ISlJ,!.',-,.;!'.' km- ■ Hoii^i!: "LI E) R.AFLY OF THE UN IVER.SITY Of ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. STATE OF ILLINOIS Henry Horner, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION John J. Hallihan, Director PROGRESS IN THE CONTROL OF ELM DISEASES IN NURSERIES J. C. Carter Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION » Theodore H. Prison, Chief Biological Notes No. 10 Urbana, Illinois June, 1939 PROGRESS IN THE CONTROL OF ELM DISEASES IN NURSERIES J. C. Carter An Investigation of the effectiveness of fungicidal materials In controlling the elm diseases commonly known as "wilts"* has been underway since 1931. Reports of the results obtained have been made periodically, and this report brings up to date the Information the Investigation has yielded, particularly for experiments not completely reported on previously. A special point has been made. In two sets of experiments, of observing the effect of treatment on tree growth and on the sale value of the treated trees. All of the tests have been conducted In commercial nurseries. In cooperation with the nurseries, and have been performed on trees receiving the cultivation usual In commercial production. The trees have been sprayed or dusted with fungicidal prepara- tions containing either sulfur or copper. All of the dusts were sulfur dusts, and some of the sprays were sulfur sprays. All of the copper treatments were sprays. The following specific materials were used: Koloform, Kolodust, dry wettable flotation sulfur, flotation sulfur dust, "Mike" sulfur, lime sulfur, a commercial Bor- deaux, Instant Bordeaux and Z-0. The characteristics of these materials are stated later. Two of the experiments reported here have been In progress for several years and furnish data on the effectiveness of a commercial Bordeaux and two wettable sulfurs as summer sprays. Two other experiments, under way for four years, furnish data on the effectiveness of two copper sprays, Instant Bordeaux and Z-0, used both as dormant and as summer sprays. The fifth experiment, also In progress for four years, furnishes data on the effectiveness of two wettable sulfurs as summer sprays with lime sulfur as a dormant spray. A sixth experiment only two years old gives preliminary Indications of the value of "Mike" sulfur as a summer spray. The last experiment, under way for four years, gives data on the effectiveness of two summer sulfur dust treatments. In these seven experiments over 6,500 trees have been used. The smallest number of trees used In any experiment was 400 and the largest number was 1,659. MATERIALS The sprays and dusts named above have the characteristics given below and each was used In the strength stated. KOLOFORM Is a wettable sulfur dust distributed by the Niagara Sprayer and Chemical Co., Inc. It contains not less than 54 per cent of sulfur, as the active Ingredient, and not more than 46 per cent of Inert Ingredients. A portion of the sulfur Is col- loidal sulfur produced by the adsorption of molten sulfur by bentonlte clay. It was used as a spray, at the rate of 15 pounds to 100 gallons of water. KOLODUST Is a sulfur dust also distributed by the Niagara Sprayer and Chemical Co., Inc. It Is similar to Koloform but Is adapted for direct use as a dust rather than as a spray ingredient, it contains not less than 87 per cent of sulfur, as Its active Ingredient, and not more than 13 per cent of Inert Ingredients. • The terms "wilt" and "elm wilt" have bpc-n In general use by nurserymen for years to designate any disease of elms that results In the wilting of any small or large part of a tree, it Is used In this sense In this paper, rather than In the technically limited sense of the plant pathologist. The fungi most frequently associated with "wilting" of elms In the experimental plots belong to the fungus genera Coniothyrium, Cytosporina, Phoma and Vermicularia (see page 5). This paper Is a contribution from the Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pathology. DRY WETTABLE FLOTATION SULFUR Is an exceedingly fine, wettable sulfur dust formerly manufactured by the White Tar Company of New Jersey, Inc. It contains not less than 80 per cent of sulfur, the active Ingredient, and not more than 20 per cent of Inert In- gredients. It was used as a spray, at the rate of 8 pounds to 100 gallons of water. Dry wettable flotation sulfur has not been obtainable since 1936; and In the ex- periment m which It was In use (plot XI I ) "Mike" sulfur was used In 1937 and 1938. FLOTATION SULFUR DUST Is a sulfur dust formerly manufactured by the White Tar Com- pany of New Jersey, Inc., for use as a dust rather than as a spray ingredient. It Is otherwise similar to dry wettable flotation sulfur. "MIKE" sulfur Is a wettable sulfur dust manufactured by the Dow Chemical Company. It contains more than 95 per cent of sulfur as an active Ingredient and less than 5 per cent of Inert Ingredients. It Is composed of very minute particles, mixes readily with water for use as a spray Ingredient and can be used also as a dust. As a spray. It was used at the rate of 8 pounds to 100 gallons of water. LIME SULFUR, a standard fruit-tree fungicide, was used at a strength of 1 In 10. A liquid lime sulfur manufactured by the Grrasselll Chemicals Department, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., was used as basic material, COMMERCIAL BORDEAUX is a premixed preparation of lime and copper sulfate, which forms a Bordeaux spray mixture when added to water. The preparation used in our ex- periment was the Corona Bordeaux manufactured by the Corona Chemical Division of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company; this preparation contains not less than 13 per cent of copper as an active ingredient; and throughout the tests the spray used has been equivalent to 4-4-50 Bordeaux mixture. INSTANT BORDEAUX is a homemade spray made with blue vitriol (copper sulfate) powder and dehydrated lime. It is prepared in the sprayer tank as it is needed and has the two practical advantages of being more quickly and easily prepared than regular Bordeaux mixture and of giving a more uniform and stable suspension of materials. In our experiment, instant Bordeaux was used at a strength equivalent to 4-4-50 Bordeaux mixture. Z-0 is a proprietary material sold in powdered form by the Niagara sprayer and Chemical Co., Inc. It contains copper as an active Ingredient in an amount equivalent, as metallic copper, to 25 per cent. It was developed as a material more convenient to use than Bordeaux mixture. Because of the gradual release of copper and the absence of lime, it is claimed that Z-0 is less harmful to plants than any other copper-containing spray. It has proved effective for general spraying of ornamentals and for dusting truck crops. For both summer and dormant sprays, we used Z-0 at the rate of 3 pounds to 100 gallons of water. METHODS From 1931 until the fall of 1935, liquid fungicides were applied in one plot with a 50-gallon, hand-operated spray outfit and in another plot with a 50-gallon power out- fit. But since early in the spring of 1936 all spraying has been done with a 100-gallon Bean Little Giant Duplex outfit, operated at a pressure of approximately 275 pounds, thus eliminating lack of uniformity in spray applications. Dusting has been done with a Niagara blower dust gun that sends a good cloud of dust to a height of 8 to 10 feet, and dust applications have been made mostly in early morning when dew was on the foliage and before the wind became so strong as to prevent uniform dusting. Summer applications of fungicides have been started in late April, May or early June, according to the season, and have been terminated in the latter part of August each year. In general, applications have been made at two-week Intervals until the beginning of the dry weather period, usually about the middle of July, and then at three-week intervals during the remainder of the season. 4 V i D SOME DISEASES OF NURSERY ELMS A. Cytosporina Infection In an advanced cankerous stage. B. Phoma Infection with the fungus sporu- latlng through the bark. C. Vermicularia discoloration In the wood. D. Young ConiathyrivM Infection, typical of the first appearance of most wilts. E and F. Advanced stages of Coniothyrium Infection ready to produce spores. u Q. T3 C ID Ol C >- lO 1. a v> 1- <» (- 10 >- > a> O •a o c o u (O 0) I I V-l * o-^ * + 'Vh'-. 0)— ' O 1 ^lO — ' Cd r-l JsJ 4J O O rH N r-t ■!* 10 rH C ^1 Ri O • • • o • 03 ■*-> J f-l ■vt* (31 '^ 00 OS ■!-> rH r-\ rH ^1 O ^( £3 I 1 ♦ + + a> o o o CL, o u C O 1-4 ■ • '-' 1* CO CO CQ CQ CQ (D + --^ +J CD 03 CD CD O - — C (D CD CD CD CD C +-> 0) ^1 fn U U U CD -a; E-i J J + + + (=1 n3 fc QO 00 rH ^ CD s ^ 00 CO O rH rH rH rH r-i r-t Eh 00 • CO CO ■ r-t CD CO >■ Oi <-{ • r-^ rH r-i CD iH • CO Q) to r- • • tH to r-\ • !> o CO • rH W w CO w &a X X 4J CD HH irf O CO 05 ^- 00 CO •H ■vf CO ct3 Oi CO co W M CO r-\ f-t +J CD CD Jh p-l X3 o rH 0. ■ rH C7) 2 ■d CQ 1 O en fH w w N LO • • LO >* CO a VH cO (D ^ CO CO CD c. 1 CD 43 ■0 CQ ^ . 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SEVEN-YEAR RESULTS FROM SUMMER SPRAYING In two experiments dealing with over 2,600 trees, the relative effectiveness of summer spraying with commercial Bordeaux, Koloform and dry wettable flotation sulfur has been tested through periods of seven years for the first two sprays, and five years for the last named spray. In one experiment commercial Bordeaux and dry wettable flota- tion sulfur have been compared directly with each other, each on 474 trees, and with an untreated check group of 711 trees. In the other experiment Koloform alone and In com- bination with pruning (236 and 230 trees, respectively) has been compared with pruning (282 trees) and with an untreated check group (254 trees). In these groups the majority of the trees that became diseased had been attacked by one of the Phona wilts, but occasional trees were Infected with Cytosporina and Yerticilliwn. The results obtained year by year and for the entire period of experimentation are shown In table 1. Five years of summer spraying with dry wettable flotation sulfur per- mitted the development of a greater number of Infections than occurred, proportionally, among the check trees In the same period. Seven years of summer spraying with commer- cial Bordeaux also permitted a greater proportional development of disease than occurred among the check trees. Spraying with these two materials appears. In other words, to have favored development of disease to the extent of 14.2 per cent and 9.1 per cent, respectively, as Indicated In the last column of the table. Seven years of summer spraying with Koloform resulted In the occurrence of fewer cases of disease than among the untreated check trees. Similar spraying with the same material through seven years, with pruning added In each of the last four years, per- mitted development of fewer cases of disease, proportionally, than occurred among either the check trees or those only sprayed. The degree of control for spraying alone is Indicated as 8.5 per cent and for the combination of spraying and pruning as 10.1 per cent. It Is significant that a group of trees In the same block, given no treatment other than pruning and that for only the last four of the seven years, developed fewer new cases of disease during those four years than occurred In the check. FOUR-YEAR RESULTS FROM SUMMER DUSTING In an experiment Involving nearly 1,400 trees the relative effectiveness of the sulfur dusts as summer applications, alone and In combination with pruning, has been under test for four years. Six applications of the dusts have been made each summer except 1937, when seven applications were made. Kolodust has been applied to the same groups of trees throughout the period. Flotation sulfur dust was applied to other groups of trees In 1935 and 1936; but, after this sulfur was not available, "Mike" sulfur was applied to these groups. The prevalent Infection in the plot was a species of Phoma, to which Is attrib- utable about 70 per cent of the total number of cases of disease. Most of the remainder of the Infections were due to Cytosporina. The results obtained year by year, and the degree of disease control for the entire period, are given In table 2. in the untreated, or check, group 171 trees, about 72 per cent, have become Infected. But In the group In which pruning alone has been practiced, only 84 trees, about 39 per cent, have contracted disease. Summer dusting with Kolodust has permitted 149 trees, or about 64 per cent, to become infected; but the Kolodust treatment combined with pruning has permitted only 93 trees, about 47 per cent, to become Infected. In the tree groups dusted first with flotation sulfur dust E E O c 10 Ol T3 I- E a. to >- u *- ■o c • •~ **-N n> >- +- — £1 X O ■»- •— o o m^ l_ Q- +- ^--^ c o u • Ol o c v> ••^ - ^ • eu ■o © w ■H -J c CD e •< F 1- Q) Ql Q. n 0) hO * CO M ■P o C M ^1 o CD lO CD CJ) (B O 4-J • « ■ • • O (=1 !> OJ lO O ^ Jh O ^ r-t CO CO (D O (X, C tH 03 -tJ ra 00 m CO CO O C CD (D V< 4J +J -P +J +J ■p 0) n5 O CO Vh ti, CD CD ^ «0 CD g M !h (D a: LO vH Eh Q rH CO rH ^ Oi w i> o +J I>- CD •^ Ol W CO e C co cn t-l 5 LO Oi u tH o Oi CD i-t H W o rH ■P ra CO 3 CD CD ■O P. 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Although It may seem that the use of sulfur dusts Is detrimental rather than useful, there are other considerations, such as the eventual disease control obtained over the growth-period of a block of trees and the extra growth resulting from the control of leaf spots and a great variety of minor pests. FOUR-YEAR RESULTS FROM DORMANT AND SUMMER COPPER SPRAYS The relative effectiveness of two copper sprays, applied as dofmant and summer sprays alone and In combination with pruning, has been tested for four years In two experiments Involving nearly 1,300 trees. In one of these experiments Z-0 was applied alone to 143 trees and In combination with pruning to 133 trees. In comparison with 145 trees receiving pruning only and 136 untreated check trees. In the other experiment In- stant Bordeaux was applied to 178 trees and In combination with pruning to 186 trees. In comparison with 181 pruned trees and 186 check trees. Most of the disease among these trees was the result of Phoma and Coniothyrium In- fections. A few cases were caused also by Cytosporina and by YertiQilliun. The degree of disease control for the duration of these experiments and the results obtained each year are shown In table 3. In both sets of trees treated with Z-0, approx- imately 23 per cent of the trees became diseased during the four years, while about 35 per cent of the pruned group and 21 per cent of the check group became diseased. There were more cases of disease In the treated groups than In the untreated group of trees. In the pruned group 75 per cent more trees showed disease than In the untreated group, while the sprayed group and the sprayed and pruned group each had 13 per cent more trees that showed disease than had the untreated group. In the experiment with Instant Bordeaux, approximately 33 per cent of the trees sprayed with Instant Bordeaux became diseased during the four years of the experiment, and about 14 per cent of the trees that were sprayed and pruned became diseased. In the check group about 26 per cent of the trees became diseased, and In the pruned group about 25 per cent became diseased. These results Indicate that the use of Instant Bordeaux alone as both a dormant and summer spray tends to favor the development of disease, but that this treatment In combination with pruning gives a marked degree of control. The degree of control ob- tained with the combination of treatments, shown as 46.9 per cent In table 3, Is actually 11 times greater than that given by pruning alone. FOUR-YEAR RESULTS FROM DORMANT AND SUMMER SULFUR SPRAYS A series of experiments to test the relative effectiveness of dormant and summer sulfur sprays has been In progress on approximately 850 trees for four years. Dormant applications of lime sulfur were made In the fall and In the spring on all sprayed trees and summer applications of two sets of sulfur sprays were made on definite groups of trees. The following sulfurs were used as sprays: Koloform, dry wettable flotation sulfur and "Mike" sulfur. Koloform was applied alone to 136 trees and In combination with pruning to 141 trees. Dry wettable flotation sulfur was applied alone to 142 trees In 1935 and 1936 and was followed with "Mike* sulfur In 1937 and 1938. This same treatment In combina- tion with pruning was given also to another group of 142 trees. For comparison a group of 145 trees were pruned and a group of 136 trees were left untreated, as checks. Disease In these groups of trees was caused mainly by a Phoma and by a Coniothyrium; however, a few trees were Infected with Cytosporina and a few with Verticillium. 9 >• ID <1> Oi a. o u I- » E E ■o c la i. o •o S >• ID 1- o. «l- o ID >■ =1 O o o o 10 o I I CO HI _l m ■< *H o •— ^ -^ + v^ 1 a) . — o ^- f^a CO rH J^ rH G3 CE CD 1- -^ cn ■tJ O O O « • • fl C fH 05 t« (B -P J -P CO CO r-H "Jp ^ O C d t( O ^, O 1 i 1 + 1 + (D o o o eu fn rt o tH ■- — . ^^ 1 * CC cr CO CO 03 CO 0) + — ' -P 03 f- U (h (-H (D V( CO a ■P +- ■P P -P P >-! fn O C! -P f-< (D -rH Cd (M 'd "st* W S tH t, nj tu W rH ■P VI O bO tl •^ > H C! > o CO CO c N CO CT- CC 03 H o cn ■0 m rH § 0) 03 ^—^ ^1 H E-i CO tx! S O) 1— w 1 — rH (x; CO -=)< rH :^ CD 0, >l, ra rH -P CO Ph - oc ^ a E-H -rH (B r— 1 — ' rH r- r- H r- ■P 3 M t( ^ '*^ r' "^ o u ^ o rH • CO » • tH to k • •0 CO » • ^ ^1 1 S ►< s C TO I-H Ja; ^ § S "^ rH t-H 4i n) C 3 >«! t; c X t c +j ■P £ CE •"■ c ) o a. 3 en CO f. rH ■p J= f- 1 1 +^ 4: V fl C P I. 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O Q 13 In this experiment, "Mike" sulfur appears outstanding In Its ability to control disease. However, the results of this experiment are parallel with the early results obtained In other previously reported experiments. In which combinations of pruning and spraying, as well as pruning alone, proved over a period of years to be the more effec- tive treatments. Continuation of this experiment Is necessary for a better evaluation of the effectiveness of this sulfur. EFFECT OF TREATMENT ON TREE GROWTH Two kinds of data have been kept which throw light on the effect of sprays on tree growth as a consideration separate from disease control. Measurements of tree diameters, made In connection with two of the spray experiments, give definite evidence that treated trees have grown better than untreated trees. Less definite, but perhaps equally In- dicative of the value of treatment. Is the record of the number of trees selected and sold from one of the experimental plots. DIAMETER MEASUREMENTS. — In the fall of 1934 diameter measurements were taken of the trees In the plot reported above as having received seven years of summer spraying with dry wettable flotation sulfur and commercial Bordeaux (see table 1, plot VIl), and In the following spring similar measurements were made of trees In the plot reported as having received dormant and summer sulfur sprays for four years (see table 4). In the fall of 1938 diameter measurements were taken again of all of the trees then standing In these plots. The Individual trees measured In 1938 were selected from among those meaBured In 1934 and 1935, arranged In diameter classes differing by one-half Inch, and valued ac- cording to wholesale prices of that date, to give their total sale value as of the winter of 1934-35. After measurement In 1938, they were again valued at wholesale prices, as of the winter of 1938-39, on the basis of one-half Inch diameter classes. The Increase In the sale value of check groups and of treated groups, after four years of growth, was determined by subtracting the 1934-35 valuation from the 1938-39 valuation. The results of this estimation are given In table 6. For all treatments represented by an adequately Indicative number of trees, there la definite Indication that growth occurred more rapidly and that sale values Increased more quickly In the treated than In the untreated trees. The Increase In valuation averaged 30 cents per tree as a result of summer spraying with commercial Bordeaux and 37 cents per tree with dry wettable flotation sulfur. For pruning alone this Increase amounted to 5 cents per tree, but with dormant and summer sprays combined with pruning this Increase was respectively 26 cents and 36 cents per tree for the two types of summer sulfur sprays Although small per tree, these Increases in value amount to considerable sums, as Indicated In table 6, when considered as applicable to a thousand salable trees, and represent possible additional sale values of from $50 to $370 per thousand over trees receiving no treatment. NUMBERS OF TREES SOLD. — During the winters of 1936-37 and 1937-38 the larger and better trees were selected by the nursery owner from one of the experimental plots. In order to fill purchase orders for trees of specified large diameters and high quality. The exact numbers of suitable trees found In the check group and in each of the treated groups are shown In table 7. The advantage of treatment for disease control as a stimulant to more rapid growth Is Indicated by the fact that from 3 to 9 per cent more trees were selected from groups receiving some kind of treatment than from the untreated check group. These figures are the more significant, because the diameter specifications on which the selections were made were above the average run of the plot. 14 TABLE 7. — Number of trees sold from one experimental plot during the two winters, 1936-37 and 1937-38. (Plot IXS) Treatment ~ — ■ 'i ' ■ .7. — :- Number of Trees Originally Present Trees Sold Total Percentage of Trees Sold 1936-37 1937-38 llntreat.firi ......... 226 250 217 200 10 22 3 3 14 26 30 24 24 48 33 27 10.6 19.2 15.2 13.5 Pruning (four years). . . . Koloform Koloform and pruning . . , Sprayed for seven seasons; pruned only the last four seasons. RESULTS A recapitulation of the data presented in preceding; pages Is given In table 8, for direct comparison of the results obtained with the various treatments and combina- tion of treatments. These data Indicate, as have the data In previous reports, that more than half of the different treatments tested have some value. The effective treatments. Indicated by "+" signs In the table, range from.S per cent to 92 per cent In their degree of effectiveness, and several — those effective to 30 per cent or more — are of practical value. As has been pointed out In previous reports, both Ineffective and effective treatments for wilt control leaf diseases and stimulate tree growth. The average percentages of control or lack of control shown In the last column of Table 8 are compared dlagramatlcally In fig. 1. The bars reaching to the right of the vertical line represent effective treatments, those to the left represent Ineffective treatments and the bar-lengths Indicate degrees of effectiveness or Ineffectiveness. From fig. 1 and from table 8, it may be seen that the treatments that have been effective In the control of disease are (l) pruning, (2) Instant Bordeaux In combina- tion wit?' pruning, (3) Koloform, (4) Koloform In combination with pruning, (5) "Mike" sulfur spray, (6) "Mike" sulfur spray In combination with pruning, (7) Kolodust, (8) Kolodust In combination with pruning, (9) flotation sulfur dust and "Mike" sulfur and (10) flotation sulfur dust and "Mike" sulfur in combination with pruning. The Ineffec- tive treatments are (l) commercial Bordeaux, (2) Instant Bordeaux, (3) Z-0, (4) Z-0 In combination with pruning, (5) dry wettable flotation sulfur, (6) dormant and summer sulfur sprays and (7) dormant and summer sulfur sprays In combination with pruning. It Is shown In this report, as In previous reports, that most of the effective treatments Involve either pruning or sulfur dusting. In addition, this report shows that two other treatments are effective, namely, spraying with Koloform and spraying with "Mike" sulfur. Pruning, In most experiments, has shown a beneficial effect. But our experimental work has demonstrated that pruning does not always prevent the further development of disease. When, however, all diseased and discolored wood was removed, further progress of disease did not become evident for two or more years. In the trees In which disease recurred. It appeared that reinfection had taken place and that the disease was not a continuation of the original Infection. In most of the pruned trees from which all of the discolored wood was not removed, disease continued to develop year after year. Pruning, when used In combination with instant Bordeaux, Koloform and the sulfur dusts, consistently Increased the effectiveness of these treatments. 15 IE 3 U. _l <0 2 o z i & z UJ 3 ^ ac ^ z a. 2 H » (0 z 3 D + O X + ± X o H (T + D z «0 3 < 3 u. liJ z O -1 X O o 3 o cc a. a. (0 u. _l o ID b. z in 4- -I (0 o < »- Z < tf) z o (0 3 o -1 z o u. o H ^^ ^_ -1 < ^Hj ■ o \- ■ ■ }£. o ■ ■ H -1 ■ ■ (0 ■ ll. ■ ■ D ■ MB ■ ■ O ■ ■ ■ ■ o ■ ■ ■ I >- < q: Q. (0 (E u. -I O z oc Q. UJ X ■ ■ 3 ■ ■ < ■ ■ U o ^1 oc «0 ■ o > O o < ^1 z q: ^^1 Q. ■ z 1- O (0 ^3 z < «. 3 cr IT UJ a 1- 2 CO H U. 2 + z Z -1 3 ^" < 3 •^ .« 2«0 10 (t Off Z (E o m < a Z (0 2 »- 3 Z IT 10 ORMA ULFUI Q (0 H O o U -o +3 + o m _o + of c plot o «0 ^ >» + _o H m + 1g o aJ A 4. Summer spraying with "Mike" sulfur, and pruning. i In general, It appears advisable to rely on sulfur dusts, since they have given the ., most consistent results over a period of years of experimental tests. I The use of sprays for wilt should be avoided, generally, as for some reason most of them appear to favor development of greater numbers of wilt Infections or, at best, give only a small degree of control. An exception Is Bordeaux when combined with prun- ing, and a possible exception Is "Mike" sulfur with or without pruning. Bordeaux combined with pruning Is likely to be as effective as any of the sulfur dust treatments. Although "Mike" sulfur spray seems to have exceptional possibilities, the two years through Yltilch It has been tested are not sufficient to prove Its full value. Pruning, although not uniformly dependable as an Individual means of disease control. Is essential If best results are to be obtained from the use of most of the effective fungicides. Pruning in connection with disease control. It should be under- stood. Is more than the usual shaping of the growth habit of the tree. Its purpose Is to remove completely all Infected material, even to the extent of the destruction of an entire tree when needful. 18 I INSTRUCTIONS In order to obtain satisfactory results with the treatments recommended above. It Is necessary to follow a consistent schedule In the application of the fungicides, to use them In effective concentrations and, In pruning; to carry out the operation faithfully. SCHEDULES FOR TREATMENT.— Dormant sprays may be applied at the grower's convenience. It Is desirable that two such sprays be used. The first application should be made shortly after the beglnnlntj of the dormant period and the second should be made near the close of the dormant period. Since these are In the nature of "clean-up" treat- ments, their effectiveness Is probably Increased by the higher fall and early spring temperatures. During the summer, the sprays or dusts used should be applied at regular Intervals. The first application should be made as soon as the first leaves are well grown. The time of this first application will of course vary from season to season. Applications should then be made at two-week Intervals through June or, If the weather continues moist, until mid-July. During July and August the period between applications may ordinarily be lengthened to three weeks. Pruning for disease control Is best done Just before each of the periodic applica- tions of fungicides. If pruning Is done Immediately preceding each spraying, a regular schedule Is maintained and trees are freed of Infection before being treated. Naturally, better results follow. SULFUR DUSTS. — Sulfur dusts are used In the form In which they are received. *No diluting or mixing with other materials Is required. Dusts can be applied with either hand- or power-driven dusters, depending on the size of the trees to be cared for. Hand-power dusters send a satisfactory dust cloud to a height of only about 10 feet beyond the duster nozzle. Trees over 15 feet tall should be dusted with a power duster. Preferably, dusting should be done in early morning while there still Is dew on the foliage and before the wind becomes strong, but It may also be done after a light rain, while the foliage Is still damp. SULFUR SPRAYS. — In the preparation of sulfur sprays fine wettable sulfur dusts are mixed directly with water In the spray tank. Directions as to the amount of dust needed for an effective spray usually are given on the manufacturer's package or label. Koloform, which Is recommended above, should be mixed with water at the rate of 15 pounds per 100 gallons. "Mike" sulfur, also recommended, should be used at the rate of 8 pounds per 100 gallons. A good, even distribution of the dust in the water results from a few minutes' operation of the agitator In the spray tank before spraying is begun. INSTANT BORDEAUX. — Instant Bordeaux equivalent to the usual 4-4-50 Bordeaux mix- ture is desirable. For this strength 8 pounds of powdered blue vitriol (copper sulfate) and 8 pounds of superfine hydrated lime are required for each 100 gallons of water. In the preparation of the mixture, about one-fourth the required amount of water Is run into the spray tank and then the blue vitriol powder, and afterwards the lime, are washed through the Intake strainer as the tank is filled. A minute's operation of the agitator in the spray tank before spraying is begun gives all the mixing that is necessary. PRUNING. — The effectiveness of pruning, whether used alone or in conjunction with other treatments, is dependent on the thoroughness with which it is done. In pruning for disease control, it Is absolutely necessary that all wood containing dlscoloratlons be removed, and it is best to continue cutting back until a foot or more of clean, healthy wood has been removed below the part which is diseased. Sterility of the pruning in- struments is essential to prevent spread of disease during the operation. It Is better to cut out too much than too little. 19 If VKi'