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 UNITED STATES. 
 
 EDWIN C. CRAWFORD, A.M., -S 
 
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 CH ICAGO: 
 
 George Sherwood & Co. 
 
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 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
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 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 EDWIN C. CRAWFORD, A.M., 
 
 Member of the Chicago Bar. 
 Former Principal of "Waukegan High School. 
 
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 CHICAGO : 
 
 GEORGE SHERWOOD & COMPANY 
 
 *V
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The objects of this book are : 
 
 To describe in detail every part of the machinery of 
 government of the State of Illinois, and of each political 
 sub-division of the State. 
 
 To state briefly all the important duties of every 
 public officer in the State of Illinois. 
 
 To outline the government of the United States. 
 
 It has been written with especial reference to the 
 wants of teachers and students, and officers of school 
 districts and townships. 
 
 It is believed that it will be welcomed by all who 
 desire to be intelligent as to the government in which 
 they are most directly interested, namely, that of the4r 
 own state, county, township and school district. 
 
 E. C. C. 
 
 Chicago, October 30, 1882. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1882, 
 BY GEO. SHERWOOD & Co.
 
 " 
 
 I ff $ 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 I. THE SCHOOL DISTRICT. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 School Directors, their Election, Powers and Duties, - - 5 
 How School Districts Receive their Share of the State Fund, 
 
 \) ) How Districts may be Divided. ....... 7 
 
 Transferring Pupils from one District to another, 8 
 
 II. THE TOWN 
 
 rv- Town and Township Distinguished, ...... 8 
 
 xs^ Town Officers, their Terms of Office, ..... 9 
 
 Town Meeting, ..... 10 
 
 * . Its Organization for Business, 10 
 
 N^ Powers and Duties of Voters at Town Meeting, - - 12 
 
 Oath and Bonds of Town Officers. 13 
 
 Town Boards, their Powers and Duties, ..... 14 
 
 Town Supervisors, their Powers and Duties, - 15 
 
 Town Clerk, his Powers and Duties, ...... 15 
 
 Assessor and Collector, their Powers and Duties, 16 
 
 School Trustees, their Powers and Duties, 16 
 
 School Treasurer, his Powers and Duties, .... 16 
 
 Highway Commissioners and Overseers, their Powers and Duties, 17 
 
 Pound Master and Commissioner of Canada Thistles, - - 18 
 
 Justices of the Peace and Constables, 18 
 
 Civil Causes, Criminal Causes, - - 18 
 
 Holding to Bail, ....... 19 
 
 Pay of Town Officers, - 19 
 
 Special Town Meeting, ..... 19 
 
 jjl* Nature of Town;Government, ..... 20 
 
 ftfficers of Township^, - 21 
 
 ^jj I III. THE COUNTY. 
 
 COUNTIES. UNDER TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. 
 
 3Q)unty Officers, Tories of Office, . 22 
 
 The County Board, Powers and Duties, 22 
 
 *&\Q Grand' Jury, ... ..... 24 
 
 The Petit Jury, '- ........ 25 
 
 Sftmnty and Probate fcourts, ....... 25 
 
 County and Probate: Judges, their Duties, - ... 26 
 
 *6ounty Clerk, his Duties, 27 
 
 Sheriff his Duties, 1 ........ 27 
 
 'State's Attorney, his Duties, ....... 28 
 
 **Coroner. his Duties,. 28 
 
 ktfrcuit Clerk and Recorder of Deeds, their Duties, 29 
 
 Deeds, Recording Deeds, Mortgages, - ... 30 
 
 JCounty Treasurer, his Duties 30 
 
 Superintendent of Schools, his Duties, 31 
 
 ^Departments of County Government, ..... 31 
 
 4<Q COITNTIES NOT UNDER TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. 32 
 
 *"Compensation, Bonds, and Oath of County Officers, - - 33
 
 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 IV. THE STATE. 
 
 The Legislature, 33 
 
 Election of Members of the Legislature, 34 
 
 Meeting of the Legislature, 34 
 
 Duties of Lieutenant-Governor and Speaker, - - - . 34 
 
 Duties of the Legislature, 35 
 
 Executive Department of the State, - - - - - - 36 
 
 The Governor, his Duties, Pay. etc., 36 
 
 If Governor's Office Becomes Vacant, Who Succeeds, - - 37 
 
 Secretary of State, his Duties, Pay, etc., - - 38 
 
 Auditor, his Duties, Pay, etc., ... ... 39 
 
 State Treasurer, his Duties, Pay^etc., 39 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, his Duties, Pay, etc., . 40 
 
 Attorney-General, his Duties, Pay, etc , .... 49 
 
 Returning Board, ...... 41 
 
 Appointed State Officers, 41 
 
 Otiicers Appointed by Governor with Consent of the Senate, - 41 
 
 Officers Appointed by Governor Alone, .... 41 
 
 Duties, Pay, etc. of Former Officers, 42 
 
 Duties. Pay, etc. of Latter Officers, 44 
 
 State Militia, ... 45 
 
 Judicial Department, 45 
 
 Circuit Courts, -- 45 
 
 Circuit Court Officers, - - 45 
 
 Appellate Courts, ... - 46 
 
 The Supreme Court of the State, 47 
 
 Pay of Officers of the Judicial Department, 47 
 
 V. CITIES. 
 
 Their Government, 48. 
 
 Officers of Cities, their Duties and Pay, 48 
 
 VI. VILLAGES. 
 
 Their Government, Their Officers, 50 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Congress, 51 
 
 Executive Department of the United States, ... 53 
 
 Judicial Department of the United States, .... 54 
 
 Army and Navy of the United States, 55 
 
 Civil Service of the United States, 55 
 
 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 National Political Conventions, - - - 56 
 
 Counties Comprising the Congressional Districts of Illinois, - 58 
 
 Counties Comprising the Senatorial Districts of Illinois, - - 60 
 
 Counties comprising the State Supreme Court Grand Divisions, 62 
 
 Counties comprising the State Supreme Court Election Districts, 63 
 Counties comprising the Appellate Court Districts, 
 Counties comprising the Circuit Courts, 
 
 The Constitution of the State of Illinois, 67 
 
 The Constitution of the United States, 95
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 THE SCHOOL DISTKICT. 
 
 Q. What are the officers of a school district called ? 
 
 A. Directors. 
 
 Q. How many directors are there in each district ? 
 
 A. Three. 
 
 Q. For Avhat term are they elected \ 
 
 A. Three years. 
 
 Q. When are they elected ? 
 
 A. One director is elected every year at the annual 
 district election, which is held on the third Saturday of 
 April. 
 
 Q. What notice must be given before the election ? 
 
 A. Ten days before the election the directors must 
 put up notices in three of the most public places in the 
 district, stating the place where the election will be 
 held, when the voting will begin and end, and the ques- 
 tions that will be voted on. 
 
 Q. What must the directors do within ten days after 
 the election? 
 
 A. They must meet and choose one of their number 
 president and another clerk of the board of directors. 
 
 Q. What are the president's duties ? 
 
 A. To preside at the meetings and execute the orders 
 of the board. 
 
 Q. What are the clerk's duties ? 
 
 A. To keep a record of the acts of the board, and 
 submit it on the first Mondays of April and October to 
 the town treasurer. On or before July 7, annually, to
 
 6 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 report to the town treasurer such facts as the treasurer 
 must report to the county superintendent. 
 
 DUTIES OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 Q. What are the duties of the whole board of direc- 
 tors ? 
 
 AS TO TEACHERS? 
 
 A. To appoint teachers and fix their pay, and to dis- 
 miss them for incompetency or bad conduct. 
 
 AS TO SCHOOL MANAGEMENT? 
 
 A. To visit schools and make rules for their govern- 
 ment. To direct what branches shall be taught. Not to 
 permit a change of text books oftener than once in four 
 years. 
 
 AS TO REPORTS TO TREASURER? 
 
 A. To report to the town treasurer whatever facts the 
 law requires him to report to the county superintendent. 
 
 AS TO TAXATION? 
 
 A. To levy a tax sufficient, with the district's share of 
 the State fund, to maintain school at least five months in 
 the year. 
 
 Directors can not levy a tax of more than three per cent, for build- 
 ing and two per cent, for other educational purposes. They can 
 levy a tax sufficient to maintain school nine months of the year, if 
 the tax does not exceed two per cent, of the assessed value of all the 
 property in the district. 
 
 AS TO REPORTS TO VOTERS? 
 
 A. Directors must at the annual district election submit 
 to the voters a report of all sums of money received 
 and paid out by them during the year (having sent a 
 copy to the town treasurer within five days of the time of 
 election), and must post on the door of the house where 
 the election is held the town treasurer's exhibit of the 
 sums received and expended by the district during the 
 preceding year. They must also give the names of all
 
 THE SCHOOL DISTRICT. 7 
 
 persons between the ages of twelve and twenty-one in 
 the district who can not read and write, and state the 
 causes of the neglect to educate them. 
 
 AS TO COMPULSORY EDUCATION. 
 
 To compel all children between the ages of eight and 
 fourteen years, to attend school, at least twelve weeks 
 in each school year. Failure to perform this duty sub- 
 jects directors to^rosecution and a fine of ten dollars. 
 
 HOW DISTRICTS RECEIVE THEIR SHARE OF THE 
 STATE FUND. 
 
 Q. How do districts receive their share of the State 
 school fund ? 
 
 A. On the first Monday in January every year, next 
 after taking the census of the State, the State auditor 
 issues to the superintendent of schools in each county an 
 order on the county treasurer for a sum of money pro- 
 portioned to the number of children in the county under 
 twenty-one years of .age. 
 
 Next, the county superintendent must require each 
 town treasurer to give a sufficient bond for the safe- 
 keeping of the money to be paid over to him, and then 
 pay to him a sum proportioned to the children under 
 twenty-one in his town. 
 
 The trustees then find how much each district is en- 
 titled to, the sum being proportioned to the children in 
 the district under twenty-one. They then let the direc- 
 tors of each district know what sum belongs to their 
 district, and that sum is paid out by the town treasurer 
 as the directors give orders. The directors' orders for 
 the payment of money must be in writing. 
 
 HOW DISTRICTS MAY BE DIVIDED. 
 Q. Who lay out a town in school districts ? 
 A. The trustees. (See page 8.)
 
 8 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Q. How can the boundaries of districts be altered ? 
 
 A. Trustees may alter them when petitioned so to do 
 by two-thirds of the voters in the districts to be altered. 
 The voters who are dissatisfied at the alterations may 
 appeal to the county superintendent, if they will do so 
 within ten days from the time when the alterations are 
 made. The county superintendent can take such action 
 as seems to him best. 
 
 TRANSFERRING PUPILS. 
 
 Q. How may pupils be transferred from one district 
 to another ? 
 
 A. By getting the written consent of a majority of 
 the directors of both districts. 
 
 Q. What is the smallest number of families that may 
 be organized into a district ? 
 
 A. No new district can be created containing less than 
 ten families. 
 
 H. THE TOWN. 
 
 TOWNS AND TOWNSHIPS DISTINGUISHED. 
 
 Q. In what town (or township) do you live ? Give its 
 bounds. What cities or villages does it contain ? How 
 many are its school districts ? 
 
 Q. Who lay out towns ? 
 
 A. Three commissioners, appointed by the county 
 board. (See page 22.) 
 
 Q. Who lay out townships ? 
 
 A. United States surveyors, when the Government 
 lands are first surveyed. A township is six miles square. 
 
 Q. Do the "towns" of a county coincide with its 
 "townships?"
 
 THE TOWN. 9 
 
 A. Not always. But it is the duty of county boards 
 to so lay out towns that they will coincide with town- 
 ships, if possible. 
 
 Q. What is the chief difference between "towns" 
 and "townships." 
 
 A. Towns govern themselves in all local matters. 
 Townships govern themselves in school affairs only. 
 In all other local matters they are governed by the 
 county boards. 
 
 Q. What is the origin of "town government" in 
 Illinois ? 
 
 A. In 1848 a new State constitution was adopted, 
 which provided that town government might be organ- 
 ized in all counties where a majority of the people voted 
 for it. The constitution adopted in 1870 contains a 
 similar provision. 
 
 Q. Have all the counties in the State accepted town 
 government, or " township organization," as it is more 
 commonly called ? 
 
 A. No. About twenty counties have not yet done so. 
 These counties are in the southern part of the State. 
 
 Q. Has the county in which you live adopted town- 
 ship organization 2 If yes, when did it do so ? 
 
 TOWN OFFICERS THEIR TERMS OF OFFICE. 
 
 Q. What officers do towns have, and what are their 
 terms of office ( 
 
 A. One or more supervisors, a collector, a clerk, an 
 a--i '-sor ; term of each, one year. Treasurer; term, 
 two years. Three school trustees, three highway com- 
 inissiojiers ; term three years, one trustee and one 
 commissioner being elected annually. Two or more 
 justices of the peace ; two or more constables ; term 
 of each, four years. One or more pouiidmasters may
 
 10 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 be elected at town meetings, to serve one year. A 
 commissioner of Canada thistles may be appointed by 
 the board of town auditors, to serve three years. 
 
 Q. In what case has a town more than one super- 
 visor ? 
 
 A. In towns of 4,000 inhabitants there is one assist- 
 ant, and for every 2,500 above 4,000 one supervisor is 
 added. 
 
 Q. In what case are there more than two justices and 
 two constables? 
 
 A. One justice and one constable are added for every 
 1,000 inhabitants above 2,000 till there are five of each. 
 
 TOWN MEETING. 
 
 Q. What do towns have that unorganized town- 
 ships lack ? 
 
 A. Town meetings. 
 
 Q. What is a town meeting ? 
 
 A. It is a meeting of the voters of the town to elect 
 town officers, adopt rules for the government of the 
 town, and to hear the reports of the town officers for 
 the preceding year. 
 
 Q. When is the annual town meeting held ? 
 
 A. On the first Tuesday of April. 
 
 Q. What must precede the meeting ? 
 
 A. The town clerk must post notices of the time and 
 place of holding the meeting in three of the most public 
 places in the town ten days before the meeting, and in- 
 sert the notice also in a newspaper, if any is published 
 in the town. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE TOWN MEETING. 
 
 Q. How does a town meeting prepare for business ? 
 A. Between 8 and 9 o'clock the town clerk calls the
 
 THE TOWN. 11 
 
 meeting to order, and calls on the voters present to elect 
 one of their number moderator. 
 
 Q. What must the moderator do before assuming 
 his office? 
 
 A. He must take an oath, faithfully to discharge his 
 duties. 
 
 Q. What are his duties ? 
 
 A. To act as a judge of election and preside over the 
 meeting during the transaction of miscellaneous busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Q. What further duties has the clerk after the elec- 
 tion of moderator ? 
 
 A. He must write all the proceedings of the meeting 
 in a book known as the "town records," and must sign 
 his name to the record of each meeting. The moderator 
 must also sign his name to the same. 
 
 Q. After the moderator is chosen and has taken his 
 oath of office, what is next done ? 
 
 A. The ballot box is produced and voting for town 
 officers begins. 
 
 Q. How are town officers voted for ? 
 
 A. By ballot. That is, each voter hands a ticket con- 
 taining the names of the candidates for whom he wishes 
 to vote to a judge of election, who puts it in the ballot 
 box. 
 
 Q. Who besides the moderator are judges of elec- 
 tion ? 
 
 A. The supervisor, collector and assessor. 
 
 Q. What are the duties of judges of election ? 
 
 A. To receive the ballots {or tickets), not permit any 
 unqualified person to vote, and to count the votes after 
 the polls are closed. 
 
 Q. What persons have a right to vote ? 
 
 A. All men 21 years old or older, who are citizens of
 
 12 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 the United States, and have lived in the State one year, 
 in the county ninety days, and in the voting precinct 
 thirty days next preceding the election. 
 
 POWERS AND DUTIES OF TOWN MEETINGS. 
 
 Q. What besides electing officers is done at town 
 meeting ? 
 
 A. Miscellaneous business is attended to. 
 
 Q. When is this done ? 
 
 A. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon the ballot box is 
 closed, and the moderator calls the meeting to order for 
 miscellaneous business. 
 
 Q. What are some of the things that may be done 
 under the name of miscellaneous business ? 
 
 A. Under the name of miscellaneous business the 
 voters may hear and act upon the reports of officers for 
 the preceding year. 
 
 May order the raising of money by taxation for roads, 
 bridges, and some other objects. 
 
 May direct the proper officers to commence and de- 
 fend lawsuits for the town. 
 
 May offer rewards for the destruction of Canada 
 thistles. 
 
 May offer rewards for planting trees by public roads. 
 
 May make rules about fences in the town. 
 
 May regulate or forbid the running at large of stock. 
 
 May provide for public wells and watering places. 
 
 May forbid the doing of anything that will lessen the 
 healthfulness of the town. 
 
 May decide whether the road tax shall be paid in 
 money or in work. 
 
 May provide for fining any one who shall break any 
 of the rules adopted at town meeting. No fine can be 
 more than $50.00.
 
 THE TOWN. 13 
 
 Q. How may votes be taken on questions of miscel- 
 laneous business? 
 
 A. In three ways. Viva voee, that is, by answering 
 " Aye "or " No " to the questions put to the meeting by 
 the moderator ; by division of the house, that is, by 
 those favoring a motion, moving to one side of the house, 
 those opposing, to the other ; and by standing to be 
 counted. 
 
 Q. What follows miscellaneous business ? 
 
 A. After the moderator announces that it is closed, 
 the ballot box is again produced, and voting for town 
 officers begins again and continues until the closing of 
 the polls. As soon as the polls are closed, the judges of 
 election count the votes, and the clerk makes a record 
 of the result and reads this publicly to the meeting. 
 
 Q. If a town office becomes vacant by death, resigna- 
 tion or other means, what is done ? 
 
 A. The town board of appointment, consisting of the 
 supervisor, clerk and justices of the peace, choose some 
 person to fill the vacancy during the remainder of the 
 term. 
 
 OATH AND BONDS OF TOWN OFFICERS. 
 
 Q. What must all town officers do before taking pos- 
 session of their offices ? 
 
 A. They must take an oath in which they promise to 
 support the constitution of the United States and of 
 Illinois, and to faithfully perform the duties of their 
 offices. 
 
 Every officer that has public money to handle must 
 give an official bond for double the sum of money 
 that he will receive, to secure the public against loss. 
 
 Q. What is an official bond ? 
 
 A. It is a written promise by an officer and at least
 
 14 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 two other persons to pay into the public treasury a cer- 
 tain sum of money if the officer does not take proper 
 care of the public money that may come into his hands. 
 
 TOWN BOARDS. 
 
 Q. Name the various town boards, and state who 
 compose them and what their duties are ? 
 
 A. The board of appointment has been already 
 described. 
 
 The board of health consists of the supervisors, the as- 
 sessor and town clerk. It is their duty to prevent the 
 spread of contagious diseases. 
 
 The board of auditors consists of the supervisor, clerk, 
 and one or more justices of the peace. It is their duty 
 to examine all claims against the town, and to see 
 that the town is not defrauded out of any money. 
 For this purpose they meet at the town clerk's office 
 twice a year, on the Tuesday before the annual meet- 
 ing of the county board, and on the Tuesday before the 
 annual town meeting. 
 
 At these meetings the accounts of all the town officers 
 are examined for the purpose of learning whether the 
 public money has been properly cared for and judiciously 
 expended. 
 
 The board of equalization consists of the assessor, 
 clerk and supervisor. This board meets on the fourth 
 Monday in June, every year, to equalize assessments of 
 the value of property. The assessor may set too high 
 a value on some property and too low a value on other 
 property. The owners of the former would pay too 
 much tax, the owners of the latter too little. It is the 
 duty of the board to equalize all the assessor's valua- 
 tions as nearly as possible.
 
 THE TOWN. 15 
 
 DUTIES OF TOWN OFFICERS. 
 SUPERVISORS. 
 
 Q. What are the duties of the principal supervisor ? 
 
 A. To act as treasurer of all town money except the 
 school and the highway and bridge funds. 
 
 To oversee the town paupers. 
 
 To attend meetings of the county board. 
 
 To report to the town board of auditors one week be- 
 fore the annual town meeting all sums of money 
 received and paid out by him during the year. 
 
 To file with the town clerk, one week before the an- 
 nual town meeting, a statement showing what sums of 
 money are due the town and what sums the town owes. 
 (This statement the clerk must copy into the town 
 records and read at the town meeting.) 
 
 To carry on lawsuits for the recovery of fines and 
 penalties due the town. 
 
 Q. What are the duties of assistant supervisors . 
 
 A. They have no authority in town affairs (except as 
 members of the board of health), but in the county 
 board they have the same powers as the principal super- 
 visor. 
 
 CLERK. 
 
 Q. What are the clerk's duties ? 
 
 A. To take care of all records, books and papers 
 belonging to the town. 
 
 To record all acts of town meetings and of the town 
 board of auditors. 
 
 To send to the county clerk, on or before the second 
 Tuesday in August, a statement of the amount of taxes 
 to be levied in his town for that year.
 
 16 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
 
 ASSESSOR, COLLECTOR. 
 
 Q. What is the assessor's duty ? 
 
 A. To make an assessment of all the property in the 
 town. 
 
 Q. What is an assessment ? 
 
 A. It is a value set on property and written down in 
 the assessor's book for the ptirposo of taxation. 
 
 Q. How is each man's tax found ? 
 
 A. By multiplying the value of his property as fixed 
 by the assessor by the rate per cent, of taxation. 
 
 Q. What are the collector's duties ? 
 
 A. To collect the town taxes. To pay those levied 
 for school purposes to the treasurer of the school fund ; 
 those levied for roads and bridges, to the treasurer of 
 the highway commissioners ; and those levied for gen- 
 eral town purposes, to the principal supervisor. 
 
 SCHOOL TRUSTEES. 
 
 Q. What are the duties of trustees of schools ? 
 
 A. To divide the town into school districts according 
 to the wishes of a majority of the people. 
 
 To divide the school money among the districts in 
 proportion to the number of children in each, under 
 twenty-one years of age. 
 
 To withhold money from all districts that do not keep 
 their schools according to law, and in obedience to the 
 directions of the county and State superintendents. 
 
 To control township high schools, when such have 
 been established. 
 
 To appoint a treasurer of the school funds. 
 
 SCHOOL TREASURER. 
 
 Q. What are the school treasurer's duties ? 
 
 A. To take care of the school money of the town.
 
 THE TOWN. 17 
 
 To keep the permanent school funds at interest. 
 
 To report annually to the trustees, all sums received, 
 paid out, and in hand. 
 
 To settle twice a year with the directors, making a 
 sworn statement that will show the amount each district 
 is entitled to. 
 
 To report under oath, on or before September 30, 
 annually, to the county superintendent the condition of 
 the township funds. 
 
 To report to the county superintendent such facts as 
 are called for by the State superintendent. 
 
 HIGHWAY COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 Q. What are the duties of highway commissioners ? 
 
 A. To choose one of their number treasurer. 
 
 To divide the town into a suitable number of road 
 districts. 
 
 To lay out new roads and alter old ones, and to build 
 new bridges, when they deem such acts necessary. 
 
 To keep roads and bridges in repair. 
 
 To put up guide boards at forks and crossings. 
 
 To levy a road tax and see that it is collected, or an 
 equivalent amount of work done on the roads of the 
 town. 
 
 To appoint, in towns where road tax is paid in labor, 
 an overseer of highways in each road district. 
 
 To give directions to overseers of highways about the 
 work in their respective road districts, 
 
 OVERSEERS OF HIGHWAYS. 
 
 Q. What is the duty of overseers of highways ? 
 A. To superintend the road work done in their re 
 spective districts. 
 1*
 
 18 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 POUNDMASTER AND COMMISSIONER OF CANADA 
 THISTLES. 
 
 Q. What is the poundmaster's duty ? 
 
 A. To shut up stock found running at large, and hold 
 it till the owners take charge of it. 
 
 Q. What is the duty of the commissioner of Canada 
 thistles ? 
 
 A. To destroy all Canada thistles found growing in 
 
 the town. 
 
 JUSTICES AND CONSTABLES 
 
 Q. What are the duties of justices of the peace ? 
 
 A. To try civil causes when the sum in dispute is not 
 more than $200. 
 
 To try criminal causes, when the punishment is by fine 
 only and the fine is not more than $200. 
 
 To try offenders in cases of assault and battery, and 
 in some other cases. 
 
 To examine those accused of offenses punishable by 
 imprisonment in the county jail or penitentiary, and if 
 the evidence shows their guilt, to hold them to bail or 
 send them to jail, to remain till the meeting of the grand 
 
 Q. What are the duties of constables ? 
 A. To stop all disorderly conduct that they witness, 
 and to execute the orders of justices of the peace and 
 
 other magistrates. 
 
 CIVIL CAUSES. 
 
 Q. What is a civil cause ? 
 
 A. It is a suit in court to compel the defendant to pay 
 the plaintiff a sum of money for a debt due or an injury 
 done to the plaintiff, or to recover possession of 
 
 property. 
 
 CRIMINAL CAUSES. 
 
 Q. What is a criminal cause ?
 
 THE TOWN. 19 
 
 A. It is a suit brought to secure the punishment of 
 some person who has offended against a public law. 
 
 Q. What is a fine? 
 
 A. It is a sum of money to be paid into the public 
 treasury by an offender against law as a punishment for 
 his offense. 
 
 Q. What is an assault ? 
 
 A. An attempt by one person to strike another. If 
 the act is done, the offense becomes assault and battery. 
 
 HOLDING TO BAIL. 
 
 Q. What is " holding to bail ? " 
 
 A. It is compelling a prisoner to produce a certain 
 number of persons who will promise in writing to pay 
 into the public treasury a given sum of money, if the 
 prisoner, being set at liberty, does not afterward appear 
 in court on a certain day. 
 
 PAY OF TOWN OFFICERS. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the pay of town officers ? 
 
 A. Some are paid by the day, others partly by the 
 day and partly in fees. Those paid by the day receive 
 from $1.25 to $2.50 per day. The fees vary widely in 
 amount, and are fixed by State law. 
 
 Q. What is a fee? 
 
 A. A certain sum to be received for a certain service. 
 For example, the clerk receives twenty-five cents for 
 posting a notice of a town meeting. 
 
 SPECIAL TOWN MEETINGS. 
 
 Q. Can there be more than one town meeting in the 
 same year ? 
 
 A. Special town meetings may be held when the 
 supervisor, clerk, and a justice of the peace, or any two 
 of these officers, together with at least fifteen voters,
 
 20 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 sign a written statement that a special town meeting is 
 necessary, and tile this statement in the town clerk's 
 office. This statement must describe the object of the 
 meeting. 
 
 Notice must then be given as for other town meetings, 
 the notice stating the object for which the meeting is 
 called. No business can be done at a special town meet- 
 ing, except such as is described in the statement filed 
 with the clerk and contained in the clerk's notice of the 
 meeting. 
 
 THE NATURE OF TOWN GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Q. What three kinds of acts are done in governing 
 a town ? 
 
 A. Legislative, executive and judicial. 
 
 Q. Who do the first? 
 
 A. The voters at town meeting, when they vote on 
 motions during the transaction of miscellaneous busi- 
 ness. The motions that they adopt become laws for the 
 government of the town. 
 
 Q. Who do the second ? 
 
 A. The supervisor, school trustees and highway com- 
 missioners. They see that the laws made at town meet- 
 ing (and also State laws) are put into effect, or executed. 
 
 Q. Who perform the third kind of acts ? 
 
 A. Justices of the peace and constables. They enforce 
 obedience to the laws by punishing those who break 
 them. 
 
 As in the town, so in the village, the city, the county, 
 the State, and the United States, we shall find these 
 three departments of government, and only these, 
 namely ; the legislative or law-making, the executive, or 
 that which puts the law into operation, and the judicial, 
 or law-enforcing.
 
 THE TOWN. 21 
 
 Q. What kind of a government is that of a town ? 
 
 A. A pure democracy. The people themselves make 
 the laws. 
 
 Q. What kind of a government is that of an unorgan- 
 ized township? 
 
 A. A representative democracy. The local laws for 
 the township (except in school matters) are made by 
 representatives chosen by the people ; namely, the 
 county commissioners. 
 
 (It is to be remembered that over the laws made as 
 above described, are the general laws made by the State 
 legislature for towns and townships alike.) 
 
 OFFICERS OF TOWNSHIPS. 
 
 Q. Do unorganized townships have the same officers 
 as towns ? 
 
 A. They have three school trustees, but no other 
 officers, one trustee being elected on the second Satur- 
 day in April each year. 
 
 In counties under township organization, if any town- 
 ships do not coincide with the bounds of organized 
 towns, such townships also hold their election for school 
 trustee on the second Saturday in April. And if a 
 township lies partly in two or more counties, it never- 
 theless elects school trustees, and is governed in school 
 matters as if it lay wholly in one county and was not 
 coincident in its bounds with an organized town. 
 
 In counties not under township organization, the 
 county board divides the county into election precincts. 
 Each precinct elects as many justices and constables as 
 a town of equal population. 
 
 Q. How many kinds of townships are there in Illi- 
 nois?
 
 22 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 III. THE COUNTY. 
 
 Q. What political division of the State is larger than 
 the town ? 
 
 A. The county. 
 
 Q. In what county do you live ? How large is it ? 
 Is it under township organization? If so, give the 
 names of its towns. Give its bounds. Name its seat. 
 What is a county seat? 
 
 A. It is the city or village where the court-house and 
 county offices are, and where the county business is 
 done. 
 
 COUNTY OFFICERS THEIR TERMS OF OFFICE. 
 
 Q. Name the officers of a county and give the term of 
 each. 
 
 A. County clerk, clerk of the circuit court, recorder, 
 county judge, probate judge, State's attorney, sheriff, 
 superintendent of schools, treasurer and coroner ; term, 
 four years. In counties under township organization, 
 supervisors ; one or more from each town, and one or 
 more from each city in the county (the number from 
 cities being determined in the same way as in towns) ; 
 term, one year. 
 
 In counties not under township organization, instead 
 of supervisors there are three commissioners, elected by 
 the whole county for a term of three years. 
 
 THE COUNTY BOARD POWERS AND DUTIES. 
 
 Q. What officers constitute the county board ? 
 A. The supervisors or commissioners. 
 Q. How many meetings do the supervisors hold in a 
 year ?
 
 THE COUNTY. 23 
 
 A. Two regular meetings, namely, on the second 
 Monday in July and the second Tuesday in September ; 
 and special meetings whenever one-third of their num- 
 ber ask for such meetings. 
 
 Q. How does the county board organize for business ? 
 
 A. The first meeting of the year is called to order by 
 the county clerk, when the supervisors proceed to elect 
 one of their number chairman for the succeeding 
 year. 
 
 Q. What are the duties of the chairman ? 
 
 A. To appoint the committees and preside over the 
 meetings of the board. 
 
 Q. What can you say about the committees ? 
 
 A. A committee consists of three or more members 
 of the board, whose special duty it is to look after some 
 branch of the county business. Thus, the members of 
 the committee for the poor see that the county farm for 
 the support of the county's paupers is properly man- 
 aged, and that the paupers are properly fed, clothed and 
 housed. They also examine and allow or disallow bills for 
 the support of the poor. This is called " auditing bills." 
 Nearly all the county business is divided among the 
 committees of the board, but each committee must 
 report all its proposed acts to the board for its approval 
 before the acts can be done. 
 
 Q. What are some of the duties of the whole board ? 
 
 A. To erect and furnish a court-house, jail, and other 
 necessary county buildings. To levy special taxes for 
 this and other purposes. 
 
 To fix the pay of county officers, which can not be 
 changed during the term for which the officers are 
 elected. 
 
 To take measures for prosecuting and defending the 
 lawsuits of the county.
 
 24: CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 To select grand jurors, and prepare a list from which 
 the circuit clerk may draw petit jurors. 
 
 To examine all bills against the county, and see that 
 none are paid except those that are just. 
 
 To examine the accounts of the county treasurer and 
 count the money in the treasury twice a year. 
 
 To publish in a paper of the county after each meet- 
 ing a full report of all their acts. 
 
 The supervisors must hold their meetings with open 
 doors, and, if possible, in the court-house. 
 
 They can not levy a tax of more than 75 cents on 
 $100 valuation for ordinary county expenses, nor more 
 than 100 cents on $100 valuation to pay a county debt, 
 existing at the time of the adoption of the present State 
 constitution, nor contract a bonded debt for the county, 
 without first submitting the question of such tax or debt 
 to a vote of the people. 
 
 Q. Why is the county board required to hold its 
 meetings with open doors, and to publish accounts of its 
 proceedings ? 
 
 THE GRAND JURY. 
 
 Q. What can you say about a grand jury ? 
 
 A. A grand jury consists of twenty-three men. It is 
 their duty to examine evidence against those accused of 
 crime, and if the evidence is strong enough, to advise 
 the court to put the accused on trial. The grand jury's 
 advice in such a case consists in giving the court a paper 
 called an " indictment," in which the criminal is named 
 and his crime is described. A majority of the grand 
 jury must vote in favor of an indictment before it can 
 be presented to the court. The grand jury hears no 
 evidence in defense, and its meetings are not open to the 
 public.
 
 THE COUNTY. 25 
 
 PETIT JUKY. 
 
 Q. What can you say of a petit jury ? 
 
 A. A petit jury consists of twelve men. It is their 
 duty to hear the evidence on both sides of every case 
 brought before them, and to decide the case according to 
 the weight of the evidence and- the law that applies to 
 that particular case. The law is explained to them by 
 the judge. Their decision is called a "verdict." A 
 verdict can not be given unless all the jury vote for it. 
 
 COUNTY AND PROBATE COURT. 
 
 Q. Are the offices of county judge and probate judge 
 tilled by one man or two men in your county ? 
 
 Q. In what case are these offices separate ? 
 
 A. In counties of 50,000 inhabitants two men may be 
 elected to fill these offices. In counties of less than 
 50,000 inhabitants, one man is elected to perform the 
 duties of both offices. In this case he is called simply 
 the " county judge," and his court is called the " county 
 court." 
 
 Q. What jurisdiction have probate courts ? 
 
 A. They have original jurisdiction in matters relating 
 to wills, the settlement of estates of deceased persons, 
 apprentices, guardians of minors, and conservators of 
 the insane and the imbecile. 
 
 Q. What is meant by "original jurisdiction?" 
 By " exclusive jurisdiction ? " 
 
 A. When a court has original jurisdiction in any mat- 
 ters, suits about those matters may be commenced in 
 that court. 
 
 When a court has exclusive jurisdiction in any mat- 
 2
 
 26 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 ters, suits about such matters must be commenced in 
 that court alone. 
 
 Q. What jurisdiction have county courts ? 
 
 A. They have exclusive jurisdiction in suits for the 
 collection of taxes by sale of real estate, and concurrent 
 jurisdiction with circuit courts in civil matters, in all 
 cases like those brought before justices of the peace, if 
 the amount in dispute does not exceed $1,000, and in 
 criminal matters, if the punishment may not be im- 
 prisonment in the penitentiary or death. County courts 
 have also concurrent jurisdiction with circuit courts in 
 cases appealed from justices of the peace and police 
 magistrates. 
 
 Q. What is meant by " concurrent jurisdiction ? " 
 
 A. Matters in which two or more courts have concur- 
 rent jurisdiction can be brought before either of such 
 courts. If A gives me a note for any sum less than 
 $200, and when it is due refuses to pay, I can sue him 
 before a justice of the peace, or in the county, or the 
 circuit court, for all these have concurrent jurisdiction in 
 such a case. 
 
 Q. What are civil and criminal matters ? 
 
 (See the chapter on The Town.) 
 
 Q. What is it " to appeal " a case ? 
 
 A. It is to carry it, after trial, to a higher court for a 
 new trial. The higher court, in such an event, is said 
 to have "appellate jurisdiction." 
 
 COUNTY AND PROBATE JUDGES. 
 
 Q. What are the duties of county and probate 
 judges ? 
 
 A. To preside over the county and probate courts in 
 their respective counties.
 
 THE COUNTY. 27 
 
 COUNTY CLERK. 
 
 Q. Who is county clerk in your county ? 
 
 Q' What are some of the duties of the county clerk? 
 
 A. To attend the sessions of the county court, and 
 make a record, in books kept for the purpose, of what- 
 ever is done by the court. 
 
 To keep a record of all the acts of the county board. 
 
 To keep a record of all the orders for money drawn 
 on the county treasurer. 
 
 After every general election, to count, with the aid of 
 two justices of the peace, the votes as returned to him 
 by the judges of election in the various towns and pre- 
 cincts of the county, and to send the result to the Secre- 
 tary of State. 
 
 To issue marriage licenses. 
 
 To compute the tax of every person in the county, 
 enter it in proper books, and issue these books to the 
 collectors. 
 
 Q. What books must the clerk have before he can 
 compute the tax ? 
 
 A. He must have the assessor's books, for in these the 
 value of each person's property is set down. 
 
 Q. How is the rate per cent, of taxation determined ? 
 
 (See your Arithmetic.) 
 
 Q. What is a general election ? 
 
 A. An election where any State officer is chosen. 
 
 SHERIFF. 
 
 Q. Name the sheriff in your county ? 
 
 Q. For how long a term is a sheriff elected? 
 
 Q. What are some of a sheriff's duties ? 
 
 A. To attend all the sessions of the county and circuit 
 courts, to preserve order in the same, and to execute the 
 commands of the court.
 
 28 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 To serve writs, summonses, subpoenas and other judi 
 cial papers. 
 To prevent disorderly conduct wherever he is, and to 
 
 arrest offenders against the law. 
 
 To have charge of the court-house and jail, to take 
 criminals condemned to imprisonment to the peniten- 
 tiary or house of correction, and to hang criminals con- 
 demned to death. 
 
 STATE'S ATTORNEY. 
 
 Q. Name the State's attorney in your county ? 
 
 Q. What are some of his duties ? 
 
 A. To prosecute criminals. To draw indictments for 
 the grand jury. 
 
 To act as attorney for his county in all suits brought 
 for or against it. 
 
 To act as counsel for all county officers and justices of 
 the peace in matters relating to their duties as repre- 
 sentatives of the people. 
 
 Q. Who is a criminal ? 
 
 A. One who has offended against a public law. 
 
 Q. What is it " to prosecute " a criminal ? 
 
 A. To prosecute a criminal is to have him arrested and 
 brought into court, to bring evidence before the court 
 intended to prove him guilty, and to ask the court to 
 have him punished, if guilty. All criminals have a 
 right to be tried by a jury. 
 
 CORONER. 
 
 Q. What are the duties of a coroner ? 
 
 A. To examine, with the aid of a jury, the body of 
 any person killed by accident or having died from any 
 mysterious cause, and to report such examination to the 
 county clerk.
 
 THE COUNTY. 29 
 
 To arrest, if necessary to prevent escape, any one 
 suspected of killing the deceased. 
 
 To act as sheriff, if the sheriff's office becomes vacant, 
 or if the sheriff is interested in any suit. 
 
 CIRCUIT CLERK AND RECORDER OF DEEDS. 
 
 Q. What other offices, besides those of county and 
 probate judge, are sometimes united and filled by one 
 man ? 
 
 A. The offices of clerk of the circuit court and re- 
 corder of deeds. 
 
 Q. Where are these offices united and where sep- 
 arate ? 
 
 A. In counties of less than 60,000 inhabitants they 
 are united. In counties of 60,000, or more, they are 
 separate. 
 
 Q. What are some of the duties of clerk of the cir- 
 cuit court ? 
 
 A. To attend the sessions of the circuit court in his 
 county, and make a record in books provided for the 
 purpose of all the proceedings of that court. 
 
 To keep an account of the costs of suits, such as fees 
 of the sheriff, clerk, and witnesses. 
 
 To issue process, that is, to write down the orders of 
 the court, and give these orders to the sheriff and his 
 assistants to execute. 
 
 Q. Who pay the costs of suits ? 
 
 A. Generally the persons against whom suits are de- 
 cided. 
 
 Q. What are the principal duties of recorders ? 
 
 A. To obtain suitable books, and, when requested, to 
 record in these, deeds, mortgages, and all other papers 
 relating to the title to land, and to record also chattel 
 mortgages. 
 
 o O
 
 30 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 DEEDS. 
 
 Q. What is a deed ? 
 
 A. It is a writing showing that a certain piece of land 
 described in it is the property of the person named in 
 the writing as owner or grantee. 
 
 RECORDING DEEDS. 
 
 Q. What is "recording" a deed? 
 
 A. It is making a copy of it in one of the recorder's 
 books. 
 
 Q. What are deeds recorded for ? 
 
 A. That the recorder's books may show who owns the 
 land, if the deeds are lost. 
 
 MORTGAGES. 
 
 Q. What is a mortgage ? 
 
 A. It is a writing showing that a certain piece of land, 
 or other property, will become the property of a person 
 named in the writing and called the mortgagee, if the 
 owner, or mortgagor, of the land or other property, 
 does not pay the mortgagee a certain sum of money 
 at a given time. A chattel mortgage is a mortgage of 
 other property than land. 
 
 TREASURER. 
 
 Q. For what term is the county treasurer elected ? 
 (See page 22.) 
 
 Q. Who is treasurer in your county ? 
 
 Q. What are some of a treasurer's duties ? 
 
 A. To receive and take care of all money paid for 
 taxes, and to pay it out on the order of the county 
 board, or in the manner specially provided by law. 
 
 To keep books of his accounts as treasurer, and have 
 them always open to the inspection of the public.
 
 THE COUNTY. 31 
 
 To report to the county board at each of its regular ses- 
 sions all sums of money received and paid out by him. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. 
 
 Q. Name the superintendent of schools in your 
 county. When was he elected ? When does his term 
 expire ? 
 
 Q. What are some of his duties ? 
 
 A. To visit schools, notice the manner of teaching, 
 branches taught, text books used, and the general con- 
 dition of schools. 
 
 To instruct teachers in the best methods of teaching. 
 
 To hold county teachers' institutes. 
 
 To hold examination for teachers' license at least once 
 every three months. 
 
 To decide disputes on questions of school law. 
 
 To divide the money received from the State among 
 the townships in proportion to the children under twenty- 
 one years of age in each township. 
 
 To examine and approve the bonds of township school 
 treasurers before issuing money to them. 
 
 To report to the State superintendent whatever facts 
 the latter needs for his report to the governor. 
 
 THE DEPARTMENTS OF COUNTY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Q. What departments has county government ? 
 
 A. The same as town government ; namely, legisla- 
 tive, executive and judicial. 
 
 Q. Explain each ? 
 
 A. The county board is the legislative or law-making 
 department. It adopts measures for the benefit of the 
 whole county, such as those for the erection of county 
 buildings, for the care of the county's paupers, and so 
 forth.
 
 32 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The county clerk, treasurer, recorder, superintendent 
 of schools, form the executive department. They exe- 
 cute the laws made by the county board (and State 
 legislature). The committees of the county board, act- 
 ing as committees, also perform executive duties ; that 
 is, they carry into effect the measures or laws passed by 
 the whole board. 
 
 The judicial department consists of the county judge, 
 sheriff, State's attorney, coroner, and county clerk when 
 he acts as clerk of the county court. It is the duty of 
 these officers to enforce obedience to the laws made by 
 the county board and the State legislature. The circuit 
 clerk is not, strictly speaking, a member of either de- 
 partment of the county government, although he is 
 elected by the county. He is an officer of the circuit 
 court, which will be described hereafter. 
 
 Q. State the relation of the three departments ? 
 
 A. The legislative department, by a vote of a majority 
 of its members, commands that certain things be done. 
 The executive officers do the things commanded, or 
 cause them to be done. 
 
 If these officers are resisted or hindered in their du- 
 ties, the judicial officers help them by punishing the 
 persons resisting or hindering. 
 
 COUNTIES NOT UNDER TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Q. What can you say of county government in coun- 
 ties not under township organization ? 
 
 A. The county board consists of three commissioners, 
 elected for a term of three years. They have nearly all 
 the powers of county supervisors, and have, besides, the 
 powers of all town officers, except school officers. 
 They hold five regular meetings a year. The other 
 officers of such counties are the same as in counties
 
 THE STATE. 33 
 
 under township organization, and they have the same 
 duties to perform, except that the sheriff acts also as 
 county collector. 
 
 COMPENSATION BONDS OATH. 
 
 Q. How is the pay of officers in both kinds of coun- 
 ties determined ? 
 
 A. The county boards fix the amount of compensa- 
 tion of each officer. 
 
 Q. What must officers do before entering on the du- 
 ties of their offices ? 
 
 A. Such officers as have public money committed to 
 their care must give bonds for their good behavior and 
 faithfulness in office, and all must take an oath that they 
 will support the constitution of the United States and 
 the constitution of Illinois, and will faithfully perform 
 the duties of their offices. 
 
 IV. THE STATE. 
 
 THE LEGISLATURE. 
 
 Q. In treating of the government of the town and 
 of the county, which department was described first? 
 
 A. The legislative or law-making. 
 
 Q. Pursuing the same plan with the State, what is 
 our next topic ? 
 
 A. The legislature of Illinois. (The legislature is also 
 called the "general assembly.") 
 
 Q. Describe it, and explain the election of its mem- 
 bers ? 
 
 A. The legislature consists of two parts, known as the 
 " lower house ?1 and "upper house." Members of the 
 C
 
 34 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 lower house are called representatives. Members of the 
 upper house are called senators. 
 
 ELECTION OF MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATURE. 
 
 The State is divided into fifty-one parts called "sena- 
 torial districts." Each of these districts elects one sen- 
 ator for a term of four years, and three representatives 
 for a term of two years. 
 
 Q. What is " minority representation ? " 
 
 A. In voting for representatives, every voter may 
 cast three votes for one candidate, or one and a half for 
 each of two, or one vote for each of three candidates. 
 It is called " minority representation " because the party 
 having a minority in a district, by casting all their votes 
 for one candidate may sometimes eiect him. 
 
 Q. How large a part (at least) of the whole number 
 of voters must the minority be in order to elect one 
 candidate ? 
 
 MEETING OF THE LEGISLATURE. 
 
 Q. How often does the legislature meet ? 
 
 A. Once in two years, unless called by the governor 
 to meet oftener in extra session. 
 
 Q. When does its regular session begin ? 
 
 A. On Wednesday after the first Monday in January 
 following the election of representatives. 
 
 Q. Where does it meet ? 
 
 A. In the capitol building, in Springfield. 
 
 DUTIES OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR AND SPEAKER. 
 
 Q. What officers preside over the two houses ? 
 
 A. The lieutenant-governor presides over the senate, 
 an officer called the "speaker," elected from their own 
 number by the representatives at the beginning of the 
 session, presides over the house of representatives.
 
 THE STATE. 35 
 
 Q. What other important duty is performed by the 
 speaker of the house ? 
 
 A. He appoints the committees of the house. 
 
 Q. What can you say about committees of the legis- 
 lature ? 
 
 A. A committee consists of three or more members, 
 whose duty it is to attend to some particular subject of 
 legislation. For example, the committee on education 
 has charge of all matters relating to the public schools of 
 the State, and it is the duty of this committee to advise 
 "the legislature what to do for the schools. The com- 
 mittee's advice to the legislature is called its " report." 
 
 Q. What is the chief rule for selecting members of 
 committees ? 
 
 A. A majority of each committee is taken from the 
 political party which has a majority in the house to which 
 the committee belongs. 
 
 Q. Why is the appointment of committees a very im- 
 portant duty ? 
 
 A. Because nearly all the work of a legislature is 
 done by its committees. Reports of committees are 
 nearly always adopted by the legislature without mate- 
 rial change. 
 
 DUTIES OF THE LEGISLATURE. 
 
 Q. What are the duties of the Avhole legislature ? 
 
 A. To levy such taxes, make such appropriations, and 
 enact such laws as are necessary for the welfare of the 
 State. To impeach State officers; that is, to arraign and 
 try them and deprive them of office for misconduct in 
 office. 
 
 Q. What is an appropriation ? 
 
 A. A sum of money directed by the legislature to be 
 used for a certain purpose ; as, for the support of the
 
 36 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 asylum for the insane, or the penitentiary, or the State 
 normal schools. 
 
 Q. What counties compose the senatorial district in 
 which you live ? (See page 60.) 
 
 Who is senator from your district ? Who are repre- 
 sentatives ? 
 
 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Q. What officers constitute the executive department 
 of Illinois ? 
 
 A. Governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of State, 
 auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, 
 and attorney-general. 
 
 Q. For what terms are they elected ? 
 
 A. The treasurer for two years, the others for four 
 years. 
 
 The constitution declares that the treasurer shall not 
 serve two consecutive terms. Why ? 
 
 Q. Before entering on their duties what must they do ? 
 
 A. Take the oath of office by swearing to support the 
 constitutions of Illinois and the United States, and to 
 perform faithfully the duties of their offices. All other 
 State officers take the same oath. 
 
 THE GOVERNOR. 
 
 Q. What are the duties and powers of the governor ? 
 
 A. To see that the laws made by the legislature are 
 executed. 
 
 To send to the legislature, when it meets, a message, 
 giving an account of the condition of the State and its 
 wants ; recommending the levying of sufficient tax to 
 defray the expenses of the State government ; and 
 specifying what new laws he thinks ought to be 
 enacted, and what old laws repealed. To approve bills
 
 THE STATE. 37 
 
 passed by the legislature if he wishes them to become 
 laws. 
 
 The governor has power to reprieve criminals con- 
 demned to death, and to pardon those imprisoned in the 
 penitentiary. 
 
 He is commander-in-chief of the State militia when it 
 is not in the service of the United States. 
 
 He appoints, with the consent of the senate, certain 
 State officers. 
 
 He may veto a bill passed by the legislature. 
 
 Q. Can a bill become a law if it is vetoed by the 
 governor ? 
 
 A. Yes, if it is afterwards passed by a majority of 
 two-thirds of both houses. 
 
 Q. Can a bill become a law in any other way without 
 the governor's approval ? 
 
 A. Yes. If the governor does not return a bill to the 
 house in which it originated within ten days from the 
 time when he received it ; or, if the legislature prevents 
 his returning the bill by adjourning, and if he does not 
 thereupon file the bill with his objections in the office of 
 the secretary of State within ten days after adjournment, 
 the bill will become a law. 
 
 Q. What compensation does the governor receive ? 
 
 A. $6,000 per year, with the use of the executive 
 mansion. 
 
 WHO SUCCEEDS IF THE GOVERNOR'S OFFICE 
 BECOMES VACANT. 
 
 Q. Who succeeds to the office of governor if it be- 
 comes vacant before the end of a term ? 
 A. The lieutenant-governor. 
 Q. What is the lieutenant-governors salary? 
 A. $1,000 per year.
 
 38 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Q. Who would succeed the lieutenant-governor if he 
 should vacate the governor's office ? 
 
 A. The president pro tern, of the senate. (The presi- 
 dent pro tern, is a member of the senate elected to pre- 
 side in the absence of the lieutenant-governor.) 
 
 Q. Who would succeed the president of the senate ? 
 
 A. The speaker of the house. 
 
 SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 Q. What are the principal duties of the secretary of 
 State ? 
 
 A. To call the house of representatives to order, and 
 preside till a temporary chairman is elected. (The latter 
 presides while the house votes for speaker.) 
 
 To safely keep all public acts, laws, and resolutions of 
 the legislature. 
 
 To care for public property in the capital. 
 
 To certify to the correctness of laws when they are 
 published. 
 
 To take care of the seal of State. 
 
 To issue registration blanks to judges of election pre- 
 vious to every general election. 
 
 To issue charters to corporations. 
 
 To have . charge of the public standards of weights 
 and measures. 
 
 To report biennially to the governor the business of 
 his office. 
 
 Q. What security must the secretary give for the 
 faithful performance of his duties ? 
 
 A. He must give a bond for $100,000. 
 
 Q. What is his salary ? 
 
 A. $3,500 per year.
 
 THE STATE. 39 
 
 AUDITOR. 
 
 Q. What are the chief duties of auditor? 
 
 A. To examine all bills presented for payment out of 
 the State treasury, and to approve such as are legal. 
 
 To keep an account of all bills due the State, and all 
 sums of money paid into the State treasury. 
 
 To ascertain the condition of all insurance companies 
 doing business in the State ; learning whether they have 
 means sufficient to keep the promises that they have 
 made to those whose lives or property they have insured ; 
 and if any have not, to revoke their certificates, or to in- 
 form the attorney-general, who will then ask a court to 
 have such companies stopped from doing any further 
 business in the State. 
 
 To aid the governor and treasurer in computing the 
 rate per cent, of taxation necessary to raise the annual 
 revenue fixed by the legislature. 
 
 To report biennially to the governor the transactions 
 of his office. 
 
 Q. What security must the auditor give ? 
 
 A. A bond for $50,000. 
 
 Q. What is his salary ? 
 
 A. $3, 500 a year. 
 
 TREASURER. 
 
 Q. What are the principal duties of the treasurer ? 
 
 A. To receive and safely keep all money belonging to 
 the State. 
 
 To pay out no money except on the order of the au- 
 ditor. 
 
 To report monthly to the auditor all sums of money 
 received and paid out. 
 
 To report biennially to the governor all his official 
 acts.
 
 40 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Q. What security must the treasurer give for the 
 faithful performance of his duty? 
 
 A. A bond for $500,000, and more, if the governor 
 so requires. His salary is $3,500 per year. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Q. What are some of the duties of the superintendent 
 of public instruction ? 
 
 A. To consult with leading teachers on methods of 
 instruction. To advise and instruct county superintend- 
 ents in respect to their duties. To give opinions on 
 school laws when properly requested. To pay promptly 
 to the proper officers all money coming into his hands as 
 superintendent. To stop the payment of money to offi- 
 cers or teachers who refuse to conform to the require- 
 ments of law. To report biennially to the governor, 
 stating what has been done for the benefit of the schools 
 of the State, in what ways their condition may be 
 improved, and what changes should be made in the 
 school laws. The superintendent must give a bond for 
 $25,000. His salary is $3,500 per year. 
 
 ATTORNEY-GENERAL. 
 
 Q. What are some of the duties of the attorney-gen- 
 eral? 
 
 A. To act as attorney for the people or the State in 
 suits before the supreme court. To act as attorney for 
 the State officers in suits relating to their official duties. 
 To advise State officers on questions of State constitu- 
 tional law, when such law relates to their duties. To 
 advise the legislature concerning constitutional ques- 
 tions when requested. To see that sums of money in- 
 tended for Slate institutions are used as intended. The 
 attorney-general's bond is for $10,000. His salary is 
 $3,500 a year.
 
 THE STATE. 41 
 
 RETURNING BOARD. 
 
 Q. Who constitute the State returning board ? 
 
 A. The secretary of State, auditor, treasurer, and 
 attorney-general. 
 
 Q. What is the duty of the returning board ? 
 
 A. After every general election, to count the votes 
 returned to them by the county clerks. 
 
 STATE BOARD OP EQUALIZATION. 
 
 The State board of equalization consists of one mem- 
 ber from each congressional district in the State. The 
 term is four years. The board meets on the second 
 Tuesday in August, annually, at Springfield, to equalize 
 assessments in the various counties of the State. Its 
 members receive $5.00 per day for time actually spent 
 about their duties, and 10 cents per mile of necessary 
 travel in going to and returning from the capital. * 
 
 APPOINTED OFFICERS. 
 
 OFFICERS APPOINTED BY GOVERNOR WITH CONSENT 
 OF SENATE. 
 
 Q. What State officers are appointed by the governor 
 with the consent of the senate ? 
 
 A. Three canal commissioners, five commissioners of 
 public charities, three penitentiary commissioners for 
 each penitentiary, nineteen justices of the peace for the 
 city of Chicago, the seven members composing the State 
 board of health, chief grain inspectors, three railway 
 and warehouse commissioners, three trustees for each of 
 the State charitable institutions, and three for the State 
 reform school, one person at the stock yards near Chi- 
 cago, and one at those in East St. Louis, to prevent 
 cruelty to animals, and one public administrator in each 
 county. 
 
 OFFICERS APPOINTED BY GOVERNOR ALONE. 
 
 Q. What other officers are appointed by the governor ? 
 2* 
 
 State Board of Agriculture, see page 105.
 
 4:2 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 A. Commissioners of deeds, notaries public, printer 
 expert, adjutant general, and all commissioned officers 
 of the State militia. 
 
 DUTIES OF OFFICERS APPOINTED BY GOVERNOR 
 WITH CONSENT OF SENATE. 
 
 Q. State the duties, terms of office, and pay of each 
 of the above officers. 
 
 A. The canal commissioners have charge of the 
 Illinois and Michigan canal, and of the locks, dams and 
 improvements in navigation of the Illinois and Little 
 Wabash rivers. Their term is two years. Their pay is 
 $5 per day for the time actually employed. They must 
 each, except the treasurer of the board, give bonds for 
 $25,000. The commissioner who acts as treasurer must 
 give bonds for $50,000. 
 
 It is the duty of commissioners of public charities to 
 visit, at least twice a year, the State asylums for the 
 deaf and dumb, the blind, the insane, and the school 
 for feeble-minded children, the soldier's orphans 1 home, 
 and the State reform school, and to see that these institu- 
 tions are properly conducted. Their term is five years. 
 They receive no pay, but their expenses are repaid to them 
 by the State. 
 
 The Chicago justices of the peace perform the same 
 duties as other justices, and derive their pay from fees 
 regulated by law. They hold office for a term of four 
 years. 
 
 The penitentiary commissioners have power to appoint 
 a warden for the penitentiary at a salary of $2,500, a 
 deputy warden at $1,800, a chaplain at $1,500, a physi- 
 cian at $1,500 per year, and, with the advice of the 
 warden, such other officers as may be necessary, at 
 salaries fixed by the commissioners.
 
 THE STATE. 43 
 
 It is the duty of the commissioners to care for the 
 penitentiary, and to this end to meet at the penitentiary 
 once every month, and to receive reports from the 
 warden and other officers. They are required to report 
 biennially to the governor. 
 
 Their term is six years. They must give bonds for 
 $25,000. Their salary is $1,500 per year. 
 
 One of the most important duties of the State board 
 of health is to prevent the introduction of contagious 
 diseases into the State. The members receive no pay, 
 except for expenses. They may appoint a secretary at 
 a salary fixed by themselves, but his salary and their 
 expenses together must not exceed $5, 000 per year. Their 
 term is seven years. 
 
 It is the duty of the railway and warehouse commis- 
 sioners to examine the condition and management of all 
 railways and warehouses in the State, and all matters 
 relating to railways and warehouses as far as they affect 
 the welfare of the people ; and to report annually to 
 the governor, informing him whether warehouses and 
 railways are observing the laws of the State made for 
 their regulation. The commissioners must give bonds 
 for $20,000. Their salary is $3,500. Their term is 
 two years. They can appoint a secretary at a salary of 
 $1,500 per year. 
 
 Chief grain inspectors have charge of the inspection 
 of grain in warehouses, obey the instructions of the 
 railway commissioners, and receive salaries fixed by 
 them. Their term is two years.* 
 
 Tfie trustees of the State charitable and correctional 
 institutions have power, and it is their duty to appoint, 
 a superintendent for each institution, and to make rules 
 for the government of the same. They receive no pay 
 except for their expenses. Their term is six years. 
 
 * State Welgh-master, see page 105.
 
 44 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The duty of the officers appointed to prevent cruelty to 
 animals has been stated above. They hold office two 
 years, and receive $1,200 a year. 
 
 One public administrator is appointed in each county, 
 whose duty it is to settle the estate of any person who 
 dies in the county and leaves property, but no heirs or 
 creditors. 
 
 DUTIES OF OFFICERS APPOINTED BY GOVERNOR 
 ALONE. 
 
 Notaries public have authority to administer oaths, 
 take acknowledgment of legal instruments, such as 
 deeds and mortgages, and to do some other acts, such as 
 writing down the evidence of witnesses, called "taking 
 depositions." These depositions have the same effect 
 when read in court as evidence taken in court. 
 
 Commissioners of deeds are officers appointed by the 
 governor of this State, but residing in other States 
 They have authority to do about the same acts as are 
 done by notaries public, which acts are of binding force 
 in Illinois, though done in other States. All the above 
 officers are paid in fees fixed by law. 
 
 The printer expert is a man of at least six years' ex- 
 perience as a practical printer, whose duty it is to 
 examine the State contracts for printing, to see that the 
 State is not cheated. His pay is $6 per day for the time 
 actually spent about his duties. 
 
 The adjutant-general is the officer through whom the 
 governor, as commander-in-chief of the State militia, 
 issues his orders to the militia. The adjutant-general 
 receives $1,500 per year. 
 
 Q. What is the acknowledgment of a deed ? 
 
 A. It is the act of the person who signed the deed, in
 
 THE STATE. 45 
 
 going before a notary public or other officer and declar- 
 ing that he signed the deed. 
 
 STATE MILITIA. 
 
 Q. What is the State militia ? 
 
 A. All able-bodied men between eighteen and forty- 
 five years of age are liable to be called upon to serve as 
 soldiers. These constitute the State militia. This term 
 is usually applied only to those who voluntarily form 
 themselves into companies and regiments and receive 
 arms from the State. 
 
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 CIRCUIT COURTS. 
 
 Q. What is the judicial department of a State? 
 
 A. The judicial department of a State consists of 
 those officers whose duty it is to explain and apply the 
 laws of the State. 
 
 Q. Have we learned that the subdivisions of the State 
 have judicial departments ? 
 
 A. Yes. Towns and precincts have justices of the 
 peace and constables. Counties have county judges, 
 clerks, sheriffs, and State's attorneys. 
 
 Q. What court is next above the county court ? 
 
 A. The circuit court. 
 
 Q What can you say about the circuit courts of Il- 
 linois? 
 
 A. The counties of the State, Cook county being ex- 
 cepted, are arranged by the legislature in thirteen divi- 
 sions, called circuits. Cook county alone constitutes a 
 
 circuit. 
 
 CIRCUIT COURT OFFICERS. 
 
 In each circuit, three judges are elected once in six 
 years. Two of these act as circuit judges. The third
 
 4:6 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 acts as one of the judges of the appellate courts. Court 
 is held at least one term in a year in each county of the 
 circuit. 
 
 Q. Who are the other officers of the circuit courts ? 
 
 A. The sheriffs and circuit clerks and their assistants, 
 and masters-in-chancery in their respective counties. 
 
 Q. Who else assist the judge in the performance of 
 his duties ? 
 
 A. The petit and grand juries. 
 
 Q. What jurisdiction have circuit courts ? 
 
 A. They have original jurisdiction in all criminal 
 offenses against the laws of Illinois, and in all civil dis- 
 putes between citizens of the State. 
 
 They have appellate jurisdiction in cases tried before 
 justices of the peace and the county court. 
 
 Q. WTiat are criminal offenses and civil disputes ? 
 
 (See page 18.) 
 
 APPELLATE COURTS. 
 
 Q. What are the courts next above the circuit courts ? 
 
 A. The appellate courts. 
 
 Q. Describe these ? 
 
 A. The State is divided into four appellate court dis- 
 tricts. Each district has three judges. These are 
 appointed by the supreme court from the judges elected 
 in the circuits. 
 
 Each district has a clerk, elected for a term of six 
 years. 
 
 The sheriff of the county in which the court is held 
 must attend the sessions of the court or appoint a de- 
 puty to do so. 
 
 Q. What kinds of cases can be taken to the appellate 
 courts ? 
 
 A. Nearly all kinds of cases, except criminal cases, 
 may be appealed from the county and circuit courts to
 
 THE STATE. 47 
 
 the appellate courts. Criminal and a few other cases 
 must be appealed directly to the supreme court. 
 
 Q. What about the decisions of appellate courts ? 
 
 A. In all cases where less than $1,000 is in dispute 
 their decisions are final. If the sum in dispute is $1,000 
 or more, an appeal may be taken from the appellate .to 
 the supreme court. 
 
 THE SUPREME COURT. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the supreme court ? 
 
 A. The State is divided into three grand divisions for 
 the purpose of holding terms of the supreme court. 
 The court consists of seven judges, elected for a term of 
 nine years. The State is divided into seven districts for 
 the election of these judges, each district electing one. 
 Each of the three grand divisions elects a clerk for a 
 term of six years. 
 
 Q. What jurisdiction has the supreme court ? 
 
 A. It has'original jurisdiction in cases relating to the 
 revenues of the State and in respect to two or three 
 other matters, and appellate jurisdiction in civil cases in- 
 volving $1,000 or more, and in criminal cases. Its 
 decisions are final, except in cases of conflict between 
 Illinois law and United States law. In such cases, ap- 
 peal can be taken to the supreme court of the United 
 States. 
 
 PAY OF OFFICERS OF THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Q. What are the salaries of the officers of the above 
 courts ? 
 
 A. Circuit judges receive $3,500 per year, except in 
 Cook county, where they receive $7,000. Circuit clerks 
 receive salaries fixed by the county boards. Appellate 
 judges receive the same pay as circuit judges. Judges
 
 4:8 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 of the supreme court receive $5,000 p er year. Appel- 
 late and supreme court clerks and masters-in-chancery 
 receive their pay in fees regulated by law. 
 
 All these officers must take the usual official oath, and 
 the clerks must give bonds. 
 
 V. CITIES. 
 
 THEIR GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Q. What other political units are there in Illinois be- 
 sides towns, townships, and counties ? 
 
 A. Cities and villages. 
 
 Q. How many kinds of cities are there ? 
 
 A. Two. 
 
 Q. State the difference between them ? 
 
 A. One is organized and governed according to a 
 general law made by the legislature for the benefit of 
 such cities as may vote to organize under it. 
 
 The other is organized and governed in accordance 
 with a special charter granted to it by the legislature. 
 
 Q. What is a charter ? 
 
 A. It is a grant of certain privileges, and is, besides, 
 intended for the government of the corporation to which 
 these privileges are given. 
 
 OFFICERS AND THEIR DUTIES. 
 
 Q. Describe the government of the first kind of cities ? 
 
 A. Its legislative department consists of a body called 
 the common council. The city is divided into a certain 
 number of parts called " wards." Each of these elects 
 two members of the council for a term of two years. 
 
 The chief executive officer is a mayw, elected for a 
 term of two years.
 
 CITIES. 49 
 
 Other officers elected by the people are clerk, attorney, 
 treasurer, police magistrate, and sometimes city judge. 
 
 Besides these, the council may provide for the election 
 by the people, or the appointment by the mayor, with 
 the consent of the council, of a collector, marshal, 
 or superintendent of police, superintendent of streets, 
 corporation counsel, and such other officers as the coun- 
 cil may deem necessary. 
 
 Q. What are the council's duties ? 
 
 A. To enact such ordinances and levy such taxes as 
 are necessary for the city's welfare. 
 
 To approve or reject the mayor's appointments of city 
 officers. 
 
 To take some action on the mayor's suggestions 
 
 To receive petitions of citizens. 
 
 Q. What is an ordinance ? 
 
 A. A law passed by a city council. 
 
 Q. What are the mayor's duties ? 
 
 A. To preside at the meetings of the council. 
 
 To see that the measures passed by the council are 
 executed. 
 
 To appoint, with the council's consent, certain officers. 
 
 He may veto measures passed by the council, but if 
 the council afterward pass the same by a two-thirds 
 majority, they become laws. 
 
 Q. State the principal duties of the other city officers. 
 
 A. The clerk keeps a record of the acts of the coun- 
 cil. 
 
 The marshal has command of the policemen, and with 
 them preserves public order, by arresting and putting in 
 jail all disorderly persons. 
 
 The nqperintendent of streets keeps the streets and 
 sidewalks in repair. 
 
 The comptroller prevents the city from being robbed 
 D 3
 
 50 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 by its officers, by examining the accounts of all officers 
 who collect, pay out, or receive any of the city's money. 
 
 The corporation counsel is the chief officer of the law 
 department of the city. 
 
 The police magistrates duties are the same as those 
 of a justice of the peace (See page 18.) 
 
 The attorney, treasurer and collector perform about 
 the same duties for the city as the corresponding officers 
 do for the county. 
 
 Q. What can you say about the pay of city officers ? 
 
 A. It is fixed by the council. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the government of cities 
 under special charters ? 
 
 A. As each has its own charter, no two such cities 
 are governed exactly alike, but all are more or less simi- 
 lar in their government to cities organized under the 
 general law. 
 
 VI. VILLAGES. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the government of villages ? 
 
 A. Under a general law of the State, villages as well 
 as cities may organize and have a government separate 
 from that of the township in which they are located. 
 
 Such village government consists of a board of six 
 trustees, three of whom are elected annually, and such 
 officers as the trustees see fit to appoint. 
 
 The trustees choose one of their own number presi- 
 dent of the board. 
 
 The president and board have about the same powers 
 and duties as mayor and council have in cities.
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 51 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED 
 STATES. 
 
 CONGRESS. 
 
 Q. What is the legislature or law-making body of the 
 United States called ? 
 
 A. It is called Congress. 
 
 Q. Tell about its meetings ? 
 
 A. It holds one regular session a year, and extra ses- 
 sions when called by the president. It meets in regular 
 session, in Washington, on the first Monday in Decem- 
 ber. 
 
 Q. Describe Congress, and tell how its members are 
 chosen ? 
 
 A. It consists of two houses, the senate and the house 
 of representatives. 
 
 Each State is entitled to two senators. Senators are 
 elected by the State legislatures for a term of six years. 
 
 The number of representatives that a State is entitled 
 to depends on its population. 
 
 Once in ten years, that is, after each census, congress 
 fixes the total number of members that the house of 
 representatives shall have during the next ten years. 
 Let the whole population of the United States be a divi- 
 dend, and the number of representatives a divisor ; the 
 quotient will be the number of persons entitled to one 
 representative. 
 
 Divide the population of a State by this quotient and 
 the number of representatives the State is entitled to 
 will be obtained.
 
 52 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 7 The legislature divides the State into districts equal in 
 number to the representatives the State is entitled to. 
 One representative is elected from each district every 
 two years. 
 
 Q. Who presides over the senate ? 
 
 A. The vice-president. 
 
 Q. How does the house ot representatives organize 
 for business? 
 
 A. By the election of a speaker, whose business it is 
 to preside and appoint the house committees. 
 
 Q. What are the powers and duties of congress ? 
 
 (See U. S. Constitution, Article I., Section 8.) 
 
 Q. What is the salary ot senators and representa- 
 tives ? 
 
 A. $5,000 per year. 
 
 Q. Who are the present senators from Illinois? 
 
 In what congressional district do you live ? (See 
 page 58.) 
 
 What counties comprise your district ? 
 
 Who is its present representative in congress ? 
 
 When was he elected ? 
 
 Who were the opposing candidates ? 
 
 Who is the present speaker of the house or representa- 
 tives ? 
 
 How many congressional districts are there in Illinois ? 
 (See page 59.) 
 
 Of how many members does the house of representa- 
 tives now consist ? 
 
 A. 325. 
 
 Q. Do territories have any representatives in con 
 gress ? 
 
 A. Each territory is entitled to one delegate in the
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE UNfTBa? rfTATES. 53 
 
 house, who has the right to speak on questions relating 
 to his territory, but can not vote on any question. 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Q. Who constitute the executive department of the 
 government of the United States ? 
 
 A. The president, vice-president and cabinet officers. 
 
 Q. How are the first two elected ? 
 
 (See Article II., Section 1, and the 12th Amendment 
 to the U. S. Constitution.) 
 
 Q. What are their salaries ? 
 
 A. President, $50,000; vice-president, $8,000 per 
 year. 
 
 Q. Name the cabinet officers ? 
 
 A. Secretary of State, secretary of the treasury, sec- 
 retary of war, secretary of the navy, secretary of the 
 interior, postmaster-general, and attorney-general. 
 
 Q. What general duties do cabinet officers perform ? 
 
 A. They advise the president, and assist him in 
 executing the laws made by congress. 
 
 Q. What are the president's duties ? 
 
 (See U. S. Constitution, Article II., Sections 2 and 3.) 
 
 Q. What are the special duties of the secretary of 
 State ? 
 
 A. To look after the relations of the United States 
 with foreign countries, and to have charge of the public 
 archives. 
 
 Q. What "are the principal duties of the secretary of 
 the interior? 
 
 A. To attend to the relations of Indian tribes to the 
 government, to superintend public lands, to issue pa- 
 tents.
 
 54 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Q. What are the special duties of the other cabinet 
 officers? (Their names indicate their duties.) 
 
 Q. What is the salary of a cabinet officer ? 
 
 A. $8,000 per year. 
 
 Q. Name the present president, vice-president, and 
 cabinet officers ? 
 
 When were the first two elected ? 
 
 Who were the opposing candidates ? 
 
 Q. Whom do we mean when we speak of the " admin- 
 istration ? " 
 
 A. The president and his cabinet. 
 
 Q. Is it necessary to have the names of candidates for 
 president and vice-president printed on a presidential 
 ticket ? 
 
 (See 12th Amendment of U. S. Constitution.) 
 
 Could the electors be chosen in any other way than by 
 a direct vote of the people ? 
 
 Who succeeds to the presidency if it becomes vacant ? 
 
 (See Article II., Section 1 of U. S. Constitution.) 
 
 The president pro tern, of the senate would succeed 
 the vice-president, and the speaker of the house woul<J 
 succeed the president of the senate in the presidential 
 
 office. 
 
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Q. Describe the judicial department of the United 
 States ? 
 
 A. It consists of one supreme court, nine circuit courts, 
 and sixty-five district courts. The supreme court has 
 one chief justice and eight associate justices. The cir- 
 cuit courts have each one judge. There are fifty-three 
 district judges. The district courts have, besides judges, 
 district attorneys, marshals (who have substantially the 
 same duties as sheriffs), clerks, and assistants of 
 each. All the judges are appointed by the president,
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 
 
 with the consent of the senate, and hold office during 
 life or good behavior. 
 
 Q. What salaries do United States judges receive ? 
 
 A. The chief justice receives a salary of $10,500, the 
 associates, $10,000 ; the circuit judges, $6,000 ; and the 
 district judges $3,500 to $4,500. 
 
 Q. What jurisdiction has the supreme court ? 
 
 (See Constitution, Article III., Section 2, Paragraph 2.) 
 
 Q. What are the principal duties of circuit and dis- 
 trict courts ? 
 
 A. To try offenders against the laws made by con- 
 gress, and to hear suits between citizens of different 
 States. 
 
 Q. Who is the present chief justice ? 
 
 Who is the circuit judge in your circuit? 
 
 Who is the district judge in your district? 
 
 THE ARMY AND NAVY. 
 
 Q. What can you say of the officers of the army and 
 navy ? 
 
 A. They are nearly all educated for their duties at the 
 expense of the government in the military and naval 
 academies at West Point and Annapolis. They are 
 commissioned, that is, appointed to their places, by the 
 
 president. 
 
 THE CIVIL SERVICE. 
 
 Q. What is the civil service of the United States ? 
 
 A. The "civil service," comprises all officers of the 
 national government, who are appointed by the presi- 
 dent or his subordinates, except the officers of the army 
 and the navy. 
 
 Q. Name some of the officers of the civil service, and 
 give their duties? 
 
 A. Ministers. It is the duty of a minister to reside
 
 56 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 at the capital of the country to which he is sent, to 
 protect citizens of his own country when abroad, and 
 to see if possible that the country in which he resides as 
 minister, and his own, maintain friendship for each other. 
 
 Consuls. Their principal duties are to look after the 
 foreign trade of their own country, and to settle dis- 
 putes between the citizens of their own country, when 
 the latter are abroad. 
 
 Internal revenue officers. It is their chief duty to 
 collect the tax on liquors and tobacco. 
 
 Custom-house officers. They collect the tax laid oh 
 foreign goods brought into the United States. 
 
 Postmasters, mail carriers and lighthouse-keepers are 
 also members of the civil service. 
 
 Q. Who is the present American minister to England ? 
 
 Who is the English minister in Washington ? 
 
 Who is collector of customs at the port of Chicago ? 
 
 Who is the internal revenue collector in your district ? 
 
 Who is postmaster at your post office ? 
 
 Do you know any other members of the civil service ? 
 
 Q. Do you know the meaning of the expression, 
 " Civil Service Reform ?" 
 
 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 NATIONAL POLITICAL CONVENTION. 
 
 Q. Tell how candidates are put in nomination by a 
 political party for the offices of president and vice- 
 president ? 
 
 A. The national committee, consisting of at least one
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 57 
 
 member from each State in the Union, publishes a call, 
 announcing that on a certain day and in a certain city, 
 there will be held a national convention of delegates 
 from all the States (and sometimes the territories) to 
 nominate candidates and adopt a platform. 
 
 Each State committee then publishes a call for a State 
 convention to appoint as many delegates to the national 
 convention as the State may be entitled to. 
 
 The county committees in each State then issue calls 
 for county conventions to appoint delegates to the State 
 convention. 
 
 Lastly, the township committees appoint days for 
 "primary meetings" or "caucuses" to elect delegates 
 to the county conventions. 
 
 The township, county, and State conventions having 
 been held, the national convention follows at the ap- 
 pointed time and place. When it meets, it is called to 
 order by the chairman of the national committee, who 
 nominates a temporary chairman of the convention. 
 The convention usually accepts the chairman so nomi- 
 nated. 
 
 Committees on credentials, on permanent organization, 
 on rules, and on platform, are then appointed. Each of 
 these committees is composed of one member from each 
 State and territory. The members are appointed by 
 their respective delegations. 
 
 The committee on credentials hears and determines 
 the claims of delegates to seats as members of the con- 
 vention 
 
 The committee on permanent organization nominates 
 a permanent chairman and other permanent officers of 
 the convention. The committee on rules reports rules 
 for the government of the convention. 
 
 The committee on platform prepares and reports to
 
 58 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 the convention a platform. A platform consists of cer- 
 tain principles which the party through its convention 
 professes to believe, and certain promises which the 
 party agrees to perform if its candidates are elected. 
 
 After the convention has chosen its permanent chair- 
 man, and heard and acted on the reports of its commit- 
 tees, it proceeds to vote by ballot for candidates for 
 president and vice-president. 
 
 After the candidates are nominated, the convention 
 appoints a new national committee, and then adjourns. 
 
 (Probably no two conventions proceed in exactly the 
 same way, but it is believed that the above description 
 corresponds closely to the general course pursued by 
 national, and also by State conventions.) 
 
 THE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 First The first, second, third and fourth wards in 
 Chicago, and the towns of Riverside, Hyde Park, Lake, 
 Lyons, Calumet, Worth, Palos, Lemont, Thornton, Bre- 
 men, Orland, Bloom, and Rich, in Cook county. 
 
 Second The fifth, sixth and seventh wards of Chi- 
 cago, and that part of the eighth ward which lies south 
 of the center of Polk street and of Macalister place. 
 
 Third The ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth 
 and fourteenth wards of Chicago, and that part of the 
 eighth ward which lies north of the center of Polk 
 street and of Macalister place. 
 
 Fourth The fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth and 
 eighteenth wards of Chicago, and the towns of Lake 
 View, Jefferson, Leyden, Norwood Park, Evanston, 
 Niles, Maine, Elk Grove, Schaumberg, Hanover, New 
 Trier, IS ortb field, Wheeling, Palatine, Barrington. 
 Cicero, and Proviso, in Cook county.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 59 
 
 Fifth Lake, McHenry, Boone, De Kalb and Kane 
 counties. 
 
 Sixth Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, 
 and Carroll. 
 
 Seventh Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau and Put- 
 nam. 
 
 Eighth La Salle, Kendall, Grundy, Will and Du 
 Page. 
 
 Ninth Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Livingston, Wood- 
 ford, and Marshall. 
 
 Tenth Peoria, Knox, Stark and Fulton. 
 
 Eleventh Rock Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, 
 Hancock, McDonough and Schuyler. 
 
 Twelfth Cass, Brown, Adams, Pike, Scott, Greene, 
 Jersey and Calhoun. 
 
 Thirteenth Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sangamon, 
 Morgan and Christian. 
 
 Fourteenth McLean, DeWitt, Piatt, Macon and 
 Logan. 
 
 Fifteenth Coles, Edgar, Douglass, Vermilion and 
 Champaign. 
 
 Sixteenth Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Crawford, 
 Clay, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards and Wa- 
 bash. 
 
 Seventeenth Macoupin, Montgomery, Shelby, Moul- 
 trie, Effingham and Fayette. 
 
 Eighteenth Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe and 
 Washington. 
 
 Nineteenth Marion, Clinton, Jefferson, Franklin, 
 Hamilton, White, Saline, Gallatin and Hardin. 
 
 Twentieth Perry, Randolph, Jackson, Williamson, 
 Union, Johnson, Pope, Alexander, Pulaski and Massac.
 
 60 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 SENATORIAL DISTRICTS. 
 
 First The ninth and tenth wards of Chicago, and 
 that part of the eleventh ward north of the center line 
 of Van Buren street. 
 
 Second That part of the fourth ward of Chicago 
 south of the center line of Twenty-ninth street, and the 
 towns of Hyde Park and Lake, in Cook county. 
 
 Third The first, second and third wards of Chicago, 
 and that part of the fourth ward north of the center line 
 of Twenty-ninth street. 
 
 Fourth That part of the eighth ward north of the 
 center line of Taylor street, and that part of the eleventh 
 ward south of the center line of Van Buren street and 
 the twelfth ward of Chicago. 
 
 Fifth That part of the sixth ward west of the center 
 line of Throop street, the seventh ward, and that part 
 of the eighth ward south of the center line of Taylor 
 street, in Chicago. 
 
 Sixth The eighteenth ward, that part of the sixteenth 
 ward east of the center line of Sedgwick street, and the 
 fifteenth ward of Chicago, and the towns cf Lake View 
 and Evanston, in Cook county. 
 
 Seventh The towns of New Trier, Northtield, Wheel- 
 ing, Palatine, Barrington, Hanover, Schaumberg, Elk 
 Grove, Maine, Niles, Jefferson, Norwood Park, Leyden, 
 Proviso, Cicero, Riverside, Lyons, Lemont, Palos, 
 Worth, Calumet, Thornton, Bremen, Orland, Rich and 
 Bloom, in Cook county. 
 
 Eighth Lake, McHenry and Boone counties. 
 
 Ninth The thirteenth ward, and all of the fourteenth 
 ward except that portion thereof lying east of a line 
 drawn from a point where the center line of Milwaukee 
 avenue intersects the center line of Ohio street, north-
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 61 
 
 west along said center line of Milwaukee avenue to the 
 center line of Ashland avenue, thence north along the 
 center line of Ashland avenue to the center line of Cly- 
 bourne place, thence northeasterly along the center line 
 of Clybourne place to the north branch of Chicago river, 
 in the city of Chicago. 
 
 Tenth The counties of Winnebago and Ogle. 
 
 Eleventh The fifth ward and that part of the sixth 
 ward east of the center line of Throop street, in Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 Twelfth Jo Daviess, Stephenson and Carroll coun- 
 ties. 
 
 Thirteenth That part of the fourteenth ward lying 
 east of a line drawn from the intersection of the center 
 line of Milwaukee avenue with the center line of 
 Ohio street, northwest along the center line of 
 said Milwaukee avenue to the center of Ashland 
 avenue, thence north along the center line of Ashland 
 avenue to the center line of Clybourne place, thence 
 northeasterly along the center line of Clybourne place 
 to the north branch of the Chicago river ; that part of 
 the sixteenth ward west of the center line of Sedgwick 
 street, and the seventeenth ward, in the city of (Chicago. 
 
 Fourteenth Kane and Du Page counties. 
 
 Fifteenth Will. 
 
 Sixteenth Kankakee and Iroquois. 
 
 Seventeenth De Kalb, Kendall and Grundy. 
 
 Eighteenth Livingston and Ford. 
 
 Nineteenth Whiteside and Lee. 
 
 Twentieth Marshall, Woodford and Tazewell. 
 
 Twenty-fifst Hock Island and Henry. 
 
 Twenty-second Knox and Fulton. 
 
 Twenty-third La Salle. 
 
 Twenty-fourth Hancock, Henderson and Mercer.
 
 62 CRAWFORD'S CTVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Bureau, Stark and Putnam. 
 
 Twenty-sixth Peoria county. 
 
 Twenty-seventh Warren and McDonough. 
 
 Twenty -eighth McLean. 
 
 Twenty-ninth Logan and Macon. 
 y Thirtieth Champaign, Piatt and De Witt. 
 
 Thirty-first Vermilion and Edgar. 
 
 Thirty-second Douglass, Coles and Cumberland. 
 
 Thirty-third Moultrie, Shelby and Effingham. 
 
 Thirty-fourth Mason, Menard, Cass and Schuyler, 
 
 Thirty-fifthAdams. 
 
 Thirty-sixth Brown, Pike and Calhoun. 
 
 Thirty-seventh Scott, Greene and Jersey. 
 
 Thirty-eighth Macoupin and Morgan. 
 
 Thirty ninth Sangamon. 
 
 Fortieth Christian and Montgomery. 
 
 Forty-first Madison. 
 
 Forty-second Bond, Clinton and Washington. 
 
 Forty-third Fayette, Marion and Jefferson. 
 
 Forty-fourth Clay, Richland, Wayne and Edwards. 
 
 Forty-fifth Clark, Jasper and Crawford. 
 
 Forty-sixth Hamilton, White, Wabash and Law- 
 rence. 
 
 Forty-seventh St. Glair. 
 
 Forty eighth Monroe, Randolph and Perry. 
 
 Forty-ninth Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Pope and 
 Massac. 
 
 Fiftieth Jackson, Union and Alexander. 
 
 Fifty-first Franklin, Williamson, Johnson and Pu- 
 laski. 
 
 GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT. 
 
 Southern Grand Division Terms held at Mount 
 Vernon.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 63 
 
 Counties of Alexander, Bond, Clay, Clinton, Craw- 
 ford, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, Franklin, Gallatin, 
 Hamilton, Hardin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, 
 Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Massac, Monroe, Perry, 
 Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, Saline, St. Clair, 
 Union, Wabash, Washington, Wayne, White and Wil- 
 liamson. 
 
 Central Grand Division Terms held at Springfield. 
 
 Counties of Adams, Brown, Cass, Calhoun, Cham- 
 paign, Christian, Clark, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, 
 Douglas, Edgar, Ford, Fulton, Greene, Hancock, Jer- 
 sey, Logan, Macon, Macoupin, Mason, McDonough, 
 McLean, Menard, Montgomery, Morgan, Moultrie, 
 Piatt, Pike, Sangamon, Schuyler, Scott, Shelby, Taze- 
 well and Vermilion. 
 
 Northern Grand Division Terms held at Ottawa. 
 
 Counties of Boone, Bureau, Carroll, Cook, DC Kalb, 
 Du Page, Grundy, Henderson, Henry, Iroquois, Jo 
 Daviess, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Knox, Lake, La 
 Salle, Lee, Livingstone, Marshall, McHenry, Mercer, 
 Ogle, Peoria, Putnam, Rock Island, Stark, Stephenson, 
 Warren, Whiteside, Will, Winnebago and Woodford. 
 
 ELECTION DISTRICTS OF SUPREME COURT. 
 
 First District The counties of St. Clair, Clinton, Wash- 
 ington, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, White, 
 Hamilton, Franklin, Perry, Randolph, Monroe, Jackson, 
 Williamson, Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Pope, Union, 
 Johnson, Alexander, Pulaski and Massac. 
 
 Second District The counties of Madison, Bond, 
 Marion, Clay, Richland, Lawrence, Crawford, Jasper, 
 Effingham, Fayette, Montgomery, Macoupin, Shelby, 
 Cumberland, Clark, Greene, Jersey, Calhoun and Chris- 
 tian.
 
 64: CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 T/iird District The counties of Sangamon, Macon, 
 Logan, De Witt, Piatt, Douglas, Champaign, Vermillion, 
 McLean, Livingston, Ford, Iroquois, Coles, Edgar, 
 Moultrie and Tazewell. 
 
 Fourth District The counties of Fulton, McDonough, 
 Hancock, Schuyler, Brown, Adams, Pike, Mason, Me- 
 nard, Morgan, Cass and Scott. 
 
 Fifth District The counties of Knox, Warren, Hen- 
 derson, Mercer, Henry, Stark, Peoria, Marshall, Put- 
 nam, Bureau, La Salle, Grundy and Wood ford. 
 
 Sixth District The counties of Whiteside, Carroll, 
 Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Winnebago, Boone, McHenry, 
 Kane, Kendall, De Kalb, Lee, Ogle and Rock Island. 
 
 Seventh District The counties of Lake, Cook, Will, 
 Kankakee and Du Page. 
 
 APPELLATE COURT DISTRICTS. 
 
 First District Cook county. 
 
 Second District It includes the counties embraced 
 in the northern grand division of the supreme court, 
 except Cook county. 
 
 Third District It includes the counties embraced 
 within the central grand division of the supreme court. 
 
 Fourth District It includes the counties embraced 
 within the southern grand division of the supreme 
 
 court. 
 
 CIRCUIT COURTS. 
 
 First Circuit The counties of Franklin, Saline, Wil- 
 liamson, Jackson, Union, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Mas- 
 sac, Pulaski and Alexander. 
 
 Second Circuit The counties of Cumberland, Effing- 
 ham, Clay, Jasper, Richland, Lawrence, Crawford, Jef- 
 ferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, White, Hamilton 
 and Gallatin.
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 65 
 
 Third Circuit The counties of Bond, Madison, St. 
 Clair, Marion, Clinton, Washington, Randolph, Monroe 
 and Perry. 
 
 Fourth Circuit The counties of Vermilion, Edgar, 
 ^Clark, Coles, Douglas, Champaign, Piatt, Moultrie and 
 Macon. 
 
 Fifth Circuit The counties of Sangamon, Macoupin, 
 Christian, Montgomery, Fayette and Shelby. 
 
 Sixth Circuit The counties of Hancock. Adams, 
 Fulton, McDonough, Schuyler, Brown and Pike. 
 
 Seventh Circuit The counties of De Witt, Logan, 
 Menard, Mason, Cass, Morgan, Scott, Greene, Jersey 
 and Calhoun 
 
 Eighth Circuit The counties of Putnam, Marshall, 
 Woodford, Tazewell, Peoria and Stark. 
 
 Ninth Circuit The counties of Bureau, La Salle, 
 Will and Grundy. 
 
 Tenth Circuit The counties of Rock Island, Mercer, 
 Henry, Henderson, Warren and Knox. 
 
 Eleventh Circuit The counties of McLean, Ford, 
 Kankakec, Iroquois and Livingston. 
 
 Twelfth Circuit -The counties of Boone, De Kalb. 
 McHenry, Lake, Kane, Du Page and Kendall. 
 
 Thirteenth Circuit The counties of Jo Daviess, 
 Stephenson, Winnebago, Carroll, Whiteside, Ogle and 
 Lee. 
 
 Cook county alone constitutes another circuit. 
 
 E 3*
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 
 
 I. BOUNDARIES OP THE STATE 67 
 
 II. BILL OF RIGHTS 68 
 
 alties proportionate Corruption Forfeiture; 12. Imprisonment for debt; 
 
 13. Compensation for Property taken; 14. Ex post facto laws Irrevocable 
 Grants; 15. Military Power Subordinate; 16. Quartering of Soldiers; 17. 
 Right of Assembly and Petition; 18. Elections to be Free and Equal ; 19. 
 Wnat Laws ought to be; 20. Fundamental Principles. 
 
 III. DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS 69 
 
 IV. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 69 
 
 61. General Assembly elective; 2. Time of Election Vacancies; 3. Who are eligi- 
 ble; 4. Disqualification by Crime; 5. Oath taken by members; <j. Sena- 
 torial Apportionments; 7. & 8. Minority Representation; 9. time of meet- 
 
 16. Bills making Appropriations; 17. Payment of money Statement of 
 Expenses; 18. Ordinary Expenses Casual Deficits Appropriations limited; 
 19. Extra Compensation or Allowance; 20. Public Credit not loaned; 21. 
 Pay and mileage of members; 22. Special Legislation prohibited; 23. 
 Against Release from Liability; 24. Proceedings on Impeachment; 25. Fuel, 
 Stationery and Printing; 26. State not ti> be sued; 1127. Lotteries and Gift 
 Enterprises; 28. Terms of office not Extended; 29. Protection of operative 
 miners; 30. Concerning roads public and private; 31. Draining and ditch- 
 ing; 32. Homestead and Exemption Laws; 33. Completion of the SUite 
 House. 
 
 V. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 74 
 
 1. Officers of this Department; 2. Of the State Treasurer; 3. Time of Electing 
 State Officers; 4. Returns Tie Contested Election; }5. Eligibility for Office; 
 6. Governor Power and Duty ; 7. His Message and Statement; 8. Conven- 
 ing the General Assembly; 9. Proroguing the General Assembly; 10. Nomi- 
 nations by the Governor; 11. Vacancies may be filled; 12. Removals by the 
 Governor; 13. Reprieves- Commutations Pardons; 14. Governor as Com - 
 mander-in-Chief; 15. Impeachment for Misdemeanor; 16. Veto of the 
 Governor; 17. Lieutenant Governor as Governor; 18. As President of the 
 Senate; 19. Vacancy in Governor's Office; 20. Vacancy in other State Offices; 
 21. Reports of State Officers; 22. Great Seal of State; 23. Fees and Sal- 
 aries; 24. Definition of "Office; "25. Oath of Civil Officers. 
 
 VI. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 77 
 
 {! Judicial Powers of Courts; 2. Seven Supreme Judges Four Decide; 3. 
 
 Qualifications of a Supreme Judge; 4. Terms of the Supreme Court; 5. 
 Three Grand Divisions -Seven Districts: 6. Election of Supreme Judges; 7. 
 Salaries of the Supreme Judges; 8 Appeals and Writs of Error; 9. Ap- 
 pointment of Reporter; 10. Clerks of the Supreme Coint; 11. Appellate 
 Courts Authorized; 12. Jurisdiction of Circuit Courts; 13. Formation of 
 Judicial Circuits; 14. Time of holding Circuit Courts; 15. Circuits con- 
 taining Four Judges; 16. Salaries of tlie Circuit Judges: 17. Qualification 
 of Judges or Commissioners: 18. County Judges County Clerks; 19. Ap- 
 peals from Count> Courts; 20. Probate Courts Authorized; 21. Justices of 
 the Peace and Constables; 22. State's Attorney in each County; 23. Cook 
 County Courts. of Record; 24. Chief Justice Power of Judges; 25. Sal- 
 aries of the Judges; 26. Criminal Court of Cook County: 27. Clerks of 
 ' -Jourt; 28. * ' 
 
 Cook County Court; 28. Jus ices in Chicago; 29, Uniformity in the Courts; 
 30. Removal of any Judge; 31. Judges to make Written Reports; 32. 
 Terms of Office -Filling Vacancies; 33. Process Prosecutions Population.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 67 
 
 VII. SUFFRAGE 82 
 
 1. Who are Entitled to Vote; 2. All Voting to be by Ballot: 53. Privileges of Ele< t- 
 ors; 54. Absence on Public Business; 55. Soldier not Deemed a Resident: 6. 
 Qualifications for Office; 7. Persons Convicted of Crime. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION 83 
 
 {1. Free Schools Established; 2. Gifts or Grants In Aid of Schools; 3. Public 
 
 Schools not to be Sectarian;' 4 School Officers not Interested; 55. County 
 Superintendents of Schools. 
 
 IX. REVENUE 83 
 
 51. Principle of Taxation Stated; 52. Other and Further Taxation; 53. Property Ex- 
 empt from Taxation; 54. Sale of Real Property for Taxes; 55. Right of Ke- 
 demption Therefrom: 56. Release from Taxation Forbidden; 7. Taxes Paid 
 into State Treasury; 58. Limitation on County Taxes; 59. Local Municipal 
 Improvements; 510. Taxation of Municipal Corporations; 11. Defaulter 
 nut to be Eligible; 512. Limitation on Municipal Indebtedness, 
 
 X. COUNTI ES 84 
 
 51. Formation of New Counties; 52. Division of any County; 53. Territory Stricken 
 
 from a County; 54. Removal of a County Seat; 5. Methods of County 
 Government; 56. Boanl of County Commissioners; 57. County Affairs in Cook 
 County; 58- County Officers Terms of Office; 59. Salaries and Fees in Cook 
 County; 510, Salaries Fixed by County Hoard; 11. Township Officers Spe- 
 cial Laws; 12. All Future Fees Uniform; 513. Sworn Report of All Fees. 
 
 XI. CORPORATIONS 86 
 
 51. Established only by General Laws; 52. Existing Charters How Forfeited; 53. 
 Election of Directors or Managers; 54. Construction of Street Railroads; 55. 
 State Bank Forbidden General Law; 66. Liability of Bank Stockholder; 
 57. Suspension of Specie Payment; 58. Of a General Banking Law; 59. Rail- 
 road Office^ Books and ReC"rds; 510. Personal Property of Railroads: 511. 
 Consolidations Forbidden; 512. Railroads Deemed Highways Rates Fixed; 
 513. Stocks, Bonds and Dividends; 514. Power Over Existing Companies; 515. 
 Freight and Passenger Tariffs Regulated. 
 
 XII. MILITIA 89 
 
 1. Persons Composing the Militia; 52. Organization Equipment Discipline; 53. 
 
 Commissions of Officers; 54. Privilege from Arrest; 5. Records, Banners and 
 Relics; 56. Exemption from Militia Duty. 
 
 XIII. WAREHOUSES 88 
 
 51. What Deemed'Public Warehouses; 52. Sworn Weekly Statements Required; 
 
 53. Examination of Property Stored. 54. Carriers to Deliver Full Weight; 5, 
 Delivery of Grain by Railroads; 56. Power and Duty of tiie Legislature; 
 57. Grain Inspection Protection of Dealers. 
 
 XIV. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION 88 
 
 51. By a Constitutional Convention; 52. Proposed by the Legislature. 
 
 XV. SCHEDULE 91 
 
 51. Laws in Force Remain Valid; 2. Fines, Penalties and Forfeitures; 53. Recog- 
 nizances, Bonds, Obligations; 54. Present County Courts Continued; 55. All 
 Existing Courts Continued; 56. Persons now in Office Continued. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 We. the people of the State of Illinois grateful to Almighty God for the civil, 
 political and religious liberty which He hiith so long p.Tmitled us to enjoy, and 
 looking to Him for a blessing upon our endeavors to secure and transmit the same 
 unimpaired to succeeding generations in order to form a more perfect govern- 
 ment, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common de- 
 fense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves 
 and our posterity ; do ordain and establish this constitution for the State of Il- 
 linois. 
 
 ARTICLE I.-BOUNDARIES. 
 
 The boundaries and jurisdiction of the State shall be as follows, to-wit : Begin- 
 ning at the mouth of the \Vabash river ; thence up the same, and with the line of 
 Indiana, to the northwest corner of said State ; thence east, with tne line of the
 
 68 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 same State, to the middle of Lake Michigan ; thence north, along the middle of said 
 lake, to north latitude 43 degrees and 30 minutes; thence west to the middle of the 
 Mississippi river, and thence down along the middle of that river to its confluence 
 with the Ohio river, and thence up the latter river, along its northwestern shore, to 
 the place of beginning: Provided, that this State shall exercise such jurisdiction upon 
 the Ohio river as she is now entitled to, or such as may hereafcer be agreed upon by 
 this State and tlie State of Kentucky. 
 
 ARTICLE II. BILL OF RIGHTS. 
 
 5 1. All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain inherent 
 and Inalienable rights among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 
 To secure these rights and the protection of property, governments are instituted 
 among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. 
 
 2. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due pro- 
 cess of law. 
 
 3. The free .exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, 
 without discrimination, shall forever be guaranteed; and no person shall be denied 
 any civil or political right, privilege or capacity, on account of his religious opin- 
 ions; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be construed to dis- 
 pense with oaths or affirmations, excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices 
 Inconsistent with the peace or safely of the State. No person shall be required to 
 attend or support any ministry or place of worship against his consent, nor shall 
 any preference be given by law to any religious denomination or mode of worship. 
 
 5 4. Every person may freely speak, write and publish on all subjects, being re- 
 sponsible for the abuse of that liberty; and in all trials for libel, both civil and crim- 
 inal, the truth, when published with good motives and for justifiable ends, shall be 
 a sufficient defense. 
 
 5. The right of trial by jury as heretofore enjoyed, shall remain inviolate; but 
 the trial of civil cases before justices of the peace by a jury of less than twelve men, 
 may be authorized by law. 
 
 6. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, bouses, papers, and ef- 
 fects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no war- 
 rant shall issue without probab'e cause, supported by affidavit, particularly describ- 
 ing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. 
 
 7. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offens- 
 es, where the proof is evident or the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ 
 of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion 
 the public safety may require it. 
 
 8. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense unless on indict- 
 ment of a grand jury, except in cases in which the punishment is by fine, or impris- 
 onment otherwise than in the penitentiary, in cases of impeachment, and incases 
 arising in the array and navy or in the militia when in actual service in time of war 
 or public danger : Provided, that the grand jury may be abolished by law in all 
 cases. 
 
 5 9. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to appear and 
 defend in person and by counsel ; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation, 
 and to have a copy thereof; to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have process to 
 compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf, and a speedy public trial by an im- 
 partial jury of the county or district.in which the offense is alleged to have been com- 
 mitted. 
 
 5 10. No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to give evidence against 
 himself, or be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. 
 
 11. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature of the offense : and no 
 conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate; nor shall any per- 
 son be transported out of the State for any offense committed within the same. 
 
 12. No person shall be imprisoned for debt, unless upon refusal to deliver up
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 69 
 
 his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by 
 aw; or in cases where there is strong presumption of fraud. 
 
 13. Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just 
 compensation. Such compensation, when not made by the State, shall be ascertain- 
 ed by a jury, asshall be prescribed by law. The fee of land taken for railroad tracks 
 without consent of the ownrs thereof, shall remain in such owners, subject to the 
 use for which it is taken. 
 
 14. No i x post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or mak- 
 ing any irrevocable grant of special privileges or immunities, shall be passed. 
 
 15, The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. 
 
 5 16. No soldier shall, in tune of peace, be quartered in any house without the 
 consent of the owner; nor in time of war except in the manner prescribed by law. 
 
 17. The people have the right to assemble in a peaceable manner to consult for 
 the common good, to make known their opinions to their representatives, and to 
 apply for redress of grievances. 
 
 } 18. All elections shall be free and equal. 
 
 19. Every person ought to find a certain remedy in the laws for all injuries 
 and wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or reputation; he ought 
 to obtain, by law, right and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it, 
 completely and without denial, promptly and without delay. 
 
 20. A frequent recurrence to the fundamental principles of civil government 
 is absolutely necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty. 
 
 ARTICLE III. DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS. 
 
 The powers of the government of this State are divided into three distinct 
 departments the legislative, executive and judicial; and no person, or collection 
 of persons, being one of these departments, shall exercise any power properly 
 belonging to either of the others, except as hereinafter expressly directed or per- 
 mitted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 1. The legislative power shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall 
 consist of a senate and house of representatives, both to be elected by the people. 
 
 ELECTION. 
 
 5 2. An election for members of the general assembly shall be held on the Tues- 
 day next after the first Monday in November in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 eight hundred and seventy, and every two years thereafter, in each county, at such 
 places therein as may be provided by law. When vacancies occur in either house, 
 the governor or person exercising the powers of governor, shall issue writs of elec- 
 tion to fill such vacancies. 
 
 ELIGIBILITY AND OATH. 
 
 5 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of twenty,- 
 five years, or a representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty- 
 one years. No person shall bea senator or a representative who shall not be a 
 citizen of the United States, and who shall not have been for five years a resident of 
 this State, and for two years next preceding his election a resident within the terri- 
 tory forming the district from which he is elected. No judge or clerk of any court, 
 secretary of state, attorney-general, state's attorney, recorder, sheriff, or collector 
 of public revenue, member of either house of congress, or person I olding any 
 lucrative office under the United States or this State, or any foreign government, 
 shall have a seat in the general assembly: Provided, that appointments in the mili- 
 tia, and the offices of notary public and justice of the peace shall not be considered 
 lucrative. Nor shall any person, holding any office of honor or profit under any 
 foreign government, or under the government of the United States (except post- 
 masters whose annual compensation does not exceed the sum of $300), hold any 
 office of honor or profit under the authority of this State.
 
 70 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 5 4. No person who has been, or hereafter shall be, convicted of bribery, per- 
 jury or other infamous crime, nor any person who has been or may be a collector or 
 holder of public moneys, who shall not have accounted for and paid over, accord- 
 ing to law, all such moneys due from him, shall be eligible to the general assembly, 
 or to any office of profit or trust in this State. 
 
 5 5. Members of the general assembly, before they enter upon their official 
 duties, shall take and subscribe to the following oath or affirmation. 
 
 "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the constitution of 
 the United States, and the constitution of the State of Illinois, and will faithfully 
 discharge the duties of senator (or represantative) according to the best of my 
 ability; and that I have not, knowingly or intentionally, paid or contributed any- 
 thing, or made any promise in the nature of a bribe, to directly or indirectly influ- 
 ence any vote at the election at which I was chosen to fill the said office, and have 
 not accepted, nor will I accept or receive, directly or indirectly, any money or other 
 valuable thing, from any corporation, company or person, for any vote or influence 
 I may give or withhold on any bili, resolution or appropriation, or for any other 
 official act" 
 
 This oath shall be administered by a judge of the supreme or circuit court, in 
 the hall of the house to which the member is elected, and the secretary of state shall 
 record and file the oath subscribed by each member. Any member who shall refuse 
 to take the oath herein prescribed, shall forfeit his office, and every member who 
 shall be convicted of having sworn falsely to, or of violating, his said oath, shall 
 forfeit his office, and be disqualified thereafter from holding any office of profit or 
 trust in this State. 
 
 APPORTIONMENT-SENATORIAL. 
 
 5 6. The general assembly shall apportion the State every 10 years, beginning 
 with the year 1871, by dividing the population of the State, as ascertained by the 
 federal census, by the number 51, and the quotient shall be the ratio of representa- 
 tion in the senate. The State shall be livided into 51 senatorial districts, each of 
 which shall elect one senator, whose term of office shall be four years. The senators 
 elected in the year of our Lord 1872, in districts bearing odd numbers, shall vacate 
 their offices at the end of two years, and those elected in districts bearing even 
 numbers, at the end of four years; and vacancies occurring by the expiration of 
 term, shall be filled by the election of senators for the full term. Senatorial dis- 
 tricts shall be formed of contiguous and compact territory, bounded by county 
 lines, and contain as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants; but no 
 district shall contain less than four-fifths of the senatorial ratio. Counties contain- 
 ing not less than the ratio and three-fourths, may be divided into separate districts, 
 and shall be entitled to two senators, and to one additional senator for each number 
 of inhabitants equal to the ratio, contained by such counties in excess of tw'je the 
 number of said ratio. 
 
 NOTE. By the adoption of minority representation, 7 and 8. of this article, 
 cease to be a part of the constitution. Under 12 of the schedule, and the vote of 
 adoption, the following section relating to minority representation is substituted 
 for said sections: 
 
 MINORITY REPRESENTATION. 
 
 5 7 and 8. The house of representatives shall consist of three times the number 
 of the members of the senate, and the term of office shall be two years. Three 
 representatives shall be elected in each senatorial district at the general election in 
 the year of our Lord 1872, and every two years thereafter. In all elections of repre- 
 sentatives aforesaid, each qualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate 
 as there are representatsves to be elected, or may distribute the same, or equal parts 
 thereof, among the candidates, as he shall see fit; and tne candidates highest in votes 
 shall be declared elected. 
 
 TIME OF MEETING AND GENERAL RULES. 
 
 9. The sessions of the general assembly shall commence at 12 o'clock noon, on 
 the Wednesday next after the first Monday in January, in the year next ensuing
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 71 
 
 the election of members thereof, and at no other time, unless as provided by this 
 constitution. A majority of the members elected to each house shall constitute a 
 quorum. Each house shall determine the rules of its proceedings, and be the judge 
 of the election, returns and qualifications of its members; shall choose its own 
 officers; and the senate shall choose a temporary president to preside when the 
 lieutenant governor shall not attend as president or shall act as governor. The 
 secretary of state shall call the house of representatives to order at the opening of 
 each new assembly, and preside over it until a temporary presiding officer thereof 
 shall have been chosen and shall have taken his seat. No member shall be expelled 
 by either house, except by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to that 
 house, and no member shall be twice expelled for the same offense. Each house 
 may punish by imprisonment any person, not a member who shall be guilty of dis- 
 respect to the house by disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence. But no 
 such imprisonment shall extend beyond 24 hours at one time, unless the person 
 shall persist in such disorderly or contemptuous behavior. 
 
 10. The doors of each house and of committees of the whole shall be kept 
 open, except in such cases as, in the opinion of the house, require secrecy. Neither 
 house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days, or to 
 any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Each house 
 shall keep a journal of its proceedings, wliich shall be published. In the senate at 
 the request of two members, and in the house at the request of five members, the 
 yeas and nays shall be taken on any question, and entered upon the journal. Any 
 two members of either house shall have liberty to dissent from and protest, in re- 
 spectful language, against any act or resolution which they think injurious to the 
 public or to any individual, and have the reasons of their dissent entered upon the 
 journals. 
 
 STYLE OF LAWS AND PASSAGE OF BILLS. 
 
 11. The style of the laws of this State shall be : Be it enacted by the People of 
 the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly. 
 
 12. Bills may originate in either house, but may be altered, amended or re- 
 jected by the other; and on the final passage of all bills, the vote shall be by yeas and 
 nays, upon each bill separately, and shall be entered upon the journal; and no bill 
 shall become a law without the concurrence of a majority of the members elected to 
 each house. 
 
 13. Every bill shall be read at large on three different days, in each house; 
 and the bill and all amendments thereto, shall be printed before the voteis taken on 
 its final passage; and every bill, having passed both houses, shall be signed by the 
 speakers thereof. No act hereafter passed shall embrace more than one subject, 
 and that shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an 
 act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so 
 much thereof as shall not be so expressed ; and no law shall be revived or amended 
 by reference to its title only, but the law revived, or the section amended shall be in- 
 serted at length in the new act. And no act of the general assemMy shall take effect 
 until the first day of July next after its passage, unless, in case of emergency, 
 (which emergency shall be expressed in the preamble or body of the act), the gen- 
 eral assembly shall, by a vote of two- thirds of all the members elected to each house, 
 otherwise direct. 
 
 PRIVILEGES AND DISABILITIES. 
 
 14. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases, except treason, felony or 
 breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session of the general as- 
 sembly, ami in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate 
 in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 15. No person elected to the general assembly shall receive any civil appoint- 
 ment within this State from the governor, the governor and senate, or from tlie 
 general assembly, during the term for which he shall have been lected; and all 
 such appointments, and all votes given for any such members for any such office or
 
 72 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 appointment, shall be void; nor shall any member of the general assembly be inter- 
 ested, either directly or indirectly, in any contract with the State, or any county 
 thereof, authorized by any law passed during the term for which he shall have been 
 elected, or within one year after the expiration thereof. 
 
 PUBLIC MONEYS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 
 
 16. The general assembly shall make no appropriation of money out of the 
 treasury in any private law. Bills making appropriations for the pay of members 
 and officers of the general assembly, and for the salaries of the officers of the gov- 
 ernment, shall contain no provisions on any other subject. 
 
 17. No money shall be drawn from the treasury except in pursuance of an ap- 
 propriation made by law, and on the presentation of a warrant issued by the audi- 
 tor thereon: and no money shall be diverted from any appropriation made for any 
 purpose, or taken from any fund whatever, either by joint or separate resolution. 
 The auditor shall, within 60 days after the adjournment of each session of the gen- 
 eral assembly, prepare and publish a full statement of all money expended at such 
 session, specifying the amount of each item, and to whom and for what paid. 
 
 5 18. Each general assembly shall provide for all the appropriations necessary 
 for the ordinary and contingent expenses of the government until the expiration of 
 the first fiscal quarter after the adjournment of the next regular session, the aggre- 
 gate amount of which shall not be increased without a vote of two-thirds of the 
 members elected to each house, nor exceed the amount of revenue authorized by law 
 to be raised in such time; and all appropriations, general or special, requiring mon- 
 ey to be paid out of the State Treasury, from funds belonging to the State, shall end 
 with such fiscal quarter : Provided, the State may. to meet casual deficits or failures 
 In revenues, contract debts, never to exceed in the aggregate $350,000; and mon- 
 eys thus borrowed shall be applied to the purpose for which they were obtained, or 
 to pay the debt thus created, and to no other purpose; and no other debt, except for 
 the purpose of repelling invasion, suppressing insurrection, or defending the State 
 in war, (for payment of which the faith of the State shall be pledged), shall be con- 
 tracted, unless the law authorizing the same shall, at a general election, have been 
 submitted to the people, and have received a majority of the votes cast for members 
 of the general assembly at such election. The general assembly shall provide for 
 the publication of said law for three months, at least, before the vote of the people 
 shall be taken upon the same ; and provision shall be made, atthetime, for the pay- 
 ment of the interest annually, as it shall accrue, by a tax levied for th purpose, or 
 from other sources of revenue; which law, providing for the payment of such inter- 
 est by such tax, shall be irrepealable until such debt be paid : And provided fur- 
 ther, that the law levying the tax shall be submitted to the people witli the law au- 
 thorizing the debt to be contracted. 
 
 19. The general assembly shall never grant or authorize extra compensation, 
 fee or allowance to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after service has 
 been rendered or a contract made, nor authorize the payment of any claim, or 
 part thereof, hereafter created against the State under any agreement or contract 
 made without express authority of law; and all such unauthorized agreements or 
 contracts shall be null and void. Provided, the general assembly may make appro- 
 priations for expenditures incurred in suppressing insurrection or repelling inva- 
 sion. 
 
 5 20. The State shall never pay, assume, or become responsible for the debts or 
 liabilities of, or in any manner give, loan or extend its credit to, or in aid of any pub- 
 lic or other corporation, association or individual. 
 
 PAY OF MEMBERS. 
 
 5 21. The members of the general assembly shall receive for their services the 
 sum of $5 per day during the first session held under this constitution, and 10 cents 
 for each mile necessarily traveled in going to and returning from the seat of gov-
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 73 
 
 ernment, to be computed by the auditor of public accounts ; and thereafter such 
 compensation as shall be prescribed by law, and no other allowance or emolument, 
 di ectly or indirectly, for any purpose whatever: except the sum of $50 per session 
 to each member, which shall be in full for postage, stationery, newspapers, and all 
 other incidental expenses and perquisites; but no changeshall be made in the com- 
 pensation of members of the general assembly during the term for which they may 
 have been elected. The pay and mileage allowed to each member of the general 
 assembly shall be certi flea by the speaker of their respective houses, and entered 
 on the journals and published at the close of each session. 
 
 SPECIAL LEGISLATION PROHIBITED. 
 
 22. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the 
 following enumerated cases, that is to say: tor- 
 Granting divorces; 
 
 Changing the names of persons or places; 
 
 Laying out, opening, altering, and working roads or highways; 
 
 Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public grounds; 
 
 Locating or changing county se ats ; 
 
 Regulating county and township affairs; 
 
 Regulating the practice in courts of justice ; 
 
 Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates, 
 and constables; 
 
 Providing for changes of venue in civil and criminal cases; 
 
 Incorporating cities, towns, or villages, or changing or am ending the charter of 
 any town, city or village; 
 
 Providing for the election of members of the board of supervisors in townships, 
 incorporated towns or cities; 
 
 Summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries ; 
 
 Providing for the management of common schools; 
 
 Regulating the rate of interest on money; 
 
 The opening and conducting of any election, or designating the place of voting; 
 
 The sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability; 
 
 The protection of game or fish; 
 
 Chartering or licensing ferries or toll bridges; 
 
 Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures; 
 
 Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentage or allowances of public offi- 
 cers during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed; 
 
 Changing the law of descent; 
 
 Granting to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down rail- 
 road tracks, or amending existing charters for such purpose; 
 
 Granting to any corporation, association or individual any special or exclusive 
 privilege, immunity or franchise whatever; 
 
 In all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, no special law 
 shall be enacted. 
 
 523. The general assembly shall have no power to release or extinguish, in 
 whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability, or obligation of any corporation or in- . 
 dividual to this State or to any municipal corporation therein. 
 
 IMPEACHMENT. 
 
 5 24. The house of representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment; 
 Hut a majority of all the members elected must concur therein. All impeachments 
 shall be tried by the senate; and when sitting forthat purpose the senators shall be 
 upon oath, or affirmation, to do justice according to l.iw and evidence. When the 
 governor of the State is tried the chief justice shall preside. No person shall be 
 convicted without the concurrence of two- thirds of the senators elected. But judg- 
 ment, in such cases, shall not extend further than removal from office and disquali- 
 4
 
 74 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 flcation to hold any office of honor, profit or trust under the government of this 
 State. The party, whether convicted or acquitted, shall, nevertheless, be liable to 
 prosecution, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 25. The general assembly shall provide, by law, that the fuel, stationery, and 
 printing paper furnished for the use of the State; the copying, printing binding and 
 distributing the laws and journals, and all other printing ordered by the general as- 
 sembly, shall be let by contract to the lowest responsible bidder; but the general as- 
 sembly shall fix a maximum price; and no member thereof, or other officer of the 
 State, shall be interested, directly or indirectly, in such contract. But all such con- 
 tracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor, and if he disapproves the 
 same there shall be a re-letting of the contract, in such manner as shall be prescrib- 
 ed by law. 
 
 5 26. The State of Illinois shall never be made defendant in any court of law or 
 equity. 
 
 5 27. The .-eneral assembly shall have no power to authorize lotteries or gift 
 enterprises, for any purpose, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale of lottery or 
 gift enterprise tickets in this State. 
 
 28, No law shall be passed which shall operate to extend the term of any pub- 
 lic officer after his election or appointment. 
 
 5 29. It shall be the duty of the general assembly to pass such laws as may be 
 necessary for the protection of operative miners, by providing for ventilation, when 
 the same may be required, and the construction of escapement shafts, or such other 
 appliances as may secure safety in all coal mines, and to provide for the enforce- 
 ment of said laws by such penalties and punishments as may be deemed proper. 
 
 30. The general assembly may provide for establishing and opening roads and 
 cartways, connected with a public road, for private and public use. 
 
 31. The general assembly may pass laws permitting the owners or occupants 
 of lands to construct drains and ditches, for agricultural and sanitary purposes, 
 across the lands of others. 
 
 32. The general assembly shall pass liberal homestead and exemption laws. 
 
 $ 33. The general assembly shall not appropriate out of the State treasury, or 
 expend on account of the new capitol grounds, and construction, completion, and 
 furnishing of the new State house, a sum exceeding, in tne aggregate, 83,500,000, 
 inclusive of all appropriations heretofore made, without first submitting the propo- 
 sition for an additional expenditure to the legal voters of the State, at a general elec- 
 tion; nor unless a majority of all the votes cast at such election shall be for the pro- 
 posed additional expenditure. 
 
 ARTICLE V. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 5 1. The executive department shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant Gov- 
 ernor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction, and Attorney General, who shall, each, with the exception of 
 the Treasurer, hold his office for the term of four years from the second Monday of 
 January next after his election, and until his successor is elected and qualified. 
 They shall, except the Lieutenant Governor, reside at the seat of government dur- 
 ing their term of office, and keep the public records, books and papers there, and 
 shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 2. The Treasurer shall hold his office for the term of two years, and until his 
 successor Is elected and qualified; and shall be ineligible to said office for two years 
 next after the end of the term for which he was elected. He may be required by the 
 Governor to give reasonable additional security, and in default of so doing his 
 office shall be deemed vacant.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 75 
 
 ELECTION. 
 
 3. An election for Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Audl- 
 tor of Public Accounts, and Attorney General, shall be held on tlie Tuesday next 
 after the first Monday of November, in the year of our Lord 1812, and every four 
 years thereafter; for Superintendent of Public Instruction, on the Tuesday next 
 after the first Monday of November, in the year 1870. and every four years thereaf- 
 ter; and for Treasurer, on the day last above mentioned, and every two years 
 thereafter, at such places and in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 4. The returns of every election for the above-named officers shall be sealed 
 up and transmitted, by the returning officers, to the Secretary of State, directed to 
 "The Speaker of the House of Representatives," who shall, immediately after the 
 organization of the house, and before proceeding to other business, open and pub- 
 lish the same in the presence of a majority of each house of the general assembly, 
 who shall, for that purpose, assemble in the hall of the house of representatives. 
 The person having the highest number of votes for either of said offices s-hall be 
 declared duly elected; but if two or more have an equal and the highest number of 
 votes, the general assembly shall, by joint ballot, choose one of such persons for 
 said office. Contested elections for all of said offices shall be determined by both 
 houses of the general assembly, by joint ballot, In such manner as may be pre- 
 scribed by law. 
 
 ELIGIBILITY. 
 
 5. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieutenant governor 
 who shall not have attained the age of 30 years, and been for five years next pre- 
 ceding his election a citizen of the United States and of this State. Neither the 
 governor, lieutenant governor, auditor of public accounts, secretary of State, super- 
 intendent of public instruction, nor attorney general shall be eligible to any other 
 office during the period for which he shall have been elected. 
 
 GOVERNOR. 
 
 6. The supreme executive power shall be vested in the governor, who shall 
 take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 
 
 7. The governor shall, at the commencement of each session, and at the close 
 of his term of office, give to the general assembly information, by message, of the 
 condition of the State, and shall recommend such measures as he shall deem expe- 
 dient. He shall account to the general assembly, and accompany his message with 
 a statement of all moneys received and paid out by him from any funds subject to 
 his order, with vouchers, and, at the commencement of each regular session 
 present estimates of the amount of money required to be raised by taxation for all 
 purposes. 
 
 8. The governor may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the general as- 
 sembly, by proclamation, stating therein the purpose for which they are convened; 
 and the general assembly shall enter upon no business except that for which they 
 were called together. 
 
 5 9. In case of a disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time 
 of adjournment, the governor may, on the same being certified to him, by tin- house 
 first moving the adjournment, adjourn the general assembly to such time as he 
 thinks proper, not beyond the first day of the next regular session. 
 
 5 10. The governor shall nominate, anil by and with the advice and consent of 
 the senate (a majority of all the senators elected concurring by yeas and nays), 
 appoint all officers whose offices are established by this constitution, or which may 
 be created by law, and whose appointment or election is not otherwise provided for; 
 and no such officer shall be appointed or elected by the general assembly. 
 
 11. In case of a vacancy, during the recess of the senate, in any office which 
 is not elective, the governor shall make a temporary appointment until the next 
 meeting of the senate, when he shall nominate some person to fill such office: and
 
 76 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 any person so nominated, who is confirmed by the senate (a majority of all me 
 senators elected concurring by yeas and nays), shall hold his office during the 
 remainder of the term, and until his successor thall be appointed and qualified. No 
 person, after being rejected by the senate, shall be again nominated for the same 
 office at the same session, unless at the request of the senate, or be appointed to tlie 
 same office during the recess of the general assembly. 
 
 12. The governor shall have power to remove any officer whom he may ap- 
 point, in case of incompetency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office; and lie 
 may declare his office vacant, and fill the same as Is herein provided in other cases 
 of vacancy. 
 
 1-3. The governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commutations and 
 pardons.after conviction, for all offenses subject to such regulations as may be pro- 
 vided by law relative to the manner of applying therefor. 
 
 5 14. The governor shall be commander-in-chief of the military and naval 
 forces of the State (except when they shall be called into the service of the Unitud 
 States); and may call out the same to execute the laws, suppress insurrection, aud 
 repel invasion. 
 
 515. The governor, and all civil officers of this State, shall be liable to impeacvi, 
 ment for any misdemeanor in office. 
 
 VETO. 
 
 16. Every bill pnssed by the general assembly shall, before it becomes a law. 
 be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it, and thereupon it shall 
 become a law; but if he do not approve, he shall return it, with his objections, vo 
 the house in which it shall have originated, which house shall enter the objections 
 at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, then, two-thirds ..* 
 the members elected agree to pass the same, it shall be sent, together with the ob- 
 jections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and lit 
 approved by two-thirds of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law, 
 notwithstanding the objections of the governor. But in all such cases the vote of 
 each bouse shall be determined by yeas and nays, to be entered on the journa/. 
 Any bill which shall not be returned by the governor within ten days (Sundays ei - 
 cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, shall become a law in like manner 
 as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly shall, by their adjournment, 
 prevent its return ; in which case it shall be filed, with his objections, in the office of 
 the secretary of State, within ten days after such adjournment, or become a law. 
 
 LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 
 
 5 17. In case of death, conviction on impeachment, failure to qualify, resigna- 
 tion, absence from the State, or other disability of the governor, the powers, duties 
 and emoluments of the office for the residue of the term, or until the disability shall 
 be removed, shall devolve upon the lieutenant-governor. 
 
 18. The lieutenant-governor shall be president of the senate, and shall vote 
 only when the senate is equally divided. The senate shall choose a president, p o 
 ttmpore, to preside in case of the absence or impeachment of the lieutenant- 
 governor, or when he shall hold the office of governor. 
 
 19. If there be no lieutenant-governor, or if the lieutenant-governor shall, 
 for any of the causes specified in 17 of this article, b -come incapable of perform- 
 ing the duties of the office, the president of the senate shall act as governor unlil 
 the vacancy is filled or tlie disability removed; and if the president of the senate, 
 for any of the above-named causes, shall become incapable of performing the 
 duties of governor, the same shall devolve upon the speaker of the house of repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 OTHER STATE OFFICERS. 
 
 5 20. If the office of auditor or public accounts, treasurer, secretary of State, 
 attorney-general, or superintendent of public instruction shall be vacated by deatr.,
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 77 
 
 resignation or otherwise, It shall be the duty of the governor to fill the same by 
 appointment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor shall be 
 elected and qualified in such manner as may be provided by law. An account shall 
 be kept by the officers of the executive department, and of all the public institu- 
 tions of the State, of all moneys received or disbursed by them, severally, from all 
 sources, and for every service performed, and a semi-annual report thereof be 
 made to the governor, under oath ; and any officer who makes a false report shall 
 be guilty of perjury, and punished accordingly. 
 
 21. The officers of the executive department, and of all the public Institu- 
 tions of the State, shall, at least ten days preceding each regular session of the gen- 
 eral assembly, severally report to the governor, who shall transmit such reports to 
 the general assembly, together with the reports of the judges of the supreme court 
 of the defects in the constitution and laws; and the governor may at anytime 
 require information. In writing, under oath, from the officers of the executive 
 department, and all officers and managers of State institutions, upon any subject 
 relating to the condition, management and expenses of their respective offices. 
 
 THE SEAL OF STATE. 
 
 { 22. There shall be a seal of tue State, which shall be called the "Great Seal of 
 tne State of Illinois,'' which shall be kept by che secretary of State, and used by 
 him. officially, as directed by law. 
 
 FEES AND SALARIES. 
 
 5 23. The officers named in this article shall receive for their services a salary, 
 to be established by law, which shall not be increased or diminished during their 
 official terms, and they shall not, after the expiration of the terms of those in office 
 at r ,i\e adoption of this constitution, receive to their own use any fees, costs, perqui- 
 sites of office, or other compensation. And all fees that may hereafter be payable 
 by law for any service performed by any officer provided for iu this article of the 
 constitution, shall be paid in advance into the State treasury. 
 
 DEFINITION AND OATH OF OFFICE. 
 
 ? 24. An office is a public position created by the constitution or law, continuing 
 during the pleasure of the appointing power, or for a fixed time, with a successor 
 elected or appointed. An employment is an agency, for a temporary purpose, 
 which ceases when that purpose is accomplished. 
 
 { 25. All civil officers, except members of the gerteral assembly, and such Infe- 
 rior officers as may be by law exempted, shall, before they enter on the duties of 
 their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will support the 
 constitution of the United States, and the constitution of the State of Illinois, and 
 
 that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of according to the best 
 
 of my ability." 
 . And no other oath, declaration or test shall be required as a qualification. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 5 1. The Judicial powers, except as in this article is otherwise provided, shall 
 be vested in one supreme court, circuit courts, county courts, justices of the peace- 
 police magistrates, and in such courts as may be created by law in and for cities and 
 incorporated towns. 
 
 SUPREME COURT. 
 
 5 2. The supreme court shall consist of seven judges, and shall have original 
 jurisdiction in cases relating to the revenue, in mandamus, aii'l habeas corpus, and 
 appellate jurisdiction in all other cases. One of said judges shall be chief justice;
 
 78 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 four shall constitute a quorum, and the concurrence of four shall be necessary to 
 every decision. 
 
 3. No person shall be eligible to the office of judge of the supreme court unless 
 he shall beat least 30 years of age, ami a citizen of the United States, nor unless he 
 shall have resided in this State five years next preceding his election, and be a resi- 
 dent of the district in which he shall be elected. 
 
 4. Terms of the supreme court shall continue to be held in the present grand 
 divisions at the several places now provided for holding the same; and until other- 
 wise provided by law, one or more terms of said court shall be held, for the north- 
 ern division, In the city of Chicago, each year, at such times as said court may 
 appoint, whenever said city or the county of Cook shall provide appropriate rooms 
 therefor, and the use of a suitable library, without expense to the State. The 
 judicial divisions may be altered, increased or diminished in number, and the times 
 and places of holding said court may be changed by law. 
 
 5. The present grand divisions shall be preserved, and be denominated 
 Southern, Central and Northern, until otherwis^ provided bylaw. The State shall 
 be divided into seven districts for the election of judges, and, until otherwise pro- 
 vided by law, they shall be as follows: 
 
 First district. The counties of St. Glair, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Wayne, 
 Edwards, Wabash, White, Hamilton, Franklin, Perry, Randolph, Monroe, Jackson, 
 Williamson, Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Pope, Union, Johnson, Alexander, Pulaski 
 and Massac. 
 
 Second District. The counties of Madison, Bond, Marion, Clay, Richland, Law- 
 rence, Crawford, Jasper, Effinghain, Fayette, Montgomery, Macoupin, Shelby 
 Cumberland, Clark, Greene, Jersey, Calhoun and Christian. 
 
 Third District. The counties of Sangamon, Macon, Logan, De Witt, Piatt, 
 Douglas, Champaign, Vermilliou, McLean, Livingston, Ford, Iroquois, Coles, Edgar, 
 Moultrie and Tazewell. 
 
 Fourth District. The counties of Fulton, McDonough, Hancock, Schuyler, 
 Brown, Adams, Pike, Mason, Menaril, Morgan, Cass and Scott. 
 
 Fifth District. The counties of Knox, Warren, Henderson, Mercer, Henry, 
 Stark, Peoria, Marshall, Putnam. Bureau, La Salle, Grundy and Woodford. 
 
 Sixth District. The counties of Whiteside, Carroll, Jo Daviess, Stephenson 
 Winnebago, Boone, McHenry, Kane, Kendall, De Kalb, Lee. Ogle and Rock 
 Island. 
 
 Seventh District. The counties of Lake, Cook, Will, Kankakee and Du Page. 
 The boundaries of the districts may be changed at the session of the general 
 assembly next preceding the election for judges therein, and at no other time; but 
 whenever such alteration shall be made, the same shall be upon the rule of equality 
 of population, as nearly as county boundaries will allow, and the districts shall be 
 composed of contiguous counties, in as nearly compact form as circumstances will 
 permit. The alteration of the districts shall not atfect the tenure of office of any 
 judfre. 
 
 6. At the time of voting on the adoption of this constitution, one judge of the 
 supreme court shall be elected by the electors thereof, in each of said districts num- 
 bered two, three, six and seven, who shall hold his office for the term of nine years 
 from the first Monday of June, in the year of our Lord 1870. The term of office of 
 judges of the supreme court, elected after the adoption of this constitution, shall be 
 nine years; and on the first Monday of June of the year in which the term of any of 
 the judges in office at the adoption of this constitution, or of the judges then elected, 
 shall expire, and every nine years thereafter, there shall be an election for the suc- 
 cessor or successors of such judges, in the respective districts wherein the term of 
 such judges shall expire. The chief justice shall continue to act as such until the 
 expiration of the term for which he was elected, after which the judges shall choose 
 one of their number chief justice. 
 
 7. From and after the adoption of this constitution, the judges of the supreme 
 court shall each receive a salary of $4,000 per annum, payable quarterly, uut I
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 79 
 
 otherwise provided by law. And after said salaries shall be fixed by law, the sala- 
 ries of the judges in office shall not be increased or diminished during the terms for 
 which said judges have been elected. 
 
 5 8. Appeals and writs of error may be taken to the supreme court held in the 
 grand division in which the case is decided, or, by consent of the parties, to any 
 other grand division. 
 
 9. The supreme court shall appoint one reporter of its decisions, who shall 
 hold his office for six years, subject to removal by the court. 
 
 10. At the time of the election for representatives in the general assembly, 
 happening next preceding the expiration of the terms of offic J of the present clerks 
 of said court, one clerk of said court for each division shall be elected, whose term 
 of office shall be for six years from said election, but who shall not enter upon the 
 duties of his office until the expiration of the term of his predecessor, and every 
 six years thereafter one cleik of said court for each division shall be elected. 
 
 APPELLATE COURTS. 
 
 11. After the year of our Lord 1874, inferior appellate courts, of uniform or- 
 ganization and jurisdiction, may be created in districts formed for that purpose, to 
 which such appeals and writs of error as the general assembly may provide may be 
 prosecuted from circuit and other courts, and from which appeals and writs of 
 error shall lie to the supreme court, in all criminal cases, and cases in which a fran- 
 chise, or freehold, or the validity of a statute is involved, and in such other cases as 
 may be provided by law. Such appellate courts shall be held by such number of 
 judges of the circuit courts, and at such times and places, and in such manner, as 
 may be provided by law; but no judge shall sit in review upon cases decided by 
 him; nor shall said judges receive any additional compensation for such services. 
 
 CIRCUIT COURTS. 
 
 12. The circuit courts shall have original jurisdiction of all causes in law and 
 equity, and such appellate jurisdiction as is or may be provided by law, and shall 
 hold two or more terms each year in every county. The terms of office of judges 
 of circuit courts shall be six years. 
 
 13. The State, exclusive of the county of Cook and other counties having a 
 population of 100,000, shall lie-divided into judicial circuits prior to the expiration 
 of the terms of office of the present judges of the circuit courts. Such circuits shall 
 be formed of contiguous counties, in as nearly compact form and as nearly equal as 
 circumstances will permit, having due regard to business, territory and population, 
 and shall not exceed in number one circuit for every 100,000 of population in the 
 State. One judge shall be elected for each of said circuits by the electors thereof. 
 New ciruits may be formed and the boundaries of circuits changed by the general 
 assembly, at its session next preceding the election for circuit judges, but at no 
 other time; Provided, that the circuits may be equalized or changed at the first ses- 
 sion of the general assembly after the adoption of this constitution. The creation 
 alteration or change of any circuit shall not affect the tenure of office of any Judge- 
 Whenever the business of the circuit court of any one, or of two or more contiguous 
 counties, containing a population exceeding 50,000, shall occupy nine months of the 
 year, the general assembly may make of such county or c pimties a separate circuit. 
 Whenever additional circuits are created, the foregoing limitations shall be ob- 
 served. 
 
 5 14. The general assembly shall provide for the times of holding court in each 
 county, whicli shall not be changed, except by the general assembly next preceding 
 the general election for judges of said courts; but additional terms may be provided 
 for in any county. The election for judges of the circuit courts shall be held on the 
 first Monday in June, in the year of our Lord 1873, and every six years thereafter. 
 
 15. The general assembly miy divide the State into judicial circuits of greater 
 population and territory, in lieu of the circuits provided for in section 13 of this
 
 80 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 article, and provide for the election therein, severally, by the electors thereof, by 
 general ticket, of not exceeding four judges, who shall hold the circuit courts in the 
 circuit for which they shall be elected, in such manner as may be provided by 
 law. 
 
 16. From and after the adoption of this constitution, judges of the circuit 
 courts shall receive a salary of $3,000 per annum, payable quarterly, until other- 
 wise provided by law. And after their salaries shall be fixed by law. they shall not 
 be increased or diminished during the terms for which said judges shall be, respec- 
 tively, elected; and from and after the adoption of this constitution, no judge of the 
 supreme or circuit court shall receive any other compensation, perquisite or benefit, 
 in any form whatsoever, nor perform any other than iudicial duties to whicli may 
 belong any emoluments. 
 
 17. No person shall be eligible to the office of judge of the circuit or any inferior 
 court, or to membership in the "board of county commissioners," unless he shall be 
 at least 25 years of age, and a citizen of the United States, nor unless he shall have 
 resided iu this State five years next preceding his election, and be a resident of the 
 circuit, county, city, cities, or incorporated town in which he shall be elected. 
 
 COUNTY COURTS. 
 
 5 18. There shall be elected iu and for each county, one county judge and one 
 clerk of the county court, whose terms of office shall be four years. But the general 
 assembly may create districts of two or more contiguous counties, in each of which 
 shall be elected one judge, who shall take the place of, and exercise the powers and 
 jurisdiction of county judges in such districts. County courts shall be courts of 
 record, and shall have original jurisdiction in all matters of probate; settlement of 
 estates of deceased persons; appointment of guardians and conservators, and settle- 
 ments of their accounts; in all matters relating to apprentices, and in proceedings 
 for the collection of taxes and assessments, and such other jurisdiction as may be 
 provided for by general law. 
 
 5 19. Appeals and writs of error shall be allowed from final determinations of 
 county courts, as may be provided by law. 
 
 PROBATE COURTS. 
 
 20. The general assembly may provide for the establishment of a probate 
 court in each county having a population of over 50,000, and for the election of a 
 judge thereof, whose term of office shall be the same as that of the county judge, and 
 who shall be elected at the same time and in the same manner. Said courts, when 
 established, shall have original jurisdiction of all probate matters, the settlement of 
 estates of deceased persons, the appointment of guardians and conservators, and 
 settlement of their accounts; in all matters relating to apprentices, and in cases of 
 the sales of real estate of deceased persons for the payment of debts. 
 
 JUSTICES OF THE PEACE AND CONSTABLES. 
 
 21. Justices of the peace, police magistrates, and constables shall be elected 
 in and for such districts as are, or may be, provided by law, and the jurisdiction of 
 such justices of the peace and police magistrates shall be uniform. 
 
 STATE'S ATTORNEYS. 
 
 5 22. At the election for members of the general assembly in the year of our 
 Lord 1872, and every four years thereafter, there shall be elected a State's attorney 
 in and for each county, in lieu of the State's attorneys now provided by law, whose 
 term of office shall be four years.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 81 
 
 COURTS OF COOK COUNTY. 
 
 $ 23. Thecountyof Cook shall be one judicial circuit. The circuit court of Cook 
 coun y shall consist of five judges, until their number shall be increased, as herein 
 provided. The present judge of the recorder's court of the city of Chicago, and the 
 present judge of the circuit court of Cook county, shall be two of said judges, and 
 shall remain in office for the terms for which they were respectively elected, and 
 until their successors shall be elected and qualified. The superior court of Chicago 
 shall be continued, and called the superior court of Cook county. The general 
 assembly may increase the number of said judges, by adding one to either of said 
 courts for every additional 50,000 inhabitants in said county over and above a pop- 
 ulation of 400.000. The terms of office of the judges of said courts hereafter elected 
 shall be six years. 
 
 24. The judge having the shortest unexpired term shall be chief justice of the 
 court of which lie is judge. In case there are two or more whose terms expire at 
 the same rime, it may be determined by lot which shall be chief justice. Any judge 
 of either of said courts shall have all the powers of a circuit judge, and may hold 
 the court of which he is a member. Each of them may hold a different branch 
 thereof at the same time. 
 
 25. The judges of the superior and circuit courts, and the State's attorney, in 
 said county, shall receive the same salaries, payable out of the State treasury, as is 
 or may be paid from said treasury to the circuit judges and State's attorneys of the 
 State, and such further compensation, to be paid by the county of Cook, as is or may 
 be provided by law; such compensation shall not be changed during their continu- 
 ancejiii office. 
 
 26. The recorder's court of the city of Chicago shall be continued, and shall 
 be called the "criminal court of Cook county." It shall have the jurisdiction of a 
 circuit court, in all cases of criminal and quasi criminal nature, arising in the 
 county of Cook, or that may be brought before said court pursuant to law; and all 
 recognizances and appeals taken in said county, in criminal and quasi criminal 
 cases, shall be returnable and taken to said court. It shall have no jurisdiction in 
 civil cases, except those on behalf of the people, and incident to such criminal or 
 gu*i*i criminal matters, and to dispose of unfinished business. The terms of said 
 criminal court of Cook county shall be held by one or more of the judges of the 
 circuit or superior court of Cook county, as nearly as may be in alternation, as may 
 be determined by said judges, or provided by law. Said judges shall be ea>offlcio 
 judges of said court. 
 
 27. The present clerk of the recorder's court of the city of Chicago shall be 
 the clerk of the criminal court of Cook county during the term for which he was 
 elected. The present clerks of the superior court of Chicago, and the present clerk of 
 the circuit court of Cook county, shall continue in office during the terms for which 
 they were respectively elected; and thereafter there shall be but one clerk of the 
 superior court, to be elected by the qualified electors of said county, who shall hold 
 his office for the term of four years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. 
 
 28. All justices of the peace in the city of Chicago shall be appointed by the 
 governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, (but only upon the 
 recommendation of a majority of the judges of the circuit, superior and county 
 courts, ) and for such districts as are now or shall hereafter be provided by law. 
 They shall hold their offices for four years, and until their successors have been 
 commissioned and qualified, but they may be removed by summary proceedings in 
 the circuit or superior court, for extortion or other malfeasance. Existing justices 
 of the peace and police magistrates may hold their offices until the expiration of 
 their respective terms. 
 
 GENERAL PROVISIONS. 
 
 29. All judicial officers shall be commissioned by the governor. All laws re- 
 lating to courts shall be general, and of uniform operation; and the organization, 
 jurisdiction, powers, proceedings and practice of all courts, of the same class or 
 
 F
 
 82 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 grade, so far as regulated by law, and the force and effect of the process, judgments 
 and decrees of such courts, severally, shall be uniform. 
 
 { 30. The general assembly may, for cause entered on the journals, upon due 
 notice and opportunity of defense, remove from office any judge, upon concurrence 
 of three-fourths of all the members elected of each house. All other officers in this 
 article mentioned shall be removed from office, on prosecution and final conviction, 
 for misdemeanor in office. 
 
 531. All judges of courts of record, inferior to the supreme court, shall, on or 
 before the first day of June of each year, report in writing to the judges of the 
 supreme court, such defects and omissions in the laws as their experience may 
 suggest; and the judges of the supreme court shall, on or before the first day of 
 January of each year, report in writing to the governor such defects and omissions 
 in the constitution and laws as they may find to exist, together with appropriate 
 forms of bills to cure such defects and omissions in the laws. And the judges of 
 the several circuit courts shall report to the next general assembly the number of 
 days they have held court in the several counties composing their respective cir- 
 cuits the preceding two years. 
 
 32. AH officers provided for in this article shall hold their offices until their 
 successors shall be qualified, and they shall, respectively, reside in the division, 
 circuit, county or district for which they maj be elected or appointed. The terms 
 of office of all such officers, where not otherwise prescribed in this article, shall be 
 four years. All officers, where not otherwise provided for in this article, shall 
 perform such duties and receive such compensation as is or maybe provided by 
 law. Vacancies in sucli elective offices shall be filled by election; but where the 
 unexpired term does not exceed one year, the vacancy shall be filled by appoint- 
 ment, as follows: Of judges, by the governor: of clerks of courts, by the court to 
 which the office appertains, or by the judge or judges thereof; and of all such 
 other offices, by the board of supervisors or board of county commissioners In the 
 county where the vacancy occurs. 
 
 5 33. All process shall run: In the name r>f the People nf the State of Illinois; 
 and all prosecutions shall be carried on: In the name and by the a ttharity of the 
 Peopleof th^Stiteof Illinois; and conclude: Against the peace and dignity of the 
 same " Population," wherever used in this article, shall be determined by the 
 next preceding census of this State, or of the United States. 
 
 AKTICLE VII. SUFFRAGE. 
 
 1. Every person having resided in this State one year, in the county ninety 
 days, and in the election district thirty days next preceding any ele-ction therein, 
 who was an elector in this State on the first day of April, in the year of our Lord 
 1848, or obtained a certificate of naturalization before any court of record in this 
 State prior to the first day of January, in the year of our Lord 1870, or who shall be 
 male citizen of the United States, above the age of twenty-one years, shall be 
 entitled to vote at such election. 
 
 5 2. All votes shall be by ballot. 
 
 3. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, 
 be privileged from arrest during their attendance at elections, and in going to and 
 returning from the same. And no elector shall be obliged to do military duty on 
 the days of election, except in time of war or public danger. 
 
 4. No elector shall be deemed to have lost his residence in this State by reason 
 of his absence on business of the United States, or of this State, or in the military 
 or naval service of the United States. 
 
 5. No soldier, seaman or marine in the army or navy of the United States 
 shall be deemed a resident of this State in consequence of being stationed therein. 
 
 5 6. No person shall be elected or appointed to any office in this State, civil or 
 military, who is not a citizen of the United States, and who shall not have resided 
 in this State one year next preceding the election or appointment.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. S3 
 
 7. The general assembly shall pass laws excluding from the right of suffrage 
 persons convicted of infamous crimes. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII.-EDUCATION. 
 
 1. The general assembly shall provide a thorough and efficient system of free 
 schools, whereby all children of this State may receive a good common-school 
 education. 
 
 a. All lands, moneys, or other property, donated, granted, or received, for 
 school, college, seminary or university purposes, and theprocee .s thereof, shall be 
 faithfully applied to the objects for which such grants were ir.ade. 
 
 3. Neither the general assembly, nor any county, city, town, township, 
 school district, or other public corporation, shall ever make any appropriation or 
 pay from any public fund, whatever, anything in aid of any church or sectarian 
 purpose, or to help support or sustain any school, academy, seminary, college, uni- 
 versity, or other literary or scientific institution, controlled by any church or sec- 
 tarian denomination whatever; nor shall any grant or donation of land, money, or 
 other personal property ever be made by the State or any such public corporation, 
 to any church, or for any sectarian purpose. 
 
 4. No teacher, State, county, township, or district school officer shall be in- 
 terested in the sale, proceeds or profits of any book, apparatus or furniture, used 
 or to be used, in any school in this State, with which such officer or teacher may be 
 connected, under such penalties as may be provided by the general assembly. 
 
 5 5. There maybe a county superintendent of schools in each county, whose 
 qualifications, powers, duties, compensation, and time and manner of election, and 
 term of office, shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. -REVENUE. 
 
 1. The general assembly shall provide such revenue as may be needful by 
 levying a tax, by valuation, so that every person and corporation shall pay a tax in 
 proportion to the value of his, her or its property such value to be ascertained by 
 some person or persons, to be elected or appointed in such manner as the general 
 assembly shall direct, and not otherwise; but the general assembly shall have 
 power to tax peddlers, auctioneers, brokers, hawkers, merchants, commission mer- 
 chants, showmen, jugglers, inn-keepers, grocery keepers, liquor dealers, toll 
 bridges, ferries, insurance, telegraph and express interests or business, venders of 
 patents, and persons or corporations owning or using franchises and privileges, in 
 such manner as it shall from time to time diiect by general law, uniform as to the 
 class upon which it operates. 
 
 5 2. The specification of the objects and subjects of taxation shall not deprive 
 the general assembly of the power to require other subjects or objects to be taxed 
 in such manner as may be consistent with the principles of taxation fixed in this 
 constitution. 
 
 5 3. The property of the State, counties, and other municipal corporations, 
 both real and personal, and such other property as maybe used exclusively for 
 agricultural and horticultural societies, for school, religious, cemetery and charit- 
 able purposes, may be exempted from taxation; but such exemption shall be only 
 by general law. In the assessment of real estate incumbered by public easement, 
 any depreciation occasioned by such easement may be deducted in the valuation of 
 such property. 
 
 5 4. The general assembly shall provide, in all cases where it may be necessary 
 to sell real estate for the non-payment of taxes or special assessments for State, 
 county, municipal or other purposes, that a return of such unpaid taxes or assess- 
 in nisshi'l be Iliads to some general officer of the county having authority to re- 
 eejve State and county taxes; and there shall be no sale of said pronrt" fn- tuy of
 
 84: CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 said taxes or assessments but by said officer, upon the order or judgment of some 
 court of record. 
 
 5. The right of redemption from all sales of real estate for the non-payment 
 of taxes or special assessments of any character whatever, shall exist in favor of 
 owners and persons interested in such real estate for a period of not less than two 
 years from such sales thereof. And the general assembly shall provide by law for 
 reasonable notice to be given to the owners or parties interested, by publication or 
 otherwise, of the fact of the sale of the property for such taxes or assessments, and 
 when the time of redemption shall expire: Provided, that occupants shall in all 
 cases be served with personal notice before the time of redemption expires. 
 
 $ 6. The general assembly shall have no power to release or discharge any 
 county, city, or township, town or district whatever, or the inhabitants thereof, or 
 the property therein, from their or its proportionate share of taxes to be levied for 
 State purposes, nor shall commutation for such taxes be authorized in any form 
 Whatsoever. 
 
 5 7. All taxes levied for State purposes shall be paid into the State treasury. 
 
 8. County authorities shall never assess taxes, the aggregate of which shall 
 exceed 75 cents per $100 valuation except for the payment of indebtedness existing 
 at the adoption of this constitution, unless authorized by a vote of the people of the 
 county. 
 
 9. The general assembly may vest the corporate authorities of cities, towns 
 and villages with power to make local improvements by special assessment or by 
 special taxation of contiguous property, or otherwise. For all other corporate pur- 
 poses, all municipal corporations may be vested with authority to assess and collect 
 taxes, but such taxes shall be uniform in respect to persons and property within the 
 jurisdiction of the body imposing the same. 
 
 10. The general assembly shall not impose taxes upon municipal corpora- 
 tions, or the inhabitants or property thereof, for corporate purposes, but shall re- 
 quire that all the taxable property within the limits of municipal corporations shall 
 be taxed for the payment of debts contracted under authority of law, such taxes to 
 be uniform in respect to persons and property within the jurisdiction of the body 
 Imposing the same. Private property shall not be liable to be taken or sold for the 
 payment of the corporate debts of a municipal corporation. 
 
 11. No person who is in default, as collector or custodian of money or proper- 
 ty belonging to a municipal corporation shall be eligible to any office in or under 
 such corporation. The fees, salary or compensation of no municipal officer who is 
 elected or appointed for a definite term of office shall be increased or diminished 
 during such term. 
 
 12. No county, city, township, school district, or othei municipal corporation 
 shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner or for any purpose to an amount. 
 Including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate exceeding five per centum on the 
 value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for 
 State and county taxes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Any county, 
 city, school district, or other municipal corporation, incurring any indebtedness as 
 aforesaid, shall, before, or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of a di- 
 rect annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to 
 pay and discharge the principal thereof within twenty years from the time of con- 
 tracting the same. This section shall not be construed to prevent any county, city, 
 t iwnship, school district, or other municipal corporation from issuing their bonds 
 in compliance with any vote of the people which may have been had prior to the 
 adoption of this constitution in pursuance of any law providing therefor. 
 
 ARTICLE X-COUNTIES. 
 
 1. No new county shall be formed or established by the general assembly, 
 which will reduce the county or counties, or either of them, from which it shall be 
 taken, to less contents than 400 square miles; nor shall any county be formed of less
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 85 
 
 contents: nor shall any line thereof pass within less than ten miles of any county 
 seat of the county or counties proposed to be divided. 
 
 { 2. No county shall be divided, or have any part stricken therefrom, without 
 submitting the question to a vote of the people of the county, nor unless a majority 
 of all the legal voters of the county voting on the question shall vote for the same. 
 
 5 3. There shall be no territory stricken from any county, unless a majority of 
 the voters living in such territory shall petition for such division ; and no territory 
 shall be added to any county without the consent of the majority of the voters of the 
 county to which it is proposed to be added. But t!ie portion so stricken off and add- 
 ed to another county, or formed in whole or in part into a new county, shall be hold- 
 en for, and obliged to pay, its proportion of the indebtedness of the county from 
 which it has been taken. 
 
 COUNTY SEATS. 
 
 4. No county seat shall be removed until the point to which It is proposed to 
 be removed shall be fixed in pursuance of law, and three-fifths of the voters of the 
 county, to be ascertained in such manner as shall be provided by general law, shall 
 have voted in favor of its removal to such point; and no person shall vote on such 
 question who has not resided in the county six months, and in the election precinct 
 ninety days next preceding such election. The question ol the removal of a county 
 seat shall not be oftener submitted than once in ten years to a vote of the people. 
 But when an attempt is made to remove a county seat to a point nearer to the centre 
 of a county, then a majority vote only shall be necessary. 
 
 COUNTY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 5 5. The general assembly shall provide, by general law, for township organiz- 
 ation, under which any county may organize whenever a majority of the legal vot- 
 ers of such county, voting at any general election, shall so determine and whenever 
 any county shall adopt township organization, so much of this constitution as pro- 
 vides for the management of the fiscal concerns of the said county by the board of 
 county commissioners, may be dispensed with, and the affairs of said county may 
 be transacted in such a manner as the general assembly may provide. And in any 
 county that shall have adopted a township organization, the question of continuing 
 the same may be submitted to a vote of the electors of such county at a general 
 election, in the manner that now is or may be provided by law; and if a majority of 
 all the votes cast upon that question shall be against township organization, then 
 such organization shall cease in said county; and all laws in force in relation to 
 counties not having township organization shall immediately take effect and be in 
 force in such county. No two townships shall have the same name, and the day of 
 holding the annual township meeting shall be uniform throughout the State. 
 
 (5. At the first election of county judges under this constitution, there shall be 
 elected in each of the counties in this State, not under township organization, three 
 officers, who shall be styled " The Board of County Commissioners," who shall hold 
 sessions lor the transaction of county business as shall be provided by law. One of 
 said commissioners shall hold his office for one year, one for two years, and one for 
 three years, to be determined by lot; and every year thereafter one such officer shall 
 be elected in each of said counties for the term of three years. 
 
 5 7. The county affairs of Cook county shall be managed by a board of commis- 
 sioners of fifteen persons, ten of whom shall be elected from the city of Chicago 
 and five from towns outside of said city, in such manner as may be provided by law 
 
 COUNTY OFFICERS AND THEIR COMPENSATION. 
 
 * 8. In each county there shall be elected the following county officers, at the 
 general election to be held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November A.D. 
 1882: A county judge, county clerk, sheriff and treasurer; and at the election to be 
 held on the Tuesday after the tirst Monday in November A.D. 1884, a coroner and 
 
 * NOTE. Sec. 8 is an amendment adopted Nov. 2, 1880.
 
 86 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 clerk of thecircuit court (who may be ex-nfficio recorder of deeds, except in coun- 
 ties having 60,000 or more inhabitants, in which counties a recorder of deeds shall 
 be elected at the general election in 1884). Each of said officers shall enter upon 
 the duties of his office respectively on the first Monday of December after his elec- 
 tion, and they shall hold their respective offices for the term of four years and until 
 their successors are elected and qualified; Provided, That no person having once 
 been elected to the office of sheriff or treasurer, shall be eligible to re-election to said 
 office for four years after the expiration of the term for which he shall have been 
 elected. 
 
 9. The clerks of all the courts of record, the treasurer, sheriff, coroner and 
 recorder of deeds of Cook county, shall receive as their only compensation for their 
 services, salaries to be fixed by law, which shall in no case be as much as the lawful 
 compensation of a judge of the circuit court of said county, and shall be paid 
 respectively, only out of the fees of the office actually collected. All fees, perqui- 
 sites, and emoluments (above the amount of said salaries) shall be paid into the 
 county treasury. The number of the deputies and assistants of such officers shall be 
 determined by rule of the circuit court, to be entered of record, and their compen- 
 sation shall be determined by the county board. 
 
 10. The county board, except as pro-vided in 9 of this article, shall fix the 
 compensation of all county officers, with the amount of their necessary clerk hire, 
 stationery, fuel, and other expenses, and in all cases where fees are provided for, 
 said compensation shall be paid only out of, and shall in no instance exceed, the 
 fees actually collected; they shall not allow either of them more per annum than 
 81,500 in counties not exceeding 20,000 inhabitants; 82,000 in counties containing 
 20,000 and not exceeding 30,000 inhabitants; $2,500 in counties containing 30,000 
 and not exceeding 50,000 inhabitants; $3,000 in counties containing 50,000 and not 
 exceeding 70,000 inhabitants; $3,500 in counties containing 70,000 and not exceed- 
 ing 100,000 inhabitants; and $4,000 in counties containing over 100,000 and not 
 exceeding 250,000 inhabitants; and not more than $1,000 additional compensation 
 for each additional 100,000 inhabitants: Provided, that the compensation of no 
 officer shall be increased or diminished during his term of office. All fees or allow- 
 ances by them received, in excess of their said compensation, shall be paid into the 
 county treasury. 
 
 11. The fees of township officers, and of each class of county officers, shall be 
 uniform In the class of counties to which they respectively belong. The compensa- 
 tion herein provided for shall apply only to officers hereafter elected, but all fees 
 established by special laws shall cease at the adoption of this constitution, and such 
 officers shall receive only such fees as are provided by general law. 
 
 12. All laws fixing the fees of State, county and township officers, shall 
 terminate witli the terms, respectively, of those who may be in office at the meeting 
 of the first general assembly after the adoption of this constitution; and the gen- 
 eral assembly shall, by general law, uniform in its operation, provide for and regu- 
 late the fees of said officers and their successors, so as to reduce the same to a rea- 
 sonable compensation for services actually rendered. But the general assembly 
 may, by general law, classify the counties by population into not more than three 
 classes, and regulate the fees accorning to class. This article shall not be construed 
 as depriving the general assembly of the power to reduce the fees of existing 
 officers. 
 
 13. Every person who is elected or appointed to any office in this State, who 
 shall be paid In whole or in part by fees, shall be required by law to make a semi- 
 annual report, under oath, to some officer to be designated by law, of all his fees and 
 emoluments. 
 
 ARTICLE XI.-CORPORATIONS. 
 
 1. No corporation shall be created by special laws, or its charter extended, 
 Changed or amended, except those for charitable, educational, penal, or reforma- 
 tory purposes, which are to be and remain under the patronage and control of the
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 87 
 
 State, but the general assembly shall provide, by general laws, for the organization 
 of all corporations hereafter to be created. 
 
 5 2. All existing charters or grants of special or exclusive privileges, under 
 which organization shall not have taken place, or which shall riot have been in op- 
 eration within ten days from the time this constitution takes effect, shall thereafter 
 have no validity or effect whatever. 
 
 { 3. The general assembly shall provide, by law, that in all elections for direct- 
 ors or managers of incorporated companies, every stockholder shall have the right 
 to vote, in person or by proxy, for the number of shares of stock owned by him, for 
 as many persons as there are directors or managers to be elected, or to cumulate 
 said shares, and give one candidate as many votes as the number of directors multi- 
 plied by the number of his shares of stock shall equal, or to distribute them on the 
 same principle among as many candidates as he shall think fit; and such directors 
 or managers shall not be elected in any other manner. 
 
 4. No law shall be passed by the general assembly granting the right to con- 
 struct and operate a street railroad within any city, town, or incorporated village, 
 without requiring the consent of the local authorities having the control of the 
 street or highway proposed to be occupied by such street railroad. 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 5 5. No State bank shall hereafter be created, nor shall the State own or be 
 liable for any stock in any corporation or joint stock company or association for 
 banking purposes, now created, or to be hereafter created. No act of the general 
 assembly authorizing or creating corporations or associations, with banking pow- 
 ers, whether of issue, deposit or discount, nor amendments thereto, shall go into 
 effect, or in any manner be in force, unless the same shall be submitted to a vote of 
 the people at the general election next succeeding the passage of the same, and 
 be approved by a majority of all the votes cast at such election for or against such 
 law. 
 
 5 6. Every stockholder in a banking corporation or institution shall be individ- 
 ually responsible and liable to its creditors, over and above the amount of stock by 
 him or her held, to an amount equal to his or her respective shares so held, for all 
 its liabilities accruing while he or she remains such stockholder. 
 
 7. The suspension of specie payments by banking institutions, on their circu- 
 lation, created by the laws of this State, shall never be (permitted or sanctioned. 
 Every banking association now, or which may hereafter be, organized under the 
 laws of this State, shall make and publish a full and accurate quarterly statement 
 of its affairs (which shall be certified to, under oath, by one or more of its officers) 
 as may be provided by law. 
 
 5 8. If a general banking law shall be enacted, it shall provide for the registry 
 and countersigning, by an officer of state, of all bills or paper credit, designed to 
 circulate as moneys, and require security, to the full amount thereof, to be deposited 
 with the State treasurer, in United States or Illinois State stocks, to be rated at ten 
 per cent, below their par value; and in case of a depreciation of said stocks to the 
 amount of ten percent, below par, the bank or banks owning said stocks shall be 
 required to make up said deficiency by depositing additional stocks. And said law 
 shall also provide for the recording of the names of all stockholders in such corpo- 
 rations, the amount of stock held by each, the time of any transfer thereof, and to 
 whom such transfer is made. 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 9. Every railroad corporation organized or doing business in this State, under 
 the laws or authority thereof shall have and maintain a public office or place in this 
 State for the transaction of its business, where transfers of stock shall be made, 
 and in which shall be kept, for public inspection, books, in which shall be recorded 
 the amount of capital stock subscribed, and by whom; the names of the owners of 
 its stock, and the amounts owned by them, respectively; the amount of stock paid
 
 88 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 in, and by whom; the transfers of said stock; the amount of its assets and liabilities, 
 and the names and place of residence of its officers. The directors of every railroad 
 corporation shall, annually, make a report, under oath, to the auditor of public ac- 
 counts, or some officer to be designated by law, of all their acts and doings, which 
 report shall include such matters relating to railroads as may be prescribed by law. 
 And the general assembly shall pass laws enforcing, by suitable penalties, the pro- 
 visions of this section. 
 
 10. The rolling stock, and all other movable property belonging to any rail- 
 road company or corporation in this State, shall be considered personal property, 
 and shall be liable to execution and sale in the same manner as the personal prop- 
 erty of individuals, and the general assembly shall pass no law exempting any such 
 property from execution and sale. 
 
 11. No railroad corporation shall consolidate its stock, property or franchises 
 with any other railroad corporation owning a parallel or competing line; and in no 
 case shall any consolidation take place except upon public notice given, of at least 
 sixty days, to all stockholders, in such manner as may be provided by law. A ma- 
 jority of the directors of any railroad corporation, now incorporated or hereafter 
 to be incorporated by the laws of this State, shall be citizens and residents of this 
 State. 
 
 12. Railways heretofore constructed, or that may hereafter be constructed in 
 this State, are hereby declared public highways, and shall be free to all persons for 
 the transportation of their persons and property thereon, under such regulations as 
 may be prescribed by law. And the general assembly shall, from time to time, pass 
 laws establishing reasonable maximum rates of charges for the transportation of 
 passengers and freight on the different railroads in this State. 
 
 13. No railroad corporation shall issue any stock or bonds, except for money, 
 labor or property actually received, and applied to the purposes for which such cor- 
 poration was created; and all stock dividends, and other fictitious increase of the 
 capital stock or indebtedness of any such corporation, shall be void. The capital 
 stock of no railroad corporation shall be increased for any purpose, except upon 
 giving sixty days' public notice, in such manner as may be provided by law. 
 
 14. The exercise of the power, and the right of eminent domain shall never be 
 so construed or abridged as to prevent the taking by the general assembly, of the 
 property and franchises of incorporated companies already organized, and subject- 
 ing them to the public necessity the same as of individuals. The right of trial by 
 jury shall be held inviolate in all trials of claims for compensation, when, in the. ex- 
 ercise of the said right of eminent domain, any incorporated company shall be in- 
 terested either for or against the exercise of said right. 
 
 15, The general assembly shall pass laws to correct abuses and prevent unjust 
 discrimination and extortion in the rates of freight and passenger tariffs on the 
 different railroads in this State, and enforce such laws, by adequate penalties, to 
 the extent, if necessary for that purpose, of forfeiture of their property and fran- 
 chises. 
 
 ARTICLE XII.-MILITIA. 
 
 1. The militia of the State of Illinois shall consist of all able-bodied male 
 persons, resident in the State, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, except 
 s uch persons as now are. or hereafter may be, exempted by the laws of the United 
 .states, or of this State. 
 
 2. The general assembly, in providing for the organization, equipment and 
 discipline of the militia, snail conform as nearly as practicable to the regulations for 
 the government of tlie armies of the United States. 
 
 3. All militia officers shall be commissioned by the governor, and may hold 
 their commissions for such time as the general assembly may provide. 
 
 4. The militia shall, in all cases, except treason, felony or breach of the peace, 
 be privileged from arrest during their attendance at musters aiid elections, and in 
 going to and returning from the same.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 89 
 
 5 5. The military records, banners and relics of the State shall be preserved as 
 an enduring memorial of the patriotism and valor of Illinois, and ic shall be the 
 duty of the general assembly to provide by law for the safe keeping of the same. 
 
 5 ti. No person having conscientious scruples against bearing arms shall be 
 compelled to do military duty in time of peace: Provided, such person shall pay an 
 equivalent for such exemption. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. WAREHOUSES. 
 
 1. All elevators or storehouses where grain or other property is stored for 
 compensation, whether the property stored be kept separate or not, are declared to 
 be public warehouses. 
 
 2. The owner, lessee or manager of each and every public warehouse situated 
 In any town or city of not less than 100,000 inhabitants, shall make weekly state- 
 ments, under oath, before some officer to be designated by law, and keep the same 
 posted in some conspicuous place in tlie office of such warehouse, and shall also file 
 a copy for public examination in such place as shall be designated by law, which 
 statement shall correctly set forth the amount and grade of each and every kind of 
 grain in such warehouse, together with such other property as may be stored therein, 
 and what warehouse receipts have been issued, and are, at the time of making such 
 statement, outstanding therefor; and shall, on the copy posted in the warehouse, 
 note daily such changes as may be made in the quantity and grade of grain in such 
 warehouse; and the diiferent grades of grain shipped in separate lots shall not be 
 mixed with inferior or superior grades without the consent of the owner or con- 
 signee thereof. 
 
 3. The owners of property stored in any warehouse, or holder of a receipt for 
 same, shall always be at liberty to examine such property stored, and all the books 
 and records of the warehouse in regard to such property. 
 
 5 4. All railroad companies and other common carriers on railroads shall weigh 
 or measure grain at points where it is shipped, and receipt for the-full amount, and 
 shall be responsible for the delivery of such amount to the owner or consignee 
 thereof at the place of destination. 
 
 5 5. All railroad companies receiving and transporting grain, in bulk or other- 
 wise, shall deliver the same to any consignee thereof, or any eleva or or public 
 warehouse to which it may be consigned, provided such consignee, or the elevator 
 or public warehouse, can be reached by any track owned, leased or used, or which 
 caii be used, by such railroad companies; and all railroad companies shall permit 
 connections to be made with their track, so that any such consignee, and any public 
 warehouse, coal bank or coal yard, may be reached by the cars on said rail- 
 road. 
 
 6. It shall be the duty of the general assembly to pass all necessary laws to 
 prevent the issue of false and fraudulent warehouse receipts, and to give full effect 
 to this article of the constitution, which shall be liberally construed so as to protect 
 producers and shippers. And the enumeration of the remedies herein named shall 
 not be construed to deny to the general assembly the power to prescribe by law such 
 other and further remedies as may be found expedient, or to deprive any person of 
 existing common law remedies. 
 
 5 7. The general assembly shall pass laws for the inspection of grain, for the 
 protection of producers, shippers and receivers of grain and produce. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 5 1. Whenever two-thirds of the members of each house of the general assembly 
 shall, by a vote entered upon the journals thereof, concur that a convention is nec- 
 essary to revise, alter or amend the constitution, the question shall be submitted to 
 the electors at the next general election. If a majority voting at the election vote 
 for a convention, the general assembly shall, at the next session, provide for a con- 
 vention, to consist of double the number of members of the senate, to be elected in
 
 90 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMEMT. 
 
 the same manner, at the same places, and in the same districts. The general assem- 
 bly shall, in the act calling the convention, designate the day, hour, and place of 
 its meeting, fix the pay of its members and officers, and provide for the payment of 
 the same, together with expenses necessarily incurred by the convention In the 
 performance of its duties. Before proceeding, the members shall take an oath to 
 support the constitution of the United Stat.is. and of the State of Illinois, and to 
 faithfully discharge their duties as members of the convention. The qualification 
 of members shall be the same as that of members of the senate, and vacancies occur- 
 ring shall be filled in the manner provided for filling vacancies in the general assem- 
 bly. Said convention shall meet within three months after such election, and pre- 
 pare such revision, alteration or amendments of the constitution as shall be deemed 
 necessary, which shall be submitted to the electors for their ratification or rejec- 
 tion, at an election appointed by the convention for that purpose, not less than two 
 nor more than six months after the adjournment thereof; and unless so submitted 
 and approved by a majority of the electors voting at the election, no such revision, 
 alterations or amendments shall take effect. 
 
 2. Amendments to this constitution may be proposed in either house of the 
 general assembly, and if the same shall be voted for by two-thirds of all the mem- 
 bers elected to each of the two houses, such proposed amendments, together with 
 the yeas and nays of each house thereon, shall be entered in full on their respective 
 journals, and said amendments shall be submitted to the electors of this State for 
 adoption or rejection, at the next election of members of the general assembly, in 
 such manner as may be prescribed by law. The proposed amendments shall be 
 published in full at least three months preceding the election, and if a majority of 
 the electors voting at said election shall vote for the proposed amendments, they 
 shall become a part of this constitution. But the general assembly shall have no 
 power to propose amendments to more than one article of this constitution at the 
 same session, nor to the same article oftener than once in four years. 
 
 SEPARATE SECTIONS. 
 
 No contract, obligation, or liability whatever, of the Illinois Central Railroad 
 Company, to pay any money into the State treasury, nor any lien of the State upon, 
 or right to tax property of said company, in accordance with the provisions of the 
 charter of said company, approved February 10, in the year of our Lord 1851, shall 
 ever be released, suspended, modified, altered, remitted, or in any manner dimin- 
 ished or impaired by legislative or other authority; and all moneys derived from 
 said company, after the payment of the State debt, shall be appropriated and set 
 apart for the payment of the ordinary expenses of the State government, and for no 
 other purposes whatever. 
 
 MUNICIPAL SUBSCRIPTIONS TO RAILROADS OR PRIVATE CORPORA- 
 TIONS. 
 
 No county, city, town, township, or other municipality, shall ever become sub- 
 scriber to the capital stock of any railroad or private corporation, or make dona- 
 tion to or loan its cretlit in aid of such corporation: Provided, however, that the 
 adoption of this article shall not be construed as aifecting the right of any such 
 municipality to make such subscriptions where the same have been authorized, 
 under existing laws, by a vote of the people of such municipalities prior to such 
 adoption. 
 
 CANAL. 
 
 The Illinois and Michigan Canal shall never be sold or leased until the specific 
 proposition for the sale or lease thereof shall first have been submitted to a vote of 
 the people of the State at a general election, and have been approved by a majority 
 of all the votes polled at such election. The general assembly shall never loan the 
 credit of the State, or make appropriations from the treasury thereof, in aid of rail-
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 01 
 
 roads or canals: Provided, that any surplus earnings of any canal may be appro- 
 priated for its enlargement or extension. 
 
 SCHEDULE. 
 
 That no inconvenience may arise from the alterations and amendments made in 
 the constitution of this State, and to carry the same into complete effect, it is hereby 
 ordained and declared: 
 
 1. That all laws in force at the adoption of this constitution not inconsistent 
 therewi h, and all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims, and contracts of this State, 
 individuals, or bodies corporate, shall continue to be as valid as if this constitution 
 had not been adopted. 
 
 5 2. That all fines, taxes, penalties and forfeitures, due and owing to the State of 
 Illinois under the present constitution and laws, shall inure to the use of the people 
 of the State of Illinois, under this constitution. 
 
 5 3. Recognizances, bonds, obligation, and all other instruments entered into 
 or executed before the adoption of this constitution, to the people of the State 
 of Illinois, to any State or county officer or public body, shall remain binding and 
 valid; and rights and liabilities upon the same shall continue, and all crimes and 
 misdemeanors shall be tried and punished as though no change had been made in 
 the constitution of this State. 
 
 4. County courts for the transaction of county business in counties not having 
 adopted township organization, shall continue in existence and exercise their pres- 
 ent jurisdiction until the board of county commissioners provided in this constitu- 
 tion is organized in pursuance of an act of the general assembly; and the county 
 courts in all other counties shall have the same power and jurisdiction they now 
 possess until otherwise provided by general law. 
 
 5 5. All existing courts which are not in this constitution specifically enumer- 
 ated, shall continue in existence and exercise their present jurisdiction until 
 otherwise provided by law. 
 
 6. All persons now filling any office or appointment shall continue in the 
 exercise of the duties thereof according to their respective commissions or ap- 
 pointments, unless by this constitution it is otherwise directed. 
 
 7. On the day this constitution is submitted to the people for ratification, an 
 election shall be held for judges of the supreme court, in the second, third, sixth 
 and seventh judicial election districts, designated in this constitution, and for the 
 election of three judges of the circuit court in the county of Cook, as provided for 
 in the article of this constitution relating to the judiciary; at which election every 
 person entitled to vote, according to the terms of this constitution, shall be allowed 
 to vote, ami the election shall be otherwise conducted, returns made and certificates 
 issued, in accordance with existing laws, except that no registry stall be required 
 at said election; Provided, that at said election in the county of Cook no elector shall 
 vote for more than two candidates for circuit judge. If, upon canvassing the votes 
 for and againstthe adoption of this constitution, it shall appear that there has been 
 polled a greater number against than for it, then no certificates of election shall be 
 issued for any of said supreme or circuit judges. 
 
 8. This constitution shall be submitted to the people of the State of Illinois for 
 adoption or rejection, at an election to be held on the first Saturday in July, A. D. 
 1870, and there shall be separately submitted at the same time, for adoption or 
 rejection: 
 
 Sections nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen and fifteen, relating to rail- 
 roads, in the article entitled corporations; 
 
 The article entitled counties; 
 
 The article entitled warehouses; 
 
 The question of requiring three-fifths vote to remove a county seat; 
 
 The section relating to the Illinois Central railroad; 
 
 The section relating to minority representation; 
 
 The section relating to municipal subscriptions to railroads or private corpora- 
 tions, and
 
 92 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The section relating to the canal. 
 
 Every person entitled to vote under the provisions of this constitution, as de- 
 fined in the article in relation to "suffrage," shall be entitled to vote for the adoption 
 or rejection of this constitution, and for or against the articles, sections and ques- 
 tions aforesaid, separately submitted; and the said qualified electors shall vote at 
 the usual places of voting, unless otherwise provided, and the said elections shall 
 be conducted, and returns thereof made, according to the laws now in force re- 
 gulating general elections, except that no registry shall be required at said election: 
 Provided, however, that the polls shall be kept open for the reception of ballots 
 until sunset of said day of election. 
 
 9. The Secretary of State shall, at least twenty days before said election, cause 
 to be delivered to the county clerk of each county, blank poll-books, tally-lists and 
 forms of return and twice the number of properly prepared printed ballots for the 
 said election that there are voters in such county, the expense whereof shall be 
 audited and paid as other public printing ordered by the Secretary of State is, by 
 law, required to be audited and paid; and the several county clerks shall, at least 
 five days before said election, cause to be distributed to the board of election, in each 
 election district, in their respective counties, said blank poll-books, tally-lists, forms 
 of return, and tickets. 
 
 10. At the said election the ballots shall be in the following form: 
 
 NEW CONSTITUTION TICKET. 
 
 For all the propositions on this ticket which are not canceled with ink or pen- 
 cil; and against all propositions which are so canceled. 
 
 For the new constitution. 
 
 For the sections relating to railroads in the article entitled corporations. 
 
 For the article entitled counties. 
 
 For the article entitled warehouses. 
 
 For a three-fifths vote to remove county seats. 
 
 For the sections relating to the Illinois Central railroad. 
 
 For the section relating to minority representation. 
 
 For the section relating to municipal subscriptions to railroads or private cor- 
 porations. 
 
 For the section relating to the canal. 
 
 Each of said tickets shall be counted as a vote cast for each proposition thereon 
 not canceled with ink or pencil, and against each proposition so canceled, and 
 returns thereof shall be made accordingly by the judges of election. 
 
 11. The returns of tlie whole vote cast, and of the votes for the adoption or 
 rejection of this Constitution, and for or against the articles and sections respective- 
 ly submitted, shall be made by the several county clerks, as is now provided bv law, 
 to the Secretary of State, within twenty days after the election; and the returns of 
 the said votes shall, within five days thereafter, be examined and canvassed by the 
 Auditor, Treasurer and Secretary of State, or any two of them, in the presence of 
 the Governor, and proclamation shall be made by the Governor, forthwith, of the 
 result of the canvass. 
 
 12. If it shall appear that a majority of the votes polled are "for the new Con- 
 stitution," then so much of tliis Constitution as was not separately submitted to be 
 voted on by articles and sections sliall be the supreme law of the State of Illinois, 
 on and after Monday, the 8th day of August, A. D. 1870 ; but if it shall appear that 
 a majority of the votes polled were "against the new Constitution," then so much 
 thereof as was not separately submitted to be voted on by articles and sections shall 
 be null and void. If it shall appear that a majority of the votes polled are "for the 
 sections relating to railroads, in the article entitled 'corporations.'" sections nine, 
 ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen and fifteen, relating to railroads in the said 
 article, shall be a part of the Constitution of this State; but if a majority of said 
 votes are against such sections, they shall be null and void. If a majority of the 
 rotes polled are "for the article entitled 'counties,' " such article shall be a part of
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 93 
 
 the Constitution of this State, and shall be substituted for article seven in the 
 present Constitution, entitled "counties;" but if a majority of said votes are against 
 such article, the same shall be null and void. If a majority of the votes polled are 
 for the article entitled " warehouses," such article shall be a part of the Constitution 
 of tliis State; but if a majority of the votes are against said article, the same shall 
 be null and void. If a majority of the votes polled are for either of the sections 
 separately submitted relating respectively to the "Illinois Central railroad," 
 "minority representation," "municipal subscriptions to railroads or private 
 corporations," and the "canal," then such of said sections as shall receive such 
 majority shall be a part of the Constitution of this State; but each of said sections 
 so separately submitted, against which, respectively, there shall be a majority of 
 the votes polled, shall be null and void: Provided, that the section relating to "mi- 
 nority representation ' shall not be declared adopted unless the portion of the Con- 
 stitution not separately submitted to be voted on by articles and sections shall be 
 adopted; and in case said section relating to "minority representation" shall be- 
 come a portion of the Constitution, it shall be substituted for sections seven and 
 eight of the legislative articles. If a majority of the votes cast at such election 
 shall be for a three-fifths vote to remove a county seat, then the words "a ma- 
 jority" shall be stricken out of section four of the article on counties, and the words 
 "three-fifths "shall be inserted in lieu thereof; and the following words shall be 
 added to said section, to-wit: "But when an attempt is made to remove a county 
 seat to a point nearer to the centre of a county, then a majority vote only shall be 
 necessary." If the foregoing proposition shall not receive a majority of the votes 
 as aforesaid, then the same shall have no effect whatever. 
 
 13. Immediately after the adoption of this Constitution, the Governor and 
 Secretary of State shall proceed to ascertain and flx the apportionment of the State 
 for members of the first house of Representatives under this Constitution. The ap- 
 portionment shall be based upon the federal census of the year A. D. 1870, of the 
 State of Illinois, and shall be made strictly in accordance with the rules and princi- 
 ples announced in the article on the legislative department of this Constitution : 
 Provided, that in case the federal census aforesaid cannot be ascertained prior to 
 Friday, the 23d day of September, A. D. 1870, then the said apportionment shall be 
 based upon the State census of the year A. D. 1865, in accordance with the rules and 
 principles aforesaid. The Governor shall, on or before Wednesday, the 28th day of 
 September, A. D. 1870, make official announcement of the said apportionment, 
 under the great seal of the State, and one hundred copies thereof, duly certified, 
 shall be forthwith transmitted by the Secretary of State toeach county clerk for dis- 
 tribution. 
 
 14. The districts shall be regularly numbered by the Secretary of State, com- 
 mencing with Alexander County as N.. 1, and proceeding thence northwardly 
 through the State, and terminating with the county of Cook; but no county shail be 
 numbered as more than one district, except the county of Cook, which shall consti- 
 tute three districts, each embracing the territory contained in the now existing rep- 
 resentative districts of said county. And on the Tuesday after the first Monday in 
 November, A. D. 1870, the members of the first house of representatives under this 
 Constitution shall be elected according to the apportionment fixed and announced 
 as aforesaid, and shall hold their offices for two years, and until their successors 
 shall be elected and qualified. 
 
 15. The senate, at its first session under this Constitution, shall consist of fifty 
 members, to be chosen as follows : At the general election held on the first Tuesday 
 after the first Monday of November, A. D. 1870, two senators shall be elected in dis- 
 tricts where term of senators expire on the first Monday of January, A. D. 1871, or 
 where there shall be a vacancy, and in the remaining districts one senator shall be 
 elected. Senators so elected shall hold their office for two years. 
 
 5 16. The general assembly, at its first session held after the adoption of this 
 Constitution, shall proceed to apportion the State for members of the senate and
 
 94: CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 house of representatives, iu accordance with the provisions of the article on the leg- 
 islative department. 
 
 17. When this Constitution shall be ratified by the people, the governor shall 
 forthwith, after having ascertained the fact, issue writs of election to the sheriffs of 
 the several counties of this State, or in case of vacancies, to the coroners, for the 
 election of all the officers, the time of whose election i s fixed by this constitution or 
 schedule, and it shall be the duty of said sheriffs or coroners to give such notice of 
 the time and place of said election as is now prescribed by law. 
 
 18. All laws of the State of Illinois, and all official writings, and tlie executive, 
 legislative and judicial proceedings, shall be couducted, preserved and published in 
 no other than the English language. 
 
 19. The general assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry into effect the 
 provisions of this Constitution. 
 
 20. The circuit clerks of the different counties having a population over sixty 
 thousand, shall continue to be recorders (ex officio) for their respective counties 
 under this Constitution, until the expiration of their respective terms. 
 
 21. The judges of all courts of record in Cook county shall, in lieu of any sal- 
 ary provided for in this Constitution, receive the compensation now provided by- 
 law until the adjournment of the first session of the general assembly after the adop- 
 tion of this Constitution. 
 
 22. The present judge of the circuit court of Cook county shall continue to 
 hold the circuit court of Lake county until otherwise provided by law. 
 
 5 23. When this Constitution shall be adopted, and take effect as the supreme 
 law of the State of Illinois, the two-mill tax provided to be annually assessed and 
 collected upou each dollar's worth of taxable property in addition to all other taxes, 
 as set forth iu article fifteen of the now existing Constitution, shall cease to be as- 
 sessed after the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy. 
 
 24. Nothing contained in this Constitution shall be so construed as to deprive 
 the general assembly of power to authorize the city of Quincy to create any indebt- 
 edness for railroad or municipal purposes, for which the people of said city shall 
 have voted, and to which they shall have given, by such vote, their assent, prior to 
 the thirteenth day of December, iu the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and sixty-nine: Provided, that no such indebtedness so created shall in any 
 part thereof be paid by the State, or from any State revenue, tax or fund, but the 
 same shall be jiaid, if at all, by the said city of Quincy alone, and by taxes levied 
 upon the taxable property thereof : And provided further, that the general assem- 
 bly shall have no power in the premises that it could not exercise under the present 
 Constitution of this State. 
 
 25. In case this Constitution and the articles and sections submitted sepa- 
 rately be adopted, the existing Constitution shall cease in all its provisions ; and in 
 case this Constitution be adopted, and any one or more of the articles or sections 
 submitted separately be defeated, the provisions of the existing Constitution (if 
 any) on the same subject shall remain in force. 
 
 526. The provisions of this Constitution required to be executed prior to the 
 adoption or rejection thereof shall take effect and be in force immediately. 
 
 Done In convention at the capitol, in the city of Springfield, on the thirteenth 
 day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy, and 
 of the independence of the United States of America the ninety-fourth. 
 
 - THE FOLLOWING AMENDMENT TO SEC. 31, ART. 4, WAS ADOPTED IN 1878: 
 
 The General Assembly may pass laws permitting the owners of lands to con- 
 struct drains, ditches and levees for agricultural, sanitary, or mining purposes, 
 across the lands of others, and provide for the organization of drainage districts, 
 and vest the corporate authorities thereof with power to construct and maintain 
 levees, drains and ditches, and to keep in repair all drains, ditches, and levees here- 
 tofore constructed under the laws of this State, by special assessments upou the 
 properly benefited thereby.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE USITED STATES. 
 
 [\Ventintooperationonthe first Wednesday in March, 1789.1 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 WK, the people of the United States, In order to form a more perfect union, 
 establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, 
 promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
 our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 
 
 AmeriCa ' ARTICLE I. 
 
 OP THE LEGISLATIVE POWER. 
 
 SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress 
 of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 OF THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 SEC. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen 
 every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State 
 shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of 
 the State Legislature. 
 
 No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of 
 twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
 not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States 
 which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
 which shall be determined by addingto the whole numberof free persons, Including 
 those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
 fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
 years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every 
 subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
 number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
 State shall have at least one Representative; and, until such enumeration shall be 
 made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts 
 eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York 
 six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia 
 ten. North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive 
 authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and 
 shall have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 OP THK SENATE. 
 
 SEC. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from 
 each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall 
 have one vote. 
 
 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, 
 they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Sen- 
 ators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the 
 second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at tlie expi- 
 ration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if 
 vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature 
 of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the 
 next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
 
 96 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty 
 years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
 elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but 
 shall have no vote, unless they shall be equally divided. 
 
 The Senate shallchoose their other officers, and shall have a President pro tempore, 
 In the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for 
 that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United 
 States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted 
 without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal 
 from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, 
 under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and 
 subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. 
 
 MANNER OP ELECTING MEMBERS. 
 
 SEC. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and 
 Kepresentatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but 
 the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to 
 the places of choosing Senators. 
 
 CONGRESS TO ASSEMBLE ANNUALLY. 
 
 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall 
 be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 POWERS. 
 
 SEC. 5. Each house shall be the judge of tiie elections, returns and qualifications 
 of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do busi- 
 ness; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized 
 to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such 
 penalties, as each house may provide. 
 
 Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for 
 disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from timeto time publish 
 the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the 
 yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of 
 one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the 
 other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which 
 the two houses shall be sitting. 
 
 COMPENSATION, ETC., OF MEMBERS. 
 
 SEC. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their 
 services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. 
 They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged 
 from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in 
 going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, 
 they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be 
 appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall 
 have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during 
 such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a 
 member of either house during his continuance in office. 
 
 MANNER OF PASSING BILLS, ETC. 
 
 SEC. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representa- 
 tives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 
 
 Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, 
 shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; 
 If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 97 
 
 that house In which It shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large 
 on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two- 
 thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the 
 objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if 
 approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases 
 the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
 persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house 
 respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
 (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a 
 law, in like manner as if he had si ned it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
 prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and 
 House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), 
 shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall 
 take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him. shall be re- 
 passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the 
 rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 POWER OP CONGRESS. 
 
 SEC. 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts 
 and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general wel- 
 fare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform 
 throughout the United States; 
 
 To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 
 
 To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and 
 with the Indian tribes; 
 
 To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject 
 of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 
 
 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the stan- 
 dard of weights and measures; 
 
 To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin 
 of the United States; 
 
 To establish post-offices and post-roads; 
 
 To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times 
 to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
 coveries; 
 
 To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 
 
 To define and punish piracies and felonies comuiitied on the high seas, and 
 offenses against the law of nations: 
 
 To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning 
 captures on land and water; 
 
 To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be 
 for a longer term than two years; 
 
 To provide and maintain a navy; 
 
 To make rules for the governmentand regulation of the land and naval forces; 
 
 To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress 
 insurrections and repel invasions; 
 
 To pro vide for organizing, arm ing and disci pi in ing the militia, and for governing 
 surh part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving 
 to tin- states respectively the appointment of the officers, and Hie authority of train- 
 ing the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 
 
 To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not 
 exceeding ten miles square) as may. by cession of particular States, and the acvpt- 
 ance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to 
 exeroise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of 
 the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
 dockyards and other needful buildings; and 
 
 To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execu- 
 tion the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution iu the 
 government of the United States, or iu any department or officer thereof.
 
 98 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 LIMITATION OP THE POWERS OP CONGRESS. 
 
 SEC. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States nojs 
 existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior 
 to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed 
 on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 
 
 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in 
 cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 
 
 No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 
 
 No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census 
 or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
 
 No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 
 
 No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the 
 ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one 
 State, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. 
 
 No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropria- 
 tions made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- 
 tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 
 
 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding 
 any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
 accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, from any 
 king, prince or foreign State. 
 
 LIMITATION OP THE POWERS OP THE INDIVIDUAL STATES. 
 
 SEC. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; grant 
 letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any tiling 
 but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, 
 ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts or grant any title of 
 nobility. 
 
 No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on 
 imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary lor executing its 
 inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, lai<l by any State on 
 imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all 
 such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 
 
 No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep 
 troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
 another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, 
 or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 EXECUTIVE POWER. 
 
 SECTION 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
 States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and 
 together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 
 
 MANNER OP ELECTING. 
 
 Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, 
 a number of electors, equal to the whole num ber of Senators and Representatives to 
 which the State may he entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative. 
 or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be 
 appointed an elector. 
 
 (The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per- 
 sons, of whom one at least shall not bean inhabitant of the same State as them- 
 selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for. and of the number 
 of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the 
 seatof the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. 
 The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- 
 son having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be 
 a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than 
 one who have sucli majority, and have an equal number of votes, then tne House of
 
 CONSTITUTION of THR tTNITED STATES. 99 
 
 Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and 
 if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House 
 shall in like manner choose the President. But inchoosingthe President, the votes 
 shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of 
 the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every 
 case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of 
 votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two 
 or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
 Vice-Presdent.*) 
 
 TIME OP CHOOSING ELECTORS. 
 
 The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on 
 which they sliall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
 United States. 
 
 WHO ELIGIBLE. 
 
 No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the Unitec 1 States at the 
 time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; 
 neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the 
 age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 
 
 WHEN THE PRESIDENT'S POWER DEVOLVES ON THE VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation or 
 Inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve 
 on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of 
 removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, 
 declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accor- 
 dingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 
 
 PRESIDENT'S COMPENSATION. 
 
 The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation 
 which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he 
 shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emol- 
 ument from the United States, or any of them. 
 
 OATH. 
 
 Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or 
 affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
 office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
 protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 POWERS AND DUTIES. 
 
 SEC. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of 
 the United States, and of the militia of the several States when ca'led into the actual 
 service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the princi- 
 pal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the 
 duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and 
 pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make 
 treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nomi- 
 nate, and l>y and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassa- 
 dors, other public ministers and consuls. Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other 
 officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
 for, and wliich sliall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vetthe 
 appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, 
 in the Courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 
 
 The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during 
 the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of 
 their next session. 
 
 * Altered by the 12th Amendment. See page 322.
 
 100 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 SEC. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the 
 state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall 
 judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
 houses or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect 
 to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think 
 proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care 
 that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
 United States. 
 
 OFFICERS REMOVED. 
 
 SEC. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, 
 shall be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, 
 bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 OF THE JUDICIARY. 
 
 SECTION 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one 
 Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time 
 ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall 
 hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their 
 services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in 
 office. 
 
 SEC. 2. (The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising 
 under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which 
 shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
 public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; 
 to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies 
 between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between 
 citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under 
 grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
 States, citizens or subjects. 4 ) 
 
 JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT. 
 
 In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those 
 in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdic- 
 tion. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appel- 
 late jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such 
 regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 OF TRIALS FOR CRIMES. 
 
 The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and 
 such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been commit- 
 ted; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or 
 places as the Congress may by law have directed. 
 
 OF TREASON. 
 
 SEC. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war 
 against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
 
 No ivrson shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses 
 to the same overt act, or on confession in open Court. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no 
 attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during 
 the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 STATE ACTS. 
 
 SECTION !. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, 
 records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by 
 general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings 
 shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 Altered by the llth Amendment. See page 322.
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 101 
 
 PRIVILEGES OP CITIZENS. 
 
 SEC. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immuni- 
 ties of citizens in the several States. 
 
 A person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, who shall fine 
 from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive 
 authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the 
 State having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 RUNAWAYS TO BE DELIVERED UP. 
 
 No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping 
 into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged 
 from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom 
 such service or labor may be due. 
 
 NEW STATES. 
 
 SEC. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no 
 new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor 
 any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, with- 
 out the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 TERRITORIAL ANL) OTHER PROPERTY. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and 
 regulations respecting, the territory, or other property belonging to the United 
 States; and nothing in tills Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 
 claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 
 
 SEC. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republi- 
 can form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, on 
 application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can not be 
 convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall 
 propose amendments to this Constitution ; or, on the application of the Legislatures 
 of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing amend- 
 ments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as partof this 
 Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
 States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of 
 ratification may be proposed by Congress; provided, that no amendment which may 
 be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any man- 
 ner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth Section of the first Article; and 
 that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 DEBTS. 
 
 All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this 
 Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as 
 under the Confederation. 
 
 SUPREME LAW OP THE LAND. 
 
 This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pur- 
 suance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
 of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land; and the Judges in every 
 State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to 
 the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 OATH. NO RELIGIOUS TEST. 
 
 The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members ot the 
 several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
 States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support 
 this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to 
 any office, or public trust, under the United States.
 
 102 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratifications of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the estab- 
 lishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. 
 
 Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seven- 
 teenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and 
 eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. 
 In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 President, and Deputy from Virginia. 
 
 New Hampshire John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts Nathaniel 
 Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. 
 New York Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey William Livingston, David Brear- 
 ley, William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin, 
 Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimmons, Jared Inger- 
 soll , James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. Delaware George Read, Gunning Bedford, 
 Jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. Maryland James M'Henry, 
 Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. Virqinia John Blair. James Madison, 
 Jr. North. Carolina William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. 
 South CaroUna John Rutledge, Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, 
 Pierce Butler. Georgia William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 
 
 Attest, WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 [The first ten amendments were proposed by Congress at their first session, in 
 1789. The eleventh was proposed in 1794, and the twelfth in 1803.] 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 FREE EXERCISE OP RELIGION. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibit- 
 ing the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; 
 or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for 
 a redress of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right 
 of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 NO SOLDIER TO BE BILLETED, ETC. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent 
 of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 UNREASONABLE SEARCHES PROHIBITED. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, 
 against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants 
 shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particu- 
 larly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise Infamous crime, 
 unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in 
 the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or 
 public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be put twice
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 103 
 
 in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, In any criminal case, to be a 
 witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due 
 process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just com- 
 pensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 MODE OF TKIAL. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and 
 public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall 
 have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by 
 law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con- 
 fronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining 
 witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 EIGHT OF TRIAL BY JURY. 
 
 Insults at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty 
 dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by jury shall 
 be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States than according to the 
 rules of the common law. 
 
 ARTICLE yill. 
 
 BAIL. FIXES. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and 
 unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 RIGHTS NOT ENUMERATED. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to 
 deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 POWERS RESERVED. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited 
 by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 LIMITATION OF JUDICIAL POWER. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any 
 suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by 
 citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign S'ate. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 ELECTION OF PRESIDENT. 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President 
 and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
 State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as 
 President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they 
 shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons 
 voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which list 
 they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of 
 the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the 
 Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all 
 the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest 
 number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority 
 of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such a majority, 
 then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list 
 of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- 
 diately by ballot the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be 
 taken by States, the representatives from each State having one vote; a quorum 
 for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
 States, and a majority of aji th^ States sbaii be necessary to a cuoice, Ao4 if the
 
 104 CRAWFORD'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice 
 shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the 
 Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other Con- 
 stitutional disability of the President. 
 
 The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the 
 Vice-PresiUent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
 appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers 
 on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose 
 shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 
 whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 But no person Constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be 
 eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 
 [Ratified in 1865.) 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 SEC. 1. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment tor 
 crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the 
 United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 SEC. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- 
 lation. 
 
 [Ratified in 1868-] 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 SEC. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the 
 Jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they 
 reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges 
 and immunities of citizens of the United States. Nor shall any State deprive any 
 person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor deny to any 
 person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the iaws. 
 
 SEC. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according 
 to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, 
 excluding Indians not taxed; but whenever the right to vote at any election for 
 electors of President and Vice-President, or United States Representatives In 
 Congress, executive and judicial officers, or the members of the Legislature there- 
 of, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years 
 of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except lor pai- 
 ticipation In rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be 
 reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall uear to the 
 whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in that State. 
 
 SEC. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, elector of 
 President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United 
 States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of 
 Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legisla- 
 ture, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution 
 of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
 same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; but Congress may by a vote 
 of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 
 
 SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, 
 including debts incurred for the payment ot pensions and bounties tor service in 
 suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned; but neither the 
 United States nor any State shall assume to pay any debt or obligation incurred in 
 aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim tor the loss 
 or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be 
 illegal and void. 
 
 SEC. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 
 
 the provisions of this article. 
 
 [Ratified in 1870.] 
 
 ART;CLE xv. 
 
 SEC. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or 
 abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account ot race, color or previous 
 condition of servitude. 
 
 SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate 
 legislation.
 
 ADDENDA. 105 
 
 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 [See page 41.] 
 
 The State board of agriculture consists of a president, 
 and one vice-president from each congressional district 
 in the State, and of the last ex-president of the board. 
 The board is elected biennially, on Wednesday of the 
 State fair week, on the State fair grounds, by a conven- 
 tion consisting of two or three delegates from each 
 county in the State, who have power to cast three votes 
 for their county. These delegates are chosen by the 
 agricultural societies in the respective counties, or, in 
 counties where no such societies exist, by the county 
 board. The State board of agriculture has control of 
 the department of agriculture, and of the State fairs 
 and stock shows. 
 
 STATE WEIGH -MASTER. 
 
 [See page 43.] 
 
 In all cities where there is State inspection of grain, 
 the railway and warehouse commissioners appoint a 
 State weigh-master and such assistants as may be neces- 
 sary, whose duty it is to inspect scales, and supervise 
 the weighing of grain or other property.
 
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 Spei; 
 
 Ten-cent Writing Spell > ai Copj " Combined. 
 Spelling Blanks, and -Dpiinilion Blanks 
 
 SCHOOL AND CLASS REGISTER AND SCHEDULE 
 AND REPORT CARDS, 
 
 Speakers, Reading Ch; - and Writing Charts. 
 Temperance 'J'e.xr