i M, : ?*,.! m THE UNIVERSITY OF^ILLINOIS LIBRARY . 6 30. 7 i e G t wo. I (,(,- I "8 I i' - - OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS NON CIRCULATING CHECK FOR UNBOUND CIRCULATING COPY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Agricultural Experiment Station BULLETIN No. 168 A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GROWING PIGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE OF THE QUANTITY OF PROTEIN CONSUMED BY A. D. EMMETT AND H. S. GRINDLEY WITH THE COOPERATION OF W. E. JOSEPH AND R. H. WILLJAMS URBANA, ILLINOIS, MARCH, 1914 CONTENTS OF BULLETIN No. 168 Page 1. INTRODUCTION. Object. Brief statement of findings of other investi- gators 85 2. PLAN OP EXPERIMENT 86 3. WEIGHTS, COMPOSITION, AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS OF FEEDS 87 \. LIVE WEIGHTS AND AVERAGE DAILY GAINS. 90 5. PHYSICAL CONDITION 91 6. BLOOD EXAMINATION 92 7. SLAUGHTER TESTS 94 (a) Post-Mortem Examination 95 (b) Measurements and Weights of Kidneys 96 (c) Judging of Dressed Carcasses 97 (d) Judging of Cross-Section of Half-Carcasses 98 (e) Measurements of Cross-Sections of Half -Carcasses 99 (f) Weights of Pigs, Dressed Carcasses, and Cuts of Pork 101 (g) Weights of Boneless Meat, Skeleton, Fats, and Offal 102 (h) Weights of Blood and Eespiratory and Digestive Organs 105 (i) Weights of Heart, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Gall Bladder, and Tongue 107 (j) Weights of Urinary Organs and Organs of Central Nervous System 10S (k) Weights of Miscellaneous Parts Head, Feet, Tail, Skin, Hair, and Toes 109 8. PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS OF LEG BONES Weights, Lengths, Diame- ters, Breaking Strengths, Moduli of Rupture, Section Moduli 110 9. SUMMARY 117 10. CONCLUSIONS 120 11. APPENDIX: (a) Live Weights, Gains, and Amounts of Feed Consumed 122 (b) Amounts of Digestible Nutrients Consumed 125 (c) Illustrations 128 A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GROWING PIGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE OF THE QUANTITY OF PROTEIN CONSUMED BY A. D. EMMETT, ASSISTANT CHIEF IN ANIMAL NUTRITION, AND K. S. GRINDLEY, CHIEF IN ANIMAL CHEMISTRY WITH THE COOPEr.ATION OF W. E. JOSEPH AND R. H. WILLIAMS INTRODUCTION The ultimate object of the investigation of which this publica- tion is a partial report was to determine the influence of different quantities of protein upon the nutrition of young growing pigs. In this particular bulletin are given the experimental data relating to the live weights and the physical condition of the animals, the com- parative weights of the various parts and organs of their bodies, and the relative sizes and breaking strengths of their leg bones. The results of a large number of feeding experiments carried on in this country show clearly that the development of the bodies of growing pigs can be directly influenced by the feeds consumed. It has been found that feeds rich in protein are more favorable to the normal development of young swine than those that are poor in pro- tein, and that animals fed a narrow ration have more blood, larger vital organs, and larger, stronger bones of a higher ash content than those fed a ration the nutritive ratio of which is wide. From these earlier experiments, however, it was impossible to tell whether the beneficial effects of the high-protein rations were due to the amounts of protein or to the amounts of mineral matter consumed, for the rations containing the greater quantities of the one contained also the greater quantities of the other. That the mineral matter played an important part is evident from the results of later experiments which showed that some of the abnormal bodily condi- tions occasioned by a ration poor in protein can be corrected by feed- ing ground bone, calcium phosphate, or wood ashes. This has been further proven by the investigations of Hart, McCollum, and Fuller 1 , which demonstrated that if the ration of growing pigs is rich in protein and low in calcium phosphate, the animals make small gains, are in poor physical condition, and have light bones of low mineral content and breaking strength. On the other hand, if in addition to a liberal supply of protein the ration contains large quantities of calcium pliosphate, the pigs make good gains, are in normal condition, and have bones of normal composition and breaking strength. J Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta., Res. Bui. 1, 1909. 85 86 BULLETIN No. 168 [March, In the light of the investigations cited above, it was thought that if growing pigs were given a liberal amount of calcium phos- phate in connection with small, medium, and large quantities of protein, valuable data would be obtained as to the quantities of pro- tein that are necessary for their normal development. PLAN OF EXPERIMENT At the time of weaning, October 30, 1909, fourteen thrifty Berk- shire pigs were selected from the Station herd, under the direction of Professor Dietrich, formerly of this department. On December 25, twelve of these animals were divided into three lots of four pigs each in such a way that the lots were as similar as possible in regard to age, ancestry, weight, and condition. On the same date the two remaining pigs were slaughtered and analyzed for controls. TABLE 1. DESCRIPTION OF PIGS Ancestry Date far- rowed 1909 Lot I Low protein Lot II Medium protein Lot in High protein Lot IV Control A.geat close of ex- peri- ment Sire Dam Pig Sex Pig Sex Pig Sex Pig Sex Abron Abron Abron Beckon Beckon Beckon Beckon Baron ] Duke V 131st | 90 79 19 47 77 26 44 13 32 Aug. 22 Aug. 22 Aug. 21 Aug. 27 Aug. 21 Aug. 20 Aug. 19 Sept.13 Aug. 25 1 4 1 barrow sow 5 barrow days 300 14 16 barrow barrow 299 2 l barrow 6 2 8 barrow barrow 299 280 297 26 44 barrow barrow 3 1 barrow 7 barrow 13 15 barrow barrow . . ...... J Died before close of experiment. 2 Kemoved from lot after Pig 2 died. During the experimental feeding period, which began December 25 and continued twenty-five weeks, Lot I was kept on a low-protein ration; Lot II, on a medium-protein ration; and Lot III, on a high- protein ration. The feeds used were ground corn, blood meal, and cal- eium phosphate. The animals were fed individually twice daily, at 7 a. m. and 4 p. m. All of them received, per 100 pounds live weight, approximately the same amounts of the ground corn. The calcium phosphate was so fed that the rations of Lots I, II, and III contained respectively, 11.03, 9.65, and 8.73 grams of phosphorus 2 per 100 pounds live weight. Of the blood meal, those of Lot II received more 2 According to the results of Hart, McCollum, and Fuller, calcium phosphates are as efficient in supplementing rations low in phosphorus as are organic phos- phorus compounds. These investigators state that young growing pigs should re- ceive per day at least 6 to 10 grams of phosphorus per 100 pounds live weight. 1914] INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 87 than those of Lot I, and those of Lot III, more than those of Lot II. Thus, per 100 pounds live weight, the pigs of the three lots received the same amounts of corn protein, but different amounts of blood-meal protein, the percentages of corn protein and blood-meal protein in the total protein received by each lot being as follows : Lot I, corn pro- tein, 50 percent, blood-meal protein, 50 percent ; Lot II, corn protein, 20 percent, blood-meal protein, 80 percent ; and Lot III, corn protein, 14 percent, blood-meal protein, 86 percent. Five grams of salt and 35 grams of charcoal were offered to each pig once a week, but in most instances no special desire for them was shown. The animals had free access to water at all times, and the weight of the water drunk was recorded for each lot, but not for each animal. Enough water was added to the feeds to make a thick slop. The three lots of pigs were kept separate, but the animals be- longing to the same lot were allowed to run together. Each lot was housed in a pen approximately 15 x 10 feet in size, which was paved with brick and provided with a movable wooden floor 5 feet square, upon which the pigs could lie. Pine shavings were used for bedding. During the first half of the experiment the animals were weighed once a week, but later, three times a week, on successive days. Dur- ing the last half of the experiment, additional exercise was given them by driving them once daily up and down a 270-foot paved alley. WEIGHTS, COMPOSITION, AND DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS OF FEEDS The quantities of digestible nutrients in the feeds of the three lots of pigs were calculated from the coefficients of digestibility given by Henry and Kellner for ground corn, i. e., dry substance, 91.0; protein, 85.0; carbohydrates, 92.4; and fat, 74.6; and by Lindsey 1 for dried blood, i. e., dry substance, 84.0; protein, 84.0; and fat, 98.0. Pigs 8 and 15 were not good feeders. They went off feed several times, and as it was, therefore, necessary to reduce their portions of corn meal and blood meal considerably, the amounts of feeds consumed by these animals were somewhat lower than those consumed by the two other pigs in their respective lots. 'These values were for sheep. The only experiment bearing upon the di- gestibility of blood meal for swine that w r e were able to find was one quoted in Henry's "Feeds and Feeding." In that experiment the coefficient of di- gestibility of the protein was given as 72, but the blood meal used was hard :in j > > } 7 > Dee. 20-Jan. 28 Jan. 29-Mar. 11 Mar. 12-May 13 May 14-June 20 86.58 86.30 86.52 86.26 7.90 7.95 8.17 8.16 3.91 3.89 3.95 2.33 73.54 73.16 73.17 74.52 1.23 1.30 1.23 l.3 0.251 0.256 0.254 0.248 Average .... Dec. 20-June 20 86.41 8.04 3.52 73.60 1.25 0.252 Blood meal. . ? > > ' j ) Dee. 20-Jan. 28 Jan. 29-May 17 May 19-June 20 88.57 89.43 90.51 83.79 85.97 87.39 0.38 0.37 0.46 1.73 0.90 0.36 2.66 2.19 2.30 0.186 0.153 0.148 Average Dec. 20-June 20 89.50 85.72 0.40 1.00 2.38 0.162 Tankage 1 . . . May 17-May 19 1 89.15 56.50 10.55 .... 15.15 1.221 J Used in place of blood meal for two days, equivalent quantities of protein being weighed out. 1014] INFU:KN< E OF PKOTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 89 'C g.2 4* ^ 43 CC 00 OS 1C to' TT CM CO CM CM 1C 1C I tO CM CM CM CM rH rH rH rH 6 03 V. -22 So 2 g a3 g OS O 1C b- OS to CM T}< 00 -* CO CM 00 rH rH 00 CM CO TjH 1C O CO ^ co" co oi ^-*CO T}< ^^^ "** ri"g '3 D to to CM oo 1C 1C t- OQ CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 01 CO CO CM CO CO CO CO CO , GO S|, 2 co 1C 1C iH O to to t~ o CO CO tO **< t-- t^. rH 1C rH OJOSt- OS QO OO OO QO 1 g CM tO CM 00 00 CM Tjt OJ 00 1C t- -HH CM -* to co oo I s 1C CO CO O to to ic to 1C to 1C 1C Digestible nutrients Is PH ^ to to * OS OS CO !>. 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C t^ CM U5 1C 1C 1C 1C 000 ~ o o o o o o o o o o o 6 , si**-! at 1C CM t~- ,2 1C CO O 1C CO OS OS * * !M CO os ic co at CM CC CM CM rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1C N X fl '3 o 03 O EH ,2 CO CM CM rH OJ >C 00 t- to to to CO tO OJ OS cs os i- oo ~ d o o 000 O O O C- o "ol O 03 S s ai tO CO CM ,Q rH rH rH t~ 1C CM Tfl 1C 1C 1C 1C O CO OO t~ CO OO to h- " o o* o o o o o o o o o Ground corn to CO CM ^CO ^ CC CO rH CM ~ O O O o o o o o o o o II J C,: t~ os oo Ja os os co t~ CO 1C 00 CM CM O rH * CO CO O CO ^ rH CO ~* rH rH rH Cv] 03 3 o ,2 1C 1C t~ OS OO tO OO lo rH l>- O* "^ CM CM rH CM CM' CM CM' CO CO CM CM 5 03 S o! C] CO 00 Jg CM rH rH 00 to CM 1C t- t- I- !>. O * CM 1C rH rH OJ O " o o o O O O O rH rH O r-l 1=1 a 3 C O si OS O OOf ,2 CM ** 1C i Tf< rH rH 1C irH rH OS O CM O CM rH OS O OO OJ ~" CM C$ rH ' *CM CM rH cq rH CM rH rH '3 Is g rH CO ^ 1C t- 00 > CO 1C r-l rH rH | o >H i rH 03 bC M OS rH - 9 a 3 r ( ^ * fa^ "^ rrj Q C5 (-S F^ ft CS q~ S "*^ *03 03 ^ !-, 03 <4H S .. aj fl pQ ^H iy *IH cc "So w p "t5 ai "t^ ^"* ra j3 M m 2"H.2 *" - S ^ r w ^ ^* ?f3 03 5, ^ .g 2 C rt *?_ M ^2 CC IlliS S I 53 S _ 90 BULLETIN No. 168 March, LIVE WEIGHTS AND AVERAGE DAILY GAINS Attention should again be called to the fact that the pigs used in this investigation were young, growing animals weighing on an average only 51 pounds at the beginning of the experiment, and that they were housed in small pens paved with brick. The reader is cautioned against assuming that similar results would have been ob- tained if the pigs had been more mature. The live weights of the pigs during the different periods of the experiment are given in Table 4. All of the animals of Lot I re- mained small and underdeveloped, and three of them died before the close of the experiment. Pig 1, which was the only animal on the low-protein ration that did live to the end of the experiment, increased less in live weight than those of the other lots except No. 8. The average daily gain of Pig 1 for the entire experiment was 0.64 pound, while that of the pigs of Lot II was 0.85 pound, and that of the animals of Lot III, 0.90 pound. There was no significant difference between the average live weights and the average daily gains of the pigs of Lots II and III. TABLE 4. LIVE WEIGHTS AND GAINS (Kesults expressed in pounds) Animal Lot Weight at Weight at beginning t\f ov Weight at close of Total gain from begin- ning to Average daily weaning us. ex- periment experiment close, 174 days gain 1 I 31.0 67.9 180.1 112.2 0.64 3 I 30.0 51.8 74.0 1 (22.2) 1 i 2 I 25.0 35.9 35.3' (-0.6)' 2 4 I 27.0 42.4 44.0 s (1.6)' 8 Total.... I 113.0 198.0 .... .... 5 II 31.0 62.9 249.4 186.5 1.07 7 II 27.0 49.8 199.6 149.8 0.86 C II 31.0 34.9 47.8 4 (12.9) 4 i 8 II 28.0 49.4 157.0 107.6 o'.62 Total.... IT 117.0 197.0 606.0 443.9 0.85 16 III 34.0 62.8 248.4 185.6 1.06 13 III 26.0 44.9 189.3 144.4 0.82 14 III 22.0 42.4 66.4* (24.0) 4 4 15 III 35.0 62.9 203.7 140.8 V.80 Total.... III 117.0 213.0 641.4 470.8 0.90 'Pig 3 removed on 125th clay of experiment; died a week later. 2 Pig 2 removed on 41st day of experiment. "Pig 4 died the night before experiment closed. 4 In order to keep all lots comparable, Pigs 6 and 14 were removed soon after Pig 2 died, and their gains have not been included in the total for their re- spective lots. 1914] INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 91 PHYSICAL CONDITION As formerly stated, the three lots of pigs were kept under con- ditions as much alike as possible in every respect except as to the quan- tity and quality of the protein consumed. The pens, the amount of room for exercising, the ventilation, and the sanitary conditions were alike for all. Notes as to the condition and appearance of the pigs were taken at the beginning of, and at frequent intervals thruout, the experiment. The rating of the twelve pigs of Lots I, II, and III at the beginning of the experiment, from the feeder's standpoint in regard to conforma- tion, condition, thrift, etc., was as follows: Pig No. ...1 5 16 15 8 3 7 4 14 13 2 6 Lot No. ...I II III III II I II I III III I II Pig 1 was a rather exceptional individual with respect to vigor and thrift, while Pigs 2 and 6 were the poorest animals in the ex- periment. Pigs 16 and 15 were not very widely different, and both were inferior to Pig 5. Pig 3 was nearly equal to Pig 8 and dis- tinctly superior to Pig 7. Pigs 4 and 14 were inferior to Pig 7 and only slightly better than Pig 13. The physical condition of the pigs as the experiment progressed was as follows : Pig 2 of Lot I was removed on the forty-first day of the experi- ment, as it had become sluggish and lacked appetite, walked with difficulty, and appeared to be starving. It died on the forty-sixth day of the experiment. Pig 3 of Lot I made fairly good gains up to February 5. It then began to lose its appetite, appeared drowsy, and became stiff in the hind quarters. On April 30 this animal was in such a bad condition that it was removed and given a different treatment to see if it would recover. It died on May 5. Unlike Pigs 2 and 3, Pig 4 of Lot I was very active and never showed signs of being stiff. Like them, however, this animal also was in poor condition during the latter part of the experiment. About February 5 it began to lose its appetite, its hair came off, and it stopped growing entirely. During the last two weeks of the experi- ment it was practically fasting and it was plainly seen that it could not live long. It died June 19. The remaining pig of this lot (No. I), during the latter half of the experiment showed distinct symptoms of stiffness in all parts. It walked and stood with difficulty, and occasionally showed signs of drowsiness. When Pig 2 died, Pigs 6 and 14 were removed from Lots II and III, respectively, in order to make the three lots directly comparable from the standpoint of merit of the animals, number of animals, and 92 BULLETIN No. 168 [March, area per head in each pen. On the whole, the remaining pigs of Lots II and III continued thrifty and in good condition for animals kept in small pens for an extended period of time. Pig 6 of the medium-protein lot made the smallest gain in weight and was the most unthrifty individual of the lot. Altho at the begin- ning of the experiment this animal was rated below Pig 2, its litter mate, it gradually surpassed Pig 2 in every way. Up to the time that Pig 2 was removed, Pig 6 gained about 0.3 pound per day. The other pigs of the medium-protein lot were not sluggish like those of Lot I, but they were somewhat stiff in the hind quarters at times during very cold weather. The pigs of the high-protein lot were particularly active, tho occasionally during very cold weather, like the pigs of the medium- protein lot, they became stiff in the hind quarters. Pigs 13 and 14 were not as thrifty as Pigs 15 and 16. Up to the time that Pig 2 was removed, Pigs 13 and 14 gained 0.6 pound per day, and Pigs 15 and 16, 1.0 pound. The main reason for removing Pig 14 instead of Pig 13 at the time that Pig 2 was removed, was the fact that Pig 13 was a litter mate of Pig 7 of Lot II. The general appearance of Pigs 1 and 4 of Lot I, 5 and 7 of Lot II, and 16 and 13 of Lot III, is shown by Figures 1, 2, and 3 in the Appendix, pages 128 to 130. BLOOD EXAMINATION Towards the end of the experiment, examinations were made of the blood of all of the pigs in order that the data so obtained might be used as an aid in determining the comparative physical conditions of the animals. Three of these tests were made on Pigs 1 and 16, and two on each of Nos. 4, 5, 7, 13, and 15. Only the count of the total number of white blood cells, or leu- cocytes, showed any definite distinction between the lots. In the dif- ferential count of the white blood cells and the count of the red blood cells, the differences within the lots were as great as, or greater than, the lot differences. The average of the white blood cells for Lot I was 26,222 ; that for Lot II, 19,339 ; and that for Lot III, 20,405. The number of leucocytes in the blood of Pigs 1 and 4 of the low- protein lot was unusually large and may have indicated an abnormal condition. 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O cd 9 10 iH ITH ; b- b- b- rH rH rH f 1 1 fi 41 CO b-CO IO b- * IO CO & N a S '" bo 1 rH * oo co iH rH iH 06 *' to" rH iH rH M 's 8 H cc SD CO O O) ^ CO iH CO R 1 S p rH rH co" Tji io" rH iH rH CO IO HH rH rH iH -t-> 1 CQ 9 ^ 0> oo b- cq CD W r3 0-1 l-( I rH * T* 10 IO iH rH iH 4* 03 O CS "^ IO IO IO M rH co cq -^ iH iH iH CQ ^^ C^) rH iH r-i S M 33 3 be S iH 03 "J 1 S3 | 116 BULLETIN No. 163 [March, 02 H ^ 55 s o 0^ J d 0* c r ;g f-100 00 CD s 10 oo OS IO { p o o o > Q oo o d d o I 45 3 to to o 1-1 00 b- b- 10 oo co d ' d 00 g 1-1 i-l IO CO cq os 10 oft 1C oo co i 1 IO 00 M o 00 o rH O M o o O O o 03 IO IO co os r-i IO t*- 'oo os 00 CO IO CC CD B O IrH O o O o 5 d 00 o .2 -a a :s . 1-1 1-f t- IO iH CO a EH S 1 : d d d O d 1 O CO CO CO i-l 10 CO 00 CO b- co co co CO i i-l o o d o o o d d o" -a pq o o > co &< ^ O O II S> OS b- CO TtfTH ns b- 03 b- or. o i-l O O IH O O 4 o g ^ 10 CO IO co ; oo oo 05 CO CO or ID o o O H ^ ' d o o e H I 10 os o OS iH OS OS o rH iH CO iH O 05 o O OO 3 M aa a SH a i i i i [ CD be IO CO co 05 Tfi CO CO 00 t- IO CO re co co 00 1 o o o o o o a i e 10 CO O co CO CO CO 00 I $ O ' d do d 1 CC ro co co O) ^ CO CO O O o oc as ^^ CO CO o o o M 00 O O 1 CC CO co co co oo o CO CO CO O 4 00 do* d P ti * o CO o * W i-l i-H co co co O O # o do o* 4* -a OJ 01 ^^ co co CO CO CO o o o b-cq oj ^ CO CO o o o M 00 O OO CD bo OS o eq O5O 05 ^ co co 00 O cc cq o cq co co o o o o o o 00 05 -2 45 C3 CO . o os oo oo cq cq cq o o o EH 3 o d OO 3 10 CO o OJOJ OJ ^^ CQ CO O O b-b- cq cq co co 00 M o o o 00 I 3 CO OJ CQ ^ CO ^t* oo o CO O i-l o o o O 00 g 45 * 00 CO CO CO o iH b- OJ ^^ CO CO 00 p w o ' d o o o ID ^5 ^4 ^4 ^4 o o o o o o M O O do o S M aa a ga s S rl ? i 1914] INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 117 SUMMARY 1. Plan of Experiment. Of fourteen carefully selected Berk- shire pigs weighing upon an average 51 pounds, two were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment. The remaining twelve were then divided into three lots of four each in such a way that all of the lots were as nearly alike as possible in regard to age, ancestry, weight, and condition. Lot I was fed a low-protein ration; Lot II, a medium- protein ration; and Lot III, a high-protein ration. The rations con- sisted of ground corn, blood meal, and rock phosphate. The pigs of the three lots were kept and fed under exactly the same conditions thruout the experiment. Each pig was fed separately. Two animals of Lots II and III, and one of Lot I were subjected to a detailed slaughter test. 2. Digestible Nutrients Consumed.- The following average amounts of digestible nutrients were consumed daily per 100 pounds live weight by the pigs slaughtered at the end of the experiment : Pig 1 of the low-protein lot protein 0.32, carbohydrates 1.55, and fat 0.061 pound; Pigs 5 and 7 of the medium-protein lot protein 0.70, carbohydrates 1.44, and fat 0.059 pound ; and Pigs 16 and 13 of the high-protein lot protein 0.94, carbohydrates 1.32, and fat 0.056 pound. 3. Energy Values of Digestible Nutrients. The average energy- values of the digestible nutrients of the feedstuffs consumed per pig per 100 pounds live weight were as follows : Pig 1 of Lot I, 3.79 ; Pigs 5 and 7 of Lot II, 4.28 ; and Pigs 16 and 13 of Lot III, 4.49 therms. 4. Ash and Phosphorus Consumed. The following average quan- tities of ash and phosphorus were consumed daily per 100 pounds live weight: by Pig 1 of the low-protein lot ash 71.24, and phos- phorus 11.03 grams ; by Pigs 5 and 7 of the medium-protein lot ash 64.24, and phosphorus 9.65 grams; and by Pigs 16 and 13 of the high- protein lot ash 59.06, and phosphorus 8.73 grams. 5. Live Weights. The live weights at the time of slaughtering were as follows : Pig 1 of Lot I, 180.1 pounds ; Pigs 5 and 7 of Lot II, 249.4 and 199.6 pounds, respectively; and Pigs 16 and 13 of Lot III, 248.4 and 189.3 pounds, respectively. Pigs 7 and 13 were twenty days younger than Pigs 1, 5, and 16. 6. Gains in Weight. The average daily gains were as follows: Pig 1 of Lot I, 0.64 pound ; Pigs 5 and 7 of Lot II, 0.96 pound ; and Pigs 16 and 13 of Lot III, 0.94 pound. 7. Physical Condition. All the pigs of the low-protein lot except No. 1 lacked appetite. With the exception of Pig 4, they were sluggish and walked with difficulty. All appeared unthrifty and underfed. Three of the four pigs of the low-protein lot died during the experiment, apparently as the result of poor nourishment. The pigs of the medium- and the high-protein lots were active. They 118 BULLETIN No. Ib8 [March, appeared to be thrifty and in good condition for animals kept in pens, and the only abnormal physical condition they exhibited was stiffness during extremely cold weather. 8. Blood Examination. The differences between the values within the lots were so great in the percentage of hemoglobin, in the number of red cells, and in the differential count in percent of the total white cells, that it was impossible to make out significant differences between the lots. The lot averages for the white blood cells were: Lot I, 26,222 ; Lot II, 19.339 ; and Lot III, 20,405. The number of leucocytes in the blood of the pigs of Lot I was unusually large and may have indicated an abnormal condition. 9. Post-Mortem Examination. The post-mortem examination demonstrated that the kidneys of the three pigs of the low-protein lot subjected to examination were clearly and unmistakably affected with chronic paranchymatous nephritis, while none of the pigs of the medium- and high-protein lots were so affected. The weight, the length, and the width of the kidneys of the pigs on the low-protein ration were significantly less than the corresponding values for the kidneys of the pigs on the medium- and the high-protein rations. The livers of the pigs on the low-protein ration were distinctly smaller than those of Lots II and III, but in other respects, appeared to be normal. There was nothing abnormal in the other organs that could be attributed to the rations. 10. Judging of Dressed Carcasses. Pig 1 of the low-protein lot, Pig 7 of the medium-protein lot, and Pig 13 of the high-protein lot were classed as "light loin" or "shipper" hogs; Pig 5 of the medium-protein lot, as "light butcher;" and Pig 16 of the high- protein lot, as "medium butcher." The dressed carcass of Pig 1 had probably less fat on the sides, brisket, and flanks than the car- casses of the pigs of Lots II and III. 11. Judging of Cross-Sections of Half-Carcasses. It seemed apparent from the examination of the cross-sections that the car- cass of Pig 1 of the low-protein lot differed from the carcasses of the pigs of the medium- and high-protein lots as follows : first, its fat and lean were somewhat darker in color; second, its fat was softer; and third, the marrow of its bones was lighter in color. It was im- possible to make out definite group differences between the cross-sec- tions of the carcasses of the animals of Lots II and III. 12. Measurements of the Cross-Sections of Half -Carcasses. From the measurements of the cross-sections of the sides of the car- casses it seemed apparent that the carcass of Pig 1 of the low-protein lot showed less fat than the carcasses of the other four pigs, tho prac- tically the same amount of lean. 13. Weights of Dressed Carcasses. There were no significant differences between the weights of the carcasses of the different lots of pigs other than those due to differences in the live weights 1914] INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 119 of the animals when slaughtered. The weights of dressed pork in percent of the live weight yielded by the five animals slaughtered were as follows : Pig 1 of the low-protein lot, 71.04 ; Pigs 5 and 7 of the medium-protein lot, 70.87 and 72.08 percent, respectively; and Pigs 16 and 13 of the high-protein lot, 73.13 and 68.67 percent, respectively. 14. Weights of Cuts of Pork. The weights of the cuts of pork ham, shoulder, and side varied in general directly as the live weights. The average weights of the three cuts for the five animals in percent of the live weight were : hams, 7.88 ; shoulders, 9.90 ; and sides, 17.79 percent. 15. Weights of Boneless Meat and Skeletons. The weights of the boneless meat in the cuts varied directly as the net live weight of the pigs. The average values for all five pigs for the boneless meat were : ham, 27.58 pounds; shoulder, 34.54 pounds; and side, 62.98 pounds. The weights of the skeleton showed marked differences within the lots, but the lot averages agreed closely. 16. Weights of Blood. Calculated on the basis of the net live weights, the amounts of blood were fairly constant for the five pigs, ranging from 2.89 percent for Pig 5 to 3.38 percent for Pig 13, with an average for all of 3.15 percent. The percentage of blood for the animals of the control group was distinctly higher, being 4.98 percent. 17. Weights of Heart, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Gall Bladder, and Tongue. The weights of the heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, gall bladder, and tongue of Pigs 1, 5, 7, 16, and 13 varied more or less directly with the live weights of the animals. Expressed in percent of the net live weight, the results for the different pigs were quite simi- lar, except in the case of the livers. The percentage values for the younger pigs, Nos. 26 and 44, were distinctly higher than those for the older animals. 18. Weights of Urinary Organs and Organs of Central Nervous System. The weights of the kidneys of the pigs of the low-protein lot were about 50 percent lower than those of the pigs of the medium- and high-protein lots. The data for the other urinary organs and for the organs of the central nervous system did not show any lot differ- ences that seem to be significant. In the case of the pigs of the control lot, the percentage values for the kidneys, brain, and spinal cord were higher than those for the older and more mature pigs. 19. Weights, Lengths, and Diameters of Bones. The weights of the bones varied in general directly as the live weights of the animals. The differences between the lots in the lengths and diameters of the bones were slight. 20. Breaking Strengths of Bones. The leg bones of the pig of the low-protein lot were thinner walled and had a larger space for marrow than those of any of the four other pigs. Further, the 120 BULLETIN No. 168 [March, bones of the pigs of the high-protein lot had thicker walls and smaller spaces for marrow than those of the pigs of the medium-protein lot. The breaking strengths of the bones of Pig 1 of Lot I were in all cases lower than those of any of the other pigs. 21. Moduli of Rupture of Bones. From the average data for the moduli of rupture, it seems probable that the quality of the leg bones of the pig of the low-protein lot was significantly inferior to that of the four other pigs, and that there was little difference be- tween the values for the pigs of Lots II and III. 22. Section Moduli of Bones. The average values for the sec- tion moduli of the bones of the older and heavier pigs, Nos. 5 and 16 of Lots II and III, were higher than those of the younger and lighter pigs, Nos. 7 and 13, while those for Pig 1 of Lot I were the lowest. Calculated on the basis of 100 pounds live weight, the section moduli tended to become constant, i. e., the economic distribution of the material increased proportionally with the live weight. CONCLUSIONS The conclusions drawn from the experimental data reported in this bulletin were as follows: 1. A daily ration of ground corn, blood meal, and an ample amount of calcium phosphate, containing only 0.32 pound of digestible protein, and yielding only 3.79 therms of metabolizable energy per 100 pounds live weight, is not sufficient for the normal nutrition of young, growing pigs. It is impossible to account for this fact definitely, but it is probable that the ration either does not contain enough of the right kind of protein or does not yield enough energy., 2. Daily rations of ground corn, blood meal, and an ample amount of calcium phosphate, containing respectively 0.70 aid 0.94 pound of digestible protein, and yielding respectively 4.28 and 4.49 therms of metabolizable energy per 100 pounds live weight, are sufficient for the normal nutrition of young, growing pigs. 3. The difference between 0.70 and 0.94 pound of digestible pro- tein and 4.28 and 4.49 therms of metabolizable energy per 100 pounds live weight per day in a ration consisting of ground corn, blood meal, and an ample amount of calcium phosphate does not exert any appar- ent effect upon the nutrition of young growing pigs. 1914} INFLUENCE OP PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 121 These experiments in regard to the influence of the quantity of protein consumed by growing pigs on the development of their bodies will be continued by this station to further confirm the results here reported. The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Profes- sors Wm. Dietrich and L. D. Hall for helpful suggestions and as- sistance in the planning and conducting of this experiment, and to Messrs. P. A. Hoffman and W. H. Balis for much aid in the routine work. They desire also to express to Miss Leonora Perry their appreciation of her very efficient editorial criticism. 122 BULLETIN No. 168 [March, APPENDIX TABLE 1. LIVE WEIGHTS, GAINS, AND AMOUNTS OF FEEDS CONSUMED LOT I, LOW-PROTEIN EATION (Eesults expressed in pounds per period of 28 days) Ani- mal Per- iod Date Live weight Feeds consumed daily per 100 pounds live weight Aver- age daily gain Total weights offeeds perlOO pounds gain Begin- ning of period Aver- age for period Ground corn Blood meal Total 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-Jan: 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14- June 17 67.9 82.6 99.0 121.8 137.5 151.4 74.89 92.30 110.75 130.13 144.30 163.56 3.17 3.12 2.59 1.89 1.57 1.42 0.10 0.11 0.20 0.27 0.32 0.33 3.26 3.23 2.79 2.16 1.89 1.75 0.52 0.59 0.81 0.56 0.49 0.82 466.0 508.8 379.1 502.2 550.4 348.9 Average Dee. 25-June 17 110.0 119.32 2.29 0.22 2.51 0.63 459.2 3 l 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-Jan. 21, Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 51.9 ^63.7 76.5 93.5 84.0 58.12 71.22 83.62 91.74 78.87 3.26 3.15 2.54 1.16 1.91 0.10 0.11 0.20 0.18 0.06 3.36 3.26 2.74 1.34 1.98 0.46 0.41 0.56 -0.22 -0.71 Average Dec. 25-June 17 73.9 76.71 2.40 0.13 2.54 0.10 .... 4- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 42.4 49.0 52.5 49.7 54.0 47.7 45.92 51.90 50.60 52.52 51.22 46.36 3.35 2.53 0.90 1.52 0.57 0.60 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.24 0.19 0.32 3.45 2.65 1.02 1.76 0.76 0.92 0.23 0.13 -0.11 0.19 -0.27 -0.07 i Average Dec. 25-June 17 46.2 49.75 1.58 0.18 1.76 0.02 .... *Died May 30, before experiment closed. 2 Died June 19, before experiment closed. 1914} INFLUENCE OP PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 123 TABLE 2. LIVE WEIGHTS, GAINS, AND AMOUNTS OF FEEDS CONSUMED LOT II, MEDIUM-PROTEIN EATION (Eesults expressed in pounds per period of 28 days) Ani- mal Per- iod Date Live weight Feeds consumed daily per 100 pounds live weight Aver- age daily gain Total weights of feeds perlOO pounds gain Begin- ning of period Aver- age for period Ground corn Blood meal Total 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dee. 25- Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 62.9 90.8 113.7 148.0 176.5 206.9 75.05 103.97 130.91 161.61 190.95 228.00 3.15 2.87 2.35 1.68 1.59 1.23 0.68 0.66 0.73 0.85 0.86 0.90 3.83 3.53 3.08 2.53 2.45 2.13 1.00 0.82 1.22 1.02 1.08 1.21 287.9 449.7 328.9 401.1 431.0 400.6 Average Dee. 25-June 17 133.1 148.41 2.14 0.78 2.92 1.06 383.2 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25- Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 49.9 71.4 103.7 121.6 144.0 168.5 58.91 82.19 107.86 132.90 154.65 183.77 3.15 2.95 2.36 1.58 1.50 1.14 0.69 0.67 0.73 0.82 P.83 0.80 3.84 3.62 3.09 2.40 2.33 1.94 0.77 0.85 0.94 0.80 0.87 0.89 293.8 250.8 354.4 399.2 411.0 400.6 Average Dec. 25-June 17 109.8 120.05 2.11 0.76 2.87 0.85 368.3 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dee. 25-Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 49.4 74.6 101.6 114.3 130.5 146.5 60.89 83.77 103.39 123.57 135.66 151.65 3.08 2.66 1.93 1.14 1.02 1.66 0.65 0.58 0.68 0.82 0.88 0.73 3.73 3.24 2.61 1.96 1.90 2.39 0.90 0.66 0.76 0.58 0.57 0.30 252.6 411.0 355.7 420.1 451.2 706.9 Average Dec. 25-June 17 102.8 109.82 1.91 0.72 2.64 0.63 432.9 Aver. Lot n Dec. 25-June 17 115.2 126.09 2.05 0.75 2.81 0.85 394.8 124 BULLETIN No. 168 [March, TABLE 3. LIVE WEIGHTS, GAINS, AND AMOUNTS OF FEEDS CONSUMED LOT III, HIGH-PROTEIN EATION (Besults expressed in pounds per period of 28 days) Ani- mal Per- iod Date Live weight Feeds consumed daily per 100 pounds live weight Aver- age daily gain Total weights of feeds perlOO pounds gain Begin- ning of period Aver- age for period Ground corn Blood meal Total 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25- Jan. 21 Jan. 22 -Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 62.9 94.7 128.0 161.0 195.5 223.5 77.19 111.40 146.01 177.51 207.75 234.46 3.10 2.69 2.13 1.56 1.31 0.71 1.11 1.03 1.11 1.25 1.16 0.97 4.22 3.72 3.23 2.81 2.47 1.68 1.14 1.19 1.18 1.23 1.00 0.71 285.9 348.8 400.8 405.2 513.7 555.4 Average Dec. 25-June 17 144.3 159.05 1.92 1.10 3.02 1.07 418.3 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25- Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 44.9 60.4 81.7 107.3 133.0 158.1 51.41 70.72 94.32 120.68 142.56 172.50 2.84 2.66 2.35 1.83 1.24 1.07 1.00 1.01 1.16 1.30 1.20 1.17 3.84 3.66 3.51 3.13 2.44 2.25 0.56 0.76 0.91 0.92 0.90 0.89 355.2 341.6 361.9 411.9 388.2 436.5 Average Dee. 25-June 17 97.6 108.70 2.00 ' 1.14 3.14 0.82 382.5 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 62.9 92.3 121.5 150.6 179.0 197.5 76.47 106.85 138.31 164.50 189.93 201.79 3.10 2.61 2.05 1.52 1.25 0.42 1.11 0.98 0.99 1.07 1.10 0.29 4.21 3.59 3.04 2.59 2.35 0.71 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.66 0.18 306.4 368.1 405.4 419.7 675.7 802.2 Average Dec. 25-June 17 134.0 146.31 1.82 0.92 2.75 0.83 496.2 Aver. Lot m Dec. 25-June 17 125.3 138.02 1.91 1.05 2.97 0.91 432.3 1914} INFLUENCE OP PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 125 TABLE 4. AMOUNTS OF DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS CONSUMED LOT I, LOW-PROTEIN RATION (Results expressed in pounds and therms per period of 28 days) Ani- mal Per- iod Date Digestible nutrients consumed daily per 100 pounds live weight Energy of di- gestible nu- trients per 100 pounds live weight Nutri- tive ratio Dry sub- stance Protein (N x 6.25) Carbo- hy- drates Fat 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dee. 25-Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Apr. 16-Apr. 18 Men. 19-May 13 May 14- June 17 11*. 2.564 2.541 2.185 1.691 1.476 1.366 Ibs. 0.285 0.295 0.322 0.326 0.336 0.337 Ibs. 2.140 2.109 1.747 1.275 1.063 0.958 Ibs. 0.083 0.082 0.069 0.051 0.042 0.038 therms 4.90 4.86 4.18 3.23 2.82 2.61 1:8.2 1:7.8 1:5.9 1:4.3 1:3.4 1:3.1 Average Dec. 25-June 17 1.970 0.317 1.549 0.061 3.77 1:5.3 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 2.639 2.565 2.148 1.050 1.553 0.296 0.298 0.320 0.211 0.176 2.202 2.130 1.713 0.783 1.293 0.086 0.083 0.068 0.032 0.050 5.05 4.90 4.11 2.01 2.97 1:8.1 1:7.8 1:5.8 1:4.1 1:8.0 Average Dee. 25-June 17 1.991 0.260 1.624 0.064 3.81 1:6.8 4 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Jan. 21 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 2.708 2.073 0.797 1.379 0.597 0.717 0.299 0.254 0.148 0.278 0.179 0.271 2.263 1.708 0.607 1.029 0.386 0.409 0.088 0.067 0.024 0.041 0.016 0.017 5.18 3.96 1.52 2.64 1.14 1.37 1:8.2 1:7.3 1:4.5 1:4.0 1:2.4 1:1.6 Average Dec. 25-June 17 1.378 0.238 1.067 0.042 2.63 1:4.9 *Died May 30, before experiment closed. 2 Died June 19, before experiment closed. 126 BULLETIN No. 168 [March, TABLE 5. AMOUNTS OP DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS CONSUMED LOT II, MEDIUM-PROTEIN EATION (Eesults expressed in pounds and therms per period of 28 days) Ani- mal Per- iod Date Digestible nutrients consumed daily per 100 pounds live weight Energy of di- gestible nu- trients per 100 pounds live weight Nutri- tive ratio Dry sub- stance Protein (N x 6.25) Carbo- hy- drates Fat 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dee. 25-Jan. 21 Jan. 2-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Men. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 Ibs. 2.986 2.755 2.396 1.957 1.896 1.647 lb*. 0.702 0.673 0.685 0.725 0.728 0.734 Ibs. 2.128 1.939 1.589 1.134 1.073 0.831 Ibs. 0.085 0.079 0.065 0.047 0.045 0.036 therms 5.71 5.27 4.59 3.74 3.63 3.15 1:3.3 1:3.1 1:2.5 1:1.7 1:1.6 1:1.2 Average Dee. 25-June 17 2.273 0.708 1.449 0.059 4.35 1:2.2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 2.996 2.823 2.408 1.864 1.799 1.497 0.710 0.684 0.687 0.700 0.699 0.653 2.130 1.993 1.597 1.071 1.010 0.770 0.086 0.081 0.065 0.045 0.042 0.033 5.73 5.40 4.60 3.57 3.44 2.86 1:3.3 1:3.2 1:2.5 1:1.7 1:1.6 1:1-3 Average Dec. 25-June 17 2.231 0.689 1.428 0.059 4.27 1:2.3 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-Jan. 21 Jan. 22-Feb. 18 Feb. 19-Mch. 18 Mch. 19-Apr. 15 Apr. 16-May 13 May 14-June 17 2.913 2.528 2.029 1.516 1.464 1.861 0.680 0.601 0.624 0.668 0.703 0.643 2.080 1.795 1.302 0.773 0.690 1.123 0.084 0.072 0.054 0.033 0.030 0.047 5.57 4.83 3.88 2.90 2.80 3.56 1:3.3 1:3.3 1:2.3 1:1.3 1:1.1 1:1.9 Average Dec. 25-June 17 2.052 0.653 1.294 0.053 3.92 1:2.2 Aver. Lot n Dec. 25-June 17 2.185 0.683 1.390 0.057 4.18 1:2.2 1914] INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 127 TABLE 6. AMOUNTS OF DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS CONSUMED LOT III, HIGH-PROTEIN EATION (Eesults expressed in pounds and therms per period of 28 days) Ani- mal Per- iod Date Digestible nutrients consumed daily per 100 pounds live weight Energy of di- gestible nu- trients per 100 pounds live weight Nutri- tive ratio Dry sub- stance Protein (N x 6.25) Carbo- hy- drates Fat 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-Junel7 Jan. 22- Jan. 21 Feb. 19-Feb. 18 Meh. 19-Mch. 18 Apr. 16-Apr. 15 May 14-May 13 Ibs. 3.278 2.888 2.505 2.169 1.904 1.289 Its, 1.013 0.924 0.942 1.010 0.927 0.749 Ibs. 2.096 1.817 1.437 1.052 0.885 0.479 ibs. 0.086 0.075 0.060 0.046 0.039 0.023 therms 6.27 5.52 4.79 4.15 3.64 2.47 1:2.3 1:2.1 1:1.7 1:1.1 1:1.0 1:0.7 Average Dec. 25-June 17 2.339 0.927 1.294 0.055 4.47 1:1.5 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-June 17 Jan. 22-Jan. 21 Feb. 19-Feb. 18 Meh. 19-Mch. 18 Apr. 16-Apr. 15 May 14-May 13 2.985 2.847 2.720 2.418 1.879 1.728 0.914 0.907 0.998 l.OtiS 0.952 0.919 1.918 1.794 1.585 1.235 0.837 0.726 0.079 0.074 0.067 0.053 0.037 0.033 5.71 5.44 5.20 4.62 3.59 3.31 1:2.3 1:2.2 1:1.7 1:1.3 1:1.0 1:0.9 Average Dee. 25-June 17 2.429 0.959 1.349 0.057 4.64 1:1.5 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dec. 25-June 17 Jan. 22-Jan. 21 Feb. 19-Feb. 18 Meh. 19-Mch. 18 Apr. 16-Apr. 15 May 14-May 13 3.274 2.790 2.358 2.001 1.809 0.548 1.013 0.886 0.851 0.876 0.877 0.235 2.093 1.761 1.388 1.027 0.846 0.286 0.086 0.073 0.058 0.044 0.037 0.012 6.26 5.34 4.51 3.83 3.46 1.05 1:2.3 1:2.2 1:1.8 1:1.3 1:1.1 1:1.3 Average Dee. 25-June 17 2.130 0.790 1.233 0.052 4.07 1:1.7 A.ver. Lot in Dec. 25-June 17 2.299 0.892 1.292 0.055 4.39 1:16 128 BULLETIN No. 168 [March, a 3 H 1914] INFLUENCE OP PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 129 130 BULLETIN No. 168 [March, 1914} INFLUENCE OP PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS a fe "*"" 3 132 BULLETIN No. 168 [March, Medium-protein lot High-protein lot Fasted live weight, 195.2 pounds Fasted live weight, 181.6 pounds FIG. 5. CARCASSES OF PIGS 7 AND 13 1914] INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 133 r- o 134 BULLETIN No. 168 [March, 1914] INFLUENCE OP PROTEIN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGS 135 O DC 0. LJ I 2 3 or CL a a DC 0- UJ H g O UNIVERSITY Q.630.7IL6B C001 BULLETIN. URBANA 166-181 1914-15 30112019528436 ,> -? UtffS L , - i I ?'*