the Northampton National Bank, and, from the beginning 
 of the Florence Savings Bank, was its vice-president. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Burr was a stanch Republican, but he never con- 
 sented to the use of his name for political honors. 
 
 In his business life at home and abroad, he was honored and thor- 
 oughly respected ; under all circumstances a gentleman, his large heart 
 showing itself in his cordial greeting, a genial host, and attached to 
 home and family with the strongest of ties. 
 
 Facing death for many months, in the full attainment of his man- 
 hood, he displayed rare graces of patience and continued thoughtful- 
 ness for others. 
 
 Mr. Burr was, throughout his life in Florence, actively interested in, 
 and a generous supporter of, the Congregational church, giving to it 
 and to the pastor the best of his counsel and service. 
 
 Mr. Burr died January twenty-sixth, 1881, being fifty-one years of 
 age. His wife and three children survive him, and the memory of his 
 life lives on in lives helped by him. 
 
 HENRY HERRICK BOND. 
 
 By Elizabeth Powell Bond. 
 
 Henry Herrick Bond was born in Canterbury, Conn., June second, 
 1847, the youngest child of Daniel Herrick Bond and Deborah White. 
 He bore the name, Henry Herrick, of the Anglo-American founder of 
 the maternal side of his father's family. The ancestral line has already 
 been traced in the sketch of his revered sister, Mary White Bond. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 231 
 
 The childhood of Henry Herrick Bond was passed in the quiet, rural 
 village of Canterbury, where he attended the village school, enjoying the 
 wholesome recreations of country boys, and, at the same time, having 
 regular duties that supplied all his pocket money. At sixteen, he 
 removed with his family to Florence, Mass., where his brother, Daniel W. 
 Bond, had begun the practice of law. During his school days in Flor- 
 ence, he was a member of the amateur baseball nine, the "Eagles," 
 whose competitive games became the occasion of village holidays, and 
 whose successes and defeats were matters of pride or regret to the whole 
 village. The strong, personal influence that was characteristic of his 
 manhood made itself felt in his asso- 
 ciation with other youths. He did 
 not preach against profanity, but, in his 
 presence, the profane word was not 
 spoken. 
 
 At nineteen he laid aside the bat 
 and ball, and entered the Columbia 
 Law School of New York, where he 
 spent two years. The youngest mem- 
 ber of a large class, he was the only one 
 who never missed a lecture, and whose 
 command of phonography enabled him 
 to make every lecture his own. He 
 was admitted to the bar of Northamp- 
 ton in 1869, and immediately com- 
 menced practice with his brother, then 
 associated with William Allen, after- 
 ward Judge Allen of the superior court. 
 He had a genius for hard work, not only in his own profession, but in 
 the interests of his town, wherever his efforts might serve the community. 
 
 The Homestead Fund, beneficently established by Samuel L. Hill to 
 aid the mechanics of Florence to secure homes, was committed to his 
 care and direction. In 1873 the establishment of the Florence Savings 
 Bank engaged his interest ; and its complete success, under the wise 
 methods of Miss Bond, has justified his efforts for it. 
 
 No desire for personal ease, nor for the gratification of his private 
 tastes, ever stood in the way of his clients ; and that part of his work 
 which to a less earnest nature would have been drudgery took on the 
 interest of determined success. He commenced arguing cases before the 
 full bench of the supreme judicial court, in September, 1872, and appeared 
 before the court for this purpose every year until 1878, when he made the 
 argument in the last case on his list, and left the court house never to 
 
 HENRY HERRICK I'.OND. 
 
232 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 return, nor to do any more professional work. His brother, Judge Bond, 
 says of him : " It can be safely said that during the time he practiced 
 law, no man of his age ever did more or better professional work. The 
 presentation of his views upon questions of law was remarkably clear 
 and forcible. A judge of the superior court of Massachusetts said that 
 'he could state a proposition of law as clearly as any man at the bar.' 
 His argument for a new trial at Worcester during the last year he was 
 practicing law was said, by lawyers who heard it, to be a model and 
 masterly effort. He was tall and well proportioned, his voice was clear 
 and pleasant, he spoke earnestly, and with the coolness and deliberation 
 of a lawyer of years of practice ; he was always master of his case and 
 had thoroughly examined the principles of the law with reference to the 
 questions at issue. In the preparation of cases for trial by a jury he had 
 no equal among the younger and few among the elder members of the 
 bar. All the facts and inferences were minutely examined, and arranged 
 in order upon paper, for use at the trial, an examination of the law was 
 made, and a careful statement of it written out with reference to the 
 authorities. His opening to the jury was always a strong presentation 
 of the case. The opening made by him in the case of the Common- 
 wealth v. Scott and Dunlap was regarded by all who heard it as a 
 remarkably clear and forcible statement. He never lost his self-control, 
 he w r as respectful to the Court, and courteous to the counsel on the 
 opposing side ; his arguments to the jury were thorough, and received 
 by them as coming from a man of honor and integrity." 
 
 During the three years of failing health, in which he was forced to 
 acknowledge to himself that he could not again take up his profession, 
 his serene courage was never shaken, nor his quiet cheerfulness once 
 clouded. With everything to live for that a man could have, he faced 
 death with the fortitude which had characterized his active life. On the 
 twenty-second of October, 1881, at Millboro, Virginia, he passed away. 
 
 At a meeting of the Hampshire Bar on Friday afternoon, January 
 sixth, 1882, the following resolutions were presented before Judge Al- 
 drich, and ordered to be placed upon the records of the court : — 
 
 RESOLUTIONS. 
 
 Whereas, in the recent decease of Henry Herrick Bond the Hampshire Bar 
 has lost one of its most honored members : — 
 
 Resolved, That by his habits of patient and searching investigation, by his 
 clear discernment and grasp of legal principles, and by the logical exercise of his 
 mental powers, he had gained a large and accurate knowledge of the law ; and by 
 a compact and vigorous method of statement he made his knowledge available 
 and efficient ; while his love of justice, a certain chivalric devotion to his profes- 
 sion, his honesty of purpose, his sound common sense, and the evident sincerity 
 
BI< KJRAPHIES. 
 
 233 
 
 of his motives and his speech, gave dignity to Ins professional character and fur- 
 nished a solid basis for his personal success. 
 
 Resolved, That we hold in affectionate remembrance the sterling qualities of 
 his strong and generous manhood; the urbanity and unvarying courtesy of his 
 
 manner, his patience under difficulties and under provocation ; his faith in man ; 
 his genial friendship ; his tender and sympathetic consideration for tin- feelings 
 of others ; his modest self-reliance, and the variety and excellence of his literary 
 attainments. He had the promise of a rich maturity, and of an eminently useful 
 life. Well balanced and self-controlled, he held on his even way calm and cour- 
 ageous in life and calm and courageous as its end drew near. 
 
 Resolved, That we request that these resolutions may be extended on the 
 records of this court, and that a copy be transmitted to the family of the deceased. 
 
 JOHN LORD OTIS. 
 By the Editor. 
 
 General John Lord Otis was born in Lyme, Conn., July fifteenth, 
 1827, and commenced the life of a factory hand when only seven and a 
 half years old, working fourteen 
 hours a day. He followed this 
 employment, from "bobbin boy" 
 to overseer, for eighteen years, de- 
 voting nights to hard study. .At 
 twenty-five he was well versed in 
 most of the branches of manufac- 
 turing, was a good machinist, and 
 a mechanical engineer of acknowl- 
 edged ability. At this time he 
 took charge of the Pacific mills of 
 Manchester, Conn., as superin- 
 tendent, and later established the 
 Otis Manufacturing Company at 
 South Manchester, wjiere he was 
 living when the war broke out. 
 
 When the call for volunteers 
 came he enlisted in what was 
 afterward known as Company B, 
 Tenth Regiment, Connecticut 
 Volunteers, and upon the organ- 
 ization of the company was com- 
 missioned as second lieutenant. 
 He served first in the Burnside expedition at North Carolina, and was 
 in all the engagements in that department. Passing rapidly through the 
 
 GENERAL JOHN LORD OTIS. 
 
234 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 intermediate grades, he was commissioned major of his regiment in 
 November, 1862, and the following March he was promoted to the rank 
 of colonel. 
 
 January twenty-ninth, 1863, he was ordered, with his command, to 
 South Carolina, where he served until July, when, becoming disabled by 
 an attack of fever, he was ordered north to take command of the con- 
 script camp at New Haven, Conn. Here he remained for two months, 
 and was then detailed by General Dix to preside over a court martial of 
 thirteen members assembled for the trial of several officers, against whom 
 serious charges had been preferred. 
 
 In November, Colonel Otis was relieved from detached service at his 
 own request, and immediately rejoined his regiment, then in Florida, and 
 was placed in command of St. Augustine, where he remained until April 
 seventeenth, 1864, and then joined the "Army of the James " on its 
 organization ; was in all its engagements during the summer, and was 
 brevetted a brigadier general for special gallantry at " the crossing of 
 the James, June twentieth, and at the battle of Fuzzells Mills and Deep 
 Gully." General Plaisted, who was the commander of Colonel Otis' 
 brigade, wrote to a friend, as follows : — 
 
 " I have just heard that our old friend and comrade is dead. It touches me 
 deeply, as I know it must you. You know my partiality for Colonel Otis — how I 
 esteemed him as a man, patriot, and soldier. I recollect the first time we met. 
 It was at the opening of the campaign in Virginia in '64, when the Tenth came 
 under my command. We sat down on the grass together and talked of the busi- 
 ness at hand, as one farmer might in the field, with a new neighbor, of the crops 
 in prospect. I remember the impression he made. There was no military air 
 about him, any more than about Grant, but I perceived the quality of his spirit 
 and nerve. 
 
 " What I admired most in our lamented friend, next to his patriotic zeal, was 
 his coolness and judgment. He rose with the emergency, always equal to the 
 occasion. I never saw him excited but once. That was when we fell back from 
 the Howlett house battery, June sixteenth, under the fire of Lee's veterans, and 
 he thought the Tenth was not falling back becomingly. His sword flashed high, 
 his voice rang out above the din, bringing his regiment to a standstill on the 
 instant. Riding out, I said to him, 'The orders were to fallback on the run.' 
 ' Oh, I did not understand,' sheathing his sword, so quietly. Ordinarily so quiet, 
 but in battle how changed his manner, his voice and form ! In the battle of 
 October seventh his regiment was the rock of defense in our line, his the central 
 figure ; and how his voice then rang out in the pines, when taking position with- 
 out a moment to spare ! There was a ring in it, so commanding, as coming from 
 the finest metal, how could his boys move from their tracks, 'except to make 
 room for those who fell,' as you remarked at the time. 
 
 " But the crowning act of his three years' service was his charge of October 
 
BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 235 
 
 thirteenth, when the Tenth had lost so heavily, including our 'knightly soldier,' 
 Major Camp, and every company commander ! Alar the terrible ordeal, as I said 
 to him, I looked upon him as one of the- worthies come out of the fiery furnace. 
 His reply was, ' Now I am ready to go home, I am mustered out — have my dis- 
 charge,' tapping his breast. •And you went into that charge with your discharge 
 in your pocket ! ' He smiled. - Well, colonel,' I said, ' that is beyond me. How 
 could you do it — mustered out and all your thoughts turned toward home ! '" 
 
 He was mustered out October eighteenth, 1864, on account of expira- 
 tion of term of service, his service in the army amounting to three years 
 
 WOODED ROAD IN THE RAVINE — SPRING GROVE CEMETERY. 
 
 and four months, and he left the service with the rank of brigadier 
 general. He was wounded three times, once at New Berne, and twice 
 at Kingston. 
 
 At the close of the war General Otis came to Florence and became 
 superintendent of the old Florence Sewing Machine Company, but after 
 two years withdrew, and in company with L. B. Williams established the 
 Northampton Emery Wheel Company, under the firm name of Otis & 
 Williams. Later a stock company was formed with General Otis secre- 
 
236 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 tary, treasurer, and business manager. He was a Northampton select- 
 man twice, a representative to the legislature in 1877, and state senator 
 in 1879 and 1880. 
 
 General Otis died at Tarpon Springs, Florida, March fourteenth, 1894. 
 For several years ill health led him to spend his winters in the South, 
 thus avoiding the extreme cold of the northern climate. In January, 
 1894, while preparing to leave Florence, he sustained an attack of heart 
 disease, but rallied sufficiently to enable him to make the journey. 
 
 PINE STREET BRIDGE — A VISTA NEAR THE KRUSII FACTORY. 
 
 However, his strength failed soon after reaching Tarpon Springs, and 
 the end came quite suddenly. 
 
 In 1848 Mr. Otis married Catherine Preston of Northampton, and his 
 wife and two children, Harry P. and Philip A., survive him, all residing in 
 Florence. 
 
 A loving husband, a kind father, a manly citizen, and a brave soldier 
 was General Otis, and Florence will ever revere and cherish the memory 
 of his noble life. 
 
INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS. 
 
 Florence is a manufacturing village, and the products of its mills 
 and factories have been scattered far and wide throughout the world. 
 How the first enterprises were planted here, and how they thrived, is 
 told in Part I. of this work. But Florence was then in its infancy, and 
 the industries which sprang up after the dissolution of the Community 
 will now receive the attention which their importance deserves. 
 
 The Nonotuck Silk Company. — The Nonotuck Silk Company stands 
 first on the list of the manufacturing industries. Its early establishment 
 
 OLD WOODEN MILL. 
 
 FINISHING DEPARTMENT AND OFFICE. 
 
 BUILDINGS OF THE NONOTUCK SILK COMPANY IN 1875. 
 
 and continued prosperity and importance entitle it to this position. It 
 may be said that the business had its beginning in the mulberry fever 
 and silk enterprise of Samuel Whitmarsh. The Community continued 
 making silk till its dissolution in 1S46, when Mr. S. L. Hill assumed 
 charge. In 1850 Mr. Hill was embarrassed by the failure of a brother 
 manufacturer, whom he had assisted and on whose notes he was an 
 indorser, and he was obliged to lease his silk mill to H. K. Macomber 
 and Curtis R. Parsons, who continued the business under the name of 
 Macomber & Parsons. 
 
 Mr. Hill now turned his attention to farming, and also dealt in lum- 
 ber, but soon, with the assistance of Mr. S. L. Hinckley, he was enabled to 
 begin the manufacturing of silk again. The firm name was the " Nono- 
 
2 3 8 
 
 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 tuck Steam Mills, S. L. Hill, Agent," although they used the name of " Hill 
 & Hinckley " in important financial transactions. They occupied a 
 portion of the brick building owned by Valentine & Sowerby, which 
 now forms a part of the Oil-Gas Stove plant. The first spool of machine 
 twist manufactured in this country for sewing machines was made by 
 Mr. Hill. When the lease of the old wooden mill on Nonotuck street 
 expired, Mr. Hill was to take possession, but the mill burned level with 
 the ground on July nineteenth, 1852, the day of the expiration of the lease. 
 A new mill was built upon the ruins of the old one, and soon the pros- 
 perity of the firm warranted an extension of the business ; E. W. Eaton, 
 A. T. Lilly, Lucius and Ira Dimock, and J. D. Atkins were admitted as 
 
 MILLS OK THE NONOTUCK SILK COMPANY. 
 
 partners, and on July first, 1855, ine Nonotuck Silk Company was organ- 
 ized. On February sixth, 1866, the company was incorporated with a 
 capital of $75,000. 
 
 The business has steadily increased, and new buildings have been 
 added from time to time in Florence, Leeds, and Haydenville. The 
 latest addition to their already extensive plant is a large factory in 
 Hartford, Conn., which is now being fitted up for manufacturing pur- 
 poses. The company manufacture machine twist, sewing, embroidery, 
 rope, etching, and knitting silks in fast colors, also silk hosiery and 
 underwear. Their " Nonotuck " and " Corticelli " brands are deservedly 
 popular, and have no superiors on the market. In 1852 twenty-live 
 
INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS. 
 
 239 
 
 employees worked up one hundred and fifty pounds of raw material a 
 week. At present nearly eight hundred hands are employed and the out- 
 put is between five and six thousand pounds a week. The capital of 
 the company is $1,000,000 and the officers are : president, Ira Dimock, 
 Hartford, Conn. ; treasurer, E. W. Eaton, New York ; secretary and 
 assistant treasurer, George H. Ray ; superintendent, Samuel Porter ; 
 directors, Lucius and Ira Dimock, B. A. Armstrong, E. W. Eaton, and 
 Samuel Porter. 
 
 E. W. EATON. J. D. ATKINS. LUCIUS DIMOCK. 
 
 A. T. LILLY. S. L. HILL. S. L. HINCKLEY. IRA DIMOCK. 
 
 THE ORIGINAL STOCKHOLDERS OF THE NONOTUCK SILK COMPANY. 
 
 The Florence Furniture Company was organized in 1873, with a 
 capital of $20,000, the principal stockholders being mechanics and work- 
 men in the shop. There has been a gradual increase in the business, 
 and additions were made to the original plant in 1S80 and 1888, until the 
 buildings are now two hundred and ten feet long by thirty-five feet 
 wide, with three floors and basement, in which are employed about 
 thirty-five hands. 
 
240 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 The goods manufactured are all grades of wood and cloth covered 
 burial cases and undertakers' supplies, the market for which is almost 
 exclusively in New England. 
 
 Mr. A. T. Lilly was president till his death in 1S90. H. B. Haven has 
 been treasurer and manager from the organization. The present officers 
 are : S. B. Fuller, president ; H. B. Haven, treasurer ; S. B. Fuller, G. S. 
 Graves, W. J. Warner, H. F. Cutler, and W. L. Wilcox, directors. 
 
 The Norwood Engineering Company was organized with a capital of 
 $10,000, in February, 1892. At present about thirty hands are employed, 
 the company doing a general foundry and machine business, dealing in 
 steam plants and manufacturing cutlery and paper machinery. The 
 officers are : H. P. Otis, president ; W. A. Stevenson, treasurer and 
 manager ; H. P. Otis, H. A. Kimball, and George S. Graves, directors. 
 
 The first buildings, now extensively enlarged, erected on this site, 
 were put up about 1870 for the Sheffield Manufacturing Company, which 
 proposed to convert iron into a metal resembling steel. The attempt 
 was a failure, however, and the buildings were soon after purchased by 
 B. M. Couch, who used them for a foundry and machine shop for many 
 years, until A. G. Hill bought the property. 
 
 The Crown Braiu Company. — The old Greenville cotton factory now 
 forms the center of a group of buildings used by the Crown Braid Com- 
 pany for the manufacture of worsted and silk braid. The business was 
 started in 1888 by Freeman Brothers, who employed ten hands. A large 
 addition, now used for a dyehouse and drying rooms, was built the same 
 year, and now all save two floors, which are used for manufacturing silk, 
 are devoted to the braid business. 
 
 Hiram Wells & Company. — Mr. Wells was a machinist, and after 
 the Community dissolved he formed a partnership with Mr. Hill, who 
 furnished working capital. The company did a general machine busi- 
 ness, having their shop in the basement of the silk mill. This building 
 was burned in 1852, and the company moved to the Valentine dyehouse 
 before referred to. Portable circular sawmills, pumps, and grip 
 wrenches were manufactured here, Mr. D. J. Littlefield being a partner 
 at one time. 
 
 Mr. Wells lost the larger part of his right hand in an accident, but he 
 became quite skillful in using the remaining fingers and thumb. Several 
 fires destroyed the pattern shop and did other damage, and the business 
 was dealt a fatal blow on July 11, 1859, when the boiler exploded, killing 
 the proprietor, and badly damaging the buildings. Soon after the estate 
 came into the possession of the Florence Sewing Machine Company. 
 
IMH'S I'RIAL INTERESTS. 
 
 241 
 
 Florence Manufacturing Company. — In 1854 S. L. Hill and I. S. 
 Parsons became associated with A. P. Critchlow in the manufacture of 
 papier mache buttons, and union cases for daguerreotypes and ambro- 
 types. The firm was A. P. Critchlow & Co. In 1857 D. G. Littlefield 
 became a partner, and in 1868 Mr. Critchlow sold out and the firm name 
 was changed to Littlefield, Parsons & Co., and so remained till in the 
 summer of 1866, the demand for the daguerreotype cases having declined, 
 George A. Scott, S. L. Hinckley, George A. Burr, Mr. Littlefield, and Mr. 
 Parsons formed the Florence Manufacturing Company, this company 
 being the successors of Littlefield, Parsons & Co. The new firm began 
 manufacturing toilet brushes, mirrors, lockets, etc. 
 
 The reputation these " Florence " articles enjoy is an enviable one, 
 and from the first the policy of the company has always been to stand 
 at the head for variety of styles and elegance of designs. 
 
 WORKS OF THE FLORENCE MANUFACTURING COMPANY. 
 
 The company at the present time manufacture tooth brushes, making 
 a specialty of the Prophylactic, " Cosmeon " pure aluminium goods, 
 Florence composition brushes and mirrors, and wood back toilet articles. 
 The aluminium goods possess great merit, and seem destined to be even 
 more popular than the well known " Florence" line. 
 
 The main factory, a brick building, three stories high, one hundred 
 and forty by forty-five feet, was built in 1866. In 1885 a building, one 
 hundred by fifty feet, and two stories high, was erected adjoining the 
 main structure, and in 1893 the " office " addition, thirty by forty-five 
 feet, three stories high, was made necessary owing to the constantly 
 increasing business. 
 
242 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 The company has a capital of $100,000, and employs from one hun- 
 dred fifty to one hundred seventy-five hands. The present officers arc : 
 E. W. Eaton, president ; Frank N. Look, treasurer and general manager; 
 J. E. Winchell, secretary ; E. W. Eaton, H. R. Hinckley, and Frank N. 
 Look, directors. 
 
 The (Bensonville) Greenville Manufacturing Company. — This 
 company, which was organized in 1S46, bought the brick factory of the 
 Northampton Association, and began manufacturing cotton cloth. 
 George W. Benson was the prime mover. He failed in 1850, and the 
 name was changed to the Greenville Manufacturing Company. In 1867 
 the officers were : President, S. Williston ; Treasurer, J. P. Williston ; 
 Secretary, A. L. Williston. The capital stock of the company was 
 $100,000. The business of cotton manufacturing steadily declined until, 
 in 1S86, the property was bought by the Nonotuck Silk Company. 
 
 The Florence Tack Company commenced the manufacture of tacks 
 and small nails, in 1874, being one of the first concerns of this kind in 
 Western Massachusetts. The plant burned down in 1876, with quite a 
 loss to the new company, which at once erected a new building and 
 before 1877 were turning out their goods again. George W. Bond, a man 
 of keen inventive genius, was superintendent, and he made the draw- 
 ings for the machines used in the manufacture of the tacks and nails. 
 The company failed in 1892. Some of the machinery has been removed, 
 the remainder has been sold and destroyed, and the shop remains idle. 
 
 Florence Sewing Machine Company. — An old shop, now surrounded 
 by new buildings, built about 1844, on the site of the Oilgas Stove 
 plant, was used as a dyehouse, and afterwards for the manufacture of 
 silk, by Valentine & Sowerby. The buildings were afterwards used for 
 the manufacture of circular sawmills and various kinds of machinery 
 job work, by Hiram Wells & Company. It was while at work in this_, 
 simp, that I.. W. Langdon experimented; while busifid with his invent u .n 
 of the Florence sewing machine. D. G. Littlefield and S. L. Hill joined 
 with Mr. Langdon, and, after spending considerable money in experi- 
 ments, perfected and brought out the first machine in the year 1861. 
 In 1S61 the first company was formed, with a capital of $125,000. In 
 1862 it was increased to $200,000, and in 1S64 the first building was 
 erected. In 1866 the capital was increased to $500,000. 
 
 Business was brisk at the works for several years, the company 
 employing a large number of men, and. making several additions to the 
 plant. In 1876 the manufacture of oil stoves was commenced and in 
 1882 the Crown sewing machine superseded the old Florence. Many 
 changes in the management accompanied the varying success of the 
 
INDUSTRIAL IN I'KkLSTS. 
 
 '■43 
 
 business from year to year. About 1SS0 (). N. Kyle became the treasurer 
 of t he company. In 1888 Karl A. Thissell, as superintendent, assisted 
 Mr. Kyle in the management of the works, and on the death of Mr. Kyle, 
 October tenth, 1889, he became the treasurer of the company. 
 
 The Central Oilgas Stove Company was incorporated November 
 fifteenth, 1890. It absorbed the Florence Machine Company ; American 
 Oil Stove Company, Gardner, Mass. ; Monitor Oil Stove Company, 
 Cleveland, O. ; Union Gas and Oil Stove Company, New York city ; 
 and thirteen other oil and gas stove manufacturing companies. Their 
 salesrooms are at Boston, New York city, and Chicago, and their manu- 
 facturing plants in Gardner, Mass., Greenwich, Conn., Jackson, Mich., 
 and at Florence, Mass., at which place is the home office. 
 
 
 
 THE CENTRAL OILGAS STOVE COMPANY'S WORKS AT FLORENCE, GARDNER, AND JACKSON. 
 
 Their manufactures are wood cabinets for silk manufacturers, the 
 Crown sewing machine, which has a reputation of being equal to any 
 sewing machine built, and an almost endless variety of oil stoves ; also a 
 large variety of gas stoves. These stoves are for both cooking and heat- 
 ing purposes, and have a world-wide reputation. 
 
 The officers of the company are : John C. Hammond, president ; Earl 
 A. Thissell, first vice-president ; Charles W. Conant, of Gardner, second 
 vice-president; William H. Wilder, treasurer; Herbert D. Burnham, 
 assistant treasurer; W. XV. Tandy, auditor. The directors consist of the 
 president, vice-presidents, treasurer, H. P. Field, H. P. Wilder of 
 Gardner, L. H. Littlefield of Pawtucket, R. I., and Calvin H. Hdl of 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
244 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 The John N. Leonard Silk Company. — When Captain Conant, E. D. 
 Swift, and O. S. Chaffee withdrew from the Community in October, 1842, 
 they purchased Enoch Jewett's farm, including the water power and shop, 
 and began manufacturing silk in a small wood mill they erected, which 
 now forms a part of the Leonard factories between Florence and the 
 Center. The firm name was J. Conant & Company. Mr. Swift died 
 soon after, and Porter Nutting and John Harten were interested in the 
 new venture for a short time, until a new firm was formed, Warner, 
 Holland & Company (Joseph Warner, J. Harvey Holland, and Caleb M. 
 Hartwell), which continued the business until, in 1852, W T arner & Skin- 
 ner (Warner, L. D. Suydam, and William Skinner) succeeded the old 
 firm. Mr. Skinner sold his interest in a few years to Mr. Warner, who 
 carried on the business alone until 187 1, when J. S. Lathrop became Mr. 
 Warner's partner. Luther Warner succeeded Warner & Lathrop in 1877, 
 the date of Mr. Warner's death. Several changes in the management 
 have been made in recent years, and now the above corporation has the 
 following board of officers : President, Samuel Porter; treasurer, Luther 
 Warner ; secretary, John W. Combs. Directors : the president, treas- 
 urer, and secretary, with John L. Warner and Charles E. Eaton. 
 
 Amos Sawyer started the soap business in 1852, on the site of the 
 electric car barns. When he began he sent out only one team, but the 
 business increased rapidly, and in 1868 he built a large factory, and later 
 made extensive additions to his plant. The business prospered until fire 
 destroyed the factory with all its contents in the early evening of Sun- 
 day, May eighth, 1887. 
 
 Florence Savings Bank was incorporated February twelfth, 1873, 
 on the petition of Samuel L. Hill, George A. Burr, A. T. Lilly, A. L. 
 Williston, and Isaac Parsons. To Rev. F. W. Bishop, the first pasto'r of 
 the Methodist church, is due the credit of starting the bank, he having 
 proposed the undertaking to several business men. The first president, 
 A. T. Lilly, remained in office till his death in 1S90, when Samuel Porter 
 was elected. H. H. Bond, the first secretary and treasurer, in whose law 
 office in Davis block the first meeting of trustees was held, and where 
 the banking was conducted for several years, was succeeded in 1880 by 
 his sister, Mary W. Bond, who was the first woman to hold the office of 
 treasurer of a savings bank in Massachusetts, and who continued to per- 
 form with skill and fidelity the duties of the office until her death in 
 September, 189 1. The office of the bank remained in Davis block until 
 1891, when it was moved to the present quarters of the bank. Miss 
 Mary E. Gould succeeded Miss Bond, and Miss Emilie M. Plimpton was 
 appointed bookkeeper. 
 
INDUS I KIAI, INTERESTS. 
 
 2 45 
 
 Number of depositors one year from incorporation, 232 ; amount of 
 deposit. $19,478; number of depositors, November first, 1894, 1,289; 
 amount of deposit, $281,899 5 guaranty fund in 1894, $13,767. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 In the month of January, 1867, several of the citizens organized the 
 Florence Mercantile Association, with the object of selling groceries, dry 
 goods, etc., as cheaply as possible, and still pay a fair dividend on the 
 money invested. The association erected the brick block on Main street, 
 since known as Branch's block. The capital stock was less than $6,000, 
 and in five years from organization dividends amounting to forty per 
 cent, had been paid. Dissensions arose, however, and in 1876 the 
 stockholders voted to disband, R. M. Branch buying the stock on hand. 
 
 Cutler, Plimpton &; Company. — In 1865 William A. Godfrey and 
 L. K. Baker erected a small building on what is now the corner of Maple 
 and West Center 
 streets, and moved jr 3 
 
 their store from the 
 old cotton factory 
 boarding house to 
 this new building. 
 Henry F. Cutler 
 bought a half interest 
 in the business, April, 
 1866, a short time pre- 
 vious to Mr. Godfrey's 
 death, and later ob- 
 tained L. K. Baker's 
 stock at auction. Mr. 
 Cutler conducted the 
 business about two years, selling out to R. M. Branch, who remained 
 proprietor nearly twelve months, when the firm Cutler, Plimpton & Com- 
 pany (H. F. Cutler, L. F. Plimpton, and V. E. Cleveland) was formed, and 
 took possession of the business. After a few years Mr. Cleveland with- 
 drew, George T. Cutler taking his place. Several additions to the new 
 building have been made necessary by the continually increasing busi- 
 ness, and where the firm employed no clerks at the start, now the services 
 of seven are required. The business consists of nearly all kinds of mer- 
 chandise. 
 
 R. M. Branch bought the property of the Mercantile Association in 
 1876. Mr. Branch at that time was a member of the firm of I. S. Parsons 
 
 
 HC 
 
 sawyer's soap factory. 
 
 From the original sketch by C. C. Burleigh, Jr 
 
246 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 & Company ; he closed the store on Nonotuck street, moving the goods 
 to the brick block on Main street, now known as Branch's block, where 
 he has since conducted a store, dealing in general merchandise. 
 
 Graves Brothers. — In 1844 Nelson Askins opened a livery stable on 
 Nonotuck street. For fifteen years the owners w y ere Nelson Askins, 
 Sylvester J. Bosworth, Fordyce Loomis, Taylor, Loomis & Atkins, and 
 G. E. Atkins. In 1859 Edward E. Graves purchased a half interest in 
 Mr. Atkins' business, and later in the same year George S. Graves pur- 
 chased the other half interest of Mr. Atkins. In 1867 they erected their 
 present stables on Maple street. 
 
 Austin Ross. — When the Community dissolved, Austin Ross bought 
 the farm and continued the milk business. His son, Dwight A. Ross, 
 now has the management of this long established business. The large 
 barns were erected in 1869. 
 
 August Assing, Sr., tailor, came to Florence in 1854, from Derms- 
 dorf, Germany. Two years later he built his house on Maple street, 
 where his shop has since been. 
 
 John W. Bird. — The first Florence newsdealer was a Mr. Brigham, 
 who opened a news store in 1867. A Mr. Upton succeeded him, and later 
 W. H. Riley purchased the store and moved it from Little's block into a 
 small building on the corner of Main and Maple streets. Mr. Riley sold 
 out to L. Woodward, who in turn sold out to John W. Bird, August first, 
 1883. The little store was replaced by Maine's block in 1S89. Mr. 
 Bird's business is that of a bookseller, newsdealer, and stationer. 
 
 Crossman & Polmatier. — Thomas A. Orcutt started the hardware 
 business in 1870, and two years later built a store, now Crossman & 
 Polmatier's, and began the stove and tinning business. Mr. Orcutt sold 
 out in 1879, and from that time the store had a number of proprietors, 
 among them being Samuel Wilder, until 1886, when Crossman & Polma- 
 tier bought it. This firm does a general hardware and plumbing busi- 
 ness, employing from four to nine men. 
 
 John Irwin established himself in the village in 1867, and continued 
 the business of a mason until his death in 1872, when Henry Swift 
 became proprietor. Mr. Swift died in 1889, and his son, John N. Swift, 
 the present owner, took charge of the business. 
 
 Nelson A. Davis opened the first drug store in the place, in the 
 spring of 1871, and still conducts the same business. Davis block, a brick 
 building forty-five by sixty feet and three stories high, was built in 1870, 
 and besides store and office room has a commodious hall. 
 
INDUSTRIAL [NTERES is. 
 
 247 
 
 Arthur M. Ware. — For thirty years there lias been a meat market 
 on the site now owned by Arthur M. Ware. M. II. Ware purchased the 
 business in 1S77, of C. L. Warren. Mr. Ware in turn sold it to Ware & 
 Taylor in 1888, this firm continuing for two years, when Arthur M. Ware 
 bought out his partner's interest. He employs three men and does a 
 large business. 
 
 Israel A. Graves has been a real estate dealer for thirty years, and 
 has conducted a livery stable during the last fifteen years. 
 
 Florence Hotel. — This landmark was erected over forty years ago 
 by Joel Abercrombie, who conducted it as a hotel for a number of years. 
 James Stone, who succeeded him, managed the house for seven years, 
 and then Hiram Munson purchased it. After one year, Charles Osgood 
 accepted the management, and in a short time he sold it to the present 
 
 THE OLD "FLORENCE HOUSE.' 
 From a photograph taken about 1S60. 
 
 proprietor, Michael Cooney. The house was formerly two stories in 
 height, the present proprietor having made many improvements both 
 inside and out. 
 
 Myron C. Howard started in the house painting business in March, 
 1871. The business has steadily increased until now he employs from 
 ten to twenty men. He owns the brick block at the junction of Park 
 and Meadow streets, where he conducts his business of painting, paper 
 hanging, decorating, etc. 
 
 Rudolph Furth, Jr. — In June, 1877, Rudolph Furth, Sr., erected a 
 building on the site of the engine house for a barber shop. His son. 
 
248 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 Rudolph Furth, Jr., succeeded him several years ago, and is now pro- 
 prietor. 
 
 Charles O. Parsons. — The business now conducted by C. O. Par- 
 sons, consisting of coal, wood, flour and meal, hay and grain, besides a 
 general store for the sale of clothing and men's furnishings, was started 
 by his father, H. K. Parsons, in 1876. In 1880 the present large build- 
 ings were erected and the business has prospered so that now six men 
 and teams are given constant employment. 
 
 Walter C. Goodwin, carpenter, erected his present wood factory 
 on Myrtle street in 1876, and has since manufactured packing boxes, and 
 conducted a shop for general wood-work. The building was enlarged 
 in 1880, and again in 1890. A few years ago he built a steam sawmill 
 on the road to North Farms, where he gets out lumber for his shop. 
 
 Robert H. Pease purchased the grain store of L. B. Moore in 1877. 
 A year later he moved to the Squires building, and in 1881 erected his 
 present block on North Main street, adding to his business a line of 
 groceries and men's furnishings.* 
 
 Thomas A. Orcutt. — In 1879 J. M. Davis and T. A. Orcutt formed a 
 partnership to conduct undertaking, and carriage making and repairing, 
 having their works in the Squires building. Mr. Davis sold his interest 
 to Mr. Orcutt after six months, and Mr. Orcutt remained proprietor 
 till 1892, when D. D. O'Donnell bought an interest in the undertaking 
 business. 
 
 George N. Davis. — For twenty years there has been a jeweler at 
 Davis' Pharmacy, and the present proprietor, George N. Davis, bought 
 out E. M. Beckwith in February, 1894. For years William M. Smith had 
 this stand. 
 
 Thomas Roche purchased the insolvent estate of F. A. Barnes, 
 dealer in drugs and medicines, last spring, Roche's block, formerly 
 Stone's, was built in 1884, F. A. and VV. E. Barnes starting the drug 
 business the same year. 
 
 George N. Baker, insurance agent and dealer in real estate, suc- 
 ceeded to the business established in 1873 by Mr. Morse. His office is in 
 Knights of Honor block. 
 
 Frank W. Bissell, carriage and sign painter, bought out J. C. Jager, 
 in April, 1889. Mr. Jager had carried on this business since 1879. Mr. 
 Bissell's shop is in the Squire's building on North Maple street. 
 
 William H. Rice started the ice business in 1884. In 1888 he pur- 
 
 * This was written previous to the death of Mr. Pease, December seventeenth, 1S94. 
 
INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS. 249 
 
 chased the coal business of W. C. Goodwin, and now employs several 
 men, having his office in M. C. Howard's block. 
 
 Ferdinand Schadee started the photography business in Branch's 
 block in 18S5. He had previously been in Northampton, the firm being 
 Hardie & Schadee. 
 
 Mrs. Mary C. Shannon. — In 1886, Misses Mary and Maggie Powers 
 Opened a millinery and dressmaking store in Stone's (Roche's) block. 
 Three years later the former, then Mrs. Mary C. Shannon, moved to 
 Maine's block, where she now conducts a store devoted to millinery and 
 ladies' furnishings. 
 
 Mrs. Mary S. Mann is the owner of the cluster of greenhouses on the 
 corner of Pine and Maple streets. She commenced in a small way in 
 1887, and now has about twelve thousand feet of glass, and employs from 
 four to six hands besides the foreman. 
 
 E. P. Root, wagon maker and repairer, came to Florence in 1887 and 
 now has his shop in the Squire's building. 
 
 Samuel Li.oyd, who was a butcher, started the manufacture of 
 pressed corned beef in 18S7. Two years later he built his present quar- 
 ters, putting in steam power and modern machinery. He employs from 
 two to six men, and finds a ready market for his celebrated " Steam 
 Condensed Beef." 
 
 Frank D. R. Warner purchased the candy business of Charles L. 
 Moody, then situated in Little's block, in 1889, and two years later moved 
 to his present location, corner of Main and Maple streets. He carries 
 in stock a full line of musical merchandise. 
 
 F. H. Stone's meat market and grocery store was established in 1890, 
 in the Koche block. The livery business of. E. A. Stone is now controlled 
 by Mr. F. H. Stone. 
 
 Michelman Brothers' (Max and Myer) dry goods, clothing, and 
 men's furnishing goods business was started four years ago by the 
 brothers, Israel, Philip, Max, and Myer Michelman, in their present 
 quarters in Knights of Honor block. 
 
 Miss Mary E. Gould. — Miss Mary W. Bond, in connection with 
 Miss Gould, opened an office for fire insurance, in 1891. Since the death 
 of Miss Bond the business has been conducted by Miss Gould. 
 
 John J. Delaney purchased the barber shop owned by Dennis Fitz- 
 gerald, which was located in the hotel, on May seventh, 1891, and a few 
 days later removed it to Cooney's block, refitting the shop with modern 
 improvements. 
 
250 HISTORY OF FLORENCE. 
 
 , George H. Burnham erected his present livery stable in 1891, and 
 has since conducted the business. 
 
 Elbridge W. Patrell opened a grocery store in Davis block in 
 March, 1892. 
 
 PoLMATiER & Addis. — A. J. Polmatier opened a trimming and plumb- 
 ing shop, in March, 1893, and later formed a partnership with Edwin C. 
 Addis. Last October they opened a stove and tin store in Knights of 
 Honor block. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 On page 34, line 4, read 1835 instead of 1834. 
 On page 59, line 19, read 1836 instead of 1833 or 1835. 
 On page 126, line 9, read Giles B. Stebbins instead of Giles D. 
 Stebbins. 
 
 > 
 4249