The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L161 — 01096 PHILOLOGICAL STUDIES IN ANCIENT GLASS By MARY LUELLA TROWBRIDGE A. B. University of Illinois, 1915 A. M. University of Illinois, 1916 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY IN CLASSICS IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 1922 URBANA, ILLINOIS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/philologicalstud00trow_0 I U (A vu <15 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL — -1924^ I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY UelL ENTITLED PLloL^ica l St u-cLes Ui OMC ieM,t G.loss BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF ^Wotoj- Phi l osophy ll). (j ( In Charge of Thesis Head of Department Recommendation concurred in* Required for doctor’s degree but not for master’s The writer wishes to express her indebtedness to those members of the faculty of the University of Illinois whose courses she has taken. To Professor W. A. Oldfather, under whose direction this thesis was prepared, she is especially indebted; and she takes pleasure in acknowledging her obligations to both Professor W. A. Oldfather and Professor A. S. Pease for their kindly criticism and assistance. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I . THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY 1-3 II THE CREEK WORDS FOR GLASS 4-62 A . Kyanos 4-14 B. Lithos Chyte 15-18 C . Hyalos 19-57 D . Krystallcs 58-61 E. Morria 62-63 III THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS 64-90 A. Traditional Origin 64-65 B. Materials 66-70 C . Methods 71-73 D. Kinds of Glass 74-79 E. Glass Workers 80-83 F. Manufacturing Centers 84-87 G. Evidence for the Importance of the Trade 88-90 . I. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY Since almost every important excavation adds something to the treasures of glass, it is not strange that archaeologists should find in the study of the objects themselves an unending source of interest. Consequently the history of glass has been admirably treated from an archaeological standpoint, most recently, for example, in the exhaustive study, Das Glas lm Altertume by Anton Kisa. In the present study, therefore, there will be no use of the actual objects found, except incidentally; literary evidence alone will be considered, and that of all kinds. This, then, is a philological and historical study solely, intended to supplement from the side of written or inscriptional records the works on archaeology. From the philological point of view the Greek words for glass will be treated ; 1 from the historical both the manufacture of glass and its uses. In the first place, the purpose cf this study is to take up chronologically the different Greek words by which glass was designated, such as kyanos , lithos chyte , hyalos , and krystallos , and discuss their etymology, orthography, deriva- tives and compounds and meaning. On the historical side the archaeologist can go back much farther than any one who is simply searching through written 1 I hope to discuss the Latin words for glass at another time. 2 records. By chemical analysis he can find out what materials were used; by an examination of actual objects he can tell how they were made; by the discovery of the glass ovens he can locate some of the chief manufacturing centers; from the amount of glass dis- covered, its particular variety and the place of discovery, he can draw conclusions as to the importance of the trade. The present study aims to supplement all this with what the Greeks and Romans themselves record of the manufacture of glass, of the story they tell of its origin, of the materials, where to obtain them and what proportions to use, of how to build the furnace and color and handle the molten glass, of the different kinds of glass and where they were made. And, furthermore, if it were not for literary evidence, especially the Roman law, there would not be even a glimpse of the social standing of the workmen who made these beautiful objects. From the classification of glass with precious metals, from the incidents recorded in history and from the laws, comes otherwise unobtainable evidence for the importance of the trade. Although the museums contain many glass objects not men- tioned in literature, there are a few recorded in literature which are only known from that source, as, for instance, the use of glass compounded with other substances as a medicine. The differ- ent objects will be treated chronologically in the order in which they are first mentioned in literature . ^ Even if there are few ^■Of course this method of listing the uses of glass is without prejudice to the question cf the relative date at which glass was actually employed for different purposes. Archaeological evidence is of prime importance to that aspect of the general problem, and literary evidence must in this respect be used with circumspection, since, strictly speaking:, it affords usually only the terminus post quern . ~~ new uses to be recorded, the incidents told about the objects may be of interest, and the date of the first recorded instance of employment for one purpose or another will have a certain degree of importance as a modest contribution to the history of material civilization. Throughout, then, in the historical part as well as in the philological, my aim is solely to supplement the study of actual monuments with literary evidence. 4 II. THE GREEK WORDS FOR GLASS A. Kyanos In Homer there is no instance of favalos , the word by which glass was designated in later times, nevertheless glass in the form of paste or enamel was known and referred to by the term kyanos. It is mentioned in the description of the palace of Alcinous, about the bronze walls of which there ran a frieze of kyanos . 4 In the hut of Nestor there was a table with feet of 2 kyanos . Its use in the decoration of armor, however, seems to have been especially widespread. The breastplate of Agamemnon was inlaid with kyanos . gold and tin; the central boss of his shield was of the same material, as well as the snakes on his 3 breastplate and baldric. On the shield of Achilles a ditch of kyanos ran about the vineyard. 4 Somewhat later the author of the Shield of Herakle3, a work of the Hesiodic school, speaks, probably in imitation of Homer, of 'zones’ or 'concentric bands' II. 11, 629 (628);;' «r TTf “ ) ‘ T oy v'v" Tp^trtjjKv' \ K‘*.Av v v' «'kvo- cf. scXoi.A.- ,%'f •. to Si too t(>«t v * $ —A • c - ■ — * <*£-7 ova to 01^010 * Tci >v v po' 1 TT«v< Aey«-Tm. ^ tf « pyupou, i AaA. tv e y ooo- ^ ^ Twy TT «£«v, y y«y< \ pco- c £ K w«t woO v". CfScK, BL oivllu, 11, Z4. ^ II . 18, 564: Ve Kuny t>\y KiffCTOV’- ■ . 5 of kvanos upon the shield of that hero. 1 From the early poets no idea of the nature of this sub- stance can be obtained, but something can be learned concerning its color and appearance. Homer calls the kya no s on the armor melas, 'black 1 , which probably means no more than 'dark*. As an 2 adjective or in compounds he uses it to refer to the hair, the beard, ^ the brow, 4 the eyes,^ the clouds,^ the phalanx,^ the prows p q in of ships, the sand of Charybdis, and the robe of Thetis. When the hair of Poseidon is mentioned, it would not seem altogether inappropriate to consider it as resembling the dark blue of the sea. 11 The eyes also of Amphitrite would doubtless be blue; but 1 Hes. Sc. 143: c« Sv'« tttO X €s ^11 .%,!> , 402,(401) : ky~4>». ttCt v*vto. \J su.VH.-y if epi-tke t of Poseido'tv , I]u 13, 5 ^>3 ( 5G&V- a >r I oaVr X< *J frvoTowo Cf-11.1^ * 530 ; 15,174 ,2oi 04 3,& ; g,S28.?3G- Of aWse, 11.20, 12*. * ' 3 0d. 16, 176: K w* » f tyt^oi'To y e v«i4 S«s 17S8, tTL 1739, 19 525 4 -t ~ II . 1, 528, Of Zeus: A kaI Kfo^'w/. Sci\oi. ®UV: «v«Vt^ rn.1 kav kat«*tA v, n t. k - C*. 11 .IT, loS. Of HeraJl IS, foi.Cf. B-u.Sl-1008,2.ff. . °0d. 12, 60 (59), of Amphitrite: TrpoT l snutasik^* V°x fi H. \J A V u> HiSo s ’A I — v T £ T v\ S . D n,. 5, 345(344): K-S V ' peT* e j> u e

{ 1 OV' es TT»^€f-a^ TT«j kc irx L klkliv'To yi^yyfS ^ Kwi 8ll,15 69 3 f f .: ths'EVTojp V 8i/85i, 878, 04-3,2 97; 9,4 82, S 3 9 ; 1 1 , 4, 3 * , 1 00 ,1 * 8 . 354 ,11, AC 5. 9 Od . 12 , 243 ( 242) : VTreire f»0c Se'yATck c$> * v' e ^ kaXoUo-v « To? Vl’tyas Tc f ««• v X yy . Kvj «» v '° S 4 h* 1 ' ° o « XUT*\ Y*p V" fc A« O C K iynv TTo'^tu TOU Ki/ivo° 7 1 2 found among metals and contains a trace of a golden color, which would give it a glistening appearance. Dioscorides mentions only the kyano s of Cyprus. Theophrastus is followed more or less accurately by Pliny in his Natural History . where in one place he uses caeruleum 4 for kyano s and in another the transliterated form, cvanos . ^ He adds little except that in his own day there was a Q preference for the caeruleum of Cyprus. Theophrastus had to be interpreted before his description could throw any light on the kyano s of the early poets. 7 It was not until Lepsius by an interpretation of the Egyptian inscriptions and by chemical analysis identified the three kinds, that its nature was understood. This view of Lepsius was accepted 8 and further developed by Helbig. They identified the natural 1 Ihid . 51 1 €wpc«r KfcTKl vT* € V- TOXS WoiS T oX S A f 'I v * C & " r *• •% fuat Se v £ v t °" s X” 1 ^ XOf u °' s » O^ ovr ®Lf f € ^ *■ * ° v '» v- & « (. 4 y< vy , ypu u)k\A I TvSoS aVf-ovi, tfipiTKoVt^os K- ' A 3 X’ s P v ‘S° h evros U y (Lt o v' T€ k*C <£>s A e y e t<* * , ypUi r~ ^ s ' f oi O K , C>y $v\ 'elrovo « J^ouirc y iov'. € ts TT v TT Ttv ov otov- Ai 3 AchUl. Aty^lV TTfcKTt ...Ta.t . I sag . (Patr. Gr. 19, 980 c):^piToff0«^ ki Jjo f-t*' Oio HCUvv'OT€( , <\. Hoc* voio. . . 9 Homeric shields. When kvanos was used for the adornment of sur- faces, at first glass-paste was meant, later a kind of paint. The latter would present a shining appearance and when applied to a quill, 1 it is spoken of as porohvrion , 'dark 1 . It was also used for painting walls and little toy figures or idols. In the 4 field of natural history k yano s is the name of a bird and of plants, applied no doubt because of their color. If the glass-paste and azurite were called kyano s from their resemblance to lapis lazuli, the chief characteristic of kyano s would seem to be that of blueness. There is no reason to doubt that the kyano s of the poets was of that color. However, it is difficult to understand why the later use of the substantive g and its derivatives and compounds does not convey solely that idea: ^Crinagoras (Anth. Pal . 6, 229):ALex©o v ' O^v; yA\ji^9ev' f k«l kmwvuj. S PaUS, 5 , 11 , 5 * T O T »jov epo^-iTiuv oVov aTTa v tv. H ^ v> T u>v 9 *j^tov g cr t v. v , ot A -v^ A \.tt x °Luc . Lexiph . 22 1 60 s V'tt' yc 4AeAv\0t‘S v- Ko(*o*n-/A « 0 uo v- is "T v\ v «yo("iv -n\oiTTo^4vo»s "eovnds, y To S’ € v So Pcv- H^Kwos Tt mI €ufi^o-mo«5 d!> v - . Arist. j£- A* 9> 18, 21:iVx-t ** xris xrex-p« opv'iS V v y- « A v- T « t \ v , xr o vfetxot »- OS «k> oVo(~« KUAKOS - o6toS ^KlS € V' IVitS~U^iO Ql A %, _ . x > \ . > . KvtKV Ou s o/os G> a *W €.* TA T CT* oT bl rds . 103 ff., tills was prob I— c v' X~« S t« ^ 'j ^ ^ o s ’eycv. Nt^Tov ^««pov, Pt- According to Thompson, A Gloss . of Gr . tnis was probably the wall- creeper, Tichddpoma ■p” " * 1 £L L ;£eleager ( Anth . Pal . 4, 1, 39 ff./jToTs v A\t V€ov>s o'fmv\K«S t/locvns,! ASc TToAu f «< V 8 O V, s,o£js 0 'S - ros \-ovos TTOTcH^ C)V TptlPe'., Trc'HToC V St «.v>-roO^ TOv) 'op Y-v ©ov ,'tTTe.i. KuivdoL 'kAto^S ofc Xo tVt . On the color of the peacock cf. Dio Chrysostum, Orat io , 12, 11. . i< I 11 in color is found among the compounds of kvanos . Pallas is called "She of the kvanos aegis. The son of Aegialeus, the Argive, is Kvaniooos . •Black-horse 1 . When kvanos is used of water, the idea suggested is probably dark-blue gleaming where the reference is to the sea, but more likely nearly dark, or dark-gleaming, when ry used of fresh water. The vault of the heavens 4 is probably thought of as blue, or possibly as gleaming, without reference to the exact hue. In a study of glass it is impossible to consider in greater detail the later development of kvanos , its derivatives 5 and compounds, but a brief summary may be made from the lexico- graphers and etymologists of the fifth to the thirteenth centuries. In Hesychius the chief idea is that of darkness, if not of black- ness,- but he gives some instances where kvanos might be or is used to indicate blueness, as the color of the heaven.® The same might Pind. 01 . 13, 100 ff . ! KOc*v«n.y c S € v Kvuxrirov'T C ot iTi*p9tv\ ^UV'TOS \ e>Joou TT»Vt€ Jcv'^ts CVi ye ’€S \^vAvunrov — ov A<>y . 3 Phryn. Prasp . Soph . 78, 1 f f . : k«G. wootvccuyts K * 1 «u«v*u Y vvsjroT« r os. C f. In a diptych from Cairo (B.C.H.. 28,208): ku^vwttov v>S^q». Compare Homer's 'dark water' ( « v- c ) used of the water of springs and rivers, on which see Ebeling, Lex . Homer . 1, 1038, col. 2, and the rivers called Melas, no fewer than ten in number, see Pape-Henseler , Worterb . d. griech . Eigennaaen . s. v- (in modern Greece also the Kephissos in Phokis is called Mauro no tamos . 'Blackriver' . 4 Synes . Hymn. 9,45:<™ ^ T v iriv *x s,\"’ J, ‘ v '^ TV ''i 0 ^_o i r j Vovj n \ aX«o a- 'tTV t-.i tt otvji , l cr ». Y >u> J— £ VOS , - - Y £ VOS OClp< 5 For further references see the articles on Kb*vos,its derivatives and compounds in Pape-Benseler , 0 £.cit.; Roscher, Ausfiihr , Lex . der gr . u. rom . Myth o; Thes . Gr . Ling , s. v. Ki) v ti JCI v J S u T t c -^wAvtov" Aii*' votvtov. . _ ■ . 12 * 1 2 be said of Phot ills' 1 and the Anecdota edited by Bachmann. In the latter, however, there is an exception, glaukos is defined as 3 4 * white. xyaneos * . This definition is repeated in Suidas, the Etvmologicum Gudianum 0 and Zonaras. ° In none of the instances considered has there been any suggestion of whiteness but just the opposite, and Philcponus rightly lists kvanos among the colors 7 more closely akin to black. Reference, however, has been made frequently to the gleaming of kvanos and it is very probable that at times it suggested simply something bright and shining. How- ever, it may be but a definition of light-blue, light blue and glistening perhaps, for Plato says that a combination of kvanos Q and leuicos produces glaukos . It is to be observed that kyano s (or kyaneos ) is used merely as a gloss for glaukos . not for leukos . galakt i eoikoa . or the like, for in lexicographical definitions or synonyms, one cannot safely proceed upon the principle that things which are equal to the same thing are equal to each other, since it is not precisely 'the same thing* for which Phot. Lex. (ed. Porson): <*■ v & o v * / ts | ku^v^o v Br> t £ * TV yeAwJS ... ’tTr' b^uo-L K u civ- e v^ Kwav'6OS. 5 Etvm . Gud . ( ed. Sturz, 126,3) : yA« ok©s, A «_v>*os , y«U«kt«. tot K«-^S T-V^V 0-4 pK<* Ti O T ■ \*-v- ° Lex . 438: yA oiwko's • Kv>otv'6s,>\ Xtouos, >\ s> \ "V ^x°° v * 7 % On Aristotle's de Anima, 2,406,29: "*"« -too c£> S TO K'»oivouv'. Q % % % ^ Tim . 68c: A- yo «Z» S* XtM«ov \s,^ to A X 2/6 8 - K VXVOV'. To v-«A«*V. ^542, 48:*vocv'oS* 4 k wovi y*^re-Coi\. K v^»vos- at-rrop To*a M, Kuotvds, O • Kvxxvevos, «««*;«* 7 * /' . . / , , u utv ve M "To^J K'JocV'.'f.oorM . 69 2/, 32»: oX x G41 ,2,8: vf K««v.Trpu.-£-.o^I- -"«<>* £. p «»v£Jt,, hv.V0TT(.c-..(.«^ TlS,i3... TOO TOO TTivToo.VVS. eUW «>• 14 x 2 been abandoned and as yet the etymology i3 unknown. To summarize, then, it seems pretty certain that glass-paste was first called kyanos from its similarity tc some natural stone or mineral. When actual glass in the common meaning of the term became better known, it was designated by new terms, because, no doubt, it was thought to be a different substance from kyano s. But the word by which glass-paste was originally known, went on developing new compounds and new derivatives which seldom, if ever, give any suggestion of material but rather of color, sometimes blue, sometimes black, usually simply the idea dark, glistening, iridescent, or dark-gleaming. This last may very well have been the original idea from which the others developed in two direction, one emphasizing the idea of darkness, the other that of glistening or gleaming. ^Benfey in G. Curtius, Gr. Etvm . ed. 5 . 543; 612. Boisacq, Diet . Etvm . de la Lan p:. Grec . 527. " 15 B. Lithos Chyte For a long time the Greeks had no special word to desig- nate glass in general. Although kyanos stood for a form of glass- paste, from the literary evidence there is no indication that it was applied except when the glass-paste was used in the adornment of surfaces. Very soon other uses for glass must have become familiar from imported wares and from the stories of travelers. A name was needed for new objects differing in form and color from the early kyanos . Herodotus speaks of the material of which they were made as ‘molten stone,' llthos chvte . 1 It is difficult to say whether this name was applied to glass because it was formed from melted silicates or because after a process of melting, a product resembling precious stones or crystals resulted, but more probably the latter, since the silicates used were generally in the form of sand, which the Greeks would scarcely have called stone. Since kyano s was first imitated in Egypt, it is quite appropriate that the first U3e of litho s chyt6 should be in conne c- o tion with that country. Herodotus says that about Thebes and Lake Moeris the people had sacred crocodiles which they adorned with earrings of glass and gold. The use of glass to imitate gems would be one of the simplest. Since hvalos occurs side by side with lithos chyte . the latter may have stood for some special 3 variety. Possibly Plato is thinking both of glass and of some Froehner, La Verrerie Ant icue , 4, thinks that Herodotus proba- bly translated an Egyptian expression. 2 2> ,69:«k -rreiv'Tuiv’ eV«c €.k«to(>o». Tpi\S T>\s ckK^yc^oo yA KV>pKocvv\a i K«S)TV\V K<^AV\v, iV , \ To Trop aTTTOUCX; £l\ T v\v &'oi\c>V F. H. Blaydes, Aristouhanis Nubes . 101, n.767, has emended hoiA^v to yuTijv without any substantial justification. ^To be sure there is a gloss on v.766 in R and V:Tv\v , A^® ov ''Tov'KpvovjS Oa^«KT£>uS > K€p1 O l<£ p °C p- ° S KoU A * & OS. ■ 9 " ' b : . 18 calls an oven "a contrivance in which earthenware and stone ( lithos ) are baked." Sometimes lithos chyte i3 said to be an older name for hvalos . 1 It is not mentioned before Herodotus who also speaks of hvalos , although he could not have used the latter of actual glass. Before this time, however, Corinna used the adjectival form of hyalos and very soon the word occurs with the meaning 'glass. 1 It is true that lithos chyte is applied to glass later than hyalos , but the two words are used at the same time and occur side by side. The real reason for thinking that lithos chyte is the older expression is that it is a primitive, descriptive term, while hvalos is a shorter, more direct technical expression. Probably the Greeks were at first most familiar with glass in the form of small objects, like gems, beads and other trifles which are so easily exported. It is possible that, when glass became more com- mon, hyalos expanded to embrace all of its forms and varieties while lithos chyte was still generally applied to the small objects for which it first stood, and in the shorter form of lithos cr lithia it continued to be used for these articles of barter. Yet the case of the goblet shows that it too had broadened its meaning somewhat. In literature, however, there was never a time when lithos chyte was as common as hvalos . to which it eventually gave way entirely.^ ^A. Kisa, Das Glas im Altert. 164. •A or ^ \v8os as a designation for glass probably passed out of general use soon after the introduction of a tech- nical term which was not so liable to ambiguity, for A \C9c, s was commonly employed to denote precious stones in general and in particular often means 'the magnet' ( A acp*s,£c. AA <* y -r is). 19 C. Hyalcs 1. Etymology . — With the introduction of transparent glass there came a new designation, hvalos , the origin of which Cev.'tcLc-n is unknown. It is derived from hvein . 'to rain,' by the] Greek lexicographers and etymologists. 1 Salmasius notes this derivation and considers that hvalos with the meaning 'wet' would be used in the sense of 'bright, 1 'clear,' since objects which are wet are 2 bright and shiny. Some modern etymologists consider the deriva- 3 tion from hyei n probable, notably Curtius, who says that "the sub- stantive probably meant properly 'rain-drop'." Froehner thinks that it is more probably from hals . 'salt,' the upsiion standing 4 for an old digamma. Blumner thinks that it was a foreign ^Orion (ed. Sturz) : u«.A-*v G«Jos > tt<* to Sen/ K« 0’ o^-oloTv\t«*\ milk, water, sky... We may with some probability place here also u'eAos." Prellwitz, Etym . Worterb . ed. 2, 473 :"v , <^os 1 glasern, wasserklar ':£•«*» ”. Thes . Gr . Ling. 8, 7. ^Froehner, La Verrerie . 6: "J'aimerais mieux prendre la voyelle it pour un ancien digamma, ce qui nous ramenerait au sel mineral (X As , Et cette etymologie n'est pas si maladroite, car le verre est une espece de sel; des chimistes autorise's 1'ont ainsi defini." This conjecture seems the most probable to Morin-Jean (Daremberg-Laglio , , I • ■ ‘ 20 1 2 word. Some would derive it from the Coptic,^ because the first mention of glass in Greek is in connection with the Egyptians. 3 Others try to find some connection with the Latin vit rum , ’glass, 1 A or the element sualo — ’’transparent stone or the like.” 2. Application of Hyalos . — Whatever may be the source of the word hyalos , it seems to have been introduced to designate transparent glass. Since the word was new and the substance which it designated rather unfamiliar, it is not strange that it should be applied to other substances of a vitreous appearance. That is Just what happens in the first instance where the substantive occurs in literature. To be sure, the use of the adjectival form, hvalinos . by Corinna^ implies an earlier use of hyalos than those recorded. Unfortunately the passage from Gorinna is 30 obscure that we can learn nothing about glass from it. In Herodotus there is a description of coffins of hyalos among the marvels shown by the Aethiopians to the spies of Cambyses. "And after this, last of Diet . des Ant . Gr . et Rom . 5, 935) and Kisa, Das Glas im Altert . 3, 24, but it implies a knowledge of chemistry on the part of the early Greeks which is altogether improper for one to assume. iBlumner, Glas (P. W. 7, 1385). ^ Thes . Gr. Ling . 8, 9: ” o« fortasse ortura ex Aegyptiaco «*u*As- oui«*A»qucd Lapidem pellucidum, non vero proprie Vitrum nostrum sig- nificat. Jablousk, Orusc . 1, 250.” Becker, Gallus, ed. 2, Ex. 1 on scene 7. ^L. Meyer, Handb. d. Gr. Etyrn . 2, 141: "Dunklen Ursprungs. Denkbar ware ein Zusammenhang mit lat. vitro (vitrum). Glass'' (Publil. Syr. com. 14)." ^Boisacq, Diet . Etym . 996. 5 Phryn . 309: *.<*1 a Ko^v.vv'* t*v- 6iAtvov TTocv^a. 6-n transparent substance about their dead. Ctesias attests such a use, but his authority is very slight to begin with, and besides it is impossible to tell whether he meant that the Aethiopians used actual glass or not, for Diodorus by whom this passage has been preserved may have misrepresented him as much as he has 3 Herodotus. Diodorus interprets hvalo3 as actual glass which was - poured about the dead. He says that they made so much of it in 4 Aethiopia that there was enough for every one. Strabo is probably taking the word of an earlier writer when he says of the Aethiopians, "some pour hvalos about the dead and keep them at home." J In another place, he speaks of the body of Alexander having naturliches, aus der Erde gegrabe^res Material." Note 1: "Die Erklarer denken an durchsicht iges Glasporzellan, andere mit mehr Wahrscheinlichkeit an Bergkrystall. " Liddell and Scott, s.y. ,: Some kind of clear, transparent stone." ^Niebuhr, Vortrage uber alte Gesch . 1, 151; Rawlinson, Herodotus 2, 350,2; How-Wells, A Comm , on Herodutus , 1, 240,7. p Diod. 2, 15, 2 f f • • K T cr t °* S ’ o K v- . o 5 mtto ®«i.vo To o" TOY” T)(C?vi^t\v, otoioS TO Y-*v C T^v TT€f>- \j v, o v_ 1-0 y- a V T«p> T6Tt\t«Tv\KoTL. S ibil . 2, 15, l:T**f«V TWV T € A€OT A ^^ TU)V «-£ccoS 0> - k«Ttx TA A!Bv.o-tt Idv' ttoloG VTett.* Trt()l^V(r(XVTtS y«p Tof W.'TIX T\T v. X feo< ' v ' r< ^ cyOrotS -rroXA^v Aov Uiotny 4 ttv. a-*>fy\ A s, tovr T t ToiS TT«ciou^o ToS cr to y^ *a , A << V a rr t (> *V\(>o SoToS e5Tp»\vs€. ^Ibid. 2. 15. 4 :t^ £4 i'«Aov To v_ kv-tm t A v At otc k*\ tIa^ws To»s k\j % <*>(> C o >. s 'Ctt utoA Strabo, 17, 2, 3: t-oG s vtKfoos ot s J ° v ' ^ ° t ^ o ^ tu^TTToutn.v', at S’’ o’lKoi I K (tT Spovy KOpvr^S o ITto A fe ^.,,?os - O VJ Vy V' ^ V' np t;V- X p«JO-v\ Ho- 0 >\ *- oW Ibid . 17, 1, 8:to S*. fc» * ^ _ •tTOtXvv , H <»1 u^AoS -n-t^v€ .KtyuTo ^ O r l<*v otuToH oAov- tou T a'TfeV'J — - ’ — U»a-T6 ov- a VITOS t / V OU (T v\ «(GTOu’ 6 Ps. Calli3th. 2, 18: ipsius vero Cyri conditorium visendo, cuius sive natura perpiscua, sive inscalptio erat, ut nihilo prorsus quicquid interesset impediret diligent ium, adeo ut propter saxi illius evident iam capilli etiam condi ti cadaveris viserentur. erat lapide adeo tenuis intuent ium 34 such a temperature that it would utterly disfigure aiw corpse. If we are to believe any part of the accounts at all we must think of a transparent varnish, shellac, or lacquer. Some authors no doubt wittingly called a substance which was not glass hvalos , while others perhaps mistook a substance vitreous in appearance for real glass, or, finally, a foreign word may either have been mistaken for glass, or else it may have been used generally of several transparent, glistening substances, including glass, and the Greek authors were not aware of this fact. In any case this tradition does not deal with glass as we know it. Although the hyalos , the burning-glas9 kept at the druggist's shop in the Nub 3 8 of Aristophanes , was probably of glass, a scholiast has interpreted it as crystal. x This shows that the scholiast, at least, thought that hvalos might designate crystal. Achilles Tatius seems to indicate rock-crystal when he describes a cup of hvalos ororygmene . 'glass that has been dug up.' About the cup was a vine from which hung grapes so skillfully engraved that when the cup was empty, they looked unripe but when it was full 2 of wine, they looked red and ripe. After finding hvalos used in v- t u) s o£ T « -nitT T«t Dottle v ^ -v s TV<^A«.voV«i £4 ol Toys ^ToUTeff TToAuTtVot/S) Ai^oi/S ? (j)o«/?u.cu( ott Ui Xau feAeyo^ro. ouSe's TOCOWTtOV' A «.® 40 V" y OS oit< iv £ V 1 v “ Ach. Tatius, 3, /— to tt5k in «U«A<. I’ rtlJT ov i^TT«Aov Tr*r» lfc(TTt c£>OW' -TOO *t»ctf-Tv\(»os ol & (Soloes Tr 6( , ll f VTf T 6 TT »-o T c< v. T v ^o-r^-jocov^, L Vc* T m tAov \/ t » y s f\ 25 such a way, it does not seem strange that Pollux should list it among the things that are mined. x The first certain U3e of hvalos or any of its derivatives 2 in the meaning of ’glass' seems to be in Aristophanes, for hyalinos in Corinna and hvaloeides in Philolaus and Ion of Chios, although probably designating ordinary glass, cannot, because of their employment in mere comparisons, be regarded as unequivocally pre- supposing at that time the application of hvalos to glass rather than to crystal or some other transparent precious stone, but those who think that the burning-glass was made of crystal mention 3 4 Plato as the first to apply hvalos to actual glass. Although its use was rather uncommon at first, in time it became so well known 5 that hvalos alone was employed to designate a glass vessel. The chief characteristic of hvalos , 'glass,' as might be expected from its application to other substances of a vitreous appearance, was transparency. Not only was its transparency frequently men- 6 tioned or inferred, but it was used as a standard with which to Pollux, 3, 87: K-^T-riTepos, 7 uot/los. ^Nub . 768. Compare Ach . 74'. wv folm. 61 B. |!Thes. Gr. Ling. 8, 7. ^Galen, 13, 42, 290; Apocryphal Gospels (in Textes Do cum . 1, 1, 26, 31, 32); Orib. ( Daremberg-Ruelle, Oeuvre de Rufus d’ TSuliese . 569); Geoo . 9, 19, 10. ^Aristot. Probl. 11, 905 B, 6, 25, 939 A, 13; Analvt . Post . 1, 31, 88 A, 14. Hero, Def init iones , 4, 102, 16 ;k* 1 *<<9’ -r^ci-n-o^ uttotC Pe-r«,v. tA <5c^|>os ev« C vj 6 v- « S « s: e v y fP*tT)~~ ot ** O£roc S»«t LO ~r UtTO Tot A-Atow K<*v. TO— € 4 V' tOOfcCoCS H *vi«(TTO US', ToTf . 26 compare anything else which is transparent. It even developed a Se Soo v'cfcS , *I>«"ncp oc^wv'. lPo»J 4 -ri otto To'5 v S „(. c*. * «iV £T«( l Trt. -Vy v'oo X omnes refrin- guntur . . . per vitrum enim et per aquas videmus non ipsos et ultra iacentia.in palustribus enim aquis que in fundo videmus et per vitra eaque ultra iacent. Alex. Aphrod. on Arist. de An ima . 138, 28: ycAoXov y»C p to*, t©v ^ — 4 v A c ® o v t % *. a cp<< v v\ tv\/ Aov' ^Y € % Afevcw.ibii. 149, 26: >v ** 5VS Y€Vecr 6 «j->S auTw^. Idem on Arist. Metaohvsica . 588, 40: ^f^^P ^ n\ *<*-<*.% G.'Z’S o s t»- O V K<\£. 't^T is 4-rccfte\s op-Ao^ v\ «>Xo Tv. TyjV Si 4 op^Tove to €vtos^v So^. Damascius, Dubitat iones et Solutiones (ed. Ruelle, 1, 183, 11) :ws el *7 TOl T o»V" St d <^a iv'Ok oAov- opc\ x O ^ - Philoponus on Arist. de Anima . 319 . 15: o'Sv 4 v xq> 1/ Ai.^i A . IX fr D r ./> TT^. 4 - o / £ k.Xc — T / -rr AVr -r. n wap o v T o ^ . ov v o 0 S AC©o\J ^ o t o -TO u TO Scarves, ^VepytC* £e yiVe-r<*i (fw-ros ' Ibid . 320, 26:< r nr etov Ce T °^ To ° > ^ xv ^ ^ ^ i^v< gTu <)«»«* yp ( * /b '^h -I de m on Arist. Meteor . 44, 1: cVcvto* ttoXXoV. to>v % , €/loo cr^-cSov' &K‘!TU(»oi/p.*V'A T ^ “ C P 0-1 M t *■ - Suid* 1319, 18 . S vot v' oTov i Pot, Ke(>«T'eAoS,y vj»J»oS K«*\ ex ep«v r°v o« Nemesius, de Natura Horn in is ( Patr . Or . 40, 645 BJ^ttov Se Si* O^x K<*v. *rtov &'AAcov Tliv' Tovov»ToT(»6V(»v,S>vXov S <£ , ox v. xt ^ cot v. <* ^<£-vw v. Transparency is mentioned frequently in connection with glass objects which will be spoken of later. 1 Topaz is compared to glass. Agatharchides, de Marl Ervthraeo (Muller, Geog . Gr ♦ Min . 1, 170), in Photius: Se -r^Cx^ ^Vqt«v , a v^a-v , Kovt To ««Xovjyj=:Vov lgTT«);i«>v. errv Se Too To Aifco'S Si* vo- ytvos, 0Q v cj 'oltto s V SoGs. T>v'DVodoTr\JLS , ,S,‘S8»5- <£ ^f ,: ^ vv^g-oo TocGtvv To mAou^(VoV Toniljio^ 4 € p^ s . Pssllus, de Lapid. 25:ToTret i^vov- ACOos evTc S<*^K»f£-,«y€/<e h‘P^pSs. The city and the streets of Heaven are compared to pure or transparent glass. Hers there seems to be the idea of brightness as well ^as transparency. Rev . 21, 18: x-n-6A«s ypocCov iv«* & ovpov' o' f-. o^ov' o^Ato x«<9otpcj^. X 3L . 9 y r l; l A. TT X« T T v\ s TTo a C- oo s XPV'O-C OV' KkS«^.o/ i'ovAoS Siwviy^s. Andreas Caesar ; ( Patr . Gr. 106, 437) on Rev . 21, 21: 5‘i ^A-Tevciv TaS Tc o At <^> S , S <■« To TVoAjTeAes e uyp o o / , < - c > S pJiriov, ? «.« S’c To Hoc 0 a .|0 cy^ oGs Kf * J |€ (XU T >\ S TTtup BevC C< y '<*"■ Vo(BapoTV\Toi li)S O oC A O Of the joinings of bones. Anaphora Pilatl , 2 (ed. Tischendorf, Evang . Apoc . 422 ): k^v xP 0 ' vo 1 * TToAXoTS, c«uT^S 'f 0(rfewS r °° ^>ATo5 TT« V. TTolv' 0 'IfOV 6/ TS£ <5^ v> o» “V O VI y.fev'Ov. Of skin, Ibid . 2, 4: Aettot^v. to 5 wWf s/vt'Uf rit(j4v^€ST0wy^K^Tos. Jlufinus ( Anthol . Pal . 5, 36) :t*\s U 'PoSotrAet^s v*AVp iVoS, Uy/zo/^GTlAilToSj OC(X K 6 S ^o yev'.oi v \\<*.aov c *vtv\V XolXS (3o.\Kc>-repov ^HToS |cttl ToO-ouTov- ToPr y ff-v^AAotv Sou<^ 0 ^ c,PT o^TToAtvTV oy^e Voi'" 0y^oV>lTt' TC H4\ 1Tl .~ro V'SA Sc e\ Kejjy y^ 4 v^ Pc A ^ • ~r o o Too <*> <^_ ^ \\ e" 0 T c\ V K ATo( To TVfc^>«S Tov> o €» Sovis X‘Toovos Ti KpuffTcx AA c> tv Ses o K<\\ S\ir\o vco\l X £TT't ' T o v*-€.v o'J'v tt V" e vAo 0e v" to C'eAoeifes o y p ov" t o T ^c o\~tv a o y K w T c\ T c ta V v K4 i t v\ v" Vt/ cr To- *r i vr, o v - tt t p ^ v\ v^€y'OV oyo TT^c^^/ o ^vj^oVjb's uoLAtp Vpo(reoiitc tto To^<< g> 4'vvv v><* A oi o v oC u^Aos Hsit \3 y.fcVTov 4 \ 00‘TpCKKOV', V\TV. To C OU TO V CTOJ> \0u>v cl So v o -ok. yy\v u«A°v S’ »j ^ V A 8 ^ v" to Ao^piv TTee lK Ov|,e,4d^.-L--Js , '<<*'■ K «< A o v- v; OV V-o v Tvy-^s O- a o . Translation by the editors. 6 F. Biicheler (Rhein. Mus . 56, 326) . In Hesychius glass seems to be called a precious stone, but the passage is probably corrupt, for glass is also called borboros , ‘mud,' 1 an absurdity due to a confusion with hyollos . 2 Theognostus seems to have copied the corrupt text of Hesychius and 3 in turn to have been copied by Zonaras. A scholiast on Aristophanes' Nubes says that Homer did not know the word hvalos but used elekt ros instead.^ This is repeated by Pseudo-Philemon. 5 The Greeks designated both amber n and a metallic compound of gold and silver by elekt ron . Originally perhaps elektro s (masc.) stood for the metal while elekt ros (fern.) cr i oC A oS # ^esych. u*Ao(u) v A os n^>op(s o ( => ° sii . 3 Ibid . 60AA0V tottos q-u Cs>v See Hesych. ed. Schmidt (1862), 4, 191, 18. c ^Theognostus, Canones , 18, 28; Zonaras, Lex . 1759 :^^. o (So^ opos, ^viote Se To ^Schol. V on Nub . 768: v \p c?s Se T * okOTco Xc>?S a^^rtOovS >\AetOpos ^ €0 ' TvV< » U *A©S W oG. \c>S 5 Lex. ed. Osann, 171. » OC voo - — — - — — j — 6 Paus . 5, 13, 7: to Sg -to^Tto o*S t^> Ad y ov ^ tVotv^vTou Tvi v GAKoVc*. , oo-ov l^-ev ~ rov * ~ oit-S ^ d ° v S e Oct KtT «a.\- , o-Trui Y t t«l tx l ' v, ^p toTT 'V iy«.iov ttoAA'^v' g Me ,-*■ Kex<*f B v» ^ £> >\ ^ «< Akou tc OTTfcpoTT'V v\'X v \ ev 'f‘*\*f > ' ,*5 W 0r€ov op^ov e^iov, S’ v\)i 4 ,upo».Y 4'ep-ro. Compare 18, 326. ^Helbig, Das homer . Epos , ed. 2, 106. ^P.-1T. 3, 1, 295: "Rev. archeol. 16, 1859, 335 und Lagrange Recherches sur la peir.ture en email dans l'antiqu., Paris 1856, Glasfluss (Smalte), Feys in der Revue de 1' instruct, publ. de Belg. 1863, 461 Glas. Doch hat keine aieser Annahmen VJahrschein- lichkeit fur sich, und nur darum kann es sich handeln, ob bei Homer sowle in einigen spateren Erwahnungen des vjAcKTpov^ Bernstein Oder die den gleichen Namen fuhrende Goldlegierung gemeint sei." Bliimner, Tech , u. Term . 4, 408: "Die mehrfach aufgestellte Behauptung, welche namentlich an Labarte und Cohausen Vertheiaiger gefunden hat, dass das homerische A* e « T f ,ov Smalt e bedeute, istzwei- fellos unhaltbar. lir haben in verschiedenen Bedeutungen kennen gelernt, als Bernstein sowohl , wie als Silbergcld; dass es daneben noch jene dritte Bedeutung gehabt habe, dafiir lasst sich nirgends ein Anhalt finden." ^Ibid . 1. c.: "Allerdings unterliegt es keinem Zweifel, dass elect rum im Mittelalter die Bedeutung von Schweiz erhalten hat; bei Theophilus ( Schedula Divers ♦ Art . Ill, 53) wird es mehrfach in diesem Sinne gebraucht, und in lateinischen Schriften des zehnten und elften Jahrhunderts kommt es ebensowohl in dieser Bedeutung, wie in der des silberhalt isren Goldes vor. 11 '-‘Suidas: . u*a©s. C'<* A o s ia-rW ««p j As *A ‘oTTOTav SP°~ ° ° V\ Si Kvy , iTrojTepulffTrtS Tf(JoS I oV/ >\A»-OV Trf T^S e^v\S S'^uv^s- ZixAou Ifoxoedes 'AAUTpou touto v^c* v\vccT f( , which does not appear in the scholia as they are transmitted in the MSS . J ■ - ■ 31 lexicons describe it as gold mixed with glass and stone. 1 A table in Sancta Sophia in Constantinople seems to have been made of this artificial product. 2 On the other hand, some forms of amber so closely resemble glass that they could easily be confused with it. In Hesychius logourio n, 3 which is probably the lynkourion 1 men- tioned elsewhere as amber, is defined as h yalos or hyelos . Perhaps the scholiast in V was thinking of an amber called h yalos . However that may be, the connecting of elektron and glass by Hesychius, Suidas, and the scholiast in V, with the additional knowledge that glass and amber have been confused in other languages, 0 and that the term glass was in Greek occasionally 1 Cyrill (Zonaras, Lex . 1,106); Photius; Bachmann, Anecd . Gr. 1,250, 4; Suidas; Etym . Magn. 425, 25; Miller, Melanges , 147 (from Flor. Ms. 304); Zonaras, 986: vvte kt^ov- • «tAA o' T VJ TTOV ov *<*»- . Etym . Gud . 240,9, has ^ instead of ^ Kov ^- Etym . Magn ♦ adds oo't-o_>s c Pv\to^v«i\. p ^Suidas: ^Xt HTpov. ocXXo'-rorroV.-- oVas 6 CTl K*T«»A^KTpov’ mAotuttov vov- o ^ , cod., prius Salmasius posterius Mus . correxerunt Schmidt, On the origin of the name see Theophrastus, de Lapid . 28; Pliny, N .H . 37 . 34 . 5 Boisacq, Diet . Etvm . 996. Blumner, Tech . u. Term . 2, 383, 1, and P.-W. 3, 1, 297, note the similarity between glass and the German word for amber given by Pliny in N .H . 37, 42: ab Germania appellari glaesurn . . 33 applied to other transparent substances, has led several modern scholars to believe that hyalos might also designate amber. 1 * 3 Some would go so far as to suggest the correspondence of hyalo - p to sualo - which appears in sualiternicum . the Scythian name for amber according to Pliny. ^ Conclusion: Although hyalos usually meant glass, it was also applied to other transparent substances, such as crystal, glazes, precious stones, and amber, as has been shown. This probably arose through a confusion at a time ’when the precise nature of these different substances was as yet not recognized and then the erroneous usage was never entirely corrected. But it is also conceivable that even after glass had become better known, hyalos may have been intentionally applied to other things because of the similarity in their appearance . 1 Sonne, Kuhns . Zeitschr . 12, 359; Curtius, Gr. Etym . ed. 5, 395. Froehner, La Verrerie , 5: n Il ne serait done pas impossible qu'on eut employe parfois le meme terme pour designer les deux matieres.” Thes . Gr. Ling. 8, 127: “Non est autem succino color unus . . . aliud fulvum et perspicuum instar vitri, quod genus Gr . nuncupant ° v- o Prellwitz, Etym . Worterb . ed. 2, 472, considers this as doubtful. However, Boisacq, Diet . Etym . 996:" semble reponare a 1' element sualo- 1 pierre transparente ou qc . de pareil' du nom scythe, c-a-d. Nord-europeen, de l’ambre sualiternicum . " 3 N. H. 37, 33: Philemon fossile esse et in Scythia erui duobus locis, candidum atque cerei coloris quod vocaretur electrum, in alio fulvum quod appellaretur sualiternicum. (hyalopyrrichum in Urlichs, Vind . Plin . 2, 824, accepted by Detlefsen, ed. 1873) . 33 3 . Forms and Orthography : a . Hyalos ( hyelos ) , the sub- stantive. — Hyalos is ordinarily feminine, presumably under Attic influence , ^ the masculine gender appearing very rarely. S With very few exceptions 3 the accent comes upon the antepenult. The first vowel is short, but in late poetry it is occasionally treated as A long, metri gratia , in some of the derivatives. The first form of the word hyalos , which we have preserved, at least, is hyalinos , used by Corinna, as mentioned above. 3 Hyaloeides occurs in Philolaus, 0 while hyeloeides in Ion of Chios’* 7 attests the employment of the spelling with epsilon in the fifth o century, B.C. Herodotus 0 is the first to use the substantive form Schol. Pind. 01. 1, 10:^Trec h*\ o! ’Attu^ov ttoAA« twv ovo^t^v ipo-eviK* oVta 0vxA^k«^>s k k Ael . Dionys . in Eustath. 1390, 50 f f . ; TTocpoi tlJ> Aihos Avoyymos Trowao-vw.eiovj^e/os -rwi\ oHV>^ vs^Yo^ ye Vv\ TT^» oife^ovTwi, , OUT oo ■ ■ ■ 8v\\v, s. . . »Wv v\ o «. A o <5 . Photios, g .y . os. Bachmann, Anecd . Gr. 1, 392; Schol. Aristoph. Nub. 768; Zonaras, Lex . 1759; Ety . Magn ♦ 774, 3 f f . ; Ps . Philemon, Lex . Technol ♦ 248. ^Th&Ophr. Lao id . 49:ti Se. o CTeAos Vv^s ieK-iSos t f‘ Arv ' Alex. Aphroa. on Arist. de Anima, 142 (ed. I. Bruns):To^wT* eh-t-v Tv' *rok ~re i<<<.toTvtq (< \<«\f of u g A u v. , where theeditor emends to <*.{., perhaps without sufficient warrant. In Lucian, Quomodo Hist . Conscr . Sit , 25, one of the mss., Vat. 87, reads TO. uAAv which, however, may be a mere slip. 3Philostratus, Vita Ap. 3, 1 :k«l (rreyei otoToY-x^/ OG.Ao\_* chj fer Athanasius ( Patr . Gr . 28, 789 B: -re C A hv-toj tou mA'ou «l A KTT V'C S - cx. TT“e CT V. ToV V/eAoV...^ O U C. A ° s ovj v ~ r f» <1^ T etc . Steph. Alex. 3, 20: 0 e A 17 * v - v ^- Alex. Aphrod. Problem . 1, 41, 28: -*-v QIOV ^ GtAoS c^AA ov»W ^ v T V\ cTS £ * e e t « ' ^ Ttjk Analvt. Post . ^ 7, 3, 88 A ,14 : 0 T 0 v- e\ ■ T *v*' ttAov Tt-r^uTr vyy-.C w n t U) (1 «Zj y- e V' KoCv T ^\o\^ tv v ->A v" \oi V (^«V \topt S fe() :, 4.l T i 6TT {. TTo£ (T^)v/ c <5 . Stob. Eel . 1, 52 (Diels: Doxogr . 456):'Ap«-ToTtA^s <5 psjv- KvVv^ffi W' Too |< o' tv e tt'<- tv\>^ 'yv\v , Koc r^yvi/ir ® * i i\a* O'uV’Tpi ^6 (T 8* <- ^iK^v 6fA wv" W tp c\ y. t CZ> v Tv*jv. ^Job. 28, 17; Agatharchides (Muller, Geog . Gr . Min . 1, 170, 6 ff . ; 23 f f . ) . Strabo 3, 1, 5: Svi toOtu,/ cis-t a Wv- rvAw^tvvvv- G. Kramer, 1, 211, "gi* viAwv proposuit Is. Voss. (ad. Mel. I, 18)." Muller-Dubner in their Latin translation suggest vitris quibus tanquam fistulis t vitris? I infractos radios visus aiffundi. Ibid . 17, 2,3; Antiphilos ( Anth . Pal . 6, 250 or Suidas, s.v.vApto-s ); Anon . Lond . Iatrica (H. Diels, Suppl. Arlstot . 3a, col. 39, 18; Philo, Leg . ad Gaium , 45 (some of the manuscripts give G^Aos); Peripl . Maris Erytnr . 49, 56; Rev . 21, 18, 21; Ael. Dionys. in Eusth. 1390, 53; Galen. 3, 760; 5, 623; 7, 138, 348; 8, 81; 11, 411, 749; 12, 185, 206; 13, 42, 663; 16, 367; Paus . 2, 27; 8, 18; Iren. ( Patr . Gr. 5, 1388 A; 7, 440); Luc. Ver . Narrat . ex ^Xow. Idem , de L uctu , 21; Cuomo do Hist . Censer .a5;Al ex . Aphrod. on Arist. de Anima, 133, 18, 138, 28; 149, 28. Idem, Problem . 1, 61; 2, 39; Pollux, 3, 87; 6, l4fin mss. C.V.); P. Fay . 134, 4; Caesar Dial. 1, 68 ( Patr . G_£. 38^, 936); Orib. 2, 711, 15, 1; 9, 550, 5 ( f rom Galen) Orion: CAAv tf*Aos. Hesych. Ao^otpo^* u\\o^. < 5 AAvv G\Aos. 5 < X o $ • otAos. Aen. Gaz . 552, 71; Damascius, Dub . et Solut . 1, 183, 11; Acn. Tat. 2,3; Ruf inus ( Anth . Pal ♦ 5, 36; 48; Andreas . 35 and hyelos , 1 then continue side by side, and the same is true of Caesar ( Patr . Gr. 106, 433, 437); David Armen. Proleg ♦ et in Porphyr ♦ Isogos: . 20, 11; Schol . on Plato’s Alcibiade s , 132 E; Olympiodorus on Plato's Alcibiades 2, 223, Cm*A o s is an error for <\ »<€(?« s. See Comm, by Creuzer, ncte 53; Thes . Gr. Ling . 8, 7. v Paul. Aeg. 84, 2; 117 v , 42; Daremberg-Ruelle, Oeuvres de Ru& a' Ephese . 444, 12; R. Brian, Chlrurgie . 142; Thecgnostus, Canon . 18, 29; Photius, Bibl . 275 ( Patr . Gr . 104, 244 A); Schol on Clem. Alex. Paedoa- . 180, 28. For the dialectic icrm6*A°\o (gen.) see Suia. under cVSios and o Psellus, Carm. de Re Med . 596; Zonaras, Lex . 1665, 1758; Nicephorus Blemm. Epitome Log . (Patr. Gr . 142, 697, 18 C; Lyhistrus and Rhodamne, Phlorius and Platziaphlora (Kcnstantinides, /v\ ty«A4§»K<»vunder 6*'eA©s' OVA os . AoyoO^io v 6V Aos.A A Orion : a os [sicl •> Anaphora Pilati 3 (C. Tischendorf, Evans- . Apoc . 423); Philoponus on Arist. de Anima . 2, 6, 7; Meteor . A, 3, 5; G. Hirschberg, Die Augenheilkunde des Aetius von Ami da 1, 25; Alex. Trail. (Daremberg-Ruelle, Oeuvres de Rufus a 1 Ephese , 95); Excerpta ex oommentar . Alexandri et Olympiodori (Ideler, 29). Photius: >\ A* topov AAA £ tuTTov' )^p o cr v'ov w>.y^ivov C A K«*v 6 ^ . The spelling must be due to the copyist for Photius says elsewhere that hyalos "and not hyelos should be used. Photius Patr. Constant ( Patr . Gr ♦ 101, 277 A); Meletius ( Patr . Gr . 64, 1168 B ff.^ Bachmann, Aneod. Gr. 1, 250, ,4; Leo., Philos. Conspectus . Medic. 3, 1, 129; Suid. s .y . and A'A«kt<>«v'; Geo oon . 5, 7, 2; 9, 18, 10; Abitan. de Urinis . 296, 20; Psellus, de Lapid . 1, 25; Etym . Gud . 78, 240; Schol. on Aristoph. Nub. 7S8; Etym . Magn ♦ £.y_* iAi f* ® ^ j Zonaras, Lex . s_.v . d' A ^ o ^ ^ Eustratius on Aristot. Analy . Post; . 151, 21 ff. ( O'^a^s et OciAov in ms. e); Demetrius, Hieracoso'ph . 26, 271, 2S1, 283; Joan. Actuarius, ae Urinis . H , 32, 21; 33, 12; Nemes, de Natura Hominls ( Patr . Gr . 40 , 645 B ) . 36 the compounds and derivatives. Herodian 1 in his work on orthography puts hyalos first as the preferred form,whioh is what would be inferred, at least, from its more frequent occurrence up to this 2 time, and because it seems to have been the older form. Phrynichus 'Z and the later grammarians insist that the spelling with alpha is the only correct one, while a certain Polybius, of whom practically jhierod. Tech . Reliquiae (ed. A. Lens), 2, 595, 15: v/*Aos * G'cAos. I. De Borriss, Phryn . Praepar . Soph . 116: u^Aiva v><*Aos* tou « » oi e . C. Lobeck, Phryn . 309:^4^ Bos, VJ«AoS, A^*^T« (3 ( v c\ To v 81 A \ v^o v 1 TT G -*\ o Of . In oculos incurrit, haec non ab eodem Phrqnicho scribi pctuisse. odAos non VeAos dicendum esse, uno ore tradunt Phrynichus App. p. 68. Dionysius Atticista, Photius, alii. v. Sallier p. 373. Neque Theophrasti auctoritas, quam ills praetexit, tanta videri debet, ut grammaticorum sententiae, Aristophanis et Platonis testamentio communitae, idcirco abrogemus." W. Rutherford, The New Phryn . 281*. 0-hcros . "This article is not found in any of the manuscripts in the editions of Callierges or Vascosan, or in Phavorinus; but the first Laurentian manuscript and the first editor include L'eAos in the next article. Much of this part of the book is undeniably spurious . 0 ^Photius * d « A o s ' SnA -r ot "5 • oh OT e A o s i<«*! dv JT A o S ' Kav ■LAAvv^oV' ’A^VCTO vvys e g 0 A r Woo TTOTV^pC U>V W*\. ^ py(T C « A ^)<* AeKTeo/, S' ~roo c*. 3°°A dWAos K«\v • j '\Xvjk*os ) '5 v vctAos. Miller, Melange s de Lit . Grec . Ety m Mag. jtFlor.^ Ms. 304) 290: v*Aos,T7‘t>i : i«l C^iKOK-^^i? ’tv '^x^vcwaiyCv -74 K*l ^pv/rCJouv)'4^ uv. tt<* vto*'a y o v/(rt 9 ^uo*AAt'So( - «'C't*os iVToytriv - ‘oti Sc y'«AoS Pv^Jlo «X>s J Wl t«< tov/ 04 »1 > ^ v 'ff oV Atti to oVoj^o* ouk Rire^, oiAW «tv(T«p |<«[i Tots WcKTpos ggT.^u^xos St o». N o t e 348 , “Similia Phavorinus h.v.p .1789 .1 . " 37 nothing is known, even lists hyelos as a barbarism, 1 which is surely going too far. The grammarians no doubt merely mean that hyalos is the Attic form and hyelos the Hellenistic, as, indeed, it is once expressed by Moeris 2 and Thomas Magister. 3 This is only partly true, for although hyalos is Attic, it is also Boeotian 4 and Ionic. It is, therefore, probably just the older form. There are a few other words which have similar alternate forms, the origin of fl the second one of which is often unknown. It has beensuggested that hyelos is produced by a weakening of the alpha, 7 or that it 8 q is an Ionic form admitted by late Atticists. Hyalos also sur- ■^Polyb. _de Barbarismo et Soloecismo (Nauck, Lex . V indob . 284): TTe^v *** 4v<*.AA«y V lV tTo(i os -n-e.pt tSis othv € T4p<*>V oTov eV ~r »S Aty o«. -rivV K«(i »S'fcA*v Tl^v uVUy. The ms. here (see Boissonade, Anecd. Gr. 3, 230) gives f«& kkI 6't\ov tv All that can be said of the date of Polybius is that his work appeared in a manuscript of 1496. See Boissonade, 229. 2 Moeris, Attic . Lex . 275 : uocAos^v -rcz> . 4^-n2> eVEWvxw Sallier on Moeris, 275: "Ita Lucianus, qui ut et Theophrastus, « c -Aost. 1. p . 1004,^ scribere non dubitavit . inquit , p v \^ ) i »■)( H Giro ^vjo ^>- 4 V v\ S >\At KTpo vj ^mcriV ^tAou ^.ec^YY«VTpav «TT<^p^RTtc.Quod s 1 ” * A os e t i am in eiusdem scriptis occurrit, ex eo illud tantum sequitur, nomen « Aos et oeA^snullo discrimine ab Atticis usurpatum." The_s.Gr. Ling . 8,9. 3 Thom. Mag. 365, 1 ff.:v<;Us 'AttikoC. A^ *tr«\s hr s- -r*\^ u«Aov Vytis.utAosU «rnrAg»s^ ax^vgs. See G. Meyer, Gr. Gram. ed. 3, 159; F. Blass, Gram , d. N. Test ♦ 21. ^See Corinna in Phryn. 309. 5 See Hdt . 3, 24. 6 Brugmann, Grundriss , 2, 174; Schweizer, Gram, der pergamen . Inschr. 36. ^W. SchiTiid, Per Atticismu s, 4, 683. ®Smyth, Tne Greek Dialects . 140: "Forms in-*\o* in the »< ov ^ v \ were once held to be Ionic, perhaps, because of Horn. Tr » ; « h««Aos, later tt^oi A o s A. Thumb, D. Gr. Sprache im Zeitalter . des Helleni sinus , ed. 2, 75; Blass-Debrunner, Gram , d. N. Test . eTT~4,29 q W. Schmid, Q£. ci t . 4, 580: "Vulgarismus . . welche aber moglicherweise als Ionisrnen passierten." ' . • :• . . t 38 vived in popular speech along with hyelos , as is shown by its use in literature which made no pretense to Atticism, such as the New Testament, 1 its appearance in papyri, 2 and its survival in modern Greek. b . Hyalos ( hyelos ) the adj ectlve . — Hyalos 4 (hyelos)^ sometimes occurs as an adjective of three terminations. The g Etymologicum Magnum gives hyalinos as preferable to hyalos , and this statement is, of course, correct if one judges by standards of frequency of occurrence. It has been suggested that hyalos here may be an error for hyalous, but, despite the fact that other lexica in much the same connection speak of hyalous , there is no doubt that hyalos also was used as an adjective, and such a correc- Kiihner-Blass, Gr. Gram . 1, ed. 3, 117; E. Schweizer, Gram , der pergamen . Inschr . 36; A. Thumb D. Gr. Sprache im Zeltalter . des Hellenismus , ed. 2, 18, 76. 2 See note 5 , page 3 4. . Koumanoudes, Syna g . Neon Lex. 2, 1021 ff., 1030; A .Kyriakiues, Mod. Gr .- Eng . Diet . ed.' 2, 784 ff., 787. On the development of Yali see A. Jannaris, An Hist . Gr. Gram . 151; G. Chatzidakes, Gloss . Melet , 1, 222; G. Cousin, ‘Etudes de Geog . anc. 254. ^Lucian, Quomodo Hist . Conscr . sit , 25, (where, according to Sommerbrodt, the following variants occur, 11 Marc. 434, Vatic. 90. >5 Harl . G*AX* Vatic. 87", which, although in cor- rect readings for Lucian,, do yet when combined with other evidence attest the existence of these as possible forms. P. Ox. 13, 10, 3.294, 6: ^ ^ Ai. 5 Galen, 14, 409: YY e ' *r Ps . Callisthenes, 2, 38, 7: 4v -rC> 9 w. Paul. Aeg . 35, 10: ^ Cf 7 6 Etym . Magn . 774, 3: ,°« v;* fT^llern Melanges . 290:* fcK c "Pro sJ^cX^lV’sententia requirit potius u*AoCv, vitreum, n wrote Sylberg, unaware apparently of this employment of 5'<*Aos-*\-ov as an adjective. ■ 3S tion here would be nothing less than the destruction of evidence. Finally it should be noted that among the Romans hyalos was also glossed by vitreus. 1 In every case the significance is ‘made of 3 glass,' but Hesycnius also gives the derived meaning 'bright.' c. Hyall03 ( hyellos ) . — In late Greek a spelling with with double 1, i.e. : hyallos and hyellos sometimes appears. 3 It is impossible to say at just what time this spelling begins, but the manuscripts in which these forms occur (in so far as I could find any indication of their age) range from the eleventh to the four- 'Coro. Gloss . Lat . viti^um vitreus ; vitreum ufc/l oS ^Hesych. 5 oc A o v- • Schmidt, "In cod.v^AJv scriptam malui in mutare, quam cum Thes. in««Aof ^ See Thes . Qr. Linz . 8, 7, s.v.«*Ao S . There seems to me no need for changing the manuscript reacting. 3 Hdt. 3, 24: «? § b 4 AAov v* (s.XIV); Aristot. Meteor . 4, 10, 389 A, 8: ». G'euos Brec. F corr. m.l." (B. S. XII, F . S .XIV); Strabo, 17, 2, 3: ucUAo^F (s, XIV); Joseph. Bell . Iud . 2, 10, 3:0«.AXovC (S.XI); Herodian, Epim . 138: v'cAAos* . Note quod sequitur sic per duplex a scriptum est in Lexico -n-. .236 , " Boissonade. Luc . Ver . Hist . 2, 11 :u€'a>»voi. Vatic. 87 (Somme rbrodt), N (Nils Nilen) ; Id. Quomodo Hist. Conscr . 25, 0 '«caa<^ ,«j AAAqvj Vatic. 87. Alex. Aphrod. on Aristot. Met ♦ 58S, 40: 0 '-^v\S ■ v€AAe>vSv\sC<'cOCl; Ibid . €^S©s o 4 A[AJ© . Schmidt, "Dialectus est Cypria. 04 a\ov cod., em. Palmer." Alex. Aphrod. Probl . 1 133 (ed^. Ideler, 1, 45): -rC t* vc'/litr*. wiTo-irT^o, Aa^irouvLV o ti cV V ^ p c © o v ^ Vi v S SvokON/ AS T'A L 4 A A but there is no indication in the Schmidt edition of a double 1. in this passage. J. Nicole, Lje livre du pref et . 71 (Cod. Jul . Ascal.), 19. Title - £€AAoupY^» v ka\ ru»v o^-oCujv. TX: wt AXovjpyovs.Oen . ms. 23 1. (S.XIV) • Suid.AU»>6V AAAo'Tu-ttov *pvc- M^vy^ivov OeAyp Ms. E u€/A\h>. Zonaras . 1043 : ' vov - 1665: AAo s A . Georg Lacapei de Syntax!, 114: N*? ° ^ A ' ° s v-^ov. irse,-r©* t k s itKT(v°ts cKVe -*• <> *V s (Quoted from Du Cange TT A 4 o v K A ' -r^S \j € AA o'J i''*^onrt |^Tro\/ o- c *> "i"OV) 'J'LjAofT OS TV\S. VJtAAoii • K<1 40 teenth century, and the double 1 is used in some of the Aldine editions also (see preceding note), so that this must have been a vulgar spelling which had grown pretty common by the fifteenth century, but is not attested by papyri or inscriptions and hence is probably Byzantine in origin. d. Hyale . — Like a few other nouns (e..£., chonos -ne . tylo.fi - le r etc.), 1 the word for glass, according to the lexico- graphers, 2 was also heteroclitic, i.e., hyalo s and hyale . The lat- ter form, however, occurs very seldom outside of the lexica. In two manuscripts of Suidas, where he is quoting Antiphilus, hval§s 3 is used instead of hyalou . An interpolation in the text of Dioscoriaes 4 contains the word hyale , but the accent falls upon the ^Lobeck, Patnol . Prolag . 7 ff. ^rion (Sturz): Photius; Baohmann: Anecd . Gr.l, 393; Suidas; Etym . Gud . (Sturz . 538;: d << \ w • o'* A os. Hesychius also defines hya le as hyalos but he gives it the further meaning of a ’ worm .’ Similarly, Elsewhere is efined as a worm. tuA* $<*i- ol -roxs voi \ tuU S • An K n s . \ v * o- X ^ o_> v'-. From this it has been conjectured that and d <* A^t* i are proba- bly dialectic forms for anaedAijet. The s . Gr. Ling. 8, 7, s.v. “Fortasse alicubi ^ pro et pro^dA^ corrupte scriptum reperit. Supra: Jsei- o-kcoAvyki* Ruhnk . " See Curtius, Gr. Etym . ed. 5, 564: " While the stem «=vA* with pre- fixed 4 stands f or 4- fj* , in « the initial F survives in the form of u... « <* Utcu , however, is no denominative like TO EV.S 6‘X.A'v^V', K (*« (-. * w O V els lo V ^ (> «< j J', These interpolations date from the period between Galen and Oribasius (Wellmann in P.-W. 5, 1141, 9 ff.). 4 ■ 41 last syllable, a thing which happens very rarely with hyalos ( hyelos ) . It is possible that the hyale (oxytone) of the Interpo- lator is not just the same as the hyale (paroxytone), which the lexica define as 'glass, 1 but some special kind of a glass vessel. Yet those who define it as a 'vial' or a 'glass vessel' do not explain its accent, but consider it the same as the hyal e with the ordinary accent, i.e., paroxytone. In that case there is no reason to give it any further definition than that of the lexica, simply 'glass.' The Greeks used hyalos ( hyelcs ) for a glass vessel 3 or something made of glass. The physicians especially speak of putting a medicine 'in' or 'into a glass' without any specification as to the nature of the vessel. The use of hyale (oxytone) by the Interpolator of Dioscorides seems very similar. Of course this may have been a vial, and so might the nard-glass of Antiphilus, but since the word vial is not derived from hyale and there is nothing in the context to throw light upon the shape of the vessel, except that it is likely to have been of small or moderate size, any opinion is nothing more than a guess. Then, in spite of the accent which occurs so seldom on hyalos .it seems probable that hyal e (oxytone) is the same as the hyale (paroxytone) defined as hyal os DuCange, Gloss . Med. et_ Inf . Gr. 2, uctin: "vas vitreum colli angustioris, nostris inde Fiole," quoting the interpolator of Dioscorides, 1, Parab il ♦ 170. Since fiol e is derived from L. phiala, Gr. (see Skeat, An Etym . Diet . of the Eng . Lang . 690 ) , there is no etymological evidence for this interpretation. 2 Thes . Gr . Ling . 8, 9 . Pergl . Maris Er . . . A».86*s TrAt(ov<* "Interpr. Omnis generis vasa vitrea, " but this is clearly the adjective and not a noun, and hence does net belong here. Galen. 13, 42, 290; Orib. (Daremberg-Ruelle, Oeuvres de Rufu s d* jphese , 569) . ■ 42 in the lexicons and when used alone for a glass object, it is to be interpreted according to the context. e. P roper Nouns . — Among the nymphs of Diana there was one by the name of Hyal§ . 1 the 'glassy-bright,' a designation which probably suggests the bright, clear water of mountain springs. 2 3 4 In a list of Athenian Ephebi, as given by Boeckh ,3 the 4 name Loukios Hyalos occurs. Keil thought this was very doubtful and proposed Hvllos . 5 but tnere is no doubt of the readings of the inscription, 6 and, in view of Hyal§ (above), the name seems to be a possible one. f . Hyalas . — The form hyalas occurs in a Greek 7 papyrus in the British Museum. Kenyon thinks the termination is is irregular and lists it in the index under hyal os . It is very unlikely, however, that this has anything to do with glass , but by 1 0vid, Me tarn. 3, 171. p -■■■■ ■ ■ Of course Hyele , the old name for Elea (Strabo, 6, 1, 1; Herod. Tech . Reliquiae , 1, 284, 23; Diog. Laert . 9, 28), a town in Lucania, has nothing to do with hyalos . It represents the Latin Velia, the upsilon standing for the Latin V or W sound (W. Schulze in Kuhns. Zeitschr. 23, 396; P. Kretschmer in Wiener Eranos, 1909, 120). 3 CIGI 2.86: AOYKIOi YAAOi = XG m 1161,2,1. 4 Keil, Spec . Onom . Gr . 77. ^ Hyelos (Pape-Benseler s.v.^YcAos ) occurs as an error for Eurvalg . the mother of Orion. See Schneider, Nicandrea - Theriaca et A1 ex i phar mac a , 5, 26:‘H«rtojos a f-t 1 uc v To"\ S \ (Tto(> v. v< o'* S Ae^giov' ^ V\ To vj [►gV'uiv' ‘ *y S Com eTSos, s /V\ 3 <* s o teptos too k A 4 ovj s ( o-c*\r ^ c cr i v\ 6 (J o S £' S ~r,\v ttoAiv-, olVou yvAA*V e^oV~rf aO-Cv'ou otocAof *<<£ Te TK 5T '<* s . 4 Strato ( Anth . Pal . 12, 249); Maecius ( Anth ♦ Pal . 6, 33), of uncer- tain date, as well as the following. C. Wessely, Corp. Papyr . Hermopolitan . ( Stud , zur Pal. u. Papyruskunde , 5, 9” 6 ):whi **✓*. ( & x\r 1 «. A*. Harl . ” Somme rbrodt) Hippolytus, Elencno^ . 2, 235, 2; Hesych . s .v .T|>*otuos U’tvA d * X o'er v. °P. Lond . 2, 191; Soranus (Idele^ , 1, 248); Galen, 13, 41; 54; 97; 98; 1056; 1057; Hippolochus in Athen. 4, 129 D; Clemens Alex. Paedog. 2, 4, 39; P. Fay . 104,1,2: Pollux, 6, 14:C*Aow c. v. GeAoPv eft ; Orib. 1,384: 2 J 60 (from Antyllus), 62,64; 4,630; Paul. Aeg. 26,27; 121, 12; 13^. i: Geoo. 9, 19, 9. 44 common, although not so much so as hyallnos , for which the gram- marians^ express a preference above other adjectives of a similar meaning. Hyaleos usually has the significance ’of glass, ’ 'made of glass,' but it also sometimes means 'bright,' 'smooth, ' 2 'transparent,' or 'like glass.' It is used in describing the cheek of a boy, 3 and eyes, 4 (d) [ Hy ales' ! • — See below note 3 , page 4 5. (e) f Hyalieus] . — See below notea, P *ge4S. (f) Hyali zo ( hyelizo ) .— The present participle of 5 hyalizein . 'to be like glass,' is employed to describe resin, 6 7ft gums, the slag of lead,' and gems. Hesychius uses it in defining Q hyale (o)n . The resin is said to be 'like glass in color.' This # Photius (Porscn) : 6 < ^ -rovT 6*A«x. "Accent om. m. pr. wdU voluit corrector, ni fallor." Zonar. 1759: O^wc.^ ouyi CAUouv: See note 7, page 38 . ^Kesych. CiAeccov- irt^-n-poV , 0 A ( ^ ovr. See Thes . s.v. £ < A & € IS- Ibid . o d X o(.C ) V * X « f- ir f> o / • fT p "5 © V". 11 1 n C od . VJ d a oV scriptam, malui inv**Aoo^ mutare, quam cum Thes. in ^/locv','' Schmidt. -nysov seems to be misplaced, as it makes no sense here. I should retain the manuscript reading, see above, page 36. t 3 Strato ( Anth . Pal . 12, 249): poujrot >\~* ^ov o^Ae>\v \ uTrepTTeT«(r«L. Paton translates this "smooth as glass." Since transparency is the chief characteristic of glass, when a complexion is saii to be like glass, it also sug- gests a fair, clear complexion. 4 Hesycn • s.v. t p » ° ^ ' s * • ° '-f 6«./l^-os , evict ^^> 0 ^ o.'^ o^ov’ Jih^i ^ 1 . v(«*i Tf-.; A toy -Tf>ers oi^OotA^ovj'S "Denique cod .,u aAou Salmas ., vows Sopingus em. Lob. Phrynich. 309." c ' Di03C0rides, 5, 97: de Scoria Plurnbi : i^iVrn ^>otf 1 . . . 45 raises the question what ’glass-colored* means. 1 Resin is a clear yellowish substance. The only characteristic which glass and resin have in common is transparency, which although not tech- nically a color, seems to be the meaning of 'like glass in color' in this instance, at least. (g) CHyalies] . — Hyalies occurs in Hesychius 2 in a corrupt passage, which is copied by later lexicographers. 5 Since hyaneoos 4 is defined exactly as hyalies . doubtless the A I of the 5 latter is a paleographic error for If, as suggested by Schmidt. (h) rHyalikosll . — See below note 7, page 47 f. (i) Hyalinos ( hyelinos ) — The adjectival form, hyalinos , occurs in literature before hyalos . In supporting his preference g for a rather than e in the word hyalos Phrynichus mentions the use of hyalinos by Corinna. This passage is extremely obscure, however, and although attempts to emend the word are certainly not justified, nothing can be learned about glass from the expression ^See below , page 56. ^Hesych . v\ pioo-uf>o's. 5 Theognostos, Canones . 18, 39: eu<«^os, (jAoa-upos. Cf. Zonar. 1759: v^s” c*k*t©* 4 Hesych , * fiwftos. o o-v »^> o x. 5 Hesych. (ed. Schmidt), note on See Curtius, Gr. Etym . ed. 5, 565. 6 Phryn. 309 :k»Tocf t '' ,ou s ^ ^ vj°tAiv ui v ficun^ti'ruv ®Photius, s.v. w -c A o S; Bachmann, Anecd . Gr . 1, 392 f f . ; Miller, Melanges , 290 . 3 I G II 646, 4: o- -r* 0 r i.o3x LFlii^ - a I G II 652 R; I G II 656, 18: uaAwov' *?Y 0 P 0 ^ v "> c^h j °J v toutou fiit . I G II 682; IV 672 c; P. Fllnd . Petr . Ill 42 H, 7,3: y € / e '4, Keu ^wtc>v T^rrHuivj, ' %ero, Pneumat . 1, 14, 214, 222, 234; Idem . Dioptric . 3, 200; Philodemu3, de Morte , 39, 1 f f . ; Strabo, 17, 1, 8; Hippocrates, Epist . 16 (ed. Kuhn, 23, 792); Rev . 4, 6; 15, 2; Damocrat. (in Galen 14, 99, 5); Epictetus, 3, 24, 84; Galen, 5, 838; 11, 875; 12, 490; 14, 48, 268, 392; Ael . Promotus (Wellmann, Corp . Med . Gr . 10, 1,1, 9); Lucian, Ver . Hist ♦ 1, 25, 27, 42; 2, 11, 14; Idem, Q.uomodo Hist . Conscrib . sit , 25; Paus . 2, 27, 3; Philumenus, de Venenatis Anim al . 4, 15, ms. P has corrected to v5ia feV-rre^ ’einyov^ft,:,'^ otAAvys (joyous CTTiTc ^ £ V uj 0(p , iiSa-"r€ op* cr $ c* c i +> 5 Athanasius (Patr. Gr. 28, 789 B). ^Philoponus on Arist. de Anima , 429*. ®**A*\p* k«h C^olT* Xdpo»S ,oTov X<*\ K«' \ C « ^ ( Scrip t . Prig .Const . 1, 93 f f . ) : Kis k«( • CeA«o.s k*AA Compare Georgius Monachus (Patr* Gr* 110,1009). Demetrius, Hieracosophion .275 . one of the components of a plaster is ScACoxj w. Codinus > Curop. De of f iciis pal ♦ Constant inop . 4 ( Pat r . Gr. 157, 40): '**•>' “o Tooto 154, 15 ff.). ^Hippocrates (Kuhn, 21, 254); Galen, 6, 255, 509; 7, 138, 347, 349; 8, 81, 82; 10, 870; 16, 11, 367, 585; 17, 1, 429, 848; Palladius, de Feb r. Synopsis , 8, 1; 27, 2; Paul. Aeg. 46, 25; Theophilus, de Urinis , 8, 2 (Ideler, 1, 269); Leo Philos. Conspect us Medic . 3, 1; Theophan. Nonn. 170; Psellus, Carmen de Re Medica , 635 ''Diosco^ides, 3, 86^(96^^^alen, 13, 942; Meletius, de Nat. Hominis (Patr . Gr 51 light of the fire in the universe and transmits it to us.” 1 Ion of Chios calls the moon hyeloeidS , "transparent like glass." 2 But the physicians make the greatest use of hyaloeid§s and hyalSd§s 5 to 4 describe the various humors and phlegms of the body and the vitreous ^Aet. 2, 28, 12 (Diels, Doxogrr. 349 f f . ) : $«A<0A« os ® ttu 0<* yo^c«s SorAocS^ Tov v(A *ov, *Se x o € vov 4 v Top -rro^os tv^v civ Tw^yeKv', Ji\&o3vToC Vc T r^)oy V\ S To' rc f*«5 K<< ; T vy v- a.)\ oti ie$. Galen, 19, 275; Theodoret, Gr. Affect . Cur . 105. Plutarch and Galen & TTO po S, To iTT* e KenroVJ TTC f'lio ^tvov 4 Tr l rdv urcAoe t £ ^ V(V oty T ou At y K oV ^/liov, To Sg <(aos Sc 5 Aoc» it tovtou €<|iAov t y\ ucAoeiSf s ^KAvyc-s, t^ S’ A^cyjrts- 3 This form of the word was widely used by the Middle Ages and earl} modern times, see Castelli, Lex. Med . £.,y. Hyalodes. ^Hippocrates, 21, 254: OU|>OU T «/ CO J eo^ 1<«V Cl (X. A “j Sc a s C V/ A «-Cj St O s A). Id- 21 , XS9 : tfeA € € » S« Kal Sic|o£oS 5«« |«y o f ^ s tAYs^.v T(**»' r T o v Tov s ^uj*oAs u>y o ^t(^6 , yAu i< ov', f(o( c ! r o’ K j5 x r o v' •< * v*J *

f e£ rjtiTov', ) To Sc Tr o, o-T- Vt T O S gOTt TT cos} , 1 oVtp TT e ^ 1 > K t / dj S O "0 S. ^Rufus (ed. Daremberg-Ruelle, 154), on the tunics of the eye:o \c Tpvro'i Trcp^e-X^ 1 i«kAo€^6S w • »<« H(J v/ tr -v «( XXoe\ F>» Sc Six ~r X ovfpov oo o v Trt(»it)(€i Gy^»oi^ftI>oO] Ts eR e K^-re^ov- KtiTuiy- eK^OrtiS c Ao« kiiP >\nov/ r k«t!( -rdv sri -r«D^ oV»S Av>6|-_evo(»r t c K«* v TrArfTw^o ha l «-«.». € v kuk\u) )^-r<£vas yc kvvv- -To GxAoe^es ~Ypov, eH uo V e >"(' S«* «? ? s to v^yrTxXAoeiSe**- K«ii \y " * v ~r«s.vJT’ eVp »\To«v tT(*o «" ® € *» *•< ‘ otuTo To K(iO(rT» \AoC* G^pov' To^fSToV d o~T l V' opy^^ov- lv \ S o^fewS. Cf. id-, 3, 777, 779, 767, 830; 4, 160; 5, 446. Id. 5, 623: «6 r n f- *.\* K bv, dV^TT^p CCTTW 5*AoS A A w 0 e? 1( >iv', 0 T 0 S o^eTpt'ws ^T«yeis HpUTT* AAoS . oyo^dlJtT(U S’ UTTO T^jv' v* T[>C.v- 'S «■ \a € v j> 4 - S ydv T t> » ^wTepov^, ^XXo^'fs^ C 4 To < r '«Av\p 6 i 6 p# v ' )l jTio T\^<5 TTpos: UcX Abv Tt KKi KpuCTA-AAov o \ c £ SeT , Kctl I< p vo-r^Ade 1 Se\, V<<<'v Set . TO? Tpc^CT«<^ > To KpyCS, T «^ )> 0(5 to o > V* c«*t»v t eV£ 0 © _ ' v Tloy ^tf'eX 0 V eVO,r €V -TV^ WOiAoTHT> TOO JeAoevSts Xtv®V e v'ov-,i<-rjk.Theophilus, de Corp . Hum . Fabr . 4, 15, 3 (ed. Greenhill, 153): tv yA(> t«s o<^ u. ^ ^ v ov-ru.^, -roo upvJ'r'raAA btiUuS,T ovi \» " govo vco>iv v vo t*v i ; 5' ’« £ \Tttv«>ews Si A 4*^.pA^-r<>«.S>,s ri i«Ao Tiv'p^ot.S^ Ji.4- (S, V<\ , ^tpuyov-r* TD Kpv.tr-r^AAotVSts fiypov, \-t?os ti tow ufAotvU^ (is TPo’tP Av kqoo- t« \A o e V S© u%. Meletius, de Nat . Homlnis ( Patr . Gr . 64,_ 1168) : «tlc\ -rk J oyj _ oCTVV «* T< < rC - T<, Xf^r^ 'Tt^V' f~UO~T AV \ V. Leo Philos. Oonspect . Medic . 3, l:t \ a \.l (£ \/r>\/ V tt *-• I C* -*1 ? r /> > w s X e. y f- e vov, 'eTrecSvv toutv w"4A 1 Theoohrastus. de Lapid. 30:4^ ; 0’baAo eri S's.s ^ e ^ ‘P‘x Sf»ws. « o-ifA Axow p ' Probably brittle and glistening like obsidian (a natural glass) . 4 Apsyrtus In Hlpaiatr . 1, ?rv>} yA nuKU»y.aTO$ yty o v- o'x o S , TXc^v.fe|>y o v Kars. x 0 ^At^ofo \-tvv. rx Y «0«f)(iTreuTov. truy^CvtA S* towtou 6 K«A e ?Tm v ° * ov ^ n ^ v % a Atwir?. . ■ pH ; . 54 5. Compound Derivatives ; (a) [ Hyelakykades] . — In Crinagoras, - 1 where he is describing pears offered to Pan, hyelakykades occurs. Many emendations have been offered for this form, 2 nearly all of which agree that there is something glass-like about the pears. Some kinds of ripe pears do, of course, look shiny and semi-transparent. (b) Hyelepses . — The gla3s-smelter is designated by a special word,^ which varies in form and spelling, hyelepses , ^ hyelepsos , 5 hyalopsos , 6 ( hyelopsos ) , 7 hvalops . 8 and hveloeosos . 9 (c) Hyelepsos . — See above. •*~ Anth . Pa l . 6, 332 ; ucA* kv k* S<= r oy//cu. ^See Stadtmueller, Anth . Gr. 1, 350 ff.:"^S ^ kAScs Cfey^enC, a^cc c'wtM.'nx J\,C)P \ teX o *cv i< icSes HecK-C 'Bv. RevSKe u6AoolS«ik€ S Tovxy OtAo- Pice. €lT |~/k ~rois £eA|i os . Schol. on Luc. Lexiph . 7. 7 Cedremus ( Script . Hist . Byz . 34, 687, l):iUo+os. With double lambda, Herod. Eplm . 138: GeAAo^os. 8 Pallad. Schol. on Hippocrates, 2, 232:° v See Salmas. Plin . Exerclt . 7 69 a E . 5 P. Teb. 2 , 270:0«A ^Vy 05 - 6 Const. Harmenopulus, Manu al e le gum , 2, 4, 19 :tt^? v u eA oopy &v... '«AoupyoOs. Jules Nicole, Le llvre du prefet , 71, Gen. Ms .nr + pl £JU v pup Y.Q.XS.-. — - 56 Corresponding forms are hyalourgeion . 'the place where glass is made' 1 and hyalourgikos . 'of or for making glass.' 2 (m) Hyalo c hroos . — Leonidas 5 mentions a glass-colored band. It is very difficult for us with cur colorless glass to understand what hyalochroo s . 'glass-colored' means, but most ancient glass, unless artificially colored, has a greenish cast. Among the Romans vitre us seems to have been used occasionally to express glass-green, 4 probably in imitation of the Greek, although no instances of such a use occur in Greek literature. A passage has already been noted where Dioscorides describes resin as 'like glass in color' probably to express its transparency. 5 It may not be impossible to consider 'glass-colored' when applied to a garment, as a reference to the sheerness of the material, but it seems more Diosc. 5, 181 :«k -r-dw ue^ucye.w. " y*>'s,o,vitriarius, qui vitra conficit. Bud. ex Dioscor. t 5, 181, ubi hodie ex correct. Sarac. et J. G. Schneider! legituren -rCL* *s «- a y ei'u.y, quod v. HaseJ " (quoted from Thes . Gr. Ling . 8, 9. Paul. Aeg . 1Q6 V , 10: en i d*v. Hase in Thes . suggests that this should be written d < A » u \ C ^ \j cr T A A ^ • Od. 14, 477 (475);v'vfe s’ if’ ewnABe kakvv irtoo--Tci(A>oo iv-ros -r«^ou (TTP«T£uovT^ k* 1 Tis Tre>M/ rol/S l.Vfowr. Aek v^-Vk K^ittAAA ov » , o & ~^ a ' J t Cox t UKTOU- t.. 59 least, but the two are constantly associated. - L The adjectival forms krystalloeldes and hyaloeides also frequently occur in close relationship. Some of the early philosophers described the heavens o and the heavenly bodies as 'like crystal* while others preferred to speak of them as 'like glass. 10 The physicians designated part of the eye as the crystalline lense, from the character of its humor, and the part next to it as the vitreous humor for a similar reason . 2 * 4 Although Hesychius 5 6 says that krystallos is a 'kind of glass,' if the Greeks occasionally called glass 'crystal* (as the Romans seem to have done, see above n.l,j>.58) it is difficult in any particular passage to be certain of it. In the following instances only does it seem probable that glass was the actual g substance which is called crystal. Diodorus composed an epigram ^■p . Holm . i. ^ Act ^ is Tp<* ye- ^ * t " r * tf-tr* . To Andreas Cdes. on Revelations . 21, 21 ( Patr . Gr . 106): H<\ A. fT A <* TC-T 0 < Tds -r* 10 S , v(>vj «r 'ov S S d. A o S Suxoy^s..- S, o Tdv TV^S -ro Ca . y £°^ltv S K(IU(Tl'oV, Se T® Ka6h^6V' ( CoS K (1 V < **» S * A Sv WVJ Y ^ 1 q> 6 Tfe (M €V" T\c*(? iU'v'ATOV. 2 Aet. 2, 14, 3 (Diels, Doxogr . Qj. WdiTAireTtv^Y^ V'Xt tA <=&nvov 4^ y e ^ Tos {,TTo ^ro c os £ o *T to v" ^ v ue p' « A OVT ''- Lactant de Opif ♦ Dei , 17, 6: an si mihi quispiam dixerit aeneum esse caelum aut vitreum aut, ut Empedoeles ait, aerem glaciatum, statirnne assentiar? Aet: 2, 20, 13 (Doxogr . Gr.. 350) « v© v^s %Zt> c> O S - - • wiv Sc v 6>tvov 4 —C3 ff if T tZ> Tov» TOVl O v y TrflT^Vyf Tv^S y>^S tCVT’ gy«.v\ v c * ■ f ^ 60 upon a piece of carved crystal. Now in Greece real crystal seems to have been comparatively rare, but by the first century after Christ glass was common. Actual painting upon carved crystal or glass is no doubt possible, but it is difficult and one might be disposed to think that it would have been hardly satisfactory for a small piece such as this was. I am therefore inclined to think that chroi e, the exquisite tinting which reminded the poet of Zeuxis, refers to the beauty of the color of the carved glass, for carved glass was well known and relatively common, while I know of no instance cf carved and tinted crystal* Leonidas of Alexandria" mentions crystal, silver, and topazes as rich birthday gifts for Agrippina. Here nothing would suggest that crystal stands for glass except the fact that the author lived in the great center of glass manufacturing in antiquity Pausanius^ says that 'glass, crystal, and morria and everything else made of stone' are broken by the water of the Styx. He is probably thinking of krvstallos as an artificial product, probably a color- less, transparent glass 3 such as the variety which Strabo 4 calls krystallophane . 5 In an epigram upon crystal containing water, K* Yf \ >\s t*Gt’ ’«iro (>*v % » A vi (*« yeve & AC S » *. ^Paus . 8, 18, ye >x©s w-<% '(>(>'+ wk ^ *%qs »s tov» 'p^vuToj). 3 Kisa, Das Glas, 2, 544. 4 Strabo, 16, 756: T^ S \(> Cods Kcu' TVu %» c«i voy ay t ^ ovtc* ^a^uKTyH'ov ev'So^^ TToy-j*ov. *• ' 62 E. Morria A certain variety of glass seems to have been called morria . Since there are but two references to it in Greek literatur§ little can be learned of its nature from that source. In both instances, however, it seems to be an artificial product. In the Periplus of the Red Sea it is mentioned with lithia hyale as manu- factured at Diospolis for foreign trade. ^ Pausanius classes it with glass and crystal and everything else made of stone. 2 In Latin there is a more frequent use of murra , especially in connec- tion with the vasa mur rina, 3 but only two authors give any sugges- tion of its nature. Propertius speaks of "murrine goblets cooked in Parthian ovens." Pliny, however, describes it as a natural 5 a. product" first introduced into Rome by Pompey the Great.® He also ^ Perpl . Maris / Erythx . 6: s 0*Xv\s >f (iwvs . «oc\ ov- o»^no'v«ror\ Su^viVi yds •• ooK e| «-rrd K A O V o L TT<=(>* TAUT’ ejjov'ref • - • f ~T ©TT ~r o y-ev 5 * o ^ v K«*Cto«_ ye: troAAet^S n|j y o v S y p v; \S ueic>s yiVeT«i. 2 Theophr. de Lapid , 49: «<** o fotorv, ^c<\ ocb-ir vy yiVeT*v. eA os e h t v\s f e-A • t . S' o s' 5 Plin. N.H. 5, 75: iuxta Getta, Gaba rivus Pacida sive Belus, vitri fertiles harenas parvo litore miscens. Id. 36, 90 ff.: pars Syriae, quae Phoenice vocatur, finitima Iudaeae intra montis Carmeli radices paludem habet, quae vocatur Candebia, ex ea creditur nasci Belus amnis quinque milium passuum spatio in mare perfluens iuxta Ptolemaidem coloniam. lentus hie cursu, insaluber potu, sed caerimoniis sacer, limosus, vado profundus, non nisi refuso mari 67 Na*men)^in southern Phoenicia. Pliny says "the part of Syria, which is called Phoenicia, bordering upon Judaea, has within the spurs of Mt . Carmel a swamp, which is called Candebia. It is thought that the Belus river rises from this and after a distance of five miles flows into the sea near the colony of Ptolemais (Ake) . . . The length of the shore is not more than half a mile and this was suf- ficient for making glass during many centuries." Besides this sand, according to Strabo, "there are those who say that the o Sidonians also have vitreous sand suitable for melting." The glass workers of Alexandria considered their costly, colored glass •z dependent upon the sands of Egypt. ^ Pliny mentions the white sand of the Volturnus between Cumae and Liternum as suitable for making glass. ^ Gaul and Spain also seem to have had their sources of harenas fatetur; fluctibus enim volutatae nitescunt detritis sordibus. tunc et marino creduntur adstringi morsu, non prius utiles, quingentcrum est passuum non amplius litoris spatium, idque tantum multa per saecula gignendo fuit vitro (compare Isid. Etym . 16, 16 , 1). Tac. Hist . 5, 7: et Belius amnis Iudaico mari inlabitui circa cuius os lectae harenae admixto nitro in vitrum excoquuntur. Joseph. Bell . Iud . 2, 10, 2 :kwkA ots ^ s yXv t £\V 0 ' r *v' v r thv o(otS Ti XV r i, £\j yyv ^ d ov, To*CT 'it y*-er<.|i 4 AAoVroS c(s v> 4 Aov. Q<*.v» T OOTOU 'boxtV To VJ 0eTr> * s ° 4>v oTov- T TT •Ao^f’OOOS rt TT O Avj T A «.”? S Oo(S at Tro TeAt (TW , SAAuJV' y \ <> Tu) V 'i CT K, 4 Plin. N.H. 36, 194: iam vero et in Volturno amne Italiae harena alba nascena sex milium passuum litore inter Cumas atque Liternum, qua mollissima est, pila molave teritur. 68 supply. 1 But the use of crystal in India to produce an unparalleled quality of glass‘d is doubtful. Crystal was more valuable than glass, and, as Friedrich observes, it is not probable that it was destroyed to make a less valuable product.® However, the broken pieces, chips and fragments might have been so used. Yet even so, or if a kind of quartz were meant by crystal, it would still be uncertain whether in antiquity glass was ever manufactured in India. ~ The alkali most frequently mentioned is nit rum , 5 a natural soda of some kind 0 found plentifully in Egypt. The ashes of certain plants and woods were also used. A scholiast on Aristophanes' Clo uds says, "we call hyalos that which has just been burned from a certain herb and melted by fire for the prepara- tion of certain vessels."® Theophilus recommends the use of the 1 Id. 36, 194: iam vero et per Gallias Hispaniasque simili raodo harena temperatur. 2 id. 36, 192. auctores sunt in India et crystallo fracta fieri et ob id nullum comparari Indico. ^Friedrich ( Rhein . J ahrb . 74, 173) suggests a clear quartz in place cf crystal . 4 Wallac e-Dunlop, Glass in the Old World, 106: "Sir G. Birawcod has suggested that when Pliny speaks of Indian glass . . he probably meant Chinese; a confusion very likely to be made at that time in Rome, especially as the Chinese still use quartz rock at the present day for making glass, and Royle tells us enamellers in India still use cakes of glass imported from China." Kisa, Das Glas im Altert . 1, 105 ff. 5 Plin. N.H. 36, 191 ff.; Tac . Hist . 5, 7; Aen. Gaz . 552; Isid. Etym . 16, 16, 2 f f . 'Blumner, Tech . u. Term . 4, 388 . Plin. 31, 110. Schol. on Aristoph. Nub . 768: \j*c\oV -r o fc* twos y-evov ^ » * YWi^oS tv^o v e v ® ^ vs KocT^o-Ktvi^v otyyeCuj^ tw «I>vr Ad'yo^ev. Salmas. Plin . Exerci t ♦ 771 a, G f f . : ex herba vitrum conficere inventum tunc locorum in Graecia tradit. quod hcdie sit. ex cineribus filicis exustae admixta, quam soldam vocant, conflatur vitrum sea vilius. filicarios calices vuli quas o vocamus. at herba ilia de qua loquitur interpres Aristoph., exurebatur ad vitra conflanda, est herba kali. sic Arabes vocant : : 69 ashes of beech-wood. 1 Heraclius also mentions the use of ashes in 2 the preparation of glass. There is almost no reference to lime in connection with glass, but probably Pliny includes it when he speaks of the use of shells. 3 Besides the necessary ingredients other materials were introduced for the purpose of coloring the glass. Although there are repeated references to colored glass and the imitation of gems, there is little indication among earlier writers what materials were used to produce the different colors. 4 The use of dark substances, such as the Alabandicus stone, might possibly produce a dark glass. However, the nature of the stone is a matter of dispute. Among other things Pliny lists magnetic oxide of iron, which would very probably give a dark color, and g copper, which was definitely used for coloring. In late writers. Theophil. Divers. Art . Sched . 2, 1: si sederit animo tuo ut vitrum componas, primum incide ligna faginea multa et exsicca ea. deinde combure ea pariter in loco mundo, et ciueres diligenter colligens, cave ne quicquam terrae vel lapidis commisceas. ^Heracl. op. cit . 3, 7: vitrum efficitur de cineribus, id est, de filicis cinere, et de faina, id est, ae parvulis arboribus quae sunt vel crescunt in sylvis. Accipitur autem filix ante Festum S. Johannes Baptiatae, et optime siccatur, deinde ad ignem mittitur et fit cinis. Similiter et faina efficietur cinis per ignem. Accipies itaque duas partes de filice, et terciam partem de faina, et simul misces. Heraclius is quoted after Theophilus in this instance because the third book, unlike the other two books of Heraclius, is later than Theophilus (See Heracl. ed. Ilg., p. V). 3 Plin. N.H. 36, 192, note 6 below. 4 Id. 36, 62: e diverso niger est Alabandicus terrae suae nomine, quamquara et Mileti naacens, ad purpuram tamen magis aspectu declinante. idem liquatur igni funditurque ad usum vitri . 3 Nies, P. W. _s.v. Alabandicus. 3 Plln .36, 192: mox, ut est ingeniosa sollertia, non fuit contenta nitrum raiscuisse; coeptus addi et magnes lapis, quoniam in se liqucrem vitri quoque ut ferrum trahere creditur. simili modo et calculi splendentes multifariam coepti uri, dein conchae ac fossiles harenae . . . levibus autem aridisque lignis coquitur addito cypro ac nitro, maxima Aegyptio. Compare Isid. Etym ♦ 16, 16, 3. On the employment of copper for coloring glass. Theophr . de Lapid . 49: T«\ “A T )(<* And* . tK(> &<, i^C n. \< ' • . » U«AoK y vvo v>^ , Tt^fevos e u<v ^vec-r* yv^uevvi , \\ \ e» ti jWtd.yiv'O^evw^TouTo Tex^vx <=«*t1v v>- tU of/pior »<^v **.Wo Of v ov ^T€ CK€ tv ic^^-nrv'o K<1 SAs cU OV 6 cAov#( 5 oTTT n B vvjr«K». iir'o £«TTcj»«5 y cov\y»A^)o( KC ‘~ v " rov <*>y. Compare Paul. Aeg. 106 v , 10. t 8 9 Leont. Vita S. Symeon . Sali ( Patr . Gr. 93, 1738 D):^ s* y-eTaL M \ (ft CZ> K<\ V-o 6/oj TT" A v^cr.ov' T o v7 wiou t o o' 3 Michael Glycas ( Script . Hist . Byz . 27, 506); Georg. Cedremus ( Script . Hist ♦ Byz . 34, 687 ) . ^ Divers . Art. Sche d . 2, 1, 2, 3, 22. 5 Pe Color . 3, 7. Froehner, op. cit. 27; Blurnner, ap. cit . 4,389. 6 Plin . N.H. 36, 193. 7 Plut . Quaest . Con v ♦ 3, 19, 3, _658 Dittos -too Kc<\. -rOirpo^-r'iS TT*?* To?S Tow •KiTrvpo^, i .e. , so that a salamander would not fall in the fire and put it out. 9 Theophil. op. cit. 2, 4. 1 ^Heracl. Qp. cit. 3, 7. ' I 73 it was transferred to other ovens where it was allowed to form a mass called ammonitrum , i . $ . , sand-natron . This was reheated until there resulted a pure, transparent glass, 1 or colored glass, in case o some material or materials had been added for that purpose. Then after the proper tempering, the glass was ready for fashioning into objects. At first everything was formed by hand, and the dis- covery of blowing glass must have brought a great change both in the number of workmen required and in the number and variety of vessels produced. 4 In some instances the glass was worked upon a lathe, in others it was elaborately carved like silver. ^Plin. N.H. 36, 194: ac liquata in alias fornaces transfunditur ibi fit massa, quae vocatur hammonitrum, atque haec recoquitur et fit vitrum purum ac massa vitri candid! . 3 Id . 36, 193: continuis fornacibus ut aes liquatur, massaeque fiunt colore pingui nigricantes. Theophilus, Divers . Art . Sch ed. 2, 7 ff. 3 Mesomedes ( Anth . Pal . 16, 323) quoted on page 8 2». Theodoretus, de Provid . 4, 39 ( Patr ♦ Gr . 83, 617 A ^ff •):' rr ® f 1 c Tvyv (rrC\V eis v S ctt ov AA€^j ttCj s Vyv^co Ci*-wAsi— -rexV' e »•< ” Tv \ ■* , tt u(»i lUv irv-fd v Ke Xn^^ V °S, eHnu^^ TL) j^ yuo^oi, ^viAo^s, K * v KvAk ^o^.(ioAoo^ , «c(» o^C(T\s ^<0 -TIX.V- eTU 1 J ^en. Epist. 90, 31: cuperem Posidonio aliquem vitrearium ostendere qui spiritu vitrum in habitus plurimos format, qui vix diligenti manu ef f ingerentur . Vopiscus, Saturnin us, ^8, 6: alii vitrum conflant. Pallad. Schol. on Hippocr. 2, 222: o 6AA^v(i 'cu.^at T»p | ov tt o v eT t \^S'e* e- \S (Mi j -r~ V n v nv" O > \ V’ — rrc n K \ , - ' £ t* ^ «TTTOVToH 6 ‘S v° v AX’ u>\ f TC H6vo?o^ C«l 0f*\?lii A.kav'ojs ^ <6u *"<> v Te e'^ei t *L-s oc *vjA c>o«-o« , ut A . f 7 ^Athen. 11, 472 A: t* »■ ht-ns r^-rv^, Athen. 11, 470 F: ?Kto <£4 Xcy tT « l t*v’ *o *** T o Z J(ei yo^vjs T O v % ^fov'ovS Kdri T*v »n p* "Tm.s "3 \ \ w. a-s, Avik* A v ^eoj. [ h t 11 , 472 D : ©c.o <|) » Aos £’ ev ® o% «o t\ o£ Te-ifu i\ o ro^ o ■v' Sc- i<« i i w ^ T\V* | T«^V fex\^v\^v e Y^ €l p» ^Cuiu To^Tq-B^v, T°f/feucr6^» St e? rfi-rChv- l<«\ Ko^iKAs 0>\p v k A ec ous , u,ffT£ -TTfot T*s W fc<>« y- 4 «* -s . ? Athen. 11, 472 C:TT<’A«Y tov V * Y u,_rL v s ’AXAvn*^ ’A MfoTr o\ fe u>s oiS € Tcfu»s ^ vo V‘ ,vtv eviviov- X (’° 0 T\ o ^ U A «C o< ^le oT5"T Ufj-os ©tveGv^Kfev'* Q See above, note i . ' 79 As glassmaking became a more developed art, the fragility of the substance must have been felt as a great disadvantage. There is a story told of a workman who invented a flexible glass, but was beheaded by Tiberius so that this secret should not become known and cause the precious metals to depreciate in value. Since Pliny, however, who lived during the reign of Tiberius and who was besides not unuuly sceptical, plainly disbelieved the account, (“tola with more frequency than truth” is his expression), it may be dismissed as a bit of malicious fiction. Petron. 51: fuit tarnen faber qui fecit phialam vitream, quae non frangebatur. admissus ergo Caesarem est cum suo munere, deinde fecit reporrigere Caesarem et illam in pavimentum proiecit. Caesar non pote validius quam expavit . at ille sustulit phialam de terra; collisa erat tamquam vasum aeneum; deinde martiolum de sinu protulit et phialam otio belle correxit. hoc facto putabat se solium Jovis tenere, utique postquara Caesar illi dixit: ”numquam alius scit hanc condi turam vitreorum? 11 vide raodo. postquam negavit, iussit ilium Caesar decollari: quia enim, si scitum esset, aurum pro luto haberemus. Plin. N.H. 36, 195: ferunt Tiberic principe excogitato vitri temperamento, ut flexile esset, totam cfficinam artificis eius abolitam, ne aeris, argenti, auri metallis pretia detraherentur, eaque fama crebrior diu quam certior fuit. Dio Cassius, 57, 21, 7 :^-£t< T*orci Tr(jo TOTyiotc ~v ». ukAoov M^T«( ft<\V(VVTo'i, tij S K*v C\k *r ov7 ~r o oftreKteive v cl o t o v . Isid. Qrig . 16, 16, 6: ferunt autem sub Tiber io Caesare quendam artificem excogitasse vitri temper amen turn, ut flexibile esset et ductile, qui dum admissus fuisset ad Caesarem, porrexit phialam Caesari, quam ille indignatus in pavimentum proiecit. artifex autem sustulit phialam ue pavimento, quae conplicaverat se tamquam vas aeneum; deinde marculum de sinu protulit et phialam correxit. hoc facto Caesar dixit artifici: ‘ Numquid alius scit hanc condi turam vitrorum? 1 postquam ille iurans negavit alterum hoc scire, iu3sit ilium Caesar decollari, ne dum hoc cognitum fieret, aurum pro luto haberetur et omnium metallorum pretia abstraherentur ; et reversa, quia si vasa vitrea non frangeretur, melius essent quam aurum et argentum. , , 80 E. Glass Wo rkers Strabo 1 is tne first to mention the hyalourp;os , and it was from the glass workers of Alexandria that he received his infor- mation about Egyptian glass. One of the first vitrearii mentioned o in Latin literature is the fabulous inventor of unbreakable glass. In late Greek writers several stories are told of individual work- men. Michael Glycas and Georgius Cedrenus tell of a Hebrew hyele psos in the reign of Justin who was executed for throwing his 3 son into the glass furnace because he partook of Christian bread. In the next century the conversion of a Jewish glass worker is related by Leontius. As the people sat about the furnace warming themselves, a dispute arose between the Jew and the Christians. Saint Symeon Salus, as the story goes, began miraculously to cause the breaking of the vessels which were about the room and continued ’Strabo, 16, 758. ^See above, pagers. ^Michael Glycas, Annal. 4 ( Script . Hist . Byz . 27, 506 ):k*-t’ ewcTvo o S t X«. 4 o s T ovt % ° S o kw Too Vi* r t o . r(v.»l(>X 0 ° MvlV J "y yw n \ (T0 t V T oS T* waX CrT t a* h 'X o o V o S tv*AA* de — t !e ' 4 ov««,«V u cos *'Vvov of vt T O ' to ftvui^vou ^(> icT»otvo\S Tvs' i ov? o xv\s Tff^e^s p<*Ad>v els tov oO»< ~r '-sj e^o-roKov fert k* ^ ® ^’St'ov T «To^ Vxi Too tv-t^CX 0 — » _ r ^ /* -rt n trft 1 ^ i t Ai O ; X O O S d' d S 81 to do so until the glass worker had crossed himself. 1 Joannes o Moschus mentions a workman who had been blinded by the fire."' In inscriptions the names of a few glass workers have been preserved. Euphrasios is mentioned on a Jewish or Christian 3 sepulcral inscription in Athens . In Mauretania there was a vitriarius Antas whose name occurs upon the sepulcral inscription of his little son.* Julius Alexander was likewise a native of Africa, a Carthaginian citizen, who was evidently living at Lyons at the time of his death. ® Perhaps a glass manufacturer of Gaul had called him to that place. There are other references in literature and the laws which give glimpses of the duties and social standing of glass 1 Leont ius ( Patr . Gr. 93, 1736 D):^v «5r $€ X iZ i« O ^«.\v^o TrAv^o-iov T ov> K «. *■ v» a \j i ovi ueUf ^•v^v s4 As (>(’«'' T^S KtA 2 Joannes Moschus, Praturn Soirituale ( Patr . Gr . 87,2932 A): rCi ytyov'^s to • v • >vv~^\ v ' T '\ y ' T vv\v, »<j(>c>s 4-nvyuq-w ecr^ov ol SJo CTU^A w6>\V'. Q jjj 3436: Ku^v\i t^i\( ,voV t i ^^«-\ J '^ 7 €0^k6 & j ' ■ s % c ovi^vf Jiv-. u e AovJP '/obs- C A Y os H.) «Vv riVvv^ov/fV/ovJS ToviS it l V«S \\ c< V T*s o< c* % ' KO(l T Tol *U t<* hcyii < • . / > \ * > ^ _ r | * . I ^ A ^ (T T C /V * a V. ^ f 1 / /-W . i T" m % C — i— ^ . c* TT 1 r* • — r-_ Tol 5 - of| 1 V« s ti Tik S Koti -Tol -Tol Oku I<* O(»Y«j y' 0 s TdwToCS Yo'TS V°‘ * Av yulTTioiS €opCcri v > V , TT Ol v~r © S* Tou ~rr (XV V" vSeot.s K c* T <*■ i\ o ^1*^0 *\ e p «« w o V/ faieracosophion , 271, 261. °Diod. 2, 15. ;? Perlpl . Maris Erythr. 6. 'See above , page ot. 8 Plin . N.H. 5, 76. ^ AiPore s , 26: *^6 V «4Ao mAck-t pow, f R,r ' V > € yye (ftepol/ «*-tt -T €1 . 9 Plin. N.H. 36, 193. « T p \ )( o S rtVTrttS v\ j i f uj v 5 vjtAow 86 1 glass as a standard of transparency. 3y Sidonian cup Athsnaeus might possibly mean a cup of glass, 2 since it was that for which the city was so noted. Reports of the manufacture of glass in the far East are less trustworthy. Pliny praises most highly the glass of India which, he says, was made of broken crystal. However, it is 'Z 4 extremely doubtful if glass was made in India. When Propertius writes of 'murrhine cups baked in Parthian ovens,' it may be no more than a poetical way of saying that they came from the near East, and, if so, the expression would indicate that the manufac- ture of glass had in the first century spread from Phoenicia as far as Mesopotamia. In the time of Strabo very clear, crystal-like glass was 5 being manufactured at Rome. This glass was very cheap in price. In the first region, which lay between the Aventine and Caelian there was a vicus vitrarius , S 6 the exact location of which is not known. 7 It was in connection with the fine white sand of the Volturnus that Pliny gave his description of the process of making X Athen . 11, 468 *5 Sot K-rdAovis , ^ -TO ov e|0X<** To ^evov. ifuKd ty tJttous e x oV oTo^" tA. wTI* ^Blumner, Term , u. Tech . 4, 381, 3. “See above ,pageC8. ?Prop. 4, 5, 36. , °Strabo, 16, xro wjx "\\(>o*> t v\ v c ^» cf o' tlO v vy V 'T’vv S «*.