772 
 pr ■ 
 
 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF 
 SUSPECTED CARCINOGENS IN 
 
 DRINKING WATER 
 
 ofcposrro^x; 
 
 FEB 24 1976 
 
 ^tV.OFILL.LIBRARY 
 
 REPORT TO CONGRESS 
 
 ^ 
 
 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 
 
 WASHINGTON, D C. 20460 
 DECEMBER 1975 
 
 x 
 
 ..OV-UTIO// 
 
 ^ 6 - 191 ^ 
 
UNIVERSITY Or 
 ILLINOIS LIBRARY 
 AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 
 
 biology 
 
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF SUSPECTED 
 CARCINOGENS IN DRINKING WATER 
 
 REPORT TO CONGRESS 
 
 Compiled by 
 
 Office of Toxic Substances 
 Environmental Protection Agency 
 Washington, DC 20460 
 December 1975 
 

 <-• 
 
 i t. f' 
 
 
 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2019 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 https://archive.org/details/preliminaryasses00unit_0 
 
 

 PREFACE 
 
 This Report is in response to the mandate of the Public Health 
 Service Act as amended by the Safe Drinking Water Act (PL 93-523) that 
 the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency make "a compre¬ 
 hensive study of public water supplies and drinking water sources to 
 determine the nature, extent, sources of and means of control of contam¬ 
 ination by chemicals or other substances suspected of being carcinogenic" 
 (Section 1442(a)(9)). Accordingly, the Report presents the current 
 programs of EPA to identify the nature and extent of the contamination 
 of the Nation's drinking water with carcinogens, to determine the possible 
 health effects of exposure, and to develop the technically and economically 
 feasible means of removing those contaminants of concern. 
 
 An interim Report and supporting Appendix were submitted to Congress 
 in June 1975, with the understanding that the Report would be updated 
 to incorporate results of subsequent research and include appropriate 
 recommendations. This Report satisfies that understanding. The material 
 presented in the Appendix to the June Report has not been repeated 
 in the Appendix accompanying this Report. The June Appendix, however, 
 contains much detailed information concerning research methodologies 
 and other material relevant to both Reports. 
 
 Section 1442(a)(9) instructs the Administrator to provide "such 
 recommendations for further review and corrective action as he deems 
 appropriate." The recommendations presented in the Report should be 
 considered preliminary, however. Only the first phases of research 
 have been completed and many investigations are underway within EPA 
 and other Federal agencies. 
 
 The Report is organized into a General Overview, five Sections, 
 and Appendices. The first Section discusses the nature and occurrence 
 of carcinogenic contaminants in drinking water. The second Section 
 deals with the known health effects of these contaminants and efforts 
 underway to clarify these potential health hazards. The third Section 
 outlines the studies underway to determine the sources of these contaminants. 
 The final two Sections deal with treatment techniques for controlling 
 drinking water contaminants and the estimated costs of these treatment 
 processes. The Appendices present the results of several monitoring 
 surveys for drinking water contaminants, a selected list of references, 
 and a list of primary contributors. 
 
 n °i 
 
 /<A 
 
 (If 
 
 Um 353?r 
 
 1 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PREFACE i 
 
 GENERAL OVERVIEW 1 
 
 Introduction 1 
 
 Activities and Results to Date 3 
 
 Recommendations 5 
 
 CHARACTER AND EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER 7 
 
 National Organics Reconnaissance Survey 7 
 
 Region V Organics Survey 12 
 
 Assessment of General Organic Parameters 13 
 
 Inventory of Organics Identified in Drinking Water 15 
 
 Investigations of Pesticides in Drinking Water 16 
 
 Analyses for Polychlorinated Biphenyls 17 
 
 Studies of Leaching from Polyvinyl Chloride 
 
 (PVC) Water Pipes 17 
 
 Detection of Nitrosamines in Drinking Water 17 
 
 Surveillance for Inorganic Contaminants in Drinking Water 18 
 
 Occurrence of Radioactivity in Drinking Water 20 
 
 Survey of Rural Drinking Water Supplies 21 
 
 Analyses for Asbestos Fibers in Drinking Water 22 
 
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS 25 
 
 Review of Drinking Water Contaminants by the National 
 Academy of Sciences 25 
 
 Development of Quality Criteria for Water 26 
 
 Other Investigations of the Health Effects of Organics 26 
 
 Epidemiological Studies 30 
 
 • • 
 n 
 
Evaluation of Health Risks from Inorganics 31 
 
 Estimate of Risk from Radiation 32 
 
 Assessment of Effects of Oral Ingestion of Asbestos 32 
 
 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION 35 
 
 Industrial Sources 35 
 
 Discharges from Municipal Waste Treatment Facilities 36 
 
 Chlorination of Drinking Water 37 
 
 Contamination by Agricultural Chemicals 38 
 
 Other Non-Point Sources of Organics 39 
 
 Various Land Disposal Practices and Water Contamination 39 
 
 TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING CONTAMINANTS IN 
 
 DRINKING WATER 40 
 
 Overview of EPA Treatment Program 40 
 
 Techniques for Controlling Organtcs 40 
 
 Treatment Studies on Inorganics 45 
 
 Techniques for Controlling Radionuclides 45 
 
 Methods of Removing Asbestiform Fibers 46 
 
 COST OF TREATMENT TO REMOVE CARCINOGENS 47 
 
 General Cost of Water 47 
 
 Cost of Removing Carcinogenic Contaminants 47 
 
 APPENDICES 
 
 Appendix I - National Organics Reconnaissance Survey 
 
 Appendix II - Organic Compounds Identified in Drinking Water 
 
 Appendix III - Analyses of Radioactivity in Interstate Carrier 
 
 Water Supplies 
 
 Appendix IV - Environmental Radiation Monitoring System 
 
 Survey (1974) 
 
Appendix 
 
 Appendix 
 
 Appendix 
 
 Appendix 
 
 V - Organics Survey in Region V 
 
 VI - Survey for Pesticides, PCBs, and Phthalates 
 
 in Region V 
 
 VII - Selected References 
 
 VIII - List of Primary Contributors 
 
 IV 
 
GENERAL OVERVIEW 
 
 Introduction 
 
 Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (PL 93-523), the Environmental 
 Protection Agency (EPA) has the task of ensuring that the nation's 
 drinking water is safe. This task is formidable as many factors involved 
 in determining whether drinking water is "safe" are far from resolved. 
 
 Some of the principal problems facing EPA in the control of the 
 quality of the nation's drinking water are pressing the limits of 
 current research capabilities in health, science, and technology. 
 
 Regulatory decision making is further compounded by the dearth of definitive 
 information, and the lack of agreement within the scientific community, 
 on such questions as identification and characterization of carcinogens, 
 significance of human exposure to minute quantities of potentially 
 hazardous substances, and interpretation of results of high dose animal 
 exposure tests in relation to human experience. EPA is trying to answer 
 a variety of questions in the- areas of hazard evaluation, epidemiology, 
 and analytical and treatment technology development. These questions 
 include: 
 
 1. Which compounds occur in a sufficient number of locations and 
 in sufficient quantity to warrant possible regulation? 
 
 2. What are the effects of those compounds on human health? 
 
 3. What analytical procedures are needed to monitor finished 
 water supplies to assure compliance with regulations? 
 
 4. What changes in treatment practices are required to minimize 
 the formation of these compounds during transport, storage, treatment 
 and distribution? 
 
 5. What treatment technology can be applied to reduce contaminant 
 levels to concentrations specified in regulations? 
 
 6. What are the National and local costs of regulations? 
 
 Only within the last few years has instrumentation sophisticated 
 enough to measure very small quantities of contaminants been applied to 
 drinking water. Despite recent intensive efforts, investigations to 
 date have only identified a small fraction of the contaminants present. 
 Further, extensive additional research is necessary to determine the 
 health effects, if any, of ingesting these substances occurring at concen¬ 
 trations near the microgram per liter (parts per billion) level. 
 
 Work is proceeding to provide the answers to many of those questions. 
 The specific activities underway or planned and the progress to date are 
 discussed in this Report. 
 
 Before the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act (PL 93-523) on 
 December 16, 1974, the Federal Government's program in this area was 
 limited primarily to preventing the spread of communicable diseases 
 resulting from drinking water in interstate commerce. Under the authority 
 
 1 
 
of the Public Health Service Act, EPA assists in the enforcement of 
 regulations that require interstate carriers to utilize only water from 
 sources that are in compliance with certain required drinking water 
 standards. This authority, however, affects only 700 of an estimated 
 240,000 public water systems. Moreover, these drinking water standards 
 focus on microbiological contaminants associated with waterborne diseases 
 such as typhoid fever and cholera and do not provide legally enforceable 
 limits for chemical contaminants associated with carcinogenic or other 
 toxic properties. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (PL 92-500) 
 has had some limited effect in protecting underground drinking water 
 supplies and is gradually improving surface waters by requiring monitoring 
 and limiting discharges as specified in permits issued under the National 
 Pollution Discharge Elimination System. The authorities in that Act, 
 however, have proven inadequate to ensure the safety of all sources of 
 drinking water. 
 
 A 1969 survey showed serious deficiencies such as the lack of 
 trained operators and adequate surveillance and monitoring programs in 
 over one-half of the water supply facilities investigated. Reported 
 outbreaks of disease and poisoning attributed to drinking water allegedly 
 resulted in thousands of illnesses and some deaths. Further, the possibility 
 of chronic health effects resulting from the presence of organic chemicals, 
 asbestos, and heavy metals in drinking water indicated the need for 
 additional authority to address this problem. To a great extent, concern 
 over these substances and their potential carcinogenic effects prompted 
 the passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act. 
 
 The primary responsibility to operate and maintain safe drinking 
 water systems remains with the water supplier. Under the Safe Drinking 
 Water Act, EPA is required to prescribe national drinking water regulations 
 for contaminants that may adversely affect health. The local utility is 
 then required to monitor its water and to give public notice if the 
 water fails to meet the drinking water regulations. To the maximum 
 extent possible, State Governments are to be responsible for enforcing 
 the regulations and for providing necessary technical assistance to the 
 local utility. 
 
 Pursuant to Section 1412(a)(1), EPA promulgated Interim Primary 
 Drinking Water Regulations in December 1975 to be effective in mid-1977. 
 Maximum contaminant levels are prescribed for microbiological contaminants, 
 certain organic pesticides, selected inorganic chemicals, and turbidity. 
 Maximum contaminant levels for radioactivity were proposed in August 
 1975 and should be promulgated in early 1976. Because the Interim 
 Primary Drinking Water Regulations do not contain maximum contaminant levels 
 for organic chemicals other than certain pesticides, EPA concurrently 
 published Special Monitoring Regulations that will provide a national 
 evaluation of the presence in drinking water of approximately 20 specific 
 organic chemicals and simultaneously attempt to correlate their presence 
 with several general organic parameters. The results of this survey, 
 anticipated by the end of 1976, should provide the basis for establishing 
 maximum contaminant levels for additional specific organic contaminants 
 that are found to be widespread or for a general organic parameter(s) 
 that may be incorporated in the Primary Drinking Water Regulations, or 
 both. 
 
 2 
 
Activities and Results to Date 
 
 Section 1442(a)(9) directs the Administrator to report to the 
 Congress on the contamination of drinking water by substances suspected 
 of being carcinogenic. Although the criteria for predicting the carcinogenic 
 potential of chemicals have been reviewed extensively during the last 
 decade and many experts have agreed on certain guidelines, no official 
 concensus exists as to what evidence is required to categorize a substance 
 as "carcinogenic". This Report considers a large number of chemicals in 
 addition to those that have been demonstrated as human carcinogens. No 
 attempt is made to distinguish among the various degrees of evidence of 
 carcinogenicity that apply to different "suspect carcinogens." 
 
 In the past year, EPA has undertaken an extensive program to characterize 
 the nature of drinking water problems. One step, initiated in November 
 1974, was the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey designed to provide 
 an estimate of the nationwide distribution of organics in drinking 
 water. Other projects have involved sampling and analysis of drinking 
 water for selected inorganics, pesticides, asbestos, and radioactivity. 
 
 Several studies are underway to investigate the toxicity of these substances 
 when ingested. Still other efforts are designed to identify the sources 
 of these contaminants and various treatment techniques effective in 
 removing them. 
 
 Organics 
 
 November 1975 data identify 253 different specific organic chemicals 
 in drinking water in the United States. The occurrence of these compounds 
 in drinking water suggests that other organics not yet identified may 
 also be present, and that the total number of compounds could be considerably 
 larger. The range of concentration for individual organics was from a 
 high of 366 yg/£ for chloroform (based on EPA Region V's survey) to a 
 low of 0.001 yg/£ for dieldrin. Another analytical procedure that 
 approximates the total organic carbon content showed concentrations 
 ranging from below the level of detection (0.05 mg/£) to over 12 mg/£. 
 
 The majority of chemicals identified in drinking water have not 
 been examined for potential carcinogenicity, although some have been 
 classified as carcinogens or suspected carcinogens by bioassay experiments. 
 
 On the other hand, even in the case of recognized carcinogens, the actual 
 risk posed by ingesting very low concentrations is not known at this 
 time. 
 
 Among the identified sources of these chemical compounds are industrial 
 and municipal discharges, urban and rural runoff, natural sources, and 
 water and sewage chlorination practices. Water treatment techniques 
 involving modification of current processes, use of adsorbents such as 
 granular activated carbon, or the use of oxidants such as ozone, are 
 being investigated for their value in reducing the concentration of 
 organics. Research is underway to develop the most cost effective 
 treatment technology. 
 
 3 
 
Inorganics 
 
 Several inorganic chemicals might be carcinogenic in drinking water 
 under certain circumstances: arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, 
 nickel, selenium, and nitrogenous compounds (possible nitrosamine precursors). 
 Research is underway to determine the occurrence of these and other 
 inorganics that may prove to be carcinogenic. A 1969 study found that 
 a small percentage (two percent or less) of drinking water supplies 
 sampled contained'levels of arsenic, nitrate-nitrogen, and selenium that 
 exceeded the limits in the U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water 
 Standards. Treatment technologies are available for the control of all 
 three, although selenium in its oxidized form can only be removed by re¬ 
 verse osmosis, a rather expensive process at the present time. 
 
 Radionuctides 
 
 The presence of radionuclides in drinking water results from natural 
 contamination, primarily from ground waters flowing through radium 
 bearing geological formations, and from man's activities. These activities 
 may release naturally occurring radioactivity into the environment, 
 through phosphate and uranium ore mining operations, for example. In 
 addition, man-made radioactivity may enter from various sources such as 
 nuclear tests, nuclear power generation, and the use of radionuclides in 
 hospitals, scientific research, and industry. Several treatment techniques, 
 including lime softening, ion exchange softening, and reverse osmosis, 
 are effective for removing radium 226. 
 
 Recent monitoring data from interstate carrier water supply utilities 
 indicate that the average concentrations of radium 226 were 0.28 pCi/£ (46 
 samples in 1975); strontium 90, 0.82 pCi/£ (46 samples in 1975); and 
 tritium, 200 pCi/£ (71 samples in 1974). Of these samples, 22 to 59 
 percent contained radionuclides below the detection limit of the analytical 
 method used. Following the recommendation made by the National Academy 
 of Sciences, EPA bases its estimates of the health effects of radiation 
 exposure through ingestion of drinking water on the assumption that no 
 harmless dose level exists and that health effects will be proportional 
 to the radiation dose delivered by drinking water. 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 Over one-half of the 63 drinking waters tested had asbestos fiber 
 counts so low that they could not be quantified by the analytical method 
 used. Nine had fiber counts in excess of 500 thousand fibers per liter 
 and five had counts in excess of one million fibers per liter. In order 
 to clarify the effects of ingested asbestos, several studies are underway 
 to examine various aspects of this problem: asbestos absorption in the 
 gastrointestinal tract, possible correlation between cancer incidence 
 and asbestos in drinking water, and toxicology of ingested asbestos in 
 rats. 
 
 Techniques for the removal of asbestiform fibers have been demon¬ 
 strated in pilot plants in Duluth, Minnesota. Pursuant to this research, 
 
 4 
 
the city of Duluth is constructing a full-scale water treatment plant 
 for fiber removal. Because the health effects of ingesting asbestos are 
 not fully understood, a maximum contaminant level for asbestos is not 
 included in the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations. 
 
 Recommendations 
 
 Although recent efforts outlined in this Report have dramatically 
 enhanced our understanding of the problems associated with drinking 
 water contamination, they represent only the beginning of the research 
 needed to assess confidently the character, extent, and health implications 
 of drinking water contaminants and the most cost-effective approach to 
 control them. The following general recommendations are presented to 
 identify the major areas of future research needs. 
 
 Future Monitoring 
 
 In order to address the problem of drinking water contamination, 
 additional research is needed to clarify the nature and extent of the 
 contamination. Although the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey in 
 80 locations was important in that it indicated that chlorinated by¬ 
 products were found in all the finished waters of the chlorinating water 
 utilities investigated, its focus was limited to six volatile contaminants. 
 The more comprehensive organic analyses in ten cities were not extensive 
 enough to demonstrate conclusively that the environmental contamination 
 found was likely to be present nationwide. The expansion of this survey 
 is critical to provide data on the qualitative and quantitative occurrence 
 of selected compounds and of total organic chemical concentrations in 
 water supplies representing a wide distribution of geographical areas 
 and various types of raw water sources. Such information is a prerequisite 
 for promulgating maximum contaminant levels for specific contaminants, or 
 for establishing a general organic parameter( s '), or both. As discussed 
 later in the Report ("Monitoring to Assess Parameters"), an expanded 
 survey is about to be initiated. Ongoing surveillance programs directed 
 to organics, inorganics, asbestos, and radioactivity in drinking water 
 may show the need for further research. 
 
 Health Effects Research 
 
 Several projects are underway to examine the health effects of 
 compounds found in drinking water. The results of these studies will 
 provide information needed to assess the health risks associated with 
 exposure to these contaminants. As emphasized by EPA's Science Advisory 
 Board, additional health effects research is greatly needed. Specifically, 
 EPA feels that long-term animal laboratory and epidemiological studies 
 of the effects of various concentrations of specific contaminants are 
 needed. Likewise, various epidemiological studies relating exposed 
 populations to known common patterns of water contamination are important 
 to clarify the health risks involved. Although some epidemiological 
 studies are in progress, they are limited by inadequate data concerning 
 the presence of various contaminants, estimates of populations at risk, 
 and the accuracy of morbidity and mortality data. 
 
 5 
 
New Analytical Methodology 
 
 When the drinking water regulations are in effect, monitoring will 
 be required for each regulated contaminant or parameter. Research will 
 be initiated to make existing surveillance and analysis methodologies 
 practical or to develop new ones. In particular, methods to monitor the 
 effectiveness of contaminant removal unit processes are needed. 
 
 Water Treatment Research 
 
 Research is continuing to develop treatment technology capable of 
 reducing exposure to environmental contaminants to acceptable concentrations. 
 Water treatment plant studies are now planned to test the effectiveness 
 of certain treatment techniques developed in the laboratory. Methods 
 of curtailing or eliminating potentially harmful contaminants are being 
 investigated while the needed health effects research is taking place. 
 
 Future Regulation 
 
 An extensive study of possible drinking water contaminants by the 
 National Academy of Science (NAS), mandated by Section 1412(e)(1), 
 should be completed in about one year. EPA will consider these NAS 
 findings in developing Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations. 
 
 Other revisions will be made as additional data on the presence and 
 effects of various contaminants indicate that such revisions are warranted 
 to protect the public health. These will include amendment of the 
 Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations prior to their June 1977 
 effective date if adequate data become available. 
 
 6 
 
CHARACTER AND EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER 
 
 On April 18, 1975, EPA announced the preliminary results of a 
 nationwide survey for organics in drinking water. This National Organics 
 Reconnaissance Survey is one of several efforts underway to investigate 
 the possible problem of suspected carcinogens in drinking water. Another 
 investigation is focusing on whether drinking water contains significant 
 quantities of three pesticides (aldrin, dieldrin, and DDT). 
 
 In addition to the studies of organic contaminants, inorganic chem¬ 
 icals, especially those that are included in the Interim Primary Drinking 
 Water Regulations, are the subject of monitoring and analysis efforts. 
 
 A special assessment of rural drinking water supplies will be underway 
 in early 1976, and a study of asbestos in drinking water has started. 
 
 This Section discusses these and other programs to determine the nature 
 and extent of contamination of the Nation's drinking water. 
 
 Since the June report, five additional water utilities were analyzed 
 for a wide range of organic compounds, completing the National Organics 
 Reconnaissance Survey (NORS) of ten cities. In addition, several water 
 utilities have worked with EPA to address specific drinking water problems 
 identified in the survey. Among the activities conducted on the regional 
 level, EPA's Region V has undertaken a survey of the finished water 
 of 83 utilities in that Region to determine levels of organic chemicals 
 and other contaminants. The results of the NORS and Region V's survey 
 are summarized here. Other new material includes a brief assessment 
 of various general organics parameters and discussions of polychlorinated 
 biphenyls (PCBs), vinyl chloride, nitrosamines, and radioactivity in 
 drinking water. Some recent results from the nationwide survey for 
 certain pesticides and from investigations of asbestos are also reported 
 here. 
 
 National Organics Reconnaissance Survey 
 
 One of the Agency's most significant efforts to delineate the 
 problem of organics in drinking water was the National Organics Reconnaissance 
 Survey (NORS). Initiated in November 1974, NORS had three major objectives. 
 One was to determine the extent of the presence of the four trihalomethanes-- 
 chloroform (trichloromethane), bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, 
 and bromoform (tribromomethane)--in finished water, and to determine 
 whether or not these compounds are formed by chlorination. The second 
 objective was to determine the effects that raw water source and water 
 treatment practices other than chlorination could have on the formation 
 of these compounds. The third objective was to characterize, as completely 
 as possible using existing analytical techniques, the organic content 
 of ten drinking waters. These ten utilities represent five major 
 categories of raw water sources in use in the United States today. 
 
 Survey of Eighty Water Utilities for Selected Contaminants 
 
 Eighty water utilities were chosen to determine the presence of 
 six specific organics of particular concern: the four trihalomethanes, 
 
 7 
 
carbon tetrachloride, and 1,2-dichloroethane. Selected in consultation 
 with State water supply officials, these 80 utilities provide a reasonably 
 representative sample of the Nation's community drinking water utilities 
 that chlorinate their water, representing a wide variety of raw water 
 sources, treatment techniques, and geographical locations. Survey 
 findings indicate that chlorination results in the formation of the 
 four trihalomethanes. 
 
 Results from the analysis of the raw or untreated water are presented 
 in Table 1. In 30 of the 80 locations surveyed, none of the six compounds 
 was detected. 
 
 Table 1 
 
 RAW WATER ANALYSIS 
 (Based on 80 Samples) 
 
 Number of Locations 
 
 Chloroform 49 
 Bromodichloromethane 7 
 Dibromochloromethane 1 
 Bromoform 0 
 Carbon Tetrachloride 4 
 1,2-Dichloroethane 11 
 
 Detected Range of Concentrations 
 
 (ugA) 
 
 <0.1 - 0.9 (16)* 
 < 0.2 - 0.8 ( 11 )* 
 (3)* 
 
 <2 - 4 
 
 <0.2 - 3 
 
 *0ne location received raw water prechlorinated by a nearby industry. 
 
 This water contained 16 yg/£ of chloroform, 11 yg/£ bromodichloromethane, 
 and 3 yg/£ dibromochloromethane. 
 
 In contrast to these findings for raw water, the presence of the 
 four trihalomethanes, although mostly in low concentrations, was wide¬ 
 spread in finished water. Table 2 shows the distribution and range of 
 concentrations of the trihalomethanes, carbon tetrachloride and 1,2- 
 dichloroethane in finished water. Appendix I summarizes the results of 
 the analyses of the raw and finished water for each of the 80 utilities. 
 
 Table 2 
 
 FINISHED WATER ANALYSIS 
 (Based on 80 Samples) 
 
 Number of Loca- Range of Concen- 
 
 Compound tions Detected Median Concentration trations (yg/&) 
 
 (ug/A) 
 
 Chloroform 
 
 80 
 
 21 
 
 <0.1 - 
 
 311 
 
 Bromodichloromethane 
 
 78 
 
 6 
 
 0.3 - 
 
 116 
 
 Dibromochloromethane 
 
 72 
 
 1.2 
 
 <0.4 - 
 
 110 
 
 Bromoform 
 
 26 
 
 93.8%*5 
 
 <0.8 - 
 
 92 
 
 Carbon Tetrachloride 
 
 10 
 
 - 
 
 <2 - 
 
 3 
 
 1,2-Dichloroethane 
 
 26 
 
 - 
 
 <0.2 - 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
Local Actions Pursuant to Survey 
 
 The findings of the survey reported in mid-April 1975 stimulated 
 several water utilities to take action. The water utilities in Miami, 
 Florida; Huntington, West Virginia; Whiting, Indiana; Mt. Clemens, Michigan; 
 and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, cooperatively participated with EPA 
 in conducting additional sampling in their areas in attempts to determine 
 the sources of various organic contaminants or to develop the treatment 
 capability for their removal. In two cases, industrial discharges 
 were demonstrated to be sources of organic contaminants. Steps are 
 currently being taken to control these discharges. In addition, Huron, 
 
 South Dakota, has received a research grant from EPA to study methods 
 of reducing the chloroform concentration in their finished water. 
 
 Survey of Ten Water Utilities for Broad Range of Organics 
 
 The second principal component of the National Organics Reconnais¬ 
 sance Survey involved selecting ten of the eighty water utilities as 
 sites representing five major categories of raw water sources for a 
 more comprehensive survey of the organic content of their finished 
 water. Two cities were selected for each basic type of water source. 
 
 The cities investigated and their raw water sources are: Miami, Florida, 
 and Tucson, Arizona, (ground water source); Seattle, Washington, and 
 New York, New York, (uncontaminated upland water); Ottumwa, Iowa, and 
 Grand Forks, North Dakota, (raw water contaminated with agricultural 
 runoff); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, 
 
 (raw water contaminated with municipal waste); and Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 and Lawrence, Massachusetts, (raw water contaminated with industrial 
 discharges). 
 
 Three different techniques were used to identify as broad a range 
 of organic compounds as possible. One technique, volatile organic analysis 
 (VOA), measured the organic contaminants that could be purged from the 
 sample by aeration with an inert gas. A second technique captured 
 organic contaminants that could be removed from the sample by liquid- 
 liquid extraction. A third technique involved adsorption of organics 
 onto activated carbon and desorption with chloroform. The concentration 
 data obtained with the first technique have been corrected for recovery 
 efficiencies. The other concentration data have not been corrected 
 and should be considered minimum values. That is, the actual concentrations 
 obtained in those cases are equal to or greater than the concentrations 
 listed. All of the data are listed in Appendix I, Table III. 
 
 The summary of these data presented in Table 3 shows the differences 
 found between utilities using similar types of raw water. The most 
 striking difference between two utilities using the same type of raw 
 water is between Miami, Florida, and Tucson, Arizona. The deep ground 
 water of Tucson was obviously far less contaminated with organics than 
 the shallow ground water of Miami. Subsequent studies in Miami have 
 indicated that its ground water is contaminated by metropolitan and 
 industrial activities in the area of the water treatment plant. 
 
 9 
 
Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, had fewer organics present in its 
 water than its companion city, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Lawrence, 
 Massachusetts, had fewer than its "partner", Cincinnati, Ohio. These 
 results might be partially attributed to the use of granular activated 
 carbon filters/adsorbers in Terrebonne Parish and Lawrence. Because no 
 raw water samples were collected, however, the reasons for these differences 
 cannot be determined. Further research on the behavior of specific 
 organics during activated carbon treatment is underway to clarify the 
 role of such treatment in removing organics. 
 
 Table 3 
 
 SUMMARY OF TEN CITY SURVEY 
 
 Type of Raw No. of Compounds No. of Compounds 
 City and Series Water Source Identified Quantified 
 
 Miami, FL (I) 
 
 Ground Water 
 
 76 
 
 33 
 
 Tucson, AR (II) 
 
 Ground Water 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 Seattle, WA (I) 
 
 Uncontaminated Upland 
 
 Water 
 
 31 
 
 13 
 
 New York, NY (II) 
 
 Uncontaminated Upland 
 
 Water 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 Ottumwa, IA (I) 
 
 Raw Water Contaminated 
 with Agricultural Runoff 
 
 35 
 
 17 
 
 Grand Forks, ND 
 (II) 
 
 Raw Water Contaminated 
 with Agricultural Runoff 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 Philadelphia, PA 
 (I) 
 
 Raw Water Contaminated 
 with Municipal Waste 
 
 59 
 
 22 
 
 Terrebonne Parish, 
 LA (II) 
 
 Raw Water Contaminated 
 with Municipal Waste 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 Cincinnati, OH (I) 
 
 Raw Water Contaminated 
 with Industrial Discharges 
 
 63 
 
 21 
 
 Lawrence, MA (II) 
 
 Raw Water Contaminated 
 with Industrial Discharges 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 Series I sampled January-February 1975 
 Series II sampled July-August 1975 
 
 The data from the survey of the ten water utilities (see Appendix I, 
 Table III) were reanalyzed to determine the frequency of occurrence of 
 the various organics compounds identified. The data in Table 4 show 
 that almost one-half (46.5 percent) of the 129 compounds were found in 
 only one location and only 13.9 percent were found in six or more locations. 
 
 10 
 
Table 4 
 
 FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE TEN CITY SURVEY 
 
 Number of Locations 
 Where Given 
 Compound Occurred 
 
 Number of Compounds 
 Occurring in 
 
 Given Number 
 of Locations 
 
 Percent of Total 
 Compounds Found 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 1.5 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 3.0 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 2.2 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 0.7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4.4 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 8.2 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 11.1 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 10.4 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 11.1 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 47.4 
 
 The 18 compounds in Table 5 occurred most frequently in the ten city 
 survey. According to the scientific literature as of November 1975, none of 
 these 18 have been adequately evaluated for carcinogenicity. Some have been 
 tested, although the test protocols have not been evaluated for adequacy. 
 
 Two are now being tested by the National Cancer Institute, as indicated. 
 
 EPA will review the scientific literature on these 18 compounds and prepare 
 a report on their carcinogenicity in 1976. 
 
 Table 5 
 
 COMPOUNDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE-HALF OF 
 
 THE TEN FINISHED 
 
 WATERS 
 
 Currently 
 
 Compound 
 
 Occurrence 
 
 Under NCI Test 
 
 1. Bromodichloromethane 
 
 9/10 
 
 
 2. Chloral (Trichloroacetaldehyde) 
 
 6/10 
 
 - 
 
 3. Chlorobenzene 
 
 9/10 
 
 - 
 
 4. Cyanogen Chloride 
 
 8/10 
 
 - 
 
 5. Dibromochloromethane 
 
 9/10 
 
 - 
 
 6. Di-n-butyl Phthalate 
 
 6/10 
 
 - 
 
 7. Dichloroiodomethane 
 
 7/10 
 
 - 
 
 8. Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) 
 
 9/10 
 
 - 
 
 9. Diethyl Phthalate 
 
 6/10 
 
 - 
 
 10. Ethylbenzene 
 
 6/10 
 
 - 
 
 11. Methanol 
 
 6/10 
 
 - 
 
 12. 2-Methylpropanal (Isobutyraldehyde) 
 
 7/10 
 
 - 
 
 13. Propanal (Propionaldehyde) 
 
 7/10 
 
 - 
 
 14. 2-Propanone (Acetone) 
 
 10/10 
 
 October 1974 
 
 15. Tetrachloromethane (Carbon Tetrachloride) 
 
 8/10 
 
 _* 
 
 16. Tetrachloroethene (Tetrachloroethylene) 
 
 8/10 
 
 October 1974 
 
 17. Toluene 
 
 6/10 
 
 - 
 
 18. Trichloromethane (Chloroform) 
 
 10/10 
 
 _** 
 
 *Used by the National Cancer Institute in several tests as positive carcin¬ 
 ogen control. 
 
 **Feeding study complete, and undergoing evaluation. 
 
 11 
 
Region V Organics Survey 
 
 Raw and treated water from 83 utilities in Region V were checked 
 for organic chemical content during the first three months of 1975. In 
 addition to the six volatile organic compounds included in the National 
 Organics Reconnaissance Survey, water from these cities was analyzed for 
 methylene chloride, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, polychlorinated 
 biphenyls, and certain phthalate esters. The results of volatile organic 
 analyses are summarized in Table 6 and are presented in Appendix 
 V. The pesticide survey is discussed later in this Section, and Appendix 
 VI contains the complete pesticide, polychlorinated biphyenyl, and 
 phthalate data for the survey. 
 
 Table 6 
 
 SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS 
 
 
 % of Samples 
 Giving Positive 
 Results 
 
 Mean 
 
 Concentration 
 
 (yg/&) 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Concentration 
 
 (yg/ft) 
 
 Compound 
 
 Fin. 
 
 Raw 
 
 Fin. 
 
 Raw 
 
 Fin. 
 
 Raw 
 
 
 Water 
 
 Water 
 
 Water 
 
 Water 
 
 Water 
 
 Water 
 
 Chloroform 
 
 95 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 <1 
 
 366 
 
 94 
 
 Bromo- 
 
 dichloromethane 
 
 78 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 51 
 
 11 
 
 Dibromo- 
 
 chioromethane 
 
 60 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 14 
 
 1.4 
 
 Bromoform 
 
 14 
 
 0 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 <1 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Tetrachloride 
 
 34* 
 
 18 
 
 2* 
 
 <1 
 
 26* 
 
 20 
 
 Methylene 
 
 Chloride 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1,2- 
 
 Dichloroethane 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 26 
 
 15 
 
 *The 11 samples from Minnesota may have been contaminated by being 
 exposed to laboratory air containing carbon tetrachloride. 
 
 This study led to several conclusions: (1) Raw water with low tur¬ 
 bidity resulted in finished water that was relatively free of chloroform 
 and related halogenated compounds. Of the 25 utilities having the lowest 
 concentration of chloroform, 12 obtain water from the Great Lakes, 8 use 
 
 12 
 
deep wells, and only 5 use surface sources other than the Great Lakes; 
 
 (2) Chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform 
 result from chlorination of precursors in the raw water. On the other 
 hand, carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, and 1,2-dichloroethane 
 do not appear to be produced by chemical reaction in the treatment 
 process; (3) A correlation seems to exist between chloroform, dibromo¬ 
 chl oromethane, bromodichloromethane, and bromoform. Examination of 
 data for only those ten cities having over 100 yg/£ of chloroform shows 
 that the level of bromodichloromethane is about 13 percent of the level 
 of chloroform and that dibromochl oromethane levels average approximately 
 6 percent of the levels of bromodichloromethane. This relatively constant 
 ratio indicates a common precursor or group of precursors of these 
 halogenated pollutants. This same ratio, however, did not always occur 
 in the NORS; and (4) The use of powdered activated carbon treatment 
 as practiced by the water treatment plants studied was not effective 
 in removing volatile organic compounds. Of the 31 locations using 
 powdered activated carbon treatment, 14 had finished water chloroform 
 concentrations exceeding the mean concentration of 20 yg/£. 
 
 Assessment of General Organic Parameters 
 
 The National Organics Reconnaissance Survey reaffirmed previous 
 indications that organics in drinking water are a national problem. 
 Accordingly, EPA included in the proposed Interim Primary Drinking Water 
 Regulations of March 14, 1975, a maximum contaminant level for an organic 
 parameter measured by an activated carbon adsorption-solvent extraction 
 test, using chloroform as a solvent. The shortcomings of this procedure 
 were highlighted in comments on the proposed regulations and, conse¬ 
 quently, a parameter based on this procedure is not included in the 
 regulations as promulgated. This parameter and others, however, are 
 currently under review. The following outlines some of the considerations 
 involved in selection of a general organic parameter. This discussion 
 was not included in the June report. 
 
 Organics - Carbon Adsorbable 
 
 Despite its recognized limitations, the principal method used for 
 quantifying the organic content of drinking water has been the Organics- 
 Carbon Adsorbable test (0-CA). Because chloroform is used as a solvent 
 in this test, it is often mistakenly termed the Carbon Chloroform Extract 
 (CCE) test. 
 
 Developed in the 1950's as an aid to taste and odor control, this method 
 has several advantages that have promoted its use in testing drinking 
 water. (1) The method selectively recovers non-polar organics from the 
 wide variety of organics that might be present in a given water sample. 
 
 (2) Natural organic materials are generally not recovered. Because they 
 are usually more polar or are easily converted to polar compounds, 
 they are less readily desorbed upon extraction with chloroform, a low 
 polarity solvent. (3) Because inorganics are very soluble in water and 
 not very soluble in chloroform, they are not likely to be present in the 
 0-CA extract (CCE). (4) Known taste and odor causing compounds have been 
 
 13 
 
recovered from 0-CA extracts (CCE). (5) The techniques involve relatively 
 inexpensive instrumentation and only one staff-day of effort per sample. 
 
 (6) The residue obtained is useful for further research. 
 
 On the other hand, the 0-CA test has the following disadvantages. 
 
 (1) No known correlation exists between the concentration of the 0-CA 
 extract (CCE) and the presence or absence of organics of health significance 
 in the water supply. (2) The concentration obtained in any given test 
 is influenced by adsorption and desorption kinetics. For example, the 
 presence of particulates in the water, changes in water temperature, or 
 changes in the organic content of the water may influence the final 
 concentration obtained. (3) The 0-CA test does not measure the more 
 volatile types of organics, such as chloroform, vinyl chloride, and 
 others that have recently been of concern. (4) The test is not sufficiently 
 sensitive to small changes in concentrations of selected organics. (5) 
 
 The test procedure involves the use of a possible carcinogen, chloroform. 
 
 (6) The test produces delayed results. (7) The test indicates only a 
 portion of the total organic composition. 
 
 Perhaps the major shortcoming of this test is that it cannot be 
 confidently relied upon as an index of the toxicity of drinking water. 
 
 For example, although the finished waters of several of the utilities 
 surveyed in the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey had 0-CA 
 extract concentrations considerably below the proposed maximum contaminant 
 level of 0.7 mg/&, further study indicated that these water supplies 
 contained low levels of various organics that were potentially carcinogenic. 
 
 Alternatives include general organic parameters such as total 
 organic carbon (TOC), total organic chlorine (T0C1), ultraviolet (UV) 
 absorption, fluorescence, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical 
 oxygen demand (COD), or total oxygen demand (TOD). In comparison with 
 the 0-CA test, many of these determinations are more easily performed. 
 
 Some of the specific advantages and disadvantages of each are enumerated 
 below. 
 
 Total Organic Carbon 
 
 Both total organic carbon (TOC) and non-volatile total organic 
 carbon (NVTOC) are parameters with potential applicability as measures 
 of drinking water quality. Both methods are general and do not 
 distinguish between compound types. The precision of the TOC method 
 is particularly affected by experimental difficulties in accurately 
 quantifying the volatile portion of the organic compounds that are 
 present. At the present time, no good method is available for measuring 
 TOC between the concentrations of 0 to 5 mg/£, the typical range for 
 finished water. The instruments that are capable of measuring in this 
 range require that the sample be purged of carbon dioxide. This purging 
 process simultaneously removes some of the more volatile organic compounds 
 of concern, such as chloroform and vinyl chloride, that are consequently 
 not included in the measurement. NVTOC has been applied for organics 
 determinations with a detection limit of approximately 0.1 mg/£ or less. 
 
 14 
 
Total Organic Chlorine 
 
 This test is a general indicator for chlorine-containing organic 
 compounds, most of which are from agricultural runoff, industrial 
 sources, and disinfection processes, and would not be influenced by 
 most natural organic compounds or other non-chlorine-containing organics 
 of possible concern. One disadvantage of this test is that current 
 techniques are incapable of measuring the total amount of organic 
 chlorine in water. EPA is investigating the applicability of the 
 test for possible use in the National Monitoring Program. 
 
 Ultraviolet Absorbance and Fluorescence 
 
 These determinations are rapid and inexpensive in unit cost. They 
 probably do not indicate the distribution of organics present in a water 
 sample, but are dominated by the aromatic fraction of the measured 
 organics. The other organic fractions such as low molecular weight 
 chlorinated hydrocarbons, chloroform, and others are excluded. 
 
 Biochemical Oxygen DemandChemical Oxygen Demand 3 Total Oxygen 
 
 Demand 
 
 The BOD, COD, and TOD tests are not particularly useful as drinking 
 water organics monitoring tools. BOD and COD measurements lack precision 
 at low concentrations. Further, all three measure significant inorganic 
 fractions. 
 
 Monitoring to Assess Barometers 
 
 In view of EPA's desire to promulgate maximum contaminant levels 
 for certain nonpesticidal organics, a concerted effort will be made to 
 evaluate further the potential application of these general organic 
 parameters to specific organic contaminants of concern. 
 
 Using the authority of Sections 1445 and 1450 of the Public Health 
 Service Act as amended by the Safe Drinking Water Act, EPA will expand 
 the scope of the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey beyond the 
 10 water utilities evaluated for a wide range of specific organic 
 contaminants. This monitoring effort will cover about 100 utilities 
 and a variety of raw water sources and water treatment practices. The 
 objectives of this monitoring will be to: (1) determine the occurrence 
 and concentration of specific organics, selected for suspected health 
 effects, that are in the Nation's drinking water; (2) determine if any 
 of the candidate general organic parameters can be related to the concentration 
 of these chemicals; and (3) attempt to determine if any of the candidate 
 general organics parameters can be related to the measurement of toxicity 
 of drinking water. 
 
 Inventory of Organics Identified in Drinking Water 
 
 EPA maintains a list of organic compounds that have been isolated 
 and identified from drinking water. Appendix II lists 253 compounds 
 identified to date (November 1975) with their highest reported concen¬ 
 trations. In addition to cataloging these compounds, EPA is assembling 
 and evaluating data concerning their chemical properties and toxicity. 
 
 15 
 
Investigations of Pesticides in Drinking Water 
 
 Analysis for Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides and Herbicides 
 
 To determine compliance with the 1962 U.S. Public Health Service 
 Drinking Water Standards, samples are periodically collected from approxi¬ 
 mately 700 water utilities serving airplane, train, and bus terminals, 
 and are shipped to EPA for analysis. Over the past 1-1/2 years, EPA 
 has tested some of these samples for chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides 
 and herbicides,- compounds that were considered for inclusion in the 
 Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Of the 106 samples examined 
 for chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, six contained DDT in the range 
 of 1 to 2 ng/it (nanogram per liter or parts per trillion) and 54 contained 
 dieldrin in the range of 1 to 10 ng/£. Of the 54 samples examined for 
 herbicides, six contained from 60 to 440 ng/£ of 2,4-D, and two contained 
 10 to 70 ng/£ of 2,4,5-TP. 
 
 Region V Study 
 
 Out of 83 finished waters sampled in Region V's survey, five contained 
 DDT, with concentrations of 6 to 68 ng/£. Four of these samples con¬ 
 tained from 4 to 7 ng/£ of dieldrin, one sample contained 4 ng/£ and 
 another 6 ng/£ of aldrin, and one contained 4 ng/£ of lindane. Of the 
 other pesticides guantified, one sample contained 6 ng/£ hexachlorobenzene 
 and another 4 ng/£ of gamma chlordane. Of the herbicides, one sample 
 contained 50 ng/£ of treflan. All of the data are contained in Appendix 
 VI. 
 
 Rational Survey of Aldrin, Dieldrin, and DDT in Drinking Rater 
 
 A survey of drinking water utilities representing a stratified geo¬ 
 graphic sample of supplies is in progress. The survey's primary objective 
 is to ascertain ambient concentration levels of aldrin, dieldrin, and 
 DDT in the nanogram per liter concentration range. The results should 
 provide guidance to the Agency in the establishment of maximum contaminant 
 levels for these pesticides in drinking water. 
 
 The survey was designed to obtain samples of both raw and finished 
 water from two ground and nine surface water utilities in each of three 
 population ranges (less than 5,000, 5,000 to 49,999, and 50,000 or 
 greater) within each of the ten EPA regions. A computerized random 
 sampling program selected 330 of the approximately 40,000 community 
 water utilities. Two additional utilities were selected in each Region 
 based on high pesticide contamination potential and available treatment 
 technology. A total of 350 supplies were sampled in this study. 
 
 A screening analysis is performed on all samples by gas-liguid 
 chromatography utilizing a halogen-specific detector. Subseguent to 
 this analysis, positive samples (identified as either ^ 4 ng/£ dieldrin, 
 
 £ 510 ng/£ aldrin, or > 10-20 ng/£ DDT) are confirmed by gas chromato¬ 
 graphy/mass spectrometry/computer analysis. The latter technique will 
 also confirm the identity of other chlorinated compounds that may be 
 present in quantities that appear significant from an analytical stand¬ 
 point. Included among these will be chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor 
 
 16 
 
epoxide, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The data generated by 
 this study will be evaluated on the basis of degree of pesticide removal 
 from raw water following water treatment, effect of agricultural practices on 
 levels found, and an assessment of population exposure to these pesticides. 
 The sampling began March 1, 1975. A final analysis of the significance 
 of the findings, including populations at risk, should be prepared in 
 early 1976. 
 
 Analyses for Polychlorinated Biphenyls 
 
 Of 106 interstate carrier finished water samples examined for 
 chlorinated hydrocarbons over the past 1-1/2 years, two contained PCBs. 
 
 The finished water of Winnebago, Illinois, contained 3.0 yg/£ of Arochlor 
 1242 and that of Sellersburg, Indiana, contained 0.1 yg/£ of Arochlor 
 1260. Of the 83 water utilities surveyed in EPA's Region V, no PCBs 
 were detected in drinking water using an analytical technique sensitive 
 to 0-2 yg /&. Additional data are being collected that indicate the 
 possible presence of small quantities of PCBs in other drinking water 
 supplies. Among those identified to date (November 1975) are Escondido, 
 California, (0.4 yg/£), New Bedford, Massachusetts, (2.5 yg/£), and 
 Bridgeport, Connecticut, (1 yg/£). 
 
 Studies of Leaching from Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Water Pipes 
 
 EPA has surveyed five water supply distribution systems utilizing 
 both old and new PVC pipe of various lengths in both hot and cold climates. 
 Little or no difference was found between the vinyl chloride (VC) concentra¬ 
 tions in the source water versus water that had traversed the PVC pipe, 
 except in one case, where the VC concentration was undetectable before 
 and was 1.4 yg/£ after passing through the pipe. (Jonah Water Supply 
 Corporation, Williamson County, Texas; 12-1/2 miles of 8 month-old 
 pipe.) VC levels in two cases approached the detection limit of 0.03 
 yg/£. Pioneer, California, 7 miles, 9 year-old pipe, had a VC level of 
 0.06 yg/£, and Roseburg, Oregon, 3.4 miles, 4 to 9 year-old pipe, contained 
 0.03 yg/£ of VC. No VC was detected in the waters of the other two 
 systems. (Coolidge, Arizona, 1.7 miles, 11 year-old pipe; Salado, 
 
 Texas, 0.5 miles, 7 year-old pipe). 
 
 In addition, limited simulation studies were conducted in an EPA 
 laboratory using two types of potable grade chlorinated PVC pipe. 
 
 Preliminary conclusions are that the concentrations of VC in water in 
 contact with PVC pipe tend to increase as the monomer content of the 
 pipe, temperature, and contact time increase. 
 
 Detection of Nitrosamines in Drinking Water 
 
 Nitrosamines are compounds formed when secondary amines react 
 with nitrous acid (nitrite at low pH). The relative rates of their 
 formation and hydrolysis (reaction with water) are important in determining 
 their significance as possible contaminants of drinking water. At 
 the present time, no evidence exists to show that these reactions occur 
 in drinking water sources. 
 
 17 
 
In November 1974, EPA provided samples of Carbon Chloroform Extract 
 concentrates taken from three New Orleans area water treatment plants 
 for analysis for the presence of nitrosamines. In early December 1974, 
 results of this analysis showed that "volatile" N-nitroso compounds did 
 not exist in the water down to the one ng/£ level. More recently, 
 however, analyses of the same samples using a combination of high pressure 
 liquid chromatography and thermal energy analysis indicated that a 
 number of "non-volatile" nitrosamines were present. Carbon Chloroform 
 Extract concentrates from finished water at the three water treatment 
 plants in the New Orleans area were very similar. Recent liquid-liquid 
 extracts taken from Mississippi River raw water also indicated the 
 presence of nitrosamines. Approximately 24 N-nitroso compounds were 
 detected by this technique, although their identities were not verified 
 by independent analyses. One of the peaks in the chromatogram was 
 tentatively identified by its retention time as N-nitrosoatrazine, which 
 is derivable from the pesticide atrazine (a herbicide). Estimated 
 concentrations of individual compounds ranged from 50 to 100 ng/£. The 
 investigators concluded, however, that "...even this must be considered 
 tentative and speculative until the identity of each peak is confirmed 
 by other techniques." 
 
 The joint USDA/FDA Study Group on Nitrites, Nitrates, and Nitro¬ 
 samines is concerned that nitrosamines might be present in drinking 
 water in locations where the nitrate content of the water is excessive. 
 Twelve samples from wells with a known nitrate content were collected 
 from Runnels County, Texas, and Washington County, Illinois, during the 
 week of September 23, 1975. A combination of chromatography and thermal 
 energy analysis was used to analyze samples from some of these wells for 
 both volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds. Nitrate-nitrogen 
 (NO 3 -N) levels found in these wells ranged from 49 to 458 mg/£; one 
 sample had a NO 3 -N concentration of < 0.1 mg/A. The sampling included 
 wells with histories of both high and low bacterial counts. The possi¬ 
 bility of the formation of nitrites by bacterial reduction of nitrates 
 was considered. The wells were used as drinking water sources until a 
 few years ago; because of the known high nitrate concentrations, most 
 are now used only for other purposes. N-nitroso compounds were found 
 (< 15 ng/£) in the samples from these wells with high nitrate content. 
 
 Surveillance for Inorganic Contaminants in Drinking Water 
 
 Many inorganic chemicals in drinking water are potentially toxic at 
 certain concentrations. The Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations 
 present maximum contaminant levels for 10 inorganics: arsenic, barium, 
 cadmium, chromium, fluoride, lead, mercury, nitrate, selenium, and 
 silver. All the water utilities sampled in the National Organics Recon¬ 
 naissance Survey were analyzed for these inorganics. In addition, 
 several other EPA projects are investigating the presence of these and 
 other inorganic chemicals in drinking water, as discussed below. Extensive 
 efforts have been directed to radionuclides and asbestos; because of the 
 special nature of these contaminants, they will be discussed separately. 
 
 18 
 
Analyses of Drinking Water Utilities 
 
 Until the passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Federal Govern¬ 
 ment's authority to regulate drinking water was limited to interstate 
 carrier water supply utilities. At about six-year intervals, a survey of 
 each of the approximately 700 utilities is made jointly by the states and 
 the EPA Regional Offices. At the time of the survey, a water sample is 
 collected and analyzed for the chemicals limited by the 1962 U.S. Public 
 Health Service Drinking Water Standards. Tabulations of these data are 
 published in the Chemical Analysis of Interstate Carrier Water Supply 
 Systems. The results published in October 1973 indicate that chromium, 
 lead, and mercury were found in concentrations that exceed the Drinking 
 Water Standard limits in some instances. Mercury, which most frequently 
 exceeded the limit, did so in only 1.5 percent of the samples analyzed. 
 
 This report was updated in April 1975. 
 
 Special Studies in Selected Water Utilities 
 
 An analysis of drinking water quality at the consumer's tap was 
 performed using samples collected in the Community Water Supply Survey 
 of 1969. The concentrations of arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, 
 selenium, and fluoride that were found in public drinking water utilities 
 instances exceeded the U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standard 
 limits. Of the 2,595 distribution samples analyzed, fluoride, that most 
 frequently .exceeded the proposed limits, did so in only 2.2 percent 
 of the samples; the lead limit was exceeded in only 1.4 percent of the 
 samples; and the nitrate-nitrogen limit in 2.1 percent of the samples. 
 
 With respect to the suspected inorganic carcinogens, the arsenic limit 
 was exceeded in 0.4 percent of the samples, and the selenium limit in 
 0.4 percent. 
 
 Water occasionally is contaminated by metals from corroded plumbing. 
 
 Special studies of the lead content in drinking water have shown that 
 
 approximately one-fourth' of the homes surveyed in Boston and in Seattle 
 
 have lead in their tap water in amounts exceeding the 1962 U.S. PHS 
 
 Drinking Water Standard limit for lead. Preliminary data from the 
 
 Boston study indicate that lead is present in high enough concentrations in the 
 
 drinking water to affect the total body burden. In both Boston and Seattle, 
 
 lead levels in drinking water were frequently reduced to below the PHS 
 
 limit if the water was allowed to run before sampling. As a long-term solution, 
 
 however, a means of reducing the corrosion of the pipes is critical. 
 
 Various methods of accomplishing this are being tried in the Boston 
 and Seattle areas. 
 
 In addition, EPA and the National Heart and Lung Institute are 
 jointly studying the inorganics present in approximately 120 community 
 water utilities in 350 areas selected to be representative of U.S. water 
 utilities. Some 28 elements and other parameters will be investigated. 
 
 An attempt will be made to determine the effects of drinking water 
 quality on health, especially the correlation between soft drinking 
 water and heart disease mortality. The field work has nearly been 
 completed and analysis of the data is in progress. Because some utilities 
 are being sampled over a 12-month period, a final report is not expected 
 until late 1976, or early 1977. 
 
 19 
 
O ccurrence of Radioactivity in Drinking Water 
 
 Radium in drinking water is primarily a problem of smaller public 
 water systems. About 40 percent of the U.S. population is served 
 by 200 regional systems supplying large metropolitan areas. Yet, most 
 of the nation's 50,000 community water utilities serve fewer than 1,000 
 persons. Large regional systems utilize surface water that generally 
 contains very low concentrations of radium. Small utilities commonly use 
 ground water that in some cases may contain radium as the result of 
 geological conditions not subject to control. Radium-226 is the most 
 important of the naturally occurring radionuclides likely to be found in 
 public water systems. As shown in Table 7, the average radium-226 level 
 in 36 interstate carrier water supply utilities was 0.28 pCi/£ (picocuries 
 per liter). 
 
 In contrast to radium, man-made radioactivity is ubiquitous in 
 surface water because of radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons 
 testing. In some localities this radioactivity is increased by small 
 releases from nuclear facilities (such as nuclear power plants), hos¬ 
 pitals, and scientific and industrial users of radioactive materials. 
 
 The residual radioactivity in surface waters from fallout caused by 
 atmospheric nuclear weapons testing is mainly strontium-90 and tritium, 
 the former being the more important in health considerations. Current 
 data on the impact of strontium-90 on public water utilities are incomplete. 
 
 The available data (Table 7), however, indicate strontium-90 concentrations 
 averaged < 1 pCi per liter, corresponding to a dose equivalent of less 
 than 1 millirem 1 (mrem) annually. Tritium concentrations in surface 
 water rarely exceed 1000 pCi per liter, corresponding to a dose equivalent 
 of less than 0.2 mrem per year, and averaged 200 pCi/n. These levels 
 are well below the maximum contaminant levels set forth in the Interim 
 Primary Drinking Water Regulations for radioactivity. 
 
 As part of the Agency's Environmental Radiation Monitoring System 
 (ERAMS), measurements of tritium radioactivity are made in drinking 
 water samples from 77 major population centers and communities near 
 selected nuclear facilities. Results of the 1974 ERAMS survey are 
 included in Appendix IV. In 1974, the highest observed concentration 
 of tritium was less than 20 percent of the maximum contaminant level 
 for radioactivity now prescribed for drinking water. The average concentration 
 was about one percent of this level. Additional data on radioactivity 
 in community water systems should become available as States begin 
 to implement monitoring requirements established under the Interim 
 Primary Drinking Water Regulations. 
 
 l 
 
 A millirem is one-thousandth of a rem, the unit of dose equivalent 
 from ionizing radiation that produces a biological effect. 
 
 20 
 
Table 7 
 
 SUMMARY OF INTERSTATE CARRIER WATER SUPPLY RADIONUCLIDE DATA 
 
 (January - March 1975) 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Total 
 
 of Samples 
 Quantified 
 
 Average Level in 
 Quantified Samples 
 
 Remarks 
 
 Gross Beta 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 2.9 pCi/£ 
 
 — 
 
 Gross Alpha 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 5.5 pCi/£ 
 
 60 Samples 
 <2 pCi/£ 
 
 90 Sr 
 
 46 
 
 19 
 
 0.82 pCi/£ 
 
 27 Samples 
 <0.5 pCi/£ 
 
 226 Ra 
 
 46 
 
 36 
 
 0.28 pCi/£ 
 
 10 Samples 
 <0.1 p Ci/£ 
 
 Specific Gamma 
 Activity 
 
 61 
 
 - 
 
 None Detected 
 
 - 
 
 Jan-Mar 1974 
 
 Tritiurn 
 
 71 
 
 33 
 
 200 pCi/£ 
 
 38 Samples 
 
 <200 pCi/£ 
 
 Survey of Rural Drinking Water Supplies 
 
 Section 3 of the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Administrator 
 to survey rural water systems to determine the quality, quantity, and 
 availability of water supplies for rural Americans. EPA has designed a 
 survey of 5300 randomly selected rural households to assess, among other 
 things, the availability of water, water sources, and the quality of 
 drinking water. 
 
 In addition to bacteriological analyses of water samples to detect 
 the presence of contamination (total coliform, fecal coliform, standard 
 plate count), chemical and radiological analyses will be performed. All 
 samples will be analyzed for specific conductance, nitrate-nitrogen, 
 calcium, magnesium, sodium, lead, sulfates, manganese, iron, turbidity, 
 and color. Every tenth sample will also be analyzed for the inorganic 
 chemicals in the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (arsenic, 
 barium, cadmium, chromium, mercury, selenium, silver, nitrate, lead, and 
 fluoride) and for chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and herbicides, 
 gross alpha, and radium 226/228. The survey is scheduled to begin in 
 1976 and will be completed in one year. 
 
 21 
 
Analyses for Asbestos Fibers in Drinking Water 
 
 Asbestos fibers in the drinking water of Duluth, Minnesota, have 
 been, at least partially, traced to industrial discharges into Lake 
 Superior. Monitoring studies in other locations indicate non-industrial 
 sources of asbestos, such as asbestos-cement pipe or naturally occurring 
 asbestos, as well. These findings suggest that asbestos may be widely 
 distributed in drinking water throughout the nation. 
 
 Review of Asbestos in DuluthMinnesota 
 
 A few months after the presence of asbestos fibers in Duluth's 
 potable water was confirmed in the fall of 1973, EPA began periodic 
 asbestos analyses of the raw water. These analyses, for amphibole 
 masses by x-ray diffraction and for asbestos fibers by electron microscopy, 
 demonstrated the continuing presence of asbestos fibers. Additional 
 data on amphibole mass values and asbestiform fiber counts were obtained 
 during five months of pilot plant filtration research at Duluth. 
 
 In addition to these studies, an extensive lake sampling program 
 showed that the concentration of asbestos fibers was highest near the 
 industrial discharge and declined steadily at increasing distances from 
 the discharge. Extended periods of easterly and northeasterly winds in 
 western Lake Superior may raise the amphibole mass concentration at the 
 Duluth intake by promoting circulation from the industrial discharge 
 area and by resuspending recently settled amphibole-rich sediments by 
 wave action in shallow parts of the lake. Sediments are particularly 
 susceptible to resuspension when the western end of the lake is isothermal. 
 
 Selected Analyses for Asbestos 
 
 In the process of attempting to develop a procedure for the routine 
 analysis of asbestos in water, EPA selected some'samples from interstate 
 carrier water suppy utilities. Only nine of the 63 samples (14 percent) 
 had counts in excess of 500 thousand fibers per liter (f /i). Furthermore, 
 only five of these cities (8 percent) had counts over one million f/£. 
 
 The five cities were Duluth, Minnesota; North Troy, Vermont; Seattle, 
 Washington (Tolt River supply); Skidaway Island, Georgia (atypical fiber 
 type); and San Francisco, California. These findings prompted EPA to 
 develop the nationwide asbestos sampling program described below. 
 
 National Asbestos-Sampling Program 
 
 A nationwide asbestos sampling program is underway to determine the 
 environmental levels of asbestos resulting from discharges from various 
 sources. Sampling locations have been chosen that include four major 
 categories of asbestos discharges. A "natural site" category was 
 selected because known asbestos rock formations may contribute significant 
 amounts of asbestos in run-off or emissions because of natural weathering 
 processes. Other categories include "asbestos mining"; "mining of other 
 
 22 
 
ores," such as talc and vermiculite, which may also be sources of asbestos; 
 and "asbestos manufacturing." For all categories, both air and water 
 samples are being taken. Over 60 sampling sites have been chosen, 
 including the water utilities of several major cities, such as San 
 Francisco, Denver, Chicago, Atlanta, and Dallas. In addition, 20 to 30 
 other drinking water utilities are being sampled. 
 
 Although fiber counts in discharges from asbestos plants have been 
 found as high as 10 billion f/i of effluent, dilution of the discharge 
 in asbestos-free waters can reduce these levels downstream to minimal 
 levels, generally well below the level of detection by electron microscopy. 
 In one case, a discharge in excess of 10 billion f/i was calculated to 
 be diluted to approximately 2000 f/i downstream. On the other hand, 
 even in the absence of active asbestos mining, water sampled in areas 
 with naturally occurring asbestos have shown counts in excess of 10 
 million f/i of chrysotile plus 10 million f/i of asbestiform amphibole 
 fibers. 
 
 Because the geological degradation processes in these natural site 
 areas have probably been reasonably constant over a considerable period 
 of time, the asbestos levels in the surface water of these areas have 
 probably been equally constant. Accordingly, the medical records of 
 populations in such areas could provide useful data on the effects of 
 prolonged ingestion of asbestos fibers. 
 
 Results of Investigations of Asbestos from Asbestos Cement 
 
 (A-C) Ripe Erosion 
 
 Erosion of asbestos fibers from the walls of asbestos-cement (A-C) 
 pipe used in water distribution systems may be a source of asbestos in 
 drinking water. Investigations of this possibility involve a controlled 
 experiment with water of a known chemical quality circulated through two 
 100-foot lengths of A-C pipe. One pipe is four inches in diameter, the 
 other six inches. Weekly samples of the effluent are being analyzed by 
 electron microscopy to determine whether or not asbestos fibers are 
 released from the pipe wall. 
 
 For the period May to September 1975, the chrysotile asbestos fiber 
 counts ranged from 14 to 1950 f/i in the four-inch pipe, and from 360 to 
 2670 f/i in the six-inch pipe. The average chrysotile count during this 
 period was 475 f/i for the four-inch and 1350 f/i for the six-inch pipe. 
 
 The water being used was "mildly aggressive," with pH 7.5 and total 
 hardness of 20 mg /i. 
 
 Disturbance probably causes an increase in fiber release. A sample 
 taken following disconnection and reassembly of the six-inch pipe had 
 19,000 chrysotile f/i. In contrast, the current (November 1975) fiber 
 counts have declined to 86 chrysotile f/i. The pipes will be drilled 
 and tapped to determine how these operations affect fiber counts. 
 
 A "very aggressive" water, with pH 5.5 and total hardness of 20 mg/£, 
 will be tested following completion of the test now in progress. 
 
 23 
 
Another phase of this project is investigating tap waters in 
 locations where water low in asbestos fibers flows some distance through 
 A-C pipe prior to use. Bimonthly analyses are being made to determine 
 whether asbestos fiber content increases in water which passes through 
 A-C pipe. 
 
 Systems using A-C pipe are being selected to provide a wide range 
 of "aggressiveness," as determined by the pH and hardness, of the water. 
 Thus far, of the six systems selected, some waters have been sampled 
 only once or twice while others have been sampled and analyzed five or 
 six times. These preliminary data indicate that only the two more 
 "aggressive" waters, Pensacola, Florida, (Montclair Subdivision) and 
 Seattle, Washington, contain relatively high numbers of fibers. Pensacola 
 water, classed as "most aggressive," had 0.7 to 32 million f/£, and Seattle 
 water, which was "somewhat less aggressive," had 0.4 to 1.5 million f/£. 
 
 24 
 
HEALTH EFFECTS OF DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS 
 
 With the aid of modern analytical techniques, such as gas chro¬ 
 matography, mass spectrometry, and atomic absorption, many types of 
 organic chemicals and heavy metals have been detected in drinking water 
 for the first time. Knowledge of the health effects of most of these 
 contaminants, particularly in the low concentrations that occur in 
 drinking water, is inadequate. Complete analyses of the health risks 
 involved should include evaluation of human exposure to these chemicals 
 from all sources, including contaminants in food and in the air. Although 
 the efforts described below are extensive, they represent only the 
 beginning of the research needed to assess fully the health effects of 
 drinking water contaminants. 
 
 Since the June report, data obtained from the National Organics 
 Reconnaissance Survey have been compared with cancer mortality occurring 
 in populations served by the water utilities surveyed. Two other 
 epidemiology studies have focused on the association between chloroform 
 in drinking water and cancer mortality, and the correlation between 
 fluoridation and cancer incidence. The results of these preliminary 
 analyses are reported here. Other new material includes discussion of a 
 proposed study on arsenic, estimation of risk from radiation, and 
 studies concerning effects of asbestos. 
 
 Review of Drinking Water Contaminants by the National Academy of Sciences 
 
 In fulfilling its responsibilities under the Safe Drinking Water 
 Act, EPA has arranged for a study by the National Academy of Sciences 
 (NAS) to provide health data for setting maximum contaminant levels in 
 drinking water. NAS will provide information and scientific judgments 
 concerning the health effects that might be expected at various ranges 
 of concentrations for the contaminants. This information will enable 
 the Administrator to determine appropriate health goals for these contaminants 
 and then, after considering technological and economic feasibility, to 
 establish levels for National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. 
 
 For those contaminants for which a sufficient data base exists, NAS 
 will make recommendations concerning the relationships between con¬ 
 taminant levels and health effects. Among the factors the Academy will 
 consider are the margin of safety required to protect particularly 
 susceptible segments of the population; exposure to the contaminants by 
 other routes; synergism among contaminants; and the relative risks of 
 different levels of exposure to the contaminants. 
 
 25 
 
The Academy will also investigate and report those contaminants 
 that may pose a threat to human health, but whose current level in 
 drinking water cannot be determined. For those contaminants, the Aca¬ 
 demy will recommend studies and test protocols for future research. The 
 project, initiated in April 1975, is scheduled for completion by De¬ 
 cember 16, 1976. This NAS review of drinking water contaminants should 
 provide an overview of the drinking water problem that will be essential 
 in determining future national strategies. 
 
 Development of Quality Criteria for Water 
 
 In addition to the studies being conducted by the National Academy 
 of Sciences to recommend maximum contaminant levels, EPA is developing 
 Quality Criteria for Water pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution 
 Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Section 304(a)(1) of PL 92-500). These 
 criteria are being developed to provide a scientific basis for estab¬ 
 lishing ambient water quality goals. These goals should be useful as 
 benchmarks for setting water quality standards, including State Water 
 Quality Standards, Effluent Guidelines, and the 1979 Interim Raw Source 
 Drinking Water Standards for the Safe Drinking Water Act (Section 
 1401(1)(D) of the PHS Act, as amended by PL 93-523). Included in the 
 list of about 60 constituents are organic and inorganic materials, in¬ 
 cluding some suspected carcinogens. 
 
 Other Investigations of the Health Effects of Organics 
 
 EPA Science Advisory Board Review of Selected Organics 
 
 EPA has sought the advice of its Science Advisory Board regarding 
 potential carcinogenic or other adverse health effects resulting from 
 exposure to organic compounds in drinking water. Principal attention 
 was directed to the compounds listed in Table 8, particularly chloro¬ 
 form, carbon tetrachloride, chloroethers, and benzene. 
 
 2 
 
 The Board prefaced its Report with the caveat that the chemicals 
 thus far identified in drinking water account for only a small fraction 
 of the total organic content, as previously noted in this Report. Thus, 
 the possibility exists that additional substances of equal or greater 
 toxicological significance may be in drinking water. The Board also 
 expressed concern that future studies should take into account possible 
 synergistic effects of common combinations of contaminants. It recom¬ 
 mended that a complete analysis of the problem consider data from all 
 routes of exposure, such as dietary and occupational exposure, to these 
 substances in addition to drinking water. Some of these additional 
 sources of exposure may pose a much greater potential intake than the 
 consumption of drinking water. 
 
 2 A Report: Assessment of Health Risk from Organics in Drinking 
 Water , Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee, Science Advisory 
 Board, Environmental Protection Agency, May 20, 1975. 
 
 26 
 
Table 8 
 
 SELECTED CONTAMINANTS IN U.S. DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES 
 Contaminant(s) Concentrations in yg/£ Estimated Distribution* 
 
 Carbon Tetrachloride 
 
 <2 - 3 
 
 10 % 
 
 Chloroform 
 
 <0.1 - 311* ** 
 
 100 % 
 
 Other Halogenated Ci and C 2 
 
 <0.3 - 229 
 
 100 % 
 
 Bis(2-chloroethyl)eiher 
 
 0.02 - 0.12 
 
 low 
 
 3 -chloroethylmethyl ether 
 
 unknown 
 
 low 
 
 Acetylenedichloride 
 
 <1 
 
 low 
 
 Hexachlorobutadiene 
 
 0.2 
 
 low 
 
 Benzene (inc. Alkylated Benzenes 
 to C 6 ) 
 
 <10 
 
 high 
 
 Octadecane 
 
 0.1 
 
 high 
 
 C 8 -C 30 Hydrocarbons 
 
 <1 
 
 high 
 
 Phthalate Esters 
 
 
 50% 
 
 Phthalic Anhydride 
 
 <0.1 
 
 low 
 
 Polynuclear Aromatics 
 
 0.001 - 1 
 
 high 
 
 *These distributions for drinking water contaminants represent very 
 rough estimates made by the Ad Hoc Study Group of the Science 
 Advisory Board. 
 
 **The maximum chloroform concentration of 366 yg/£ found in Region V 
 survey was not known at the time of the Board's review. 
 
 The Board indicated that, in general, for all the compounds reviewed, 
 the carcinogenicity data and experimental designs were either inappro¬ 
 priate or below the standard of current toxicological practice and 
 protocols for carcinogenicity testing. Additional wel1-designed ex¬ 
 perimental studies to determine the carcinogenicity of lifetime ex¬ 
 posures by ingestion are sorely needed. 
 
 The Board concluded that some human health risk does exist from 
 exposure through drinking water, although this risk is currently un- 
 quantifiable. This conclusion was based on evidence of widespread con¬ 
 tamination of drinking water, particularly by chloroform. Laboratory 
 animal studies indicate production of hepatomas by chloroform, but 
 experimental carcinogenesis data for chloroform at that time (May 1975) 
 were extremely limited. The Board recommended that EPA seek ways to 
 reduce exposure to these compounds without increasing the risk of in¬ 
 fectious disease. As described in a later Section, EPA has been reviewing 
 various chlorination practices to determine whether simple modifications 
 might minimize the formation of chloroform and other chlorinated organics. 
 
 According to the Board's report, carbon tetrachloride, a demonstrated 
 carcinogen in laboratory studies, occurs in drinking water generally at 
 much lower levels and is much less widespread than chloroform and related 
 trihalomethanes. Benzene has not been clearly established to be carcinogenic 
 in experimental animals, although epidemiological and clinical studies, 
 largely of occupational exposures, suggest its possible carcinogenicity. 
 Certain haloethers, chloro-olefins, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons have 
 
 27 
 
been demonstrated to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals and have been 
 identified in drinking water. Further sampling and analyses are necessary 
 to determine the levels to which the public is exposed to these contaminants. 
 The survey described earlier to monitor additional water utilities 
 should help provide this information. 
 
 Data from epidemiological studies on the contaminants of primary 
 concern to the Board were very limited and the designs of studies were 
 generally inadequate for a conclusive assessment of health risk. Recent 
 studies all-eging an association of high cancer incidence in New Orleans 
 with consumption of contaminated drinking water were considered by the 
 Board to be useful for forming hypotheses for future epidemiological 
 studies, but were not indicative of any clear cancer hazard. Numerous 
 other variables might explain the apparent associations. Experimental 
 toxicology studies suggest that, if a carcinogenic risk did exist, 
 increased liver cancer would be a probable finding. This was not, 
 however, revealed by the epidemiological studies. As part of its 
 recommendations to EPA, the Board suggested that epidemiological studies 
 be undertaken to relate drinking water contamination with differences in 
 cancer incidence or other effects in exposed populations. Some of these 
 studies are described in a later Section of this Report. 
 
 Experimental Evaluation of the Toxicity of Organics 
 
 Although the occurrence of organic compounds in tap water is 
 universally accepted, the human health effects of exposure to these 
 compounds via drinking water are as yet unclear. Of those compounds 
 known to occur in tap water (Appendix II), a relatively large number 
 require intensive investigation to generate suitable data for health 
 hazard evaluations. Data are needed to evaluate whether these compounds 
 might produce tumors, genetic mutations, birth defects, or other equally 
 serious chronic diseases. 
 
 EPA is actively engaged in research to elucidate chemically-induced 
 chronic illnesses from organics present in the Nation's drinking water. 
 EPA will determine whether certain organic contaminants in drinking 
 water pose a risk to human health and to characterize that risk, if any. 
 
 A two-pronged approach is used to investigate organics in drinking 
 water. The first determines the toxic properties of individual compounds 
 with specialized protocols and systems. The second emphasizes the toxic 
 properties of mixtures of organics with the use of multiple biological 
 screening systems. 
 
 Several compounds are being investigated with respect to their 
 toxicity and metabolism in experimental species. These compounds in¬ 
 clude bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether, dibro- 
 mochloromethane, bromodichloromethane, the homologous series of chlo¬ 
 rinated benzenes, and the homologous series of brominated benzenes. 
 Comparative metabolism studies are being conducted to determine the 
 animal models that are most predictive of responses in man. Com¬ 
 parative toxicity studies (both acute and chronic) have been undertaken 
 
 28 
 
to determine types of pathological lesions, target organs, reversibility 
 of the lesions, and threshold doses associated with each compound. 
 Specialized studies are being carried out to examine the possible role 
 of the halogen-substituted benzenes in synergistically altering the 
 toxicity of other foreign organic compounds. 
 
 The investigation of the toxicity of mixtures of organics from 
 drinking water is being pursued with the use of several bioassay pro¬ 
 cedures. Organic extracts from the drinking water of five U.S. cities 
 (See Table 3, cities in Series I) are being collected for analyses by these 
 biological systems. If these extracts demonstrate activity suggestive 
 of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, or other serious 
 effects, they will be chemically fractionated to isolate the active 
 portion(s). Ultimate fractionation should lead to the identification of 
 the toxic agents. These compounds will then be subjected to more 
 definitive toxicity tests to assess the human health hazard. 
 
 Finally, the National Cancer Institute is studying chloroform in an 
 attempt to assess the health effects of ingesting chloroform and to 
 provide data for evaluating any health risks associated with the presence 
 of chloroform in drinking water. The results of this very important 
 study, which involves both rats and mice in a two-year experiment, are 
 expected to be reported soon. 
 
 Three other efforts to determine mutagenic effects may also be 
 useful in predicting the carcinogenic'potential of the tested compounds. 
 
 One study has used histidine-dependent mutant strains of Salmonella 
 typimurium to screen water at various locations in the lower Mississippi 
 River to determine the presence of potential mutagens/carcinogens. 
 
 Water samples were screened without concentration both directly and 
 after activation by use of liver homogenates. After a number of samples 
 were found to be positive, the study was expanded to include the screening 
 of raw and finished waters of other utilities using the lower Mississippi 
 River in addition to some using ground water. 
 
 A second study involves an EPA contract now underway to test the 
 mutagenic properties of 85 chemical compounds. Approximately 20 of 
 these compounds will probably be organics found in drinking water. 
 
 In vitro mutagenicity testing will be done on Salmonella 3 E. coli 3 and 
 yeast, using metabolic activating systems derived from mammalian livers. 
 
 In a third study, EPA is developing preliminary information on the po¬ 
 tential mutagenicity of substances that might be produced during the 
 ozonation process. A number of chemical compounds are being subjected 
 to conditions similar to those encountered during disinfection processes 
 using ozone. The ozonation product mixtures are being tested to determine 
 the potential mutagenic effects on certain microorganisms. 
 
 Health Effects of Organics Occurring in Nature (Humic Substances) 
 
 As noted before, organics thus far identified in drinking water 
 represent only a small percentage of the total organics recoverable from 
 drinking water. The remaining fraction is heterogeneous and includes 
 mixtures of high molecular weight organics not susceptible to rigorous 
 chemical definition. 
 
 29 
 
When subjected to chlorine or ozone treatment, humic substances 
 might produce either halogenated organic compounds or oxidized forms, 
 including peroxides or epoxides, that may be hazardous to man. Studies 
 concerning the chemistry and toxicology of humic substances that occur 
 naturally in water are being planned. 
 
 Epidemiological Studies 
 
 Epidemiology, the study of the occurrence of disease in selected 
 human populations, is difficult because precise data on environmental 
 exposure are seldom available. Epidemiological studies of chronic 
 diseases, for example, must make use of death certificate data that are 
 not always indicative of the underlying causes of death. Nonetheless, 
 epidemiology is based on a study of actual conditions and any indication 
 of an adverse health effect should be seriously evaluated. 
 
 Environmental Levels of Organics and Health Effects 
 
 An investigation scheduled to begin shortly will seek to identify 
 and measure environmental concentrations of selected halogenated organic 
 compounds and to determine the correlations of various concentrations 
 with health effects observed in the exposed population. This study will 
 focus on areas suspected of having high levels of these organics in the 
 environment and areas known to have a high incidence of cancer. Comparative 
 analyses will be made of other areas with moderate and low environmental 
 levels of the substances. The project should be completed in the spring 
 of 1976. 
 
 Estimating Exposure to Organics 
 
 EPA plans to explore the correlation between the concentrations of 
 organics that have been measured in each drinking water and the number of 
 users of that water. Extrapolations from these data to national exposure 
 curves will be attempted. The estimate of national exposure to organics, 
 in conjunction with the various local exposure levels, will assist in 
 providing a basis for estimating health risks. 
 
 Correlation of Cancer Mortality with Chloroform Content of 
 
 Drinking Water 
 
 Data obtained from the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey have 
 been compared with cancer mortality occurring in populations served by 
 these water utilities. One preliminary study has indicated a statisti¬ 
 cally significant correlation between the cancer mortality for all 
 anatomical sites and both sexes combined in the years 1969-71 with the 
 chloroform concentration in the samples collected in spring 1975. Such a 
 correlation was not noted with total mortality or with the sum of the con¬ 
 centrations of the four trihalomethanes in the drinking waters. 
 
 30 
 
In this analysis, only data from 50 of the 80 water utilities could 
 be utilized. Some of the cities were only partially served by one of 
 the water utilities sampled and some of the cities were too small to 
 have data available on mortality. A similar epidemiological analysis of 
 43 cities from the Region V survey of 83 cities (Appendix V) did not 
 show a statistically significant correlation between chloroform and 
 cancer mortality in contrast to the finding above. 
 
 Data concerning the chloroform concentrations in nine water utilities 
 have been analyzed using the average of the two samples (NORS and Region 
 V) collected for each utility. A statistically significant correlation 
 was again found between chloroform concentration in the drinking water 
 and cancer mortality for all disease sites and both sexes combined. 
 
 These epidemiological studies had several data validation problems and 
 should be considered preliminary. These preliminary results do, however, 
 underline the need for more definitive analyses. 
 
 The National Cancer Institute also studied the correlation of 
 cancer incidence at a number of anatomical sites with the presence of 
 chloroform in drinking water. The study looked at only a small number 
 of counties, however, and the results were inconclusive. Another study 
 at NCI focused on the effects of natural and artificial fluoridation. 
 
 This study failed to produce evidence linking natural or artifical 
 fluoridation of public water supplies to cancer. 
 
 Evaluation of Health Risks from Inorganics 
 
 Some of the inorganic chemicals that investigators have suggested 
 may be potentially carcinogenic in drinking water under certain circum¬ 
 stances are arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and nickel. Some 
 studies and brief assessments of the carcinogenicity of these inorganics 
 are described below. All the metals are being tested for mutagenicity. 
 
 Arsenic, beryllium, nickel, and cadmium have been tested in a bio¬ 
 assay system using cultured mammalian cells to determine mutagenicity. 
 
 Of these inorganics, beryllium and cadmium were found to produce muta¬ 
 tions; the others yielded no mutants, probably because they were either 
 not mutagenic or too weakly mutagenic to permit detection in this par¬ 
 ticular assay. 
 
 Although arsenic has been associated with the occurrence of cancer, 
 its exact role as a carcinogen has not been determined. Exposure appar¬ 
 ently must be high and occur over an extended period of time before skin 
 cancer develops. At certain exposure levels, however, arsenic is generally 
 recognized to be acutely and chronically toxic to man. In view of the 
 recent reduction in permissible arsenic concentrations set by the Occupational 
 Safety and Health Administration for the workplace, EPA is reviewing the 
 concentrations allowed in drinking water. 
 
 In addition, EPA is currently considering a study to help clarify 
 risks associated with exposure to arsenic. The first, part of a larger 
 study on various toxic substances, involves the relationship between 
 
 31 
 
environmental exposure to inorganic arsenic and health effects. Popula¬ 
 tions exposed to significant amounts of arsenic would be the subjects of 
 epidemiological studies to help determine the health effects of arsenic 
 exposure. A second study just beginning seeks to determine the body 
 burden of arsenic in humans who consume drinking water containing arsenic 
 at or exceeding the current maximum contaminant level of 0.05 mg per liter. 
 
 Nitrate concentrations in drinking water have been limited because 
 of the possibility that infants who ingest water high in nitrates may 
 develop methemoglobinemia. In addition, a possibility exists that 
 nitrates may be one of the precursors of nitrosamine formation. This 
 reaction, however, was demonstrated at much higher concentrations than 
 would normally occur in water. 
 
 Existing health effects evidence does not conclusively show whether 
 selenium is carcinogenic. After a complete review of its health ef¬ 
 fects, the Food and Drug Administration last year concluded that sele¬ 
 nium could be safely used as an additive to animal feed. Very low 
 levels of selenium are apparently necessary for red blood cell inte¬ 
 grity. On the other hand, some FDA critics are concerned because seve¬ 
 ral animal studies show that tumors were developed from exposure to 
 selenium. The doses used in those experiments were very high, however. 
 
 Estimate of Risk from Radiation 
 
 Radionuclides are recognized carcinogens. Following the recom¬ 
 mendation made by the National Academy of Sciences, EPA bases its es¬ 
 timates of the health effects of radiation exposure through ingestion of 
 drinking water on the assumption that no harmless dose level exists and 
 that any health effects produced will be linear and proportional to the 
 radiation dose received from drinking water. 
 
 Eighty to 85 percent of ingested radium is deposited in bone. Other 
 organs are also irradiated to a lesser extent, however, and the total 
 health risk from radium ingestion has been estimated by summing the dose 
 and resultant risk from all organs. Risk estimates indicate that 
 continuous consumption of drinking water containing radium-226 and 
 radium-228 at the proposed maximum contaminant level of 5 pCi/£ may 
 cause between 0.7 and 3 fatal cancers per year per million exposed 
 persons. 
 
 Assessment of Effects of Oral Ingestion of Asbestos 
 
 Toxicity 
 
 Although the development of cancer from exposure to airborne asbestos 
 has been documented by epidemiological studies, the effects of ingested 
 asbestos have not yet been determined. Several current projects are 
 studying various aspects of this problem, including asbestos absorption 
 
 32 
 
in the gastrointestinal tract, the possible correlation between cancer 
 incidence and asbestos in drinking water, and the toxicology of ingested 
 asbestos in rats. 
 
 Research on the problem of ingested asbestos in man has revealed 
 that excessive gastrointestinal cancer and peritoneal (abdominal) 
 mesotheliomas (neoplasms of the lining cells) occur in workers exposed 
 to airborne asbestos. Scientists believe that the workers under study 
 ingested asbestos particles that were in their mouths and respiratory 
 tracts and that this ingestion is related to the incidence of cancer. 
 
 EPA is studying the passage of asbestos fibers through the gastroin¬ 
 testinal tract in an effort to evaluate this aspect of ingestion exposure. 
 One study involves labelling asbestos with tritium to elucidate the 
 mechanism of asbestos absorption. 
 
 In a very important project, the National Institute of Environmental 
 Health Sciences has funded a toxicological study of the ingestion of 
 various asbestiform types. This four-year study is expected to begin 
 shortly. 
 
 Epidemiology 
 
 Several studies have focused on the possible correlation between 
 asbestos in drinking water and the incidence of cancer. These studies 
 represent the beginning of work in this area. Because of the long 
 latency period between exposure and the development of the disease, data 
 being developed must be viewed as baseline. Two studies of the popu¬ 
 lation of Duluth, Minnesota, where the concentrations of asbestos fibers 
 in drinking water were very high, have recorded no unusually high 
 incidence of cancer. In a National Cancer Institute study, risk ratios 
 were calculated for Duluth in comparison to the State of Minnesota and 
 Hennepin County (Minneapolis). Of 21 cancer sites in the body, only 
 cancer of the rectum had an excess that was statistically significant 
 and highest in the latest 5-year period of the comparison. The authors 
 felt that this finding was probably not related to asbestos exposure. 
 
 A second study, conducted by the Minnesota Department of Health, in 
 cooperation with the University of Minnesota and the Center for Disease 
 Control, was based on cancer incidence data instead of mortality and 
 compared Duluth with the Twin Cities. No clear pattern of difference in 
 gastrointestinal cancer incidence existed among the three cities in 
 1969-1971. This study is currently being continued, however, to include 
 cases of gastrointestinal cancer recorded in 1973 and 1974 in the three 
 cities as well as cases recorded in smaller communities (Two Harbors, 
 Silver Bay, and Beaver Bay, Minnesota) where asbestos fiber counts are 
 known to be even higher. 
 
 In cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Health, the Mayor 
 and Chief Health Officer of Duluth have organized a reporting system 
 
 33 
 
wherein all physicians are requested to report cases of diagnosed 
 mesotheliomas. All cases will be interviewed to obtain occupational and 
 residential histories. A retrospective study of all deaths caused by 
 mesothelioma in Minnesota during a five-and-one-half year period was 
 undertaken by the Minnesota Department of Health to see if more cases 
 without occupational histories occur in the Duluth area. The results of 
 this study indicate that in almost every case mesotheliomas were asso¬ 
 ciated with some asbestos exposure other than through drinking water. 
 Finally, a study of lung cancer incidence data is planned to search for 
 additional cases of asbestos-related cancer during the period 1969 to 
 1974. 
 
 34 
 
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION 
 
 Investigations underway address a variety of suspected sources 
 of contaminants, such as industrial effluents, municipal waste treatment 
 facilities, chlorination of drinking water, agricultural runoff, and 
 landfills. These investigations are discussed below. 
 
 Industrial Sources 
 
 EPA is identifying substances remaining in municipal and industrial 
 wastes and sludges after various treatment processes. This effort 
 will provide information on the presence of substances that are potentially 
 damaging to man and the environment; provide data on the effectiveness 
 of various treatments; and allow identification of the sources of 
 organics in water at microgram per liter or greater concentrations. 
 
 Several studies of industrial effluents have produced an extensive 
 inventory of organics that suggests that industrial sources may be 
 major contributors of organics found in drinking water. Two of the 
 substances in drinking water that have been rather clearly identified 
 as suspected carcinogens, chloroform and bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, 
 appear in industrial wastes and not in domestic sewage, an alternate 
 possible source. As noted earlier in this Report, however, the major 
 source of chloroform in drinking water is from chlorination practice, 
 not industrial discharges. 
 
 Extensive studies are needed to provide further information on 
 the relationship between industrial discharges and the appearance 
 of organics in drinking water. Systematic studies of the composition 
 of industrial effluents are on-going. EPA also is considering a program 
 that will help identify the industrial sources of organics discharged 
 into river basins that feed a number of public drinking water supplies. 
 
 The goal of this program would be to correlate the organics appearing 
 in particular drinking waters with specific industrial discharges. 
 
 Over 200 organics identified in various drinking waters 
 have been examined to determine possible point source discharges during 
 manufacture and use; possible non-point sources; persistence; methods 
 of removal; and gross estimates of total discharge. Some preliminary 
 data have been collected on industrial discharges. A report describing 
 these efforts, along with preliminary recommendations, should be available 
 in the summer of 1977. 
 
 The generation, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes of the 
 following 13 industry categories are currently under investigation: 
 Pharmaceuticals; Paint and Allied Products; Storage and Primary Battery 
 Manufacturing; Inorganic Chemicals; Petroleum Refining, Primary Metals; 
 Metals Mining; Electroplating and Metal Finishing; Organic Chemicals; 
 Pesticides and Explosives; Textiles; Rubber and Plastics; Leather 
 
 35 
 
Tanning and Finishing; and Machinery (except Electrical). These studies 
 relate to the problem of carcinogens in drinking water insofar as they 
 clarify the types and quantities of recognized and potential carcinogens 
 that are disposed on land and subsequently might be transmitted to nearby 
 surface and ground waters. The first study (storage and primary battery 
 manufacturers) has been completed; the last in the series is expected 
 to be issued by the summary of 1976. 
 
 Discharges from Municipal Waste Treatment Facilities 
 
 Efforts are underway to determine the contributions of municipal 
 waste treatment practices and effluents to the presence of organic chemicals 
 in drinking waters. Under contract to EPA, a procedure for 
 separating and tentatively identifying refractory organics from municipal 
 waste treatment facilities was developed. The procedure, which is capable 
 of detecting organics at the microgram-per-1iter level, was applied 
 to the study of primary and secondary effluents. In primary effluents, 
 identified compounds included simple carbohydrates, amino acids, and 
 other compounds apparently of metabolic origin. These same substances 
 were found in both chlorinated and unchlorinated effluents. Several 
 chlorinated compounds identified in chlorinated primary and secondary 
 effluents have been determined to be by-products of chlorination. Although 
 these compounds have not necessarily been identified in drinking water, 
 their presence in various wastewaters suggests that some might also 
 be found in drinking water. 
 
 As part of the industrial source program described earlier, a pre¬ 
 liminary literature search has been conducted to determine which organics 
 have been identified in municipal waste treatment effluents and which 
 are likely to be present either from industrial discharge or as a result 
 of biological treatment or chlorination. The preliminary results show 
 that 23 of the organics identified in drinking water have been positively 
 identified in municipal waste treatment effluents; an additional 27 
 may be found as intermediates or final products of biological treatment; 
 and 42 could be produced during chlorination of treatment effluents. 
 
 In addition to determining whether municipal waste treatment .practices 
 and effluents are significant sources of organics in drinking water, 
 investigations are also directed to assess whether control can be achieved 
 by regulating industrial discharges to sewer systems or whether further 
 treatment of municipal waste treatment effluents is required.' A report 
 describing these efforts and recommending steps that could be taken 
 to minimize the problem will be completed in June 1977. 
 
 36 
 
Chlorination of Drinking Water 
 
 As yet, no acceptable substitute exists for chlorine as a disin¬ 
 fectant that produces a residual, and the health hazards of foregoing 
 chlorination would be severe. ^At the same time, concern is increasing 
 over the effect of chlorination on organic materials found in natural 
 and waste waters. In 1974, the following compounds were identified 
 as formed by chlorination of drinking water: chloroform, bromodichloromethane, 
 dibromochloromethane, and bromoform. Naturally occurring humic substances 
 are thought to be precursors of these trihalomethanes. The maximum concentra¬ 
 tions found were: chloroform, 54 yg/£; bromodichloromethane, 20 yg/£; 
 dibromochloromethane, 13 yg/£; and bromoform, 10 yg/£. 
 
 A later study confirmed the presence of these trihalomethanes in 
 a variety of finished drinking waters from Ohio, Indiana, and Alabama. 
 
 These findings prompted studies to determine which factors influence 
 the rate and extent of trihalomethane formation during chlorination, 
 and which other halogenated compounds might be formed at the same time. 
 
 Studies were conducted to compare the rate and extent of chloroform 
 formation when chlorine was added to raw river water, dual-media filtered 
 water, and water treated by granular activated carbon. These experiments 
 were carried out at constant pH and at 25°C. When sufficient chlorine 
 was added to satisfy the chlorine demand for the duration of the experi¬ 
 ment, chlorination of raw river water yielded approximately seven times 
 as much chloroform as did chlorination of the coagulated, settled, and 
 dual-media filtered water, and approximately 80 times as much as did 
 chlorination of the fresh granular activated carbon filter effluent 
 (207 yg/£, 32 yg/£, and 2.7 yg/£, respectively, in 7+ days). The rate 
 of chloroform formation in the river water was approximately 10 to 15 
 yg/£/hour for the first six hours. Similar results have been obtained 
 when the same experiments were conducted with realistic concentrations 
 of humic acid, but not with simple acetyl derivatives (precursors in 
 the classical haloform reaction). Acetone (a classical precursor known 
 to be in raw waters) was shown to react at higher pH, however. Rates 
 of reaction for both types of precursor also have been demonstrated 
 to increase with pH. 
 
 Concentrations of humic materials are probably reduced during alum 
 coagulation, settling, and dual-media filtration, thereby reducing the 
 rate and extent of chloroform formation by chlorination. These procedures 
 may not have this effect, however, if chlorination is carried out at 
 high pH, because the low molecular weight acetyl derivatives that react 
 well at that pH are not likely to be so well removed by conventional 
 water treatment. 
 
 Experiments have demonstrated that monochloramine will not react 
 with natural water precursors to form trihalomethanes, and that the 
 reaction rate with free chlorine at pH 7 varies directly with temperature. 
 
 37 
 
Other studies investigated the chlorination of approximately 50 
 ug/£ of nitromethane, benzene, toluene, and m-xylene. Under the conditions 
 of the test, nine days of storage at 25°C, nitromethane was readily 
 converted to chloropicrin, and m-xylene was readily converted to chioroxylene. 
 Benzene did not react with the chlorine under these conditions, and 
 toluene produced chlorotoluene rather slowly. These studies indicate 
 that other chlorination by-products can occur during the chlorination 
 process. 
 
 The oxidation of bromide to hypobromite by hypochlorite and the 
 subsequent reaction of hypobromite with precursor compounds to form 
 bromo-substituted trihalomethanes has been demonstrated. This was done 
 experimentally by adding fluoride, bromide, and iodide in the form of 
 salts to Missouri River water and subsequently chlorinating that water. 
 
 The detected reaction products included all ten possible non-fluoro mixed 
 and single halogen-containing trihalomethanes. 
 
 Controlled studies are continuing in an attempt to identify the 
 individual compounds other than humic materials that react with chlorine 
 to form trihalomethanes. After identification of these precursors, 
 alternative pretreatment and treatment conditions will be investigated 
 with the goal of minimizing trihalomethane production. 
 
 Finally, investigations dealing with the formation of other haloge- 
 nated organics that are by-products of chlorination, such as chlorophenol 
 and dichlorobenzene, will continue. These studies will be carried out 
 by a combination of in-house research and an extramural grant program 
 for university investigators. 
 
 Contamination by Agricultural Chemicals 
 
 Two projects address the contamination of drinking water by agricul¬ 
 tural chemicals. One is an assessment of the impact of intensive appli¬ 
 cation of pesticides and fertilizers in underground water recharge areas 
 that may contribute to drinking water supplies. A preliminary investi¬ 
 gation has been done and a more detailed study should be completed by 
 November 1976. All reported problems with pesticides have been local. 
 
 Most pesticides have limited solubility in water and tend to accumulate 
 in the soil. Subject to the actions of microorganisms in the soil, 
 these pesticides can be metabolized to different compounds, a few of 
 which may be more toxic than the parent compound. More information 
 is needed to determine the sorptive properties of pesticides and their 
 degradation products, as well as the geographic areas vulnerable 
 to contamination. 
 
 No significant problems resulting from potassium or phosphorus 
 nutrients have been identified. Problems related to nitrogen seem to be 
 localized. Nitrate has slowly continued to increase in the ground 
 waters of areas where high concentrations of septic tanks, animal feed- 
 lots over high water tables, consistent applications of nitrogen fertilizer. 
 
 38 
 
and flash flooding occur. In certain areas, high concentrations of 
 nitrates in ground water have resulted from natural sources, such as 
 the degradation of vegetation. 
 
 A second project, which is a part of the national survey of aldrin, 
 dieldrin, and DDT described earlier, is an attempt to determine whether 
 various water treatment techniques effectively remove pesticides found 
 in raw sources of drinking water. An analysis of the pesticides present 
 in raw and finished water should indicate whether statistically significant 
 differences in treatment efficiency occur. 
 
 Other Non-Point Sources of Organics 
 
 EPA is attempting to estimate the contribution of non-point sources 
 to the organic compounds found in river basins from which drinking water 
 supplies are taken. This activity will help determine whether significant 
 abatement can be achieved by regulation of point source discharges or 
 whether extensive treatment of drinking water is necessary. 
 
 A total of 154 organic chemicals identified in various drinking 
 waters have been studied preliminarily to determine possible non-point 
 sources of discharge, persistence, and methods of removal. A report 
 including the origins and estimates of the nationwide burden of these 
 chemicals as well as plans for major river basin investigations and 
 adoption of a pilot program was published by EPA in April 1975, "Identi¬ 
 fication of Organic Compounds in Effluents from Industrial Sources" 
 (EPA-560/3-75-002). Further laboratory work is needed to clarify the 
 speculative reactions reported to occur during chlorination. 
 
 Various Land Disposal Practices and Water Contamination 
 
 Several investigations are underway to clarify the possible correla¬ 
 tion between disposal practices and contamination of drinking water. 
 
 Monitoring of surface and ground waters at dumps and sanitary landfills 
 is being conducted to determine whether the waters have been contaminated 
 by materials present in the dumps or landfills. As a result of the 
 contamination of surface and ground waters, drinking water may be contaminated. 
 Monitoring has begun at seven of the 11 selected sites and should be 
 completed by January 1976. Preliminary results from one dump site indicate 
 that ground water in the vicinity has been polluted. The results from 
 other sites will probably vary with climatological and physical parameters. 
 
 Another project is entitled "Development of a Data Base for Deter¬ 
 mining the Prevalence of Migration of Hazardous Chemical Substances 
 into the Groundwater at Industrial Waste Land Disposal Sites." This 
 study is expected to document the migration of hazardous substances, 
 including some suspected carcinogens, from approximately 75 industrial 
 land disposal sites, including dumps, landfills, lagoons, pits, and 
 basins, into the Nation's ground waters. The primary objective of this 
 effort is to provide data for developing future land disposal guidelines 
 and standards. This investigation began in the fall of 1975 and should 
 be completed in the summer of 1977. 
 
 39 
 
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER 
 
 Overview of EPA Treatment Program 
 
 During fiscal year 1976, EPA will spend almost $2.0 million to 
 expand its research effort to develop the technology needed to control 
 economically the concentration of carcinogenic contaminants in drinking 
 water. Universities, research institutions, and operating water utilities 
 will perform parts of this research under grants or contracts with EPA. 
 
 This Section describes this effort and significantly expands upon the 
 material in the June Report. 
 
 The first part describes treatment process modifications intended 
 to reduce the concentration of trihalomethanes in finished waters. 
 
 This Section also presents the preliminary results of a major in-house 
 research effort to determine under what conditions trihalomethanes or 
 their precursors could be removed during water treatment. Five techniques 
 have been studied and their effectiveness compared. In addition, an 
 ongoing study on the removal of general organics with granular activated 
 carbon beds, and future research plans involving pilot and full-scale 
 research on treatment techniques are described. Techniques to control 
 inorganics are discussed, including those directed to removing radionuclides 
 and asbestos. 
 
 Techniques for Controlling Organics 
 
 Treatment Process Modification - Field Scale 
 
 EPA is attempting to keep water utilities apprised of developments 
 in controlling organics. For example, the common.practice of prechlori¬ 
 nating raw surface water to ensure adequate disinfection is likely to 
 produce twice the amount of trihalomethanes compared to chlorination 
 after the water is coagulated and settled. For this reason, EPA has 
 been urging water purveyors to review critically their chlorination 
 practices to see if simple modifications (such as changing the point 
 of chlorine application) can be made that would minimize the formation 
 of chloroform yet still provide microbiologically safe drinking water. 
 
 In an attempt to reduce the concentration of trihalomethanes in 
 its finished water, one major water utility has made several operational 
 changes in its 160 mgd water treatment plant. These changes include: 
 
 1. Moving the chlorination application point to follow the 
 presettling basin stage in order to reduce the chlorine contact 
 time (and thus the time for trihalomethane formation) and to improve 
 the quality of water prior to chlorination. 
 
 40 
 
2. Adding powdered activated carbon (PAC) to the raw water 
 
 in an attempt to reduce the trihalomethane precursor concentration(s). 
 
 3. Adjusting the pH toward conditions less favorable for trihalo- 
 
 methane formation. 
 
 4. Changing the coagulant dosage to improve precursor removal. 
 
 5. Reducing the chlorine dose consistent with bacteriological 
 
 quality requirements. 
 
 6. Moving the point of chlorination to the last step in the 
 
 treatment process. 
 
 Data collected during these operation changes are still being 
 analyzed, but preliminary results are favorable. 
 
 Control of Specific Organics 
 
 To date, the major treatment technique investigated for the removal 
 of specific organics from drinking water has been granular activated 
 carbon (GAC). About ten years ago, partially exhausted granular activated 
 carbon was shown to remove dieldrin, lindane, 2,4,5-T, DDT, and parathion 
 to below the detection limit of the available analytic methodology. 
 
 About the same time, fresh granular activated carbon used to treat Kanawha 
 River water was shown to remove bis (2-chloroethyl) ether, a-methylbenzyl 
 alcohol, acetophenone, isophorone, and tetralin. This removal was effective 
 for most of these compounds for about six weeks. More recent studies 
 have shown that fresh granular activated carbon receiving finished water 
 from Evansville, Indiana, removed all detectable bis (2-chloroethyl) 
 ether and bis (2-chloroisopropyl) ether. Finally, a GAC column removed 
 approximately 30 yg/£ of naphthalene spiked- into Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 tap water for 8 months. After that time, although other organics 
 were penetrating the bed, the naphthalene was being removed within the 
 top 3 inches (10 cm) of the column. This indicates that GAC may be 
 very effective in removing naphthalene. 
 
 Removal of Trihalomethanes and Trihalomethane Precursors 
 
 Since the fall of 1974, a major in-house research effort has 
 been directed toward understanding under what conditions trihalomethanes 
 or their precursors could be removed during water treatment. Because 
 no test for trihalomethane precursors presently exists, the removal 
 of trihalomethane precursors is measured by the concentration of trihalo¬ 
 methanes, primarily chloroform, formed during chlorination after some 
 specific treatment has been applied. This result is compared with the 
 concentration of trihalomethanes formed from a control sample after 
 similar chlorination. 
 
 Granular Activated Carbon 
 
 The removal of trihalomethane by granular activated carbon was 
 studied by passing Cincinnati, Ohio, tap water over one coal-based and 
 
 41 
 
one lignite-based granular activated carbon bed. For about one month, 
 both columns removed all of the trihalomethanes, and then some chloroform 
 began appearing in the effluent. Within ten weeks, both columns were 
 exhausted for trihalomethane removal. 
 
 At the same time, a pilot plant, made of stainless steel and glass, 
 was treating 0.4 liters/minute (150 gal/day) of unchlorinated Ohio River 
 water to demonstrate how effectively trihalomethane precursors could 
 be removed. Studies have shown that coagulation of the river water 
 with alum, sedimentation, and passage through a 30-inch (75 cm) GAC 
 combination fi1 ter/adsorber was nearly 100 percent effective for removing 
 trihalomethane precursors for two weeks; 50 percent effective for 10 
 weeks; and exhausted after 20 weeks. After 10 weeks, the amount of 
 chloroform formed after a 4-day chlorine contact time was 16 yg/£. 
 Finally, in a companion experiment, after 20 weeks of operation, a GAC 
 filter/adsorber that was twice as deep as the one previously described 
 was about 50 percent effective for trihalomethane precursor removal, 
 indicating a direct relationship between performance and bed depth. 
 Current experience indicates that the effective life of GAC for the 
 removal of trihalomethane precursor is somewhat limited. 
 
 Powdered Activated Carbon 
 
 Doses of powdered activated carbon (PAC) much higher than ordinarily 
 used in water treatment were required before any removal of trihalomethanes 
 or trihalomethane precursors occurred. A PAC dose of 100 mg/£ resulted 
 in only 50 percent removal of chloroform. Similarly, in a separate 
 experiment, the same dose removed approximately 50 percent of the trihalo¬ 
 methane precursors, as measured by the concentration of trihalomethanes 
 after chlorination. 
 
 Aeration 
 
 Attempts were made to strip trihalomethanes, which have relatively 
 low boiling points, from water using aeration techniques. Little, if 
 any, success was obtained using diffused-air aeration with one-to-one 
 air-to-water ratios and contact times typical of aeration in water treatment 
 practice. On the other hand, larger doses of gas, up to fifteen-to- 
 one gas-to-water ratios, removed approximately 50 percent' of the chloroform. 
 Even higher gas-to-water ratios were required for essentially complete 
 chloroform removal. Studies on aeration will continue, concentrating 
 on spray rather than diffused-air aeration. 
 
 Ozone 
 
 Ozone was used after coagulation, settling, and mixed-media filtra¬ 
 tion at a disinfection level dose (0.6 to 0.7 mg/£) and for approxi¬ 
 mately 6 minutes of contact. This application of ozone did not result 
 in reduction of trihalomethane precursors as evidenced by trihalomethane 
 formation upon subsequent chlorination. Increasing the ozone dose 30 
 times still produced no reduction in trihalomethane precursors. Only at 
 
 42 
 
an economically impractical dose, 350 times the disinfection dose, did 
 a 30 percent reduction in trihalomethane precursors occur. 
 
 To investigate the role that contact time plays in precursor reduction 
 using ozone, batch studies have also been performed. These studies 
 show that trihalomethane precursors are resistant to ozonation, at least 
 under the test conditions selected. For example, two hours of continuous 
 ozonation were required to reduce the trihalomethane precursor level 
 in dual-media filter effluent by 50 percent. Batch studies have also 
 shown that trihalomethane precursors are more readily removed by ozone 
 from Ohio River water than from dual-media filtered water, probably 
 because of their presence in much higher concentrations. Further studies 
 will be directed towards raw water ozonation for trihalomethane precursor 
 removal. Initial studies have shown that a dose of 24 mg/£ of ozone 
 was not effective in removing trihalomethanes themselves. 
 
 Chlorine Dioxide 
 
 Because of its oxidizing properties, chlorine dioxide has been 
 used to some extent for taste and odor control, but because of its cost, 
 it is not widely used in water treatment practice for disinfection. 
 
 In this study it is being used, however, as a disinfectant to investigate 
 the formation of trihalomethanes. Pure chlorine dioxide can be formed 
 by slowly adding 10 percent sulfuric acid to a 10 percent solution 
 of sodium chlorite. Under these conditions, over a wide range of doses 
 (0.15 - 6 mg/£) and contact times (30 min. to 4 days), no trihalomethanes 
 were formed. Disinfection was satisfactory. 
 
 When chlorine dioxide is used in water treatment, it is generated 
 by reacting excess chlorine with sodium chlorite; therefore, chlorine 
 dioxide is rarely encountered in practice without excess chlorine also 
 present. Initial data indicate that when water is dosed with both chlorine 
 dioxide and chlorine, trihalomethane formation occurs. The concentration 
 formed is less than that with the equivalent amount of chlorine alone, 
 however. At least under the test conditions studied, chlorine dioxide 
 apparently has some influence on the reaction of chlorine and the trihalo¬ 
 methane precursor(s). 
 
 Treatment for General Organics 
 
 An attempt is being made to produce continuously water low in 
 organic content. If the organic content of the treated water is low, 
 the likelihood that it contains any specific carcinogen is minimized. 
 
 The parameter being used to judge the success of this experiment is non¬ 
 volatile total organic carbon (NVT0C). The goal of this experiment is 
 to produce continuously water with an NVT0C concentration - 100 yg/&. 
 
 43 
 
The treatment method being studied is an upflow countercurrent, 
 "moving bed" GAC column. Water enters the bottom of the column and 
 flows upward through the GAC bed. NVTOC samples are periodically 
 collected from the column influent, GAC bed midpoint, and column effluent. 
 When the effluent NVTOC concentration exceeds 100 yg/£ and continues to 
 show an upward trend for several days, one-half of the GAC is removed 
 from the bottom of the bed and an equal quantity of fresh GAC is added 
 at the top. 
 
 Three bed depths of a coal-based GAC have been investigated for 
 effectiveness in treating Cincinnati tap water. Using an 8-inch (27 cm) 
 bed, the NVTOC limit was met for only 1 to 3 days of operation, while a 
 16-inch (41 cm) bed was able to meet the NVTOC limit for 8 to 12 days. 
 
 A 30-inch (76 cm) bed has met the limit for up to 30 days, although the 
 period is variable, possibly because of hydraulic short-circuiting. 
 
 Further study of GAC treatment will use various grades and types of GAC 
 and larger diameter columns to improve hydraulic flow. The effluent 
 will be analyzed for the penetration of specific organics of interest as 
 well as for NVTOC. 
 
 Extramural Research 
 
 Future plans include pilot- and full-scale research designed to 
 examine the effectiveness of granular activated carbon, aeration, syn¬ 
 thetic resins, potassium permanganate, UV catalyzed oxidation, and 
 ozonation for the removal of specific raw water contaminants of concern, 
 particularly carcinogens. Negotiations are currently in progress with 
 the water utilities of Miami, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; Evansville, 
 Indiana; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, that 
 hopefully will lead to the award of research grants to these utilities 
 for the large scale study of various water treatment organic removal 
 unit processes. In addition, the Ohio River Valley Sanitation Commission 
 (0RSANC0) has proposed to act as a broker for several water utilities in 
 the Ohio Valley who wish to alter their treatment practices to reduce 
 the concentration of trihalomethanes in their finished water. 
 
 Other planned research grants and contracts will investigate various 
 aspects of the problem of carcinogens in drinking water, such as the 
 influence of agricultural runoff on trihalomethane formation, reaction 
 of chlorine with activated carbon and resulting by-products, competitive 
 adsorption on GAC of specific organics of concern, specific precursors 
 of trihalomethane formation, methods of reactivation of GAC, and formation 
 of other chlorinated by-products during disinfection. At this time 
 (November 1975), none of these research grants has been awarded and 
 funding is uncertain. 
 
 44 
 
Treatment Studies on Inorganics 
 
 Of the substances studied thus far, only arsenic, selenium, and 
 nitrates (potential nitrosoamine precursors) have been considered as 
 suspected carcinogens in drinking water. Treatment technology studies 
 for these substances have been conducted. Arsenic and selenium were 
 studied in bench- and pilot-scale investigations by spiking Ohio River 
 water and ground water from Glendale, Ohio, with concentrations of arsenic 
 from two to ten times the levels in the Interim Primary Drinking Water 
 Regulations. 
 
 Bench- and pilot-scale studies on arsenic, selenium, mercury, barium, 
 cadmium, and chromium have been conducted. These investigations showed 
 that no one technique was effective for all contaminants studied. Lime 
 softening achieved good removals on inorganic mercury, barium, arsenic 
 V, cadmium, and chromium III. Ferric sulfate coagulation was effective 
 for removing inorganic mercury, arsenic V, selenium IV, cadmium, and 
 chromium III. Alum coagulation was effective on arsenic V, cadmium, 
 and chromium III, although ferrous sulfate produced good removals on 
 chromium VI. No technique was found very effective for arsenic III 
 and selenium VI. Arsenic III can be removed by any method effective 
 on arsenic V, providing arsenic III is first oxidized (chlorinated) 
 to arsenic V. Preliminary results showed that reverse osmosis was effective 
 for selenium VI removal. Anion exchange resins were effective for nitrate- 
 nitrogen removal in soft water, but were less efficient in highly mineralized 
 water. 
 
 The optimum removals were as follows: arsenic V, excess lime softening, 
 60 to >90 percent removal, selenium IV, iron coagulation at pH <7, 30 
 to 60 percent removal, and nitrate-nitrogen, anion exchange >90 percent 
 removal. Data presented earlier in the Report show that trihalomethane 
 formation is enhanced by chlorination at higher pH. Therefore, any 
 treatment processes used for inorganic contaminant removal that results 
 in a higher pH may cause an increase in trihalomethane concentration, 
 other factors being the same. Future work will consist of continuing 
 the studies on the removal of selenium VI and investigating the removal 
 of lead. In addition, a research grant was funded to study further 
 the removal of nitrate from drinking water by ion exchange. 
 
 Techniques for Controlling Radionuclides 
 
 Information on the treatment potential of various techniques for 
 radium 226 removal was obtained by monitoring several water treatment 
 plants in Iowa and Illinois that are treating water that is naturally 
 high in radium 226. Ion exchange softening, lime softening, and reverse 
 osmosis were found to be effective for removing radium 226. To improve 
 treatment cost data, a research grant was funded to determine the cost 
 of unit treatment processes to remove radium 226 and the cost of disposing 
 of the waste sludge material. 
 
 45 
 
Methods of Removing Asbestiform Fibers 
 
 Mixed media filtration and diatomaceous earth (DE) filtration were 
 shown to be effective for reducing asbestiform fiber counts in Lake 
 Superior water during pilot plant research conducted for five months 
 in 1974. Among the most effective techniques were pretreatment of the 
 water with alum and a nonionic polymer before mixed media filtration, 
 and coating of the DE filter aid with alum or a polymer. Both amphibole 
 and chrysotile fiber counts can be markedly reduced by either filtration 
 technique. During the pilot plant study, engineering data were also 
 obtained for making cost estimates for construction and operation of 
 both granular media and DE filtration plants ranging in capacity from 
 0.03 to 30 million gallons per day. 
 
 The City of Duluth has accepted a demonstration grant from EPA 
 to build and operate a 30-million gallon per day filtration plant to 
 demonstrate full-scale water treatment for reduction of asbestiform 
 fiber count. EPA will provide guidance and direction for the research 
 to be conducted at the plant. EPA is also considering research grant 
 applications for development of a rapid optical means of detecting asbestiform 
 fibers in drinking water, and for pilot plant research to reduce the 
 chrysotile fiber count in water from a protected mountain watershed. 
 
 46 
 
COST OF TREATMENT TO REMOVE CARCINOGENS 
 
 General Cost of Water 
 
 In most major metropolitan areas, the cost of drinking water, 
 including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and dis¬ 
 infection, is from 30 to 50 cents per 1000 gallons. Of this overall 
 cost, only 5 to 8 cents per 1000 gallons is the cost of water treatment. 
 
 EPA has nearly completed a study that shows the average cost of drinking 
 water in eleven major utilities to be about 43 cents per 1000 gallons. 
 
 Twelve percent of these costs are for treatment, with the balance for 
 acquisition of water, pumping, salaries of employees, administration, 
 amortization of distribution systems, and other nontreatment costs. 
 
 Additional treatment costs should be viewed in relation to the overall 
 cost. Although treatment costs are relatively small, these costs will 
 be significantly affected as a result of the implementation of the Safe 
 Drinking Water Act. 
 
 In an effort to determine possible cost increases, an attempt was 
 made to estimate treatment costs for the control of a variety of contaminants. 
 These costs, which include amortization of capital equipment as well as 
 operation and maintenance costs, are only very general estimates because 
 of several uncertain factors. These factors include the availability of 
 chemicals, costs of chemical handling and disposal, cost of energy, 
 general inflationary trends in materials and labor, and uncertainty of 
 specific technology application, such as the reactivation schedule 
 necessary when using granular activated carbon to prevent the breakthrough 
 of toxic contaminants. For example, other investigators have estimated 
 the cost of treating highly contaminated water by granular activated 
 carbon to be about 11 cents per 1000 gallons as compared with the estimates 
 contained in Table 10. Other uncertainties are lack of knowledge as to 
 where, nationwide, these treatment processes will have to be applied and 
 the impact of economics of scale. For example, the unit cost of applying 
 these treatment processes to small systems may be much higher than in 
 large systems. Finally, future research may develop new treatment 
 methods unknown at this time (November 1975). Therefore, although these 
 costs are accurate within the assumptions used, they must be viewed 
 within the context of the above uncertainties. EPA is sponsoring several 
 extramural projects that are designed to collect better cost information 
 so that these estimates can be refined in the future. 
 
 Cost of Removing Carcinogenic Contaminants 
 
 By-Products of Chlorination (Chloroform and Other Trihalomethanes) 
 
 Studies have shown that removing trihalomethanes is more difficult 
 than preventing their formation. Two techniques are available for avoiding 
 trihalomethane formation. One is the use of an alternative to chlorine 
 as a disinfectant; the other is to remove the precursor(s) that react 
 with chlorine. 
 
 The most common choices for alternate disinfectants are ozone and 
 chlorine dioxide. Ozone is a very strong disinfectant, but has the 
 
 47 
 
disadvantage of not producing a disinfectant residual to carry through¬ 
 out the distribution system. Furthermore, the reactions of ozone with 
 organic compounds in the water are not well known. The possibility of 
 the formation of undesirable by-products is under investigation. Chlo¬ 
 rine dioxide has the advantage of producing a disinfectant residual, but 
 generation of this material without excess chlorine is somewhat dif¬ 
 ficult. Further, sodium chlorite, one of the reactants to produce 
 chlorine dioxide, is relatively expensive, 65 cents per pound. The by¬ 
 products of chlorine dioxide oxidation are also unknown at this time, 
 and the toxicity of chlorite, should any remain in the water, is of 
 concern. 
 
 Because the disinfecting powers of these three disinfectants are 
 different, the most appropriate way to compare them is on an equal 
 disinfection basis. At the present time, this is not possible and 
 research is necessary to better understand their disinfecting powers. 
 
 On the basis of a dose of 1 mg/£, the cost of disinfection in cents per 
 one thousand gallons is 0.08 cents for chlorine, 0.5 cents for chlorine 
 dioxide, and 0.1 cents for ozone. 
 
 Studies have shown that for 10 weeks granular activated carbon can 
 remove sufficient concentrations of trihalomethane precursors to reduce 
 the resultant chloroform concentration to 50 percent of that which would 
 have been produced without treatment. To illustrate the costs that are 
 involved in using and reactivating GAC on-site, costs have been estimated 
 for two treatment plants with 10 and 100 million gallons per day filter 
 capacity. Estimates were calculated for various reactivation times for 
 GAC. Depending on the quality of the input water, reactivation require¬ 
 ments will differ and accordingly affect the size of the furnace required 
 to reactivate the exhausted activated carbon. The plant and furnace 
 capacity will have a major impact on capital cost, although the rate of 
 activated carbon attrition, maintenance, and energy requirements will 
 affect operating costs. The cost assumptions used for the calculations 
 are in Table 9. 
 
 The data contained in Table 10 are based on the assumptions listed 
 in Table 9, and illustrate the dual impact of economies of scale and 
 water quality on unit treatment costs. For example, for any given 
 reactivation cycle and flow rate, the cost per unit volume-is less for 
 the 100 mgd plant than the 10 mgd plant, illustrating the economies of 
 scale. In addition, operating costs (fuel, labor, attrition losses, and 
 maintenance) decline as the reactivation cycles become longer, although 
 the capital costs remain almost constant. Further, the increase in the 
 unit volume costs that occurs when the treatment plant is operating at a 
 rate below that of the initial design illustrates the cost of excess 
 capacity. Finally, a not so apparent effect on cost is that of input 
 water quality as reflected by reactivation frequency. The activated 
 carbon in a 10 mgd plant operating at 7 mgd might be expected to become 
 exhausted at a slower rate than when the plant is operating at full 
 capacity, thereby reducing the cost of reactivation. The exact relation 
 between flow rate and input water quality is not known at this time. 
 
 48 
 
Table 9 
 
 ESTIMATED COSTS FOR GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON TREATMENT* 
 
 Plant Filtration Capacity 
 10 mgd_100 mgd 
 
 Furnace Cost 
 
 1 - 3 month reactivation 
 
 6-8 month reactivation 
 
 $304,000 
 
 275,000 
 
 $1 ,100,000 
 560,000 
 
 
 Initial Activated Carbon 
 
 -Charge (lbs.) 
 
 -Cost (S) 
 
 260,000 
 
 98,800 
 
 2,600,000 
 
 988,000 
 
 
 Engineering Fees, Steam 
 
 Generator, Quench Tank 
 
 20,000 
 
 3% of furnace 
 and carbon costs 
 
 Labor per Reactivation 
 
 2,500 
 
 15,000 
 
 
 *Assumptions Used in Estimating 
 
 Treatment 
 
 Costs for Granular Activated 
 of Drinking Water 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Filter capacity - One million gallons per day ? 
 
 Filter design flow rate per square foot (for sizing) -2 gpm/ft^ 
 
 Activated carbon depth - 30 inches ~ 
 
 Activated carbon loading per filter - 30 pound per ft 
 Activated carbon cost - $0.38 per pound 
 Activated carbon attrition - 10% per reactivation 
 
 Amortization rate - 20 years @ 7% 
 
 Fuel requirements - 6000 BTU's per pound of activated carbon reactivated 
 Fuel costs -$1.26 per million BTU's 
 
 Maintenance - 1% of capital costs* 
 
 *Capital Costs - Activated carbon, furnace, engineering fees, steam 
 generator, quench tank. 
 
 These costs in Table 10 are in addition to the costs of treating 
 water for particulate removal and disinfection. The data given are for 
 the use of GAC as a replacement for the granular media used in conventional 
 water treatment. Studies have shown that, in terms of organic removal 
 capacity, the filtration of carryover floe by GAC does not interfere 
 significantly with adsorption for organic removal. Calculations have 
 estimated that this is a less expensive method of treatment than the use 
 of GAC following filtration for clarification. 
 
 49 
 
ESTIMATED UNIT COSTS FOR USING GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON IN THE TREATMENT OF DRINKING WATER 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 1— 
 
 1— 
 
 o 
 
 r— 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 e\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 (T3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C_) 
 
 1— 
 
 1— 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'Cj- 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 1— 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 ,— 
 
 cm 
 
 o 
 
 ,— 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <T3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -E 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 C/3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 #3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^3- 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 4— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 C_3 
 
 1— 
 
 r— 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • i— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 r^ 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 I— 
 
 1— 
 
 C\J 
 
 i— 
 
 f— 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■i— 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 E 
 
 _e 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 CM 
 
 00 
 
 r- 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 -O 
 
 
 Ll_ 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 *—- 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 |- 
 
 o 
 
 r- 
 
 CD 
 
 
 -•—■. 
 
 
 4- 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 E 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 e 
 
 o 
 
 IE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 #3 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 E 
 
 4-3 
 
 o 
 
 •1— 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^3" 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 O • 
 
 i— 
 
 1— 
 
 4-> 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 •r- 
 
 1— 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1— 
 
 |- 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 < 
 
 4- 
 
 03 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 00 CD 
 
 
 03 
 
 • i— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 E 
 
 >3 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 CD O 
 
 i— 
 
 O 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CD 
 
 C-s 
 
 4- 
 
 
 •i— 
 
 
 4-> 4-> 
 
 i— 
 
 o 
 
 ra 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 C\J 
 
 oo 
 
 r— 
 
 CM 
 
 E 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 >>T3 
 
 E 
 
 1— 
 
 oc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 co CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -Q 
 
 
 #3 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 r — 
 
 *vj" 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 E E 
 
 CD 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 -E 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ra 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CD CD 
 
 03 
 
 e 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 o 
 
 1— 
 
 CM 
 
 1— 
 
 CM 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 r— > 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 i— E 
 
 4-3 
 
 o 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 03 O 
 
 O 
 
 v-' 
 
 
 s; 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 1— 
 
 
 E o 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 — 
 
 i — 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 E -Q 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *r— 
 
 
 •1 — 
 
 
 O 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 4- >> 
 
 
 c_> 
 
 
 
 
 
 (T> 
 
 
 I— 
 
 CO 
 
 (J 
 
 
 •i — 
 
 
 03 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 03 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 E E 
 
 CD 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 LO 
 
 00 
 
 LO 
 
 I"- 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 CD 
 
 •r— 
 
 • 1— 
 
 
 -E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «3 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 -E 4-> 
 
 i — 
 
 e 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 03 03 
 
 CL 
 
 ZD 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 •i- _E 
 
 CL 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 X) 
 
 
 #3 
 
 
 -E 4-J 
 
 Z3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 E 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ^3" 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 >> to 
 
 
 
 
 i— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 -Q 
 
 
 r— E 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 4-> CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 
 ■o 
 
 
 i — 
 
 
 E 4-3 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 03 i — 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 — 
 
 1 — 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 a -r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 i — 
 
 
 •r— 4_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 4- 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •i— 
 
 
 Z3 
 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 Ll_ 
 
 
 E > 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 03 03 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 •i- -E 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «• — - 
 
 p—V 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 zs 
 
 
 1— 
 
 o> 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 CO 
 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 p—- 
 
 
 
 
 
 co 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CD O 
 
 
 
 =3 
 
 E 
 
 X5 
 
 *o 
 
 o 
 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 -+-> 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 
 -Q E 
 
 CD 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 o> 
 
 r 1 
 
 
 O 
 
 r"- 
 
 co 
 
 4-3 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 > 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 i— 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 >> O 
 
 O 
 
 
 < 
 
 <c 
 
 Q. 
 
 >— 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 -E 
 
 03 
 
 CO 
 
 03 T3 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i— 
 
 E 
 
 •i— 
 
 CJ 
 
 4-> 
 
 #» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 lO 03 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 Z5 
 
 03 
 
 1— 
 
 4-> JZ 
 
 i— 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 1 — 
 
 cr 
 
 E 
 
 03 
 
 CO 4-3 
 
 CL 
 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q_ 
 
 
 CD 
 
 -4-> 
 
 O 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 CL 
 
 O 
 
 CJ CO 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C_) 
 
 
 O 
 
 I— 
 
 E 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 ~o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 CO 4-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 1— 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD CO 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 i — 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 O 
 
 1— 
 
 JZ >, 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 Q_ 
 
 "— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1— CO 
 
 Li_ 
 
 50 
 
Organic Contaminants in Raw Water 
 
 Thus far, the best method for removing environmental contaminants 
 such as carbon tetrachloride, dieldrin, and haloethers from raw water is 
 the use of beds of granular activated carbon. Studies are not suf¬ 
 ficiently advanced at this time (November 1975) to determine the exact 
 length of time of operation before the activated carbon needs to be 
 reactivated for a wide variety of environmental carcinogens. GAC does, 
 however, begin to lose some of its effectiveness for general organic 
 carbon removal as evidenced by an increase in NVTOC concentration in 
 the effluent after 4 to 6 weeks. In actual practice, the GAC beds might 
 not have to be reactivated as frequently as these data indicate. For 
 example, tests have shown that naphthalene is completely removed by GAC 
 for at least 8 months (the duration of the study). Similarly, other 
 specific organic compounds of concern may be effectively removed even 
 though some other organics begin to pass through the bed. A further 
 advantage of using GAC beds is that not only are environmental contaminants 
 removed, but so are trihalomethane precursors. Finally, the extent of 
 the national requirement for granular activated carbon treatment will 
 not be known until the monitoring program described earlier on page 15, 
 "Monitoring to Assess Parameters", is completed. 
 
 Inorganics 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Chemical coagulation and lime softening can effectively remove 
 arsenic V and also arsenic III, providing the latter has been oxidized 
 (by chlorination) to the higher oxidation state prior to treatment. 
 Because the two water treatment processes are somewhat similar, the 
 estimated costs for either process to remove arsenic are approximately 
 the same, 12 to 15 cents per 1000 gallons, for a 1 mgd treatment plant. 
 
 Seleniurn 
 
 Lime softening and chemical coagulation can remove selenium IV with 
 the latter being more effective. As noted above, the costs of the two 
 processes are approximately the same, 12 to 15 cents per 1000 gallons. 
 
 Presently, only reverse osmosis seems effective for the removal of 
 selenium VI. Consequently, the costs of removing this form of selenium 
 are much higher than for the reduced form. The range of costs for re¬ 
 verse osmosis is estimated to be 71 to 104 cents per 1000 gallons for a 
 0.15 mgd treatment plant. 
 
 Nitrate-nitrogen 
 
 The only known treatment system currently (November 1975) in 
 operation in the United States that is specifically designed to remove 
 nitrate-nitrogen from drinking water is an ion exchange plant located on 
 Long Island, New York. The plant has been operating for only a short 
 time and operating costs are not available. The estimated cost for a 4 
 mgd plant operating at 40 percent of capacity, however, was 12 to 21 
 
 51 
 
cents per 1000 gallons for the removal of 20 to 40 mg/£ of nitrate- 
 nitrogen. This cost includes operating and amortized capital cost. 
 Operating costs alone were estimated at 7 to 16 cents per 1000 gallons. 
 
 Radium 226/228 
 
 Estimates on costs for removing radium from drinking water can be 
 based on softening costs as the processes that soften water also remove 
 radium. Typical costs are presented in Table 11. 
 
 Table 11 
 
 COSTS FOR SOFTENING WATER 
 
 Process 
 
 Plant Size 
 
 Cost Range, Cents/1000 Gal 
 
 Ion Exchange 
 
 1.0 mgd 
 
 12 - 15 
 
 Lime Softening 
 
 1.0 mgd 
 
 27 - 34 
 
 Reverse Osmosis 
 
 0.15 mgd 
 
 71 - 104 
 
 The costs in this table may be low because they do not reflect the costs 
 of disposing wastes generated by the treatment process in environmentally 
 acceptable ways. If water treatment plants are compelled by pollution 
 control agencies to treat wastes from softening processes, these costs 
 will increase. EPA has funded a research grant designed to develop 
 better estimates for the cost of radium removal from drinking water, 
 including waste disposal costs. 
 
 Asbestos Fibers 
 
 As a result of the pilot-plant research on asbestos fiber removal 
 conducted in Duluth, Minnesota, where the raw water is relatively low in 
 turbidity, the estimated cost of water from a new 30 mdg direct filtration 
 plant capable of removing particulates and asbestos fibers was approximately 
 7 cents per 1000 gallons. This included amortization of first cost, 
 plus operating and maintenance costs. In existing plants currently 
 operating to remove particulates, the additional cost to upgrade the 
 treatment to remove asbestos fibers would be small, involving changes in 
 coagulants and polyelectrolytes. 
 
 52 
 
APPENDIX I 
 
 NATIONAL ORGANICS RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c: " ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 >. ' f • 
 
 
 : 
 
 ,, r , 
 
 r* . i: u 
 
Table 1-1 
 
 NAMES AND LOCATIONS OF WATER UTILITIES SURVEYED 
 
 Region I 
 
 l. a Lawrence Water Works 
 
 10. 
 
 Village of Rhinebeck Water Dept. 
 
 Lawrence, Massachusetts 
 
 
 Rhinebeck, New York 
 
 Merrimack River 0 
 
 
 Hudson River 
 
 2. Waterbury Bureau of Water 
 
 Region III 
 
 Waterbury, Connecticut 
 
 Wigwam and Morris Reservoirs 
 
 11. 
 
 Philadelphia Water Department 
 
 Morris Treatment Station 
 
 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
 
 3. Metropolitan District Commission 
 
 
 Delaware River 
 
 Torresdale Plant 
 
 Boston, Massachusetts 
 
 Quabbin & Wachusett Reservoirs 
 
 12. 
 
 Wilmington Suburban Water Corp. 
 
 Norumbego Treatment Station 
 
 
 Claymont, Delaware 
 
 4. Newport Department of Water 
 
 
 Red Clay and White Clay Creek 
 Stanton Plant 
 
 Newport, Rhode Island Reservoirs 
 
 South Pond Reservoir Treatment 
 
 13. 
 
 Artesian Water Company 
 
 Plant #1 
 
 
 Newark, Delaware 
 
 Region II 
 
 
 Ground 
 
 Llangolen Well Field Plant 
 
 5. Department of Water Resources 
 
 14. 
 
 Washington Aqueduct 
 
 New York, New York 
 
 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 Croton Reservoir 
 
 
 Potomac River 
 
 6. Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer 
 
 Authority 
 
 15. 
 
 Delacarlia Plant 
 
 Baltimore City - Bureau of 
 
 San Juan, Puerto Rico 
 
 
 Water Supply 
 
 Lake Carraizo 
 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland 
 
 Sergio Curevas Water Treatment Plant 
 
 
 Loch Raven Reservoir 
 
 7. Passaic Valley Water Commission 
 
 
 Montebello Plant #1 
 
 Little Falls, New Jersey 
 
 16. 
 
 Western Pennsylvania Water Company 
 
 Passaic River 
 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
 
 8. Toms River Water Company 
 
 
 Monongahela River 
 
 Hays Mine Plant 
 
 Toms River, New Jersey 
 
 Ground 
 
 17. 
 
 Strasburg Borough Water System 
 
 Well #20 
 
 
 Strasburg, Pennsylvania 
 
 9. Buffalo Water Department 
 
 Buffalo, New York 
 
 18. 
 
 Ground 
 
 Fairfax County Water Authority 
 
 Lake Erie 
 
 
 Annandale, Virginia 
 
 
 
 Occoquan River Impoundment 
 
 New Lorton Plant 
 
 a Table 1-2 uses the same numbers to designate the different water utilities. 
 
 ^The name of the utility is listed first, followed by the city name, the name of the 
 raw water source, and, if the utility has more than one treatment plant, the name of 
 the treatment plant sampled. 
 
 1-1 
 
19. Virginia American Water Co. 
 
 Hopewell District 
 Hopewel1, Virginia 
 Appomattox River 
 
 20. Huntington Water Corp. 
 
 Huntington, West Virginia 
 Ohio River 
 
 21. Wheeling Water Department 
 Wheeling, West Virginia 
 Ohio River 
 
 Region IV 
 
 22. Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Authority 
 Miami, Florida 
 
 Ground 
 
 Preston Plant 
 
 23. Jacksonville Dept, of Public Works 
 Jacksonville, Florida 
 
 Ground 
 
 Highlands Pumping Station 
 
 24. Atlanta Waterworks 
 Atlanta, Georgia 
 Chattahoochee River 
 Chattahoochee Plant 
 
 25. Owensboro Municipal Utilities 
 Owensboro, Kentucky 
 
 Ground 
 
 26. Greenville Water Department 
 Greenville, Mississippi 
 Ground 
 
 Water Plant Well #2 
 
 27. Tennessee American Water Company 
 Chattanooga, Tennessee 
 Tennessee River 
 
 28. Memphis Light, Gas and Water Div. 
 Memphis, Tennessee 
 
 Ground 
 
 Malloy Plant 
 
 29. Metropolitan Water & Sewage Dept. 
 Nashville, Tennessee 
 Cumberland River 
 
 c Resampled after granular activated carbon 
 
 30. Commissioner of Public Works 
 Charleston, South Carolina 
 Ed isto River 
 
 Stoney Plant 
 
 Region V 
 
 31. Cincinnati Water Works 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Ohio River 
 
 32. Chicago Dept, of Water and Sewers 
 Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Lake Michigan 
 
 South District Water Filtration Plant 
 
 33. Clinton Public Water Supply 
 Clinton, Illinois 
 
 Ground 
 
 34. Indianapolis Water Company 
 Indianapolis, Indiana 
 White River and Wells 
 White River Plant 
 
 35. Whiting Water Department 
 Whiting, Indiana 
 
 Lake Michigan 
 
 36. Detroit Metro Water Department 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 Detroit River Intake at head of 
 Belle Isle 
 
 Waterworks Park Plant 
 
 37a. Mt. Clemens Water Purification 
 Mt. Clemens, Michigan 
 Lake St. Clair 
 
 37b. Mt. Clemens Water Purification 0 
 Mt. Clemens, Michigan 
 Lake St. Clair 
 
 38. St. Paul Water Department 
 St. Paul, Minnesota 
 Mississippi River 
 
 39. Cleveland Division of Water 
 Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Lake Erie 
 
 Division Filtration Plant 
 
 40. City of Columbus 
 Columbus. Ohio 
 Scioto River 
 Dublin Road Plant 
 
 was changed. 
 
 1-2 
 
41. Dayton Water Works 
 Dayton, Ohio 
 Ground 
 
 Ottawa Plant 
 
 42. Indian Hill Water Supply 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 Ground 
 
 43. Pi qua Water Supply 
 Pi qua, Ohio 
 Swift Run Lake 
 
 44. Mahoning Valley Sanitary District 
 Youngstown, Ohio 
 
 Meander Creek Reservoir 
 
 45. Milwaukee Water Works 
 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 
 Lake Michigan 
 
 Howard Avenue Purification Plant 
 
 46. Oshkosh Water Utility 
 Oshkosh, Wisconsin 
 Lake Winnebago 
 
 Region VI 
 
 47. Terrebonne Parish Waterworks 
 
 District #1 
 Houma, Louisiana 
 Bayoulafourche 
 
 48. Camden Municipal Water Works 
 Camden, Arkansas 
 
 Ouachita River 
 
 49. Town of Logansport Water System 
 Logansport, Louisiana 
 
 Sabine River 
 
 50. City of Albuquerque 
 Albuquerque, New Mexico 
 Ground 
 
 51. Oklahoma City Water Department 
 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 
 
 Lake Hefner 
 Hefner Plant 
 
 52. Brownsville Public Utility Board 
 Brownsville, Texas 
 
 Rio Grande River 
 Plant #2 
 
 53. Dallas Water Utilities 
 Dallas, Texas 
 
 Elm Fork, Trinity River 
 Bachman Plant 
 
 54. San Antonio City Water Board 
 San Antonio, Texas 
 
 Ground 
 
 Region VII 
 
 55a. Ottumwa Water Works 
 Ottumwa, Iowa 
 Des Moines River 
 
 55b. Ottumwa Water Works** 
 
 Ottumwa, Iowa 
 Des Moines River 
 
 56. Clarinda Iowa Water Works 
 Clarinda, Iowa 
 
 Nodaway River 
 
 57. Davenport Water Company 
 Davenport, Iowa 
 Mississippi River 
 
 58. Topeka Public Water Supply 
 Topeka, Kansas 
 
 Kansas River 
 South Plant 
 
 59. Missouri Utility Company 
 Cape Girardeau, Missouri 
 Mississippi River 
 
 60. Kansas City Missouri Water Dept. 
 Kansas City, Missouri 
 Missouri River 
 
 61. St. Louis County Water Company 
 St. Louis, Missouri 
 Missouri River 
 
 Central Plant 
 
 62. Lincoln Municipal Water Supply 
 Lincoln, Nebraska 
 
 Ground 
 
 Region VIII 
 
 63. City Water Department 
 Grand Forks, North Dakota 
 Red Lake 
 
 d 
 
 Resampled 
 
 1-3 
 
64. Denver Water Board 
 Denver, Colorado 
 Marston Lake 
 Marston Plant 
 
 65. Pueblo Board of Waterworks 
 Pueblo, Colorado 
 Arkansas River 
 
 Gardner Plant 
 
 74. San Diego Water Utilities Dept. 
 San Diego, California 
 Colorado River Aqueduct 
 Miramar Plant 
 
 75. San Francisco Water Denartment 
 San Francisco, California 
 
 San Andreas Reservoir 
 San Andreas Treatment Plant 
 
 66. Huron Water Department 
 Huron, South Dakota 
 James River 
 
 67. Salt Lake Water Department 
 Salt Lake, Utah 
 Mountain Dell Reservoir 
 
 Region IX 
 
 68. City of Tucson Water and Sewers Dept. 
 Tucson, Arizona 
 
 Ground 
 Plant #1 
 
 69. City of Phoenix Water & Sewers 
 
 Department 
 Phoenix, Arizona 
 Salt and Verde Rivers 
 Verde Plant 
 
 Region X 
 
 76. Seattle Water Department 
 Seattle, Washington 
 Cedar River Impoundment 
 Cedar River System 
 
 77. Douglas Water System 
 Douglas, Alaska 
 Douglas Reservoir 
 
 78. Idaho Falls Water Department 
 Idaho Falls, Idaho 
 
 Ground 
 
 79. City of Corvallis Utilities Div. 
 Corvallis, Oregon 
 
 Willamette River 
 Taylor Plant 
 
 80. Ilwaco Municipal Water Department 
 Ilwaco, Washington 
 Black Lake 
 
 70. Department of Supply & Purification 
 Coalinga, California 
 
 California Aqueduct 
 
 71. Contra Costa County Water Department 
 Concord, California 
 
 Contra Costa Canal and San Joaquin River 
 Bollman Plant 
 
 72. City of Dos Palos Water Department 
 Dos Palos, California 
 Delta-Mendota Canal 
 
 73. Los Angeles Department of Water and 
 Power 
 
 Los Angeles, California 
 Van Norman Reservoir 
 
 1-4 
 
NATIONAL ORGANICS RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY WATER QUALITY DATA 
 
 Cd 
 
 O 
 
 CJ 
 
 C 
 
 Cd 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 Cd 
 
 <£ 
 
 O 
 
 LT) 
 
 <c 
 
 =C 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 cl 
 
 ID 
 
 o 
 
 CL 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 ad 
 
 C 
 
 Q 
 
 in 
 
 o 
 
 cd c 
 
 r- rd C 
 
 I -i- cn o » 
 
 O 03 O S- Cn 
 
 z: r— <T$ 3- 
 
 O f— o 
 > 03 
 4-> 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 C= I X3 
 O 03 *r- r 
 JD S- S- * 
 
 S- +j O Ol 
 03 CD r— ;=L 
 OhH 
 
 o 
 
 UJ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 1 s~ 
 
 CD r— 
 
 
 CXJ 
 
 Cd 
 
 CXI o 
 
 C X 
 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 fl 1— 
 
 03 cn 
 
 Ian Li¬ 
 
 fe ° 
 
 _J 
 
 1— _c 
 
 -c p. 
 
 fe: z: 
 
 ^ V 
 
 in 
 
 o 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 •r— 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 CXI 
 
 
 
 
 
 €\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 O 
 
 E r- 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 E 
 
 S- X 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 o cn 
 
 fe LL- 
 
 fe 1 — 
 
 
 s- 
 
 <4— H 
 
 fe z 
 
 ^ v 
 
 •» 
 
 CQ 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 o o 
 
 CD 
 
 c 
 
 
 E 
 
 03 
 
 r— 
 
 o o 
 
 dl 
 
 
 S*- 
 
 4-> 
 
 cn 
 
 JD _d 
 •1“ CJ 
 Q 
 
 CD 
 
 E 
 
 p. 
 
 E 
 S- 
 o 
 
 *+- r 
 O ' 
 
 s~ cn 
 
 O 3 
 
 cd 
 
 _Q 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 
 CD CL 
 E cL 
 03 «=C 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 4-> E 
 ID 03 
 
 CX cO 
 
 r- 
 
 cm cn 
 
 CN) (XI 
 
 t-H O 
 CN) CXI 
 
 Co I— 
 *3- 
 
 C3 LO 
 
 f'O cxi 
 
 C3 O 
 
 c\a cxi 
 
 Co 03 
 
 fo f— 
 
 
 fij CM 
 fe: V 
 
 §i! 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 CN) CXI 
 V V 
 
 Eg 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 CN] CXJ 
 
 03 O 
 V V 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe, CM 
 fe: 
 
 fe 
 
 CO 
 
 • 
 
 V o 
 
 CO 
 
 fe * 
 
 ^ o 
 
 fe 
 
 Ct4 CO 
 
 i— 
 
 03 
 
 p^ o 
 
 CO 
 
 £5 r- 
 
 Pl, CXI 
 
 C3 r- 
 
 V 03 
 
 P^ CO 
 ^ 03 
 
 fe ^ 
 
 Pl, co 
 
 ^ o 
 
 Pl CXI 
 ^ CXJ 
 
 CN) 
 
 03 l\ 
 
 V 
 
 tX) 
 
 03 
 
 LO 
 
 cn 
 
 s- 
 
 o 
 
 S- 
 
 CD 
 
 +-> 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 S- 
 
 3S 
 
 03 
 
 s_ c 
 
 CD O 
 4-> -1- 
 03 4-> 
 IS 03 
 +-> 
 M— CO 
 
 13 C 
 03 CD 
 
 a> e 
 
 S- 4-> 
 13 03 
 CO CD 
 
 s*. 
 
 > 3 l— 
 
 S~ 
 
 3 cn 
 
 JD -r- 
 
 s- s~ 
 
 CD S- 
 4-> O 
 03 SI 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 JC c 
 
 
 t— 
 
 
 -J-> 03 
 
 
 CL 
 
 
 D i— 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 <C CL 
 
 o 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 C 
 
 
 S- 4-> 
 
 in -—• 
 
 CD 
 
 cn 
 
 CD C 
 
 in c 
 
 E 
 
 CD 
 
 ^ CD 
 
 •r- O 
 
 4-> 
 
 CJ 
 
 CD E 
 
 E •»— 
 
 03 
 
 i- 
 
 CO 4-> 
 
 E 4-> 
 
 CD 
 
 Z3 
 
 03 
 
 O 03 
 
 S- 
 
 O 
 
 T3 CD 
 
 CJ 4-> 
 
 h- 
 
 in 
 
 C S- 
 
 OO 
 
 
 CD 
 
 03 h- 
 
 -M in 
 
 CD 
 
 QC 
 
 
 <J 4-> 4-> 
 
 4-> *r— 
 
 
 4-> S- 
 
 c 4-> 
 
 03 O 
 
 
 O CD 
 
 CD CD 
 
 3 > 
 
 CD -3^ 
 
 Z3 4-> 
 
 +J E cn 
 
 S- 
 
 4-> S- 
 
 “D 03 
 
 cn -+-> =3 
 
 4- CD 
 
 03 O 
 
 CD 3 
 
 •r- 03 -C 
 
 O cn 
 
 3 >- 
 
 Z3 
 
 Q CD CJ 
 
 CD 
 
 
 O" cn 
 
 S~ 03 
 
 • cd 
 
 4- <: 
 
 <C 03 
 
 cl— in 
 
 4-> 
 
 O CD 
 
 > 
 
 03 cn 
 
 Q_"0 
 
 2L 
 
 O CD 
 
 ■P O 05 
 
 CD C 
 
 4-> 
 
 CJ =3 
 
 •«-- cniEI 
 
 Q O 
 
 C « 
 
 •r- CJ 
 
 r— CD 
 
 Qu 
 
 CD 
 
 Cd 
 
 o -Q ^ 
 
 4-> 
 
 E 
 
 O 
 
 Q- E C 
 
 -d 
 
 4-> O 
 
 O -I- 
 
 O =3 O 
 
 O 4-> 
 
 S- >- 
 
 -4-> CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 CL Z3 
 
 03 
 
 S- S- 
 
 4-> o in 
 
 ^ O 
 
 CL ^ 
 
 CD CD 
 
 cd o 
 
 CD CO 
 
 CD CD 
 
 3 CO 
 
 —'cq 
 
 -- 
 
 CD 3 
 
 -- 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 cn 
 
 cn 
 
 E 
 
 O 
 
 CQ LO 
 
 03 O 
 
 03 O 
 V V 
 
 fe! 
 
 1 
 
 ^ : 
 
 fe 1 
 ^ ; 
 
 P^ CO 
 
 O 
 
 1 S- 
 o o 
 E r— 
 
 CD 
 
 c 
 
 03 
 
 _c 
 
 r- 
 
 CN] 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 o .c: 
 
 4-> 
 
 cn 
 
 C3 CT» 
 
 fe ° 
 
 Pt, o 
 
 fej CM 
 
 pL| IX 
 
 fij CTi 
 
 Pli CD 
 
 ft, o 
 
 s- u 
 
 CQ *i— 
 
 CD 
 
 E 
 
 3- 
 
 V 
 
 ^ r— 
 
 
 fe: 
 
 
 cm 
 
 ^ 1 — 
 
 fe; v 
 
 Mi co 
 
 03* CD 
 
 >> 
 CD 
 o cn 
 s- 
 
 S~ CD 
 CD '"D 
 +-> 
 
 03 ^ 
 3 CD 
 -21 
 
 >3 
 
 CD ~ 
 
 > 03 
 Ll 
 CJ 
 
 •r- CD 
 03 i— 
 cn •+-> 
 in 4-> 
 03 *r— 
 Q-1 
 
 >3 
 
 c 
 
 03 
 
 Q_ 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 C_J 
 
 s- 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 03 
 
 S- 
 
 CD 
 
 > 
 
 •r“ 
 
 cd 
 
 cn 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 CD 
 
 CL 
 
 >> 
 
 4- > 
 
 5- 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 S~ 
 
 CD 
 
 C 
 
 "O 
 
 c: 
 
 o 
 
 CJ 
 
 CD 
 
 oo 
 
 03 
 
 “O 
 
 S~ 
 
 CD 
 
 4- > 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 5- 
 
 cn 03 
 O -4-J 
 •r- 03 
 r- -O 
 03 
 
 4- > S- 
 •i- CD 
 
 -♦-> 
 C 03 
 •r- ^ 
 
 CD “O 
 C CD 
 
 •r- _0 
 
 .— cn 
 
 +-> c: 
 cn -r- 
 
 5- 4- 
 
 r— CXJ CO 
 
 1-5 
 
 None Found 
 
 Some raw water data may be in error because of incomplete combustion 
 of particulates in some raw waters. 
 
to 
 
 o 
 
 CD C 
 r- (O C 
 I -r- CD O i 
 C 4-> JO ' 
 
 O 03 O CD 
 2Z r— fO i 
 
 O r- O 
 > 03 
 
 CD 
 
 C I T3 
 O 03 *«- 1 — 
 13 i- 
 
 J- P O oi 
 03 (Dr— a 
 O h— _C 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 O 
 
 I i- CD r 
 
 CVJ o c* 
 
 * r— ro CD 
 r- -d Jd p. 
 (J 4—> 
 
 •r- CD 
 Q 
 
 I 
 
 O E r- 
 
 E S- \ 
 
 O O CD 
 <4- 
 CO 
 
 jC 
 
 o 
 
 C\0 f— 
 
 ^ to co 
 
 CO r— C\] r— 
 
 00 00 
 cva r— 
 
 VQ 
 
 CO C\J 
 
 CO o 
 
 00 c\j 
 
 T^i 1 - 
 
 00 OsJ 
 
 T I I- 
 
 cr> 00 
 
 03 o 
 
 LO 
 
 00 o 
 
 CO O 
 
 cv cvj 
 
 ^sh c\j o 
 
 §i 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 1 
 
 fe CVI 
 
 fe v 
 
 fe u. 
 ^ z 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe o 
 fe v 
 
 CVJ 
 
 to vo 
 
 fe O 
 55: v 
 
 ft, o 
 fe V 
 
 CO 
 
 64 o 
 fe v 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe! 
 
 fe r ” 
 
 £5 v 
 
 Ll_ 
 
 ^ z: 
 
 fe 
 
 Lx. 
 
 ^ z 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe Li¬ 
 fe: Z 
 
 fe 
 
 .fe ^ 
 
 fe V 
 
 1 1 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 0 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E i- 
 
 03 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 O O 
 
 -C 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *3- 
 
 
 • 
 
 00 
 
 S- r— 
 
 4-4 
 
 CD 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe Lj - 
 
 fe 0 
 
 fe 
 
 JO JZ 
 
 CD 
 
 3. 
 
 fe «=i- 
 
 
 fe lo 
 
 fe CO 
 
 ^ r— 
 
 fe CVJ 
 
 fe CVJ 
 
 ^ 0 
 
 fe z 
 
 ^ V 
 
 £5 0 
 
 *r- U 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 S- 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O O 
 
 03 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 ■V* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E r- 
 
 ss 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 LD 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 O -C 
 
 4-4 
 
 CD 
 
 fe 0 
 
 fe *“ 
 
 fe 
 
 03 r— 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe ‘— 
 
 fe ^ 
 
 fe fJ- 
 
 co co 
 
 fe '— 
 
 S- 0 
 
 CD 
 
 3 
 
 fe .— 
 
 ^ r— 
 
 fe 
 
 V r— 
 
 ^ 0 
 
 fe CO 
 
 fe <— 
 
 
 fe Z 
 
 V 
 
 
 CO -r- 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 r— 
 
 
 co 
 
 <M 
 
 CO 
 
 
 <M 
 
 
 CO 
 
 f— 
 
 c\) 
 
 c^l 
 
 
 O 
 
 \ 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 < • .IT) 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 L- 
 
 CD 
 
 fe O 
 
 CO CD 
 
 fe VO 
 
 00 CO 
 
 03 • 
 
 CO r— 
 
 fe CVJ 
 
 CO CO 
 
 fe 0 
 
 co 
 
 03 CO 
 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 fe 1 — 
 
 
 00 
 
 C\J 
 
 O 
 
 v * 3 - 
 
 fe CO 
 
 
 fe V 
 
 V VO 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CL 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UO 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 CL 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 Q- 
 
 
 CL 
 
 
 
 
 s- 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 >> 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 S- 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 4-4 
 
 03 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 Q 
 
 e 
 
 O 
 
 
 .—^ 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 O 
 
 4-4 
 
 -r- 
 
 CL 
 
 JO 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 
 4-J 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 to 
 
 s- 
 
 E 
 
 03 
 
 
 S- 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 >> 
 
 0 
 
 O 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 CD 
 
 4-J 
 
 i- 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 OO 
 
 0 : 
 
 O 
 
 •r— 
 
 4-> 
 
 4-> 
 
 S- 
 
 CD 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 4-4 
 
 
 r— 
 
 C 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 CL 
 
 
 O 
 
 03 
 
 s- 
 
 3 
 
 s- 
 
 CD CL 
 
 CD 
 
 3 
 
 CL 
 
 03 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 CD 
 
 C 
 
 CD 
 
 E CL 
 
 E 
 
 
 (D 
 
 3: 
 
 
 C “O 
 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 03 <C 
 
 4-4 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 03 r— 
 
 
 03 •— 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 S- 
 
 03 
 
 
 s- 
 
 O 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 CL CD 
 
 4-4 
 
 CD =**= 
 
 •r— 
 
 3 
 
 CD 
 
 12 
 
 C 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 S- ^ 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 E *r— 
 
 (J —‘ 
 
 S- 
 
 c 
 
 
 4-4 ^ 
 
 
 >, CD 
 
 Cl 
 
 JO 
 
 CD 4-> 
 
 ^0 
 
 S- 
 
 O Ll. 
 
 3 4-4 
 
 3 4-> 
 
 03 "— 
 
 x: 
 
 03 4-> 
 
 O 4-4 
 
 +-> jz 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> C 
 
 S- 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 -O c 
 
 CO c 
 
 > 4-4 
 
 CD 
 
 3 C 
 
 03 (J 
 
 •r- 3 
 
 Q 
 
 C 
 
 03 03 
 
 Z3 
 
 2 
 
 r— 
 
 CD 03 
 
 03 
 
 r- C 
 
 3 
 
 03 
 
 O *r- 
 
 r— 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 3 r— 
 
 JO 4-> 
 
 03 
 
 S- r— 
 
 3 r- 
 
 >>•— 
 
 >> 03 
 
 O 
 
 >>«— 
 
 •r- S- 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 S- 
 
 _c 
 
 CL 
 
 3 C 
 
 f— 
 
 CD CD 
 
 CT CL 
 
 4-4 Q_ 
 
 to 1 — 
 
 S- 
 
 4-4 Q_ 
 
 S- 4-4 
 
 4-> E 
 
 (D 
 
 QC 
 
 03 
 
 LD 03 
 
 CD 
 
 4-4 3 
 
 <=t 
 
 •r— 
 
 C CL 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 CD to 
 
 ZD ra 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 r— 
 
 Q 
 
 05 
 
 03 
 
 O O 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 3 C 
 
 E *r- 
 
 
 03 
 
 4- 
 
 .a .— 
 
 C Q- 
 
 
 2 C 
 
 C -r- 
 
 n— 
 
 CD CD 
 
 
 O O 
 
 C Q 
 
 
 12 
 
 O 
 
 CL 03 
 
 O 
 
 «v 
 
 CD 
 
 O r— 
 
 CD r- 
 
 CL C 
 
 03 
 
 O 4-> 
 
 1 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 r- “O 
 
 4-> C 
 
 4-> 
 
 C .— 
 
 4-> S- 
 
 S- CD 
 
 •r— 
 
 s- 
 
 s- 
 
 03 1 — 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 CD to 
 
 CD O 
 
 C 
 
 03 O 
 
 CD 03 
 
 O JO 
 
 C S 
 
 3 
 
 X 0 
 
 •r— f— 
 
 03 
 
 r— 
 
 CD 
 
 “O CD 
 
 C 4-4 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 C O 
 
 E CD 
 
 S- 
 
 JO 
 
 03 —I 
 
 C CD 
 
 r— 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 03 S- 
 
 •r- C 
 
 E 
 
 to c 
 
 •r— 03 
 
 •1 — 4-4 
 
 CD CO 
 
 to 
 
 <4- 
 
 *r- ^ 
 
 cl 
 
 4— 
 
 r— 
 
 r— S- 
 
 E 03 
 
 >> 
 
 CD 03 
 
 -C .— 
 
 4-4 C 
 
 4-4 >> 
 
 03 
 
 S- 2 
 
 CD CD 
 
 
 4- 
 
 1 — 
 
 •r- O 
 
 f— 4-> 
 
 03 
 
 4-> r— 
 
 to CD 
 
 r— O 
 
 tO 03 
 
 $- 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 S- CL 
 
 
 13 
 
 •r— 
 
 -C 1— 
 
 •r- O0 
 
 p— 
 
 S-1 
 
 03 O 
 
 03 21 
 
 cd m 
 
 4-4 
 
 03 Z 
 
 *r- O 
 
 
 CO 
 
 > 
 
 CL- 
 
 2--- 
 
 O 
 
 c — 
 
 3: ^ 
 
 CO- 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 to 
 
 LX.- 
 
 > zc 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 ; 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 1 — 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LD 
 
 to 
 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 '- 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 •— 
 
 r— 
 
 •— 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 
 
 f— 
 
 r— 
 
 1-6 
 
to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u c 
 
 r- fO C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 *r— CD O ■— 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 4-> S- JD \ 
 
 cm o 
 
 CM CO 
 
 Co 
 
 DJi CO 
 
 ns cn 
 
 Cx O 
 
 ^ o 
 
 xj (JD 
 
 (Xl CXI 
 
 CM CO 
 
 r— 
 
 O 03 O £- CD 
 Z r— 03 DL 
 
 o •— o 
 
 > 03 
 
 4-> 
 
 O 
 
 h- 
 
 cu 
 
 C 1 “O 
 o 03 •*- r— 
 D i- 
 
 S- 4-> O CD 
 
 cnJ r— 
 
 Co r— 
 
 0> LO 
 
 CM CXI 
 
 x O 
 
 XJ CXI 
 
 to 
 
 r-i O 
 
 cs o 
 
 r~< O 
 
 XJ 
 
 Xti CO 
 
 Pli Ll. 
 
 CM Li_ 
 
 Px^ Ll_ 
 
 pi Lt- 
 
 Et, Ll. 
 
 pi Li- 
 
 Ptj Li- 
 
 Pt^ Ll. 
 
 Plj Li_ 
 
 Pi-4 Ll. 
 
 03 O) <— 3- 
 
 uh-r 
 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 V Z 
 
 £S 2 
 
 ^ z 
 
 E=; 3 
 
 fe 3 
 
 6: 3 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 1 i- CD r— 
 
 CO ^3- 
 
 NS 
 
 CM CXI 
 
 
 c-o 
 
 
 CXI 
 
 
 
 
 
 CXI O C \ 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 1— 03 CD 
 
 <cs o 
 
 C5 O 
 
 O 
 
 fe Li. 
 
 Cs Ll- 
 
 Ct, Li- 
 
 fe ° 
 
 fe, o 
 
 Cl, U. 
 
 P^ Ll_ 
 
 Pt4 Ll. 
 
 1 — _C -d p. 
 
 V V 
 
 V V 
 
 V V 
 
 ^ z 
 
 V z 
 
 ^ z 
 
 v 
 
 ^ v 
 
 E- 3 
 
 ^ z 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 O 4-3 
 •r- CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 O E •— 
 E £- x^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 O O CD 
 
 ptj Li- 
 
 pi Li_ 
 
 Et, co 
 
 Pl< Li_ 
 
 Pt-i Li_ 
 
 Ct, CO 
 
 ■— 
 
 Cl, Ll. 
 
 Ptj Ll. 
 
 Plj Ll. 
 
 Ct, • 
 
 S- ^1 
 
 CQ 
 
 ^ z 
 
 ^ z 
 
 E? 
 
 ^ z 
 
 ^ z 
 
 E5 
 
 ^ V 
 
 E:; 3 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 E:- o 
 
 1 1 <D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O O C 
 
 E S- 03 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^3- 
 
 CO 
 
 O O -C X- 
 
 
 fe -I s - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IX 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 i- r— -t-> CD 
 
 fe ^ 
 
 fe LO 
 
 fe <NJ 
 
 00 
 
 
 fe °° 
 
 fe • 
 
 fe 1 — 
 
 fe ° 
 
 fe, o 
 
 .a -c <u a 
 •i- u E 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 Ej; CO 
 
 
 
 ^ 1— 
 
 
 Ei O 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 1 
 
 O CD 
 
 1 S- C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O O 03 •— 
 
 E •— -C \ 
 or <p cx 
 
 & LO 
 
 fe 00 
 
 fe CO 
 
 fe, 
 
 fe ° 
 
 fe ° 
 
 LO 
 
 Cl, OS 
 
 fe 0M 
 
 fe LO 
 
 fe ^ 
 
 S- CD CD ^ 
 CO -r- E 
 
 ^ »- 
 
 E:; cm 
 
 ^ IX 
 
 
 ^ f— 
 
 E?. CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 “O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 s- 
 
 o 
 
 <4— r— 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 cx 
 
 
 oo 
 
 OJ 
 
 CM OS 
 
 XJ 
 
 cm 
 
 O X 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 S- CD 
 
 xj CO 
 
 CS CM 
 
 fe '- 
 
 Rt, OS 
 
 C5 LO 
 
 fc, CO 
 
 ^ IX 
 
 C3 O 
 
 Os O 
 
 LO 
 
 CD LO 
 
 O d- 
 
 <XJ 
 
 IX 
 
 Ss 1— 
 
 fe: 
 
 V CO 
 
 ^ I— 
 
 1— 
 
 CO 
 
 V 
 
 V 1— 
 
 V 03 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i— 
 
 -C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CL 
 
 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 aj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 S- 
 
 
 
 
 >5 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JC 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 •1 — 
 
 CD 
 
 
 —- 
 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 Q 
 
 CD 
 
 
 a) 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 (/) 
 
 
 Cl 
 
 
 03 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 <c 
 
 u 
 
 
 <D 
 
 
 E 
 
 S~ 
 
 S- 
 
 
 JO 
 
 
 
 
 •1 — **—■* 
 
 
 •1— 
 
 4-3 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 S- 
 
 «— £Z 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 4-> 
 
 s 
 
 o re 
 
 o 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 CD 
 
 -Q O 
 
 
 •I— 
 
 CD 
 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 3 c 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 s 
 
 3 -r- 
 
 
 r— 
 
 E 
 
 S- 
 
 3 
 
 LT 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 Q_ 4—3 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 4-3 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 U i— 
 
 CD Q_ 
 
 
 E 
 
 oo 
 
 03 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 S- 
 
 4—> CD 
 
 ~o 
 
 “O 
 
 •r- O 
 
 E Q. 
 
 Q- 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 M— 4-> 
 
 -- 
 
 ZD 
 
 03 
 
 re a> 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 f— s- 
 
 re <c 
 
 
 S- 
 
 “O 
 
 o go 
 
 4—> 
 
 
 CL 
 
 3 V) 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 JD 03 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 c 
 
 
 c 
 
 r— 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 =3 CD 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 CL 
 
 03 
 
 • CD 
 
 to 03 
 
 03 
 
 Q 
 
 c: cd 
 
 to 
 
 S- 
 
 Cl 
 
 >> O) 
 
 
 a> 
 
 
 4-3 C= 
 
 _x: r— 
 
 CL 
 
 
 03 e 
 
 05 
 
 <D 
 
 
 4-> JZ 
 
 S- 
 
 Q 
 
 S- 
 
 Q_-r- 
 
 S- Q_ 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 o c 
 
 CD 
 
 4-3 ^ 
 
 tj- 4-3 
 
 •i- 3: 
 
 CD 
 
 
 <D ^ 
 
 CD CL 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 
 03 4-3 
 
 O 3 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 s~ 
 
 4-> 4-> 
 
 a E 
 
 S 
 
 •1— 
 
 4-3 
 
 S- 1— 
 
 
 3 C 
 
 i— O 
 
 •r- a) 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 03 C 
 
 3 
 
 CD 
 
 c 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 4-3 
 
 03 
 
 CO -4—3 UO 
 
 4-> E 
 
 3 
 
 4-> 
 
 3 re 
 
 CD Cl- 
 
 CD -C 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 E ** 
 
 <C 03 
 
 -C £Z 
 
 e 
 
 S- sz 
 
 ZD 03 
 
 
 03 
 
 1- 
 
 r— 
 
 4-> (J 
 
 s: 
 
 
 03 03 
 
 re o. 
 
 CD 03 * 
 
 Z 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 CD Q- 
 
 i — to 
 
 03 O 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 •i— i— 
 
 4-> 
 
 C f— £Z 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 "O 
 
 •r- ~a 
 
 3 O 
 
 o 
 
 i — 
 
 CD O 
 
 — J Q. 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 oo-o 
 
 4-> 
 
 4-3 
 
 CD 
 
 03 C 
 
 > cz 
 
 -£Z 
 
 s- 
 
 i — 
 
 CD O 
 
 
 r— U 
 
 •r- 4-3 
 
 C 
 
 CD 
 
 C 
 
 Q O 
 
 C 03 
 
 03 03 
 
 o 
 
 •r— 
 
 to c 
 
 i/i >, 
 
 o c 
 
 </>>-, co 
 
 03 
 
 £Z 
 
 •r— 
 
 1 4-3 
 
 O 1— 
 
 4-3 4—> 
 
 JD 
 
 > 
 
 to 03 
 
 •r- O 
 
 CL CD 
 
 tO CD CD 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 i— 
 
 •i— to 
 
 to JZ 
 
 C 4—> 
 
 to 
 
 C 
 
 (D 4-> 
 
 JZ .— 
 
 O S- 
 
 ’1— SZ 1— 
 
 Ol. 
 
 4-3 
 
 CD 
 
 E <u 
 
 ZJ CD 
 
 03 03 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 c +-> 
 
 CL i— 
 
 s. s 
 
 E o s. 
 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 03 L- 
 
 O -r- 
 
 i— JZ 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 C 03 
 
 E re 
 
 4-> 03 
 
 E 4-3 03 
 
 
 3 
 
 JZ 
 
 •r- Q_ 
 
 03 zn 
 
 +-> o 
 
 3 
 
 
 CD JC 
 
 <u s: 
 
 CD —1 
 
 O LO JZ 
 
 
 □Z 
 
 3 
 
 2 -— 
 
 -- 
 
 < 
 
 O 
 
 co 
 
 t— o 
 
 s — 
 
 2 -— 
 
 O '— CD 
 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 (XJ 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 to 
 
 rx 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 
 (XJ 
 
 (XJ 
 
 CXI 
 
 CXI 
 
 (XJ 
 
 (XJ 
 
 (XJ 
 
 (XJ 
 
 (XJ 
 
 CXI 
 
 CO 
 
 1-7 
 
Non- 
 
 Bromo- Dibromo- 1,2- Carbon Volatile 
 
 dichloro- chloro- Bromo- Dichloro- Tetra- Total Organics 
 
 C 
 
 o » 
 
 _Q ' 
 
 S- DT 
 ro 
 CJ 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 cx 
 
 ~N CM 
 <M r~s 
 
 t-i Co 
 
 £ &, 
 fe 
 
 <u ,o 
 
 fe, Q) 
 "=C fe 
 
 fo r— 
 
 O* LO 
 
 cx rx 
 
 t-i co 
 
 03 Oi LO 
 
 Co CXJ 
 
 03 XT 
 
 Cx «3- 
 
 Oi 
 
 fe 00 
 
 co CO 
 
 <M i— 
 
 XI 1— 
 
 cx to 
 
 ^6 cxi 
 
 C\j r-H ,— 
 
 fe .— , 
 
 , fe ,— 
 
 Co r— 
 
 cx 
 
 <M r— 
 
 CO CXJ 
 
 <u 
 -a 
 
 •r— i 
 
 S- • 
 
 O cn 
 
 r— ^ 
 
 CD f— 
 C X 
 rc cn 
 
 xf 
 
 Pl, O 
 
 F/NF 
 
 0.4 
 
 pLj Ll 
 
 bo 
 
 03 Ll 
 
 fe fe Li¬ 
 
 LQ 
 
 xj- 
 
 P^ o 
 
 CM 
 
 03 Lx_ 
 
 Pl Ll 
 
 Pfe, Ll 
 
 Pl. Ll 
 
 SZ 
 
 v 
 
 fe V 
 
 ^ z 
 
 V 2Z 
 
 fe fe !Z 
 
 03 O 
 
 ^ V 
 
 V Z 
 
 ^ z: 
 
 ^ z 
 
 ^ z 
 
 <M CXI 
 V V 
 
 > 
 
 Pl, Ll 
 
 ^ z 
 
 §! 
 
 Pl, cxj 
 
 P«U| Li_ 
 ^ ^Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 !§! 
 
 £! 
 
 E 
 S- 
 O cn 
 H- 3. 
 
 & 1 
 fe : 
 
 \ 
 
 fe Li¬ 
 fe: z 
 
 fe 1 
 fe : 
 
 fe 1 
 fe : 
 
 fe fe Ll_ fe 
 
 fe fe z: fe 
 
 fe 1 
 
 fe : 
 
 fe! 
 
 fe 1 
 ^ : 
 
 fe 1 
 ^ ; 
 
 fe 1 
 
 S5; ; 
 
 CD 
 
 C 
 
 03 r— 
 
 4-> cn 
 CD 
 
 fe ^ 
 
 I 
 
 Pl Xl* 
 
 fe ' 
 ^ ; 
 
 Pl. CXI 
 ^ V 
 
 C'O Pl. Ll 
 ^ Z 
 
 fe 00 
 
 Pl, CXJ 
 ^ V 
 
 Pt. CXJ Pt. CXJ 
 
 ^ V 555 
 
 f-*fej Xf 
 
 CD 
 C 
 03 i 
 
 •4-> cn 
 CD PI 
 
 
 Pt. CO 
 
 ^ r- 
 
 V 
 
 pl o 
 
 ^ r- 
 
 LD 
 
 fe ; 
 
 o 
 
 qo co 
 
 Pl CO M Q O Pt. CT» 
 
 ^ * i v ^ 
 
 Pl. vo Pl. co x Pti O'* 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 o 
 
 L- cn 
 
 O n. 
 
 Xji 
 
 03 
 
 \ 
 
 CO 
 
 <M 
 
 <M 
 
 '"i 
 
 r-i LO 
 
 <M 
 
 
 03 
 
 <M 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • Xj- 
 
 03 LD 
 
 03 LO 
 
 03 Xj- 
 
 03 r— 
 
 03 03 O 
 
 0> CXJ 
 
 fe -— 
 
 03 LO 
 
 03 XT 
 
 xf 
 
 V i— 
 
 V 
 
 CO 
 
 ' 1 
 
 V 1— 
 
 fe r- 
 
 
 V 
 
 fe 00 
 
 ^ r— 
 
 £ 
 
 o 
 
 r-s 
 
 
 
 
 ^ r— 
 
 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 Sh 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CD Q_ 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 •r— 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 
 _Q 
 
 
 • 
 
 fe 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 4-3 
 
 4-> 
 
 3 
 
 
 s- ^ 
 
 n3 
 
 
 -O 4-> 
 
 r— 
 
 >3 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 rO 
 
 ro 
 
 S 
 
 
 CD 4-> 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 C r— 
 
 Cl 
 
 c 
 
 
 S- 
 
 CJ 
 
 U 
 
 « 
 
 
 4-3 C 
 
 
 
 ro •»— 
 
 Cl 
 
 ro 
 
 4-3 
 
 rO 
 
 •r— 
 
 •r— 
 
 !s 
 
 >> 
 
 rO ro 
 
 ,_ 
 
 
 Ll. 
 
 3 
 
 Q_ 
 
 c 
 
 Q. 
 
 C4- 
 
 *4- 
 
 <31 
 
 4-> 
 
 3 r- 
 
 CD Cl 
 
 CO 
 
 L- 
 
 CO 
 
 E 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 •r— 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 CL 
 
 E Cl 
 
 
 CD S- 
 
 
 O 
 
 E 
 
 Q 
 
 S- 
 
 s- fe. 
 
 S- 
 
 M- 
 
 03 <C 
 
 S- 
 
 4-> CD 
 
 s- 
 
 o 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O C 
 
 
 O 
 
 ro 
 
 CD 
 
 -- 
 
 s- 
 
 S- 
 
 Q- 
 
 CL 
 
 
 -C 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 3 ro 
 
 4-> 
 
 L- 4-3 
 
 rO 
 
 CD ^ 
 
 
 
 -p 
 
 4-> 
 
 C *r- 
 
 >> CD 
 
 
 3 
 
 ro 
 
 CD C 
 
 Q. 
 
 4-> 4-> 
 
 S- 
 
 S- 
 
 £ 
 
 3 
 
 O 4-3 
 
 4-> -£Z 
 
 S- 
 
 d- 
 
 3 
 
 4-> rO 
 
 CD 
 
 rO £Z 
 
 CD 
 
 <D 
 
 
 c 
 
 •r- ro 
 
 •r- 3 
 
 CD 
 
 O -»-> 
 
 
 rO •— 
 
 O 
 
 3 ro 
 
 4-> 
 
 4-> 
 
 i 
 
 
 CO S- 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 o 
 
 U 
 
 S CL 
 
 
 i— 
 
 ro 
 
 rO 
 
 0) 
 
 s- 
 
 •r- 4-> 
 
 •f- CD 
 
 rO 
 
 • *r— 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 L- 
 
 O Q. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 <D 
 
 > r— 
 
 +j E 
 
 3 
 
 4-> L- 
 
 i— 
 
 LO S- 
 
 CD 
 
 S- 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 4-3 
 
 •r- 'r - 
 
 ZD rO 
 
 
 d -*-> 
 
 JD 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 4-3 -X. 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 Tfei 
 
 rO 
 
 Q Ll 
 
 
 •r- 
 
 CD 03 
 
 3 
 
 f— > 
 
 rO 
 
 CD S- 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 Cl. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 Q -r- 
 
 Q_ 
 
 O «r- 
 
 3 
 
 SI ro 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 -o C 
 
 4-> 
 
 rO 
 
 Q 
 
 
 CLCZ 
 
 
 CL 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 Sh 
 
 f— 
 
 C O 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 rO 
 
 cn 
 
 4-3 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 3 
 
 ro *r— 
 
 rO 
 
 C 
 
 cn_c 
 
 o 
 
 C CD 
 
 c 
 
 •r- S- 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 
 
 5s 
 
 ro 
 
 i— to 
 
 
 •t— 
 
 ro +-> 
 
 +-> 
 
 rO 4-3 
 
 •r— 
 
 O CD 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 CL 
 
 CD •»“ 
 
 CL 
 
 o 
 
 CJ 3 
 
 c 
 
 •r— *p— 
 
 4-> 
 
 S- 4-3 
 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 > > 
 
 
 c 
 
 •r- O 
 
 •r~ 
 
 “O -C 
 
 •r— 
 
 4-3 ro 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 CD *r- 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 SZ CO 
 
 r— 
 
 c 3 
 
 
 CD 3 
 
 4-> 
 
 4-> 
 
 xij 
 
 4-3 
 
 r— Q 
 
 
 o 
 
 C_3 -- 
 
 o 
 
 t —i ' 
 
 
 -- 
 
 s: 
 
 s: 
 
 
 LD 
 
 -- 
 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 # 
 
 rO 
 
 JO 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 CXJ 
 
 CO 
 
 x*- 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 rx 
 
 IX 
 
 
 CO 
 
 cr. 
 
 
 ro 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 1-8 
 
 40. City of Columbus 0.1 NF NF 
 
 (Dublin Road Plant) 134 8 <0.4 
 
Non- 
 
 Bromo- Dibromo- 1,2- Carbon Volatile 
 
 dichloro- chloro- Bromo- Dichloro- Tetra- Total Organics 
 
 Utility Name Chloroform methane methane form ethane chloride Carbon 
 
 
 co cr> Qb c\j cm i— mi 
 
 Qb O O Co \JiOO C\]i— 
 
 tO CO Mi C\J 
 Mi CO to CO 
 
 LO 
 
 CO r- 
 
 co to 
 to CO 
 
 to LO 
 
 CO o 
 
 • • 
 
 CO o 
 
 V V 
 
 Co 00 
 CO CM 
 
 Px^ CSJ 
 ^ V 
 
 &!' 
 
 Px^, Ll. 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 Is! 
 
 Is 
 
 
 Px^ Li- Px^ CM 
 
 ^ Z ^ V 
 
 or 
 
 3. 
 
 P*h O 
 v 
 
 
 CM 
 
 fc, o 
 
 fe; V 
 
 
 CM 
 
 O 
 
 v 
 
 CM 
 
 • CM 
 
 Pc^| O Pt^ Pt< Li- Pi^Ljl. 
 
 ^ v ^ o ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Is 
 
 sr 
 
 li 
 
 li 
 
 
 Is 
 
 & 
 
 fe: 
 
 fe r- 
 
 ^ V 
 
 fe 
 
 £; 
 
 13 ; co 
 
 fe 
 
 E:; co 
 
 
 
 I! 
 
 fei 
 
 fe; co 
 
 fe r- 
 
 £; v 
 
 fe 
 
 E; co 
 
 fi. O 
 
 6; v 
 
 E5 00 
 
 
 El, 
 
 E; CM 
 
 fei 
 
 E; cm 
 
 cn 
 
 a 
 
 fe: oo 
 
 fe; I— 
 
 ft, CO 
 
 fe; r- 
 
 & 
 
 ^ Lf) 
 
 El, Ec, Et, CM El, CX> El, ON 
 
 E? E; lE E; co E; co 
 
 <M 
 
 co 
 
 cn El, 
 
 3- Es CO 
 
 ci 
 
 V LO 
 
 El, CO 
 
 fe; ■- 
 
 fe ° 
 
 E; CO 
 
 ci 
 
 v cr> 
 
 El, LO 
 15 ; CM 
 
 ^3" 
 
 El, CO 
 
 El, O 
 
 CM 
 . 00 
 C 5 CM 
 
 *3- 
 
 fe ‘ 
 
 E3; O 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 03 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 S- 
 
 i— 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 4-^ 
 
 Q_ 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 _Q 
 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 C 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 >) 
 
 4-> 
 
 i— 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 t- 
 
 03 
 
 CL 
 
 
 Q. 
 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 CL 
 
 
 CL 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 to *i— 
 
 c 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 • r— 
 
 ^ M- 
 
 
 
 cn 
 
 
 C 
 
 *r- 
 
 SZ 
 
 to 
 
 
 >> 
 
 03 O 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 
 s- 
 
 
 CO *r- 
 
 3 =3 
 
 -C 
 
 s- 
 
 CD 
 
 CL 
 
 -C 
 
 Q_ 
 
 IS 
 
 o 
 
 4-) 
 
 CL 
 
 >^o 
 
 S- 
 
 
 IS ^ 
 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 CD 
 
 <D CD 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 IS 
 
 CO 
 
 f— CN 
 
 -»-> Z3 
 
 E 
 
 S- c 
 
 
 
 «— c 
 
 03 C 
 
 03 
 
 CD 03 
 
 r— 
 
 s- 
 
 03 ^ 
 
 3: <D 
 
 -ZL 
 
 4-> r— 
 
 r— 
 
 CD 
 
 > O 
 
 > 
 
 
 03 Q_ 
 
 •r— 
 
 4-> 
 
 -M 
 
 CD C 
 
 4-> 
 
 IS 
 
 nr 
 
 03 
 
 CD CO 
 
 CD 
 
 C 
 
 03 
 
 
 IS 
 
 C 03 
 
 T3 
 
 03 
 
 C 3 
 
 c 
 
 
 •r- C 
 
 =J S~ 
 
 1— 
 
 O 03 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 C Z3 
 
 03 03 
 
 Q- 
 
 -t-> 4-> 
 
 •i— 
 
 13 
 
 O O 
 
 3 3 
 
 **»—* 
 
 >>+-> 
 
 -o 
 
 cr 
 
 >- 
 
 r— O 
 
 
 03 O 
 
 c 
 
 •r- 
 
 03 
 
 •1- nz 
 
 
 -- 
 
 H-H 
 
 Q- 
 
 s: 
 
 z —- 
 
 
 # 
 
 # 
 
 # 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 r— 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 
 •3" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 oo c 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 -1Z 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 *r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 O to 
 
 O 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 3 *r~ 
 
 IS 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 S- D 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 CD O 
 
 s- 
 
 to 
 
 
 >3 
 
 4-> _J 
 
 CD 
 
 >> 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 03 
 
 4-> 
 
 c n 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 3 - 
 
 03 
 
 
 CD 
 
 r— 
 
 03 
 
 IS 
 
 4-3 
 
 3 
 
 •r— 
 
 -C E 
 
 
 s- 
 
 CT 
 
 +-> 
 
 to ZJ 
 
 i— 
 
 o 
 
 S- 
 
 ID 
 
 •r- O 
 
 03 
 
 CL 
 
 CD 
 
 
 S- □= 
 
 CL 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 
 
 03 
 
 •r— 
 
 c 
 
 cr 
 
 CD 
 
 Q_ * 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 4-> 
 
 r— 
 
 •r— 
 
 CD 
 
 _Q 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 r— 
 
 
 C 
 
 3 
 
 _1 
 
 c 
 
 
 C 4-> 
 
 ZI 
 
 
 
 -C 
 
 O O 
 
 
 H- 
 
 4- 
 
 to 
 
 JD •«— 
 
 C 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 <D S- 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 S- 4-> 
 
 ID 
 
 C 
 
 >> 
 
 JZ 
 
 C- CO 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 4-> 
 
 to 
 
 CD *r- 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 •r— 
 
 o 
 
 h- Q 
 
 O 
 
 h- 
 
 O 
 
 to 
 
 i^ 
 
 co 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 1-9 
 
 51. Oklahoma City Water Department NF NF NF NF NF 
 
 (Hefner Plant) 44 28 20 6 <0.4 
 
Non- 
 
 Bromo- Dibromo- 1,2- Carbon Volatile 
 
 dichloro- chloro- Bromo- Dichloro- Tetra- Total Organics 
 
 Utility Name Chloroform methane methane form ethane chloride Carbon 
 
 (Plant Name When Applicable) _ yg/1 _ yg/1 _ yg/1 _ yg/1 _ yg/1 _ yg/1 _ yg/1 _ 
 
 ex i— cr* 10 in ^ co too 
 
 'sjiro to c\i \ji c\j to co 
 
 CQ <3- ^J1 C\l 
 
 Co tO C\J 
 
 to CD 'sji cr> CD 
 
 CO to i— to CsJ 
 
 Ml <d- 
 
 ^ I— 
 
 
 fe 1 
 
 
 
 
 Pt, Li¬ 
 fe; z 
 
 fcj U “ 
 
 - co 
 
 fe; cm 
 
 S; : 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fe' 
 
 *d- 
 
 Pt, O 
 
 § V 
 
 £ 
 
 <mco to 
 
 • Pc U- • • 
 
 0)0 ^ Z 0)0 
 
 fe 
 
 Pt, CM 
 
 ^ cn 
 
 fe 
 
 E; CO 
 
 fe 
 
 Li_ 
 
 fe; 
 
 fe 
 
 LT> 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 fed *" 
 fe; v 
 
 Pt, 00 
 S v 
 
 o 
 
 Pt, O C\J Pt, Li¬ 
 fe; .— P5; V fe; CO E; ET 
 
 LO 
 
 Pt, Lu Pt, Pt, O Pi^ Oa 
 
 fe; Z fe *a- fe v fe >— 
 
 fe fe 
 
 fe Cvl fe CM 
 
 fe 
 
 fe co 
 
 fe 
 
 fe *a- 
 
 Pt^ r~- 
 fe CO 
 
 fe 
 
 fe *a- 
 
 Oa 
 Pt, • 
 fe O 
 
 fe 
 
 fe 
 
 Pt, cr> 
 fe <— 
 
 00 
 
 Pt, fe 00 Pt, 1— 
 
 fe OO V CO fe CM 
 
 Pt, 
 
 fe 00 
 
 Pt, co 
 fe r- 
 
 fe 
 
 fe lo 
 
 . OsJ 
 
 Pt, OsJ C3 CO P^ • 
 
 ^ ,— v 1 — ^ o 
 
 OO 
 . CD 
 Q> • 
 
 V O 
 
 fe 
 
 CNl 
 
 Ca co 
 
 V <=a- 
 
 sa> 
 
 . CO 
 Q> CO 
 
 sj, 
 
 • 00 
 
 cs co 
 
 fe ^a - 
 
 fe CM 
 
 Pt, LT> 
 fe LO 
 
 fe 
 
 fe <a- 
 
 -0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -»-> 
 
 
 s- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 X 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 d 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s- 
 
 CL 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 03 
 
 E 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 CL 
 
 O 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CL 
 
 X* r ” 
 
 CD 
 
 CJ 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s- 
 
 X 
 
 CL 
 
 d S- 
 
 O 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 CO 
 
 s- 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 03 3 
 
 
 S- 
 
 4-3 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 OO 
 
 CL O 
 
 S- 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 •r— 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 CL 
 
 
 E co 
 
 CD 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 S- 
 
 O co 
 
 4-> 
 
 03 
 
 CJ 
 
 •1— 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 — \ 
 
 c n 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 CJ -r- 
 
 03 
 
 
 •r* 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 O 
 
 -*-> 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 •r— 
 
 >> 
 
 S- 
 
 V<!) 
 
 S- Q) 
 
 03 
 
 
 03 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 JO 
 
 4-3 ^ 
 
 4-> 
 
 0 
 
 Cc 
 
 0 ^ 
 
 
 S- 
 
 
 -M ^ 
 
 • 
 
 4-3 
 
 3 
 
 ZD 4-> 
 
 •r— 
 
 2: 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 •r- 3 
 
 O 
 
 d 4-3 
 
 Q_ 
 
 d 
 
 O 
 
 S- 
 
 
 s- ^ 
 
 03 
 
 4-> 
 
 O ^ 
 
 1— 03 
 
 
 3 d 
 
 
 S- 03 
 
 
 CD 
 
 co 
 
 CD § 
 
 
 03 
 
 •r- +J 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 
 O 03 
 
 CD 
 
 CD r— 
 
 O 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 4-> CO 
 
 O 
 
 
 r— d 
 
 4-3 “O 
 
 x 
 
 O r— 
 
 1 — «"— 
 
 4-3 CL. 
 
 •r— 
 
 03 
 
 to 
 
 03 
 
 t—• 
 
 
 JD 03 
 
 ZD S- 
 
 4-3 
 
 Q_ 
 
 •— OsJ 
 
 03 
 
 c 
 
 
 IX 
 
 3 tQ 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 3 r— 
 
 03 
 
 •1— 
 
 CO 
 
 •r- =**= 
 
 3 C 
 
 0 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 03 
 
 S- 
 
 Q_ Q_ 
 
 •r- 4- 
 
 CJ 
 
 • 1 — r- 
 
 > 
 
 03 
 
 +-> 
 
 03 
 
 X 
 
 03 \ 
 
 TD 
 
 O 
 
 
 S- -r- 
 
 
 3 03 
 
 CO 4-3 
 
 00 E 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 £ tx 
 
 C 
 
 CL 
 
 03 Jd 
 
 3 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 O S- 
 
 d d 
 
 03 -d 
 
 <c 
 
 E \ 
 
 E X 
 
 •r— 
 
 c 
 
 4-3 
 
 O 
 
 03 
 
 _l 4-> 
 
 ^ 03 
 
 r— O 
 
 
 Z3 
 
 oa 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 S- 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 3 
 
 CO CD 
 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 O r— 
 
 .— 03 
 
 c: 
 
 -LJ 
 
 
 4-> v — 
 
 03 
 
 > 
 
 CL O 
 
 LO CL 
 
 d 
 
 • CD 
 
 C- Q_ 
 
 03 CO 
 
 03 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 r— 
 
 03 
 
 O CO 
 
 •r- 03 
 
 03 
 
 4-> O 
 
 CQ- 
 
 -- 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 
 O 
 
 CJ) 
 
 Q 
 
 h- ^ 
 
 21 CJ 
 
 
 00 — 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 # 
 
 03 
 
 
 JD 
 
 # 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 OsJ 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 tD 
 
 r*^ 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 0 
 
 r— 
 
 LO 
 
 LT) 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 LD 
 
 CD 
 
 1-10 
 
 62. Lincoln Municipal Water Supply 
 
CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •p— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD c 
 f— fO c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CQ LO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 *f“ cn O r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <13 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C -4-> -O \ 
 
 <M CM 
 
 03 r-* 
 
 co co 
 
 C\] CM 
 
 co cr» 
 
 • • 
 
 CD O 
 
 is- tr 
 
 Mi O'* 
 
 Mi 03 
 
 c\a co 
 
 05 co 
 
 O n3 O S- cr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <D O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 r— IO 3. 
 
 O* LO 
 
 CC] f— 
 
 r-t 1 — 
 
 O 3 CM 
 
 i~i 0 
 
 V V 
 
 ^ 1 - 
 
 fo CM 
 
 t'O r— 
 
 Mi CM 
 
 ^ 1 — 
 
 csa cm 
 
 O r— O 
 > 03 
 
 
 
 
 T-4 1 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 1 “U 
 
 O 03 -i— 1 — 
 
 -Q S- S- \ 
 s- 4 J o cn 
 
 
 ft, U- 
 
 Pt^ Ll_ 
 
 Et, Ll- 
 
 Pcj Ll. 
 
 Ct, Li- 
 
 ft, Ll- 
 
 Ct, U- 
 
 PL) Ll. 
 
 Et, Ll- 
 
 Et, Ll. 
 
 Pc^ Ll. 
 
 (13 0)1— 3- 
 O l— -C 
 
 ft; z 
 
 H 
 
 Ei Z 
 
 =D 3 
 
 fe: z 
 
 5; 3 
 
 
 
 % 3 
 
 E; 3 
 
 ^ z 
 
 ed 3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 1 S- 0) I- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CM O C \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ♦'r- (U cn 
 
 Et, Ll_ 
 
 Pli Ll. 
 
 Et, U. 
 
 ft, Ll- 
 
 Q3 Ll. 
 
 ft, Ll- 
 
 fe 
 
 Plj Ll. 
 
 Pl, Ll. 
 
 PL( Ll. 
 
 Et, Ll. 
 
 Pl, Ll 
 
 r— -C -C 
 
 ^ z 
 
 ED 2= 
 
 S; Z 
 
 % 2= 
 
 v 2 : 
 
 ^ z 
 
 •D 3 
 
 fe; z 
 
 ed 3 
 
 D 3 
 
 Z 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 •r- <U 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 O E r— 
 E S- \ 
 O O cn 
 
 fe L)_ 
 
 ft, Ll- 
 
 
 
 ft, Ll- 
 
 fe 00 
 
 
 fe, 
 
 £*4 •— 
 
 Et, 
 
 Pli Ll. 
 
 Et, 
 
 S- 3 
 
 CQ 
 
 ^ z 
 
 ^ z 
 
 ^ z 
 
 Ed co 
 
 E: 3 
 
 ^ 1— 
 
 v 
 
 E:; cm 
 
 ED v 
 
 fe: 1 ^ 
 
 Ed 3 
 
 ED ro 
 
 1 1 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o o c 
 
 E S- (0 r— 
 o o n \ 
 
 S- i— +->03 
 
 Plj Ll 
 
 
 fe ^ 
 
 Et, 03 
 
 fe 
 
 & 
 
 
 PL. LO 
 
 Cn 
 
 Et, *D- 
 
 Et, 
 
 Et, 03 
 
 _Q .£= CD 3 
 
 T- U E 
 
 Q 
 
 % z 
 
 fe; 00 
 
 ED v 
 
 
 00 
 
 fe; CM 
 
 ^ 1 - 
 
 
 fe; co 
 
 fe: 00 
 
 15; cn 
 
 ^ P—“ 
 
 1 
 
 O CD 
 
 1 L- C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O O (O r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 E r— x: 
 
 
 
 
 co 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 or P C 
 
 Et, 
 
 Et, 0 
 
 Et, 
 
 fe '— 
 
 fe ^ 
 
 fe 0 
 
 fe LO 
 
 P 14 
 
 CD CO 
 
 Et, cn 
 
 Et, 
 
 ft, O 
 
 S- O CD 3. 
 00 -r- £ 
 
 5: 
 
 Eg; r- 
 
 ED cm 
 
 ^ •— 
 
 ^ r~ 
 
 ^ V 
 
 £; ^ 
 
 S; 
 
 V r— 
 
 ^ LO 
 
 5; LO • 
 
 5; ro 
 
 "O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 4- r— 
 
 
 csi 
 
 Cva 
 
 
 
 t~H CM 
 
 ca 
 
 CK1 
 
 
 
 
 
 o \ 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 cn 
 
 • 0 
 
 • • 
 
 • 
 
 . co 
 
 • i— 
 
 
 . CM 
 
 
 s- CT 
 
 £*4 
 
 <D td- 
 
 CD 
 
 & ° 
 
 C3 CM 
 
 ED O 
 
 Qi cn 
 
 Q> 
 
 03 OO 
 
 fe ■— 
 
 03 OO 
 
 ft, CM 
 
 O 3 
 
 Si 00 
 
 V r— 
 
 V CM 
 
 ED cn 
 
 V 
 
 V V 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 
 fe; co 
 
 V 
 
 5; LO 
 
 sz 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 4-> 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 CL 
 
 • r— 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CL 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 ,—^ 
 
 
 CL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 Q 
 
 03 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 4-J «4- 
 
 
 T3 
 
 4-> 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S- 
 
 •r— 
 
 CL*r- 
 
 • 
 
 C 
 
 CL 
 
 1— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S- 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CD r— 
 
 4-> 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 _Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CL) 
 
 2 
 
 •r— 
 
 Q 03 
 
 Q- 
 
 
 Q 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 2 
 
 CD 
 
 S- 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 S- 
 
 
 u 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 =3 
 
 S- 
 
 Q 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 •r— 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 • s- 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CX) 
 
 
 Q- 
 
 CL) •* 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 O) 
 
 r— 
 
 0 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 o3 
 
 
 4-> TD 
 
 
 03 
 
 •r— 
 
 <V CL 
 
 -X 
 
 
 2 
 
 4-) 
 
 4-> 
 
 o« 
 
 
 oS 
 
 03 S- 
 
 CD 
 
 3 
 
 4-) 
 
 E Q- 
 
 4-> 03 
 
 
 S- 
 
 c: 
 
 S- 
 
 
 S- 
 
 
 3 0 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 (0 <C 
 
 C O 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 L. 
 
 CD 
 
 >5 (13 
 
 U 
 
 03 
 
 4- 
 
 1 — 
 
 Z1 
 
 CD 
 
 
 4—> 
 
 E 
 
 CL 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 r— *i— 
 
 >> c 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 • 1 — 
 
 c 
 
 E -c 
 
 T3 
 
 03 
 
 4-> 
 
 CD 
 
 4—> 
 
 03 
 
 CL C 
 
 4-> O 
 
 
 
 4— > 
 
 >, CD 
 
 4-> 4-> 
 
 S- 
 
 3 
 
 S- 
 
 0 
 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 CL L_ 
 
 c 0 
 
 LO 
 
 • 
 
 13 
 
 4~> JZ 
 
 S- S- 
 
 03 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 O 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 4—> 
 
 
 •r- 3 
 
 03 O 
 
 0 - 
 
 4_ ^ 
 
 CL 
 
 S- 
 
 
 X 
 
 00 H- 
 
 O * 
 
 1 - 
 
 CL 
 
 
 |- 
 
 Cl 2T 
 
 CO 4-> 
 
 0 +-> 
 
 ai 
 
 <u 
 
 C 
 
 • 1 — 
 
 • r— 
 
 O 4-> 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 4-> 
 
 •(- 0) 
 
 0) 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 Q 
 
 4-> 
 
 O 
 
 c ^ 
 
 4 - 
 
 C 
 
 a_ 
 
 Q 
 
 +-> c 
 
 +-> E 
 
 Q " 
 
 S- 03 
 
 “O 03 
 
 
 03 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 4-> 
 
 O 03 
 
 03 03 
 
 
 
 03 03 
 
 ID (13 
 
 CO 
 
 0) r— 
 
 L- r— 
 
 S- 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 c= 
 
 O 
 
 4-> r— 
 
 LO 
 
 to 
 
 3 1 — 
 
 ZT 
 
 S- ^ 
 
 4-> D_ 
 
 (13 Q_ 
 
 CD 
 
 
 =3 
 
 -C 03 
 
 4-> 
 
 CO Q_ 
 
 0 
 
 CD 
 
 Cl 
 
 
 CD S- 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 4-> 
 
 aj 
 
 1— r- 
 
 a. r— 
 
 C " 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 1 — 
 
 0 
 
 4-> 
 
 +J 0 
 
 3 s= 
 
 CO L- 
 
 03 
 
 
 =^D 
 
 a_ 
 
 CD 03 
 
 O C 
 
 
 CD 
 
 cn s- 
 
 c 
 
 (O Ll- 
 
 0 
 
 CD 
 
 3 
 
 03 
 
 M— 
 
 C»— 
 
 E C71 
 
 03 
 
 <+- 
 
 cn 
 
 CD (O 
 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 S- 4-> 
 
 0 c 
 
 
 —1 
 
 O 4-> 
 
 0 CD 
 
 ■m c 
 
 (O E 
 
 0 
 
 c: 
 
 •(- E 
 
 1 — 
 
 T3 
 
 dJ CO 
 
 r— TD 
 
 C 
 
 
 C 
 
 ■O 
 
 S- 
 
 L- r— 
 
 
 < 
 
 Q 03 
 
 CL 
 
 >0 c 
 
 > s- 
 
 _Q S- 
 
 O 
 
 4-> 
 
 >> (0 
 
 >1 ^ 
 
 03 >— 
 
 4-> r— 
 
 >, 
 
 
 S- 
 
 ^—«» 
 
 4-> 03 
 
 C 03 
 
 CD 03 
 
 i- 
 
 i— 
 
 4-> r— 
 
 4-> CD 
 
 Q- (13 
 
 C O 
 
 4-> 
 
 co 
 
 C -f- 
 
 
 •r- S*- 
 
 aj s; 
 
 =3 O 
 
 =3 
 
 03 
 
 •«- a. 
 
 •r- > 
 
 CD O 
 
 O CO 
 
 •t— 
 
 O 
 
 (O 2 : 
 
 
 O O 
 
 CD - 
 
 Q_ '- 
 
 n= 
 
 < S) 
 
 0 - 
 
 -- 
 
 CD O 
 
 O ' 
 
 O 
 
 —l 
 
 - - 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 co 
 
 
 00 
 
 cn 
 
 CD 
 
 _• 
 
 CM 
 
 co 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 co 
 
 co 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-11 
 
Non- 
 
 Bromo- Dibromo- 1,2- Carbon Volatile 
 
 dichloro- chloro- Bromo- Dichloro- Tetra- Total Organics 
 
 Utility Name Chloroform methane methane form ethane chloride Carbon 
 
 (Plant Name When Applicable) _ yg/1 _ pg/l ug/1 _ pg/1 _ pg/1 _ pg/1 _ pg/1 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CQ C\J 
 
 1*0 CO 
 
 03 CJ> 
 
 00 
 
 CQ CO 
 
 eg 
 
 to 1 — 
 
 05 C\J 
 
 i— 
 
 1 — 
 
 eg O 
 
 to CXI 
 
 eg o 
 
 i—i O 
 
 tx CO 
 
 <0 LO 
 Q> O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Qb O 
 V V 
 
 Px^ Ll 
 ^ Z 
 
 Ptj Ll 
 ^ Z 
 
 fe Li¬ 
 fe Z 
 
 Pt, Ll 
 
 ^ z 
 
 Pt., Ll. 
 
 ^ z 
 
 Pt^ Ll. 
 
 ^ z 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ptg Ll. 
 
 ^ z 
 
 (<, Ll 
 
 fe Li¬ 
 fe: z 
 
 fe l. 
 fe z 
 
 Pt, Ll. 
 
 ^ z 
 
 Pt_, Ll. 
 
 Pt-4 Li_ 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 to LO 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pfe, Ll. 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 NF 
 
 <0.8 
 
 Pt^ Ll. 
 
 ^ z 
 
 Pt^ Lu 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 Pt-, Ll. 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 Pt., Ll. 
 
 ^ Z 
 
 Pt, Ll 
 
 ^ z 
 
 NF 
 
 - 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ll 
 
 fe 
 
 fe ^ 
 
 Pt, Ll 
 
 ^ z 
 
 NF 
 
 <0.4 
 
 fe 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 fe Li¬ 
 fe Z 
 
 fe 
 
 fe Ln 
 
 NF 
 
 - 100 
 
 ft, LO 
 
 fe 
 
 Ol 
 
 fe * 
 fe o 
 
 oo 
 
 fe 
 
 fe O 
 
 fe 
 
 fe oo 
 
 CD co 
 
 fe 10 eg i— 
 
 fe oo 5; oo 
 
 
 fe r ~ 
 fe -=a- 
 
 CXI 
 
 Qb LO 
 
 fe ° 
 
 <X1 
 
 . C\J 
 
 C3 
 
 fe CO 
 
 0.1 
 
 67 
 
 0.9 
 
 311 
 
 V r— 
 
 fe 
 
 V 
 
 fe OJ 
 
 i— 
 
 
 i i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 CD 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 •i— 
 
 E 
 
 
 C ^ 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 a; +-> 
 
 
 
 4-J 
 
 
 S- 
 
 
 E c 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 
 4-> 03 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CL 
 
 
 S- r— 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 •i— 
 
 CD 
 
 
 ro D_ 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 4-> 
 
 Q 
 
 
 Q_ 
 
 c 
 
 
 S~ 
 
 •p— 
 
 
 
 CD 4-> 
 
 CD 
 
 
 03 
 
 r— 
 
 i- 
 
 
 Q C 
 
 E^ 
 
 
 Q_ 
 
 • r- 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> E 
 
 E 
 
 CD 
 
 +-> 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 S- E 
 
 S- CD 
 
 CD 
 
 Q 
 
 ID 
 
 03 
 
 
 CD 4-> 
 
 03 4-> 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4-> 03 
 
 Q_ CO 
 
 CO 
 
 S- 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 03 CD 
 
 CD >> 
 
 >> 
 
 CD 
 
 • r— 
 
 r— 
 
 
 2 S- 
 
 Q OO 
 
 OO 
 
 4-> 
 
 1 — 
 
 03 
 
 
 h- 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 r— -- 
 
 CL 
 
 
 O 
 
 S- • 
 
 s- 
 
 3 
 
 03 -M 
 
 •r— 
 
 LlI 
 
 CJ CO 
 
 CD 4-> 
 
 CD 
 
 
 > Z 
 
 CJ 
 
 O 
 
 CO 03 
 
 4-> CO 
 
 4-> 
 
 CO 
 
 S- 03 
 
 •r- 
 
 Z 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 03 *f— 
 
 03 
 
 c — 
 
 O i— 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 CJ s- 
 
 3 Q 
 
 3 
 
 r— 
 
 O CL 
 
 D 
 
 QC 
 
 C T3 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 03 C 
 
 CD t+— 
 
 CO 
 
 Ll 
 
 t+- S- 
 
 
 
 s- <x. 
 
 r— O 
 
 03 
 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 
 Ll 
 
 4-> 
 
 r— 
 
 O 
 
 r— 
 
 O 
 
 
 c 
 
 -M “O 
 
 CJ) 
 
 JZ 
 
 >> >5 
 
 03 
 
 
 C 03 
 
 03 C 
 
 D 
 
 03 
 
 4-> 03 
 
 
 
 03 OO 
 
 CD UJ 
 
 o 
 
 “O 
 
 •«"* 1— 
 
 
 
 OO —" 
 
 OO —' 
 
 Q 
 
 *—« 
 
 O '— 
 
 ►—« 
 
 
 LO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CJ) 
 
 o 
 
 r^. 
 
 r^. 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 1-12 
 
CO 
 
 cd 
 
 JO 
 
 re 
 
 
 to 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 •r— 
 
 +-> 
 
 rO 
 
 CD 
 
 •i—- - 
 
 oo 
 
 4- <c 
 
 LU 
 
 •r- O 
 
 i—i 
 
 4-> > 
 
 h- 
 
 £0- 
 
 i—i 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 3 CO 
 CT-r- 
 
 3 
 
 to 
 
 LU 
 
 ■a >, 
 
 1— 
 
 ' C r— 
 
 03 ro 
 
 Ll 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 to CT3 
 c 
 
 >- 
 
 o u 
 
 LU 
 
 •I— •!— 
 
 > 
 
 -M C 
 
 oc 
 
 rO ro 
 
 OD 
 
 a cn 
 
 OO 
 
 •r- i. 
 
 4— O 
 
 3 
 
 •r— 
 
 i—i 
 
 +-> <D 
 
 C r— 
 
 Q 
 
 a) -r- 
 
 LU 
 
 -O +-> 
 
 1— 
 
 •r- rC 
 
 CD 
 
 1— 
 
 LU 
 
 1— o 
 
 1— 
 
 r— > 
 
 LU 
 
 rO 
 
 Q 
 
 >> 
 * JO 
 
 OO 
 
 TO 
 
 Q 
 
 O) TO 
 
 3 
 
 +-> CD 
 
 =5 
 
 O £ 
 
 o 
 
 sz s_ 
 
 co- 
 
 o 
 
 si 
 
 CD 4- 
 
 o 
 
 to i- 
 
 co 
 
 CD 
 
 •r- CD 
 2 Cl 
 
 1—1 
 
 CD CD 
 
 
 JO i- 
 
 < 
 
 4-> CD 
 
 CD 
 
 Q£ 
 
 o £ 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 
 c 
 
 00 
 
 to 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 -M 
 
 re 
 
 i. 
 
 4-> 
 
 C 
 
 CD 
 
 co 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 co 
 
 CL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s- c 
 
 1— _J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Li- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S_ CO 
 
 cd 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 C <C 
 _j s: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 NYC 
 
 NY 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ZD OZ 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 •—i no 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 CO o 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO O 
 
 
 
 co 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h—1 
 
 T— 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 OO <c 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 CL CL 
 
 -a o 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 TO O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 • 
 
 h- <c 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 LD 
 
 O •— 1 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 -O 
 
 
 o 
 
 ' 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LU c 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 3 
 
 -O o 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1—< —I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 21 Ll 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO O 
 
 
 
 
 s- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - -- 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 co 
 
 I— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 >>""" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sz 
 
 JO CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 4-> 4J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LU 
 
 CD fO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V-X- 
 
 E -M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 »> CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 03 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 >T 
 
 •r— 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 >. 
 
 
 a 
 
 oo 
 
 SZ 
 
 C0 1— 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 jo 
 
 
 re 
 
 Q 
 
 CD 
 
 re >, 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 TO 
 
 sz 
 
 SZ 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 TO 
 
 CD 
 
 cd 
 
 ZD 
 
 r— 
 
 CO +J 
 
 CL 
 
 •r— 
 
 c 
 
 r— 
 
 zz 
 
 • r— 
 
 O 
 
 rO 
 
 •r- CD 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 CD 
 
 re 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 Cl 
 
 4-3 
 
 4-> s: 
 
 4-> 
 
 re 
 
 r— 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 21 
 
 CD 
 
 CD —- 
 
 CD 
 
 s- 
 
 =3 
 
 c 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 co 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 +-> 
 
 M 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 <c 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 c 
 
 <c 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 • 
 
 LD 
 
 tD 
 
 • 
 
 1"- 
 
 00* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 r\ 
 
 JO 
 
 
 
 
 rO 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 Cl 
 
 •t— 
 
 rO 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 jo 
 
 c 
 
 • to 
 
 3 
 
 S- 
 
 
 sz 
 
 re 
 
 r> 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 >- to 
 
 
 ro 
 
 
 to 
 
 5 
 
 re 
 
 
 ISI 
 
 • ra 
 
 ri 
 
 CL 
 
 • 
 
 re 
 
 o 
 
 •r— 
 
 •N 
 
 •i— 
 
 3 21 
 
 CO 
 
 
 H3 
 
 3 
 
 ►—< 
 
 sz 
 
 •1— 
 
 S- 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 CD 
 
 1— 
 
 
 
 CL-M <=C 
 
 #* 
 
 S- 
 
 C 
 
 U_ 
 
 r 
 
 ** 
 
 r— - 
 
 re 
 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 
 CD 
 
 re 
 
 CD 
 
 c 
 
 r\ 
 
 S- CO 
 
 Ll 
 
 o 
 
 rv 
 
 i— 
 
 2 
 
 TO 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 O C 
 
 
 JO 
 
 •r— 
 
 4-> 
 
 t 
 
 re 
 
 •1— 
 
 o 
 
 >- CD 
 
 TO 
 
 CD 
 
 E 
 
 -M 
 
 03 
 
 1— 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 S- 
 
 zz 
 
 S- 
 
 re 
 
 rO 
 
 •(-> 
 
 •r— 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 2 2 
 
 re 
 
 s- 
 
 •r~ 
 
 CD 
 
 +-> 
 
 sz 
 
 •r— 
 
 03 
 
 CD fO 
 
 s- 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CO O 
 
 CL 
 
 O 1— 
 
 3 —I 
 
 CO 1— 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ll 
 
 CL 
 
 c <C 
 
 1— 
 
 1—1 
 
 3 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 3 
 
 
 
 
 LU 
 
 h- 
 
 re 
 
 i—i 
 
 3 >- ■=£ 
 
 S- 
 
 S- 
 
 
 IS) 
 
 O CL 
 
 O 1— 
 
 3 _l 
 
 CD 
 
 1— 
 
 to 
 
 cd 
 
 +-> 
 
 •r— 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 s- 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 CD 
 
 -C 
 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 
 TO no 
 
 
 
 CD C 
 
 c 
 
 
 •C“ 
 
 CD 
 
 
 4 - C 
 
 cn 
 
 
 •i- O 
 
 o 
 
 
 +-> E 
 
 c 
 
 
 c E 
 
 re 
 
 
 re o 
 
 >3 
 
 
 03 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 cr 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 TO 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 £0 
 
 
 o --- 
 
 re 
 
 
 £0 
 
 CD 
 
 
 +->- 
 
 TO 
 
 +■3 
 
 03 
 
 •r- c 
 
 O _Q • •> 
 
 s- o 
 
 re 
 
 CO 
 
 O -r- 
 
 S- C -l-> 
 
 I— +-> 
 
 •PO u 
 
 JO o 
 
 X 
 
 > re 
 
 U re 
 
 CD 
 
 S- 
 
 S- 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 1 — +-> 
 
 E 
 
 E to 
 
 >, X 
 
 s- 
 
 1 JO 
 
 C CD 
 
 o 
 
 o < 
 
 • I— 
 
 4 - 
 
 o 
 
 > TO 
 
 O 
 
 LO 1 — 
 
 •I— 
 
 s- 
 
 re 
 
 C 03 
 
 o 
 
 >, CD 
 
 o cr 
 
 1 — 
 
 JO - 1 - 
 
 •I— * 1 — 
 
 JO 
 
 E 
 
 4 -> 1 — 
 
 co 
 
 TO CD 
 
 re 1 
 
 
 CD JO 
 
 C TO 
 
 £0 
 
 +-> CD 
 
 "1 — * 1 — 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 JO 03 
 
 JO 
 
 CD 
 
 E o- 
 
 S- 
 
 +-> • ■ 
 
 O -r- 
 
 re 
 
 CD CD 
 
 C 0 —I 
 
 CD 
 
 CO C- 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 4 -> 
 
 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 1 - 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 cz 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 re jQ CO TO 3 
 
 1-13 
 
Cl. 
 
 
 O 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 S- <C 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 1— —1 
 
 
 C\J CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 LD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 Li- 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eg CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 S- Q 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 o 2 : 
 
 
 CO 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 O 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 C C 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 _J 21 
 
 
 1— 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 <_> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 (_> 
 
 
 • CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 r-» 
 
 
 
 >- >- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 z z 
 
 
 p— r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "O 
 
 
 TO 
 
 O 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 TUC 
 
 AR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 C_> 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f— 
 
 
 O 
 
 1 — LD 
 
 
 
 *—• m 
 
 
 LT) . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 0 0 
 
 
 •O r— r— 
 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 TO 
 
 CM 
 
 TO O O 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 OO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 r-- 
 
 ►—< 
 
 
 • O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 r— 
 
 
 CM 
 
 m c 
 
 
 O • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 Q- Cl. 
 
 
 TO CM r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 LD 
 
 TO O TO 
 
 TO 
 
 TO O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t— <c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 O 1 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LT) 
 
 
 LD 
 
 
 
 
 LU eC 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 OO 3: 
 
 
 TO O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 CO 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 ou 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 <C 
 
 
 . LD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LD 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 CO 
 
 •—1 _j 
 
 
 CO • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 21 Li- 
 
 -a 
 
 
 -a 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 TO 
 
 
 TO r— TO 
 
 TO 
 
 TO LD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 * -' 
 
 
 
 
 - —v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >3 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 <0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SZ 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 
 cd 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 s- 
 
 
 
 
 1 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 >3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C_> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 05 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 
 cd 
 
 03 
 
 0 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 >3 
 
 
 c 
 
 sz 
 
 E 
 
 
 SZ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f— 
 
 
 
 S- 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 ra 
 
 4-> 
 
 0 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 CD 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 sz 
 
 CD 
 
 i- 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 TO 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 E 
 
 CQ 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 SZ 
 
 
 
 "-” 
 
 
 <u 
 
 O 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 s- 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 -C 
 
 
 M— 
 
 0 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 S- 
 
 
 CD 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 -M 
 
 
 r— 
 
 •P“ 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 aj 
 
 C 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 CD 
 
 
 =3 
 
 £- 
 
 CD 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 
 s_ 
 
 r— 
 
 c 
 
 03 
 
 sz 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 f— 
 
 >, 
 
 
 CO 
 
 1— 
 
 N 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 OO 
 
 0 
 
 -C 
 
 >> 
 
 JO 
 
 0 
 
 r— 
 
 
 c 
 
 f—— 
 
 O 
 
 X 
 
 
 •1— 
 
 V - " 
 
 C 
 
 D3 
 
 -C 
 
 Q 
 
 1 - 
 
 0 
 
 sz 
 
 4-> 
 
 • r- 
 
 0 
 
 
 0 
 
 03 
 
 +-> 
 
 O 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 CD 
 
 +-> 
 
 +-> 
 
 zz 
 
 sz 
 
 •l— 
 
 +-> 
 
 CD 
 
 s- 
 
 c 
 
 
 C 
 
 £0 
 
 r— 
 
 +J 
 
 s- 
 
 
 r— 
 
 -Q 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 =) 
 
 a 
 
 TO 
 
 <0 
 
 E 
 
 +g 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 >> 
 
 O 
 
 0 
 
 c 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 O 
 
 0 
 
 O 
 
 0 
 
 +-> 
 
 C 
 
 4-> 
 
 4J 
 
 +j 
 
 CO 
 
 sz 
 
 0 
 
 S- 
 
 S- 
 
 S- 
 
 £- 
 
 D_ 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 =3 
 
 CD 
 
 2 
 
 =3 
 
 03 
 
 1 
 
 CL 
 
 -Q 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 0 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 CQ 
 
 +-> 
 
 CQ 
 
 CQ 
 
 CQ 
 
 c 
 
 E 
 
 £- 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 
 
 O 
 
 S- 
 
 s_ 
 
 S- 
 
 s- 
 
 s_ 
 
 1 
 
 =3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 sz 
 
 sz 
 
 sz 
 
 -C 
 
 O 
 
 DO 
 
 CQ 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 ' 
 
 CQ 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 +-> 
 
 CM 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 C_) 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 cn 
 
 O 
 
 1 - 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 ■cj- 
 
 LT) 
 
 CO 
 
 l-'x 
 
 CO 
 
 cn 
 
 O 
 
 |- 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LD 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 r— 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 1-14 
 
Q_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 i- C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 (— _J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 Ll. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i- CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o zr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 CM 
 
 |- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 <C < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 _j s: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 co 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >- >- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r—— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 =3 CC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h- < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i—• m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 co o 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 O CO TO 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 JD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 JD 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 
 
 
 »—1 
 
 LO 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LO O 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 in <c 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 D. CL. 
 
 O 
 
 -o 
 
 o 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 O LO 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 1— <c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p— 
 
 
 
 
 <c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 LU d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 go s 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 co 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 o o 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 ■=£ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 • • 
 
 1- 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 t—1 _l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 LO CM 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Ll. 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 ' 
 
 TO 
 
 
 o 
 
 TO 
 
 r— CO 
 
 O 
 
 
 LO 
 
 r— TO 
 
 O TO 
 
 O TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 XI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s_ 
 
 CD 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cd 
 
 U 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 XI 
 
 03 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 C 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 O) 
 
 S- 
 
 xi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 „—^ 
 
 o 
 
 +J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 X3 
 
 
 03 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 <D 
 
 
 
 
 XI 
 
 1 
 
 CD 
 
 T— 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 >, 
 
 x: 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 CL 
 
 c 
 
 03 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 
 xi 
 
 o 
 
 i~ 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 XI 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 s_✓ 
 
 o 
 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 s- 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 E 
 
 r— 
 
 4-> 
 
 -(-> 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CL) 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 S- 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 >> 
 
 CD 
 
 xr 
 
 XD 
 
 XD 
 
 XD 
 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 -C 
 
 C 
 
 CL 
 
 3 
 
 r— 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 C- 
 
 +-> 
 
 XX 
 
 CL 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 
 S- 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 |- 
 
 XT 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 JC 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 C- 
 
 S- 
 
 S- 
 
 
 o 
 
 >, 
 
 1 
 
 xi 
 
 s~ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 -t-> 
 
 r— 
 
 XD 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 GO 
 
 r— 
 
 XI 
 
 CM 
 
 +-> 
 
 Cl 
 
 -4-> 
 
 
 03 
 
 co 
 
 CD 
 
 XT 
 
 1 
 
 >> 
 
 >> 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 
 
 o 
 
 XI 
 
 -(-> 
 
 V_^ 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 X 
 
 •f— 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 +-> 
 
 -*-> 
 
 +-> 
 
 XI 
 
 XI 
 
 x: 
 
 ■ZL 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 E 
 
 S- 
 
 s_ 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 ID 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 •r- 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 cn 
 
 XI 
 
 CD 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 •i— 
 
 X3 
 
 XD 
 
 •r— 
 
 •1— 
 
 •r— 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 s- 
 
 CQ 
 
 s_ 
 
 r— 
 
 1— 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 Q 
 
 Q_ 
 
 V_X 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 XI 
 
 XI 
 
 c 
 
 l- 
 
 CD 
 
 S- 
 
 s- 
 
 
 +J 
 
 C 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 s: 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CM 
 
 1— 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 CO 
 
 E 
 
 XO 
 
 XD 
 
 CD 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 
 o 
 
 •r— 
 
 XI 
 
 
 xi 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 >, 
 
 >> 
 
 >0 
 
 •r— 
 
 •1 - 
 
 r\ 
 
 •1— 
 
 •r- 
 
 r> 
 
 r\ 
 
 
 c_o 
 
 CQ 
 
 o 
 
 ' 
 
 co 
 
 CM 
 
 Ql 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 cd 
 
 CD 
 
 CM 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CO 
 
 or 
 
 O 
 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 CD 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 or 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 CM 
 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 ro 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 *3" 
 
 *3- 
 
 *rt- 
 
 1-15 
 
Tr P 
 LA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 G r F 
 ND 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TD 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 *3" 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LAW 
 
 MA 
 
 -a 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 <D 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 cd 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 
 NYC 
 
 NY 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cd 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ID CC 
 
 1— C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z: 
 
 •—i a: 
 
 o o 
 
 
 X 
 
 x 
 
 ■a 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 JD 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 X 
 
 t—i 
 
 «=C 
 
 Q. Q_ 
 
 
 -O 
 
 ■a o 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 
 XJ 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 LD 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 X 
 
 b— 
 
 1 — 
 
 O *—» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 JD 
 
 CM 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 CD 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 LlJ c 
 
 OO 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 JD 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 X 
 
 MIA 
 
 FL 
 
 x 
 
 *o 
 
 ■a o 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 LD 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 x 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 JD 
 
 CM 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 
 COMPOUNDS 
 
 1,1-Dichloroethane 
 
 1,2-Dichloroethane 
 
 1,1-Dichloroethene 
 (Vinylidene chloride) 
 
 cis 1,2-Dichloroethene 
 
 
 trans 1,2-Dichloroethene 
 
 
 Dichloroiodomethane 
 
 Dichloroethyne (Dichloroacetylene) 
 
 Dichlorofluoromethane 
 
 Dichloromethane 
 
 (Methylene chloride) 
 
 Diehloronitromethane 
 
 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid 
 (2,4-D) 
 
 Dieldrin 
 
 Diethyl ether (Ethyl ether) 
 
 Diethyl malonate 
 
 Diethyl phthalate 
 
 k 
 
 Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 
 
 Dimethyl ether (Methyl ether) 
 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 *3“ 
 
 LO 
 
 • 
 
 CD 
 
 ^1- 
 
 
 • 
 
 r>. 
 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 • 
 
 cn 
 
 ■sj- 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 • 
 
 LD 
 
 • 
 
 CM 
 
 LD 
 
 co 
 
 “ 
 
 LD 
 
 LD 
 
 LD 
 
 LD 
 
 ID 
 
 r^ 
 
 LD 
 
 CO 
 
 D 
 
 O'. 
 
 LD 
 
 1-16 
 
Q_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t— _l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 S- Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 co Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (J 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 *3- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c <c 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _i s: 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 o 
 
 
 •O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 >- >- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 z z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 -o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 cj 
 
 =z cr: 
 
 1— C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 •—i z: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 o o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "O 
 
 "O 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z: <c 
 
 Cl. Q_ 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 •o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VI 
 
 no 
 
 "d 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~o 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LU e£ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 3: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 LO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LD o 
 
 
 
 
 i—i _i 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 s: ll. 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 o 
 
 -a 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 
 "O 
 
 
 
 
 o o 
 
 ~o 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ra 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -M 
 
 V--* 
 
 
 
 
 * -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CU 
 
 
 
 
 
 cu 
 
 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 s- 
 
 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 t— 
 
 <D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 ai 
 
 
 cu 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +j 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a) 
 
 1- 
 
 CO 
 
 
 cu 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 #\ 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 CL) 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 >> 
 
 cu 
 
 
 •1— 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '-- 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 jz 
 
 •+-> <u 
 
 p— 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 O. 
 
 aj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 cu c 
 
 >1 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 
 a; 
 
 a; 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 a; 
 
 E 03 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 
 
 TZ 
 
 jz 
 
 03 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 •i- JZ 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 cu 
 
 +J 
 
 cu 
 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 i 
 
 CL 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 T3 -M 
 
 cu 
 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 cu 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 
 •r—* 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 a> 
 
 S- 
 
 CU 
 
 E 
 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 s: 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 | 
 
 -a 
 
 
 cl 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 " E 
 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 JZ 
 
 -- 
 
 S- 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1— 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 <D 
 
 C 
 
 CU 
 
 r- 
 
 CU >} 
 
 • r> 
 
 
 l- 
 
 -t-> 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 </> 
 
 >> 
 
 
 cu 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 c 
 
 03 
 
 Z3 
 
 JZ 
 
 ~o X 
 
 •U 
 
 cu 
 
 i 
 
 CU 
 
 cu 
 
 I— 
 
 
 
 •r — 
 
 JZ 
 
 r— 
 
 c 
 
 >, 
 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 r— 
 
 o 
 
 >•> O 
 
 - -- 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 JZ 
 
 cu 
 
 oo 
 
 -a 
 
 
 >> 
 
 03 
 
 Q. 
 
 
 N 
 
 Z3 
 
 o 
 
 •1— 
 
 JZ JZ 
 
 a cu 
 
 03 
 
 S- 
 
 s_ 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 Q 
 
 
 cu 
 
 +-> 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 
 CZ 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 
 CU -l-> 
 
 03 +-> 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 JZ 
 
 
 o 
 
 Z 
 
 >> 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 i- 
 
 O) 
 
 |- 
 
 r— 
 
 +-> 
 
 -o cu 
 
 03 
 
 CU 
 
 r— 
 
 1 — 
 
 +-> 
 
 1 - 
 
 s- 
 
 Z5 
 
 jz 
 
 
 o 
 
 • r— 
 
 Cl 
 
 o 
 
 JZ 
 
 >> 
 
 >> 
 
 o 
 
 r- E 
 
 cj E 
 
 T3 
 
 JZ 
 
 JZ 
 
 cu 
 
 >3 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 +-> 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 CZ 
 
 | 
 
 c 
 
 r— 
 
 JZ 
 
 JZ 
 
 S- 
 
 CO *r- 
 
 •r- L- 
 
 03 
 
 CJ 
 
 CJ 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 JZ 
 
 Q- 
 
 a> 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 
 03 
 
 >> 
 
 +-> 
 
 +J 
 
 o 
 
 E Q 
 
 E O 
 
 +-> 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 CL 
 
 s: 
 
 E 
 
 co 
 
 1 
 
 ^3" 
 
 | 
 
 -C 
 
 -C 
 
 LU 
 
 LU 
 
 Z3 
 
 S- — 
 
 S- 4- 
 
 CL 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 ■O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 r> 
 
 •r— 
 
 r» 
 
 •r— 
 
 +-> 
 
 +-> 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 1 — 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 CU 
 
 cu 
 
 cu 
 
 o 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 c_> 
 
 Q 
 
 CM 
 
 Q 
 
 
 Q 
 
 LU 
 
 LU 
 
 CM 
 
 CL 
 
 Lu 
 
 Lu 
 
 Lu 
 
 3Z 
 
 1 
 
 zz 
 
 z= 
 
 h—1 
 
 1—t 
 
 t—H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 O 
 
 ,- 
 
 CM 
 
 co 
 
 ^3" 
 
 LO 
 
 CO 
 
 1"- 
 
 CO 
 
 CT> 
 
 O 
 
 ,- 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r"- 
 
 r-'. 
 
 1-17 
 
CJ cj 
 
 CL. 
 
 ,— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E <C 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 — _i 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 X3 
 
 
 
 
 Ll. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E Q 
 
 
 ~a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 
 LAW 
 
 MA 
 
 
 
 ■o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 I""- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >- >- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z z 
 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 ZD CC 
 
 1 — c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z: 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •—i ZC 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ o 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■a 
 
 •a 
 
 -O 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 -o 
 
 -O 
 
 -o 
 
 
 ►—t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 zc c 
 
 Q_ D_ 
 
 
 
 "TO 
 
 -o 
 
 ■a 
 
 -o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -o 
 
 -o 
 
 X3 
 
 X3 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l— C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O i-h 
 
 
 
 
 "O 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 r ~~ 
 
 
 •u 
 
 
 
 
 uj 
 
 oo 3 
 
 
 
 •a 
 
 •a 
 
 -o 
 
 XJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -o 
 
 X3 
 
 X3 
 
 
 MIA 
 
 FL 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 -a 
 
 -a 
 
 T3 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 T3 
 
 -O 
 
 -a 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 
 -- s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X3 
 
 r— 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 
 
 • r— 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 >3 
 
 03 
 
 E 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 e 
 
 
 •r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 E 
 
 4-3 
 
 4J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 +j 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 >3 
 
 •1— 
 
 Z3 
 
 
 
 O) 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 CD 
 
 4-3 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 r—- 
 
 E 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 CD 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 Z 
 
 Z3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 X3 
 
 -43 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 -a 
 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 -o 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 •P“ 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 •r— **—*> 
 
 
 43 
 
 4-3 
 
 •r~ 
 
 CM 
 
 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 O -—■ 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 co 
 
 CJ CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 Q- 
 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 l- 
 
 E 
 
 »—1 
 
 03 CD 
 
 
 
 
 s — 
 
 
 
 ►—H 
 
 03 ■— 
 
 E 
 
 CJ 
 
 CD 
 
 •r— 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 V.—- 
 
 r— 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 cd 
 
 
 
 '--* 
 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 -E 
 
 CD 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E CD 
 
 
 CJ V- 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ E 
 
 E 
 
 ^" 
 
 r— 
 
 |- 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 03 E 
 
 1— 
 
 •r- E 
 
 03 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 c 
 
 ' 
 
 
 r— 
 
 •i- +-> 
 
 03 
 
 
 Z 
 
 03 
 
 1 
 
 +-> 
 
 4-> O 
 
 03 
 
 O 4-3 
 
 CL 
 
 ra 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 03 
 
 O *r— 
 
 4-> 
 
 <D 
 
 JZ 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 E 
 
 E 4-> 
 
 E 
 
 E -r- 
 
 O 
 
 E 
 
 
 N 
 
 z: 
 
 
 e 
 
 E E 
 
 13 
 
 -o 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 1 
 
 CD 
 
 CD CD 
 
 03 
 
 03 E 
 
 E 
 
 CD 
 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 
 03 
 
 03 O 
 
 JO 
 
 •r— 
 
 CD 
 
 1- 
 
 03 
 
 a. 
 
 CL-X 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q- O 
 
 CL 
 
 CL 
 
 
 CD 
 
 1 
 
 >- 
 
 
 4-3 
 
 +-> E 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 >3 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 O E 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 C/0 
 
 JO 
 
 
 
 Z3 CD 
 
 CM 
 
 03 
 
 LD 
 
 -E 
 
 CD 
 
 co 
 
 CM r— 
 
 E 
 
 E Z 
 
 CM - 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 JO i— 
 
 1 
 
 >, 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 JZ 
 
 i 
 
 1 >3 
 
 Cl-—• 
 
 Q. 4-3 
 
 1 1- 
 
 CL 
 
 □ 
 
 
 <D 
 
 l- 
 
 r— 
 
 i— 03 
 
 r— 
 
 CJ 
 
 |- 
 
 CD 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 
 
 r— 4-> 
 
 r— CD 
 
 i— Z3 
 
 i— O 
 
 ,- 
 
 z: 
 
 Q. 
 
 o 
 
 
 >3 > 
 
 >> 
 
 > 
 
 >3 
 
 
 >3 
 
 >3 
 
 >3 Z3 
 
 >3 T3 
 
 Z-Q 
 
 Zjc 
 
 z 
 
 ZD 
 
 O 
 
 e 
 
 E 
 
 je cd 
 
 -E O 
 
 JZ 
 
 f— 
 
 JZ 
 
 I- 
 
 JZ 
 
 JZ 
 
 JZ JO 
 
 JZ z 
 
 JZ o 
 
 JZ o 
 
 JZ 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 <T3 
 
 fO 
 
 4-3 "TO 
 
 4-> CO 
 
 4-> 
 
 >3 
 
 4-> 
 
 >3 
 
 +-> 
 
 4-3 
 
 4-> O 
 
 4-3 JZ 
 
 4-3 t/1 
 
 43 a 
 
 43 
 
 CL 
 
 CL 
 
 TD 
 
 JZ 
 
 CD Z 
 
 CD •—i 
 
 CD 
 
 JZ 
 
 CD 
 
 JZ 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD tO 
 
 CD CD 
 
 QJ i—i 
 
 CD i— 
 
 CD 
 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 +-> 
 
 Z JC 
 
 z: 
 
 z: 
 
 4-> 
 
 Z 
 
 +-> 
 
 z 
 
 
 Z -n- 
 
 z XT 
 
 z — 
 
 Z 03 
 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 •r— 
 
 cu 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 CD 
 
 l 
 
 CD 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 _i 
 
 z 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 z: 
 
 CM 
 
 z: 
 
 LD 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 , 
 
 • 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 1— 
 
 CM 
 
 co 
 
 
 LO 
 
 CD 
 
 
 co 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 r— 
 
 CM 
 
 co 
 
 
 c-. 
 
 c- 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 1-18 
 
Q_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S- < 
 
 1— _l 
 
 -o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C- Q 
 CD Z 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 NYC 
 
 NY 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 CM 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 <_> 
 
 ZD CC 
 t- < 
 
 
 
 *o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CIN 
 
 OH 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 X CO 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 ■a 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 XI 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 i—i 
 
 DC C 
 
 Q_ Q_ 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 O 
 
 x c\j 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OTT 
 
 IA 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 LD 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 x o 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 LU C 
 
 tn 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 
 -Q 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Ln 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 MIA 
 
 FL 
 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 X 
 
 'd- 
 
 x o 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 "O 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 COMPOUNDS 
 
 N-methyl pyrrole 
 
 Nicotine 
 
 Nitromethane 
 
 Nitrotrichioromethane 
 (Chloropicrin) 
 
 n-Nonane 
 
 n-Pentanal 
 
 Pentane 
 
 2-Pentanone 
 
 
 Phenyl acetic acid 
 
 Propanal (Propimaldehyde) 
 
 Propanoic acid nitrile 
 (Propionitrile) 
 
 2-Propanone (Acetone) 
 
 i ; 
 
 Propenoic acid nitrile 
 (Acrylonitri1e) 
 
 n-Propylbenzene 
 
 n-Propylcyclohexane 
 
 2-Santalene 
 
 Styrene (Vinyl benzene) 
 
 
 94. 
 
 *96 
 
 *96 
 
 97. 
 
 *86 
 
 99. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 101. 
 
 
 102. 
 
 103. 
 
 104. 
 
 105. 
 
 
 106. 
 
 VOL 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 109. 
 
 no. 
 
 1-19 
 
Q. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S- < 
 
 1— —I 
 
 
 
 
 ■O 
 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G r F 
 
 ND 
 
 
 a 
 
 (XI 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LAW 
 
 MA 
 
 
 o 
 
 r-. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 T3 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 -Q 
 
 CXI 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 -D 
 
 NYC 
 
 NY 
 
 
 o 
 
 LO LO 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 
 ro 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c_> 
 
 => cc 
 
 1 — < 
 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 u 
 
 O LO 
 
 CO r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 •—i z: 
 o o 
 
 
 u 
 
 i— ro 
 
 o o 
 
 -a 
 
 "O 
 
 u 
 
 LO 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 -o o 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 ■O 
 
 
 -o O 
 
 i—i 
 
 nr c 
 
 Q_ Cl. 
 
 
 d 
 
 0.4 
 
 -a 
 
 U 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 r--. 
 
 -o o 
 
 
 -o 
 
 
 
 ■O 
 
 
 LO 
 
 -o O 
 
 OTT 
 
 IA 
 
 u 
 
 LO 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 CXI 
 
 "D O 
 
 -o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 
 SEA 
 
 WA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MIA 
 
 FL 
 
 
 L *0 
 
 0 L *0 
 
 u _ 
 
 •O 
 
 "O 
 
 u 
 
 CXI 
 
 o 
 
 CJ 
 
 C\J 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 U -Q 
 
 LO <XJ 
 
 r— o 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 CXI 
 
 -O o 
 
 COMPOUNDS 
 
 a-Terpineol 
 
 Tetrachloroethene (Tetrachloro- 
 
 
 Tetrachloromethane (Carbon 
 tetrachloride) 
 
 1,1,3,3-Tetrachloro-2-propanone 
 (Tetrachloroacetone) 
 
 Tetramethylbenzene isomer 
 
 Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran 
 
 isomer 
 
 Toluene 
 
 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy 
 propionic acid (Silvex) 
 
 Tribromomethane (Bromoform) 
 
 Tri-n-butyl phosphate 
 
 Trichlorobenzene isomer 
 
 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 
 
 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 
 
 Jrichloroethene (Trichloro¬ 
 ethylene) 
 
 
 • 
 
 (XI 
 
 
 113. 
 
 r— 
 
 115. 
 
 r— 
 
 
 117. 
 
 00 
 
 p“ 
 
 CT» 
 
 r— 
 
 120. 
 
 121. 
 
 CXI 
 
 CXI 
 
 123. 
 
 124. 
 
 1-20 
 
o 
 
 Tr P 
 LA 
 
 130.( 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 u_ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 Z Q 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 o ^ 
 
 «d- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 <c < 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 —i s: 
 
 co 
 
 "O 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 CJ> 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 >- >- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z z 
 
 
 
 
 x> 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 cc 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 l— C 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -Q 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 OOCJ 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 • 
 
 
 O LO 
 
 
 
 *—< jr 
 
 CO 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 o o 
 
 "O CO 
 
 
 o o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 ►—t 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 =C <C 
 
 LO 
 
 
 
 
 
 D_ Cl. 
 
 -a lo 
 
 
 
 
 
 1“ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 1— <c 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 O i-i 
 
 •O 1— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 <c 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 UJ ec 
 
 1— 
 
 
 
 
 
 oo 3 
 
 -a oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 r— 
 
 
 
 
 
 >—I _J 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 U_ 
 
 •o co 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 <4- 
 
 
 • r— ^ 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 Z CD 
 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 z 
 
 +J +o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 fd 
 
 i fd 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 or 
 
 LO Z 
 
 
 
 
 -Z 
 
 +-> 
 
 « z 
 
 
 
 
 c_> 
 
 CD 
 
 ^ CD Z 
 
 
 
 
 -" 
 
 O 
 
 " z id 
 
 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 CVI *r- >, 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 1 INI O 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 i — fd O 
 
 
 
 
 fd 
 
 r— 
 
 >) T- (/) 
 
 
 
 
 .z 
 
 4 - 
 
 _Z Z •!- 
 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 •i— 
 
 -M -*-> 1- 
 
 
 
 
 Cl) 
 
 z 
 
 CD O >> 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 +-> 
 
 E z JZ 
 
 CL) 
 
 
 co 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 •1— TD +-> 
 
 z 
 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 Z >-, CD 
 
 ro 
 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1 — .z E 
 
 X 
 
 
 z> 
 
 1— 
 
 r— 
 
 i ro -i— 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 -Z 
 
 -Z 
 
 LO X Z 
 
 •1— 
 
 z 
 
 o_ 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 ^ CD 1— 
 
 z 
 
 CD 
 
 s: 
 
 •r— 
 
 •r— 
 
 CO --- 
 
 1— 
 
 1— 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 z 
 
 
 1 
 
 >, 
 
 CO 
 
 1— 
 
 i— 
 
 ' 
 
 </) 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 O'! 
 
 
 OO 
 
 OO 
 
 oo 
 
 oo 
 
 oo 
 
 
 '— 
 
 1 - 
 
 1 — 
 
 1 — 
 
 r— 
 
 1-21 
 
APPENDIX II 
 
 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN DRINKING WATER 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ i • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN DRINKING WATER IN THE UNITED STATES 
 
 The following list of 253 compounds was compiled from an extensive search of 
 the chemical literature and from EPA reports generated from the Agency's analytical 
 activities. These compounds were identified from only a few public water supplies 
 and do not constitute a definitive list of all compounds in all supplies. Because 
 of the restrictive nature of the analytical systems used, the list does not include 
 all compounds present in the water samples analyzed. These identifications repre¬ 
 sent the result of single or duplicate "grab" samples and, consequently, cannot be 
 used to conclude continuous occurrence. Likewise, fluctuations in concentrations 
 with time cannot be determined unequivocally from these same samples. 
 
 This list was compiled from several sources. The nomenclature assigned by 
 each source was used despite lack of uniformity. Similarly, the concentrations 
 listed are those reported. In most cases, these concentration values are deter¬ 
 mined by extrapolation from the extracted sample to the original volume of water. 
 These values must be considered minimum concentrations because the extrapolations 
 did not usually take into account recovery efficiencies. In cases of quantification 
 by more than one analyst, the highest reported concentration was used. 
 
 This list of organics identified from potable water is being continuously 
 updated, and information concerning the chemical properties and toxicity of these 
 compounds is being assembled and evaluated. 
 
 II-l 
 
Table II 
 
 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN DRINKING WATER IN THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Highest Concentration 
 Reported 3 
 
 ug/*- 
 
 Acenaphthylene 
 
 Acetaldehyde 0.1 
 
 Acetic acid 
 
 Acetone 1.0 
 
 Acetophenone 
 
 Acetylenebromide 
 
 Acetylenechloride 
 
 Acetylene dichloride 
 
 Alachlor (l-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N- 
 
 (methoxymethyl) acetanilide) 
 
 1.7 
 
 Alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N- 
 
 
 (methoxymethyl) acetanilide 
 
 2.9 
 
 A1drin 
 
 
 Atrazine 
 
 5.4 
 
 Barbital 
 
 
 Behenic acid, methyl ester 
 
 
 Benzaldehyde 
 
 
 Benzene 
 
 10.0 
 
 Benzene sulfonic acid 
 
 
 Benzoic acid 
 
 15.0 
 
 Benzopyrene 
 
 
 Benzothiazole 
 
 
 Benzothiophene 
 
 
 Benzyl butyl phthalate 
 
 1.8 
 
 Bladex 
 
 
 Borneol 
 
 
 Bromobenzene 
 
 
 Bromochlorobenzene 
 
 
 Bromodichioromethane 
 
 116.0 
 
 Bromoform 
 
 42.0 
 
 Bromomethane 
 
 
 Bromophenyl phenyl ether 
 
 
 Butachlor 
 
 0.06 
 
 Butanal 
 
 
 t-Butyl alcohol 
 
 0.01 
 
 Butyl benzene 
 
 
 Butyl bromide 
 
 
 Butyl octyl maleate 
 
 
 Camphor 
 
 0.5 
 
 e-Caprolactam 
 
 
 Carbon dioxide 
 
 <5.0 
 
 a Concentration equal to or greater than reported data. 
 
 See text on previous page for explanation of concentration data. 
 
 11-2 
 
Carbon disulfide 
 
 Carbon tetrachloride 5.0 
 
 Chlordan(e) <0.1 
 
 Chlordene 0.1 
 
 Chlorobenzene <5.0 
 
 Chlorodibromomethane 100.0 
 
 Chloroethane 
 
 1,2-bis-Chloroethoxy ethane 0.03 
 
 Chloroethoxy ether 
 
 Bis(2-Chloroethyl) ether 0.42 
 
 2-Chloroethyl methyl ether 
 tris(Chloroethyl)phosphate 
 
 Chloroform 366.0 
 
 Chlorohydroxybenzophenone 
 
 Bis(2-Chloroisopropyl) ether 1.58 
 
 Chloromethyl ethyl ether 
 m-Chloronitrobenzene 
 
 2- Chloropropane 
 
 1-Chloropropene <1.0 
 
 3- Chlorophyridine 
 
 p-Chlorotoluene 1.5 
 
 o-Cresol 
 
 Crotonaldehyde 5.0 
 
 Cyanogen chloride 0.1 
 
 Cycloheptanone 
 
 Cyclohexanone 
 
 Cyclopentanone 
 
 Cymene isomer 0.1 
 
 DDE 0.05 
 
 DDT 
 
 n-Decane 2.4 
 
 Decane, branched isomer 
 
 Deethyl atrazine 0.8 
 
 Dibromobenzene 
 
 Dibromomethane 
 
 Dibromodichloroethane isomer 0.63 
 
 2,4-Di-t-butyl-p-benzoquinone 0.23 
 
 2,6-Di-t-butyl-p-benzoquinone 0.25 
 
 Dibutyl phthalate 5.0 
 
 Di chloroacetonitri1e 
 
 o-Dichlorobenzene 1.0 
 
 m-Dichlorobenzene <3.0 
 
 p-Dichlorobenzene 1.0 
 
 Dichiorodifluoroethane 
 
 1.1- Dichloroethane 
 
 1.2- Dichloroethane 8.0 
 
 1.1- Dichloroethylene 0.1 
 
 1.2- Dichloroethylene 
 
 cis 1,2-Dichloroethylene 16.0 
 
 trans 1,2-Dichloroethylene 1.0 
 
 1,l-Dichloro-2-hexanone <1.0 
 
 Dichloroiodomethane 0.5 
 
 11-3 
 
2,4-Dichlorophenol 
 
 36.0 
 
 1,2-Dichloropropane 
 
 <1.0 
 
 1,3-Dichloropropene 
 
 <1.0 
 
 Dicyclopentadiene 
 
 Dieldrin 
 
 8.0 
 
 1,4-Diethyl benzene 
 
 1.0 
 
 Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate 
 
 0.31 
 
 Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 
 
 30.0 
 
 Diethyl malonate 
 
 0.01 
 
 Diethyl phthalate 
 
 1.0 
 
 Dihexyl phthalate 
 
 0.16 
 
 Dihydrocarvone 
 
 0.14 
 
 Di isobutyl carbinol 
 
 Diisobutyl phthalate 
 
 0.59 
 
 1.2- Dimethoxy benzene 
 
 Dimethoxymethane 
 
 Dimethyl benzene 
 
 Dimethyl disulfide 
 
 Dimethyl ether 
 
 1.3- Dimethylnaphthalene 
 
 2.4- Dimethyl phenol 
 
 Dimethyl phthalate 
 
 0.82 
 
 Dimethyl sulfoxide 
 
 4.6- Dinitro-2-aminophenol 
 
 2.6- Dinitrotoluene 
 
 Di octyl adipate 
 
 20.0 
 
 1,4-Dioxane 
 
 Diphenyl hydrazine 
 
 1.0 
 
 Dipropyl phthalate 
 
 0.5 
 
 Docosane 
 
 n-Dodecane 
 
 0.4 
 
 Eicosane 
 
 Endrin 
 
 0.08 
 
 Ethanol 
 
 5.0 
 
 Ethyl acetate 
 
 Ethyl amine 
 
 Ethyl benzene 
 
 Ethyl ether 
 
 2-Ethyl-n-hexane 
 
 cis 2-Ethyl-4-methyl-l,3-dioxolane 
 trans 2-Ethyl-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane 
 o-Ethyltoluene 
 
 0.04 
 
 m-Ethyltoluene 
 
 0.05 
 
 p-Ethyltoluene 
 
 0.05 
 
 Heptachlor 
 
 Heptachlor epoxide 
 
 1,2,3,4,5,7,7-Heptachloronorbornene 
 
 0.07 
 
 Heptachloronorbornene isomer 
 
 Hexachlorobenzene 
 
 Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 
 
 0.07 
 
 Hexachlorocyclohexane 
 
 0.1 
 
 11-4 
 
Hexachloroethane 
 
 Hexachlorophene 
 
 Hexadecane 
 
 2-Hydroxyadiponi tri 1 e 
 
 Indene 
 Isoborneol 
 Isocyanic acid 
 Isodecane 
 Isophorone 
 
 1- Isopropenyl-4-isopropylbenzene 
 Isopropanol 
 
 Isopropyl benzene 
 
 Lignorceric acid, methyl ester 
 Limonene 
 
 p-Menth-l-en-8-ol 
 
 Methane 
 
 Methanol 
 
 2- Methoxy biphenyl 
 o-Methoxyphenol 
 Methyl acetate 
 Methyl benzoate 
 Methyl benzothiazole 
 2-Methyl biphenyl 
 
 2- Methyl butanal 
 
 3- Methyl butanal 
 
 2- Methyl-2-butanol 
 
 3- Methyl-2-butanone 
 
 2- Methyl butyl nitrile 
 
 3- Methyl butyl nitrile 
 Methyl chloride 
 Methylene chloride 
 Methyl ether 
 
 Methyl ethyl benzene 
 Methyl ethyl ketone 
 
 2- Methy1-5-ethyl-pyridine 
 Methyl formate 
 
 Methylidene 
 Methyl methacrylate 
 Methyl naphthalene 
 Methyl palmitate 
 
 3- Methyl-3-pentana 1 
 Methyl phenyl carbinol 
 2-Methylpropanal 
 2-Methyl propyl nitrile 
 Methyl stearate 
 
 4.4 
 
 0.01 
 
 5.0 
 
 9.5 
 
 0.03 
 
 0.5 
 
 < 0.01 
 
 <5.0 
 
 < 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 Naphthalene 
 
 Nicotine 
 
 - f ' 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.3 
 
Nitrobenzene 
 
 
 Nitromethane 
 
 
 Nitrotrichioromethane 
 
 3.0 
 
 n-Nonane 
 
 
 Octadecane 
 
 
 Octane 
 
 
 Octyl chloride 
 
 
 Pentachlorobiphenyl 
 
 
 Pentachloroethane 
 
 <0.1 
 
 Pentachlorophenol 
 
 1.4 
 
 Pentachlorophenyl methyl ether 
 
 <0.1 
 
 n-Pentadecane 
 
 0.1 
 
 n-Pentanal 
 
 0.5 
 
 Pentane 
 
 
 Pentanol 
 
 1.0 
 
 2-Pentanone 
 
 0.1 
 
 Phenol 
 
 
 Phenyl acetic acid 
 
 4.0 
 
 Phenyl benzoate 
 
 
 Phthalic anhydride 
 
 
 Piperidine 
 
 
 Propanal 
 
 
 Propanol 
 
 1.0 
 
 Propazine 
 
 <0.1 
 
 Propylamine 
 
 
 n-Propylbenzene 
 
 <5.0 
 
 n-Propyl cyclohexanone 
 
 0.2 
 
 2-Santalene 
 
 0.01 
 
 Simazine 
 
 <0.1 
 
 1,1,3,3-Tetrachloroacetone 
 
 
 Tetrachlorobiphenyl (isomer) 
 
 
 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 
 
 
 Tetrachloroethylene 
 
 <5.0 
 
 Tetrachlorophenol (isomer) 
 
 
 1,1,3,3-Tetrachloro-2-propanone 
 
 0.5 
 
 n-Tetradecane 
 
 0.12 
 
 Tetramethyl benzene 
 
 <1.0 
 
 Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran 
 
 0.5 
 
 Thiomethy1benzothiazole 
 
 
 Toluene 
 
 11.0 
 
 Tri-n-butyl phosphate 
 
 0.5 
 
 Trichioroacetaldehyde 
 
 5.0 
 
 Trichlorobenzene 
 
 1.0 
 
 Trichiorobiphenyl (isomer) 
 
 
 1,1,1-Trichioroethane 
 
 
 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 
 
 8.5 
 
 Trichlorofluoromethane 
 
 <1.0 
 
 2,4,6-Trichiorophenol 
 
 
 1,1,1-Trichloropropane 
 
 <0.1 
 
 11-6 
 
1,2,3-Trichloropropane <0.2 
 
 n-Tridecane 0.30 
 
 Trimethyl benzene (isomer) 6.1 
 
 3.5.5- Trimethyl-bicyclo(4,l,0)heptene-2-one 
 
 Trimethyl isocyanurate 0.02 
 
 1.3.5- Trimethyl-2,4,6-trioxo-hexahydrotriazine 
 
 Triphenyl phosphate 0.12 
 
 n-Undecane 0.02 
 
 Undecane branched isomer 
 
 Vinyl benzene <1.0 
 
 Vinyl chloride 10.0 
 
 o-Xylene <5.0 
 
 m- Xylene <5.0 
 
 p-Xylene <5.0 
 
 i 
 
 11-7 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
APPENDIX III 
 
 ANALYSES OF RADIOACTIVITY IN INTERSTATE CARRIER WATER SUPPLIES 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 2 
 
 » l. t J U r 
 
 
 ? * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‘ 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 ‘ 4 
 
 
 
 
o o 
 
 D- 
 
 D_ 
 
 ZD 
 
 cn 
 
 a' 
 
 cd 
 
 <=c 
 
 o 
 
 t —i 
 
 CD 
 
 < 
 
 cc 
 
 co 
 
 >- 
 
 _i 
 
 < 
 
 >1 
 
 4-> 
 
 +-> 
 
 o u 
 
 •r- 
 
 <+- 
 
 •r- rd 
 
 o E 
 CU E 
 CL rd 
 CO CD 
 
 
 CC 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LU 
 
 V— * 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 
 
 CC 
 
 r— 
 
 
 CC 
 
 
 
 <c 
 
 •r* 
 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 Q. 
 
 
 LU 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 < 
 
 •i— 
 
 »—1 
 
 1 — 
 
 
 M 
 
 cn 
 
 >> 
 
 *—* 
 
 cc 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 LU 
 
 •r- 
 
 a> 
 
 h- 
 
 > 
 
 r— 
 
 ~2C 
 
 • r— 
 
 JD 
 
 p—i 
 
 4-^ 
 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 -a 
 
 CU 
 
 +-> 
 
 rd 
 
 cd 
 
 • r— 
 
 T3 
 
 c 
 
 rd 
 
 or 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 S- 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 CJ 
 
 -o 
 
 rd QJ 
 
 SZ -M 
 CL SC 
 r— 13 
 C O 
 CD 
 IS) 
 
 is) cu 
 o +-> 
 s- rd 
 CD Q 
 
 .a 
 
 '—-O 
 
 cu 
 
 rd +-> 
 
 4-> c 
 
 aj ^ 
 
 co o 
 
 CD 
 
 IS) 
 
 is) cu 
 o +-> 
 s- re 
 
 CD Q 
 
 "O 
 o3 CU 
 +-> 
 <U O 
 T3 CU 
 
 O r— 
 CD r— 
 
 rd rd 
 CO CD 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 5^ cn 
 cd r-. 
 co \ 
 o 
 
 +l r— 
 CM r— 
 
 LD 
 d - r--. 
 CM S 
 03 
 +1 CM 
 
 03 r— 
 
 d“ 
 
 cHJ cn 
 
 cn r-- 
 
 ld \ 
 
 03 
 +1 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 d- ld 
 co r-- 
 
 +i co 
 
 co CM 
 
 CO 
 
 co lo 
 
 d- r-- 
 
 +i co 
 
 CD CM 
 CM 
 
 CD LD 
 
 ld n- 
 +1 CO 
 I— CM 
 CM 
 
 d - 
 
 r-- 
 
 CU CD 
 
 LD 
 
 CO \ LD 
 
 o 
 
 LD 
 
 i — 
 
 co r~- 
 
 o r\ r^- 
 
 LO 
 
 e'¬ 
 
 CL CU 
 
 CM \ 
 
 r— CM \ 
 
 i— 
 
 
 E +-> 
 
 1 CM 
 
 1 \ 03 
 
 1 
 
 en 
 
 LD 
 
 cd r-- 
 
 co \ 
 
 CM I— 
 
 I CM 
 
 LD 
 r"» r-- 
 co — 
 
 CM CM 
 I CM 
 
 LD 
 
 i— r- 
 
 r-^ \ 
 
 CM d" 
 
 I CM 
 
 CM 
 
 S- 
 
 o 
 
 s- 
 
 O LD 
 
 O LD 
 
 O LD 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 S- 
 
 • n- 
 
 • 1"- 
 
 • r--. 
 
 • LD 
 
 • LD 
 
 • LD 
 
 cu 
 
 CM \ 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 cm r- 
 
 cm r-. 
 
 CM 1''- 
 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 '— 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 V 1— 
 
 V CM 
 
 V CM 
 
 V CO 
 
 V CO 
 
 V CO 
 
 cr 
 
 cz 
 
 ZD 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 <d 
 
 E • ■— 
 
 CDr— \ 
 
 IS) -I— CD 
 I CD CL 
 CM CL 
 
 O 
 
 O O • • 
 
 -t-> • CM CU 
 
 CU 
 
 > LO 
 
 IS) -Q 
 
 •r- co 
 
 -t-> rd o 
 d rd r aj 
 i— +J CL4-> 
 
 cu cu i— <u 
 s—Q <d -a 
 
 (U LO LO 4-3 
 03 LO IS) O 
 
 
 r— 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 rd 
 
 o o c 
 
 u. 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 +-> 
 
 C. S- 
 
 o 
 
 cn 
 
 LD 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 LO 
 
 C 
 
 Q) Ol >) 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 CO 
 
 LD 
 
 o 
 
 l-'- 
 
 LD 
 
 CU 
 
 +-> 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 o 
 
 4— 4_ -r— 
 
 C- o o > 
 
 CU -r- 
 
 CL-M +-> +-> 
 CD 
 rd 
 
 <D e E 
 
 LO cu cu 
 
 -Q 
 -o rd 
 CU 4-> 
 LO CD 
 LO CU 
 CU +-> 
 S_ CU 
 CL"0 
 X 
 
 rd 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 rd 
 
 03 
 
 cu E E 
 
 -Q 
 rd 
 4-> ID 
 CD •<- 
 CU 4- 
 -M -r- 
 CU CD 
 -o CU 
 Q. 
 LO 
 
 CU 
 
 CL 
 
 E 
 
 rd 
 
 LO 
 
 CL 
 
 CL 
 
 D 
 
 cn 
 
 s- 
 . cu 
 
 T3 rd 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S- 
 
 
 
 
 13 O 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 S- E E 
 
 LO IS) >> 
 
 
 
 _i 
 
 
 
 
 
 SD 
 
 
 re 
 
 
 O -r- -r- 
 
 cu +-> 
 
 
 ws 
 
 Ll. 
 
 
 
 
 
 S- 
 
 
 o 
 
 nr 
 
 s- c c 
 
 +-> r— -n- 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 _i 
 
 
 rd 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 S- -r- -r- 
 
 rd id c 
 
 
 n- 
 
 
 
 S- 
 
 i—i 
 
 
 CC 
 
 
 r> 
 
 
 QJ E E 
 
 u •!— rs 
 
 
 CU 
 
 CU 
 
 
 cu 
 
 
 
 
 
 <o 
 
 #3 
 
 
 •<- CD E 
 
 sc 
 
 •I— 
 
 c 
 
 
 > 
 
 n 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 r— 
 
 +J 
 
 CU cu CU 
 
 -O cu E 
 
 o 
 
 4- 
 
 S- 
 
 
 ■i— 
 
 c 
 
 
 S- 
 
 
 Z3 
 
 C3 
 
 rrr 
 
 C CL o 
 
 •i— 
 
 CM 03 
 
 O =3 
 
 CO 
 
 cc 
 
 o 
 
 LD 
 
 o 
 
 
 1^- JD 
 
 O rd 
 
 1 — 1— (— 
 
 •—• cn cd 
 
 4-> 
 
 CO C 
 
 CM O 
 
 CM 
 
 
 LO 
 
 CM 
 
 CL 
 
 
 CM rd 
 
 d" cu 
 
 
 
 rd 
 
 LD •(- 
 
 LD -Q 
 
 LD 
 
 "O 
 
 •r - 
 
 LD 
 
 s- 
 
 
 LD +-> 
 
 O C 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 - LD S- 
 
 r— l- 
 
 LD 
 
 o 
 
 T3 
 
 LD 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 LD JC 
 
 r— C 
 
 /——. 
 
 /-S/-- 
 
 O 
 
 r— CL 
 
 CM CU 
 
 CM 
 
 o 
 
 rd 
 
 CM 
 
 rd 
 
 or 
 
 CM LO 
 
 <— O 
 
 rd -CD CD 
 
 "O CD 4— 
 
 _l 
 
 =«= cn 
 
 
 
 
 =«= U. 
 
 o 
 
 =tfc c 
 
 CD 
 
 -- 
 
 --- 
 
 III-l 
 
_ Indicated Activity in pCi/1 _ 
 
 Sample Code & Gross Beta Gross Alpha qf) Specific 
 
 Location _ Date Collected Mg/1 Date Counted _ Date Counted _ ^ u Sr __Ra_ Gamma Activity 
 
 un 
 
 +i 
 
 l n 
 
 O'. 
 
 oo 
 
 o co 
 
 ID 
 
 LO Ln 
 • O'. 
 O \ 
 CO 
 V \ 
 CO 
 
 s-s Ln 
 
 Ln 
 
 CO 
 
 +1I— 
 
 O CO 
 
 co Ln 
 r'- c-. 
 
 +1 co 
 co 
 o 
 
 o Ln 
 
 o in 
 
 O Ln 
 
 • i"* 
 
 • O'. 
 
 • O'- 
 
 CM \ 
 
 CM \ 
 
 CM \ 
 
 CO 
 
 LD 
 
 LD 
 
 V \ 
 
 V \ 
 
 V \ 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 Ln 
 
 o 
 
 cm < 3 - 
 
 CM 
 
 Ln 
 
 C" 
 
 oo 
 
 co Ln 
 oo r". 
 
 +l co 
 
 co co 
 
 O 
 
 Ln 
 
 o 
 
 cm ^r 
 
 v \ 
 
 CNJ 
 
 lo 
 
 Ln 
 
 r-^ 
 
 co 
 
 Ln 
 cm i"-. 
 
 co 
 
 Ln 
 
 Ln 
 
 r^. 
 
 co 
 
 Ln 
 
 co 
 
 O 
 
 +1 r— 
 
 +i r- 
 
 +i i— 
 
 O 
 
 V CO 
 
 0.37 
 
 3/ 
 
 0.13 
 
 3/ 
 
 0.61 
 
 3/ 
 
 V 
 
 Ln in 
 • c-. 
 o \ 
 co 
 v \ 
 co 
 
 Ln 
 
 o 
 
 CM ^ 
 
 v \ 
 
 CM 
 
 Ln Ln 
 • 
 
 o \ 
 co 
 v \ 
 co 
 
 Ln 
 
 o 
 
 cm co 
 
 v \ 
 
 CM 
 
 Ln m 
 • c-. 
 o \ 
 
 CO 
 V \ 
 CO 
 
 Ln 
 
 lo r-~ 
 
 +i co 
 
 co co 
 
 m 
 
 O'. 
 
 co 
 
 +i 
 
 p-. co 
 
 CM 
 
 Ln Ln 
 • r^. 
 o \ 
 co 
 
 V \ 
 CO 
 
 Ln 
 CM O'. 
 
 00 
 
 +1 r— 
 
 Ln co 
 
 co 
 
 co Ln 
 
 +1 \ 
 CO 
 CO \ 
 Ln co 
 
 ld 
 
 O'. 
 
 Ln 
 o o- 
 
 LD 
 
 o o-. 
 
 O 
 
 *— v 
 
 • '— s 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 00 
 
 CM 
 
 CM CO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 V \ 
 
 V \ 
 
 V 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 
 Ln 
 
 CM 
 
 m 
 o r^- 
 
 CM 'M - 
 
 V \ 
 CM 
 
 r— Ln 
 
 co c--. 
 +i co 
 
 CM CM 
 
 co m 
 ld 
 
 +1 LO 
 
 0 -. cm 
 
 co Ln 
 
 CO I"-. 
 +1 LD 
 CO CM 
 
 Ln 
 
 LD 
 
 Lt 1 \ 
 
 +1 r— 
 
 co cm 
 
 ld Ln 
 Ln 
 
 +i •lo 
 CM \ 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 r— Ln 
 
 LO O'. 
 
 +1 ^ 
 
 LD \ 
 • CM 
 
 CO LD 
 CO C". 
 
 +1 00 
 
 co \ 
 
 CM 
 
 CM Ln, 
 cm 
 
 +1 00 
 CM \ 
 
 CM 
 
 ld 
 
 CM 
 
 .— in 
 
 I''- O'. 
 
 +1 -M- 
 
 •> \ 
 • CM 
 
 Ln 
 
 CM Ln 
 CO C-- 
 
 +1 00 
 
 LD \ 
 • CM 
 CO 
 
 CO LD 
 CM 
 
 +1 00 
 
 • CM 
 *3" 
 
 in Ln 
 Ln r'- 
 
 +1 CO 
 
 co \ 
 
 • CM 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 LD 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 LD 
 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 r— 
 
 
 O'. 
 
 
 CO 
 
 oo 
 
 CO 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 Ln 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 Ln 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 O'. 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 r-~- 
 
 CM 
 
 , co 
 
 CO 
 
 i— 
 
 CM 
 
 i— 
 
 LD 
 
 ld 
 
 Ln 
 
 in 
 
 CM C-. 
 
 o r-. 
 
 1— O'. 
 
 'd - r^- 
 
 
 CO \ 
 
 CO \ 
 
 M- \ 
 
 CM 
 
 CM O 
 
 CM O 
 
 CO o 
 
 1 CM 
 
 1 CM 
 
 1 CO 
 
 1 CO 
 
 co Ln 
 ld 
 
 CO \ 
 
 i ^r 
 
 CM 
 
 *3- ld 
 ld r^. 
 
 CO \ 
 I CO 
 
 CM 
 
 ld ld 
 CO f"- 
 co \ 
 
 I CO 
 
 CM 
 
 Ln 
 
 00 0^ 
 CO \ 
 i Ln 
 
 CM 
 
 co Ln 
 co r-^ 
 co \ 
 
 I LD 
 
 CM 
 
 CO LD 
 
 co 0- 
 
 CO \ 
 
 i in 
 
 CM 
 
 O LO 
 CD t"- 
 
 co \ 
 
 I CO 
 
 CM 
 
 1—I CM 
 
 _l 
 
 
 
 
 «=c 
 
 
 Ll. 
 
 
 «»— 
 
 x-—v 
 
 
 
 ,—. 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4_ 
 
 
 ■-- 
 
 -DC 
 
 
 — 
 
 — a) 
 
 
 
 D- 
 
 -o 
 
 _1 
 
 
 zc 
 
 ,—. 
 
 .—, 
 
 1- 
 
 ^—. (—1 
 
 .—.. r— 
 
 o 
 
 0) —1 
 
 CL) •> 
 
 CD 
 
 O) 
 
 CL) -r- 
 
 
 — u_ 
 
 -£Z 
 
 •i— 
 
 .— 
 
 -- 
 
 #\ 
 
 
 <T3 
 
 4- 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 CO c 
 
 •> 
 
 CO =3 
 
 i_n co 
 
 CO 
 
 1 — o 
 
 CM -i- 
 
 ld -r- 
 
 >— l ~~D 
 
 co c 
 
 CO r a 
 
 LD L0 
 
 in re 
 
 <— E 
 
 
 Ln *r— 
 
 i— a 
 
 r— 
 
 LD S- 
 
 i— n3 
 
 r— £Z 
 
 LO i~ 
 
 i— "r— 
 
 1— o 
 
 CM O 
 
 CO 
 
 CO fO 
 
 r— CL 
 
 CO JC 
 
 CO fO 
 
 =*L _l 
 
 =«= 2 : 
 
 =#= oo 
 
 =«= oo 
 
 =#= O 
 
 *“3 
 
 <=c 
 
 Q. 
 
 ^—. LiJ 
 
 __^ 
 
 __„ 
 
 1 —t 
 
 —' s: 
 
 
 4- 
 
 4- Q 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 Q 
 
 -- 
 
 —^ 
 
 —-- 
 
 ..—^ 
 
 —^ «. 
 
 •SL 
 
 • i— 
 
 •N 
 
 LU 
 
 _l 
 
 co 
 
 
 JC 
 
 -— CL) 
 
 -—- Q 
 
 -- f— 1 
 
 cz 
 
 r> 
 
 CL) CL 
 
 CD r- 
 
 CU 
 
 a) 
 
 cd a; 
 
 4— CD 
 
 ^ 
 
 — -l-> 
 
 >-^ 
 
 —■ « 
 
 ^ E 
 
 >— S- 
 
 QJ 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 a> 
 
 o 
 
 co -o 
 
 CO n3 
 
 CM O 
 
 CO o 
 
 i— i— 
 
 CM E 
 
 CM ra 
 
 CO C_) 
 
 +J 
 
 r^. •+-> 
 
 oo <_> 
 
 i— *t— 
 
 i— i— 
 
 i— 
 
 i— C 
 
 i— c 
 
 i— 
 
 CM +J 
 
 t— • r— 
 
 <— s 
 
 >— fC 
 
 t —• ■ i— 
 
 i— . 
 
 LO r— 
 
 CO _c 
 
 co a) 
 
 CO +J 
 
 CO 1— 
 
 CO +-> 
 
 CM fO 
 
 =«= CL 
 
 =ffc zz 
 
 ^ oo 
 
 o 
 
 =»t 
 
 =4: CD 
 
 111-2 
 
>3 
 
 +-> 
 
 > 
 
 +-> 
 
 a o 
 
 •i- c 
 4- 
 
 •i— (d 
 
 o e 
 
 CD E 
 CL rd 
 L/3 CD 
 
 C_> 
 
 CL 
 
 >5 
 
 4-> 
 
 > 
 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 "O 
 
 CD 
 
 +J 
 
 fd 
 
 U 
 
 03 
 
 oc 
 
 LO 
 
 C\J 
 
 (XI 
 
 S_ 
 
 oo 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 ■a 
 fo cd 
 x: +-> 
 
 CL C 
 i— 35 
 
 <C O 
 CJ 
 LO 
 
 LO CD 
 O +-> 
 S- rd 
 CD O 
 
 rd 
 
 4- > 
 CD 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 5- 
 CD 
 
 "O 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 -a 
 
 o3 CD 
 +J 
 CD U 
 
 -a cd 
 
 O I— 
 O r— 
 
 o 
 
 CD CD 
 
 CL CD 
 E 4-> 
 rd rd 
 OO Q 
 
 &S LO 
 'd' 
 
 o 
 
 +i c\j 
 
 O CO 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 • LO 
 O 
 
 V CO 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 O 
 
 <XJ 
 
 v 
 
 r'- lo 
 co 
 
 cr« 
 
 CXI 
 
 lo 
 03 r\ 
 
 5- o 
 
 i i— 
 
 CM 
 
 S3 LO 
 CM 1^. 
 
 O 
 +1 CM 
 
 O CO 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 • LO 
 O 1^ 
 
 V CO 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 1 — 
 
 CM 
 
 i— 
 
 CM 
 
 V 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 
 CM 
 
 co LO 
 ^ r\ 
 
 O 
 
 CM 
 
 +1 
 
 CM 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 o LO 
 
 • 
 
 cm \ 
 v CM 
 CM 
 
 +1 
 
 LO 
 
 I— LO 
 
 +i \ 
 
 o 
 
 CO CM 
 • CO 
 
 CM LO 
 LO r-"- 
 
 +1 CO 
 
 LO CO 
 
 O 
 
 O LO 
 • r^ 
 CM \ 
 
 V CM 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 
 • 
 
 CM \ 
 V CM 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 lo 
 
 
 co 
 
 co 
 
 
 +1 o 
 
 +i ■— 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 
 03 \ 
 
 co -\ 
 
 CM 
 
 • CM 
 
 • CM 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 -a 
 
 .— LO 
 
 • 
 
 o \ 
 
 LO 
 V CM 
 
 CO 
 
 LO LO 
 
 • r-- 
 o \ 
 
 CO 
 V \ 
 CO 
 
 O LO 
 • 
 
 CM \ 
 V CM 
 CM 
 
 r— LO 
 
 lo r^. 
 
 +1 
 
 03 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 i— LO 
 C'- 
 
 + 1 \ 
 LO 
 CO CM 
 
 • CO 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 CO LO 
 r^ 
 +i \ 
 CO 
 LO \ 
 • CO 
 O 
 
 O LO 
 • r-^ 
 cm \ 
 
 V CM 
 CM 
 
 O LO 
 CO r^. 
 
 +1 
 
 03 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 
 i— LO 
 
 +l \ 
 LO 
 O CM 
 
 • CO 
 
 LO LO 
 • I''. 
 O \ 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 O LO 
 • I''. 
 CM \ 
 
 V CM 
 
 CM 
 
 i— LO 
 
 • r-^ 
 o \ 
 
 LO 
 V CM 
 
 CO 
 
 LO LO 
 
 • 
 
 O \ 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 O LO 
 
 • r-» 
 
 CM \ 
 V CM 
 CM 
 
 ^ LO 
 CM |\ 
 
 +1 LO 
 CM 
 03 \ 
 • CO 
 
 LO 
 • LO 
 
 o 
 
 v co 
 co 
 
 LO LO 
 
 cm r-'- 
 
 +1 ^ 
 
 CM 
 LO \ 
 • CM 
 LO 
 
 
 
 
 i- LO 
 
 03 LO 
 
 
 LO 1^. 
 
 CO C- 
 
 1 — 
 
 +1 r— 
 
 + 1 r— 
 
 +1 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 
 CM \ 
 
 CO \ 
 
 LO 
 
 • CM 
 
 • CM 
 
 • 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 O r-~ 
 *3- \ 
 CM I— 
 
 CM 
 
 .- LO 
 
 CM l^~ 
 
 I LO 
 
 rs \ 
 
 ►-H CM 
 
 LO 
 
 CM 
 
 'd” 
 
 LO 
 
 r^. 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 
 t"- 
 
 CM \ 
 •d" CM 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 i— I"- 
 CO \ 
 •d" CO 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 
 cm r-- 
 co \ 
 ^ CO 
 
 3 \ 
 <—< CM 
 
 LO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO \ 
 •d" I— 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 
 ^ r". 
 co \ 
 co 
 
 3 \ 
 •—i CM 
 
 LO 
 •d' C" 
 
 *d- 00 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 CM *d" 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 O LO 
 
 •d" 
 
 + 1 LO 
 CM 
 CM \ 
 • CM 
 CO 
 
 <=£ 
 
 I LO 
 
 lo r-^ 
 r^. 
 
 i i— 
 
 CM 
 
 -o 
 
 LO 
 O I''- 
 
 CM xd- 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 i— LO 
 •d- 
 
 + 1 LO 
 CM 
 LO \ 
 • CM 
 CM 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 f— 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 \ 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 1— 
 
 CM 
 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 C\J 
 
 
 i— 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 
 CM 
 
 C\J 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 C\J 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 LO 
 
 «d- 
 
 'd - 
 
 i 
 
 LO 
 
 I''- 
 
 CM 
 
 
 • h- 
 
 *—* 
 
 
 
 3= 
 
 «•—* C_) 
 
 '—.zc 
 
 ^ zc 
 
 ^^ 
 
 - r Z) 
 
 
 '-'C 
 
 
 <+- 
 
 4- O 
 
 Q 
 
 4- <C 
 
 o 
 
 4- Q 
 
 4- O 
 
 4- O 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 3T 
 
 4- Q. 
 
 4- CL. 
 
 
 #\ 
 
 
 z: 
 
 -- 
 
 
 — 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 •v—■ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 (O 
 
 
 
 
 #3 
 
 r\ 
 
 0\ 
 
 0\ 
 
 c 
 
 
 #3 
 
 «v 
 
 
 —' 03 
 
 -- •% 
 
 #3 
 
 ,-, «s 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 -«|— 
 
 ^CD 
 
 -- 
 
 -—- x: 
 
 - x: 
 
 
 CD O 
 
 CD CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD CD 
 
 s 
 
 CD O 
 
 CD S 
 
 CD +-> 
 
 CD 
 
 CD CD 
 
 CD 03 
 
 CD 03 
 
 £Z 
 
 — o 
 
 —- S- 
 
 S- 
 
 —i— 
 
 o 
 
 - +0 
 
 -O 
 
 -- 
 
 _*3 
 
 -- 
 
 -S- 
 
 -- 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ra 
 
 +-> 
 
 03 
 
 +-> 
 
 C 
 
 fd 
 
 •i— 
 
 13 
 
 o 
 
 • i— 
 
 co ro 
 
 CO E 
 
 lo E 
 
 I— -O 
 
 CO to 
 
 LO C 
 
 i— to 
 
 S3 
 
 LO 4-> 
 
 LO Od 
 
 O X3 
 
 O JO 
 
 +J 
 
 LO +-> 
 
 CO -r- 
 
 r— • i— 
 
 co c 
 
 CO 03 
 
 CO -r~ 
 
 03 03 
 
 00 -r- 
 
 LO 3 
 
 i— 
 
 LO LO 
 
 LO to 
 
 
 r— +-> 
 
 n- +J 
 
 CM +-> 
 
 i— 03 
 
 LO S3 
 
 i — x: 
 
 1— c= 
 
 i— (J 
 
 ■— 03 
 
 l- LO 
 
 CM 4-> 
 
 CM +-> 
 
 u 
 
 1— <T3 
 
 i— i— 
 
 LO i— 
 
 ■— c 
 
 LO =3 
 
 1 — to 
 
 1— 13 
 
 i— S3 
 
 i— i— 
 
 E 
 
 LO +-> 
 
 LO +-> 
 
 o 
 
 CO sz 
 
 CO 03 
 
 CM fO 
 
 CO c 
 
 CM O 
 
 CO 03 
 
 CO O 
 
 CO -r- 
 
 CO -t-> 
 
 CO o 
 
 CM v- 
 
 CM -r- 
 
 _1 
 
 =tfe (_) 
 
 =tfc CO 
 
 =Lfe CO 
 
 =»te <c 
 
 >- 
 
 3 
 
 =«= >- 
 
 C_) 
 
 =tt= <£ 
 
 41= (— 
 
 4fe O- 
 
 4fc Q_ 
 
 111-3 
 
>1 
 
 4 -> 
 
 > 
 
 CD 
 
 <c 
 
 •I— (T 3 
 
 o E 
 0) E 
 Q_ rO 
 OO CD 
 
 -o 
 
 31 
 
 -o 
 
 ■a 
 
 3 
 
 CD 
 
 CL 
 
 >> 
 
 +-> 
 
 > 
 
 •r— 
 
 +j 
 
 cd 
 
 «=t 
 
 3 
 
 cd 
 
 +-> 
 
 03 
 
 U 
 
 •i— 
 
 3 
 
 C 
 
 03 
 
 OZ 
 
 CD 
 
 CXI 
 
 CXI 
 
 S- 
 
 LO 
 
 in in 
 
 in in 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 • LO 
 
 • X 
 
 • X 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 o x 
 
 O X 
 
 o x 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 v in 
 
 CD 
 
 V co 
 
 V 
 
 3 
 03 CD 
 
 Q. 
 
 eC 
 
 00 
 
 (/) 
 
 O 
 
 S- 
 
 CD 
 
 03 
 
 +-> 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 oo 
 
 00 
 
 O 
 
 S- 
 
 CD 
 
 ~0 
 
 aj 
 
 +-> 
 
 DO 
 
 -a 
 
 c>3 CD 
 +-> 
 CD C_) 
 3 CD 
 O >— 
 CD i— 
 O 
 CD CD 
 
 CL CD 
 E +-> 
 03 03 
 C/3 CD 
 
 X LC3 
 
 x 
 
 +i x 
 
 x 
 
 CXI (XI 
 CO X 
 • CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 CD LD 
 X 
 + 1 X 
 LO 
 LO X 
 • CO 
 
 LD 
 
 i— x 
 cr> \ 
 ^ o 
 
 I CXI 
 
 3 X 
 
 »—I CXI 
 
 in 
 
 x 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 CTi 
 
 in 
 
 i— 
 
 +i x 
 in 
 
 co 
 
 (XI 
 
 in 
 in x 
 in \ 
 
 • 5 j- 03 
 
 3 \ 
 
 ►—I (XI 
 
 in 
 
 in 
 
 +i x 
 
 in 
 
 +i x 
 
 oo 
 
 in 
 
 +1 IX 
 
 in 
 
 +1 IX 
 
 x in 
 x 
 
 +i x 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 in 
 
 +l x 
 
 i— 
 
 i— i— 
 
 oo oo 
 
 CXJ 
 
 C\J \ 
 
 i— \ 
 
 OO X 
 
 1— 
 
 
 • ^ 
 
 • oo 
 
 • 
 
 cn 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 cn 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 o in 
 
 o in 
 
 o in 
 
 o 
 
 • X 
 
 • X 
 
 • X 
 
 • 
 
 oo X 
 
 oo \ 
 
 oo \ 
 
 CXI 
 
 in 
 
 in 
 
 •Lj- 
 
 
 v ^_ 
 
 V X 
 
 V X 
 
 V 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 in in 
 • x 
 o x 
 
 v co 
 
 CO 
 
 in 
 o x 
 
 re in 
 
 v co 
 
 in in 
 • x 
 o x 
 
 v co 
 
 co 
 
 in in 
 • x 
 o x 
 
 V CO 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 <xj in 
 X 
 +1 X 
 
 X CO 
 
 O CO 
 
 in 
 
 + 1 X 
 
 03 
 
 in in 
 • x 
 o \ 
 
 v co 
 
 CO 
 
 • in 
 o x 
 
 in in 
 • x 
 
 O X 
 V CO 
 CO 
 
 o in 
 
 o in 
 
 o 
 
 • X 
 
 • X 
 
 • 
 
 oo X 
 
 oo X 
 
 CXJ 
 
 
 'O' 
 
 
 v -—. 
 
 V \ 
 
 V 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 X 
 
 co 
 
 in 
 o x 
 
 (xi o 
 
 v x 
 co 
 
 in 
 o x 
 
 <xj o 
 
 v x 
 
 CO 
 
 X 
 
 cd in 
 x 
 
 * 3 - in 
 x 
 
 co 
 
 cxi in 
 x 
 
 +1 X 
 
 +1 X 
 
 + 1 X 
 
 +1 
 
 in 
 
 in 
 
 in 
 
 
 CO X 
 
 ,— 
 
 LD X 
 
 cr> 
 
 • oo 
 
 . CO 
 
 • CO 
 
 • 
 
 oo 
 
 oo 
 
 
 1— 
 
 CD 
 
 in 
 
 x 
 
 m 
 
 co 
 
 Vi 
 
 CO 
 
 x in 
 x 
 
 + 1 X 
 
 in 
 
 X X 
 • CO 
 
 CXI 
 
 <5i" in 
 
 X 
 +1 X 
 '=}■ 
 x 
 • co 
 <xi 
 
 co in 
 * 3 - x 
 
 +i o 
 
 * 3 " 
 
 CO 
 
 co m 
 
 x 
 
 +1 o 
 
 OO X 
 
 oo 
 
 oo 
 
 co 
 
 in 
 oo x 
 in x 
 
 sj- i— 
 
 I oo 
 3 X 
 t—' oo 
 
 in 
 
 03 x 
 
 in x 
 'O' ' 0 ' 
 
 1 CXI 
 3 X 
 I—I CXJ 
 
 in 
 
 I— X 
 
 co x 
 m 
 i oo 
 3 X 
 I—I CXI 
 
 in 
 oo x 
 co x 
 
 «3- CD 
 I OO 
 3 X 
 I—1 CXI 
 
 in 
 co x 
 
 CO X 
 03 
 
 CXI 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 in 
 
 x 
 
 x 
 
 oo 
 
 oo 
 
 in 
 o x 
 
 in in 
 i oo 
 3 X 
 I—I CXI 
 
 ■— in 
 .— x 
 in x 
 i co 
 3 X 
 I—I co 
 
 co in 
 x 
 
 +1 X 
 CO 
 CO X 
 • LO 
 
 OO 
 
 in in 
 x 
 
 +1 X 
 
 CO oo 
 o in 
 
 in 
 o x 
 
 oo o 
 
 v x 
 
 co 
 
 o in 
 in x 
 
 +i o 
 
 00 X 
 
 • co 
 
 LO LO 
 
 ^ r— 
 
 LO X 
 I 'd- 
 3 X 
 
 I—I co 
 
 3 
 
 oo 
 
 LO 
 
 X 
 
 +1 
 
 CO 
 
 LO LO 
 • X 
 O X 
 
 V CO 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 o x 
 oo 
 
 co 
 
 O LO 
 CO X 
 
 +1 
 
 O X 
 • CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 CD 
 
 LD 
 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 oo 
 
 oo 
 
 LD 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 CO 
 
 LD 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 
 X 
 
 03 
 
 00 
 
 oo 
 
 oo 
 
 CO 
 
 03 
 
 00 
 
 CXJ 
 
 03 LO 
 LO X 
 LO X 
 I CO 
 3 X 
 1 —I CO 
 
 
 ,— 
 
 *—- 
 
 ,—.. 
 
 
 ^-X 
 
 -^-X 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^. 
 
 ,—^ 
 
 ,-S 
 
 ^-x 
 
 —V 
 
 
 4 - 
 
 4 - 
 
 4 - 
 
 4 - 3 
 
 M— •* 
 
 M— 
 
 S- 
 
 
 
 M- 
 
 4 - 
 
 4 - 3 
 
 #x 
 
 4 - 
 
 
 V—■ 
 
 -<C 
 
 - 3 
 
 — 
 
 -- CO 
 
 V- 
 
 o 
 
 
 r> 
 
 V-/ 
 
 '— > 
 
 -h- 
 
 -CO 
 
 -- 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 : 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 i- 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 r— 
 
 O 
 
 
 1 — 
 
 .—. 
 
 -—^ 
 
 
 * ->* |- 
 
 
 
 
 i- 
 
 --- 1 -t 
 
 ^-V 
 
 ^v i\ 
 
 ^—x , - 
 
 - - 
 
 
 O) 
 
 CD »> 
 
 CD •» 
 
 CD O 
 
 CD O 
 
 cd 
 
 +0 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 CD 
 
 QJ 
 
 CD CD 
 
 CD fO 
 
 CJ 
 
 c. 
 
 Ni_^ n 
 
 —- CD 
 
 i— 
 
 -+-> 
 
 -- 
 
 >>—^ 
 
 <D 
 
 
 n= 
 
 XwX *3 
 
 -- 
 
 -—^ i—■ 
 
 -- 
 
 -CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 Z 3 
 
 03 
 
 03 
 
 «N 
 
 CD 
 
 -—- 
 
 
 CD 
 
 £Z 
 
 i— 
 
 
 ZJ 
 
 • 1 — 
 
 x •<- 
 
 oo sz 
 
 LD ra 
 
 CO CZ 
 
 c= 
 
 5 Z 
 
 3 
 
 Q. 
 
 c= 
 
 03 C 
 
 CD •(- 
 
 03 -r- 
 
 l\ CD 
 
 1 — 31 
 
 4 -> 
 
 LD -£Z 
 
 O CD 
 
 03 Q_ 
 
 'O' •(— 
 
 cr> co 
 
 O O 
 
 (/) 
 
 D 3 
 
 rD 
 
 03 -i- 
 
 i— 
 
 LD > 
 
 , — i— 
 
 O E 
 
 Its 
 
 r— CL 
 
 1 — S- 
 
 i— 
 
 r— 4 -> 
 
 r— *i— 
 
 >— +-> 
 
 ■—^ 
 
 
 •r— 
 
 i— 4 -> 
 
 >— CD 
 
 i— 3 
 
 r— -M 
 
 OO ZJ 
 
 ID 
 
 r~ E 
 
 i— s 
 
 r— . 
 
 i— £Z 
 
 >— “O 
 
 1 — 00 
 
 
 
 “O 
 
 i— *i— 
 
 i— CD 
 
 i— CO 
 
 r— 4 -> 
 
 ,— ,—• 
 
 O 
 
 CO O) 
 
 CO rO 
 
 CO 4 -> 
 
 CO =3 
 
 CO c 
 
 oo o 
 
 C^» 
 
 
 c 
 
 CO JZ 
 
 CO sz 
 
 CO (O 
 
 OO -f- 
 
 CO O 
 
 _I 
 
 =tt s: 
 
 =#= _l 
 
 =tfe LO 
 
 =«fc 3 
 
 ^ >—1 
 
 =«= CO 
 
 =#= 
 
 
 ►—I 
 
 =#= 3 
 
 =tfc 3 
 
 =#= 3 
 
 _i 
 
 =t»= CD 
 
 111-4 
 
Indicated Activity in pCi/1 _ 
 
 Sample Code & Gross Beta Gross Alpha Specific 
 
 Location _ Date Collected Mq/1 Date Counted Date Counted _ u Sr_°Ra_ Gamma Activity 
 
 -o 
 
 cvi lo 
 
 i— 
 
 +i d 
 
 d \ 
 
 d lo 
 
 i— p- 
 
 +i d 
 
 i— d 
 
 to 
 
 co p^ 
 
 +i d 
 
 CPi \ 
 
 LO LO 
 i— r^. 
 
 +1 d 
 
 O \ 
 
 lo lo 
 ■— r\ 
 
 +ld 
 
 o \ 
 
 o un 
 
 i— p^ 
 
 +i d 
 
 cn \ 
 
 un 
 
 d I— 
 
 +1 d 
 
 CVI \ 
 CPi d 
 
 lo 
 
 i— 
 
 o d 
 
 CO LO 
 i— p^ 
 
 +i p^ 
 CO \ 
 
 lo 
 
 p^ 
 
 co 
 
 lo 
 
 lo 
 
 +i 
 
 LO 
 
 00 
 
 LO 
 
 P^ LO 
 CVJ P^ 
 
 + 1 LO 
 
 LO \ 
 
 LO LO 
 • P~~- 
 O \ 
 LO 
 
 LO LO 
 • P". 
 O \ 
 LO 
 
 P-. LO 
 CVJ I— 
 
 + 1 LO 
 LO \ 
 
 LO LO 
 CO P^ 
 
 + 1 LO 
 
 CPi \ 
 
 CO LO 
 LO pv. 
 
 +1 
 
 00 
 
 CVI 
 
 LO LO 
 
 LO LO 
 
 CPi LO 
 
 03 LO 
 
 LO LO 
 
 • P-* 
 
 • P^ 
 
 CVJ P"- 
 
 d r-~ 
 
 • 
 
 O \ 
 
 O \ 
 
 
 —. 
 
 o \ 
 
 r— 
 
 i— 
 
 +1 I— 
 
 + 1 r— 
 
 i— 
 
 V CVJ 
 
 V CVI 
 
 CVJ 
 
 CVI 
 
 V CVJ 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 cvi «d 
 
 v \ 
 
 co 
 
 io 
 
 O 
 
 cvj d 
 
 oo 
 
 LO 
 O P^ 
 
 CVJ CO 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 O P'- 
 
 CVJ 00 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 O P^ 
 
 CVJ 
 
 CVJ 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 O P- 
 
 LO 
 O P-^ 
 
 LO 
 
 CVJ 1— 
 
 CVJ r— 
 
 
 CVJ 
 
 CVJ 
 
 
 V V, 
 
 V \ 
 
 i— 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 C\J 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 LO 
 O P^ 
 
 CVJ LO 
 CVJ 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 CVJ LO 
 CVJ 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 O p^ 
 
 CVJ LO 
 CVJ 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 O P- 
 
 CVJ LO 
 CVJ 
 V \ 
 CO 
 
 CO LO P^ LO d LO 
 
 co Pv d P^ d I—. 
 
 +1 d 
 
 +1 d 
 
 +1 C0 
 
 d lo 
 
 CVI P^ 
 
 +1 00 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 CO 
 
 p-~ 
 
 LO 
 
 p^ 
 
 +1 
 
 
 +1 
 
 
 
 CVJ 
 
 
 CVJ 
 
 LO 
 
 
 1— 
 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CVI 
 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 CVJ 
 
 LO 
 
 CVJ 
 
 p^ 
 
 LO 
 
 
 +1 
 
 
 +1 
 
 
 
 CVJ 
 
 
 CVJ 
 
 LO 
 
 
 p^ 
 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 r— 
 
 
 cn lo 
 co P^ 
 
 + 1 LO 
 CVJ 
 
 CO \ 
 . • CO 
 CVI 
 
 LO LO 
 d r-^ 
 
 + 1 LO 
 CVJ 
 d \ 
 • CO 
 CVI 
 
 LO LO 
 
 lo p^ 
 
 + 1 LO 
 CVJ 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 LO 
 
 P^ 
 
 + 1 LO 
 CVJ 
 CTl \ 
 • CO 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 P'- 
 
 O 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 CVJ 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 LO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 cm 
 
 d 
 
 CVJ 
 
 CVJ 
 
 p- 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 co 
 
 1— 
 
 CVJ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 CVJ 
 
 CTl 
 
 CVJ 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CVJ 
 
 CVJ 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 CVJ 
 
 LO 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 
 O LO 
 
 1— LO 
 
 cvi p^ 
 
 CPi P^ 
 
 o 
 
 LO P^ 
 
 00 P- 
 
 CO \ 
 
 CO \ 
 
 o 
 
 LO \ 
 
 LO \ 
 
 LO O 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 I d 
 
 LO 
 
 P^ 
 
 LO 
 P-~ P-. 
 
 o \ 
 
 LO CVI 
 
 LO 
 
 P-~ 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 LO P'- 
 
 LO P-. 
 
 LO 
 LO P^ 
 
 LO CO 
 
 LO 
 d r-^ 
 
 CVJ \ 
 LO P^ 
 
 LO 
 
 lo 
 
 CVJ 
 
 LO CO 
 
 LO 
 LO P^ 
 CVI \ 
 LO 00 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 .— 
 
 
 — N 
 
 , - - 
 
 ,— 
 
 .—. 
 
 s - * 
 
 -—"• oo 
 
 , — * 
 
 
 . — - 
 
 , - V 
 
 4— n: 
 
 4- Cl. 
 
 4- >- 
 
 u- 
 
 4- *—i 
 
 4- 
 
 4- < 
 
 4 - s: 
 
 4— 
 
 
 4- 1— 
 
 4- 
 
 — o 
 
 
 -33 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 - — - 
 
 —- o_ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ■- — ^ 
 
 m 
 
 -O 
 
 —- 
 
 
 #> 
 
 
 t — t 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 >- 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ^ \ r\ 
 
 • JD 
 
 S' - 
 
 cn 
 
 ^v rv 
 
 ^3 
 
 s —-v w\ 
 
 ^ QJ 
 
 
 
 ^-^ r\ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 QJ "O 
 
 0J cn 
 
 QJ O 
 
 O) 
 
 QJ QJ 
 
 QJ 
 
 QJ cn 
 
 QJ 1— 
 
 QJ 
 
 
 QJ >, 
 
 QJ DT 
 
 -— c 
 
 - s~ 
 
 -— S- 
 
 v-x r> 
 
 — cu 
 
 x_ ^ n 
 
 — s- 
 
 -- — 
 
 ✓ •> 
 
 03 
 
 -— S- 
 
 '--O 
 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 +-> 
 
 
 SC 
 
 3 
 
 •(— 
 
 o 
 
 4-> 
 
 3 
 
 
 O r— 
 
 00 JD 
 
 r— JD 
 
 LO s_ 
 
 d Z5 
 
 cvj cn 
 
 CP JD 
 
 CO > 
 
 O r— 
 
 CVJ +-> 
 
 00 JD 
 
 LO »> 
 
 o cu 
 
 d cn 
 
 P"- L0 
 
 o o 
 
 1— c0 
 
 1 — o 
 
 d co 
 
 c 
 
 CVJ 03 
 
 d 0J 
 
 O S— 
 
 O 03 
 
 CVJ > 
 
 I— +-> 
 
 i— C 
 
 r— Q- 
 
 CVJ 3 
 
 cvi -v: 
 
 i— H3 
 
 r— 0J 
 
 r— 4- 
 
 LO *r— 
 
 i— QJ 
 
 CVJ 3 
 
 >— cu 
 
 4-> 
 
 r- QJ 
 
 <— S 
 
 i— i— 
 
 i— sc 
 
 r— S_ 
 
 r— QJ 
 
 r— 4- 
 
 LO S_ 
 
 r— +-> 
 
 i— cn 
 
 CO 1— 
 
 CO -r- 
 
 co S 
 
 CO QJ 
 
 CO -r- 
 
 CO CO 
 
 CO +-> 
 
 CO L- 
 
 CO 3 
 
 CVJ fO 
 
 CVI 03 
 
 co •<- 
 
 =#= o 
 
 =tfe Q- 
 
 O 
 
 
 =«= 2 : 
 
 O 
 
 =«= oo 
 
 =«= o 
 
 =tte CQ 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 Q- 
 
 111-5 
 
_ Indicated Activity in pCi/1 _ 
 
 Sample Code & Gross Beta Gross Alpha Specific 
 
 Location _ Date Collected Mg/1 Date Counted Date Counted _ br __Ra_ Gamma Activity 
 
 o 
 
 ,— LO 
 
 +i \ 
 
 co 
 o \ 
 cm ld 
 
 co 
 
 +i 
 
 LD 
 
 00 
 
 LD 
 
 LD 
 
 CO 
 
 LD 
 
 LO 
 
 +1 \ 
 CO 
 CO \ 
 CM Ln 
 
 CM 
 
 LO 
 
 00 
 
 LO 
 
 +1 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 00 
 
 LO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 r\ 
 
 LO 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 cn 
 
 CXJ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 lo 
 
 o 
 
 i— r-- 
 
 *d c^- 
 
 LO \ 
 
 LO \ 
 
 co \ 
 
 d" \ 
 
 »d 
 
 r— 
 
 i— 
 
 cn 
 
 +1 
 
 + 1 CM 
 
 +1 CM 
 
 +1 r— 
 
 LO LO 
 
 o 
 
 ^d *d 
 
 o >d 
 
 LO LO 
 
 o 
 
 O LO 
 
 O LO 
 
 O LO 
 
 O LO 
 
 o 
 
 • 1^ 
 
 • 1^ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 CM \ 
 
 CM \ 
 
 CM \ 
 
 CM \ 
 
 CXJ 
 
 O 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 
 V 1— 
 
 V CM 
 
 V CM 
 
 V CM 
 
 V 
 
 CM 
 
 O LO 
 • 
 
 CM \ 
 CM 
 V CM 
 
 o 
 
 • LO 
 CM I''. 
 
 V 03 
 
 LO 
 
 *d 
 
 +1 
 
 LO' 
 
 lo 
 
 co r-~ 
 
 + 1 CM 
 CM 
 
 cn lo 
 lo 
 
 .- LO 
 
 •d 
 
 + 1 CM 
 CM 
 O \ 
 • «d 
 
 co 
 
 CO LO 
 r\ 
 
 +l 
 
 CM 
 
 *d 
 
 i— LO 
 
 lo r^. 
 
 + 1 CM 
 CM 
 *d \ 
 • 'd- 
 CM 
 
 CM LO 
 LO 
 
 + 1 CM 
 
 CO \ 
 . LO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 00 
 
 ^d 
 
 LO 
 
 LO 
 
 ^d 
 
 CM 
 
 cn 
 
 1— 
 
 cn 
 
 LO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 LO 
 
 r-^ 
 cm \ 
 
 LO 03 
 I i— 
 
 3 \ 
 
 i—I CO 
 
 4- 
 
 LO 
 
 oo 
 
 co \ 
 
 LO LO 
 I CM 
 3 \ 
 I—I CO 
 
 4— >- 
 
 O) 
 
 03 +-> 
 CO 03 
 LO T3 
 I 
 
 3 O 
 
 LO 
 O I-', 
 ^d \ 
 LO LO 
 I CM 
 
 CO 
 
 LO 
 i— r^. 
 <d \ 
 lo r^ 
 
 I CM 
 
 CO 
 
 ■ <_> 
 oo 
 
 LO 
 CO l''» 
 
 r-~ lo 
 
 I CM 
 
 CO 
 
 •d lo 
 o r-- 
 o \ 
 i— co 
 
 I CM 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 r» 
 
 e» 
 
 1—1 
 
 > 
 
 rc 
 
 «•-- #3 
 
 
 c: 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 O) o 
 
 CL) 
 
 
 03 S 
 
 O) o 
 
 O) 
 
 0\ 
 
 -- 
 
 -O 
 
 l/> 
 
 -— o 
 
 — 4-> 
 
 V_y «t 
 
 r— 
 
 c* 
 
 O) 
 
 Z3 
 
 +j 
 
 00 
 
 +J 
 
 i- 
 
 co s= 
 
 CM -Q 
 
 CO JO 
 
 LO >, 
 
 LO <U 
 
 03 -r- 
 
 o> 
 
 o o 
 
 CM O) 
 
 o E 
 
 CM 03 
 
 i— 
 
 o o 
 
 co 2 
 
 CM 4-> 
 
 i— C 
 
 CM Z3 
 
 r- 
 
 r— S- 
 
 CM S- 
 
 r— O) 
 
 >1 
 
 r- •(— 
 
 r— r— 
 
 r— S- 
 
 >— 03 
 
 1— -o> 
 
 1— Q. 
 
 CO 03 
 
 CO JO 
 
 CO O 
 
 CO 03 
 
 CO -£= 
 
 CO cu 
 
 CO o 
 
 41= Q 
 
 41= DC 
 
 41= C_> 
 
 41= |— 
 
 41= C_> 
 
 41= O 
 
 41= cc 
 
 I I 1-6 
 
APPENDIX IV 
 
 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM SURVEY (1974) 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM SURVEY (1974) 
 
 The Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS), which began 
 in July 1973, was developed from previously operating radiation monitoring net¬ 
 works to form a single monitoring system more responsive to current and projected 
 sources of environmental radiation. 
 
 The ERAMS Drinking Water Component is an expansion of the previous Tritium 
 Surveillance System which was operated by the Office of Radiation Programs from 
 1970 through June 1973. The Drinking Water Component consists of 77 quarterly 
 drinking water samples taken from major population centers and selected nuclear 
 facility environs. Tritium, a long-lived (half-life of 12.3 years) isotope of 
 hydrogen (hydrogen-3), is analyzed on a quarterly basis with grab samples. Tritium 
 is produced in nuclear power production and nuclear weapons testing, and naturally 
 by cosmic radiation. Because it is chemically similar to hydrogen, tritium readily 
 enters the body in water and is incorporated into living tissue. 
 
 The following table presents the tritium concentrations in drinking water at 
 the Drinking Water Component stations for 1974. The average tritium concentration 
 was 0.3 nCi/1iter. 
 
 IV-1 
 
Table IV 
 
 ERAMS DRINKING WATER COMPONENT, 1974 
 
 Location 
 
 Tritium concentration 
 
 a (nCi/1iter ± 
 
 2o) b 
 
 Jan-Mar 
 
 Apri1-June 
 
 July-Sept 
 
 Oct-Dec 
 
 Ala: 
 
 Dothan- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 Montgomery- 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 Muscle Shoals-- 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 .2 
 
 Alaska 
 
 : Anchorage- 
 
 NS 
 
 0 
 
 .5 
 
 .4 
 
 
 Fairbanks- 
 
 .5 
 
 .5 
 
 .5 
 
 .3 
 
 Ark: 
 
 Little Rock- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Calif: 
 
 Berkeley- 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 C.Z.: 
 
 Ancon- 
 
 .5 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Colo: 
 
 Denver- 
 
 .5 
 
 .5 
 
 .4 
 
 .6 
 
 
 PIattevi1le- 
 
 .9 
 
 1.0 
 
 .9 
 
 .6 
 
 Conn: 
 
 Hartford- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 Del: 
 
 WiImington- 
 
 .3 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 D.C.: 
 
 Washington- 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Fla: 
 
 Mi ami- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 Tampa- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Ga: 
 
 Baxley- 
 
 NS 
 
 0 
 
 NS 
 
 0 
 
 
 Savannah- 
 
 3.1 + 0.3 
 
 6.8 ± 0.3 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 : Honolulu- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Idaho: 
 
 Boise- 
 
 .3 
 
 0 
 
 NS 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Idaho Falls- 
 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 .6 
 
 .3 
 
 Ill: 
 
 Chicago- 
 
 1.0 
 
 .6 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Morris- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Iowa: 
 
 Cedar Rapids— 
 
 NS 
 
 NS 
 
 .3 
 
 .5 
 
 Kans: 
 
 Topeka- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 0 
 
 La: 
 
 New Orleans- 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 Maine: 
 
 Augusta- 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 Md: 
 
 Baltimore- 
 
 0 
 
 MS 
 
 .3 
 
 .5 
 
 
 Conowingo- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 Mass: 
 
 Lawrence- 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 
 Rowe-- 
 
 .3 
 
 0 
 
 NS 
 
 .4 
 
 
 IV-2 
 
Location 
 
 Tritium concentration 
 
 (nCi/liter ± 
 
 2a) b 
 
 Jan-Mar 
 
 Apri1-June 
 
 July-Sept 
 
 Oct-Dec 
 
 Mi cfi: 
 
 Detroit- 
 
 .4 
 
 .4 
 
 .4 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Grand Rapids— 
 
 .3 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 .2 
 
 Mi nn: 
 
 Mi nneapolis- 
 
 .4 
 
 .3 
 
 .5 
 
 .5 
 
 
 Red Wing- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Miss: 
 
 Jackson- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 Mo: 
 
 Jefferson City- 
 
 0 
 
 .4 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Mont: 
 
 Helena- 
 
 .3 
 
 .5 
 
 .4 
 
 .4 
 
 Nebr: 
 
 Lincoln- 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 Nev: 
 
 Las Vegas- 
 
 .8 
 
 .7 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 N.H.: 
 
 Concord- 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 o 
 
 . L 
 
 .3 
 
 N.J.: 
 
 Trenton- 
 
 0 
 
 NS 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 
 Waretown- 
 
 0 
 
 NS 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 N.Mex: 
 
 Santa Fe- 
 
 .5 
 
 NS 
 
 .5 
 
 0 
 
 N. Y. : 
 
 A1bany- 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Buffalo- 
 
 .3 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 .5 
 
 
 New York- 
 
 .3 
 
 NS 
 
 .3 
 
 0 
 
 
 Syracuse- 
 
 .6 
 
 .6 
 
 .5 
 
 .7 
 
 N.C.: 
 
 Chariotte- 
 
 0 
 
 .7 
 
 .3 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Wilmington- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 N.Dak: 
 
 Bismarck- 
 
 .5 
 
 .5 
 
 .7 
 
 .4 
 
 Ohio: 
 
 Ci ncinnati- 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 
 East Liverpool- 
 
 .4 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Painesvilie- 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 .5 
 
 
 Toledo- 
 
 NS 
 
 NS 
 
 NS 
 
 NS 
 
 Oki a: 
 
 Oklahoma City-- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 Oreg: 
 
 Portland- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .3 
 
 Pa: 
 
 Columbia- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 .7 
 
 
 Harrisburg- 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Pittsburgh- 
 
 .4 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 P.R.: 
 
 San Juan- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 R. I.: 
 
 Providence- 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 IV-3 
 
Location 
 
 Tritium concentration 0 
 
 (nCi/liter ± 
 
 2o) b 
 
 Jan-Mar 
 
 Apri1-June 
 
 July-Sept 
 
 Oct-Dec 
 
 S.C.: 
 
 Anderson- 
 
 .3 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 
 Columbia- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .4 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Hartsvilie- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 Seneca- 
 
 .2 
 
 .4 
 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 Tenn: 
 
 Chattanooga- 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .4 
 
 0 
 
 
 Knoxvilie- 
 
 .4 
 
 .4 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Tex: 
 
 Austin- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Va: 
 
 Doswel1- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Lynchburg- 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Norfolk- 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .2 
 
 Wash: 
 
 Richi and- 
 
 NS 
 
 .5 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 
 Seattle- 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 .4 
 
 Wise: 
 
 Genoa- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 NS 
 
 0 
 
 
 Madison- 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Average 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.2 
 
 a The minimum detection limit for all samples was 0.20 nCi/liter. All values 
 equal to or less than 0.20 nCi/liter before rounding have been reported as 
 zero. 
 
 bThe 2a error for all samples is 0.20 nCi/liter unless otherwise noted. 
 
 NS, no sample. 
 
 IV- 4 
 
APPENDIX V 
 
 ORGANICS SURVEY IN REGION V 
 
Table V 
 
 ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS IN REGION V SURVEY 
 
 (micrograms per liter) 
 
 R = Raw Water F = Finished Water 
 
 City 
 
 CHC1, 
 
 R J F 
 
 BrCHCl 9 
 
 R F^ 
 
 Br.CHCl 
 
 R^ F 
 
 Br C 
 R 6 
 
 H 
 
 F 
 
 CC1 
 
 R T 
 
 CH 
 
 R 
 
 ? C1 9 
 
 L r 
 
 
 C\J 
 
 i— Ll_ 
 
 O 
 
 SURFACE SOURCE 
 
 Cairo, Ill. 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 <1 
 
 11 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 0.8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Carlyle, Ill. 
 
 <1 
 
 48 
 
 <1 
 
 20 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 0.6 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Chicago, 111. a 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 <1 
 
 3.4 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 0 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Chester, Ill. 
 
 5 
 
 182 
 
 <1 
 
 17 
 
 <1 
 
 1.1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.3 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Danville, Ill. 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 0.7 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 Fairfield, Ill. 
 
 10 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 <1 
 
 1.4 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.3 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 Kankakee, Ill. 
 
 <1 
 
 52 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 <1 
 
 1.1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Mt. Carmel, Ill. 
 
 <1 
 
 52 
 
 <1 
 
 15 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 2.6 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Newton, Ill. 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 1.3 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 Quincy, Ill. 
 
 <1 
 
 58 
 
 <1 
 
 13 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Rock Island, Ill. 
 
 94 
 
 79 
 
 11 
 
 8.3 
 
 <1 
 
 0.4 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Royal ton, Ill. 
 
 <1 
 
 68 
 
 <1 
 
 29 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Streator, Ill. 
 
 <1 
 
 35 
 
 <1 
 
 14 
 
 <1 
 
 1.7 
 
 <1 
 
 1.4 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 Bedford, Ind. 
 
 5 
 
 84 
 
 <1 
 
 12 
 
 <1 
 
 0.8 
 
 <1 
 
 0.8 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Bloomington, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 19 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.3 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Evansville, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 29 
 
 <1 
 
 12 
 
 <1 
 
 1.7 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 <1 
 
 0.7 
 
 <1 
 
 0.4 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 0.9 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 Gary, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 Hammond, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. a 
 
 <1 
 
 19 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 0.6 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 Kokomo, Ind. 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 <1 
 
 11 
 
 <1 
 
 1.4 
 
 <1 
 
 0.3 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Lafayette, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 0.3 
 
 <1 
 
 0.6 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 a Also sampled in the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey 
 
 V-l 
 
City 
 
 CHC1 - 
 R J F 
 
 BrCHCl 9 
 
 R F^ 
 
 Br.CHCl 
 
 R^ F 
 
 Br^CH 
 
 R J F 
 
 CC1 
 
 R T 
 
 CH 
 
 R 
 
 Cl 
 
 2 p2 
 
 C^H-Cl 2 
 
 R^ H F 
 
 SURFACE SOURCE (Continued) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Logansport, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 <1 
 
 1.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Michigan City, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 Mt. Vernon, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 18 
 
 <1 
 
 9 
 
 <1 
 
 1.2 
 
 <1 
 
 .9 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 1.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Muncie, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 31 
 
 <1 
 
 17 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 < 1 
 
 1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 New Albany, Ind. 
 
 3 
 
 41 
 
 .4 
 
 15 
 
 <1 
 
 1.4 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1.6 
 
 <1 
 
 1.3 
 
 2 
 
 <2 
 
 Terre Haute, Ind. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 .<1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 15 
 
 <1 
 
 Whiting, Ind. a 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 Bay City, Mich. 
 
 <1 
 
 17 
 
 <1 
 
 19 
 
 <1 
 
 13 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 Bessemer Township, Mich. 
 
 7 
 
 312 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 6.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Cadillac, Mich. 
 
 <1 
 
 47 
 
 <1 
 
 8 
 
 <1 
 
 0.4 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.1 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 2 
 
 <2 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 9 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 0.3 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Dundee, Mich. 
 
 1 
 
 170 
 
 <1 
 
 26 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 0.3 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 <1 
 
 24 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 <2 
 
 Menominee, Mich. 
 
 <1 
 
 42 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 .6 
 
 <1 
 
 0.3 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 <2 
 
 Mt. Clemens, Mich. 9 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 1.3 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 9 
 
 <2 
 
 Sault St. Maria, Mich. 
 
 <1 
 
 27 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 , <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Wyandotte, Mich. 
 
 <1 
 
 14 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 0.4 
 
 <1 
 
 2.1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 Breckenridge, Minn. 
 
 <1 
 
 128 
 
 <1 
 
 15 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <3 
 
 Crookston, Minn. 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 <1 
 
 0.8 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Duluth, Minn. 
 
 <1 
 
 26 
 
 <1 
 
 1.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 23 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 East Grand Forks, Minn. 
 
 <1 
 
 22 
 
 <1 
 
 0.8 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 8 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Fairmount, Minn. 
 
 9 
 
 200 
 
 <1 
 
 31 
 
 <1 
 
 0.7 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <5 
 
 Granite Falls, Minn. 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 International Falls, 
 
 Minn. 
 
 <1 
 
 26 
 
 <1 
 
 .3 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 26 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 <1 
 
 8 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 V-2 
 
City 
 
 CHC1 
 
 R J F 
 
 BrCHCl 9 
 
 R F^ 
 
 Br.CHCl 
 
 R^ F 
 
 Br„CH 
 
 R J F 
 
 CC1 
 
 R T 
 
 CH 
 
 R 
 
 ,C1, 
 
 
 S* 
 
 *ci 2 
 
 4 F 
 
 Oslo, Minn. 
 
 3 
 
 79 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 <1 
 
 <0. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <5 
 
 St. Cloud, Minn. 
 
 <1 
 
 37 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 9 
 
 <1 
 
 0. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 St. Paul, Minn. a 
 
 4 
 
 82 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 <1 
 
 <0. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <5 
 
 Berea, Ohio 
 
 <1 
 
 60 
 
 <1 
 
 26 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Bowling Green, Ohio 
 
 <1 
 
 160 
 
 <1 
 
 27 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <. £ 
 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio a 
 
 4 
 
 127 
 
 <1 
 
 29 
 
 1.4 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 < .5 
 
 1 
 
 <.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <. £ 
 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 3 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 0.7 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 9 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 3 
 
 <1 
 
 51 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 0.7 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Defiance, Ohio 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 0.7 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 East Liverpool, Ohio 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 <0. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Fremont, Ohio 
 
 1 
 
 366 
 
 <1 
 
 18 
 
 <1 
 
 1.4 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 <. £ 
 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Piqua, Ohio 3 
 
 <1 
 
 102 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 <1 
 
 0.7 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Portsmouth, Ohio 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 <1 
 
 14 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 0.6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 Toledo, Ohio 
 
 <1 
 
 62 
 
 <1 
 
 20 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Warren, Ohio 
 
 <1 
 
 138 
 
 <1 
 
 19 
 
 <1 
 
 0.8 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 11 
 
 <1 
 
 <0. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Green Bay, Wise. 
 
 <1 
 
 9 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 0 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Kenosha, Wise. 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 < 1 
 
 .7 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 <. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Manitowoc, Wise. 
 
 <1 
 
 14 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Marinette, Wise. 
 
 <1 
 
 53 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 <. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Milwaukee, Wise. 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 <. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Oshkosh, Wise. 3 
 
 6 
 
 55 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 7 
 
 <2 
 
 <1 
 
 <. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Two Rivers, Wise. 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 10 
 
 <2 
 
 <1 
 
 <. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 GROUND WATER SOURCE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Galesburg, Ill. 
 
 <1 
 
 30 
 
 <1 
 
 13 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Peoria, Ill. 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 0.4 
 
 <1 
 
 1.3 
 
 <1 
 
 <0. 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 Morocco, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 12 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 0.3 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0. 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 V-3 
 
City 
 
 CHC1, 
 
 R -T 
 
 BrCHCl 9 
 
 r r 
 
 Br ? CHCl 
 
 R F 
 
 Br~CH 
 R J 
 
 F 
 
 CC1 
 
 R 
 
 4 
 
 T 
 
 CH 
 
 R 
 
 Cl 
 
 2 U p2 
 
 c 9 h 
 
 R^ 
 
 4 C ^2 
 
 South Bend, Ind. 
 
 <1 
 
 11 
 
 <1 
 
 3.4 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Jackson, Mich. 
 
 <1 
 
 < 1 
 
 <1 
 
 16 
 
 <1 
 
 14 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 Kalamazoo, Mich. 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Lansing, Mich. 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 <1 
 
 0.8 
 
 <1 
 
 0.7 
 
 <1 
 
 <1.3 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 <2 
 
 Mt. Pleasant, Mich. 
 
 <1 
 
 11 
 
 <1 
 
 23 
 
 <1 
 
 15 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Waterford Township, Mich 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Mankato, Minn. 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 <1 
 
 9 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Richfield, Minn. 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 3 
 
 <2. 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 Willmar, Minn. 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.2 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 Black River Falls, Wise. 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 <0.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <.5 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 Eau Claire, Wise. 
 
 <1 
 
 50 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 < .5 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 7 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 Mean 
 
 2 
 
 45 
 
 <1 
 
 8.5 
 
 <1 
 
 1.2 
 
 <1 
 
 0.4 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 Median 
 
 <1 
 
 20 
 
 <1 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 <1 
 
 V-4 
 
APPENDIX VI 
 
 SURVEYS FOR PESTICIDES, PCBs, AND PHTHALATES IN REGION V 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table VI 
 
 REGION V SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES - POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 3 - PHTHALATES 
 Concentration in nanograms per liter R = Raw Water F = Finished Water 
 
 =w= 
 
 I— CD 
 re c> 
 
 +J r- 
 
 o re 
 
 CM 
 
 CM i 
 
 co i 
 
 i 
 
 s_ 
 
 re o <d 
 
 Ei— c 
 E -c re 
 re c_> -o 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 +-> 
 
 CD 
 
 > 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 zs 
 
 O' 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 >! 
 
 re 
 
 c 
 
 re 
 
 O) 
 
 £Z 
 
 CO 
 
 c • : 
 
 o -o 
 
 •i- CD 
 +-> +-> 
 o u 
 
 CD CD 
 +-> +J 
 CD CD 
 T3 -O 
 
 CD CD 
 x: C- 
 -t-> d) 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 O co 
 
 CD >> 
 -Q C 
 CD 
 
 CD -C 
 S- D- 
 CD t- 
 
 3 -Q 
 
 -o -o 
 
 CD CD 
 
 4 - > +-> 
 
 s_ re 
 o c: 
 
 CL-i- 
 
 CD s~ 
 
 5- o 
 
 4J XI 
 
 o o 
 
 £= >> 
 
 co O 
 CD CL 
 
 o 
 
 I— o 
 re c 
 > 
 
 O 
 
 •r- cn 
 +J c 
 re 
 
 l- o 
 +-> o 
 
 C CM 
 CD 
 
 <_> 4- 
 
 c o 
 o 
 
 O CO 
 I— CD 
 
 r— > 
 
 <C CD 
 re i— 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 i- 
 Q. 
 ■> O 
 CL CO 
 
 I—l *r— 
 ■-I 
 
 O Q 
 I I 
 
 re" re- 
 
 •i r' 
 
 CM CM 
 
 > 
 
 C. 
 
 o 
 
 LT) 
 
 CD 
 
 C 
 
 re 
 
 ■o 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 S- 
 
 4-> 
 
 >> 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 re- 
 
 s- 
 
 •o 
 
 o re- 
 
 CD 
 
 c 
 
 CD 
 
 N 
 
 C 
 
 CD 
 
 -Q 
 
 C 
 
 re 
 
 4- 
 CD 
 
 5- 
 
 s- 
 
 -O 
 
 CD 
 
 I— 
 
 o 
 
 CO CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 □ 
 
 CD 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 >> 
 
 X CD 
 CD 4-> 
 
 d re 
 >> re 
 
 SZ JZ 
 +-> 4-> 
 CD JZ 
 r- Q- 
 Q 
 
 O O 
 O O 
 O O 
 
 re- 
 
 CD o 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 LD 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 co 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 re- cm 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 I— CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 >> 
 
 4-> 
 
 ‘r — 
 
 c_> 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 -O 
 
 e 
 
 -a 
 
 S- 
 
 o 
 
 4- 
 
 -a 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 -O 
 
 c 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 TD 
 
 {= 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 DC Ll DC Ll 
 
 CD 
 
 E 
 
 =0 
 
 re 
 
 re 
 
 CD 
 
 -o 
 
 e 
 
 o 
 
 re 
 
 o 
 
 CL 
 
 re 
 
 e • 
 re "O 
 i- e 
 
 "O i—i 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 O 
 
 -X 
 
 5 
 
 -O 
 
 e 
 
 CD 
 
 4-> 
 
 -M 
 
 aj 
 
 >> 
 
 re 
 
 4- 
 
 re 
 
 ro 
 
 e 
 
 +J 
 
 s- 
 
 o 
 
 CL 
 
 to 
 
 E 
 
 re 
 
 cn 
 
 o 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 
 E 
 
 re 
 
 cn . 
 
 ■r- X3 
 
 sz e 
 
 CJ ►-< 
 
 DC LL 
 
 -o 
 
 c 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 -d 
 
 E 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 -o 
 
 E 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 >0 
 
 E 
 
 re 
 
 -Q 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 "O 
 
 e 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 oo 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 DC Ll 
 
 DC LL 
 
 re 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 H 
 
 re 
 
 c_> 
 
 s- 
 
 CD 
 
 -M 
 
 CO 
 
 CD 
 
 JC 
 
 O 
 
 cn 
 
 i- 
 
 Z3 
 
 -Q 
 
 to 
 
 CD 
 
 re 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 .X 
 
 re 
 
 -X 
 
 e 
 
 re 
 
 xc 
 
<— QJ 
 CO 3 
 +-> r— 
 O CO 
 
 CM CM 
 
 CO , 
 
 CM i— 
 
 I 
 
 s- 
 
 CO O CD 
 
 E <— 
 
 E -C fl 
 mu "O 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 S- 0- 
 CL 0J 
 * O -(-> 
 CL CO CO 
 •i- QJ 
 ' I 
 
 O Q i 
 I I 
 *3" 
 
 •% #» 
 
 CM CM 
 
 QJ 
 
 C 
 
 ra 
 
 T3 
 
 c 
 
 £Z 
 
 o 
 
 s- 
 
 ■M 
 
 >> 
 
 1^1 
 
 S- 
 
 "O 
 
 CO 
 
 0) 
 
 c 
 
 Q) 
 
 N 
 
 c 
 
 QJ 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 00 o 
 
 cm cn 
 
 s- 
 
 *o 
 
 a; 
 
 I— 
 
 Q 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 LO 
 
 Q 
 
 Q 
 
 CM 
 
 *3" CO 
 
 >> 
 
 X CL) 
 QJ +-> 
 C CO 
 
 >, CO 
 
 sc jc 
 +-> -M 
 aj jc 
 
 r- O- 
 Q 
 
 O O 
 O O 
 O O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 CM 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 CM 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 CM I— 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 co 
 
 cn U- 
 
 cn u- 
 
 cn u- 
 
 -M 
 
 •r* 
 
 c_> 
 
 QJ 
 
 E 
 
 s- 
 
 cO 
 
 c_> 
 
 CO 
 
 z. 
 
 o 
 
 QJ 
 
 CO 
 
 S- 
 
 o 
 
 4-> 
 
 CO 
 
 QJ 
 
 s- 
 
 -M 
 
 oo 
 
 a; u_ 
 
 "O 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 oc lo¬ 
 
 co 
 
 CJ 
 
 o 
 
 OC 
 
 >> 
 
 +-> 
 
 >J 
 
 (O 
 
 00 
 
 a: ll. 
 
 Q. 
 
 2 
 
 S- 
 
 QJ • 
 
 E -c 
 
 QJ O 
 CO -I— 
 
 co s: 
 
 QJ 
 
 oo 
 
 cc u_ 
 
 -C 
 
 o 
 
 ■o 
 
 co 
 
 <_) 
 
 cn li_ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 s- 
 
 +J 
 
 QJ 
 
 Q 
 
 cn u_ 
 
 -C 
 
 a 
 
 QJ 
 
 aj 
 
 -o 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 Q 
 
 cn u_ 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 -X 
 
 a 
 
 cO 
 
 •~0 
 
 cn u_ 
 
 +-> 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 QJ . 
 — -SC 
 
 a. u 
 
 OC U_ 
 
 Q) 
 
 ■M 
 
 OO 
 
 4-> CJ 
 
 — *i— 
 
 rs s 
 
 co 
 
 oo 
 
 OC u_ 
 
 _c 
 
 c_> 
 
 QJ 
 
 +-> 
 
 +-> 
 
 o 
 
 •o 
 
 CO 
 
 >> 
 
 cn u_ 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 +-> 
 
 10 
 
 -X 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 s- 
 
 c_> 
 
 oc u_ 
 
 x: 
 
 +-> 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Q 
 
 a: u_ 
 
 a: u. 
 
 co 
 
 o; ol¬ 
 
 io 
 
 o 
 
 CL • 
 
 co C 
 
 CL) C 
 
 C -r- 
 
 c s: 
 
 QC u_ 
 
 co 
 
 O 
 
 VI-2 
 
=*= 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Value 
 
 - 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CM •— 
 
 
 - 
 
 -- 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 -- 
 
 r— 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 86 
 
 Gamma 
 
 Chlor- 
 
 dane 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r— 
 
 2.4- D(IP) 
 
 2.4- D-isopro- 
 dvI ester 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Lindane 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Zytron 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Aldrin 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hexachloro- 
 
 benzene 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LT> 
 
 Treflan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dieldrin 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DDT 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lf) 
 
 Diethyl hexyl 
 Phthalate 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 2000 
 
 4000 
 
 2000 
 
 2000 
 
 17000 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 I — CM 
 
 000 L 
 
 1000 
 
 
 4000 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 CM r— 
 
 1000 
 
 12000 
 
 1000 
 
 0009 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 CC Li- 
 
 D£ Li- 
 
 cm a. 
 
 cm Li- 
 
 cm Li. 
 
 cm li_ 
 
 cm Li. 
 
 cm u_ 
 
 cm u- 
 
 cm u- 
 
 cm Li_ 
 
 Od Li_ 
 
 Od Li. 
 
 cm u- 
 
 cm u. 
 
 
 
 City 
 
 Richfield, Minn 
 
 St. Cloud, Minn. 
 
 Berrea, Ohio 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 
 
 East Liverpool, 
 Ohio 
 
 Portsmouth, Ohio 
 
 Toledo, Ohio 
 
 Green Bay, Wise. 
 
 Kenosha, Wise. 
 
 Marinette, Wise. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wise. 
 
 Oshkosh, Wise. 
 
 Two Rivers, 
 
 Wise. 
 
 
 Total # Values 
 
 VI-3 
 
APPENDIX VII 
 
 SELECTED REFERENCES 
 
SELECTED REFERENCES 
 
 ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 
 
 Activated Carbon in Water Treatment, University of Reading Conference . 
 
 The Water Research Association, Medmenham, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, SL7 
 
 2HD, United Kingdom. April 3-5, 1973. 
 
 Bellar, T. A. and Lichtenberg, J. J. 1974. "Determining Volatile Organics 
 at the yg/1 Level in Water by Gas Chromatography." Journal of American 
 Water Works Association . 66:739-744, December 1974. 
 
 Bellar, T. A., Lichtenberg, J. J. and Kroner, R. C. 1974. "The Occurrence 
 of Organohalides in Chlorinated Drinking Water." JAWWA. 66:703. 
 
 Buelow, R. W., Carswell, J. K. and Symons, J. M. 1973. "An Improved Method for 
 Determining Organics by Activated Carbon Adsorption and Solvent Extraction 
 (Parts I and II)." JAWWA. 65:57-72, 195-199. 
 
 Bunn, W. W., Haas, B. B., Deane, E. R., Klopfer, R. D., 1975. "Formation 
 of Trihalomethanes by Chlorination of Surface Water." Accepted for 
 publication, Environmental Letters . 
 
 Burnham, A. K., Calder, G. V., Fritz, J. S., Junk, G. A., Svec, H. J. 
 and Willis, R. 1972. "Identification and Estimation of Neutral Organic 
 Contaminants in Potable Water." Anal. Chem . 44(1):139-41. 
 
 Burnham, A. K., Calder, G. V., Fritz, J. S., Junk, G. A., Svec, H. J. and 
 Vick, R. 1973. "Trace Organics in Water: Their Isolation and Identification." 
 JAWWA. 65(11):722-25. 
 
 Deinzer, M., Melton, R., Mitchell, D., Kopfler, F. and Coleman, E. 1974. 
 
 "Trace Organic Contaminants in Drinking Water; Their Concentration by Reverse 
 Osmosis." Presented to Division of Environmental Chemistry. A.C.S., Los 
 Angeles, Cal. 
 
 Dressman, R. C. and McFarren, E. F. 1974. "Detection and Measurement of Bis- 
 (2-chloro) Ethers and Dieldrin by Gas Chromatography." Second Annual 
 Water Quality Conference of American Water Works Association, Dallas, 
 
 Texas. December. 
 
 Dressman, R. C. and McFarren, E. F. In preparation. Improved Methodology 
 for the Gas Chromatographic Detection and Measurement of Vinyl Chloride 
 
 in Water -- Application to Pilot Plant and Field Studies of Polyvinyl 
 
 Chloride (PVC) Pipe as a Source of Vinyl Chloride Contamination. 
 
 VII-1 
 
Dostal, K. A., Pierson, R. C., Hager, D. G. and Robeck, G. G. 1965. "Carbon 
 Bed Design Criteria Study at Nitro, West Virginia." JAWWA. 57(5):663- 
 674. 
 
 Dowling, W. T. 1974. "Chlorine Dioxide in Potable Water Treatment." 
 
 Water Treatment and Examination . 23(Part 2):190-204. 
 
 Dowty, B. Carlisle, D. and Laseter, John L. 1975. "Halogenated Hydro¬ 
 carbons in New Orleans Water and Blood Plasma." Science. 187(4171):75- 
 77. 
 
 Dunham, Lucia J., O'Gara, Roger W. and Taylor, Floyd B. 1967. "Studies on 
 Pollutants from Processed Water: Collection from Three Stations and 
 Biologic Testing for Toxicity and Carcinogenesis." Amer. J. Public 
 Health . 57(12):2178-85. 
 
 Friloux, James (Acting Chief). 1971. Petrochemical Wastes as a Water 
 Pollution Problem in the Lower Mississippi River . Lower Mississippi Basin Office, 
 Water Quality Office, EPA, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Submitted to Senate 
 Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, New Orleans, Louisiana - 
 April 5, 1971. 
 
 Georlitz, D. T. and Lower, W. L. Determination of Phenoxy Acid Herbicides 
 in Water by Electron Capture and Micro Coulometric Gas Chromatography . 
 
 Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1817C, U.S. Government Printing 
 Office. 
 
 Gleason, Marion N., Gosselin, Robert E., Hodge, Harold C. and Smith, 
 
 Roger P. 1969. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products: Acute Poisoning . 
 
 3d ed. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, Co. 
 
 Gomel la, Cyril. 1972. "Ozone Practices in France." JAWWA . 64:39-45. 
 
 Hueper, W. C. and Payne, W. W. 1963. "Carcinogenic Effects of Raw and Finished 
 Water Supplies." Amer. J. Clin. Path. 39(5):475-81. 
 
 Hueper, W. C. and Ruchoft, C. C. 1954. "Carcinogenic Studies on Adsorbates 
 of Industrially Polluted Raw and Finished Water Supplies." Arch. Ind. 
 
 Hyg. Occup. Med . 9:488-95. 
 
 Kleopfer, Robert D. and Fairless, Billy J. 1972. "Characterization of 
 Organic Components in Municipal Water Supply." Environ. Sci. and Tech. 
 
 6:1036. 
 
 Love, 0. T., Jr., Carswell, J. K., Stevens, A. A., Sorg, T. J., Logsdon, 
 
 G. S. and Symons, J. M. 1975. "Preliminary Results of Pilot Plants 
 to Remove Water Contaminants." Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens 
 in Drinking Water - Interim Report to Congress. Appendix VI . USEPA Report. 
 Washington, DC. June 1975. 
 
 VII-2 
 
Love, 0. T., Jr., Robeck, G. G., Symons, J. M. and Buelow, R. W. 1974. 
 "Experience with Activated Carbon in the USA. Papers' and Proceedings 
 of a Water Research Association Conference, University of Reading . The 
 Water Research Association, Medmenham, Marlow, United Kingdom. April 3-5, 
 1973. pp. 279-312 and 373,74. 
 
 Medlar, Steven J. 1975. "Operating Experience with Activated Granular 
 Carbon." Water and Sewage Works, pp. 70-73. 
 
 Murphy, S. D. 1975. A Report - Assessment of Health Risk from Organics in 
 Drinking Water by an Ad Hoc Study Group to the Hazardous Materials Advisory 
 
 Committee , US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. April 30. 
 Mimeo, 59 pp., plus attachments. 
 
 National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Principles for Evaluating Chemicals 
 in the Environment. Washington, DC. 
 
 New Orleans Area Water Supply Study. Draft Analytical Report Lower Missis¬ 
 sippi River Facility, Slidell, Louisiana, November 1974. 
 
 "Organic Contaminants in Drinking Water." 1974. Willing Water . 18(12):2-4. 
 
 "Organochlorine Pesticides in Water." 1974. Annual Book of ASTM Standards , 
 American Society for Testing Materials . 
 
 Robeck, G. G. 1972. "Purification of Drinking Water to Remove Pesticides and 
 Other Poisonous Chemicals: American Practice." International Water Supply 
 Association. Proceedings of 9th Congress , p. K 1-4. 
 
 Robeck, G. G., Dostal, K. A., Cohen, J. and Kreissl, J. F. 1965. "Effec¬ 
 tiveness of Water Treatment Processes in Pesticide Removal." JAWWA. (57): 
 181-199. 
 
 Rook, J. J. 1974. "Formation of Haloforms During Chlorination of Natural 
 Waters." Water Treatment and Examination . 23(Part 2):234. 
 
 Rook, J. J. 1975. "Formation and Occurrence of Chlorinated Organics in 
 Drinking Water." 95th Annual Conference of the American Water Works 
 Association , June 8-13, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 
 
 Saunders, R. A., Blackly, C. H., Kovacina, T. A., Lamontagne, R. A., 
 Swinnerton, J. W. and Saalfeld, F. E. Identification of Volatile Organic 
 Contaminants in Washington, DC Municipal Water . Naval Research Laboratory, 
 Washington, DC, 20375. 
 
 Schafer, M. L., Peeler, J. J., Gardner, W. S. and Campbell, J. E. 1969. 
 "Pesticides in Drinking Water: Water from the Mississippi and Missouri 
 Rivers." Env. Sci. Tech. 3(12):1261. 
 
 Scheiman, M. A., Saunders, R. A. and Saalfeld, F. E. 1974. Organic Con ¬ 
 taminants in the District of Columbia Water Supply . Chemistry Division, 
 
 Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC. Submitted to J. of Biomedical 
 Mass Spectrometry. 
 
 VI1-3 
 
Schuliger, W. G. and MacCrum, J. M. 1974. "Granular Activated Carbon 
 Reactivation System Design and Operating Conditions." Water-1974:I. 
 
 Industrial Waste Treatment. AIChE Symposium Series. No. 144, Vol. 70. 
 
 Sommerville, R. C. and Rempel, G. 1972. "Ozone for Supplementary Water 
 Treatment." JAWWA. 64(6):377. 
 
 Stevens, A. A., Slocum, C. J., Seeger, D. R. and Robeck, G. G. 1975. 
 "Chlorination of Organics in Drinking Water." Conference on the Envi¬ 
 ronmental Impact of Water Chlorination , Oct. 22-24, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 
 
 Stevens, A. A. and Symons, J. M. 1975. "Analytical Considerations for 
 Halogenated Organic Removal Studies." Proceedings AWWA Water Quality 
 Technology Conference , December 2-3, Dallas, Texas, pp. XXVI-1. 
 
 Stevens, A. A. and Symons, J. M. 1974. "Measurement of Organics in Drinking 
 Water." Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, 
 pp. XXI11-1-XXI11-25. 
 
 Symons, J. M., Bellar, T. A., Carswell, J. K., DeMarco, J., Kropp, K. L., 
 
 Robeck, G. G., Seeger, D. R., Slocum, C. J., Smith, B. L. and Stevens, A. A. 
 
 1975. "National Organics Reconnaissance Survey for Halogenated Organics 
 in Drinking Water." Water Supply Research Laboratory and Methods Develop¬ 
 ment and Quality Assurance Laboratory, National Environmental Research 
 Center, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio. JAWWA . 67(11 ):634-647. 
 
 Tardiff, R. G., Craun, G. F., McCabe, J. J. and Bertozzi, P. E. 
 
 "Health Effects Caused by Exposure to Contaminants." Preliminary Assess¬ 
 
 ment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water - Interim Report to Con¬ 
 gress, Appendix VII . Washington, DC. June 1975. 
 
 Tardiff, Robert G. and Deinzer, M. 1973. "Toxicity of Organic Compounds in 
 Drinking Water." Proceedings of 15th Water Quality Conference , Feb. 7-8, 
 
 1973, University of Illinois, pp. 23-37. 
 
 USEPA Report. 1971. Advanced Wastewater Treatment as Practiced at South 
 Tahee . Project 17010 ELQ. NTIS PB 204 525. 
 
 USEPA Report. Industrial Pollution of the Lower Mississippi River in 
 Louisiana. Surveillance and Analysis Division, Region VI, Dallas, Texas. 
 
 April 1972. 
 
 USEPA Report. Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides in Industrial 
 Effluents. National Pollution Discharge Elimination System, Appendix A . 
 
 Methods Development and Quality Assurance Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, 
 
 Ohio. November 1973. 
 
 USEPA Report. Method for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Industrial 
 Effluents. National Pollution Discharge Elimination System, Appendix A . 
 
 Methods Development and Quality Assurance Research Laboratory. Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, November 1973. 
 
 Dostal, K. A., 
 
 VII-4 
 
U. S. Department of Interior. 1970. Progress Report: Identification of 
 Hazardous Materials, Lower Mississippi River Basin , Federal Water Quality 
 Administration, Lower Mississippi River Basin Field Station. 
 
 INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 
 
 Buelow, R. W., Kropp, K. L., Withered, J. and Symons, J. M., 1975. "Nitrate 
 Removal by Anion - Exchange Resins." JAWWA. 67(9):528-534. 
 
 Caldwell, J. S., Lishka, R. J. and McFarren, E. F., 1973. "Evaluation 
 of Low-Cost Arsenic and Selenium Determination at Microgram-per-Liter 
 Levels." JAWWA . 63:731. 
 
 Craun, G. F., and McCabe, L. J. "Overview of Problems Associated with 
 Inorganic Contaminants in Drinking Water." Proceedings National Symposium 
 on the State of America's Drinking Water . Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 
 
 In press. 
 
 Feinglass, E. J., 1973. "Arsenic Intoxication from Well Water in the 
 United States." New England J. Med. 288, 828; Federal Register. 40(51): 
 11990-11998. March 14, 1975. 
 
 Gulledge, J. H. and O'Connor, J. T. 1973. "Removal of As (V) from Water by 
 Adsorption on Aluminum and Ferric Hydroxides." JAWWA . 65:548. 
 
 Hertsch, F. F. and Maddox, F. D., 1971. "Fluoridation Practice in Wisconsin." 
 JAWWA. 63:778-782. 
 
 IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to 
 
 Man. Some Inorganic and Organometa!1ic Compounds, Volume 2, 1973 . Inter¬ 
 national Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 
 
 Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards, Federal Register. 40(51, Part II): 
 11190-11198. March 1975. 
 
 Kopp, J. F. and Kroner, R. C. Trace Metals in Waters of the U.S. , 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Kopp, J. F., Longbottom, M.C. and Lobring, L. B. 1972. "Cold Vapor Method 
 for Determining Mercury." JAWWA . 64(20). 
 
 Logsdon, G. S., Sorg, T. J. and Symons, J. M. 1974. "Removal of Heavy 
 Metals by Conventional Treatment." Proceedings 16th Water Quality Confer¬ 
 ence Trace Metals in Water Supplies: Occurrence, Significance and Control . 
 University of Illinois Bulletin. 71(108)111-133. 
 
 Logsdon, G. S. and Symons, J. M. 1973. "Mercury Removal by Conventional Water 
 Treatment Techniques." JAWWA . 65(8)554-562. 
 
 Logsdon, G. S. and Symons, J. M. 1973. "Removal of Heavy Metals by 
 Conventional Treatment." Traces of Heavy Metals in Water, Removal and 
 Monitoring. Sabadell, J. E., USEPA Report #092/9-74-001. Region II, 
 
 New York, NY. pp. 225-256. 
 
 VI1-5 
 
Logsdon, G. S. and Symons, J. M. 1974. "Removal of Trace Inorganics by 
 Drinking Water Treatment Unit Processes." Water-1973. American Institute 
 of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series . 70:367-377. 
 
 McCabe, L. J., Symons, J. M., Lee, R. D. and Robeck, G. G. 1970. "Survey 
 of Community Water Supply Systems." JAWWA . 62(11 ):670-687. 
 
 McCabe, L. J. 1974. "Problem of Trace Metals in Water Supplies - An 
 Overview." Proceedings 16th Water Quality Conference, University of 
 Illinois . 
 
 National Academy of Sciences. Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental 
 Pollutants. Chromium (ISBN 0-309-02217-7) 1974; Nickel (ISBN 0-309- 
 02314-9) 1975. 
 
 Schmidt, A. M. "Selenium in Animal Feed." Federal Register . 39(5):1355- 
 1358. January 1975. 
 
 Shen, Y. S. 1973. "Study of Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water." JAWWA. 
 65(543). 
 
 Technicon Instrument Corp. 1972. Cyanide in Water and Wastewater , 
 
 Industrial Method . Tarrytown, New York, No. 119-71W. 
 
 Tseng, W. P., Chu, H. M., How, S. W., Forg, J. M., Lin, C. S. and Yels. 
 
 1968. "Prevalence of Skin Cancer in an Endemic Area of Chronic Arsenicism 
 in Taiwan." J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 40:454-463. 
 
 USEPA Report. 1973. Chemical Analysis of Interstate Carrier Water Supply 
 Systems . 
 
 ASBESTOS 
 
 American Water Works Association Research Foundation. 1974. "A Study of the 
 Problem of Asbestos in Water." JAWWA . 66(9)Part 2. 
 
 Chatfield, E. J. and Pullen, H. 1974. "Measuring Asbestos in the Environ¬ 
 ment." Canadian Research and Development . 7(6):23. 
 
 Cook, Philip M. 1974. "Semi-quantitative Determination of Asbestiform 
 Amphibole Mineral Concentrations in Western Lake Superior Water Samples." 
 Proceedings of 23rd Annual Conference on Applications of X-ray Analysis . 
 
 Denver, Colorado. 
 
 Cook, Philip M., Glass, G. E. and Tucker, J. H. 1974. "Asbestiform Amphi¬ 
 bole Minerals: Detection and Measurement of High Concentrations in Munici¬ 
 pal Water Supplies." Science . 185(853-855). 
 
 Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 9 . December 1974. 
 
 Fairless, B. "Asbestos Fiber Concentrations in the Drinking Water of 
 Communities Using the Western Arm of Lake Superior as a Potable Water 
 
 VII-6 
 
Source." USEPA, Surveillance and Analysis Laboratory, Region V, Chicago, 
 Illinois. 17 pp. Mimeo. 
 
 Letter dated January 31, 1974, from Train to Castleman. 
 
 Levy, B. S., Sigurdson, E., Mandel , J., Laudon, E. and Pearson, J. 
 
 Incidence of Gastrointestinal Cancer Among Residents of Duluth, Minnesota , 
 
 1969-1972. In press. 
 
 Logsdon, G. S. and Symons, J. M. 1974. "Removal of Asbestiform Fibers by 
 Water Filtration." American Water Works Association Annual Conference . 
 
 McFarren, E. F., Millette, J. R. and Lishka, R. J. "Asbestos Analysis by 
 Electron Microscope." Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Conference, Dallas , 
 Texas . December 1974. In press. 
 
 Masson, T. J., McKay, D. W. and Miller, R. W. 1974. "Asbestos-like Fibers 
 in Duluth Water Supply." Journal American Medical Assn . 228(8):1019-1020. 
 
 USEPA Report. 1975. Direct Filtration of Lake Superior Water for Asbesti¬ 
 form Fiber Removal . EPA-670/2-75-050 a-g. 
 
 RADIONUCLIDES 
 
 Straub, C. P. 1973. Radium-226 and Water Supplies: Cost-Benefit-Risk 
 Appraisal . Unpublished report. 
 
 Tsivoglou, E. C. and O'Connell, R. L., Waste Guide for the Uranium 
 Milling Industry . DHEW, USPHS, DWSPC, RATSEC, Technical Report, W63-12. 
 
 ECONOMICS OF WATER TREATMENT 
 
 Clark, Robert M. "Cost and Pricing Relationships for Water Supply." 
 
 Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division of ASCE . Accepted for 
 publication. 
 
 Clark, Robert M. and Goddard, Haynes C. 1974. Pricing for Water 
 Supply: Its Impact on Systems Management . Environmental Health 
 Effects Research Series, National Environmental Research Center, Office 
 of Research and Development, USEPA. EPA-670/1-74-001. 
 
 The Cost of Water Treatment by Coagulation, Sedimentation, and Rapid 
 
 Sand Filtration . (Part 1 of a Report for U.S. Public Health Service.) 
 
 1966. Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, Technical Services 
 Branch, Louis Koenig Research. San Antonio, Texas. Contract No. PH 86- 
 65-120. January. 
 
 Dostal, K. A., Harrington, J. J. Clark, R. and Robeck, G. 1966. "Development 
 of Optimization Models for Carbon Bed Design." JAWWA. 58:1170-1186. 
 
 David Volkert and Associates. Monograph of the Effectiveness and Cost of 
 Water Treatment Processes for the Removal of Specific Contaminants, 
 
 Vol. 1. 1974. EPA Contract No. 68-01-1833. 
 
 VII -7 
 

 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
APPENDIX VIII 
 
 LIST OF PRIMARY CONTRIBUTORS 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LIST OF PRIMARY CONTRIBUTORS 
 
 The report was compiled by Cynthia C. Kelly of the Office of Toxic 
 Substances, with the assistance of the staff of that office. The 
 following list indicates those persons who were primary contributors 
 to the Report. Unless otherwise indicated, the offices named are 
 located in Washington, D.C. 
 
 CHARACTER AND EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER 
 
 National Organics Reconnaissance 
 Survey 
 
 Region V Organics Survey 
 
 Assessment of General Organics 
 Parameters 
 
 Inventory of Organics Identified 
 in Drinking Water 
 
 Investigations of Pesticides 
 Drinking Water 
 
 Analyses for Polychlorinated 
 Biphenyls (PCBs) 
 
 Studies of Leaching from 
 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 
 
 Water Pipes 
 
 Detection of Nitrosamines in 
 Drinking Water 
 
 Surveillance for Inorganic 
 
 Contaminants in Drinking Water 
 
 Occurrence of Radioactivity 
 in Drinking Water 
 
 Dr. James M. Symons, 
 
 Municipal Environmental Research 
 Laboratory (MERL), 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Mr. Joseph F. Harrison, 
 
 Region V Office, 
 
 Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Dr. James M. Symons (MERL) 
 
 Dr. Robert G. Tardiff, 
 
 Health Effects Research Laboratory 
 (HERL), 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Mr. Earl F. McFarren (MERL) 
 
 Mr. Joseph F. Harrison (Region V) 
 Dr. Gunter Zweig, 
 
 Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) 
 Dr. Edgar A. Jeffrey, 
 
 Office of Water Supply (OWS) 
 
 Mr. Earl F. McFarren (MERL) 
 
 Mr. Earl F. McFarren (MERL) 
 Mr. Ronald C. Dressman (MERL) 
 
 Mr. Gunther F. Craun (HERL) 
 
 Mr. Gunther F. Craun (HERL) 
 
 Mr. Floyd L. Gal pin, 
 
 Office of Radiation Programs (ORP) 
 
 VIII-1 
 
Survey of Rural Drinking Water 
 Supplies 
 
 Asbestos Fibers in Drinking 
 Water Supplies 
 
 Mr. Earl F. McFarren (MERL) 
 
 Mr. Earl F. McFarren (MERL) 
 
 Dr. Gary S. Logsdon (MERL) 
 
 Dr. Robert Carton, 
 
 Office of Toxic Substances (OTS) 
 
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS 
 
 Review of Drinking Water 
 Contaminants by the National 
 Academy of Sciences 
 
 Development of Quality Criteria 
 for Water 
 
 Other Investigations of the Health 
 Effects of Organics 
 
 Epidemiological Studies 
 
 Evaluation of Health Risks 
 from Inorganics 
 
 Estimation of Risk from Radiation 
 
 Assessment of Effects of Oral 
 Ingestion of Asbestos 
 
 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION 
 Industrial Sources 
 
 Discharges from Municipal Waste 
 Treatment Facilities 
 
 Chlorination of Drinking Water 
 
 Contamination by Agricultural 
 Chemicals 
 
 Other Non-Point Sources of Organics 
 
 Various Land Disposal Practices 
 and Water Contamination 
 
 Dr. Edgar A. Jeffrey (OWS) 
 
 Dr. Leonard J. Guarraia (OWS) 
 
 Dr. Robert G. Tardiff (HERL) 
 
 Mr. Leland J. McCabe (HERL) 
 Mr. Gunter F. Craun (MERL) 
 
 Dr. William A. Mills (ORP) 
 
 Mr. Leland J. McCabe (HERL) 
 
 Dr. Barry S. Levy, 
 
 Minnesota Department of Health, 
 Minneapolis, Minnesota 
 
 Mr. John P. Lehman, 
 
 Office of Solid Waste Management 
 Programs (OSWMP) 
 
 Mr. Thomas E. Kopp (OTS) 
 
 Mr. Thomas E. Kopp (OTS) 
 
 Mr. Alan A. Stevens (MERL) 
 
 Mr. Thomas E. Kopp (OTS) 
 Dr. Gunter Zweig (OPP) 
 
 Mr. Thomas E. Kopp (OTS) 
 
 Mr. John P. Lehman (OSWMP) 
 
 VIII-2 
 
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER 
 
 Dr. James M. Symons (MERL) 
 
 Dr. Gary S. Logsdon (MERL) 
 
 Dr. 0. Thomas Love, Jr. (MERL) 
 Mr. Thomas J. Sorg (MERL) 
 
 Mr. J. Keith Carswell (MERL) 
 Mr. Jack DeMarco (MERL) 
 
 Dr. William A. Mills (ORP) 
 
 COST OF TREATMENT TO REMOVE CARCINOGENS 
 
 Dr. James M. Symons (MERL) 
 
 Mr. 0. Thomas Love, Jr. (MERL) 
 
 Dr. Gary S. Logsdon (MERL) 
 
 Mr. Thomas J. Sorg (MERL) 
 
 Mr. Robert M. Clark (MERL) 
 
 Mr. Robert A. Brown (OWS) 
 
 Dr. William A. Mills (ORP) 
 
 APPENDICES 
 
 Appendix I - National Organics 
 Reconnaissance Survey 
 
 Appendix II - Organic Compounds 
 Identified in Drinking Water in 
 the United States 
 
 Appendix III - Analyses of 
 Radioactivity in Interstate 
 Carrier Water Supply 
 
 Appendix IV - Environmental 
 Radiation Monitoring System 
 Survey (1974) 
 
 Appendix V - Organics Survey 
 Performed by Region V 
 
 Appendix VI - Region V Survey for 
 Pesticides, Polychlorinated 
 Biphenyls, and Phthalates 
 
 Appendix VII - Selected Readings 
 
 Appendix VIII - List of Primary 
 Contributors 
 
 Dr. James M. Symons (MERL) 
 
 Dr. Robert G. Tardiff (HERL) 
 
 Dr. Robert G. Tardiff (HERL) 
 
 Mr. Floyd L. Gal pin (ORP) 
 
 Mr. Floyd L. Galpin (ORP) 
 
 Mr. Joseph F. Harrison (Region V) 
 Mr. Joseph F. Harrison (Region V) 
 
 Dr. James M. Symons (MERL) 
 
 VI11-3 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
* 
 
 
 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 
 3 0112 077513379