c.s 
 
 <r>^ Sutwai 
 
 STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 FRANK W. DEWOLF, Director 
 
 Cooperative Goal Mining Series 
 
 BULLETIN 18 
 
 TESTS ON CLAY MATERIALS 
 
 AVAILABLE IN 
 
 ILLINOIS GOAL MINES 
 
 BY 
 
 R. T. STDLL and R. K. HDRSH 
 Ceramics Department, University of Illinois 
 
 ILLINOIS GOAL MINING INVESTIGATIONS 
 
 Prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Illinois State Geological Survey, 
 
 the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, and 
 
 the U. S. Bureau of Mines. 
 
 . . 
 
 L 
 
 PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 URBANA 
 
 1917 
 
The Forty-seventh General Assembly of the State of Illinois, 
 with a view of conserving the lives of the mine workers and the min- 
 eral resources of the State, authorized an investigation of the coal 
 resources and mining practices of Illinois by the Department of Min- 
 ing Engineering of the University of Illinois and the State Geological 
 Survey in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Mines. A 
 cooperative agreement was approved by the Secretary of the Interior 
 and by representatives of the State of Illinois. 
 
 The direction of this investigation is vested in the Director of the 
 United States Bureau of Mines, the Director of the State Geological 
 Survey, and the Director, Engineering Experiment Station, Uni- 
 versity of Illinois, "who jointly determined the methods to be em- 
 ployed in the conduct of the work and exercise general editorial super- 
 vision over the publication of the results, but each party to the agree- 
 ment directs the work of its agents in carrying on the investigation 
 thus mutually agreed on. 
 
 The reports of the investigation are issued in the form of bulle- 
 tins, either by the State Geological Survey, the Engineering Experiment 
 Station, University of Illinois, or the United States Bureau of Mines. 
 For copies of the bulletins issued by the State Geological Survey, 
 address State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois; for those issued 
 by the Engineering Station, address Engineering Station, University 
 of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; and for those issued by the U. S. Bureau 
 of Mines, address Director, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. 
 C. (See lis' ' J -* »™'^ 
 
?u 
 
 ' 
 
STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 FRANK W. DEWOLF. Director 
 
 Cooperative Goal Mining Series 
 
 BULLETIN 18 
 
 IH.1N0 ^C!G 
 
 SURVFY 5 
 
 -Mm 281984 
 
 TESTS ON CLAY MATERIALS 
 
 AVAILABLE IN 
 
 ILLINOIS GOAL MINES 
 
 R. T. STULL and R. K. HURSH 
 Ceramics Department, University of Illinois 
 
 ILLINOIS COAL MINING IN V KSTICJ ATIONS 
 
 Prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Illinois State Geological Survey, 
 
 the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, and 
 
 the U. S. Bureau of Mines. 
 
 PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 riLLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OE ILLINOIS 
 
 URBANA 
 
 1917 
 
Mjm 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction 9 
 
 General considerations 10 
 
 Cost of plant 10 
 
 Importance of systematic field examination 10 
 
 Importance of laboratory tests 11 
 
 Characteristics of clays for various products 11 
 
 Common brick 11 
 
 Front brick or pavers 12 
 
 Hollow ware and fireproofing 12 
 
 Behavior of clays during burning 12 
 
 General discussion 12 
 
 Importance of long heat range 15 
 
 Defects in burned ware 16 
 
 Surface pitting 16 
 
 Scumming due to calcium sulphate in clay 16 
 
 Bloating due to overfiring 16 
 
 Tests on samples in Group 1 18 
 
 Process employed 18 
 
 Preparation of samples 18 
 
 Slaking tests 18 
 
 Molding the briquets 19 
 
 Oxidation tests 19 
 
 Tempering water 22 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 22 
 
 Volume shrinkage 22 
 
 Burning 22 
 
 Burning Shrinkage 23 
 
 Porosity 23 
 
 Tests on samples in Group II 24 
 
 Grinding 25 
 
 Molding 25 
 
 Screening 26 
 
 Burning 26 
 
 Results of tests 26 
 
 Illinois roof shales and floor clays 30 
 
 Results of laboratory tests of samples 33-128 
 
 (5) 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://archive.org/details/testsonclaymater18stul 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 FIGURE PAGE 
 
 1. Curves showing changes in porosity of paving and building brick with 
 
 progressive intensity of heat treatment 13 
 
 2. Shale and clay briquets showing excessive surface pitting 15 
 
 3. Briquets showing proper burning and overfiring 17 
 
 4. Briquets showing progress of oxidation 20 
 
 5. Apparatus for saturating briquets in vacuo 24 
 
 6. Oxidation of briquet and cylinder 25 
 
 7. Hand-plunger machine for molding briquets 27 
 
 8. Map showing division of State into districts and locations of samples 
 
 collected and tested 29 
 
 Graphic illustrations of results of laboratory tests on clays and 
 shales collected at the following mines : 
 
 9. Barr Brick Company, Streator, and Burlington Paving Brick Com- 
 
 pany, Galesbu rg 36 
 
 10. Illinois Clay Company, Oglesby 36 
 
 11. St. Paul Coal Company, mine No. 2, Cherry 39 
 
 12. Spring Valley Coal Company, mine No. 5, Dalzell 40 
 
 13. Spring Valley Coal Company, mine Xo. 5, I )alzel1 40 
 
 14. Marquette Third Vein Coal Company, Marquette mine, Marquette 45 
 
 15. Big Four Wilmington Coal Company, mine No. 6, Coal City 46 
 
 16. Big Four Wilmington Coal Company, mine Xo. (>, Coal City 46 
 
 17. Chicago, Wilmington & Vermilion (Oal Company, mine No. 1. South 
 
 Wilmington 50 
 
 18. Chicago, Wilmington & Vermilion Coal Company, mine Xo. 1, South 
 
 Wilmington 50 
 
 19. La Salle County Carbon Coal Company, ha Salle shaft, ha Salle 54 
 
 20. Matthiessen & Ilegeler Zinc Company, M. & II. mine, ha Salle 54 
 
 21. Illinois Zinc Company, Black Hollow mine, Oglesby 58 
 
 22. Oglesby Coal Company, Oglesby mine, Oglesby 58 
 
 23. Gray & Jones Coal Company, Seneca 62 
 
 24. Gray & Jones Coal Company, Seneca 62 
 
 25. Illinois Valley Coal Company, mine Xo. 1, Sparland 64 
 
 26. Illinois Valley Coal Company, mine No. 1, Sparland 64 
 
 27. Wenona Coal Company, Wenona mine, Wenona 69 
 
 28. Minonk Coal Company, mine No. 2, Minonk 70 
 
 29. Minonk Coal Company, mine No. 2, Minonk 70 
 
 30. Colchester Coal & Manufacturing Company, Colchester 74 
 
 31. Valentine Farm mine, Colchester 74 
 
 (7) 
 
FIGURE PAGE 
 
 32. Alden Coal Company, mine No. 7, Matherville 76 
 
 33. Alden Coal Company, mine No. 7, Matherville 76 
 
 34. Pryce Coal Company, Coal Valley 80 
 
 35. Manufacturers & Consumers Coal Company, mine No. 1, Decatur 84 
 
 36. Decatur Coal Company, Niantic mine, Niantic 84 
 
 37. McLean County Coal Company, McLean mine, Bloomington 88 
 
 38. McLean County Coal Company, McLean mine, Bloomington 88 
 
 39. Wabash Coal Company, mine No. 2, Athens 92 
 
 40. Clark Coal & Coke Company, mine No. 2, Peoria 92 
 
 41. Crescent Coal Company, mine No. 1, Peoria 96 
 
 42. Colliers Cooperative Coal Company, mine No. 1, South Bartonville. . . . 98 
 
 43. Cantrall Cooperative Coal Company, Cantrall mine, Cantrall 100 
 
 44. Williamsville Coal Company, Selbytown 100 
 
 45. Illinois Midland Coal Company, Sherman 102 
 
 46. Illinois Midland Coal Company, Sherman 102 
 
 47. Montour Coal Company, mine No. 400, Springfield 106 
 
 48. Springfield District Coal Mining Company, mine No. 5, Springfield.... 108 
 
 49. Springfield District Coal Mining Company, mine No. 5, Springfield.... 108 
 
 50. Saline County Coal Company, mine No. 2, Harrisburg 110 
 
 51. W. P. Rend Collieries Company, mine No. 1, Rend 110 
 
 52. Sesser Coal Company, Sesser mine, Sesser 114 
 
 53. Carterville & Herrin Coal Company, Jeffrey mine, Herrin 114 
 
 54. Brinkley & Miles, Marion 116 
 
 55. Shoal Creek Coal Company, mine No. 1, Panama 116 
 
 56. Brilliant Coal Company, Horn mine, Duquoin 118 
 
 57. Paradise Coal Company, Paradise mine, Duquoin 118 
 
 58. Pioneer Coal Company, Belleville 120 
 
 59. Mulberry Hill Coal Company, mine No. 2, Freeburg 120 
 
 60. Kolb Coal Company, mine No. 2, Mascoutah 124 
 
 61. Joseph Taylor Coal Company, Taylor mine, O'Fallon 124 
 
 62. Auburn & Alton Coal Company, Auburn 127 
 
 (8) 
 
TESTS ON CLAY MATERIALS AVAILABLE IN 
 ILLINOIS GOAL MINES 
 
 By R. T. Stull and R. K. Hursh 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 During the progress of field work under a cooperative agreement 
 between the State Geological Survey, the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and 
 the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, it 
 was decided to determine the possibility of using in the clay-working 
 industry floor clays and roof shales from Illinois coal mines. Arrange- 
 ments were made by which the Geological Survey would furnish the 
 samples and the Department of Ceramic Engineering 1 , University of 
 Illinois, would make the necessary physical and burning tests. 
 
 During the first season, the collection of samples was made inci- 
 dental to the regular field work of the geologists, and some actual 
 sampling was done by the mining companies. Twenty-three samples 
 were collected and tested during the winter of 1912-13 and designated 
 as Group 1. The desirability of systematic sampling was recognized, 
 and during the summer of 1913 one man's entire attention was given 
 to this work. Eighty-three samples were collected, and in this report 
 they are designated as Group II. The tests on this series were similar 
 to those for Group I, but more efficient means were devised during 
 the second season for grinding and molding the material. 
 
 l>y way of summary it may be said that 49 samples proved to be 
 worthless, 5 were of questionable value, and 52 were found adapted 
 to the manufacture of a number of clay products. Common brick can 
 be made from the material represented by 52 counties; 39 were usable 
 for front brick; 29 for hollow ware; 6 for paving brick; 6 for lire- 
 proofing; 1 for enameled brick and terra cotta ; 2 for stoneware and 
 sewer pipe and 2 for No. 2 fire brick. These materials were not from 
 existing clay pits or clay mines, but from coal mines, where clay mater- 
 ials are not now utilized. 
 
 Before considering the results, it is desirable to give attention 
 to the general factors that control the availability of clays and shales 
 as successful ceramic materials. 
 
 'The Graduate School of the University of Illinois cooperated by contributing money 
 to be used in connection with the tests. 
 
 (9) 
 
10 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 
 Cost of Plant 
 
 Under most favorable conditions of low cost of raw material 
 and labor, it is not advisable to install a modern brick plant equipped 
 with a permanent dryer and kilns for a daily capacity of less than 
 10,000 to 15,000 brick. An exception to this is made where the clay 
 produces a high-grade product commanding a high market price. The 
 cost of building a modern plant is a variable factor governed by local 
 conditions and by the kind of material and equipment used in its con- 
 struction. A well-known brick-works engineer has said that it requires 
 approximately as many dollars to build a modern brick plant as is the 
 daily capacity of the plant in bricks. It would, therefore, require 
 approximately $15,000 to build a modern plant with a daily capacity 
 of 15,000 brick. The rule is by no means rigid and may be regarded 
 merely as an approximate guide. 
 
 Many clay-working enterprises have encountered serious troubles, 
 and some have even failed due simply to the failure of making a thor- 
 ough previous investigation of the clay, a very important step that 
 should be assigned to a competent ceramic engineer or expert in order 
 to determine quantity and quality of the material. Too often this is 
 given minor consideration or is left in the hands of incompetents. 
 It is not advisable to build a modern plant unless there is available 
 sufficient clay of satisfactory quality to continue the plant in operation 
 for a period of more than ten years. To make a thousand brick of 
 standard American size requires approximately two cubic yards of 
 clay. A plant making 15,000 brick per day would require 9,000 cubic 
 yards, or approximately 13,500 tons of clay per year of 300 working 
 days. 
 
 Importance of Systematic Field Examination 
 
 Since clays are not definite compounds, but are for the most part 
 "mixtures of minerals", they may vary considerably in composition 
 from point to point in the deposit. The composition may be very 
 uniform horizontally over a considerable area, whereas the composi- 
 tion in a vertical direction is likely to show abrupt changes due to 
 the manner in which the clay had been laid down, or to unconformi- 
 ties. Abrupt changes also occur horizontally where faulting is en- 
 countered. 
 
 Too much care can not be exercised in selecting the clay samples 
 for tests. Fair average samples of the deposit should be taken at a 
 number of places over the property. If two or more strata of different 
 appearances occur, samples of these should be taken and tested sepa- 
 
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAYS 11 
 
 rately. Outcrops have been subjected to long periods of weathering 
 and have been more or less purified by the breaking down of mineral 
 matter and the leaching out of soluble salts by rains. The weathered 
 portion of a shale will frequently give very good results under tests, 
 whereas the inner unweathered shale may prove very troublesome. 
 Since the weathered portion is only a negligible part of the deposit 
 as a whole, it should be rejected in selecting the samples, and only 
 the unweathered portions taken. 
 
 Importance of Laboratory Tests 
 It is a well-known fact that laboratory tests on small-sized samples 
 do not furnish conclusive evidence as to the practical value of a clay 
 for manufacturing purposes. The reason for this lies in the fact that 
 factory conditions can not be duplicated in the laboratory. Neverthe- 
 less, the laboratory tests are essential in that they acquaint one with 
 the physical behavior of clays and point out whether they have com- 
 mercial possibilities or not. If a clay is so inherently bad as to be an 
 impossible raw material for the manufacture of clay wares, this will 
 be indicated by the laboratory tests. The laboratory tests will show 
 also whether a clay is safe for making vitrified ware and will show 
 to what class of products the clay is best suited. 
 
 If the laboratory tests indicate that a clay is capable of producing 
 a desirable product without developing serious difficulties which might 
 be encountered during the process of manufacture, then the results 
 from the laboratory would warrant the further testing of the clay in 
 a large enough quantity to approach factory conditions as closely as 
 possible. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF (LANS FOR VARIOUS PRODUCTS 
 
 Common Brick 
 Common brick may be manufactured by either the soft-mud or 
 the stiff-mud process — the former is best adapted to the rather plastic 
 surface clays, whereas the latter process is most generally used in 
 working shales. To produce a brick of satisfactory structure and ap- 
 pearance by the stiff-mud process requires a clay of an intermediate de- 
 gree of plasticity. Short clays, or those of very low plasticity, have too 
 little bonding strength in the stiff-mud condition to withstand the 
 strains produced in passing through the die of the ordinary brick 
 machine. The issuing column is likely to be rough or torn and fre- 
 quently cracked. The ware is usually too fragile to be handled with- 
 out breaking, and the dried body may crumble easily. Clays of very 
 high plasticity will laminate and tear at the corner as the column 
 issues from the die. Such materials usually produce a strong body 
 
12 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 but show high-drying shrinkage, and the ware is likely to warp or 
 crack unless dried very carefully. 
 
 Front Brick or Pavers 
 For front brick or pavers it is even more necessary that the clay 
 be capable of forming a smooth column free from excessive lamina- 
 tion, and that it withstand the necessary handling both in the plastic 
 and dried condition without breaking or crumbling. It must likewise 
 dry safely without undue shrinkage and without warping or cracking. 
 
 Hollow Ware and Fireproofing 
 Clays for the manufacture of hollow ware and fireproofing must 
 have a greater degree of plasticity than the minimum required for 
 brick, in order that they may be molded properly. They must dry 
 without cracking. 
 
 BEHAVIOR OF CLAYS DURING BURNING 
 General Discussion 
 
 Materials which possess satisfactory working and drying prop- 
 erties must next be judged upon the basis of their burning behavior. 
 The effects of carbon in its various forms, pyrite, and ferrous iron 
 in the oxidization and vitrification of clays will be discussed. Clays 
 which may be oxidized easily require much shorter periods of burning 
 than those which give greater difficulty. This is an important element 
 in the cost of manufacture. Materials containing large amounts of 
 carbon, pyrite, or ferrous iron or which become dense at low tempera- 
 tures and therefore greatly retard the process of oxidization may be 
 regarded as unsuitable for manufacturing purposes. The oxidization 
 tests made in the present investigation show the comparative ease or 
 difficulty of burning the various samples in this period and the relative 
 danger of bloating due to incomplete oxidization. Clays that were 
 completely oxidized in a few hours should give no great trouble in 
 burning, but those that showed a black core of any considerable size 
 at the end of the ten-hour period may be eliminated as commercial 
 possibilities for any type of ware. 
 
 An exception may be noted in clays which remain quite porous 
 at temperatures well above those usually used for oxidization and 
 do not vitrify. In burning some materials of this sort, ground coal 
 is actually added to the clay to aid in the burning of the ware. In 
 such cases only porous common brick may be made. 
 
 Clays that crack or warp badly in burning can not be used for 
 any ware save possibly common brick, but these should be discarded 
 where any better material is available. 
 
BEHAVIOR OF CLAYS DURING BURNING 
 
 13 
 
 Pitting due to granules of iron compounds or due to the slaking 
 of lime lumps in the burned clay when exposed to moist atmosphere 
 is undesirable in any ware but does not eliminate a clay as a possibility 
 for common brick and hollow ware unless it be excessive. Front brick 
 and pavers must be sound and free from such defects. 
 
 06 M ^2 5 3 5 
 
 TEMPERA TV RES EXPRESSED IN CONES 
 
 Fig. 1. — Curves showing changes in porosity of paving and building-brick 
 clays with progressive intensity of heat treatment. 
 
 The most important criterion in determining the commercial 
 availability of a clay lies in a proper interpretation of the porosity- 
 temperature relation in burning. An excellent discussion of this has 
 been given by Purdy. 2 The decrease in porosity indicates the progress 
 of hardening and vitrification of the clay, the range of safe burning 
 
 -J'urdy, Ross ('., Paving brick and paving brick clays of Illinois: 111. State Geol. 
 Survey Bull. 9, 1908. 
 
14 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 temperatures, and the point of overburning. It will be noted in the 
 curves that many of the clays show an abrupt drop in porosity within 
 a short range of burning temperature and a subsequent increase in 
 porosity after the minimum has been reached. The rapid decrease 
 in pore space is due to sudden fluxing action in the clay. The rise in 
 the porosity curve indicates overburning and bloating. Where bloating 
 quickly succeeds an abrupt drop in porosity, the material may not be 
 safely used for vitrified wares, such as paving brick. The general 
 shape of porosity temperature curves for various classes of brick has 
 been shown by Purely in figure 32. 2 It is noted that suitable paving- 
 brick clays must not vitrify at too low a temperature and must have 
 a sufficient range of burning temperatures at low porosity to permit 
 proper burning within the limits of temperature difference in the com- 
 mercial kiln, 2-4 cones. The ultimate criterion for this class of ware 
 must be the toughness test, but the burning behavior test (fig. 1) 
 serves to eliminate a majority of the undesirable materials. 
 
 Clays that will vitrify without serious danger of overburning but 
 that are not suitable for first-class pavers will show porosity curves 
 in Area II. These are suitable for vitrified front brick and hollow 
 ware. 
 
 Clays having a short heat range and which overburn easily are 
 found in Area III. These are suitable only for porous products such 
 as common brick, unverified front brick, or porous hollow ware. 
 
 The materials showing porosity curves lying in Area IV should 
 not be considered for manufacturing purposes, since they are likely 
 to overburn and bloat even while very porous. 
 
 Color is not an important factor in common brick and hollow 
 blocks and, to a minor degree only, in draintile. Paving brick are 
 less salable if badly scummed by soluble sulphates. Front brick must 
 be of good color and free from scumming ingredients. Scumming 
 may be prevented, if not too serious, by the use of barium compounds, 
 but where it showed excessively in a material in these tests the clay 
 has not been considered available for front brick manufacture. 
 
 Summarizing the above remarks, we may list the following gen- 
 eral requirements for the various wares : 
 
 Paving-brick clays should have a fair plasticity, should not lam- 
 inate seriously, should dry safely and oxidize easily. They should not 
 vitrify too easily and should show a good heat range at low porosity. 
 
 Front brick require clays of good molding and drying properties, 
 easy of oxidation, of good color, and a fair range of burning tem- 
 perature at which uniform colors can be obtained. 
 
 2 Purdy, Ross C, Paving brick and paving brick clays of Illinois: 111. State GeoL 
 Survey Bull. 9, 1908. 
 
BEHAVIOR OF CLAYS Dl'RIXG BURNING 
 
 15 
 
 Common brick may be made from clays of fair plasticity and 
 working properties if the drying behavior is good, if they oxidize in 
 a reasonable length of time and produce a hard sound ware without 
 too great danger of overburning. 
 
 The manufacture of hollozc ware requires somewhat higher plas- 
 ticity than would be necessary for brick, but other properties are 
 about the same. 
 
 Fig. 2. — Briquets of a red shale (sample 50) and a bluff clay (sample 58) 
 showing excessive surface pitting. 
 
 [mportance of Long Heat Range 
 The differences in temperature between the hottest and coolest 
 parts of a kiln are influenced by the design of the kiln and the man- 
 ner in which it is fired and controlled. The differences in temperature 
 within commercial kiln chambers have been found to vary from 20' 
 C to as high as 80° C, or from one to four cones. For this reason 
 it is essential that a clay should have a long heat range, so that ware 
 from different parts of the kiln may be uniform in color, size, and 
 density. 
 
 Lime, through its vigorous fluxing action when uniformly dis- 
 tributed, imparts to clay a short heat range. The temperature interval 
 between vitrification and fusion is so short that it is dangerous to 
 attempt the manufacture of a vitrified product from a calcareous clay. 
 However, clays of this type may be valuable for the manufacture of 
 
16 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 the more common porous products, such as common brick and hollow 
 blocks. 
 
 Defects in Burned Ware 
 surface pitting 
 
 Surface pitting, or "popping out" as it is sometimes called, is 
 caused by granules near the surface which expand and force out 
 flat, irregularly shaped chips from the surface leaving the granules ex- 
 posed (fig. 2). There are two distinct types of surface pitting. One 
 kind occurs during the burning and is caused by granules of pyrite, 
 iron carbonate, or fragments of concretions composed of a mixture 
 of calcium and iron carbonates. The "popping out" is due to the 
 peculiar expansion of these granules during the oxidation period and 
 occurs at or below 700° C leaving a black hard grain exposed. 
 
 In a number of trials drawn from the kiln soon after popping 
 occurred the black granules were strongly attracted by a magnet, indi- 
 cating the presence of the magnetic oxide of iron (Fe 3 4 ). If left 
 in the kiln for a considerable period of time, they lost this property. 
 
 The second type of pitting does not occur until some time after 
 the ware has been removed from the kiln and is due to the subsequent 
 hydration and expansion of lime granules. The granules thus exposed 
 are usually white and very friable. 
 
 Where surface pitting is profuse, it bars a clay as a desirable 
 raw material for smooth-faced front brick, but would not be consid- 
 ered a serious defect in common brick or hollow ware. 
 
 SCUMMING DUE TO CALCIUM SULPHATE IN THE CLAY 
 
 Approximately one part of calcium sulphate is soluble in 40 parts 
 of water. When calcium sulphate is present in a clay either as such 
 or in the form of gypsum, part of it is dissolved and is carried to the 
 surface during drying and deposited as a "scum" or "efflorescence". 
 The salt is comparatively stable and is practically unaffected during 
 the burn and, unless the clay is burned hard enough to fuse it with 
 the clay, causes a discolored or scummed product. Scumming if not 
 excessive is not considered a serious defect, since it can be overcome 
 by the addition of barium in the form of the carbonate, hydrate, chlo- 
 ride, or fluoride. 
 
 BLOATING DUE TO OVERFIRING 
 
 There are two different kinds of bloating. One kind is the result 
 of improper oxidation as previously described. The second kind 
 occurs after oxidation has been completed and is due to the evolu- 
 tion of occluded gases, to violatilization of some constituent of the 
 
P.EILWIOR OF CLAYS DURIXC. BURNING 
 
 17 
 
 clay or to gas evolution caused by dissociation, as for example, the 
 evolution of sulphur dioxide by the reduction and dissociation of a 
 sulphate. In this condition the clay is said to be overtired (fig. 3). 
 Bloatirg due to incomplete oxidation is characterized by a black 
 spongy core with a light-colored, dense outer shell. In the case of 
 overburning the color is generally uniformly gray, red, or brown, and 
 the material is spongy throughout. 
 
 
 
 a b 
 
 Fig. 3. — Briquets showing proper burning and overfiring. 
 
 There are three distinct types of bloating due to overfiring: 3 
 
 1. Clays developing a vesicular structure when their normal porosities 
 
 are still high and before vitrification begins. 
 
 2. Clays developing a vesicular structure simultaneously with the prog- 
 
 ress of vitrification. 
 
 3. Clays that do not develop a vesicular structure until more or less of a 
 
 temperature interval has elapsed after they have Become vitrified. 
 
 During the progress of burning clays, there is a decrease in 
 porosity and an increase in shrinkage with rise in temperature after 
 900° C is passed. When bloating begins, there is an increase in 
 porosity and a negative shrinkage or apparent increase in volume. 
 In clays of the first type the point at which bloating begins is indi- 
 cated by a change in the direction of the porosity curve. In clays of 
 
 8 Bleininger, A. \\, and Montgomery, E. I ., 
 >f clays: U. S. Bureau <»f Standards Tech. Paper 1. 
 
 feet of 
 915. 
 
 the structu 
 
18 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 the second and third types the pores developed by gas evolution are 
 sealed due to vitrification, hence they can not be measured by satura- 
 tion in vacuo, and no change in direction of the porosity curve is indi- 
 cated. However, in all three types the point at which bloating begins 
 is indicated by the change in direction of the shrinkage curve. 
 
 Clays of the first and second types are impossible raw materials 
 for the manufacture of vitrified wares but may be valuable for the 
 manufacture of porous products if burned at a safe limit below the 
 point where bloating occurs. For a vitrified product it is essential 
 that the clay should have a good heat range or temperature interval 
 between the point at which it becomes vitrified and that at which it 
 fails either by bloating or by fusion. 
 
 TESTS ON SAMPLES IN GROUP I 
 Process Employed 
 
 With few exceptions the workable shales are admirably adapted 
 to the "stiff-mud" or plastic process of manufacture and are valuable 
 raw materials for making structural materials such as building and 
 paving brick, hollow blocks, draintile, sewer pipe, and a variety of 
 similar products. The vast majority of shale brick are made by the 
 stiff-mud process, and this is the only practicable process by which 
 hollow blocks and pipe are made. 
 
 Accordingly the plastic process was employed in the following 
 tests. In this work two groups comprising 108 different samples were 
 tested. The work on the first group was nearly completed before the 
 second group was received. The manner of testing the two groups 
 was the same with the exception of a few changes which will be 
 pointed out under Group II. 
 
 Group I comprised twenty-five samples ; No. 24 from Galesburg 
 and No. 25 from Streator are well-known shales which have been 
 successfully employed for years in the manufacture of building and 
 paving brick and were included for comparative purposes. 
 
 Preparation of the Samples 
 The samples, consisting of approximately 50 pounds each, were 
 examined to detect the presence of gypsum, pyrite, carbonaceous mat- 
 ter, and carbonates of iron and lime. A two-pound representative 
 sample was set aside for future reference, and the remainder reduced 
 in a jaw crusher, passed through the ten-mesh screen and thoroughly 
 mixed ready for tempering and molding the briquets. 
 
 Slaking 
 Many shales and fire clays possess the property of slaking in 
 water. Some slake rapidly and yield a fine-grained plastic mass with 
 
TESTS ON SAMPLES IN GROUP I 19 
 
 very little or no granular residue. Most of these are soft or of medium 
 hardness, rather fine grained, very plastic and mold readily in either 
 a dry or lubricated die. They generally show a high drying shrinkage 
 and may warp or even crack in drying. 
 
 Another class of shales is medium hard to hard ; these slake 
 slowly to a mixture of coarse granular material with a more or less 
 fine plastic portion. In general they show medium to good plasticity, 
 mold without serious trouble, show a moderate drying shrinkage, and 
 dry safely. 
 
 A third class is more or less hard, coarse, somewhat granular, 
 perhaps sandy, and may contain numerous mica flakes and shell fossils. 
 Shales of this class do not slake appreciably and show indifference 
 to disintegration on weathering. When ground and tempered they 
 show poor plasticity, mold with difficulty in the die, have very low 
 drying shrinkage, and dry safely. When a plastic clay or shale is 
 added to them, they frequently produce most excellent ware. 
 
 In order to obtain an approximate idea of the slaking behavior of 
 the shales under tests, a 100-gram sample of each was weighed from 
 the 2-pound sample, rejecting all fragments less than one-fourth inch 
 in diameter. This was dried at 60° C for ten hours, placed in a granite 
 pan and covered with distilled water, and the rate of slaking at room 
 temperature observed at intervals over a period of 7 days. The obser- 
 vations were made every hour for the first five hours, then every two 
 hours for the next ten hours, and finally every twelve hours to the 
 end of the period. 
 
 Molding the Briquets 
 
 The ground and screened samples were prepared for molding the 
 briquets by kneading and wedging the samples with sufficient water 
 added to give best working plasticity. The samples after tempering 
 were placed in a moist chamber for 24 hours to produce uniformity 
 of moisture content. Briquets of two different sizes were made. For 
 oxidation tests, trials l-)4" x 1-H" x 3V? " were hand molded and 
 repressed. For determining tempering water, volume shrinkage, linear 
 drying and burning shrinkages, porosity, tempering range, and color, 
 briquets l"x l"x 3J4" were also hand molded and repressed. All 
 briquets were dried in the open air at room temperature (about 70° F ). 
 
 ( )xidation Tests 
 
 During the process of burning red and buff clays, it is necessary 
 to burn out the carbon and sulphur and to convert the ferrous iron to 
 the ferric form before the temperature can be raised safely and the 
 ware vitrified. This process is called oxidation and should be carried 
 
20 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 out within a temperature interval in which the ware is at its maximum 
 porosity so as to allow the ingress of oxygen from the kiln atmosphere 
 and the egress of gases due to distillation and combustion. If the 
 temperature of the kiln is raised to the vitrification stage before oxida- 
 tion is complete, a black-cored or even bloated product will be the 
 result. 
 
 Fig. 4. — A clay high in pyrite and carbon showing progress of diminishing 
 black core during oxidation. The trials were drawn from the kiln at one-hour 
 intervals. 
 
 Under practical working conditions it has been found that the 
 best range in which to hold the kiln until oxidation is complete lies 
 between 600° C and 900° C. 4 The most troublesome materials during 
 oxidation are bituminous matter, sulphur in the form of pyrite, ferrous 
 oxide, and ferrous carbonate. As long as any carbon or combustible 
 sulphur is present, the iron remains in the ferrous form and is evi- 
 denced by the resulting black core surrounded by an oxidized outer 
 shell of light salmon or buff color (fig. 4). 
 
 According to Wells 5 pyrite is dissociated at two different tempera- 
 tures one molecule of sulphur coming off at 400° C, and the second re- 
 maining until about 900° C. In the tests of the following shales it 
 was observed that the pyrite could be completely dissociated and the 
 iron converted to the ferric form if the temperature of the kiln were 
 held long enough at 650° C. However, the rate of oxidation increases 
 rapidly with increase of temperature so long as the clay remains suf- 
 ficiently porous to allow the reaction to go on freely. 
 
 4 Orton, E., The role played by iron in the burning of clay: Trans. Am. Cer. Soc. 
 vol. 5, p. 404, 1903. 
 
 •"'Wells, II. B., A method of overcoming the sulphur problem: Trans. Am. Cer. Soc. 
 vol. 11, p. 94, 1909. 
 
TESTS ON SAMPLES IN GROUP I 21 
 
 Many "Coal Measures" shales are high in sulphur and bituminous 
 matter. Commonly they contain as much as 4 per cent of bituminous 
 matter and 2 per cent of pyrite. The average periodic brick kiln holds 
 approximately 100,000 American-size brick. The average weight 
 per thousand dry brick is 3 tons. In 15 pounds of pyrite are 7 pounds 
 of iron and 8 pounds of sulphur. If a shale contains 4 per cent of 
 bituminous matter and 2 per cent of pyrite, a kiln holding 100,000 
 brick made from the shale would contain 12 tons of fuel as "coaly 
 matter" and over 3 tons as combustible sulphur. 
 
 If a shale of this character vitrifies at a comparatively low tem- 
 perature, it becomes a very troublesome, if not a disastrous material 
 to handle. When the temperature of the kiln rises to the ignition 
 point, the volatile gases take fire on the exposed surfaces of the brick 
 and raise the temperature rapidly. The sudden rise in temperature 
 vitrifies the outside shell of the brick, closes the pores, prevents the 
 escape of gases, and causes bloating not unlike the resulting action 
 of yeast in bread. 
 
 In order to prevent bloating it is necessary to hold the tempera- 
 ture of the kiln down to a safe limit below the vitrification temperature 
 until the combustible matter has been eliminated. ( )rton 6 recommends 
 a method of kiln control which has proved very effective. Briefly it 
 consists of the following : 
 
 If a clay is rather refractory and remains porous at a compara- 
 tively high temperature, the evolution and combustion of the volatile 
 matter may progress without causing serious trouble. 
 
 1. Fire the kiln normally until the evolving gases ignite. This is indicated 
 
 hy a sudden brightening or glow in the kiln chamber. 
 
 2. At this point, draw the fires, lower the damper, and seal up the fire 
 
 boxes and kiln to exclude air and to allow the evolution of the gases 
 
 to progress slowly without increasing the temperature. 
 
 3. As soon as the danger is passed the "glow" will diminish and the kiln 
 
 temperature drop. At this point, raise the damper, open the lire 
 boxes, and proceed with the tiring normally. 
 
 To obtain a comparison of the oxidizing behaviors of the different 
 clay samples the following oxidation test was made. Briquets were 
 placed in a down-draft kiln, the temperature raised gradually to 650° 
 C, and held constant. As soon as this temperature was attained a 
 trial piece of each clay was drawn and further specimens were drawn 
 every hour for a period of 9 hours. As soon as the trials were taken 
 from the kiln they were covered with sand, allowed to cool and the 
 areas of the oxidized part and the black core of a cross-section meas- 
 ured with a planimeter. (See figure 1 and time-rate oxidation curves.) 
 
 fl Op. cit., pp. 395-396. 
 
CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Tempering Water 
 
 When water is added to clay, the mass increases in volume, and 
 on drying a corresponding shrinkage takes place. The amount of 
 water 7 necessary to add to a clay in order to make it sufficiently plastic 
 for molding varies with different clays. The higher the plasticity 
 and the finer the grain, the more water is required to temper a clay 
 in order to make it "moldable" and the greater is the shrinkage on 
 drying. The amount of water required to temper a clay to the proper 
 consistency for molding was determined by taking the weight of five 
 freshly molded briquets, drying them at 100° C, cooling, and weighing. 
 The percentage of water required, based upon the dry weight of the 
 clay, is calculated from the following formula : 
 
 A — B 
 
 x 100 — % tempering water, 
 
 B 
 
 Where : A = weight of freshly made briquet, 
 B = weight of dry briquet. 
 
 Linear Drying Shrinkage 
 
 The linear drying shrinkage was determined by measuring the 
 
 freshly molded briquet with Vernier calipers and again measuring 
 
 after drying. The percentage of linear drying shrinkage based upon 
 
 dry length was calculated from the following formula : 
 
 U — U 
 
 x 100 — % linear drying shrinkage, 
 
 L 2 
 
 Where : Li = molded length, 
 L 2 = dry length. 
 
 Volume Shrinkage 
 The volume shrinkage in drying was determined by the kerosene 
 oil immersion method, using a modification of the Seger volumeter 
 and the calculations were made according to the formula : 
 
 V! — V. 
 
 100 — % volume shrinkage. 
 
 V 2 
 Where : Vi — volume of freshly molded briquet, 
 
 V 2 = volume of the briquet dried at 100° C. 
 
 Burning 
 
 Since a number of the shales are very fine grained and contain 
 
 carbonaceous matter and pyrite, they are slow and difficult to oxidize. 
 
 To insure thorough oxidation of the trials and to save time in the 
 
 subsequent burns, all burning trials were first placed in the kiln, 
 
 'Sometimes erroneously called "water of plasticity." 
 
TESTS ON SAMPLES IN GROUP II 
 
 23 
 
 oxidized at 650° C for fifteen hours and allowed to cool slowly in a 
 clear atmosphere. 
 
 To determine the porosity, fire shrinkage, heat range, and color, 
 nine separate burns were made using pyrometric cones as the tempera- 
 ture indicators. 8 
 
 These burns were made at cones 010, 08, 06, 04, 03, 02, 01, 1, 2, 
 and 3. Three briquets of each shale, oxidized as previously described, 
 were placed in each burn and the average measurements of these taken 
 as the data for plotting the curves. The firing w r as done under oxi- 
 dizing conditions following a straight line time-temperature curve. 
 
 Burning Shrinkage 
 
 This was calculated for the three briquets in each burn on the dry 
 length as basis and is equal to 
 
 average loss in length 
 
 average dry length 
 
 100. 
 
 Porosity 
 
 The burned briquets were weighed dry, immersed in water for 
 24 hours, then placed under water in vacuo for 24 hours ( fig. 5). The 
 saturated weights and suspended weights were determined and the 
 porosities calculated from the formula 
 
 W — D 
 
 W 
 
 x 100 
 
 porosity 
 
 Where : W = saturated weight. 
 D = dry weight, 
 S = weight suspended in water 
 
 TESTS OX SAMPLES I \ T GROUP II 
 
 Group 11 contains 83 different samples, including Xos. 26 to 108. 
 In testing so large a number it was obvious from the experience 
 gained in Group I that it would be necessary to save time and expense 
 by devising more efficient means for preparing the samples and mold- 
 ing the briquets. 
 
 s Owing to the erratic behavior of cones, more consistent results arc obtainable by 
 using a pyrometer as the temperature indicator, and making all burns according to a definite 
 time-temperature curve after passing tin- oxidation period. The indicated temperatures in 
 Centigrade for these cones are: 
 
 Cone 
 
 010 
 
 OH 
 
 06 
 
 04 
 
 03 
 
 02 
 
 01 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Temperature degrees 
 
 Q50 
 
 ')<)() 
 
 1030 
 
 1«)70 
 
 10<)0 
 
 1110 
 
 1130 
 
 1150 
 
 1170 
 
 1190 
 
 
 
24 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 A 
 
 6-inch wrought iron pipe 
 
 B 
 
 Cap 
 
 C 
 
 Machined flange 
 
 D 
 
 Glass desicator cover 
 
 E 
 
 ^4-inch pipe 
 
 F 
 
 Outlet pipe with cap 
 
 G 
 
 Rubber pressure tubing 
 
 H 
 
 Glass T 
 
 J 
 
 Mercury vacuum gauge 
 
 K 
 
 Level of water 
 
 L 
 
 Briquets 
 
 M 
 
 Pipe to vacuum pump 
 
 Fig. 5.— Apparatus for saturating briquets in vacuo. 
 
25 
 
 TESTS ON SAMPLES IN GROUP II 
 
 Grinding the Samples 
 
 The samples were ground in a 5-foot dry pan provided with 
 perforated plates with one-tenth-inch slots. A circular sheet-iron pan 
 provided with a slot 5 inches wide running from the center to the 
 circumference was bolted to the frame 6 inches below the grinding 
 pan. Heavy brushes were attached to the under side of the dry pan 
 and revolved with it sweeping over the inner surface of the sheet- 
 iron pan. The dry pan was set in motion and the clay sample of 
 approximately 45 to 50 pounds introduced. As fast as the material 
 became crushed and passed through the one-tenth-inch perforation, it 
 
 
 
 -■- ~-t 
 
 JT r . jj^^> |£ » 
 
 
 
 lilil'Si 
 
 mpr ,.;. 
 
 
 •» jitk 
 
 ■H^ 
 
 ^^F " "•^Iti.'SSi&s ->•■■' *'■ 
 
 
 6 ■ 'l**. ' *^l 
 
 SgpHfe 
 
 ¥ '£m 
 
 
 &t* "^sS^^B 1 
 
 ■ *>.- -M 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 v 1 
 
 
 
 BrJffi ■ r 
 
 \ -3M ■" 
 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 H^&** ■ 
 
 ^P* 
 
 
 
 -...■■ 
 
 . 
 
 <ti» 
 
 
 ' _Jaj&k 
 
 ^Mh , . J^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^-^ 'J^^^ 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 b 
 
 Fig. 6. — a, oxidizing briquet from Group I showing black core approaching 
 
 the circular form; h, oxidizing cylinder from Group II. 
 
 fell into the sheet-iron pan and was swept around and out of the 5-inch 
 slot where it was collected and passed through a ten-mesh screen ; 
 the tailings thrown back into the dry pan. By this arrangement the 
 pan became thoroughly and automatically cleaned ready for the next 
 sample. The time required to prepare a sample was approximately 
 20 to 30 minutes. 
 
 Molding the Briquets 
 In Group I the oxidation trials were made in the form of paral- 
 lelopipeds l^"xl^j"x3/j". Oxidation progresses faster at the 
 edges than through the sides, as shown in sample a, figure 6. As 
 oxidation progresses, the black core of a cross-section approaches 
 more and more the circular form. In order to eliminate the error 
 and thereby obtain more accurate data as to the rate of oxidation, 
 
26 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 hn 
 
 „ 
 
 rj 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 
 - 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ft 
 
 
 •z 
 
 en 
 
 en 
 
 CT3 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 (U 
 
 >i 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 *i 
 
 c 
 
 • p 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 Ph 
 
 pq 
 
 § £ Oh a 
 
 
 .g g> 
 
 bfl ^ 
 U u 
 
 ~ ^^ J 
 
 co£ Q 
 
 c 
 
 I I 
 
 WfeOj 
 
 be 
 
 c 
 
 a: 
 
 .SI'S 
 Oh U > 
 
 <CPUC 
 
RESULTS OF TESTS 27 
 
 the oxidation trials in Group II were made cylindrical in form, \Y\" 
 diameter by 3j/2 r ' long (fig. 6). 
 
 In order to eliminate the ''personal factor" entering into hand 
 molding, as well as to introduce the time-saving element, the oxidation 
 cylinders and the burning briquets were molded stiff-mud in a hand 
 plunger machine (fig. 7) constructed especially for the purpose. The 
 machine was provided with two interchangeable dies — one with a 
 cylindrical opening for molding the oxidation cylinders, and the other 
 with an opening one inch square for molding the briquets for the 
 burning tests. 
 
 The clay sample tempered with water to the proper molding con- 
 sistency was placed in the cylinder of the machine and a continuous 
 bar or column of the clay made to issue by turning the crank. The 
 column passed from the die into a cutting box where it was cut into 
 3^-inch lengths by a No. 26 B. & S. gage wire bow. The briquets 
 were not repressed. 
 
 Screening Test 
 
 The slaking test was carried out the same as that described under 
 Group I and the slaked material passed through the following Tyler 
 Standard Screens. 
 
 Screen 
 
 Size 
 
 Size 
 
 mesh 
 
 opening 
 
 opening 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 Millimeters 
 
 10 
 
 .0650 
 
 1.651 
 
 20 
 
 .0328 
 
 .833 
 
 35 
 
 .0164 
 
 .417 
 
 65 
 
 .0082 
 
 .208 
 
 100 
 
 .0058 
 
 .147 
 
 150 
 
 .0041 
 
 .104 
 
 Burning 
 
 The burning was done in the same manner as in (iron]) I with 
 the exception that two higher burns were added, cone 4 or 1210° C, 
 and cone 5 or 1230° C. 
 
 Barring the above mentioned changes, the remainder of the work- 
 was carried out in accordance with the methods described inn lei- 
 Group J. 
 
 RESULTS OF THE TESTS 
 
 The data from the tests of the various samples are presented at 
 the end of the book accompanied by curves showing the burning 
 behavior of the clays. For the sake of convenience the curves repre- 
 senting time-rate of oxidation, shrinkage-temperature, and porosity- 
 
28 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 temperature for each shale are plotted on one sheet. In the time- 
 rate oxidation curves, the percentage oxidized areas are plotted on 
 the ordinate and time on the abscissa 9 . The porosities and shrinkages 
 are plotted on the ordinate and the temperatures, expressed on cones, 
 on the abscissa. The porosity scale is indicated at the left and the 
 shrinkage scale (twice the magnitude of the porosity scale) at the right 
 of the diagram. 
 
 Where several samples have been taken from the same mine 
 or from adjacent points and curves have been plotted on the same 
 sheet as far as possible. As a matter of convenience for reference 
 and comparison of clays from the same general locality, the data 
 sheets and curves have been arranged in groups corresponding to the 
 various coal districts of the State (fig. 8). Within these districts the 
 samples have been further arranged alphabetically by counties and by 
 towns. 
 
 Afore or less similarity may be noted in the characteristics of the 
 roof shales from a given district, especially in regard to their burning 
 behavior. The plastic properties and the general molding and drying 
 behavior of the materials seem to be determined largely by the local 
 conditions during or subsequent to their deposition. The constitution, 
 as evidenced by the fluxing action during burning and the porosity- 
 temperature relation seems to be quite similar in samples over a large 
 area. The properties of the floor materials show much greater varia- 
 tion even within relatively small areas. 
 
 District No. I. — Samples were taken from mines at Coal City, 
 Wilmington, Seneca, La Salle, Black Hollow, Oglesby, Wenona. 
 Cherry, Spring Valley, Minonk, and Sparland. W^ith the exception 
 of the samples from Wenona the roof shales of the district show 
 considerable similarity in their burning behavior. They vitrify at 
 comparatively low temperatures, show a short heat range in burning, 
 and overburn easily. As has been shown these characteristics elim- 
 inate them as possibilities for the manufacture of vitrified wares such 
 as paving brick. They may be used for more or less porous products 
 such as common brick, front brick, and hollow ware in case the mold- 
 ing and drying properties are satisfactory. Common brick requires 
 sufficient degree of plasticity to permit molding by the stiff-mud 
 process. For hollow ware the same qualification may be made, but 
 the plasticity must be greater than for brick, and a greater strength 
 is required in the dried body. For front brick there must be, in addi- 
 tion to satisfactory molding and drying behavior, a desirable color. 
 
 9 Purdy, R. C. and Moore, J. K., Pyro-physical and chemical behavior of clays: Trans. 
 Am. Cer. Soc. vol. 9, p. 211, 1907. 
 
Fig. 8.— Map showing division of State into districts and location of sam- 
 ples tested. 
 
 (29) 
 
30 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 The color is determined largely by the presence or absence of soluble 
 salts, such as sulphates, and depends entirely on the local conditions 
 of the deposit. 
 
 District No. 3. — Only one sample of roof material was taken 
 from this district. Floor materials from Coal Valley, Matherville 
 and Colchester were quite sandy and very different in character from 
 the well-known Colchester clay in McDonough County. 
 
 District No. 4. — Samples were obtained from Peoria, South Bar- 
 tonville, Bloomington, Athens, Decatur, Niantic, Cantrall, Selbytown, 
 Sherman, and Springfield. Few of the materials from the district are 
 suitable for manufacturing purposes. Nearly all the floor materials 
 contain considerable amounts of bituminous matter and give great 
 trouble in oxidation. Most of the clays crack in burning, have a 
 very short heat range, and overburn easily. 
 
 District No. 5. — Only two samples were tested, a roof shale and 
 a floor clay from the mine of Saline County Coal Company at Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 District No. 6. — Samples of floor materials from Sesser, Rend, 
 Herrin, and Marion, and a roof material from Rend were tested. Of 
 these, the floor material from Sesser and the roof shale at Rend are 
 the only suitable clays for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 District No. 7. — Samples of floor material were taken at Panama, 
 Auburn, Mascoutah, Belleville, Freeburg, and O'Fallon, and two sam- 
 ples of roof materials at Duquoin. The floor clays in the district, as 
 represented in these tests, overburn readily before reaching vitrification. 
 Most of the samples were unsuitable for manufacturing purposes, 
 due to their short heat range and tendency to crack in burning. The 
 roof shale from Duquoin and the floor clay from Auburn are promis- 
 ing clays for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 ILLINOIS ROOF SHALES AND FLOOR CLAYS 
 The following notes concerning floor clays and roof shales in 
 Illinois coal mines were tabulated for a recent Survey publication 10 
 and are reprinted here as a convenient reference to general roof and 
 floor characteristics in the various districts. 
 
 in Young, L. E., Surface subsidence in Illinois resulting from coal mining: Illinois 
 Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 17, p. 24, 1916. 
 
ILLINOIS ROOF SHALES AND FLOOR CLAYS 
 
 31 
 
 Character of roof and floor of the commercial coal beds throughout Illinois 
 
 District I 
 
 Coal bed 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 5 
 
 No. 7 
 
 Roof 
 
 Floor 
 
 Gray shale, replaced in places 
 by a black shale about 3 feet 
 thick. 
 
 Varies from a gray shale to 
 black "slate", sandstone and lo- 
 cally limestone ; "white top" 
 roof in certain areas. 
 
 Gray silicious shale 35 or more 
 feet thick. Immediate roof is 
 generally darker than the upper 
 beds of shale. 
 
 Dark-gray lire clay up to sev- 
 eral feet thick. In some parts 
 of the La Salle field a hard 
 sandstone lies directly beneath 
 the coal. 
 
 Gray fire clay 1 to 4 feet thick, 
 underlain by sandstone or 
 sandy shale. 
 
 Gray fire clay 2 to 3 feet thick 
 lying on sandstone. Black shale 
 in places forms the floor. 
 
 District III 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 In Mercer and Rock Island 
 counties, hard black shale 2 to 
 5 inches thick ; limestone cap 
 rock, 1 to 4 feet. 
 
 Hard black shale generally not 
 over 1 foot thick, overlain by 
 a limestone cap rock 3 feet 
 thick. 
 
 Light gray micaceous fire clay 
 which heaves badly when wet. 
 In places an irregular band (3 
 to 6 inches) of carbonaceous 
 shale or sandstone lies imme- 
 diately below the coal. 
 
 Gray fire clay containing nod- 
 ules of iron pyrites. 
 
 No. 5 
 
 No. 5 
 
 District IV 
 
 Black sheety shale up to 35 
 feet thick. A limestone cap 
 rock over the shale. Where 
 shale is thin, the cap rock be- 
 comes the roof. 
 
 ( i ray fire clay. 
 
 District V 
 
 Light gray to black shale, in 
 some areas laminated with coal 
 for a distance of 3 feet above 
 seam. Shale of immediate roof 
 is weak. 
 
 Fire clay generally. In some 
 areas the clay is sandy and 
 heaves badly when wet. 
 
32 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Character of roof and floor of the commercial coal beds throughout Illinois 
 
 (Concluded) 
 District VI 
 
 Coal Bed 
 
 Roof 
 
 Floor 
 
 No. 6 in : 
 
 Coal is left as immediate roof. 
 
 Gray fire clay 2 to 8 feet thick 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Upon the coal is a thin bed of 
 
 underlain by a sandy limestone. 
 
 
 draw slate, and within 25 feet 
 
 Heaves in only a few mines. 
 
 
 above the coal is usually a lime- 
 
 
 
 stone cap rock 4 to 10 feet 
 
 
 
 thick. 
 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Coal is left generally as roof. 
 
 Gray fire clay 2 to 4 feet thick 
 
 
 Tn a number of mines the lime- 
 
 underlain by limestone. The 
 
 
 stone cap rock is missing or 
 
 floor heaves badly in several 
 
 
 higher than in Franklin County. 
 
 mines. 
 
 District VII 
 
 No. 6 in : 
 
 Limestone cap rock, 5 to 15 
 
 Clay, 18 inches to 8 feet in most 
 
 Clinton 
 
 feet thick. In places black 
 shale between limestone and 
 coal. 
 
 places on shale. 
 
 Christian 
 
 Black shale overlain by lime- 
 stone ranging from 1 to 20 feet. 
 In some mines shale between 
 coal and limestone. 
 
 Clay of variable thickness. 
 
 Macoupin 
 
 Black shale with limestone cap 
 
 Clay averaging about 1 foot. 
 
 
 rock. 
 
 Beneath the clay there is gen- 
 erally limestone. 
 
 
 Gray or black shale of varying 
 
 
 Madison 
 
 thickness overlain by limestone 
 ranging in thickness from a 
 few feet to as much as 30 feet. 
 In some places limestone rests 
 on the coal. 
 
 Limestone cap rock, about 15 
 
 
 Marion 
 
 feet thick. 
 Limestone cap rock. 
 
 Clay of varying thickness. 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Black shale and limestone. 
 
 Clay of variable thickness. 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Black shale under limestone to 
 
 Thin clay on limestone. 
 
 Perry, 
 
 the west of Duquoin anticline. 
 
 Clay of variable thickness. 
 
 Randolph, and 
 
 To the east, the same lime- 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 stone, if present at all," is 100 
 feet above coal. 
 
 
 Shelby and 
 
 Shale and limestone. 
 
 Shale, clay, limestone. 
 
 Moultrie 
 
 
 
 Sangamon 
 
 Irregular shale and limestone. 
 
 Thin clay. 
 
 "Cady, G. H., Coal resources of District VI: 
 series Bull. 15, 1916. 
 
 111. State Geol. Survey Coal Mining 
 
RESULTS OF LABORATORY TESTS OF SAMPLES 
 
 In the following pages, each sample is described, and the results 
 of burning tests are shown by means of diagrams. For a complete 
 list of mines from which samples were taken, the reader should refer 
 to the table on pages 34 and 35. 
 
 (23) 
 
34 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
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 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 37 
 
 BARR BRICK COMPANY, STREATOR 
 
 (See figure 9) 
 Sample 25. — Dark, slate-gray shale of medium hardness; contains gypsum, 
 sample comparatively free from carbonaceous matter and concretions. 
 
 No slaking and screening tests made. 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4 71% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 15.77% 
 
 Tempering water 22.17% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 1 hour. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3. 
 
 Heat range. . .Temperature not carried high enough to determine this. 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.82% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.53% 
 
 Porosity 13.70% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark red ; scums badly. 
 
 Possibilities Common, front, and paving brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions For front brick barium salt should be 
 
 added to overcome scumming. 
 
 BURLINGTON PAVING BRICK COMPANY, GALESBURG 
 (See figure 9) 
 Sample 24. — Blue-gray shale, somewhat sandy, shows a trace of calcium 
 sulphate, otherwise sample seems to be quite uniform. 
 No slaking or screening tests made. 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.54' . 
 
 Tempering water 23.97% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 1 hour. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3. 
 
 Heat range Cone 3 to possibly cone 6. 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.77% 
 
 Total shrinkage . . .• 14.31%. 
 
 Porosity 7.99% 
 
 Fracture Dull, smooth, stony. 
 
 Color Dark red, scums. 
 
 Possiblities Common, front, and paving brick, hollow ware. 
 
38 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 ILLINOIS CLAY COMPANY, OGLESBY 
 (See figure 10) 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Sample 26. — Represents roof material up to 10 feet above coal at the out- 
 crop along Vermilion River; medium hard, light-gray shale containing brown 
 iron streaks, hard clay concretions stained with iron oxide and a small amount 
 of carbonaceous matter. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes imperfectly. 
 
 No screening tests made. 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.33% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 25.40% 
 
 Tempering water 33.40% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 5 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04- 
 
 Heat range Cone 05 to cone 04 ; bloats above cone 04. 
 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 9.80% 
 
 Total shrinkage 7.13% 
 
 Porosity 0.38% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Dark cherry red ; free from scum. 
 
 Possibilities Common and building brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions Shale has comparatively short heat 
 
 range and is sensitive to bloating 
 
 when overfired, hence should be 
 
 burned at a safe limit below cone 03. 
 
 Sample 53. — Represents roof material from 6 to 16 feet above outcrop of 
 
 coal along Vermilion River; impurities, sand and sulphur balls; shale somewhat 
 
 weathered in appearance ; contains brown ironstones and iron oxide apparently 
 
 from decomposed pyrite. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes very little. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 92.50% 
 
 20 mesh 1.24% 
 
 35 mesh 1.40% 
 
 65 mesh 1.74% 
 
 100 mesh 0.73% 
 
 150 mesh 0.31% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 2.08% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.75% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 16.56% 
 
 Tempering water 28.20% 
 
 Oxidation Complete when first trial was drawn. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04- 
 
 Heat range Short ; bloating begins above cone 04. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 
 
 39 
 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage , 8.47% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.22% 
 
 Porosity 0.42% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Cherry red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities Common brick and hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions 
 
 Burning should be done at a safe tem- 
 perature below that at which bloating 
 begins. 
 
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 FlG. 11. — Graphic illustration of the laboratory tests of Sample 21, roof ma- 
 terial in mine No. 2, St. Paul Coal Company, Cherry. 
 
 ST. PAUL COAT. COMPANY, MINE NO. 2, CHERRY 
 ( Sec figure 1 1 ) 
 Coal bed — No. 2. 
 
 Sample 21. — Represents roof material above coal ; sample consists of a mix- 
 ture of fragments of medium hard, light-gray shale and hard, dark (nearly 
 black) shale; the light-gray shale contains pyrite grains of approximately pin- 
 head size; the dark-colored portion contains hard concretions of clayey matter, 
 pyrite, and numerous shell forms; the dark color is due to carbonaceous matter. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes slowly and incompletely. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 29.50' , 
 
 20 mesh 12.3095 
 
 60 mesh 7.20% 
 
 100 mesh 4.50% 
 
 120 mesh 0.48% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 46.02% 
 
40 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 41 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.58% 
 
 Tempering water 25.78% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 73% oxidized in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 2 
 
 Heat range Short ; bloats at cone 3 ; cracks in burning. 
 
 When burned at cone 2 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.37% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.95% 
 
 Porosity 3.07% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Dark red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities An impracticable material, as it is diffi- 
 cult to oxidize, has short heat range, 
 and cracks in burning. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 5, DALZELL 
 (See figures 12 and 13) 
 Depth of shaft— 413 feet. 
 
 Area mined — 54 acres ; less than 50 per cent is underlain by clay, in east 
 part of mine sandstone lies below the coal. 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Thickness of roof — Reported 20 feet at shaft. 
 
 Sample 62. — Location in mine, straight W. 2d R. 1st L. ; sample represents 
 roof material from to 42 inches above coal ; slate-gray shale containing brown 
 spots that show a weak effervescence with hydrochloric acid and a reaction for 
 iron; contains small amount of calcium sulphate; shows occasional slickensides. 
 
 Slaking test Incomplete at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 78.40% 
 
 20 mesh 6.98% 
 
 35 mesh 5.12% 
 
 65 mesh 3.80% 
 
 100 mesh 1.28% 
 
 150 mesh 0.63% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 2.79% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Tendency to warp. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.20% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 13.80% 
 
 Tempering water 22.20% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 7 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Short ; occasional surface pitting occurs. 
 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.61% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.81% 
 
 Porosity 2.04% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Medium dark red ; scums excessively. 
 
 Possibilities Common brick. 
 
42 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Sample 72. — Location in mine, N. 6th R., one-half mile from shaft; sample 
 represents roof material up to 5 feet above coal; medium hard, gray shale, with 
 hard brown patches ; contains numerous pyrite granules, calcium sulphate, and 
 iron carbonate. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 70.95% 
 
 20 mesh 70.41% 
 
 35 mesh 8.21% 
 
 65 mesh 6.16% 
 
 100 mesh 2.58% 
 
 150 mesh 1.02% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 0.69% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding qualities Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.23% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 13.40% 
 
 Tempering water 23.04% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Cone 06 to cone 04 ; bloats above cone 
 
 04 ; surface pits a little. 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.26% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.49% 
 
 Porosity 0.70% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Light cherry red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Sample 3Q. — Location in mine, straight W. 2d S., 1st left; sample represents 
 floor material from to 14 inches below coal ; structure resembles that of fire 
 clay ; medium hard, light-gray clay, stained brown in spots ; contains carbon- 
 aceous matter as plant fossils, granules of iron carbonate, and small calcium 
 carbonate concretions. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 39 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 4.07% 
 
 20 mesh 1.95% 
 
 35 mesh 5.21% 
 
 65 mesh 7.22% 
 
 100 mesh 6.42% 
 
 150 mesh 2.52% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 72.61% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.81% 
 
 Tempering water 19.60% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 13 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 2 
 
 Heat range Good, cone 04 to cone 2. Occasional 
 
 surface pits occur. Bloats above cone 
 2. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 43 
 
 When burned at cone 2 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 4.57% 
 
 Total shrinkage 10.38% 
 
 Porosity 9.47% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light salmon at cone 010, changes to 
 
 light brown at cone 04; color does 
 not change above this temperature. 
 
 Possibilities Common and face brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions Would require considerable care during oxidation. 
 
 Sample 40. — Same location as Sample 39 ; sample represents floor material 
 from 14 to 24 inches below coal ; similar in appearance to Sample 39. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes slowly and imperfectly. 
 
 Residues left on screen — 
 
 10 mesh 7.60% 
 
 20 mesh 6.54% 
 
 35 mesh 13.70% 
 
 65 mesh 11.05% 
 
 100 mesh 8.45% 
 
 150 mesh 3.75% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 48.97% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.82% 
 
 Tempering water 19.60% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 93% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 1. Occasional surface 
 
 pits occur. Bloating occurs above 
 cone 1. 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.60% 
 
 Total shrinkage 1 1.42% 
 
 Porosity 7.33% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Salmon at cone 010, changes to brown 
 
 at cone 04. Color does not change 
 above this temperature. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions Would require careful oxidizing. 
 
 Sample 63. — Location in mine, straight W. 2d R. 1st L. ; sample represents 
 floor material below coal ; a mixture of light-gray with dark, almost black, clay 
 stained brown in spots; shows occasional sickensides ; contains considerable car- 
 bon as plant fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Slaked in 11 hours to a plastic mass. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.07% 
 
 20 mesh 0.04% 
 
 35 mesh 0.11% 
 
 65 mesh 0.26% 
 
 100 mesh 0.23% 
 
 150 mesh 0.35% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 98.94% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
44 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Drying properties Warps in drying 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 10.28% 
 
 Tempering water 31.00% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 56% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 06 
 
 Heat range Very short; bloats above cone 06; cracks in burning. 
 
 When burned at cone 06 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5 34% 
 
 Total shrinkage 15.62% 
 
 Porosity 7.08% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Light salmon at cone 010, changes to 
 
 light brown at cone 08. 
 Possibilities Very unsuitable material, as it has high- 
 drying shrinkage and warps, is diffi- 
 cult to oxidize, has short heat range, 
 cracks in burning, and is sensitive to 
 overfiring as indicated by bloating. 
 
 MARQUETTE THIRD VEIN COAL COMPANY, MARQUETTE MINE, MARQUETTE 
 
 (See figure 14) 
 Depth of shaft— 282 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Sample II. — Sent by company; represents roof of coal; medium hard, gray 
 shale; contains carbonaceous material, granular concretions of partly decom- 
 posed pyrite, and calcium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes slowly and incompletely. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 48.50% 
 
 20 mesh 6.70% 
 
 60 mesh 8.00% 
 
 100 mesh 0.65% 
 
 120 mesh 0.93% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 35.22% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.44% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 20.30% 
 
 Tempering water 26 80% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 92% oxidized in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 02 
 
 Heat range Short ; cracks in burning ; bloats above cone 02. 
 
 When burned at cone 02 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 9.25% 
 
 Total shrinkage 15.69% 
 
 Porosity 8.29% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Red, scums considerably. 
 
 Possibilities A troublesome material, as it is difficult 
 
 to oxidize, cracks in burning, has 
 short heat range, is sensitive to over- 
 burning, and scums excessively. 
 Sample 14. — Sent by company; represents floor of coal; medium hard, 
 light-gray shale ; contains calcium sulphate and carbonaceous matter as plant 
 fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes slowly. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 45 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.00% 
 
 20 mesh , 0.10% 
 
 60 mesh 0.10% 
 
 100 mesh 0.10% 
 
 120 mesh 0.00% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 99.70% 
 
 Plasticity High 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 | No. 11 | I 
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 Fig. 14. — Graphic illustration of the laboratory tests of Sample 11, roof 
 material, and Sample 14, floor material, in Marquette mine, Marquette Third 
 Vein Coal Company, Marquette. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.66% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 22.59% 
 
 Tempering water 23.587c 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 89% oxidized in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 3 
 
 Heat range Cone 02 to cone 3, cracks in burning. 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.48% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.14% 
 
 Porosity 174% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark, dull red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material, as it is dif- 
 ficult to oxidize and cracks in burning. 
 
CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 47 
 
 BIG FOUR WILMINGTON COAL CO., MINE NO. 6, COAL CITY 
 (See figures 15 and 16) 
 Depth of shaft— 95 feet. 
 Area mined — 200 acres. 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Thickness of roof — Reported to be 35 feet like samples. 
 
 Sample 41. — Location in mine, S. entry, 2,700 feet from shaft ; sample rep- 
 resents roof material above coal; medium soft gray roof shale, somewhat sandy; 
 contains numerous well-defined plant fossils and occasional granules of lime- 
 iron carbonate. 
 
 Slaking test. .Very little affected, broke up into a few large fragments. 
 Residues left on screens. .Practically all remained on 10-mesh screen. 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties Tears at the corners of the die. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 3.43% 
 
 Tempering water 20.70% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 1 ; occasional surface 
 
 pits occur; bloats above cone 1. 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.98% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.41% 
 
 Porosity 8.79% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Cherry red ; free from scum. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Precautions Clay is somewhat short and would re- 
 quire fine grinding and thorough tem- 
 pering to work without trouble in the 
 die. 
 
 Sample 46. — Location in mine, NE. entry 1,500 feet from shaft; sample rep- 
 resents roof material above coal; medium soft, gray, somewhat sandy, mica- 
 ceous shale ; otherwise very uniform in appearance. 
 
 Slaking test No effect noticeable 
 
 Residues left on screens — Practically all residue remains on 10-mesh 
 screen. 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Fair 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 2.S4' < 
 
 Tempering water 19.65% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 1 hour. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Good, cone 04 to cone 1 
 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 9.62% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.46% 
 
 Porosity 2.83% 
 
 Fracture Dull, dense, uniform. 
 
 Color Dark red ; comparatively free from scum. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
48 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Sample 60. — Location in mine, in entry 200 feet east of shaft ; sample rep- 
 resents 7 feet of floor material ; medium hard, light-gray clay of fine sandy 
 character; apparently free from carbonaceous matter, pyrite, carbonates, and 
 sulphates. 
 
 Slaking test Partially slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 54.00% 
 
 20 mesh 0.54% 
 
 35 mesh 0.54% 
 
 65 mesh 2.41% 
 
 100 mesh 0.39% 
 
 150 mesh 0.23% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 41.89% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.28% 
 
 Tempering water 20.00% 
 
 Oxidation Complete when first trial was drawn. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Cone 03 to cone 1 ; bloats above cone 1. 
 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.21 % 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.49% 
 
 Porosity 5.77% 
 
 Fracture Fine grained, stony. 
 
 Color Dark dull red. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Sample 61. — Location in mine, in pump room ; sample represents 2 feet of 
 floor material ; soft, weathered, light-gray shale stained yellow to brown in 
 spots ; contains some carbonaceous matter and occasional pyrite concretions. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 13 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 9.82% 
 
 20 mesh 0.25% 
 
 35 mesh 1.15% 
 
 65 mesh 2.05% 
 
 100 mesh 1.75% 
 
 150 mesh , 0.84% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 93.14% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.71% 
 
 Tempering water 24.30% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 1. 
 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.03% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.74% 
 
 Porosity 2.00% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Medium dull red ; scums a little. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 49 
 
 Sample 106. — Location in mine, face 2,700 feet south of shaft; sample rep- 
 resents floor material immediately below coal ; medium hard, light to dark-gray 
 clay ; structure resembles that of fire clay ; shows slickensides ; contains carbon- 
 aceous matter as plant fossils and calcium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 11 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.10% 
 
 20 mesh 0.70% 
 
 35 mesh 3.65% 
 
 65 mesh 4.74% 
 
 100 mesh 2.99% 
 
 150 mesh 1.39% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 86.43% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Slight tendency to warp ; scums. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.95% 
 
 Tempering water 23.40% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 01 ; bloats above cone 01. 
 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.79% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.74% 
 
 Porosity 1.07 % 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Very light red ; scums badly. 
 
 Possiblities Common brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions To reduce shrinkage and to overcome 
 
 warping, sand or grog should be 
 added to the clay. 
 
 CHICAGO, WILMINGTON & VERMILION COAL CO., MINE NO. 1, SOUTH 
 
 WILMINGTON 
 
 (See figures 17 and 18) 
 Depth of shaft— 190 feet. 
 Area mined — 640 acres. 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Thickness of roof — Reported 35 feet of material at shaft like samples. 
 Thickness of floor — 30 inches at pump room. 
 Impurities in roof — Few sulphur balls, some sand. 
 
 Sample 55. — Represents roof material up to 3 feet above coal; medium 
 hard, dark-gray shale, apparently free from carbon, pyrite, and carbonates ; 
 contains occasional hard clay concretions streaked with brown. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes imperfectly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 84.50% 
 
 20 mesh 4.55% 
 
 35 mesh 3.457" 
 
 65 mesh 1.71% 
 
 100 mesh 0.66% 
 
 150 mesh 0.29% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 4.84% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Fair 
 
50 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 51 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.05% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 11.14% 
 
 Tempering water 20.30% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 1 hour. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Very short ; begins to bloat above cone 04. 
 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.18% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.23% 
 
 Porosity 0.41% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Dark cherry red ; comparatively free from scum. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions Because of short heat range the prod- 
 ucts out of kiln would vary consid- 
 erably in color, size, and porosity. 
 
 Sample 67. — Location in mine, on SE. entry; sample represents roof material 
 up to 6 feet above coal ; hard, light-gray roof shale of fine sandy structure, com- 
 paratively uniform and free from deleterious matter. 
 
 Slaking test Very little slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 93.29% 
 
 20 mesh 1.26% 
 
 35 mesh 0.87% 
 
 65 mesh 0.72% 
 
 100 mesh 0.42% 
 
 150 mesh 0.26% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 3.18% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Fair 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 2.76% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 8.78% 
 
 Tempering water 19.80% 
 
 Oxidation Completely oxidized when first trial was drawn. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 01 ; bloats above cone 01. 
 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 9.35%- 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.11%; 
 
 Porosity 5.50% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Dark, cherry red ; very slightly scummed. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Sample 27. — Location in mine, face SE. entry ; sample represents floor clay 
 4 to 13 inches below coal, the first 4 inches immediately below coal was a car- 
 bonaceous clay; hard, bine-gray clay with structure resembling that of fire clay; 
 contains considerable bituminous matter in thin seams and streaks and nodules 
 of pyrite. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes slowly and imperfectly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 45.38% 
 
 20 mesh 1 1.92% 
 
 35 mesh 12.84% 
 
 65 mesh 12.31% 
 
 100 mesh 4.47% 
 
 150 mesh 1.91% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh ,, i] \} ?(/ ' 
 
 
52 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.86% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 18.40% 
 
 Tempering water 22.50% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 92% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 5 
 
 Heat range Cone 1 to cone 5, very sensitive to flash- 
 ing; high porosity of trials due to 
 burning out of carbon. Tends to 
 bloat above cone 5. 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.91 % 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.77% 
 
 Porosity 17.86% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark buff at cone 010, grayish buff at cone 5. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick ; fireproofing. 
 
 Precautions Clay would require careful burning dur- 
 ing oxidation period. 
 
 Sample 28. — Same location in mine as Sample 27 ; sample represents floor 
 clay from 13 to 27 inches below coal ; structure characteristically that of a fire 
 clay ; shows well-developed slickensides ; contains gypsum, carbonaceous matter, 
 as plant fossils, and nodules of partly decomposed pyrite. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 15 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 14.90% 
 
 20 mesh 10.27% 
 
 35 mesh 22.42% 
 
 65 mesh 6.98% 
 
 100 mesh 0.96% 
 
 150 mesh 1.32% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 43.15% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.92% 
 
 Tempering water 23.40% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 90% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5 
 
 Heat range. . .Temperature not carried high enough to determine this. 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.97% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.89% 
 
 Porosity 12.24% 
 
 Fracture Stony, shows numerous black specks. 
 
 Color Buff at cone 010, gray buff at cone 04, gray at cone 5. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow blocks, 
 
 fireproofing. Though difficult to oxi- 
 dize at 650° C, the clay remains suffi- 
 ciently porous above 900 °C so that 
 oxidation progresses without danger. 
 
 Sample 34. — Location in mine, two-thirds mile out on SE. entry; sample 
 represents floor material from 20 to 36 inches below coal, the material from 
 to 11 inches below coal was a black clay, the clay from 11 to 20 inches was not 
 tested; structure of sample characteristically that of fire clay; dark-blue gray; 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 53 
 
 numerous well-developed slickensides ; contains carbon as plant fossils and nod- 
 ules of altered pyrite. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 147 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 17.35% 
 
 20 mesh 14.60% 
 
 35 mesh 21.40% 
 
 65 mesh 18.70% 
 
 100 mesh 7.78% 
 
 150 mesh 3.38% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 16.79% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.01% 
 
 Tempering water 24.06% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 3 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 3 ; bloating begins 
 
 above cone 3 ; clay is sensitve to 
 flashing. 
 When burned at cone 3— 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.43% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.44% 
 
 Porosity 6.18% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark buff at cone 010, changes to 
 
 brownish gray at cone 04; no color 
 change from cone 04 to cone 3. 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware. 
 
 LA SALLE COUNTY CARBON COAL COMPANY, LA SALLE SHAFT, I. A SALLE 
 
 (Set- fi.uure 19) 
 Depth of shaft— 395 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Sample 8. — Represents roof material above coal; 
 numerous concretions of pyrite and iron carbonate, 
 cium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Gradually 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 10.80% 
 
 20 mesh 1.55$ 
 
 60 mesh 0.69% 
 
 100 mesh 0.98% 
 
 120 mesh 0.00% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 85.98% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.26% 
 
 Tempering water 24.86% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Cone 02 to cone 01 ; bloats above cone 01. 
 
 hard 
 
 gray 
 
 shale 
 
 ; contains 
 
 and 
 
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 a pla 
 
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54 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 55 
 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 9.48% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.74% 
 
 Porosity 1.69% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous, brittle. 
 
 Color Dark red ; scums excessively. 
 
 Possibilities Common brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Sample 50. — Represents roof material above coal; light-gray shale; con- 
 tains a little carbonaceous matter and numerous granules of lime-iron carbonate. 
 
 Slaking test Sample as received had been wet and slaked. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 1.12% 
 
 20 mesh 5.20% 
 
 35 mesh 7.06% 
 
 65 mesh 5.56% 
 
 100 mesh 2.30% 
 
 150 mesh 1.03% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 77.64% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.15% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 13.36% 
 
 Tempering water 26.50% 
 
 Oxidation No trials made. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Short ; serious surface pitting occurs 
 
 due to lime-iron granules; bloats 
 above cone 04. 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 9.66% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.81 % 
 
 Porosity 0.73' < 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Light red at cone 06 to medium red at 
 
 cone 04; scums a little. 
 
 Possibilities \u unsafe material because it has short 
 
 heat range and pits excessively at the 
 surface. 
 
 Sample 17. — Represents floor material below coal; medium hard, dark slate- 
 gray fire clay; shows well-developed slickensides ; contains pyrite, carbonaceous 
 matter as plant fossils, and traces of gypsum. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes rapidly to a plastic mass. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 24 50' ', 
 
 20 mesh 6.70^5 
 
 60 mesh 6.40' < 
 
 100 mesh 0.84% 
 
 120 mesh 0.93% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 61 .5(>' '< 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 11.46% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 37. 82* - 
 
 Tempering water 28.42% 
 
 Oxidation I )ifficult, 62* < oxidized in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3. 
 
56 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Heat range Temperature not carried high enough to 
 
 determine this ; fusion temperature, 
 cone 29^ (1720°C). 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.75% 
 
 Total shrinkage 18.21% 
 
 Porosity 10.40% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light buff ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Common and building brick, fireproof- 
 
 ing, and as a bond clay for No. 2 fire 
 brick ; when washed and screened it 
 may be used for stoneware. The clay 
 remains porous up to a comparatively 
 high temperature, hence can be oxi- 
 dized easily. 
 
 MATTHIESSEN & HEGELER ZINC COMPANY, M. & H. MINE, LA SALLE 
 
 (See figure 20) 
 Depth of shaft— 310 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 2. 
 
 Sample 47. — Location in mine, 300 yards from shaft beyond stable ; sample 
 represents roof material up to 24 inches above coal ; mixture of hard, dark-gray 
 and dull-black shale with occasional conchoidal lumps of very light-weight black 
 material resembling cannel coal and burning readily in a gas flame ; the gray 
 shale contains occasional streaks of carbonaceous matter and the black shale 
 contains a high percentage of finely distributed carbon. 
 
 Slaking test Very little affected. 
 
 Residues left on screens. . .Practically all remained on 10-mesh screen. 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Slightly difficult to work in the die, tears 
 
 a little at the corners. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 2.83% 
 
 Tempering water 18.80% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 91% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 02 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 02 ; bloats above cone 02. 
 
 When burned at cone 02 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 10.48% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.31 % 
 
 Porosity 6.50% 
 
 Fracture Dull, dense. 
 
 Color Dark red. 
 
 Possibilities A dangerous material as it is difficult 
 
 to mold, difficult to oxidize, high in 
 carbon, sensitive to bloating. 
 Sample 80. — Location in mine, 200 yards from shaft on SW. entry ; sample 
 represents roof shale up to 5 feet above coal ; dull black; medium soft; principally 
 carbonaceous matter containing a noticeable amount of pyrite. 
 
 Slaking test Does not slake. 
 
 Residues left on screens All on 10-mesh screen. 
 
 Plasticity Lacking 
 
 Molding properties. .Impossible to mold, hence no briquets were made. 
 
 Possibilities Impossible material for clay products, 
 
 as it is excessively high in carbon- 
 aceous matter, devoid of plasticity, 
 and impossible to mold in die. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 57 
 
 ILLINOIS ZINC COMPANY, BLACK HOLLOW MINE, OGLESBY 
 (See figure 21) 
 Kind of mine — Slope. 
 Area mined — 85 to 100 acres. 
 Coal bed — No. 2. 
 
 Sample 12. — Sent by company ; sample represents roof material above coal ; 
 hard, calcareous, light-gray shale streaked with brown ; contains partly decom- 
 posed pyrite, nodules of calcium-iron carbonate, carbonaceous matter, and cal- 
 cium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 4 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 1.00% 
 
 20 mesh 0.50% 
 
 60 mesh 2.50% 
 
 100 mesh 0.20% 
 
 120 mesh 0.10% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 95.70% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.24% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 18.96% 
 
 Tempering water 25.39% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 72% oxidized in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Very short ; bloats above cone 01 ; cracks 
 
 in burning; surface pits due to cal- 
 cium-iron granules. 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 10.65% 
 
 Total shrinkage 16.89% 
 
 Porosity 3.25% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Dark red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities Very unsuitable material, as it is difficult 
 
 to oxidize, has short heat range, cracks 
 in burning, pits, and is sensitive to 
 overfiring. 
 
 Sample 76. — Location of sample, 1st S. 160 feet in at a depth of 109 feet; 
 sample represents roof material from to 24 inches above coal ; impurities, some 
 sulphur balls; light-gray and dark-gray fragments of shale; contains gypsum, 
 iron carbonate granules, and decomposed pyrite. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 34.77% 
 
 20 mesh 24.78% 
 
 35 mesh 18.64% 
 
 65 mesh 9.38% 
 
 100 mesh 2.64% 
 
 150 mesh 1.27% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 8.52% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
58 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 59 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.84% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 20.90% 
 
 Tempering water 28.30% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 7 hours 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Very short ; bloats above cone 04 ; surface pits. 
 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 10.69% 
 
 Total shrinkage 17.53% 
 
 Porosity 1.04% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Red brown ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities Common brick ; hollow ware. 
 
 Sample 16. — Sent by company ; sample represents floor material below coal ; 
 medium soft, gray clay with the structure characteristic of fire clay; slickensides 
 prominent ; contains pyrite, lime-iron granules, carbonaceous matter as plant 
 fossils, and a trace of calcium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in one hour. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.00% 
 
 20 mesh 1.10% 
 
 60 mesh 0.80% 
 
 100 mesh 0.50% 
 
 120 mesh 0.10% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 98.50% 
 
 Plasticity High 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties High shrinkage 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 11.42% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 39.04% 
 
 Tempering water 28.43% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult ; 64' '/< oxidized in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 2. 
 
 Heat range ("one 1 to approximately cone 5. 
 
 When burned at cone 2 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.90% 
 
 Total shrinkage 19.32% 
 
 Porosity 2.83% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Buff at cone 010, brownish-gray at cone 
 
 03 to cone 1 ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions Burning should be done under strong 
 
 oxidizing conditions. Though diffi- 
 cult to oxidize at 650°C, the clay re- 
 mains sufficiently porous above 900° C 
 so that oxidation continues for some 
 time before the clay becomes suffi- 
 ciently dense to retard the action. The 
 addition of grog would be beneficial. 
 
60 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 OGLESBY COAL COMPANY, OGLESBY MINE, OGLESBY 
 (See figure 22) 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Sample 4. — Sent by company; represents floor clay of coal; medium hard, 
 gray fire clay ; shows well-developed slickensides ; contains occasional small cal- 
 cium carbonate concretions, pyrite granules, traces of calcium carbonate, and 
 carbonaceous matter. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 2 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.65% 
 
 20 mesh 0.95% 
 
 60 mesh 0.65% 
 
 100 mesh 0.93% 
 
 120 mesh 0.19% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 96.65% 
 
 Plasticity High 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Warps ; high-drying shrinkage. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 10.65% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 36.91% 
 
 Tempering water 29.75% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 84% oxidized in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3 
 
 Heat range Good, cone 1 to possibly cone 6. 
 
 When burned at cone 3— 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.78% 
 
 Total shrinkage 17.43% 
 
 Porosity 6.19% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light buff at cone 010 to gray buff at cone 3. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions Must be oxidized with care ; the addi- 
 tion of sand or grog (clay calcined 
 and ground) would reduce shrinkage 
 and warping. 
 
 GRAY & JONES COAL COMPANY, SENECA 
 (See figures 23 and 24) 
 
 Depth of shaft— 130 feet. 
 
 Area mined — Mine has been opened but short distance. 
 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Thickness of roof — Reported 60 feet in some places. 
 
 Thickness of floor — Reported to be 12 feet. 
 
 Impurities in roof — Small bowlders in layers. 
 
 Sample 42. — Location in mine, straight north from shaft ; sample repre- 
 sents roof material up to 6 feet above coal ; medium hard, light-gray shale 
 stained brown in spots ; contains streaks of pyrite and calcium sulphate, appar- 
 ently free from carbon. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 61 
 
 Slaking test Very little affected. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 70.12% 
 
 20 mesh 8.70% 
 
 35 mesh 6.80% 
 
 65 mesh 4.48% 
 
 100 mesh 1.70% 
 
 150 mesh 0.84% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 7.36% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.44% 
 
 Tempering water 22.20% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 10 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Very short, bloats above cone 04. 
 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.22% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.66% 
 
 Porosity 0.56% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Medium red, scums very badly. 
 
 Possibilities Common brick and hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions Should be burned at safe limit below 
 
 bloating temperature ; would require 
 considerable care during oxidation 
 stage of the burn. 
 
 Sample 48. — Location in mine, 2d R. entry; sample represents roof material 
 up to 7 feet above coal ; medium hard, light-gray shale stained brown in spots ; 
 contains some calcium sulphate and numerous hard, clay-like concretions of 
 calcium carbonate streaked with pyrite. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 90.42% 
 
 20 mesh 2.95% 
 
 35 mesh 2.00% 
 
 65 mesh 1.22% 
 
 100 mesh 0.45% 
 
 150 mesh 0.25% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 2.71% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Fair 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 3.63% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 11.25% 
 
 Tempering water 16.30% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 6 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 02 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 02 ; surface pits very numerous. 
 
 When burned at cone 02 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.80% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.43%. 
 
 Porosity 0.69% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Dark red, scums excessively. 
 
 Possibilities Common brick and hollow blocks. 
 
62 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 63 
 
 Sample 51. — Location in mine, NW. room, No. 4 sump ; sample tested com- 
 posed of a mixture of two samples of floor material, one from to 38 inches 
 below coal, the other from 38 to 45 inches below coal at same place ; light-gray, 
 partly slaked clay; contains sulphur balls next to coal, pyrite, lime concretions, 
 granules of iron carbonate, finely divided lime, and a small amount of carbon- 
 aceous matter as fragments of coal. 
 
 Slaking test Complete in 12 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 1.01% 
 
 20 mesh 6.22% 
 
 35 mesh 22.95% 
 
 65 mesh 13.50% 
 
 100 mesh 4.59% 
 
 150 mesh 3.13% 
 
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 Plasticity Very good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 10.53% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 30.76% 
 
 Tempering water : 27.44% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 5 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 3 
 
 Heat range Cone 02 to cone 3 ; bloats above cone 3 ; 
 
 surface pits occur due to lime-iron 
 granules ; cracks in burning. 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.51', 
 
 Total shrinkage 17.04' , 
 
 Porosity 2.71% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light buff at cone 010 ; changes to 
 
 greenish-gray at cone 03; scums. 
 
 Possibilities Not desirable for manufacture of clay 
 
 products because of cracking in burn- 
 ing, surface pitting, and scumming. 
 
 Sample 52. — Location in mine, NE. entry in sump ; sample represents floor 
 material from 12 to 36 inches below coal ; similar to Sample 51, but contains less 
 lime and iron carbonate granules. 
 
 Slaking test Complete in 13 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 4.85', 
 
 20 mesh 9.00% 
 
 35 mesh 18.65% 
 
 65 mesh 12.2))', 
 
 100 mesh 6.17% 
 
 150 mesh 7.33% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 41.80% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 8.477' 
 
 Tempering water 23.70' , 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 5 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature ( "one 3 
 
 Heat range Cone 02 to cone 3 ; few surface pits oc- 
 cur ; cracks in burning. 
 
64 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 65 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.25% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.72% 
 
 Porosity 8.07% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color. . . .Buff at 010, changes to greenish-gray at cone 03; scums. 
 
 Possibilities Not a desirable clay because of crack- 
 ing, pitting, and scumming. 
 
 ILLINOIS VALLEY COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 1, SPARLAND 
 (See figures 25 and 26) 
 Depth of shaft— 30 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 7. 
 
 Thickness of floor — 25 feet in places. 
 
 Sample 2Q. — Outcrop of roof of coal; sample represents roof material up 
 to 30 inches above coal; mixture of fragments of hard, dark-blue and black 
 shale high in finely divided carbon ; contains calcium-iron carbonate concretions. 
 Section of material sampled — 
 
 4. Shale, soft 6 inches 
 
 3. Shale, black 16 inches 
 
 2. Shale, gray 6 inches 
 
 1. Shale, black 12 inches 
 
 Slaking test Slakes very imperfectly. 
 
 Residues left on screens— 
 
 10 mesh 83.0O%> 
 
 20 mesh 4.107o 
 
 35 mesh 3.73% 
 
 65 mesh 2.55% 
 
 100 mesh 1.08% 
 
 150 mesh 0.60% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 4.94% 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties Fair 
 
 Drying properties Warps 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.21% 
 
 Tempering water 22.70% 
 
 Oxidation No trials made. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Very short ; surface pits due to calcium- 
 iron granules ; bloats above cone 04. 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 10.90% 
 
 Total shrinkage 16.11% 
 
 Porosity 8.17% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Light cherry red ; free from scum. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material, as it warps 
 
 in drying, has short heat range, pits, 
 and is sensitive to firing. 
 
66 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Sample jo. — Outcrop of roof of coal ; sample represents roof material from 
 30 to 66 inches above coal ; soft, weathered, yellow shale in small fragments ; 
 contains carbonaceous matter, gives test for calcium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Showed no evidence of slaking. 
 
 Residues left on screen All on 10-mesh screen. 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 2.91% 
 
 Tempering water 26.10% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Good, cone 04 to cone 1 ; bloats above cone 1. 
 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 10.37% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.64% 
 
 Porosity 0.45% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Dark red ; slightly scummed. 
 
 Possibilities Common and face brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Sample 49. — Outcrop of floor clay of coal No. 6; sample represents floor 
 material from 18 to 78 inches below coal, first 18 inches was discarded because 
 of being black and colored with iron ; medium hard, light-gray clay, highly cal- 
 careous ; contains numerous small nodules of calcium carbonate and carbon- 
 aceous matter as plant fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes rather imperfectly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 83.90% 
 
 20 mesh 6.75% 
 
 35 mesh 2.95% 
 
 65 mesh 1.64% 
 
 100 mesh 0.65% 
 
 150 mesh 0.32% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 3.79% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.92% 
 
 Tempering water 20.30% 
 
 Oxidation Completely oxidized in 7 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Short ; cracks in burning ; serious sur- 
 face pitting occurs, due to lime gran- 
 ules. 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 3.61 % 
 
 Total shrinkage 9.53% 
 
 Porosity 29.98% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light red at cone 010, changes abruptly 
 
 to dark buff at cone 03, and to a light 
 buff at cone 3. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it has 
 
 short heat range, cracks in burning, 
 pits, and is sensitive to overfiring. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 67 
 
 Sample 70. — Outcrop of floor clay of coal No. 6; sample represents floor 
 material from to 36 inches below coal ; this material had been wet and was 
 partly slaked ; calcareous ; contains nodules of calcium carbonate, iron carbonate, 
 and carbonaceous matter. 
 
 Slaking test Slaked in 159 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 1.92% 
 
 20 mesh 4.58% 
 
 35 mesh 12.95% 
 
 65 mesh 18.52% 
 
 100 mesh 9.76% 
 
 150 mesh 4.78% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 47.497c 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 8.30% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 24.80% 
 
 Tempering water 25.50% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 77 c /c oxidized in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Cone 02 to cone 1 ; surface pits ; cracks 
 
 in burning; bloats above cone 1. 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 3.79% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.09% 
 
 Porosity 3.797c 
 
 Fractu re Stony 
 
 Color Buff at cone 010, pale red at 08, and brown at 02. 
 
 Possibilities Valueless for clay products, as it is dif- 
 ficult to oxidize, cracks in burning, pits 
 at the surface, and is sensitive to over- 
 firing. 
 
 Sample 71. — From same location as Sample 70; represents floor clay from 
 36 to 108 inches below coal ; similar to Sample 70, but is more calcareous. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 51 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 11.60% 
 
 20 mesh 11.35% 
 
 35 mesh 10.86% 
 
 65 mesh 7.517c 
 
 100 mesh 4.15% 
 
 150 mesh 2.187c 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 52.35% 
 
 Plasticity Fai r 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Cracks 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 15.56% 
 
 Tempering water 24.30% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 3 
 
 Heat range Very short ; bloats above cone 3 ; cracks 
 
 in burning ; surface pits due to lime 
 granules. 
 
68 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 2.66% 
 
 Total shrinkage 18.22% 
 
 Porosity 8.93% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light salmon at cone 010 to pale red at 
 
 08 to brown at 2 ; scums excessively. 
 Possibilities Valueless for clay products, as it cracks 
 
 in drying and in burning; has short 
 
 heat range ; is sensitive to bloating, 
 
 pits, and scums. 
 
 WENONA COAL COMPANY, WENONA MINE, WENONA 
 (See figure 27) 
 Depth of shaft— 567 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 2. 
 
 Sample 15. — Sent by company; represents roof material of coal; hard, dark- 
 gray massive shale ; breaks with conchoidal fracture, apparently free from car- 
 bonaceous matter and concretions. 
 
 Slaking test Apparently does not slake to any appreciable extent. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 99.70% 
 
 20 mesh 0.10% 
 
 60 mesh 0.10% 
 
 100 mesh 0.00% 
 
 120 mesh 0.00% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 0.10% 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding Tends to tear a little in molding, though not badly. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.44% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 15.01% 
 
 Tempering water 21.20% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 4 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3 
 
 Heat range Cone 01 to above cone 3. 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.75% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.19% 
 
 Porosity 0.40% 
 
 Fracture Dull, smooth. 
 
 Color Dark cherry red, free from scum. 
 
 Possibilities Common, front, and paving brick 
 
 Precautions Fine grinding and thorough tempering 
 
 would improve the molding proper- 
 ties ; the addition of a small amount 
 of suitable plastic clay would be bene- 
 ficial. 
 Sample 18. — Sent by company ; represents floor material of coal ; hard, light- 
 gray shale; contains carbonaceous matter as plant fossils and a trace of calcium 
 sulphate, no concretions visible. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 7 days. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 2.45% 
 
 20 mesh 5.80% 
 
 60 mesh 5.90% 
 
 100 mesh 0.88% 
 
 120 mesh 0.49% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 84.48% 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 
 
 69 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties chaw 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage c'2qZ° 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 77^ 
 
 Tempering water 19.77% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 5 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 15 
 
 ^Time-rate oxidation at 650°0» _ 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Fig. 27.— Graphic illustration of the laboratory tests of Sample 15. roof 
 material, and Sample 18, floor material, in Wenona mine. Wenona Coal Com- 
 pany, Wenona. 
 
 Heat range Cone 1 to above cone 3. 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.92% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11 ?S < T 
 
 Porosity 6 - 30 % 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light red at cone 010, gradually changes 
 
 to medium red at cone 3. 
 
 Possibilities Common, front, and paving brick, hollow ware. 
 
70 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 71 
 
 MINONK COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 2, MINONK 
 (See figures 28 and 29) 
 Depth of shaft- 540 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Thickness of floor — 6 inches to 4 feet. 
 Thickness of roof — 15 to 20 feet. 
 
 Sample 84. — Location in mine, NW. 4th W. ; sample represents floor ma- 
 terial from 2 to 26 inches below coal (the material sampled is all removed in 
 mining) ; medium hard, light to dark-blue gray clay ; shows well-developed 
 slickensides ; contains carbonaceous matter and a trace of calcium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Incompletely slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 10.45% 
 
 20 mesh 9.66% 
 
 35 mesh 16.50% 
 
 65 mesh 13.65% 
 
 100 mesh 5.95% 
 
 150 mesh 2.44% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 41.81% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.95% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 17.30% 
 
 Tempering water 20.00% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 5 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 1 ; bloats above cone 1. 
 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.54% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.49% 
 
 Porosity 0.72% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Light brown ; scums a little. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick ; hollow ware. 
 
 Sample 89. — Location in mine, NW. of shaft; sample represents floor ma- 
 terial from 2 to 24 inches below coal No. 2; medium hard, gray clay; structure 
 resembles that of fire clay; shows well-developed slickensides; contains carbon- 
 aceous matter as plant fossils and occasional brown iron stains; gives test for 
 calcium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Incomplete at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 15.67% 
 
 20 mesh 10.50% 
 
 35 mesh 15.23% 
 
 65 mesh 12.84% 
 
 100 mesh 5.09% 
 
 150 mesh 2.29% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 38.38%. 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.35% 
 
 Tempering water 21.60% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 3 hours. 
 
72 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 3 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 3 ; bloats above cone 3. 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.67% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.02% 
 
 Porosity 0.25% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color. . .Salmon at cone 010, pale red at cone 04, brown at cone 3. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Sample 77. — Location in mine, N. 14 W. ; sample represents roof material 
 up to 24 inches above coal; impurities are sulphur balls and thin layers of coal; 
 medium hard, dark-gray, sandy micaceous shale ; contains hard clay concretions 
 stained brown with iron oxide. 
 
 Slaking test No apparent slaking action noted. 
 
 Residues left on screen All on 10-mesh screen. 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties . Fair 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 3.49% 
 
 Tempering water 18.60% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 5 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 01 ; bloats above cone 01. 
 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.13% 
 
 Total shrinkage 10.62% 
 
 Porosity 5.42% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Dark cherry red ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Sample q8. — Location in mine, straight north, main entry ; sample represents 
 roof material up to 4 feet above coal ; impurities are sulphur balls and thin lay- 
 ers of coal; medium hard, gray sandy shale; contains hard, clay-like concretions 
 with an outer shell and pyrite particles scattered throughout, also some car- 
 bonaceous matter as plant fossils; shows test for calcium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Apparently devoid of slaking. 
 
 Residues left on screen All on 10-mesh screen. 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties Molded without serious trouble, though 
 
 there was a tendency to tear at cor- 
 ners on issuing from the die. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 2.83% 
 
 Tempering water 18.20% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 4 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 1 ; very sensitive to 
 
 bloating above cone 1. 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.69% 
 
 Total shrinkage 10.52% 
 
 Porosity 6.97% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Dark cherry red ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 73 
 
 Precautions Should be thoroughly tempered in order 
 
 to develop sufficient plasticity for 
 molding, and should be burned at a 
 safe temperature below that at which 
 bloating occurs. 
 
 COLCHESTER COAL & MANUFACTURING COMPANY, COLCHESTER 
 (See figure 30) 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Thickness of roof— Reported to be 10 to 30 feet 
 
 Sample 5.— Represents roof material of coal; hard, gray shale; contains 
 carbonaceous matter as plant fossils, otherwise rather uniform in appearance. 
 
 Slaking test Breaks up into few coarse fragments. 
 
 Residues left on screen All on 10-mesh screen. 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.71 % 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 13.96% 
 
 Tempering water 18.92% 
 
 Oxidation Oxidizes readily, complete in 2 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3 
 
 Heat range. . .Temperature not carried high enough to determine this. 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 9.80% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.51 % 
 
 Porosity 0.24 % 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color. . .Medium red at cone 1, dark red at cone 3; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Common, front, and paving brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions For hollow ware the shale would re- 
 quire thorough tempering to develop 
 good working plasticity. 
 
 VALENTINE FARM MINE, COLCHESTER 
 
 (Sec figure 31) 
 Coal bed— No. 2. 
 
 Sample 37. — Sample represents floor material below coal; medium hard, 
 dense fire clay; contains occasional small hard, clay-like granules; comparatively 
 free from carbon. 
 
 Slaking test Breaks clown in 13 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 3.55% 
 
 20 mesh 11.61% 
 
 35 mesh 15.02% 
 
 65 mesh 12.66% 
 
 100 mesh 5.24% 
 
 150 mesh 2.21%. 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 49.71% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.53% 
 
 Tempering water 16.70% 
 
74 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 75 
 
 Oxidation No oxidizing trials made since the clay 
 
 remains highly porous at tempera- 
 tures considerably above 900°C; no 
 serious difficulty would be encountered 
 during the oxidation stage. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Probably above cone 8 
 
 Heat range Very broad ; fusion temperature cone 29 (1710°C). 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.46% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.99% 
 
 Porosity 16.30% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light buff. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, enamel brick, 
 
 architectural terra cotta, fireproofing, 
 and as a bond for No. 2 fire brick ; 
 its use for stoneware is doubtful. 
 
 ALDEN COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 7, MATHERYILLE 
 
 (See figures 32 and 33) 
 Depth of shaft— 95 feet. 
 Area mined — 10 acres. 
 Coal bed— No. 1. 
 
 Sample 34. — Represents floor material below coal; a mixture of light, blue- 
 gray, sandy shale and a very dark almost black shale with a structure resembling 
 that of fire clay ; contains carbon and lime-iron concretions. 
 
 Slaking test . . . . Slakes in 15 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 56.80% 
 
 20 mesh 8.54% 
 
 35 mesh 10.35% 
 
 65 mesh 7.37% 
 
 100 mesh 2.41% 
 
 150 mesh 1.29% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 13.23% 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties Molds with difficulty; tears at corners of die. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.44% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 13.50% 
 
 Tempering water 19.30% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 10 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5 
 
 Heat range Temperature not carried high enough 
 
 to determine this ; surface pits due to 
 lime-iron granules. 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.19% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.63' ! 
 
 Porosity 13.05' f o 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Salmon at cone 010, dull red at cone 03, 
 
 brownish-gray at cone 5. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Precautions Works with difficulty in the die ; the 
 
 addition of a more plastic clay and 
 less of the sandy part would be an 
 improvement. 
 
76 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 77 
 
 Sample 78. — Location in mine, 4th N. entry on W. side; sample represents 
 floor material from to 30 inches below coal ; light-gray, decidedly sandy clay 
 streaked with yellow; contains streaks of carbonaceous matter, mica flakes, and 
 sulphate of iron. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens Practically all on 10-mesh screen. 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties Molds with difficulty. 
 
 Drying properties Dries with heavy scum of iron sulphate. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 2.62% 
 
 Tempering water 11.96% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 2 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3 
 
 Heat range. . .Temperature not carried high enough to determine this. 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 3.45% 
 
 Total shrinkage 6.07% 
 
 Porosity 26.96% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark velvet-red surface, salmon-color fracture. 
 
 Possibilities Doubtful on account of difficulties in molding. 
 
 Sample 79. — Location in mine, same as Sample 78; sample represents floor 
 material from 30 to 63 inches below coal ; clay similar to Sample 78 except it 
 does not show iron sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 45.32% 
 
 20 mesh 7.50% 
 
 35 mesh 8.18% 
 
 65 mesh 9.057c 
 
 100 mesh 7.07%. 
 
 150 mesh 3.98% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 18.90% 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties Tears a little at corners on issuing from die. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 2.69% 
 
 Tempering water 17.40% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 1 hour. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5 
 
 Heat range. . .Temperature not carried high enough to determine this. 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 2.61% 
 
 Total shrinkage 5.30% 
 
 Porosity 27.59% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Buff 
 
 Possibilities Doubtful because of difficulties in molding. 
 
78 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Sample 73. — Location in mine, west of shaft bottom ; represents floor ma- 
 terial from to 16 inches below coal ; medium hard, light-gray, sandy clay with 
 yellow streaks; contains streaks of carbonaceous matter and salts of iron sul- 
 phate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes slowly and imperfectly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 35.83% 
 
 20 mesh 5.12% 
 
 35 mesh 9.32% 
 
 65 mesh 8.48% 
 
 100 mesh 5.88% 
 
 150 mesh 3.70% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 31.67% 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties Though the plasticity is low, the clay 
 
 molded without serious trouble. 
 
 Drying properties Good ; has a surface scum of iron sulphate. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 3.20% 
 
 Tempering water 17.30% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 2 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5 
 
 Heat range Burning temperature not carried high 
 
 enough to determine the range ; iron 
 sulphate is converted to the ferric 
 oxide, giving a dark velvet-red sur- 
 face. 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 4.44% 
 
 Total shrinkage 7.64% 
 
 Porosity 25.75% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark velvet-red surface, whereas a frac- 
 ture shows salmon color. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Sample 74. — Same location in mine as Sample 73 ; sample represents floor 
 material from 16 to 38 inches below coal ; decidedly sandy, light-gray, dark-gray, 
 and yellow-banded clay; contains streaks of carbonaceous matter, numerous 
 mica flakes, and iron sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Only slight slaking action. 
 
 Residues left on screens— 
 
 10 mesh 57.50% 
 
 20 mesh 1.43% 
 
 35 mesh 4.67% 
 
 65 mesh 8.21% 
 
 100 mesh 6.18% 
 
 150 mesh 3.87% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 18.14% 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties Cracks at corners on issuing from the die. 
 
 Drying properties Dries with scum of iron sulphate. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 2.51% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 7.89% 
 
 Tempering water 18.74% 
 
 Oxidation Complete when first trial was drawn. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5 
 
 Heat range Burning temperature not carried high 
 
 enough to determine heat range ; iron 
 sulphate is converted to ferric oxide 
 in burning. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 79 
 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 2.84% 
 
 Total shrinkage 5.35% 
 
 Porosity 29.69% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color v Dark velvet-red surface, light-red fracture. 
 
 Possibilities Doubtful, difficult to mold in the die. 
 
 Sample 75. — Same location in the mine as Samples 73 and 74 ; sample rep- 
 resents floor material from 38 to 61 inches below coal ; clay similar in appear- 
 ance to Sample 73. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes slowly and imperfectly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 85.90% 
 
 20 mesh 1.85% 
 
 35 mesh 2.46% 
 
 65 mesh 2.61% 
 
 100 mesh 1.33% 
 
 150 mesh 0.90% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 4.95% 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties Molds with difficulty, cracks at the corners. 
 
 Drying properties Dries with thin scum of iron sulphate. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 2.42% 
 
 Tempering water 17.30% 
 
 Oxidation Complete when first trial was drawn. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5 
 
 Heat range Burning temperature not carried high 
 
 enough to determine this. 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 3.30%> 
 
 Total shrinkage 5.72% 
 
 Porosity 29.637* 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark velvet-red surface, medium red fracture. 
 
 Possibilities Doubtful, difficult to mold. 
 
 PRYCE COAL COMPANY, COAT. VALLEY 
 (See figure 34) 
 Depth of shaft— 122 feet. 
 Area mined — 10 to 12 acres. 
 Coal bed— No. 1. 
 
 Sample 43. — Location of sample, south of shaft; sample represents floor 
 material from 4 to 18 inches below coal ; sample had become wet and slaked ; 
 light-gray, sandy clay; contains streaks of iron, a conspicuous amount of iron 
 sulphate crystals, and fragments of coal. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes readily but rather incompletely. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 2.52% 
 
 20 mesh 6.91% 
 
 35 mesh 14.44% 
 
 65 mesh 15.557- 
 
 100 mesh 11.87% 
 
 150 mesh 4.93% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 43.78% 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
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 Fig. 34. — Graphic illustration of the laboratory tests of Samples 43, 44, 
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LABORATORY TESTS 81 
 
 Molding properties Fair 
 
 Drying properties Dries safely with heavy coating of sul- 
 phate of iron. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.40% 
 
 Tempering water 17.70% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Considerably above cone 5 
 
 Heat range Apparently good ; during burning the 
 
 iron sulphate is converted to ferric 
 oxide giving a rich red surface. 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.08% 
 
 Total shrinkage 10.48% 
 
 Porosity 23.22% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark velvet-red. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Sample 44. — Location in mine, same as Sample 43 ; sample represents floor 
 material from 18 to 32 inches below coal ; clay appears to be same as Sample 43 
 except that it contains fewer fragments of coal. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes readily though rather incompletely. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 1.20% 
 
 20 mesh 0.91% 
 
 35 mesh 3.55% 
 
 6S mesh 19.58% 
 
 100 mesh 9.58% 
 
 150 mesh 7.64% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 57.54% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Dries safely ; heavy scum of iron sul- 
 phate on surface. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.52% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 13.00% 
 
 Tempering water 18.05% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 10 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5 
 
 Heat range Apparently good ; iron sulphate is con- 
 verted into ferric oxide during burn- 
 ing. 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.46% 
 
 Total shrinkage 9.98% 
 
 Porosity 23.23% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark velvet-red. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Sample 45. — Location in mine, same as Samples 43 and 44; sample repre- 
 sents floor material from 32 to 48 inches below coal ; clay very similar to Sam- 
 ples 43 and 44 in appearance, though darker in color. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes readily but rather incompletely. 
 
82 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 3.05% 
 
 20 mesh 5.06% 
 
 35 mesh 11.34% 
 
 65 mesh 17.40% 
 
 100 mesh 8.30% 
 
 150 mesh 5.36% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 49.49% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Molds without difficulty. 
 
 Drying properties Good; surface scums with iron sulphate. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.62% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 13.80% 
 
 Tempering water 18.60% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 10 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5 
 
 Heat range Apparently good ; iron sulphate changed 
 
 to ferric oxide in burning. 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.63% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.25% 
 
 Porosity 17.23% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark velvet-red. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Sample 58. — Location in mine, 150 yards southeast of shaft ; sample repre- 
 sents floor material from 8 to 20 inches below coal ; light-gray clay increasingly 
 sandy with depth ; contains occasional fragments of coal and granules of lime- 
 iron carbonate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 11 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 7.37% 
 
 20 mesh 4.59% 
 
 35 mesh 21.40% 
 
 65 mesh 19.96% 
 
 100 mesh 6.95% 
 
 150 mesh 5.16% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 34.57% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.35% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 17.40% 
 
 Tempering water 23.00% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 3 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to above cone 5 ; occasional 
 
 surface pits occur due to lime-iron 
 granules. 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.60% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.95% 
 
 Porosity 1.04% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Light buff at cone 010, changes abruptly 
 
 to light brown at cone 04, and remains 
 constant to cone 5. 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, firep roofing, hollow ware. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 83 
 
 MANUFACTURERS & CONSUMERS COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 1, DECATUR 
 
 (See figure 35) 
 Depth of shaft— 575 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 5. 
 Thickness of roof — Irregular. 
 Thickness of floor — About 4 feet. 
 
 Sample 69. — Location in mine, main W. 2,450 feet; sample represents roof 
 material from 26 to 68 inches above coal ; medium hard, calcareous, mottled 
 light-brown and gray shale ; contains hard clay concretions, fine pyrite grains, 
 iron carbonate, and gypsum. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes imperfectly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 47.60% 
 
 20 mesh 11.00% 
 
 35 mesh 9.02% 
 
 65 mesh 5.71% 
 
 100 mesh 2.21% 
 
 150 mesh 1.29% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 23.17% 
 
 Plasticity Medium 
 
 Molding properties Fair 
 
 Drying properties Warps 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.85% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 19.56% 
 
 Tempering water 27.60% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 6 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Cone 06 to cone 04 ; surface pits ; bloats 
 
 above cone 04. 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.73% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.58% 
 
 Porosity 0.47% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Medium red ; scums badly 
 
 Possibilities Common brick ; its use for hollow 
 
 blocks is doubtful because of warping. 
 
 Sample oj. — Location in mine, 100 feet from air shaft; sample represents 
 floor material from 24 to 48 inches below coal ; material had been slaked ; light- 
 gray clay streaked with dark gray and yellow ; contains partly decomposed py- 
 rite, gypsum, and free sulphur; very little carbonaceous matter visible. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 159 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 7.36%, 
 
 20 mesh 1.52% 
 
 35 mesh 3.10% 
 
 65 mesh 9.03% 
 
 100 mesh 5.82% 
 
 150 mesh 2.78% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 70.39% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
84 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINKS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 85 
 
 Drying properties Good ; scums 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 9.30% 
 
 Tempering water 27.30% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 9 hours 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 06 
 
 Heat range Very short ; cracks in burning ; bloats 
 
 above cone 06. 
 When burned at cone 06 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.80% 
 
 Total shrinkage 15.10% 
 
 Porosity 6.31% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Dull, medium red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it has 
 
 short heat range, cracks in burning, 
 and is sensitive to overfiring and 
 bloating. 
 
 Sample 96. — Location in mine, 8th S. off main W. ; sample represents floor 
 material from 8 to 24 inches below coal ; medium hard, gray clay stained brown 
 in streaks; structure is that of fire clay; contains occasional carbonate of iron 
 granules and carbonaceous matter as plant fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 9 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 1.53% 
 
 20 mesh 0.40% 
 
 35 mesh 50% 
 
 65 mesh 0.657^ 
 
 100 mesh 0.52% 
 
 150 mesh 0.37% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 96.03% 
 
 Plasticity High 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 9.747 
 
 Tempering water 20.40%> 
 
 Oxidation Difficult ; 587 oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 1 ; occasional surface 
 
 pits occur; bloats above cone 1. 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.77% 
 
 Total shrinkage 15.51% 
 
 Porosity 5.93% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony 
 
 Color Buff at cone 08, to gray brown at cone 
 
 04, color constant to cone 1. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow blocks, 
 
 and fireproofing. 
 
 Precautions Care must be taken during the oxidation 
 
 period in burning. 
 
86 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 DECATUR COAL COMPANY, NIANTIC MINE, NIANTIC 
 
 (See figure 36) 
 Depth of shaft— 612 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 5. 
 
 Sample 33. — Sent by company; sample represents 36 inches of floor clay; 
 medium soft, calcareous, light-gray shale stained brown in spots ; contains car- 
 bonaceous matter as plant fossils and nodules of calcium-iron carbonate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 15 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 3.03% 
 
 20 mesh 5.20% 
 
 35 mesh 7.69% 
 
 65 mesh 5.24% 
 
 100 mesh 0.84% 
 
 150 mesh 0.90% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 77.10% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 8.84% 
 
 Tempering water 18.40% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 52% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Heat range Very short ; bloats above cone 08 ; at 
 
 cone 04 trial pieces are 10% larger 
 than before burning; surface pits. 
 When burned at cone 08 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.80% 
 
 Total shrinkage 15.64% 
 
 Porosity 3.98% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dull red 
 
 Possibilities An unsafe material, as it is difficult to 
 
 oxidize, has high lime content and 
 short heat range, pits, and is sensitive 
 to bloating. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 87 
 
 McLEAN COUNTY COAL COMPANY, McLEAN mine, bloomington 
 (See figures 37 and 38) 
 Depth of shaft— 530 feet to coal No. 2; 400 feet to coal No. 5. 
 Coal beds— No. 2 and No. 5. 
 
 Thickness of roof of coal No. 2 — Varies from to 15 feet. 
 Thickness of floor of coal No. 2 — More than 9 feet is known. 
 About 60 tons of shale is being mixed daily with 30 tons of burned dump 
 for manufacture of 30,000 brick; for building tile, only shale is used. 
 
 Sample 59. — Location in mine, 1st S. on straight W. ; sample represents roof 
 material from to 6 feet above coal No. 2; medium hard, light-gray shale 
 streaked with brown stains ; contains occasional hard, clay-like concretions. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 81.20% 
 
 20 mesh 7.62% 
 
 35 mesh 4.83% 
 
 65 mesh 2.39% 
 
 100 mesh 0.73% 
 
 150 mesh 0.30% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 2.93% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.89% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 16.40% 
 
 Tempering water 22.40% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Short ; bloats above cone 04 
 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.42% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.31% 
 
 Porosity 1.49% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Dull, light red at cone 06, dark red at cone 04. 
 
 Possibilities Common brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions Must be completely oxidized below 
 
 90° C; owing to short heat range, con- 
 siderable variation in shrinkage, por- 
 osity, and color of product from kiln 
 would result. 
 
 Sample 66. — Location in mine, beginning of slope to upper coal; sample rep- 
 resents roof material from 9 feet 6 inches to 11 feet 6 inches above coal No. 2; 
 medium hard, gray shale with occasional brown streaks ; contains some finely 
 distributed calcium carbonate. 
 
 Slaking test No slaking action noticeable. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 100.00% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Fair 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 3.04% 
 
 Tempering water 22.76% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 6 hours. 
 
CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 89 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.53% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.57% 
 
 Porosity 0.36% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Cherry red ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Precautions It would be necessary to burn the shale 
 
 at a safe temperature below that at 
 which bloating takes place ; a product 
 of variable shrinkage, porosity, and 
 color would result. 
 
 Sample 56. — Location in mine, 7,000 feet straight N. ; sample represents floor 
 material from 12 to 28 inches below coal No. 2; medium hard, dark, slate-gray 
 clay ; contains gypsum, occasional lime concretions, and carbonaceous matter as 
 plant fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Slaking action ceases at the end of 27 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 6.66% 
 
 20 mesh 4.37% 
 
 35 mesh 20.36% 
 
 65 mesh 25.43% 
 
 100 mesh 9.26% 
 
 150 mesh 4.76% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 29.16% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.26% 
 
 Tempering water 22.16% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult ; 60% oxidized in 12 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 1 ; bloats above cone 1 ; cracks. 
 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.21 % 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.47% 
 
 Porosity 1.78%' 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony 
 
 Color Dull, reddish brown ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Not a safe material, as it is difficult to 
 
 oxidize and tends to crack in burning. 
 
 Sample 57. — Location in mine, same as Sample 56 ; represents floor material 
 from 28 to 46 inches below coal No. 2 ; very similar in appearance and working 
 properties to previous sample. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 13 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.77% 
 
 20 mesh 3.04% 
 
 35 mesh 10.88% 
 
 65 mesh 39.80% 
 
 100 mesh 5.61% 
 
 150 mesh 6.41%; 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 33.49% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
90 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.29% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 22.80% 
 
 Tempering water 20.40% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 66% oxidized in 13 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 1 ; bloats above cone 1 ; 
 
 tends to crack. 
 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.55% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.84% 
 
 Porosity 2.03% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony 
 
 Color Dull reddish brown ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Not a safe material, as it is difficult to 
 
 oxidize and tends to crack in burning. 
 
 Sample 64. — Location in mine, 300 feet E. of drop shaft ; sample represents 
 floor material from 4 to 30 inches below coal No. 5; a mixture of light-gray and 
 blue shale ; the light-gray shale is decidedly calcareous, the blue shale appears 
 to be free from lime but contains carbon and streaks of pyrite and is stained 
 brown in spots. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 1 1 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 3.20% 
 
 20 mesh 6.57% 
 
 35 mesh 14.75% 
 
 65 mesh 14.69% 
 
 100 mesh 8.58% 
 
 150 mesh 4.26% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 47.95% 
 
 Plasticity Medium 
 
 Molding properties Fair 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 8.79% 
 
 Tempering water 28.40% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 56% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 08 
 
 Heat range Cone 010 to cone 08 ; bloats above cone 
 
 08; at cone 04 the trials are larger 
 than before burning ; cracks in burn- 
 ing. 
 When burned at cone 08 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.07% 
 
 Total shrinkage 15.86% 
 
 Porosity 3.02% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light red, scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it is dif- 
 ficult to oxidize, cracks in burning, 
 and is sensitive to overfiring and 
 bloating. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 91 
 
 WABASH COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 2, ATHENS 
 (See figure 39) 
 Coal bed — No. 5. 
 
 Sample o. — Location in mine, 3,000 feet from shaft; sample represents floor 
 material; hard, gray, slightly calcareous shale, full of small concretions of cal- 
 cium carbonate and partly decomposed pyrite. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 1 hour. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 16.00% 
 
 20 mesh 1.90% 
 
 60 mesh 9.10% 
 
 100 mesh 1.40% 
 
 120 mesh 0.10% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 71.50% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Warps 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 10.95% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 36.38% 
 
 Tempering water 30.66% 
 
 Oxidation No tests made. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 02 
 
 Heat range Cone 06 to cone 02 ; cracks in burning ; 
 
 surface pits due to hydration and 
 swelling of lime granules; bloats 
 above cone 02. 
 When burned at cone 02 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.16% 
 
 Total shrinkage 16.11% 
 
 Porosity 21.55% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Dark red to greenish brown. 
 
 Possibilities \n unsafe material, as it warps in dry- 
 ing, cracks in burning, and pits. 
 
 Sample 38,. — Represents floor material of coal ; sample as sent by company 
 had been wet and had slaked to a soft, earthy, granular mass ; contains granules 
 of calcium carbonate, pyrite, and carbonaceous matter. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes readily. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 1.20% 
 
 20 mesh 8.23% 
 
 35 mesh 24.40% 
 
 65 mesh 15.83% 
 
 100 mesh 673% 
 
 150 mesh 3.79% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 39.87% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Cracks 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 8.11% 
 
 Tempering water 24.30% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 57% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
92 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 93 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 06 
 
 Heat range Short ; bloating occurs above cone 06 ; 
 
 cracks in burning. 
 When burned at cone 06 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 3.08% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.19% 
 
 Porosity 1 1.64% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dull red 
 
 Possibilities Of no practical value ; a very unsuitable 
 
 material as it cracks in drying, is dif- 
 ficult to oxidize, cracks and bloats in 
 burning, and has short heat range. 
 
 CLARK, COAL & COKE COMPANY, MINE NO. 2, PEORIA 
 (See figure 40) 
 Depth of shaft— 186 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 5. 
 
 Sample 94. — Location in mine, 17th W. off main S ; sample represents floor 
 material from to 24 inches below coal ; a mixture of light-gray shale banded 
 with dark gray, decidedly calcareous and a blue-gray material resembling fire 
 clay in structure and slightly calcareous ; contains pyrite concretions and car- 
 bonaceous material as plant fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — ■ 
 
 10 mesh 48.18% 
 
 20 mesh 12.62% 
 
 35 mesh 10.16% 
 
 65 mesh 11.00% 
 
 100 mesh 4.057o 
 
 150 mesh 2.04% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 11.957c 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.60% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 24.20% 
 
 Tempering water 22.40% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 64% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 01 ; cracks in burning ; 
 
 bloats above cone 01. 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.34% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.947> 
 
 Porosity 3.06% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony 
 
 Color Red at cone 04, dark brown at cone 01. 
 
 Possibilities Not a safe raw material, as it is difficult 
 
 to oxidize, cracks in burning, and is 
 sensitive to bloating. 
 
94 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Sample 103. — Location in mine, 15th E. off main S. ; sample represents floor 
 material from to 27 inches below coal to bedding plane called the "smooth 
 parting" ; medium hard, very dark gray calcareous shale banded with light gray ; 
 contains pyrite concretions, hard clay-like concretions high in calcium carbonate, 
 and some carbonaceous matter as plant fossils. 
 Section of material sampled — 
 
 1. Clay, very soft 1 inch 
 
 2. Clay, gray hard 8 inches 
 
 3. Clay, darker 10 inches 
 
 4. Clay, gray, hard 8 inches 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 27.43% 
 
 20 mesh 14.98% 
 
 35 mesh 15.68% 
 
 65 mesh 13.54% 
 
 100 mesh 6.25% 
 
 150 mesh 1.76% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 20.36% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Warps 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.19% 
 
 Tempering water 3.70% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult to oxidize in 13 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Short ; cracks in burning ; bloats above cone 04. 
 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.02% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.21% 
 
 Porosity 7.74% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dull dark red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it warps 
 
 in drying, is difficult to oxidize, cracks 
 in burning, has short heat range, and 
 is sensitive to overfiring. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 95 
 
 CRESCENT COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 1, PEORIA 
 (See figure 41) 
 Depth of shaft— 185 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 5. 
 
 Sample 65. — Location in mine, 3,200 feet W. on main entry ; sample repre- 
 sents floor material from to 24 inches below coal ; dark, slate-gray, calcareous 
 shale ; contains carbonaceous matter in thin seams as plant fossils and shows 
 traces of calcium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 53.78% 
 
 20 mesh 12.90% 
 
 35 mesh 10.85% 
 
 65 mesh 7.01% 
 
 100 mesh 3.15% 
 
 150 mesh 1.94% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 10.37% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Warps and cracks 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.36% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 23.55% 
 
 Tempering water 24. 10 f /r 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 68% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 08 
 
 Heat range Very short ; cracks in burning. 
 
 When burned at cone 08 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 0.09% 
 
 Total shrinkage 7.45% 
 
 Porosity 31.02% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Pale red ; scums excessively. 
 
 Possibilities Worthless as a raw material for manu- 
 facturing clay products, as it warps 
 and cracks in drying, is difficult to ox- 
 idize, cracks in burning, and scums ex- 
 cessively. 
 
 Sample 83. — Location in mine, 3,700 feet W. of shaft; sample represents 
 floor material from to 23 inches below coal; medium hard, slate-gray shale, 
 somewhat calcareous; contains streaks of carbonaceous matter. 
 
 Slaking test Incompletely slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 56.62% 
 
 20 mesh 10.85% 
 
 35 mesh 11.61% 
 
 65 mesh 8.50% 
 
 100 mesh 2.96% 
 
 150 mesh 1.46% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 8.00% 
 
96 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties , Good 
 
 Drying properties Cracks 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.48% 
 
 Tempering water 20.10% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 62% oxidized in 13 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 i No. 6^ 
 Time-rate oxdiation at 
 
 550° C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -80 
 
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 Fig. 41. — Graphic illustration of the laboratory tests of Samples 65 and 83, 
 floor materials in mine No. 1, Crescent Coal Company, Peoria. 
 
 Heat range Cone 02 to cone 01 ; cracks in burning. 
 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.72% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.20% 
 
 Porosity 7.53% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony 
 
 Color Dark brown ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material, as it cracks 
 
 in drying, is difficult to oxidize, cracks 
 in burning, and has short heat range. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 97 
 
 COLLIERS COOPERATIVE COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 1, SOUTH BARTONYILLE 
 
 (See figure 42) 
 Depth of shaft— 130 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 5. 
 
 Sample go. — Location in mine, 1st N. off main W. ; sample represents floor 
 material from to 25 inches below coal ; dark, slate-gray shale, banded with 
 light-gray, medium hard, calcareous shale ; contains pyrite concretions and car- 
 bonaceous matter in streaks. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 65.00% 
 
 20 mesh 9.45% 
 
 35 mesh 7.42% 
 
 65 mesh 6.76% 
 
 100 mesh 2.29% 
 
 150 mesh 1.45% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 7.63% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.12' ! 
 
 Tempering water 24.10% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 76% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Short ; cracks in burning ; bloats above cone 01. 
 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.97% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14 ( >' { 
 
 Porosity 0.98 ( < 
 
 Fracture Dense, stonj 
 
 Color Pale red at cone 010 to brown at cone 02. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable raw material, as it is 
 
 difficult to oxidize, has short heat 
 range, cracks in burning, and is sensi- 
 tive to bloating. 
 
 Sample gi. — Location in mine, same as Sample 90; sample represents from 
 25 to 47 inches of floor material; medium hard, dark, slate-gray shale similar to 
 the previous sample in appearance, mixed with hard, light-gray shale mottled 
 with dark gray and brown; both shales are calcareous, the light-gray shale con- 
 taining much more calcium carbonate than the dark. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes imperfectly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 69.80%^ 
 
 20 mesh 15.20% 
 
 35 mesh 6.25$ 
 
 65 mesh 3 29$ 
 
 100 mesh 1.33$ 
 
 150 mesh 0.66$ 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 3.65%) 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties .' Warps 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.20' { 
 
 Tempering water 17.90% 
 
CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 95% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5 
 
 Heat range Temperature not carried high enough to 
 
 determine this ; cracks excessively in 
 
 burning. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 5 80 
 5 60 
 °- 40 
 
 I No. 90 I I 
 Time-rate oxdiation at 650° C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Fjg. 42.— Graphic illustration of the laboratory tests of Samples 90, 91, and 
 97, floor materials in mine No. 1, Colliers Cooperative Coal Company, South 
 Bartonville. 
 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.00% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.20% 
 
 Porosity 32.187c 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Mottled light and dark buff. 
 
 Possibilities Unsafe as it warps in drying, is difficult 
 
 to oxidize, and cracks in burning. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 99 
 
 Sample 97. — Location in mine, 600 yards from shaft on main W. entry ; 
 sample represents from to 22 inches of floor material below coal ; light and 
 dark slate-gray lumps ; structure resembles fire clay ; shows occasional slicken- 
 sides ; contains considerable calcareous matter and much carbonaceous matter 
 as plant fossils, both being finely distributed in streaks. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 31.407* 
 
 20 mesh 11.787* 
 
 35 mesh 11.36% 
 
 65 mesh 11.62% 
 
 100 mesh 3.207* 
 
 150 mesh 3.02% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 27.627* 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.11% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 22.80% 
 
 Tempering water 22.40% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 61% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 02 
 
 Heat range Cone 04 to cone 02 ; cracks in burning ; 
 
 bloats above cone 02. 
 
 When burned at cone 02 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.11% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.227* 
 
 Porosity 5.007* 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony 
 
 Color Dark red. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material, as it is diffi- 
 cult to oxidize and cracks in burning. 
 
 CANTRALL COOPERATIVE (OAK COMPANY, CANTRALL MINK, CANTRALL 
 
 (Sec figure 43) 
 Coal bed— No. 5. 
 
 Sample 10. — Location in mine, room south; sample represents 4 feet of roof 
 material; hard, very dark-brown shale that breaks into thin plates; contains 
 pyrite particles and carbonaceous matter in thin coal seams. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes slowly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 7.70% 
 
 20 mesh 12.507* 
 
 60 mesh 11.507* 
 
 100 mesh 3.00% 
 
 120 mesh 1.707* 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 63.607* 
 
 Plasticity Rather low. 
 
 Molding properties Molds with difficulty. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.67% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 25.40% 
 
 Tempering water 27.45% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 72% oxidized in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 03 
 
 Heat range Very short ; bloats above cone 03. 
 
100 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 101 
 
 When burned at cone 03 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.75% 
 
 Total shrinkage 16.42% 
 
 Porosity 16.16% 
 
 Fracture Coarse, stony 
 
 Color Bright cherry red 
 
 Possibilities Not a safe material as it is difficult to 
 
 mold, difficult to oxidize, has short 
 heat range, and is sensitive to over- 
 firing. 
 
 WILLIAMSVILLE COAL COMPANY, SELBYTOWN 
 
 (See figure 44) 
 Coal bed — No. 5. 
 
 Thickness of floor clay — Averages 3 feet. 
 
 Sample 19. — Represents 24 inches of floor material ; medium soft, gray shale 
 streaked with buff; contains carbonaceous matter and granules of calcium 
 carbonate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 1 hour. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.10% 
 
 20 mesh 0.10% 
 
 60 mesh 4.707c 
 
 100 mesh 0.10% 
 
 120 mesh 0.10% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 94.907> 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Warps and cracks ; high-drying shrinkage. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 13.18% 
 
 Tempering water 33.18% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 62% oxidized in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 02 
 
 Heat range Very short ; cracks in burning ; bloats above cone 02. 
 
 When burned at cone 02 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.69% 
 
 Total shrinkage 20.87% 
 
 Porosity 5.307> 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color , Dark red ; scums 
 
 Possibilities Unsafe for manufacture of clay pro- 
 ducts as it warps and cracks in dry- 
 ing, is difficult to oxidize, has short 
 heat range, cracks in burning, and is 
 sensitive to overfiring. 
 
102 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 103 
 
 ILLINOIS MIDLAND COAL COMPANY, SHERMAN 
 (See figures 45 and 46) 
 Depth of shaft— 221 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 5. 
 
 Sample 87. — Location in mine, 3d N. off main W. 200 feet from shaft; sam- 
 ple represents floor clay from 7 to 17 inches below coal ; gray-green, calcareous, 
 partly weathered (or slaked) clay; contains carbonaceous matter and altered 
 pyrite. 
 
 Slaking test Practically complete at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 15.307c 
 
 20 mesh 29.32% 
 
 35 mesh 18.50% 
 
 65 mesh 12.40% 
 
 100 mesh 5.34% 
 
 150 mesh 2.92% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 16.227* 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.017 
 
 Tempering water 24.007 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 727c oxidized in 12 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 08 
 
 Heat range Cone 010 to cone 08 ; bloats above cone 08. 
 
 When burned at cone 08 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.32% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.33% 
 
 Porosity 7.947 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light red 
 
 Possibilities Doubtful as it is difficult to oxidize, has 
 
 short heat range, and is sensitive to 
 overfiring. 
 
 Sample 88. — Location of mine, same as Sample 87; sample represents floor 
 material from 17 to 35 inches below coal; similar characteristics to Sample 87, 
 but contains considerably more finely distributed calcium carbonate. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 12817 
 
 20 mesh 32.497* 
 
 35 mesh 32.047* 
 
 65 mesh 9.937 
 
 100 mesh 3.257 
 
 150 mesh 1.737* 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 7.757 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Cracks 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.317' 
 
 Tempering water 22.007* 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 847' oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
104 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Short; cracks in burning; bloats above cone 01. 
 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 9.26% 
 
 Total shrinkage 15.57%' 
 
 Porosity 6.61% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Pale red at cone 08 to brown at cone 01. 
 
 Possibilities Not a suitable raw material as it cracks 
 
 in drying, is difficult to oxidize, has 
 short heat range, and cracks in burn- 
 ing. 
 
 Sample 107. — Location in mine, 3d off 10 N. ; sample represents floor ma- 
 terial from 5 to 20 inches below coal ; medium hard, calcareous, dark-gray shale ; 
 contains small pyrite concretions and carbonaceous matter in the form of plant 
 fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 13 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.80% 
 
 20 mesh 4.45% 
 
 35 mesh 12.20% 
 
 65 mesh 20.05% 
 
 100 mesh 7.78% 
 
 150 mesh 4.53% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 50.19% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 10.65% 
 
 Tempering water 31.30% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 37% oxidized in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 06 
 
 Heat range Short; cracks in burning; bloats above cone 06. 
 
 When burned at cone 06— 
 
 Burning shrinkage 4.90% 
 
 Total shrinkage 15.55% 
 
 Porosity 10.39% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dark red ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it is diffi- 
 cult to oxidize, cracks in burning, and 
 is sensitive to overfiring. 
 
 Sample 108. — Represents floor material from 20 to 30 inches below coal ; 
 very similar in appearance to Sample 107 though apparently higher in lime. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 11 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.89% 
 
 20 mesh 1.46% 
 
 35 mesh 9.13% 
 
 65 mesh 7.89%. 
 
 100 mesh 6.70% 
 
 150 mesh 6.40% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 67.53% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties , Good 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 105 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 9.96% 
 
 Tempering water 30.00% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult ; 55% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Very short ; cracks excessively in burn- 
 ing; bloats above cone 01. 
 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.56% 
 
 Total shrinkage 17.52% 
 
 Porosity 4.05% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Light red at cone 04, brown at cone 01 ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities , Very unsuitable material, as it is diffi- 
 
 sult to oxidize, has short heat range, 
 and cracks in burning. 
 
 MONTOUR COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 400, SPRINGFIELD 
 (See figure 47) 
 Depth of shaft— 230 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 5. 
 
 Sample 68. — Location in mine, 5th N. off 12 W. off main N. ; sample rep- 
 resents floor material from 3 to 25 inches below coal ; medium hard, dark-gray 
 to brown clay; structure resembles that of fire clay; shows occasional slicken- 
 sides; contains finely distributed calcium carbonate, a few lime concretions, 
 occasional streaks of pyrite, and is high in carbon. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 7 days. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 6.17% 
 
 20 mesh 18.85% 
 
 35 mesh 16.04% 
 
 65 mesh 20.31% 
 
 100 mesh 5.96% 
 
 150 mesh 5.30 ( 7c 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 27.37% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Cracks 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 8.19% 
 
 Tempering water 26.10%> 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 53% oxidized in 12 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 06 
 
 Heat range Very short ; cracks in burning ; bloats above cone 06. 
 
 When burned at cone 06 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 4.72% 
 
 Total shrinkage 12.91% 
 
 Porosity 6.86% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light red. 
 
 Possibilities Of no value, as it cracks in drying, is 
 
 difficult to oxidize, has short heat 
 range, cracks in burning, and is sensi- 
 tive to bloating. 
 
106 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Sample 102. — Location in mine, 11th W. off main N. ; sample represents 
 floor material from 8 to 45 inches below coal ; hard, calcareous, dark greenish- 
 gray clay; contains gypsum and carbonaceous matter as plant fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes imperfectly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 29.14% 
 
 20 mesh 8.03% 
 
 35 mesh 12.94% 
 
 65 mesh 19.25% 
 
 100 mesh 3.20% 
 
 150 mesh 3.61% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 23.83% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
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 Fig. 47. — Graphic illustration of the laboratory tests of Samples 68 and 
 102, floor materials in mine No. 400, Montour Coal Company, Springfield. 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.18% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 21.70% 
 
 Tempering water 25.70% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 76% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 03 
 
 Heat range Short ; cracks excessively in burning ; 
 
 bloats above cone 03. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 107 
 
 When burned at cone 03 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.89% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.16% 
 
 Porosity 8.81% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light cherry red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material, as it is dif- 
 ficult to oxidize, cracks in burning, 
 and has short heat range. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD DISTRICT COAL MINING COMPANY, MINE NO. 5, SPRINGFIELD 
 
 (See figures 48 and 49) 
 Depth of shaft— 250 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 5. 
 
 Sample 99. — Location in mine, 1st W. off main S. 1,400 feet out; sample 
 represents floor material from to 17 inches below coal ; medium hard, cal- 
 careous, dark, slate-gray clay ; contains occasional fragments nearly black in 
 color, showing slickensides and high in carbonaceous matter. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 50.157? 
 
 20 mesh 21.10% 
 
 35 mesh 9.08% 
 
 65 mesh 6.04% 
 
 100 mesh 3.19% 
 
 150 mesh 2.007* 
 
 Passed 150 mesh SM% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Warps 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.49% 
 
 Tempering water 22.60% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 69% oxidized in 13 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04. 
 
 Heat range Very short ; cracks in burning ; bloats above cone 04. 
 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.31% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.80% 
 
 Porosity 8.107c 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Dull red ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it warps 
 
 in drying, is difficult to oxidize, has 
 short heat range, and cracks in burn- 
 ing. 
 
 Sample 100. — Location in mine, same as Sample 99; sample represents floor 
 material from 17 to 33 inches below coal ; clay very similar in character to Sam- 
 ple 99 except dark-colored fragments are absent ; contains carbonaceous matter 
 as plant fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
108 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 109 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 54.20% 
 
 20 mesh 23.29% 
 
 35 mesh 8.74% 
 
 65 mesh 4.01% 
 
 100 mesh 1.65% 
 
 150 mesh 1.21% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 6.90% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 6.71% 
 
 Tempering water 22.10% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 81 % oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Short ; cracks in burning ; bloats above cone 01. 
 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.75% 
 
 Total shrinkage 14.46% 
 
 Porosity 0.45% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Dull red at cone 03 to brown at cone 01 ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it is dif- 
 ficult to oxidize, cracks in burning, 
 and is sensitive to overfiring. 
 Sample 104. — Location in mine, motor room ; sample represents floor ma- 
 terial from to 18 inches below coal; weathered (or partly slaked) calcareous 
 clay, dark greenish-gray to black, streaked with yellow; contains carbonaceous 
 matter, decomposed pyrite, gypsum, and sulphur. 
 
 Slaking test Slaked in 13 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 8.30% 
 
 20 mesh 2.20% 
 
 35 mesh 5.89% 
 
 65 mesh 6\Q% 
 
 100 mesh 4.06% 
 
 150 mesh 2A0 r /o 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 7\.05% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Warps and scums. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.96% 
 
 Tempering water 28.40% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 06 
 
 Heat range Very short; cracks in burning; bloats above cone 06. 
 
 When burned at cone 06 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 10.91 % 
 
 Total shrinkage 18.87% 
 
 Porosity 11.99% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Medium red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities Very unsuitable material as it warps in 
 
 drying, has short heat range, and 
 cracks in burning. 
 
110 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 111 
 
 Sample 105. — Location in mine, same as Sample 104 ; sample represents floor 
 material from 18 to 42 inches below coal; partly weathered (or slaked), slate- 
 gray, calcareous clay; contains decomposed pyrite, gypsum, and carbonaceous 
 matter as plant fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Imperfectly slaked at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 6.48% 
 
 20 mesh 11.11% 
 
 35 mesh 26.007^ 
 
 65 mesh 17.92% 
 
 100 mesh 6.22% 
 
 150 mesh 4.36% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 27.91% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 8.89% 
 
 Tempering water 28.50% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 72% oxidized in 10 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 01 
 
 Heat range Very short; cracks in burning; bloats above cone 01. 
 
 When burned at cone 01 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.51 % 
 
 Total shrinkage 17.40% 
 
 Porosity 5.04% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Pale red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it is dif- 
 ficult to oxidize, cracks in burning, 
 and has short heat range. 
 
 SALINE COUNTY COAL COMPANY, MINK NO. 2, HARRISBURG 
 
 (See figure 50) 
 Depth of shaft— 96 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 5. 
 
 Sample 2. — Location in mine, 8 E. main S. ; sample represents floor material 
 from 1 to 20 inches below coal; in structure clay resembles that of fire clay; 
 shows well-developed slickensides ; contains carbonaceous matter as plant fos- 
 sils, streaks of pyrite, and occasional lime-iron carbonate concretions. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes rapidly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 51.00% 
 
 20 mesh 25.90% 
 
 60 mesh 13.00% 
 
 100 mesh 2.00%> 
 
 120 mesh 1.00% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 7.10% 
 
 Plasticity Medium 
 
 Molding proporties Good 
 
 1 hying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.44% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 13.95% 
 
 Tempering water 17.10% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 92% oxidized in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 3 
 
112 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Heat range Good, cone 1 to possibly cone 5 or 6. 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.74% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.18% 
 
 Porosity 3.16% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color From light salmon at cone 010 to light 
 
 red at cone 01 to light brown at cone 
 3 ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware 
 
 (hollow blocks, fireproofing, drain- 
 tile, etc.). 
 
 Precautions Care must be taken in burning during oxidation. 
 
 Sample 20. — Location in mine, 8 E. main S. ; sample represents roof ma- 
 terial from to 20 inches above coal ; hard, slate-gray shale ; contains numerous 
 flakes of mica and dark streaks high in carbonaceous matter. 
 
 Slaking test No apparent action takes place. 
 
 Residues left on screen Practically all left on 10-mesh screen. 
 
 Plasticity Low 
 
 Molding properties Somewhat troublesome in molding. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 2.25% 
 
 Tempering water 14.11% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3 
 
 Heat range Cone 01 to above cone 3. 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 4.98% 
 
 Total shrinkage 7.23% 
 
 Porosity 16.88% 
 
 Fracture Coarse, stony. 
 
 Color Dark red ; very slight scumming. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Precautions Would require thorough tempering or 
 
 the addition of a suitable plastic clay 
 to improve its molding properties. 
 
 W. P. REND COLLIERIES COMPANY, MINE NO. 1, REND 
 (See figure 51) 
 Depth of shaft— 571 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 6. 
 
 Sample 35. — Location in mine, face center course E. main ^ mile from 
 shaft; sample represents floor material from to 30 inches below coal; dark 
 gray, medium hard clay with structure resembling that of fire clay; irregular 
 fracture; contains granules of altered pyrite, carbonaceous matter in streaks, 
 and lime-iron concretions. 
 
 Slaking test Action rather slow and incomplete. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 4.94% 
 
 20 mesh 28.60% 
 
 35 mesh 18.68% 
 
 65 mesh 14.50% 
 
 100 mesh 6.99% 
 
 150 mesh 3.87% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 22.42% 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 113 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Molds with some difficulty. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.53% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 25.30% 
 
 Tempering water 18.90% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 66% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 08. 
 
 Heat range Very short ; bloats above cone 08 ; 
 
 cracks very badly in burning ; pits 
 occur due to lime-iron granules. 
 When burned at cone 08 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 4.42% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.95% 
 
 Porosity 5.02% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Dull light red ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Not a practical working clay as it is 
 
 difficult to mold and to oxidize, cracks 
 in burning, pits, and is sensitive to 
 bloating. 
 
 Sample 36. — Location in mine, main W. 200 feet from shaft; sample repre- 
 sents roof material from to 36 inches above coal; hard, blue-gray shale that 
 breaks up into flat concretionary form ; contains pyrite concretions and granules 
 of lime-iron carbonate, comparatively free from carbon. 
 
 Slaking test Very little affected at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh : 80.78% 
 
 20 mesh 7.60% 
 
 35 mesh 4.03% 
 
 65 mesh 2.00% 
 
 100 mesh 0.69% 
 
 150 mesh 0.29% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 4.61% 
 
 Plasticity Rather low. 
 
 Molding properties Molds with some difficulty. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 3.36% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 10.94% 
 
 Tempering water 16.50% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 10 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Very short ; bloats above cone 04 ; oc- 
 casional surface pits due to lime-iron 
 granules. 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 7.55% 
 
 Total shrinkage 10.91% 
 
 Porosity 2.52% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Dull dark red. 
 
 Possibilities Common brick ; not suitable for hollow 
 
 blocks because of molding difficulties. 
 Precautions Would require thorough tempering. 
 
CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 115 
 
 SESSER COAL COMPANY, SESSER MINE, SESSER 
 (See figure 52) 
 Depth of shaft— 647 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 6. 
 
 Sample 7. — Represents floor material below coal ; medium hard gray clay 
 with structure resembling that of fire clay; shows slickensides ; contains car- 
 bonaceous matter as plant fossils and in thin seams, no concretions or pyrite 
 are noticeable. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes slowly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 3.60% 
 
 20 mesh 0.38$ 
 
 60 mesh 0.29',' 
 
 100 mesh 19% 
 
 120 mesh 0.00' ; 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 95.54' < 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.60' ( 
 
 Tempering water 20.32% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 84% oxidized in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3 
 
 Heat range ("one 1 to above cone 3. 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.94 ( < 
 
 T\ »tal shrinkage 12.54' , 
 
 Porosity 3.40' \ 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light salmon at cone 010, lijjit red at 
 
 cone 02. light brown at cone 1. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick, hollow ware. 
 
 Precautions Requires care during the oxidizing period of the burn. 
 
 CARTERVILLE & HERRIN COAL COMPANY, JEFFREY MINE, HERRIN 
 (See figure 53) 
 Depth of shaft— 134 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 6. 
 
 Sample SI. — Location in mine, 100 feet southwest of shaft; sample repre- 
 sents floor material below coal; calcareous clay with structure resembling that 
 of fire clay; occasional slickensides; contains streaks of iron oxide and finely 
 distributed carbon in spots. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 147 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 5.95', 
 
 20 mesh 14.359! 
 
 35 mesh 18.469? 
 
 65 mesh 21.9095 
 
 100 mesh 9.99' \ 
 
 150 mesh 5.00^5 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 26.3595 
 
116 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 117 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.33% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 21.40% 
 
 Tempering water 21.60% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 84% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 04 
 
 Heat range Cone 06 to cone 04 ; cracks in burning ; 
 
 bloats above cone 04. 
 When burned at cone 04 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.59% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.92% 
 
 Porosity 4.59% 
 
 Fracture Irregular, stony. 
 
 Color Pale red to light green brown ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities Not suitable material as it is difficult 
 
 to oxidize and cracks in burning. 
 
 BRINKLEY & MILES, MARION 
 (See figure 54) 
 Kind of mine — Stripping. 
 Coal bed — No. 6. 
 
 Sample 32. — Represents floor material from 1 to 18 inches below coal ; med- 
 ium hard, light-gray, calcareous shale, brown in spots and streaks; contains 
 carbonaceous matter as plant fossils and concretions of calcium carbonate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 13 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 3.89$ 
 
 20 mesh 5.48% 
 
 35 mesh 6.17% 
 
 65 mesh 3.15% 
 
 100 mesh 1.19% 
 
 150 mesh 1.51% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 78.61% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Cracks 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 7.46% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 26.80% 
 
 Tempering water 21.30% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 82% oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Heat range Very short ; cracks in burning ; surface 
 
 pits ; bloats above cone 04. 
 When burned at cone 04 — ■ 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.06* < 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.52% 
 
 Porosity 2.31% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Light red to brown. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it cracks 
 
 in burning and in drying, is difficult 
 to oxidize, has short heat range, and 
 pits due to lime granules. 
 
118 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 119 
 
 SHOAL CREEK COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 1, PANAMA 
 (See figure 55) 
 Depth of shaft— 374 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 6. 
 
 Sample 13. — Represents floor material below coal ; medium hard, calcareous, 
 light-gray shale ; contains small iron carbonate nodules, gypsum, and calcareous 
 matter as plant fossils. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes very slowly. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 6.907a 
 
 20 mesh 2.50% 
 
 60 mesh 3.80% 
 
 100 mesh 0.70% 
 
 120 mesh 0.00% 
 
 Passed 120 mesh 86.10% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Warps, drying shrinkage high 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 15.38% 
 
 Tempering water 37.95% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 60% oxidized in 9 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 06 
 
 Heat range Short ; cracks in burning ; bloats. 
 
 When burned at cone 06 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.69% 
 
 Total shrinkage 21.07% 
 
 Porosity 1.99% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Light red ; scums excessively. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it warps 
 
 in drying, is difficult to oxidize, has 
 short heat range; cracks in burning, 
 is sensitive to overfiring, and scums 
 excessively. 
 
 BRILLIANT COAL COMPANY, HORN MINK, DUQUOIN 
 
 (See figure 56) 
 Depth of shaft— 75 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 6. 
 
 Average thickness of roof — 15 to 20 feet. 
 
 Sample 23. — Represents roof material above coal ; hard, blue-gray shale 
 easily separated into plates about Y$ inch thick; contains brown iron streaks, 
 otherwise comparatively uniform in appearance. 
 
 No slaking and screening tests were made. 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 3.41 % 
 
 Tempering water 18.48% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 3 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 3. 
 
 Heat range Cone 1 to above cone 3. 
 
120 
 
 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 121 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.55% 
 
 Total shrinkage 11.96% 
 
 Porosity 2.69% 
 
 Fracture Smooth, dull. 
 
 Color Dark red ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Common, front, and paving brick, hollow ware. 
 
 PARADISE COAL COMPANY, PARADISE MINE, DUQUOIN 
 (See figure 57) 
 Depth of shaft— 371 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 6. 
 
 Sample I. — Location of sample, room 1 NE. ; sample represents roof ma- 
 terial from to 24 inches above coal ; hard, dark-gray shale ; contains a little 
 calcium carbonate and occasional lime-iron carbonate concretions, comparatively 
 free from carbon. 
 
 Slaking test No shaking action noticeable. 
 
 Residues left on screens. . .Practically all was left on 10-mesh screen. 
 
 Plasticity Rather low. 
 
 Molding properties Molds without serious difficulties. 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 3.69% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 11.227 
 
 Tempering water 16.10% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 5 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 1 
 
 Heat range Short ; bloats above cone 1. 
 
 When burned at cone 1 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.50% 
 
 Total shrinkage 9.19% 
 
 Porosity 10.817 
 
 Fracture Stom 
 
 Color Dull red ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 Precautions Should be thoroughly tempered to de- 
 velop good molding plasticity. 
 
 PIONEER COAL COMPANY, BELLEVILLE 
 
 (See figure 58) 
 Depth of shaft— 51 feet. 
 Thickness of floor clay — Variable. 
 Coal bed— No. 6. 
 
 Sample 92. — Location in mine, 3d E. ; sample represents floor material from 
 to 16 inches below coal (taken down to pebble layer) ; a mixture of light- 
 gray and blue-gray shale, partly weathered (or slaked) ; contains considerable 
 carbonaceous matter, partly decomposed pyrite, and sulphur. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 1 1 hours. 
 
122 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.06% 
 
 20 mesh 0.15% 
 
 35 mesh 1.32% 
 
 65 mesh 3.43% 
 
 100 mesh 3.11% 
 
 150 mesh 3.18% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 88.75% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 9.54% 
 
 Tempering water 21.20% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 70% oxidized in 13 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 06 
 
 Heat range Cone 08 to cone 06 ; bloats above cone 
 
 06; cracks in burning. 
 When burned at cone 06 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.93% 
 
 Total shrinkage 16.47% 
 
 Porosity 2.95% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Medium red. 
 
 Possibilities Not a suitable material as it is difficult 
 
 to oxidize, cracks in burning, and is 
 sensitive to overfiring and bloating. 
 
 Sample ioi. — Locaton in mine, E. entry; sample represents floor material 
 from to 28 inches below coal (taken down to pebble layer) ; sample had been 
 wet and partly slaked ; contains considerable carcareous and carbonaceous mat- 
 ter and apparently decomposed pyrite, gives test for calcium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 13 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.46% 
 
 20 mesh 0.61% 
 
 35 mesh 1.65% 
 
 65 mesh 5.60% 
 
 100 mesh 4.24% 
 
 150 mesh - 3.27% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 84.17% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Warps 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 1 1.37% 
 
 Tempering water 31.60% 
 
 Oxidation No trials made. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 08 
 
 Heat range Short ; very sensitive to overfiring and bloating. 
 
 When burned at cone 08— 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.88% 
 
 Total shrinkage 17.25% 
 
 Porosity 2.00% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony. 
 
 Color Pale red ; scums excessively. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it warps 
 
 in drying, is sensitive to overfiring, 
 and scums excessively. 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 123 
 
 MULBERRY HILL COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 2, FREEBURG 
 (See figure 59) 
 Depth of shaft— 150 feet. 
 Coal bed — No. 6. 
 
 Sample 82. — Location in mine, 100 feet out on main W. ; sample represents 
 floor material from to 33 inches below coal ; light-gray, medium soft, cal- 
 careous clay; contains small granules of calcium carbonate, streaks of carbon- 
 aceous matter, and calcium sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 11 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 15.50% 
 
 20 mesh 0.90% 
 
 35 mesh 1.44% 
 
 65 mesh 1.48% 
 
 100 mesh 0.90% 
 
 150 mesh 0.70% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 79.08% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 9.22% 
 
 Tempering water 28.80% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 76% oxidized in 13 hours. 
 
 Heat range Cone 08 to cone 06; cracks in burning ; surface pits. 
 
 When burned at cone 06 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 3.90% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.12% 
 
 Porosity 10.24% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Pale red ; scums excessively. 
 
 Possibilities A very unsuitable material as it is dif- 
 ficult to oxidize, pits, cracks in burn- 
 ing, and scums excessively. 
 
 KOLB COAL COMPANY, MINE NO. 2, MASCOUTAH 
 
 ( See figure 60) 
 Depth of shaft— 168 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 6. 
 
 Sample 83. — Location in mine, sump under air shaft; sample represents 
 floor material from to 24 inches below coal ; gray-green, medium hard, cal- 
 careous clay; contains pyrite nodules, calcium carbonate concretions, and streaks 
 of carbonaceous matter. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 1 1 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.78% 
 
 20 mesh 0.57% 
 
 35 mesh 0.88% 
 
 65 mesh 1.20% 
 
 100 mesh 0.79% 
 
 150 mesh 0.64% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 95.86% 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
124 
 
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LABORATORY TESTS 125 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 10.20% 
 
 Tempering water 29.10% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 53% oxidized in 12 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 08 
 
 Heat range Cone 010 to cone 08 ; bloats above cone 
 
 08 ; surface pits are profuse. 
 When burned at cone 08 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 5.35% 
 
 Total shrinkage 15.55% 
 
 Porosity 1.797c 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Light red ; scums. 
 
 Possibilities Not a suitable raw material as it is 
 
 difficult to oxidize, has short heat 
 range, is sensitive to overfiring, and 
 pits. 
 
 Sample 86. — Location in mine, same as Sample 85 ; sample represents floor 
 material from 24 to 48 inches below coal ; characteristics similar to Sample 85 
 except that it shows white patches of calcium carbonate and more calcium car- 
 bonate concretions. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 1 1 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 10.17% 
 
 20 mesh 0.45% 
 
 35 mesh 0.57% 
 
 65 mesh 52% 
 
 100 mesh 0.35% 
 
 150 mesh 0.17% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 87.77%, 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 9.04%> 
 
 Tempering water 28.70% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 76' '< oxidized in 14 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 06 
 
 Heat range Cone 08 to cone 06 ; cracks in burning ; 
 
 surface pits profusely due to lime, 
 granules. 
 When burned at cone 06 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 4.06% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.10% 
 
 Porosity 9.68% 
 
 Fracture Dense, stony 
 
 Color Pale red ; scums excessively. 
 
 Possibilities Not a suitable material as it is difficult 
 
 to oxidize, cracks in burning, pits, 
 and scums excessively. 
 
126 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 JOSEPH TAYLOR COAL COMPANY, TAYLOR MINE, O'FALLON 
 (See figure 61) 
 Depth of shaft— 200 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 6. 
 
 Thickness of floor clay — Reported to be 7 feet. 
 
 Sample 3. — Location in mine, 2d N. off E. ; sample represents floor ma- 
 terial from to 48 inches below coal ; soft gray shale ; contains carbonaceous 
 matter as plant fossils and a small amount of calcium carbonate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes rapidly to a plastic mass with 
 
 very little granular matter. 
 No screening tests made. 
 
 Plasticity Very high. 
 
 Molding properties A little too plastic to mold well. 
 
 Drying properties. .Warps and tends to crack; high-drying shrinkage. 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 14.29% 
 
 Tempering water 38.20% 
 
 Oxidation Difficult, 65% oxidized in 8 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 06 
 
 Heat range Very short; bloats above cone 06; cracks in burning. 
 
 When burned at cone 06 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 8.28% 
 
 Total shrinkage 22.57% 
 
 Porosity 1.14% 
 
 Fracture Vitreous 
 
 Color Dark red ; scums slightly. 
 
 Possibilities Not a suitable material as it has ex- 
 cessive plasticity, warps and cracks 
 in drying, is difficult to oxidize, has 
 short heat range, and cracks in burn- 
 ing. 
 
 AUBURN & ALTON COAL COMPANY, AUBURN 
 (See figure 62) 
 Depth of shaft— 268 feet. 
 Coal bed— No. 6. 
 
 Thickness of floor — Irregular, 8 feet thick at sump. 
 
 Sample 81. — Location in mine, 2,800 feet east of shaft; sample represents 
 floor material from 2 to 23 inches below coal ; light-gray sandy clay streaked 
 with yellow ; contains mica and streaks of carbon. 
 
 Slaking test Action complete at end of test. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 5.67% 
 
 20 mesh 2.17% 
 
 35 mesh 2.64% 
 
 65 mesh 7.55% 
 
 100 mesh 11.49% 
 
 150 mesh 6.52% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 63.96% 
 
 Plasticity Fair 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
LABORATORY TESTS 
 
 127 
 
 Drying properties ^°°rt 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 4.41% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 13.80% 
 
 Tempering water 19.20% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 4 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Above cone 5. 
 
 Heat range. . .Temperature not carried high enough to determine this. 
 
 When burned at cone 5 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage 6.51% 
 
 Total shrinkage 10.92% 
 
 Porosity 14.88% 
 
 Fracture Stony 
 
 Color Salmon at cone 010, brownish gray at cone 5. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 | No. 95 1 
 Time-rate oxidation at 650°C. 
 
 
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 Fig. 62. — Graphic illustration of the laboratory tests of Samples 81 and 95, 
 floor materials in the mine of Auburn & Alton Coal Company, Auburn. 
 
 Sample 95. — Location in mine, 300 feet from shaft back E. entry; sample 
 represents 25 inches of floor material beginning a few inches below coal; sam- 
 ple had been wet and partly slaked ; contains pyrite nodules, carbonaceous mat- 
 ter, sulphur, and iron sulphate. 
 
 Slaking test Slakes in 1 1 hours. 
 
 Residues left on screens — 
 
 10 mesh 0.70% 
 
 20 mesh 1.55% 
 
 35 mesh 5.09% 
 
 65 mesh 9.16% 
 
 100 mesh 5.04% 
 
 150 mesh 2.75% 
 
 Passed 150 mesh 75.71% 
 
128 CLAY MATERIALS IN ILLINOIS COAL MINES 
 
 Plasticity Good 
 
 Molding properties Good 
 
 Drying properties Good 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 5.88% 
 
 Volume drying shrinkage 18.60% 
 
 Tempering water 23.00% 
 
 Oxidation Complete in 6 hours. 
 
 Maximum safe burning temperature Cone 3 
 
 Heat range Cone 1 to cone 3. 
 
 When burned at cone 3 — 
 
 Burning shrinkage , 7.23% 
 
 Total shrinkage 13.11% 
 
 Porosity 7.44% 
 
 Fracture : . Stony 
 
 Color Dark velvet-red surface, dark red fracture. 
 
 Possibilities Common and front brick. 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Alden Coal Company, tests of 
 
 clays from 75-79 
 
 Athens, tests of clays from 91-93 
 
 Auburn & Alton Coal Company, 
 
 tests of clays from 126-128 
 
 Barium salts, addition of 16 
 
 Barr Brick Company, test of clay 
 
 from 37 
 
 Bloating during burning 16-17 
 
 Bloomington, tests of clays from. 87-90 
 Brilliant Coal Company, test of 
 
 clay from 119-121 
 
 Brinkley & Miles, test of clay from 117 
 
 Briquets, molding of 19, 25-27 
 
 Burlington Paving Brick Com- 
 pany, test of clay from 37 
 
 Burning process 12-18, 22-23, 27 
 
 Burning shrinkage 23 
 
 Calcium sulphate, effect of 16 
 
 Cantrall Cooperative Coal Com- 
 pany, test of clay from. .. .99-101 
 Carterville & Herrin Coal Com- 
 pany, test of clay from. . . . 115-117 
 
 Cherry, tests of clays from 39-41 
 
 Chicago, Wilmington & Vermilion 
 Coal Company, tests of clays 
 
 from 49-53 
 
 Christian County, character of 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 Clark Coal & Coke Company, tests 
 
 of clays from 93-94 
 
 Clay, general character of 10 
 
 Clinton County, character of clays 
 
 in 32 
 
 Coal City, tests of clays from 47^9 
 
 Coal Valley, tests of clays from. .79-82 
 Colchester Coal & Manufacturing 
 
 Company, test of clay from.. 73 
 Colliers Cooperative Coal Com- 
 pany, tests of clays from 97-99 
 
 Common brick, character of clay 
 
 for 11-12,15 
 
 Crescent Coal Company, tests of 
 
 clays from 95-96 
 
 Dalzell, tests of clays from 41-44 
 
 Decatur Coal Company, test of 
 
 clay from 86 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Decatur, tests of clays from. .. .83-85 
 Districts, character of clays by.. 28-32 
 Duquoin, tests of clays from. .119-121 
 
 F 
 
 Fireproofing, character of clay for 12 
 
 Floor clays, character of 30-32 
 
 Franklin County, character of 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 Freeburg, test of clay from 123 
 
 Front brick, character of clay for 12, 14 
 
 G 
 
 Galesburg, test of clay from.... 37 
 Gray & Jones Coal Company, tests 
 
 of clays from 60-65 
 
 Grinding of samples 25 
 
 H 
 
 Hand-plunger machine, diagram of 26 
 Harrisburg, tests of clays from 111-112 
 
 Heat range 15-16 
 
 Herrin, test of clay from 115-117 
 
 Hollow ware, character of clay 
 
 for 12,15 
 
 Illinois Clay Company, test of 
 
 clay from 38-39 
 
 Illinois Midland Coal Company, 
 
 tests of clays from 103-107 
 
 Illinois Valley Coal Company, 
 
 tests of clays from 65-68 
 
 Illinois Zinc Company, tests of 
 
 clays from 57-59 
 
 Joseph Taylor Coal Company, 
 
 test of clay from 126 
 
 K 
 
 Kolb Coal Company, tests of clays 
 from 123-125 
 
 Laboratory tests, importance 
 
 of 11,18-30, 27-128 
 
 La Salle County Carbon Coal 
 
 Co., tests of clays from 53-56 
 
 Linear drying shrinkage 22 
 
 M 
 
 McLean County Coal Company, 
 tests of clays from 87-90 
 
 Macoupin County, character of 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 (129) 
 
130 
 
 INDEX — Continued 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Madison County, character of 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 Manufacturers & Consumers Coal 
 Company, tests of clays from.83-85 
 
 Marion, test of clay from 117 
 
 Marion County, character of clays 
 
 in 32 
 
 Marquette Third Vein Coal Com- 
 pany, tests of clays from. . . .44-45 
 
 Mascoutah, tests of clays from. 123-125 
 
 Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Com- 
 pany, tests of clays from 56 
 
 Matherville, tests of clays from. .75-79 
 
 Minonk Coal Company, tests of 
 
 clays from 71-73 
 
 Montgomery County, character of 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 Moultrie County, character of 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 Mulberry Hill Coal Company, test 
 of clay from 123 
 
 N 
 Niantic, test of clay from 86 
 
 O 
 
 O'Fallon, test of clay from 126 
 
 Oglesby, tests of clays from 
 
 38-39, 57-60 
 
 Oglesby Coal Company, test of 
 
 clay from 60 
 
 Oxidation 12, 19-21 
 
 P 
 
 Panama, test of clay from 119 
 
 Paradise Coal Company, test of 
 
 clay from 121 
 
 Paving brick, character of clay 
 
 for 12, 14 
 
 Peoria, tests of clays from 93-96 
 
 Perry County, character of clays 
 
 in 32 
 
 Pioneer Coal Company, tests of 
 
 clays from 121-122 
 
 Pitting during burning 13, 16 
 
 Porosity of clays 13-14, 23 
 
 Pryce Coal Company, tests of clays 
 
 from 79-82 
 
 R 
 
 Randolph County, character of 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 Rend, tests of clays from 112-113 
 
 Roof shales, character of 30-32 
 
 S 
 
 PAGE 
 
 St. Clair County, character of - 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 St. Paul Coal Company, tests of 
 
 clays from 39-41 
 
 Saline County Coal Company, 
 
 tests of clays from 111-112 
 
 Sangamon County, character of 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 Screening tests 27 
 
 Scumming . 16-18 
 
 Selbytown, test of clay from 101 
 
 Seneca, tests of clays from 60-65 
 
 Sesser Coal Company, test of clay 
 
 from 115 
 
 Shelby County, character of clays 
 
 in 32 
 
 Sherman, tests of clays from. .103-107 
 Shoal Creek Coal Company, test 
 
 of clay from 119 
 
 Slaking test 18-19 
 
 South Bartonville, tests of clays 
 
 from 97-99 
 
 South Wilmington, tests of clays 
 
 from 49-53 
 
 Sparland, tests of clays from. .. .65-68 
 Springfield District Coal Mining 
 
 Company, tests of clays from. 
 
 107-111 
 
 Spring Valley Coal Company, 
 
 tests of clays from 41-44 
 
 Stiff-mud process 18 
 
 Streator, test of clay from 37 
 
 T 
 
 Tempering water 22 
 
 V 
 
 Valentine Farm mine, test of clay 
 
 from 73-75 
 
 Volume shrinkage 22 
 
 W 
 
 Wabash Coal Company, tests of 
 
 clays from 91-93 
 
 Washington County, character of 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 Wenona Coal Company, tests of 
 
 clays from 68-70 
 
 Williamson County, character of 
 
 clays in 32 
 
 Williamsville Coal Company, test 
 
 of clay from 101 
 
 W. P. Rend Collieries Company, 
 
 tests of clays from 112-113