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 V -Z.. /-v^ f. 
 
 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
ENGLISH BOTANY; 
 
 COLOURED FIGURES 
 
 BRITISH PLANTS. 
 
 EDITED BY JOHN T. BOSWELL, F.L.S., etc., 
 
 LATE LECTUBEB ON BOTANT AT WESTinNSTEB HOSPITAL. 
 
 THE POPULAR PORTION BY MRS. LANKESTER, 
 
 AUTHOS or "WILD FLOWSBS WORTH HOTICB/' " THB BBISISH VEBHS," BIO. 
 
 THE FIGURES BY 
 
 J. SOWERBY, F.L.S., J. De C. SOWERBY, F.L.S., J. W. SALTER, A.L.S., F.G.S. 
 -JOHN EDWARD SOWERBT, 
 
 ILLCSTRATOR OF THE "FERNS OF GREAT BRITAIN," "GRASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN," 
 "WILD FLOWERS WORTH NOTICE," ETC. ETC. 
 
 bb ^bilion. 
 
 ENLARGED, RE-ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, 
 
 AND ENTIRELY REVISED. 
 
 WITU DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES BY THE EDITOR. 
 
 VOLUME I. 
 
 BAKVNCULACEJE TO CRVCIFERM. 
 
 LONDON: 
 GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
 
 1877. 
 
LoNnoN : 
 
 PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, 
 STAMFORD STBEETT AND CHARING CROSS. 
 
V.I 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 rpHE appearance of tlie first number of a Third Edition of 
 -*- " English Botany " calls for a few remarks upon the mode 
 in which it is proposed to conduct the re-issue of this great 
 work. 
 
 Each Part will contain twenty -four plates, and on an average 
 twenty-four pages of letterpress. The plates will be all carefully 
 examined by the Editor, and errors in outline or colour corrected. 
 !^ At the time when the work was first published, characters taken 
 from the fruit were not so much employed in distinguishing 
 species as at present, and in general no figures of fruit were 
 given : this will now be remedied. Magnified representations of 
 the organs will also be added where necessary. 
 
 Plates of the whole of the flowering plants figured in the 
 ;^riginal edition (with a few exceptions noticed below), and those 
 5 in the four volumes of the " Supplement to English Botany," 
 "^ will now be given, and also those which Mr. Salter has in 
 f preparation for the fifth volume of the " Supplement." 
 ^1 In several instances entirely new plates will be required, some 
 ^ of the original ones being too incorrect ; and some species have 
 ^not yet been figured for this work. When these new plates are 
 not ready at the time when the Part to which they belong 
 should appear, twenty-four plates will still be issued, but their 
 i3iiumbers will not be consecutive, and those which are wanting 
 ^will be given subsequently, as soon as examples of tlie plants 
 ♦T^can be obtained from which drawings may be made. By attending 
 
11 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 to tlie numeration, these additional figures can be arranged in 
 their proper places when the work comes into the binder's 
 hands. In the pi-esent number there are two such omissions in 
 the genus Tlialictrnm, and one in Hanuncnliis ; but it is hoped 
 that these may be procured and figured in the course of next 
 summer. 
 
 As the numbers on the plates of the first edition of " English 
 Botany" have been so often quoted in botanical works, they 
 have been still retained, to facilitate reference. Those of the 
 present edition will be found in Roman characters, to avoid 
 confusion from the presence of a double set of numbers. 
 
 In the previous editions several plants were included which 
 more recent observers have failed to detect in the localities where 
 they were alleged to grow. Some of these, — such as Ttanuncuhis 
 a/j)cstris, Ranunculus (jramlneus, Vella annua, Buffonia annua, — 
 will now be excluded, as there can be no doubt that they have 
 been erroneously reported to occur in Britain. A few plates will 
 also be omitted which represented plants accidentally introduced 
 from foreign countries, and which, having failed to establish 
 themselves, are no longer to be found. The substitution of 
 interesting critical species for these interlopers will doubtless be 
 regarded as a most profitable exchange by the Botanist. 
 
 The letterpress consists of two portions, each independent of 
 the other. The purely technical matter, including the descriptions 
 and distribution of the plants figured, has been assigned to the 
 Editor : while the popular jiart, commencing with the English 
 name, has been intrusted to Mrs. Lankesteu, the well-known 
 authoress of "Wild Flowers Wortli Notice," "British Eerns," &c. 
 This portion will comprise the uses and medical properties of 
 plants, on which subjects the reader will thus have the benefit of 
 Dr. Lankester's extensive information. 
 
 Ptespecting the Editor's own share of the work, he must not 
 omit to mention his obli"atious to those botanical friends to whom 
 
PUKFACK. Ill 
 
 he is iudebtccl for advice and assistance in this undertaking ; 
 among whom may be named Professor Babington, Mr. Baker, 
 ]\Ir. A. G. More, and Mr. IIewett C. Watson ; but his thanks 
 are especially due to the llev. W. W. Newbotjld, who has assisted 
 him not only with the loan of many valuable books which could 
 not otherwise have been consulted, but also with the results of 
 his long and extensive study of critical plants and synonyms. 
 
 The arrangement and limitations of the natural orders and 
 genera vrHl be mainly taken from Bentham and Hooker's 
 newly-published " Genera Plantarum," in so far as that valuable 
 Avork is available. 
 
 It is deemed unnecessary to give references to botanical works 
 vinder each species, unless they afford additional information, or 
 when a species has been described by some recent author under 
 a different name from that which is adopted in the text. 
 
 A list of the abbreviations of the names of the authors quoted 
 must be postponed imtil the conclusion of the work. 
 
 The accentuation of the scientific names of the plants described 
 will be marked in the Index. 
 
PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 
 
 rpHE Tyro is no doubt often surprised at finding his botanical 
 -^ mentors differing so widely among themselves in their estimate 
 of the number of species contained in the British Flora ; this 
 difference is, however, more apparent than real, and arises from 
 the various ways in which the term species is understood. In 
 those cases where authors do not agree respecting the number of 
 species contained in a genus, they would probably all admit the 
 existence of the same number of groups or forms, more or less 
 separable and definable by characters ; but some do not consider 
 that all of these groups deserve to be called species, while others 
 give that title to every one of them. This variety of opinion will 
 be found to prevail most in the Floras of districts which have 
 been most carefully examined. It is not until the plants have 
 received very minute attention that the less obviously distinct 
 forms will be brought into notice. A good exemplification of 
 this is to be seen in the daily-increasing divergence of opinion 
 between two different classes of botanists as to the number of 
 species contained in the well-examined Floras of Great Britain, 
 France, Germany, and Belgium. 
 
 It will really be found that in many genera individual plants 
 may be grouped into more restricted assemblages than species 
 (taking the term in its widest acceptation), and that these 
 subordinate groups bear to species somewhat the same relation 
 that species themselves do to genera. To such the name of sub- 
 species or races may be given. 
 
VI ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 There can be no doubt that these sub-species are well desei'ving 
 of attention, and no reason can be assigned for neglecting them 
 that would not apply equally to rejecting the examination of 
 species, and confining the attention to genera or even natural 
 orders alone. 
 
 It is, however, often extremely difficult to decide whether a 
 certain form ought to be regarded as a species or a sub-species; 
 occasionally, in a work on descriptive Botany, what are admitted 
 as true species will be found to be quite as closely allied to each 
 other as two other forms which the same author regards as 
 mere varieties (sub-species in the present work). In fact, all 
 botanists are guided in this matter by an imperfect kind of 
 judgment, which is sometimes not far removed from caprice ; 
 and the present writer feels that he forms no exception to the 
 general rule ; indeed, no canons can be laid down that would be 
 practically of much use in the very cases where they are most 
 required. 
 
 Mr. Watson, in his fourth volume of the " Cybele Britannica," 
 suggests three terms, — ver-species, super-species, and sub-species. 
 By the first of these, he intends the ordinary well-defined and 
 generally adopted species ; by sub-species, those more obscure groups 
 of forms, which diSer from ver-species only in haA'ing the distinc- 
 tions between themselves slighter, or less generally recognized, or 
 in apparently shading off more gradually into one another; and 
 by super-species, the groups formed by uniting a number of sub- 
 species, and which consequently include a greater variety of forms 
 within their limits than is comprehended under the idea of a 
 ver-species. 
 
 The real point of difference between botanists is, that some 
 give the name of species to ver-species and super-species, wbUe 
 others apply it to ver-species and sub-species. But as no distinct 
 line of demarcation can be drawn between ver-species and super- 
 species on the one hand and between ver-species and sub-species 
 
PllELIMlNAUY REMAUKS. Vll 
 
 on tlie other, there is always room for diiTcrence of opinion even 
 between those who admit these three classes. 
 
 The Editor proposes to recognize sub-species, and under this 
 designation to direct attention to those plants which have less 
 strongly-marked differences between them than are found between 
 generally received species, but which are, nevertheless, too 
 constant in tlieir characters to be considered merely varieties. 
 Such plants have recently attracted much notice from many 
 continental and a few of our own Botanists; and though their 
 laboui's have sometimes been stigmatized as species-making, we 
 are indebted to them for a much more accurate knowledge of 
 plants than we previously possessed. 
 
 The term variety is applied by the Editor to forms which are, 
 or are supposed to be, confined to individuals, and which may 
 revert to the original type in a single or a few generations, while 
 a sub-species transmits its peculiarities for an indefinite period. 
 In most cases, the permanence of character, which ought to be 
 ascertained by observation, is only inferred, from the difference 
 which exists between some two forms being considered as gi'cat 
 as between others which are generally admitted to be permanent 
 and distinct ; and thus many mistakes no doubt occur respecting 
 varieties and sub-species which better observation and long- 
 continued cultivation may in time correct. 
 
 A state is even less permanent than a variety, for it may be 
 removed in the same individual by altering the external circum- 
 stances, — such as soil, climate, place of growth, &c. 
 
 The foregoing is a brief explanation of the way in which these 
 terms are applied in the present work, without which, misunder- 
 standing might arise. 
 
 After the enumeration of the localities for each species, there 
 will be found a line containing a general indication of the dis- 
 tribution, duration, and time of flowering. In this line the names 
 England, Scotland, Ireland, denote that the species has occurred 
 
VIU EXGLIsn 130TANY. 
 
 in the country mentioned. If any name be inclosed in brackets, 
 it signifies that the species lias been certainly introduced into the 
 country of which the name is so treated. After these names the 
 duration is indicated by the words Annual, Biennial, Perennial, 
 Shrub, or Tree, which require no explanation ; and lastly, the 
 names of the seasons point out the time at which the plant usually 
 flowers. To attempt giving a more exact deiinition of the time 
 by stating the month of flowermg seems inexpedient, as it varies 
 much according to the locality, and even in the same locality 
 in different years; being dependent on temperature. 
 
PHANEROGAMIA, 
 
 OB 
 
 FLOWERING PLANTS: 
 
 Plaxts with flowers furnislied witli special organs of repi'ocliiction 
 (stamens and pistils), and producing seeds containing an embryo 
 previous to germination. 
 
 Class I.— DICOTYLEDONS. 
 
 HerlDs, shrubs, or trees, which have a stem formed of concentric 
 layers : a cellular pith in the centre ; then one or more layers of 
 elongated cells intermixed with vessels ; the whole surrounded by 
 a separable bark or rind, having elongated cells on the inner and 
 ordinai-y short cells on the outer side. 
 
 Seed containing an embryo having two opposite seed-leaves or 
 cotyledons, between which lies the bud which is to form the future 
 stem. 
 
 Leaves with branched anastomosing veins. Parts of the flower 
 generally 5, or 4, or some multiple of these numbers. Calyx and 
 corolla generally unlike in texture. 
 
 Sub-Class L— POLYPETAL.E THALAMIELOr..E. 
 
 Calyx almost always free from the ovary. Sepals distinct, very 
 rarely united. Torus small or elongated, very rarely expanded 
 into a thick fleshy disk. Petals in 1 or 2 whorls, unlike the 
 sepals, or in 2 or more whorls passing gradually into sepals, 
 inserted on the torus, or rarely into tbe very bottom of the calyx, 
 and imited at the base of the staminal whorls (abnoi*mal or even 
 wholly absent in a few cases). Stamens commonly but not always 
 indefinite, inserted into the torus, or more rarely adhering to the 
 base of the calyx, or that of the petals. Ovary superior, or rarely 
 immersed in an enlarged fleshy torus. 
 
 Ji 
 
ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 NATURAL OEDEE I.— R ANUNCULACEiS. 
 
 Herbs with alternate leaves, often palmately cut or divided ; 
 generally without evident stipules, but often having rudimentary 
 ones, indicated by the expansion of the base of the leaf-stalk. 
 Flowers perfect, generally regular, with. 1 or 5 sepals, usually deci- 
 duous, and more or less petaloid. Petals equal in number to the 
 sepals, or more nvimerous, absent in some cases, and in others very 
 abnormal in form. ^Estivation imbricated. Stamens indefinite, free. 
 Anthers innate. Pistils numerous, rai'ely solitary, usually free, 
 1-ceUed, with simple styles or sessile stigmas. Ovules anatropous. 
 Disk none. Pruit of indehiscent achenes or dehiscent follicles. 
 Seeds without an arillus. Embryo at the base of copious horny 
 albumen. 
 
 Exceptions in British genera to the above : — 
 
 Clematis has a icoodtj stem, opposite leaves, and valvule cestivation. 
 
 Ilyosunis and some Thalictra and Ranunculi have definite sta- 
 mens. Hannncidus Ficaria has only Z sepals ; and the upper leaves 
 of Ranuncidus hederaceus are opposite. 
 
 Actcea has the fruit a herry. 
 
 Fceonia has a more or less evident disk. 
 
 Tribe L— CLEMATIDEJD. 
 
 Sepals valvate. Petals none, or like abortive stamens. Carpels 
 numerous, 1-ovuled. Ovules pendulous. Achenes indehiscent. Stems 
 often woody, and climbing. Leaves opposite. 
 
 GUNUS J. — CLEMATIS. Linn. 
 
 Sepals 4 (rarely 5 — 8), petaloid, valvate, deciduous. Petals none, 
 or shorter than the sepals, and gradually passing into stamens. 
 Achenes numerous, tipped by the pei'sistent feathery style, which is 
 often plumose. 
 
 SPECIES I. — CLEMATIS VITALBA. Linyi. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 licich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et IIolv. Vol. IV. Puui. Tab. LXIV. Fig. 4GG7. 
 
 Sepals thick, downy on both sides. Carpels wdth feathery tails. 
 Stem w'oody, climbing. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets ovate-acuminate. 
 
^LO^yEKIXG plants, 6 
 
 Common in hedges and among bushes, especially on a calcareous 
 soil in the South of England, extending northward to South Wales 
 and Yorkshire. It also occurs in the North of England, Scotland, 
 and Ireland, but only in places where it has doubtless been intro- 
 duced. 
 
 England [Scotland, Ireland]. Shrub. Summer and Autumn. 
 
 A small shrub with tough trailing or climbing branches, sup- 
 porting themselves by means of the petioles, which, below the 
 leaflets twine round adjacent bodies, and remain after the fall of the 
 leaves. Leaves opposite, with about 5 stalked 3- to 5-nerved leaflets, 
 the edges of which are generally coarsely serrated or even lobed, Imt 
 occasionally entire. Elowers in lax; terminal or axillary panicles. 
 Sepals and stamens greenish white. Carpels ovoid compressed, 
 reddish brown, with long bent white feathery tails, about 1^ inch 
 
 Common Traveller's Joy, or Old Man's Beard. 
 
 French, Clematite hlanclie. German, SUigende WalJrehe. 
 
 TLe scientific name Ckmatis Vitalba is derived from K\i]na (Heiiia), a tendril, from 
 tlie climbing nature of the species, and Vilis alba, white vine. It is sometimes called 
 Virgin's Bower, which name was given to it by Gerarde in 1597, "by reason of the 
 goodly shadowe which they make with their thick bushing and cliraing ; as also for 
 the beautie of the flowers, and the pleasant savour or scent of the same." This pretty 
 plant is one of the greatest ornaments of our country hedges, with its copious clusters 
 of white blossoms and succeeding heaps of feather-tailed silky tufts. In some places it 
 is used as fodder for cattle, an acrid juice which the leaves contain whilst fresh, dis- 
 a)ipearing after drying. The branches are tough enough to make withes for faggots, 
 for which purpose it is always used in woods where it can be procured. As a medi- 
 cine, it has had some reputation internally as a remedy for dropsy, and in the form 
 of an infusion for rheumatism. In France, the irritating and vesicatory properties 
 of its juice are sometimes turned to account by beggars, who apply it to their skin to 
 produce ulcers and excite compassion. In the same country the twigs ai'e used to 
 make beehives, baskets, ifcc. : they probably grow stronger in a warm climate. A section 
 of Clematis wood forms a very interesting object under the microscope; the air-vessels 
 and cells are arranged in a radiate manner, allowing the air to circulate freely through 
 them. This circumstance is turned to acco\int by our village bo3's, who smoke pieces 
 of the wood as they do of rattan cane; hence it is sometimes called smoke-wood and 
 smoking-cane. 
 
 Tribe II.— ANEMONES. 
 
 Sepals imbricated. Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled. Ovule pen- 
 dulous, with the raphe dorsal. Acheues indehiscent. Stem herba- 
 ceous. 
 
E.NGLISn BOTANY. 
 
 GUNUS J/. — T H A L I C T R U M. Zhm. 
 
 Involucre none. Sepals 1 or 5, petaloid, caducous. Petals none. 
 Stamens definite or indefinite. Ovaries numerous. Aclienes stipitate. 
 Styles deciduous or none. Leaves alternate, ternately decompound. 
 
 This genus is probably allied to the Ilelleborida?, and may be 
 considered as a form of that group, having tlie ovules reduced to 
 one, and the fruit indchiscent. 
 
 SPECIES I. — THALICTRUII ALPINUM. Linn. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Ileidi. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. III. l^a,i. Tab. XXVI. Fig. 4C25. 
 
 Stem terminating in a simple raceme of drooping flowers. Pedi- 
 cels recurved in fruit. Carpels stipitate, oblong, slightly clavate, 
 bulging on the inner side. Anthers apiculate. 
 
 Not uncommon on wet rocks and debris on mountains ; and in 
 the extreme North, on wet moors almost do^vn to the sea-level. 
 Occurs in Wales, the North of England, Ireland, and Scotland. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland, Perennial. Summer. 
 
 The smallest species of the genus, with slender wiry stems, 3 to 
 9 inches high, with short stolons at the base, and biternate-stalked 
 leaves, which are mostly radical, though in luxuriant specimens 
 there is often one or more situated on the lower part of the stem. 
 Leaflets small, roundish, bluntly serrated, much less variable in 
 shape than in the other British species, deep green above, whitish 
 below. Elowers in a simple terminal raceme, which is drooping at 
 the point before the flowers open, then becoming erect, while the 
 individual flowers droop : these are small, with 4 pale purplish- 
 brown sepals, and 8, 10, or more long ])endent stamens, witli yellow 
 anthers. Emit of 2 or 3 narrowly-oblong ribbed achenes, thick- 
 ened at the point, which is bent outwards by the carpel bulging on 
 the inner side near the end. Bracts small, lanceolate, entire. 
 
 Alpine Meadow Hite, or Toor Man's Jxhuharh. 
 
 Frencli, 7?m« Jes Pres, or rirjamon. German, Wiesenraute. 
 The generic name, from iuXkw (Ihalld), I flourish. 
 
 SPECIES II.-THALICTRUM MINUS. Linn. 
 Plates III. IV. V. 
 
 Stem striated, terminating in a branched irregularly pyramidal 
 or flat-topped lax panicle of drooping flowers. Emit pale olive, 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 5 
 
 irregularly ovoid, slightly compressed, bulging on the inner side 
 near the apex. Fruit-pedicels ascending. Anthers apiculate. Leaves 
 tcrnately hi- or tri-pinnate. 
 
 Sub-Species I. — Tlialictriim eu-minus.* 
 
 Plates III. & IV. (Kamed there T. minus.') 
 
 (T. minus, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. III. Ran. Tab. XXVII. Fig. 4627.) 
 
 T. minus "L." Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XI. p. 266 ; and Man. Br. Bot. ed. v. 
 
 p. 3. Fries. Mant. III. p. 45 ; and Summ. Veg. Scaud. p. 155. Koch, Syu. Fl. 
 
 Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 4. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 6. Jlook. & 
 
 Am. Br. Fl. ed. viii. p. 5 (exclude p & y). Bealh. Haiidbk. Br. Fl. p. oQ (in 
 
 part). Sm. Engl. Fl. VoL III. p. 41 (in part). 
 
 Stem leafless at the base. Auricles of the stipules " spreading." 
 Branches of the petioles ascending. Panicle irregularly pyramidal, 
 primary bracts resembling leaves, but much smaller ; secondary 
 ones usually simple. 
 
 Var. a. Marithnmn. 
 Plate III. 
 Panicle nearly as broad as long, with divaricate branches. 
 
 Var. ^. Ilontanum. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 T. montanum, Wallroth, Sched. Crit. p. 255. 
 
 Panicle longer than broad, with patent-ascending branches. 
 Rather scarce, but generally distributed ; a occurring on sandy 
 sea-coasts, on stony pastures, inland. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Ptootstock stoloniferous. Stem flexuous, striated, 6 inches to a 
 foot high in a, but considerably taller in 3, occasionally attaining 
 the height of 2 feet or more ; lower part of the stem with leafless 
 sheaths. Leaves triangular in outline, hi- or tri-pinuatc, the lower- 
 most primary subdivisions so much larger than the others that the 
 
 * In adopting the division of species into sub-species, a difficulty occurs when one of 
 the latter bears the same name as the species of which it forms a part. This difficulty 
 can only be overcome by giving a new name to the sub-species. Some inconvenience 
 must always arise from any change of nomenclature ; but greater confusion and uncer- 
 tainty would assuredly result from haviug the name which properly belongs to the 
 whole also applied to one of its parts, to the exclusion of the others. 
 
 When a sub-siiecies requires a distinctive appellation, it seems best to follow the pLui 
 adopted in naming sub-genera, which is to give the name of the genus with the prefix 
 eu to the tyjiical sub-geuua. In accordanco with this system, the name eu-minus is 
 
6 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 leaf becomes almost tcruatc. Leaflets very variable in shape, usually 
 about as broad as long, and 3-lobcd. Plowers drooping when fully 
 expanded. Sepals 1, fawn-colour and purplisli-brown. Achenes 3 
 to 6, sessile, regularly ovoid, bulging slightly at the base on the 
 outside, but much moi*e conspicuously about one-third from the tip 
 on the inner side, marked with about 8 ribs. Plant very vari- 
 able in the extent to Avhich it is covered by glaucous powder or 
 small stalked glands. T. calcareum of Jordan, which occurs at Ben 
 Ballpen, near Sligo, is considered by Professor Babington to be a 
 form of this species ; but, judging from dried specimens, it appears 
 to me to be simjdy the usual inland form of the plant, — our variety 
 6 montanum. 
 
 Sub Species II. — T. fleXTlOSUm. Bernh. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 Reich. Tc. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXVIII. Fig. 4628. 
 
 Buh. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XI. p. 267; Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 4; and FL 
 
 Carab. App, p. 299. Fries, Mant. III. p. 47; and Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 136. 
 T. mimis )X Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 5. 
 T. minus (in part), Benth. Handk. Brit. Fl. p. 56. 
 T. minus (in part) and T. majus (in part), Sm. Eug. Fl. Vol. III. pp. 41, 42. 
 
 Stem leafy at the base. Auricles of the stipules " reflexed." 
 Branches of the petioles divaricate. Panicle loose, usually sub- 
 corymbose at the top, primary and secondary bracts resembling the 
 leaves. In stony places and amongst bushes, or occasionally in 
 sandy places on the sea-shore, apparently as frequent as the pre- 
 ceding sub-species, with which it is generally confounded. lu the 
 North of England and in Scotland it appears to be the more common 
 form of the two. 
 
 Emrland, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 given to the Tlialictrum minus of Fries, to distinguish it from the aggregate species. 
 Several authoi-s consider that T. minus should include T. Kochii and T. saxatile, as well 
 as our T. eu-minus and T. flexuosum. That is a matter of opinion ; and those who hold 
 that view have only to make the specific character here given to T. minus more com- 
 prehensive, so as to admit under it the two extra forms as sub-species with the names 
 they already bear. Eu-minus is given to a special form, to avoid confusion, from the 
 employment of the name minus resti-icted to a special form, and 7ninus applied to a 
 group of forms, whether the forms included in that group be many or few. Wliat is 
 required is some means of distinguishing each of the forms separately. I have tried, 
 by the use of the simple prefix mentioned, to distinguish the part from the whole, with 
 the least po.ssible variation from the name which has been applied to the former by 
 some authors, and to the latter by others; and though open to the objection of being 
 a Greek jirefix, while specific names are usually of Latin origin, the advantages seem 
 to me too i;reat to be outweighed by so trifling a defect. 
 
FLOWKRING PLANTS. 7 
 
 Usually mucli taller than the preceding- sub-species, being from 
 1 to 5 feet high, and more leafy ; but in most respects it is very 
 similar, though the leaflets are usually mucli larger and rather 
 longer in proportion to their breadth. The panicle is generally less 
 pyramidal, being frequently flat-topped, and the achenes are rather 
 longer, \vith about 10 ribs. T. minus is represented in the Linnsean 
 Herbarium by a specimen of this plant. 
 
 Lesser Meadow Rue. 
 
 SPECIES III. — THALICTRUM KOCHII. Fries. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 4. 
 
 Fties, Maut. III. p. 4G ; and Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 136. T. saxatile, Bah. Ann. Nat. 
 Hist. ser. iL Vol. XL p. 2C3. Gr. & Godr. ? FI. de Fr. p. 7. 
 
 Stem very slightly zigzag, smooth, except immediately below 
 the sheaths, where it is striated, leafy to the base. Stipules with 
 *' horizontal " auricles. Branches of the petioles spreading. Panicle 
 lax, regularly pyramidal, with spreading branches. Mowers droop- 
 ing. Primary bracts resembling the leaves, but very small; 
 secondary ones usually entire. Achenes regularly ovate-ovoid, pale 
 olive. Anthers apiculate. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnate. Leaflets 3- to 
 5-lobed. 
 
 Apparently very local, as it is only knowm to occur in damp 
 places in the Lake district, — " Brathay, near Ambleside, and 
 St. John's Yale, near Keswick." {Bab.) 
 
 England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 
 
 A large plant, with the stem often 4 feet high, bearing much 
 resemblance to the more luxuriant states of T. flexuosum, from 
 Avhich it is best distinguished by the achenes, which are scarcely com- 
 pressed, and not at all gibbous on the inner side, as in that plant. 
 The stem also differs in not being striated, except immediately under 
 the leaf-sheaths, the striae on which are continued downwards for 
 a short distance. The panicle is more regularly pyramidal, and less 
 leafy. My knowledge of this plant is unfortunately only founded 
 on dried specimens. I have an imperfect specimen from " near 
 St. Kevett's " ? Cornwall, received from ]\Ir. Baker, which appears 
 to belong to this species ; but it is in flower, not in fruit. 
 
 Koch's Meadow Hue, 
 
b ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 SPECIES? IV.— THALICTRUM SAXATILE. "ScJdeick" Bab. 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 Eeich Ic. EI. Germ, et Helv. Rail. Tab. XXXIV. Eig. 4G22, b 1 
 Bab. El. Camb. App. p. 299 ; and Jlau. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 4. 
 T. luinus y 1 Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 5. 
 T. collinum ? Wall. Shed. Crit. p. 259. 
 
 Stem slightly zigzag, smooth, with a few raised lines, leafy 
 to the base. Stipules with " reflexed " auricles. Branches of the 
 petioles spreading. Panicle las, irregularly pyramidal, with 
 ascending branches. Flowers " erect " ? Primary bracts resem- 
 bling the leaves, but very small ; secondary ones entire. Achenes 
 regularly oval-ovoid, very pale olive. Anthers apiculate. Leaves 
 bi- or tri-pinnate. Leaflets 3- to 7-lobed. 
 
 E-are on chalky hedge-banks and in stony places. " Allington 
 Hill, Little Trees Hill, Gogmagogs, Pullbourne, and roadside be- 
 tween Nc^^inarket and Snailwell, Cambridgeshire ; also Cheddar 
 Cliffs, Somerset." — {Bah.) 
 
 England. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Smaller and less branched than T. Ivochii, which it resembles in 
 the form of the fruit, and of which it may be only a sul)-species. 
 Stem \^ to 3 feet high, not closely striate, as in T. minus, but with 
 distant raised lines, so that it may be termed angular. Of this 
 plant I possess no specimen, but, through the kindness of Professor 
 Babington, I have had the opportunity of examining those in his 
 herbarium ; and I have also seen specimens in the British Museum, 
 collected by the Bev. W. W. Newbould at Pullbourne, which cer- 
 tainly belong to this species. A plant from Disseth, Flintshire, not 
 in fruit, may also belong to it. These agree well with Beichen- 
 bach's figure quoted aliove, provided that the flowers be erect, as 
 Professor Babington believes ; but this is a point almost impossible 
 to determine from dried specimens. I feel considerable doubt 
 whether any of this group, of wliich T. minus is the type, have the 
 flowers erect when fully expanded, and before the fruit has begun 
 to set. If the flowers be di-oop'nuf in the present species, tliere can 
 be no doubt it is T. collinum of Wallroth, with which it agrees in 
 all other characters. I lupe, however, next year to examine tlie 
 plant Avhen growing, and clear up this point. 
 
 Stone Mcadotc Bite. 
 
FLOWEKING PLANTS. 9 
 
 SPECIES v.— THALICTRUM PLAVUM. Linn. 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 Stem erect, furrowed. Panicle narrowly p^Tamidal, or siib- 
 coryml)ose, its branches terminating in very compact, umbellate, or 
 corymbose tufts of erect flowers. Acbenes ovoid, regular, very 
 dark olive when ripe. Anthers not apiculate. Leaves ternately 
 bi-pinuate. Leaflets longer than broad, 3-lobed. 
 
 Var. a. Sphcerocarpum. 
 
 T. flavum, Eelrh. Tc. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tub. XLIV. Fig. 4G39. 
 Boreau, Fl. du Cent, de Fr. ed. ii. Vol. II. p. 5. 
 
 Panicle generally contracted. Achenes globular-ovoid. 
 Yar. (3. Itiparium. 
 
 T. rijjarium, Jord. Boreau, Fl. du Cent, de Fr. ii. 5. 
 
 Panicle generally rather lax. Achenes oval-ovoid. 
 Yar. y. Morisoni. 
 
 T. ainiLsoni, Peich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. III. San. Tab. XLV. Fig. 4G40. 
 Boreau, Fl. du Ceut. de Fr. ed. ii. A'ol. II. p. 4. 
 
 Panicle generally interrupted, the fascicles of flowers small. 
 Achenes oblong-ovoid. 
 
 Figures of the fruits of these three varieties are given in Plate VIII. 
 
 In wet meadows, and by the banks of rivers and ditches, not 
 uncommon in England ; but scarce in Scotland, where Argyleshire 
 and Fifeshire appear to be the northern limits. I have seen speci- 
 mens of a, from Cambridgeshire, Derbyshire, and Herefordshire ; of 
 3, from' Surrey, Essex, and York ; and " T. flavum, E. B. 367," is 
 quoted by Reichenbach, under his figure of T. Morisoni. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Siunmer. 
 
 Less glaucous than the three preceding species, and with a more 
 extensively creeping and stoloniferous rootstock. The stem, whicli 
 is from 2 to 4 feet high, is thicker and more deeply furrowed. 
 Leaflets less numerous, and usually much larger and narrower in 
 proportion to their length ; but they are very variable in shape, 
 
 c 
 
10 ENGLISH BOTANY, 
 
 being ovate or oblong, and the upper ones sometimes even linear ; 
 generally 3-lobed. Panicle narrower, and its component jiarts 
 more compact. The flowers have shorter pedicels and cream- 
 coloured sepals, while the bright yellow erect anthers give that 
 predominant tint to the inflorescence from which the species takes 
 its specific name. Fruit small and dark, with 8 very prominent 
 ribs, a, 3, and 7 are probably only varieties, as the chax*acters 
 taken from the fruit and from tlie panicle are sometimes inter- 
 changed ; though in /3 the latter appears to be always more ample 
 and corymbose than in the other two. 
 
 Yelloic Meadow Rue 
 
 Is probably the QaXua-pov {thuUhtron) of Dioscorides, iv. 96 ; and of Pliny, xxvii. 13. It 
 has a root of a yellow colour, which is said to resemble rhubarb both in its appearance 
 and properties. It yields a yellow dye, which may be employed for dyeing wool, and 
 was formerly used as a remedy in jaundice. Like many of the family to which it belongs, 
 it is very acrid, and produces blisters on the skin when applied to it. 
 
 GENUS 7JJ.— ANEMONE. Lian. 
 
 Flowers involucrate. Sepals 4 to 20, petaloid, often downy, 
 deciduous. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries indefinite. 
 Achenes capitate, indehisceut, terminated by the persistent styles 
 which are in some species naked, and in others feathery. 
 
 Herbs with dissected or lobed radical leaves and scapes with an 
 involucre of 3 leaves in a whorl ; or occasionally when the scape is 
 branched there is a pair of opposite leaves, showing in this, as well 
 as in general habit, an approach to Clematis, from which, however, 
 the imbricated serials separate it. 
 
 Sub-Genus I.— PULSATILLA. Tournef. 
 
 Exterior stamens gland-like. Styles lengthening into feathery 
 tails. Involucre at last distant from the flower. 
 
 SPECIES I.— ANEMONE PULSATILLA. Linn. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 Pulsatilla vul;?aris, Mill. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. LIV. 
 Fig. 4G57. 
 
 Flower erect, solitary. Involucre sessile, divided to the base 
 into linear segments. Calyx campanulate, composed of G elliptical 
 sepals, siUcy externally. Achenes with long white feathery tails. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 11 
 
 Loaves bi-pinnate, the segmeuts pinnatifid, the ultimate lobes 
 linear. 
 
 Very local, growing on chalk downs and limestone pastures, in 
 the counties of Berks, Oxford, Herts, Sulfolk, Cambridge, llunt- 
 iugdon, Bedford, Northampton, Gloucester, Lincoln, and York. 
 
 England. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Eootstock thick, somewhat woody, producing a rosette of shortly- 
 stalked leaves, which do not attain their iuU size until some time 
 after the flowers fade. Leaf-stalks woolly. Leaves with long 
 rather distant hairs, esj)ecially along the petiole and its sub- 
 divisions. Involucre from 2 to i inches above the base of the scape, 
 Avhich bears a single flower about an inch higher up. Flower 
 opening fully only in sunshine, erect but drooping after it begins to 
 fade. Sepals 6, light purple, paler and silky on tlie outside. The 
 j:)art of the scape above the insertion of the involucre continues to 
 grow until it is from 3 to G inches above that point by the time 
 the fruit is mature. Head of fruit erect, globular. Achenes 
 oblong-fusiform, pilose, brown ; their bent feathery tails about an 
 inch and a half long. Plant more or less hairy. 
 
 Pasque Floicer. Anemone. 
 
 French, Anemone. German, Windblume. 
 
 Anemone, wind-flower, from avcfioQ {anenios), wind, because it is supposed the flowers 
 do not expand until blown by the wind. The specific name, from pulso, I beat, is 
 in allusion to the same conditions, being beaten by the wind. The Anemone, although 
 frequently choosing exposed and windy places for its habitation, is by no means 
 a sturdy flowei'. Its delicate petals are easily scattered, and we are reminded of the 
 poetical allusion of Sir W. Jones : — • 
 
 "Youth, like a thin Anemone, displays 
 His silken leaf, and in a morn decays." 
 
 This species possesses the properties of the order. The leaves and flowers have an 
 irritant and corrosive quality; if placed on the tongue, they will produce blisters, and 
 the roots, if administered internally, will occasion nausea and sickness. The extracted 
 juice hi^ been used as an external application in cases of paralysis and amaurosis. The 
 juice of the petals will stain paper green, and has been used to colour the Paschal eggs 
 in some countries ; whence it has been sujiposed the English name is derived. Gerarde, 
 however, expressly informs us that he himself was " moved to name " this the Pasque 
 flower, or Easter flower, because of the time of its appearance. 
 
 Sub-Genus II.— EU-AN-EMONE. 
 
 Stamens all bearing anthers. Styles short, little changed when 
 the fruit is ripe. Invobicre distant from the llowcr. 
 
12 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 SPECIES II.— ANEMONE APENNINA. J^mn.- 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 Reich Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. XLVII. Fig. 4645. 
 
 Flower erect, solitary. Involucre of 3, stalked ternate leaves ; 
 segments pinnatifid with oblong blunt lobes. Calyx spreading, 
 composed of 10 or 12 Hgulatc, oblong, glabrous sepals. Carpels 
 ovate compressed, glabrous. Radical leaves twice ternate, with, 
 pinnatifid segments similar to those of the involucre. 
 
 In woods, but certainly not native. It has, however, grown in 
 Wimbledon Park, Surrey, for more than a century, and has also 
 become nattu'alized at Cullen, in Banffshire. It also grows at 
 Tonbridge Castle, in Kent, and has been reported from the counties 
 of Middlesex, Hertford, Bedford, Saloj), and York. 
 
 [England, Scotland]. Perennial. Spring and early summer. 
 
 Bootstock thick, tuberous, olive-black. Badioal leaves 1 to 3, 
 growing from the same point of the rhizome as the scape, which is 
 from 3 to 9 inches high, with the involucre about the middle. 
 Plowers with the sepals slightly curving backwards when fully 
 expanded, bi-ight sky-blue, paler externally. Achenes in a globular 
 head, broadly ovate, compressed, apiculate. Plant nearly glabrous. 
 Leaflets all nearly similar. 
 
 JBlue Anemone, or Blue Mountain Anemone. 
 
 SPECIES III.— A NEMONE NEMOROSA. Linn. 
 
 Plate XI. 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. IV. Rem. Tab. XLVII. Fig. 4G44. 
 
 Plower erect, solitary. Involucre of 3, stalked ternate leaves ; 
 segments jiinnatifid or cut, with the lobes rather pointed. Calyx 
 spreading, composed of G (rarely 5 to 9) glabrous elliptical sepals. 
 Achenes elliptical, compressed, downy. Badical leaves bi-ternate, 
 with pinnatifid segments similar to those of the involucre. 
 
 Plentiful in woods and bushy places throughout the kingdom. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Bootstock creeping, about tlie thickness of a quill, fleshy, brown- 
 ish-black. Leaves 1 or 2, appearing after flowering, but not pro- 
 duced from the same point of the rhizome as the scape, which is 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. ]3 
 
 6 to 12 inches liigli, witli the involucre rather above two-thirds of 
 the length from the base. Flower white, or tinged externally with 
 purple or pink, sometimes wholly purple. Peduncle hooked in 
 fruit, which consists of a round head of downy carpels. Plant with 
 scattered hairs. Lateral segments of each set of leaflets deeply 
 cleft ; central one only cut or serrate. 
 
 Wood Anemone. Wind-Floioer. 
 
 The specific name from nemorosm, woody. Tliis most delicate and pretty species is 
 truly 
 
 " The coy anemone, that ne'er uncloses 
 Iler leaves until they're blown on by the wind." 
 
 Its early appearance, after the dull months of winter, invests it, perhaps, with a greater 
 poetical charm than its real beauty would demand, if it were found surrounded witli 
 other flowers. It is certain, however, that on a fine unclouded day nothing can lie 
 seen more lovely than a mass of these bright, delicate little flowers, surrounded by their 
 natural guardians, the dark fiuely-cut leaves. They are natural barometers, and close 
 at the approach of rain. Innocent as is their appearance, they retain all the acrid 
 nature of their family, and are poisonous and biting to the tongue. The older herbalists 
 recommend applications of various parts of the plant for headaches, tertian agues, and 
 rheumatic gout. By garden culture the stamens become transformed iuto petals, which 
 renders it an object of greater admiration to the florist than when in its original 
 simplicity. 
 
 SPECIES I v.— A NEMONE RANUNCULOIDES. Lhm. 
 
 Plate XII. 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XLVII. Fig. 4663. 
 
 Mowers erect, solitary or in pairs. Involucre of 3 almost sessile 
 ternately-divided leaves, with lol^es pinnatifid or cut, rather acute. 
 Calyx spreading of 5 (rarely G to 8) oval sepals, slightly downy 
 exteriorly. Carpels elliptical, compressed, downy. Radical leaves 
 with 3 to 5 divisions similar to the segments of the involucre. 
 
 This species has scarcely so much claim as A. Apennina to bo 
 considered as a naturalized plant ; it has, however, long grown in 
 ornamental grounds, as at Abbot's Langley in Herts, and near 
 Worktop, in Nottinghamshire ; it is also reported from Kent, 
 Korfolk, Suffolk, Salop, Leicester, and York. 
 
 [England.] Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Very similar to A. nemorosa in habit ; but at once distinguishable 
 by the bright yellow flowers, and the much more shortly-stalked 
 divisions of the involucre and leaves ; the head of the carpels is less 
 drooping than in the last. 
 
 Yelloto Wood Anemone, or Crovfoot Wood Anemone. 
 
14 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 GENUS ir.—K BONIS. Linn. 
 
 Sepals 5 to 8, coloured, deciduous. Petals 5 to 16, conspicuous, 
 without a nectariferous pore. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries indefi- 
 nite. Aclienes in oblong heads, or short spikes, tipped by the short 
 persistent style. 
 
 Erect herbs with pinnatipartite, multifid leaves with linear 
 segments, and solitary terminal Howcrs. 
 
 SPECIES I.-ADONIS AUTUMNALIS. Linn 
 
 Plate XIII. 
 Eekli. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXIV. Fig. 4G21. 
 
 Sepals glabrous. Petals concave, comiivent. Achenes in an 
 oblong head, ovate-tetrahedral, without teeth, reticulated. 
 
 A weed in corn-fields, rare except in Kent, where it is not un- 
 common in the chalky districts. It appears also to have established 
 itself in the Isle of Wight, and in Essex, Dorsetshire, Suffolk, and 
 "VYiltshire, and is occasionally to be seen in other counties. It has 
 been reported from Glasgow and Dublin ; but is not incliuled in a 
 list of Irish plants Avith which I have been favoured by Mr. D. 
 Moore, of Glasnevin. 
 
 England [Scotland ? Ireland ?]. Annual. Late Summer 
 and Autumn. 
 
 Stem 6 to 18 inches high, furrowed, branched in the larger ex- 
 amples, with alternate leaves, tlie lower ones stalked, the upper 
 sessile, all twice or thrice very deeply pinnatifid, the ultimate lobes 
 linear acute. Flowers terminating the stem and branches. Calyx 
 of 5 ovate purplish sepals. Petals 5 to 8, obovate, scarcely longer 
 than tlie calyx, pure deep red, with a dark purple mark at the base. 
 Anthers brown ; head of carpels about three-fourths of an inch long. 
 Achenes dark green, on a slender pointed receptacle. Plant almost 
 glabrous. 
 
 Autiimnal, or C<mmo)i Fheasanfs Eijc. 
 
 French, Goutte de Samj. German, Die Adcniisblume. 
 
 Named after Adonis, the youth beloved by Venns, who was at his death cliauged 
 into a flower. 
 
 " When the blood was shed, 
 A flower began to rear its purple head." — Odd. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 15 
 
 GUNUS F.— MYOSURUS. Linn. 
 
 Sepals 5 (rarely G or 7) with a small spur at tlie base, deciduous. 
 Petals equal in number to tbe sepals, narrow, with the claw filiform, 
 tubular and nectariferous. Stamens definite. Ovaries indefinite. 
 Achenes in a long cylindrical tapering spike, apiculate. 
 
 Small annuals with radical leaves and naked scapes, bearing small 
 yellowisli flowers. This genus and Adonis approach the tribe 
 Eauunculese, only differing in the position of the ovide. 
 
 SPECIES I.— MYOSURUS MINIMUS. Linn. 
 
 Plate XIV. 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol III. Ran. Tab. XIV. Fig. 45G9. 
 
 Sepals linear-oblong, spreading, with the spur applied to the 
 peduncle. Petals rather shorter than the calyx, very slender in the 
 tubular basal half. Achenes very numerous, with a membranous 
 margin, and a dorsal keel commencing above the base and project- 
 ing in a mucro beyond the apes of the fruit. 
 
 Piather rare, in sandy corn-fields and gravel-pits. It appears to 
 be most frequently met with in the East of England, becoming rarer 
 towards the West and the North, where Northumberland appears 
 to be the limit. 
 
 England, Ireland. Annu.al. Early Summer. 
 
 A small glabrous plant with a tuft of narrow, linear, somewhat 
 fleshy radical leaves, and numerous, naked, 1-flowered sca])es, 2 
 to 5 inches high. Flowers very small, very pale greenish-yellow. 
 Sepals narrowly- oblong, with the basal spur applied to the scape. 
 Petals formed of a slender tube, terminating in a short ligulate 
 limb. Spike of carpels 1 to 2 inches long when matui'e ; rece2)tacle 
 filiform ; the oblong j)ale-brownish achenes are attached to it by 
 tbcu' inner faces. 
 
 Common or Little Jlousetail. 
 
 French, Jlyosure, Queue de Souris. German, Mauseschwanz. 
 
 From fivQ {mus), a. mouse, and ovna (oiira), a tail, in referencs to tlie elongated 
 receptacle or the spike of seed-vessels, which greatly resembles tbe tail of a mouse. 
 
IG ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 Tribe III.— RANUNCULE^. 
 
 Sepals imbricated. Ovaries 1-ovulecl. Ovule ascending, with 
 the raphe ventral. Achenes indehiscent, usually indefinite. 
 
 GENUS FZ— RANUNCULUS. Linn. 
 
 Sepals generally 5 (rarely 3), cadvicous. Petals 5, or more 
 (up to 15), \\ith a nectariferous pore at the claw, covered by a 
 small scale, or simply with an elevated border on the lower side. 
 Stamens indefinite, or sometimes definite. Achenes in several 
 rows, forming a globular, ovoid, or oblong head, and apiculate or 
 rostrate by the persistence of the short style or its base. 
 
 The British species have all yellow or white flowers. 
 
 Sub-Genus I.— BATRACHIUM. D. C. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, without a scale covering the nectary. Style 
 short. Carpels with transverse waved ridges. Aquatic plants, with 
 the lower or even all the leaves divided into linear capillary 
 segments. Stipules conspicuous, membranous. Peduncles opposite 
 the leaves, or rarely axUlary, arched backwards after flowering. 
 Petals white, with a yellow base in the British species ; nectarife- 
 rous pore without a scale, but having a prominent border on the 
 lower side of the opening. 
 
 SPECIES I.-RANUNCULUS CIRCINATUS. Sih. 
 
 Plate XV. 
 
 Beich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. II. Fig. 4575. 
 
 Bah. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 401 ; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 8. 
 
 Batracbium circinatum, Fries, Mant. III. p. 52. 
 
 Ranunculus divaricatns, " Schrank," Koch. Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 13. 
 
 Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 25. Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, ed. iiL 
 
 Vol. II. p. 12. 
 Ranunculus aquatilis y, Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 55. 
 Ranunculus stagnalis, Wall. Scbed. Crit. p. 285. 
 
 Submerged leaves almost sessile, orbicular in outline, divided 
 into short comparatively rigid capillary segments spreading in one 
 plane ; floating leaves none. Stipules narrow, entirely adnate, 
 without auricles. Peduncles much longer than the leaves, slightly 
 
FLOWKiaXG PLANTS. 17 
 
 tapering upwards. Petals 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx. 
 Stigma cylindrical. Achenes loosely packed in a globular head ; 
 their inner edge nearly straiglit, their outer convex. 
 
 Eather common in ditches and pools in England ; but the only 
 Scotch specimens I have seen are from Lochend, near Edinburgh. 
 It is marked in Mr. Moore's list of Irish plants. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 
 
 Stems branched, slender, and very easily broken. Leaves dark- 
 green, ^ to 1 inch in diameter, sub-sessile, trifurcate, and then 
 several times forked, all in one plane, which is often at right 
 angles to the stem. Petals obovate, white, with a yellow base. 
 Nectary short. Stamens 15 to 20, longer than the head of pistils. 
 Style bent, about as long as the ovary. Stigma on the recurved 
 end of style. Eeceptacle hispid ovoid-glol)oso ; the fruit loosely 
 packed in a globular head. Achenes often liisjnd, with ratlser faint 
 transverse, wrinkled ridges, ovoid, compressed, with the inner 
 margin slightly convex, and terminated by the persistent style, or 
 its base, outer margin semicircular, apex rather acute. 
 
 The leaves of this plant are so imiike any of the other British 
 species, that in a recent state it cannot be confounded with them. 
 Professor Babingtou places it in a section wdth the receptacle " not 
 hispid ; " but I have found it hairy in all the specimens I have 
 examined. 
 
 Bigid-leaved Water Croirfoot. 
 
 French, generic name, RenmiaxLe. German, Ranunkel, Ilahncnfiiss, or Kralienfiias. 
 
 The generic name from raim, a frog, because many of the species inhabit daiii]i, 
 moist places frequented by tliese creatures. Some botanists leather attribute the origin 
 of the name to the fact of the divided leaves bearing a resemblance to the foot of a 
 frog. 
 
 SPECIES II.-RANUNCULUS PLUITAWS. Lani. 
 
 Plate XVI. 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et. Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. II. Fig. 4.577. 
 
 Bah. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 402 ; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 8. 
 
 Koch, Syn Fl. Germ et Helv. ed. ii. p. 13. Gr. & Godi: Fl. de Fi-. Vol. I. p. 25. 
 
 Boreaii, Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 13. 
 R. aquatilis c, Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 5-'). 
 E. fluviatilis, " Wigg," Wall. Sched. Crit. p. 284. 
 
 Submerged leaves petiolate or sessile, narrowly wedge-shaped in 
 outline, divided into long, comparatively rigid, sul)-parallel segments. 
 Floating leaves (rarely produced), consisting of 3 long-stalked poi-- 
 tions, wliich arc wedge-shaped, or obovate-truncate, usually with 
 
18 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 2 or 3 teeth or short lobes at the apex. Stipules broad, half-adnate, 
 with large rounded auricles. Peduncles long, slightly tapering 
 upwards. Petals much larger than the calyx, often in two rows. 
 Stamens shorter than the head of pistils. Stigma cylindrical. 
 Achenes (often abortive) loosely packed in a globular head ; their 
 iimer edge straight, their outer curved. Pcceptacle at length 
 glabrous. 
 
 Var. a. 'peucedanifol'ms. 
 
 K. pencedanifolius, Bc!<f. Fl. Atl. Vol. I. p. 449. 
 
 Stem stout, leaves very long, petiolate. Peduncles usually 
 shorter than the leaves from wliich they spring. Petals broadly 
 obovate. 
 
 ? Var. 3. Bachli. 
 E. Bacliii, Wirt(j. F. Schultz, Arch, de FI. Vol. I. p. 292. 
 
 Stem very slender. Leaves much shorter than in var. a, ana 
 almost sessile. Peduncles longer than the leaves from which they 
 spring. Petals narrowly obovate. 
 
 Eather rare. In canals and running streams generally dis- 
 tributed in England ; very local in Scotland, where the Whitadder 
 in Berwickshire appears to be its northern limit. The variety ^ 
 occurs in that river and in StaflPordshire. This species is included 
 iu Mr. Moore's list of Irish plants. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Stem floating, often very long, branched. Leaves sometimes a 
 foot long ; the lower ones usually with long stalks, the upper some- 
 times nearly, or quite, sessile ; and in 3 all the leaves are often 
 so. Leaves trifurcate, with the primary segments suli-equal; these 
 are several times forked, and their long, comparatively rigid seg- 
 ments (which are much fewer in number than in the leaves of the 
 other s])eeies) form a slender tassel-like tuft. On mud left by the 
 water the leaves are much shorter, and the segments broader and 
 more tleshy in texture. Peduncles very thick in a, slender in /i. 
 Petals large, Avhite, often more than 5, with a yellow base. Nectary 
 with a rather elongate margin. Stamens numerous. Style short, 
 lleceptacle shortly conical; at first hisp'.d, but glabrous when the 
 fruit is ripe. Achenes loosely packed in a small globular head, 
 obovate-ovoid, compressed, with very prominent transverse wrinkles; 
 inner margin nearly straight, tipped by the persistent base of the 
 style ; outer edge semicircular, very blunt at the apex, Avliere it 
 bulges out beyond the point where the style is inserted, which thus 
 appears to be lateral. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 19 
 
 This species is readily known by the firm parallel leaf-segments, 
 fewer in number than in the nest species, one of the forms of which 
 has some general resemblance to it. 
 
 River or Floating Water Crowfoot. 
 
 SPECIES III.-RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS. Linn. 
 
 Submerged leaves petiolate or sessile, ellipsoidal or transversely 
 ovoid in outline, divided into diverging capillary segments, which 
 spread upwards and downwards as well as laterally. Floating leaves 
 (often present) alternate, reniforni or orbicular in outline, more or 
 less deeply 3-lobed, -cleft, or -partite. Stipules broad, with rounded 
 free auricles. Peduncles scarcely narrowing upwards, and shorter 
 than, or not much exceeding, the leaves opposite to which they 
 spring. Stamens longer than the head of pistils. Style very short 
 and thick. Stigma oblong. Achenes compressed, loosely packed 
 in a globular head, their inner edge nearly straight to the tip, their 
 outer convex. Receptacle hispid. 
 
 Sub-Specie3 I.— BanunCUluS peltatUS. Fries. 
 
 Plates XVII. XVIII. 
 
 R. aqnatilis, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. III. Fig. 4576. 
 Batrachiura peltatum, Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 1-il. 
 
 l-lanuticulus aqnatilis, Koch ? Sjii. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. \>. 12. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de 
 Fr. Vol I. p. 22. Bm-eau, Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. Vol. II. p. 11. 
 
 Submerged leaves trifurcate, afterwards repeatedly bifurcate. 
 Segments comparatively rigid, not collapsing, except in var. y. 
 Floating leaves on long stalks, sub-cordate at the base, reniform in 
 outline, rather convex, with 3 lobes reaching about half-way down. 
 Segments obovate, the lateral ones sub-bifid, all crenatcd (rarely 
 entire) at the apex. Flowers, when expanded, about an inch in 
 diameter. Petals broadly obovate, with 9 or more veins. Stamens 
 indefinite. Carpels half-obovate, generally glabrous. 
 
 Var. a. vnl(jaris. 
 
 Plate XVII. 
 
 n pcUatus, Bah. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 398 ; and Man. Brit. Bot. 
 ed. V. p. 7. 
 
 Submerged leaves loosely trifurcate. Floating leaves divided 
 into 3 lobes, the sinus between tlie lobes reaching scarcely half-way 
 
20 ENGLISH 130TANY. 
 
 down. Peduncles gradually tapering upwards, rather longer than 
 the leaves. Petals contiguous. Nectary " ovate-oblong." Stigma 
 club-shaped. Receptacle " ovate." 
 
 Var. ^. Jlorihundus. 
 
 Plate XVIIL 
 
 Ii. lloribuiulus, Lab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 397 ; and Man. Brit. Bot. 
 ed. V. p. 7. 
 
 Submerged leaves closely trifurcate. Floating leaves divided 
 into 3 lobes, the sinus between the lobes extending more than half 
 way down. Peduncles not narrowing upwards, about equal to 
 the leaves. Petals " not contiguous." Nectary " nearly circular." 
 Stigma " tongue-shaped." Ptcceptacle " spherical." 
 
 ? Var. y. pscudo-Jluitans. 
 E,. pseudo - iiuitans, Newbould MS. 
 
 Submerged leaves tassel-like, with the segments very long and 
 rather Aveak, collapsing. Floating leaves very rarely present, re- 
 sembling those of var. a, or 3. Peduncles slightly narrowing 
 upwards, equal to, or exceeding, the leaves from which they spring. 
 Nectary short, the opening roundish. Receptacle spherical. 
 
 Ponds, ditches, and rivers. Generally distributed, and common 
 throughout the kingdom; a and 3 growing in still, and y in running 
 water. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn. 
 
 Stem branched, floating, the extremity frequently rising out of 
 the water. Stipules broad, membranous, whitish, with free rounded 
 auricles. Peduncles rather slender, arched after flowering. Petals 
 much larger than in any of the other sub-species, white, yellow at 
 the base. Carpels ovoid, compressed, with the inner edge nearly 
 straight, the lower edge unequally curved, so that the achene is 
 narrow at the l)ase and gil)l)ous towards the tip, with prominent 
 transverse-waved ridges ; in 2 to 5 rows on the shortly ovoid, hispid 
 receptacle. 
 
 This sub-species seems to be the most generally distributed of 
 all those which are here put under 11. aquatilis. It is distinguished 
 from R. lieterophyllus by its larger flowers, more slender peduncles, 
 and by the floating leaves, wlueh have the basal margins rounded, 
 as well as the edges of the lobes, wdiich are furnished with deep 
 I'ounded crenatures at the apex. 
 
 AVhen this plant grows out of the water, the stems are much 
 shorter, and produce leaves which are all divided into short, rigid. 
 
FLOAVEKING PLANTS. 21 
 
 somewhat fleshy capillary sogmcnts, much thicker than those of the 
 submerged leaves, and of a much paler green colour ; and a similar 
 dilference is observable in all the following sub-species, under like 
 circumstances. 
 
 Professor Babington considers varieties a and ^ as distinct 
 species, but to me they do not appear to be entitled to rank as such. 
 The peduncles being produced from floating leaves, which is one of 
 the characters of 11. peltatus, I have found to be invariably the case 
 only in two plants in whicli the submerged leaves are very few : 
 one from Castleton of Eraemar, gathered by myself, which stands 
 in Professor Babington's herbarium as R. floribundus ; the other 
 from Sicily, collected by MM. E. and A. Iluet de Pavilion, and 
 named Ranunculus trinacrius by them, and which is evidently pre- 
 cisely the same form as the Braemar j^l^mt. I can see no great 
 difference between the stigmas and receptacles of R. peltatus and 
 R. floribundus. 
 
 The variety 7 is a very remarkable plant, and may be a distinct 
 sub-species, as tbe Rev. W. W. Newbould inclines to think. 
 Professor Babington unites it with R. heterophyllus (Ann. Nat. 
 Uist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 391), ^vith which it agrees in the weak 
 collapsing leaves ; but in all other respects it approaches R. peltatus, 
 or i-ather R. floribundus, and is very possibly only a state of that 
 plant induced by growing in running water. In habit it closely 
 resembles R. fluitans, but lias the segments of the leaves shorter, 
 much less rigid and less parallel, the stamens longer than the head 
 of pistils, and the receptacle hispid. 
 
 Sub-Species II.— Ranunciilus heterophyllus. Bah. 
 
 Plate XIX. 
 
 Bah. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 393 ; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 6. 
 
 Biitrucliium lieterophylhini, Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 140. 
 
 Ilanuuculus peltatus? "Schiank," Boreau, Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. Vol. II. p. 12. 
 
 Submerged leaves trifurcate, afterwards repeatedly bifui'cate. 
 Segments flaccid, collapsing into a pencil when drawn from the 
 water. Pleating leaves on long stalks, orbicular in outline, nearly 
 flat, tripartite, with the sides of the segments next the petiole 
 straight, sub-parallel, or forming a very acute angle with each other, 
 so that only a very small portion is wanting to complete the circle. 
 Segments inversely deltoid, the naiTOW sinus which separates them 
 bounded by straight lines ; the lateral segments bifid, and all 
 toothed or lobed at the end. Plowers, when expanded, about f inch 
 in diameter. Petals wedge-shaped, obovate, about 9-veined, not con- 
 tiguous. Stamens indefinite. Achenes half-obovate, often hispid 
 at the tip. 
 
22 ENGLISU BOTANY. 
 
 In ponds and ditches. Apparently much less common and more 
 local than R. peltatus. 
 
 England, Scotland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn. 
 
 Stem branched, floating, the extremity frequently rising out of 
 the water. Stipules broad, membranous, whitish, with free rounded 
 auricles. Submerged leaves dark green, with the middle primary 
 segments less than the lateral ones. Peduncles about as long as 
 the leaves opposite to whicii they spring, slender, narrowed under- 
 neath the flower, curved downwards at the base after flowering, 
 the upper part remaining nearly straight. Petals twice as long as 
 the calyx, with a very straight border to the nectary, white, yellow 
 at the base, spreading like the rays of a star when the flower is 
 fully expanded. Carpels as in B>. peltatus, from which it differs in 
 the submerged leaves collapsing when taken from the water, the 
 floating leaves being more nearly a complete circle in outline, and 
 the segments being bounded by straight lines rather than by curves. 
 The crenatures at the tip much more deeply indented, and more 
 acute at their apex. The peduncles less regularly arched through- 
 out after flowering. 
 
 The name " heterophyllus " has been used for all the varieties 
 of E-. aquatilis, which have leaves of two kinds ; but has not been 
 adopted by modern authors as a specific name until restricted by 
 Fries to the present form. 
 
 Sub-Species III. — Ranunculus Drouetii. ScUuUz. 
 
 Plate XX. 
 
 Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 391 ; and Man. Brit. Eot. etl. v. p. 6. 
 Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 42. Bureau, Fl. dii Cent, de la Fr. Vol. II. p. 12. 
 
 Submerged leaves trifurcate, afterwards repeatedly bifurcate. 
 Segments flaccid, collapsing into a pencil when drawn from the 
 water. Floating leaves rarely produced, tripartite or ternate, the 
 segments wedge-shaped, incised at the apex. Flowers f inch in 
 diameter, or less. Petals oblanceolate, 5- to 7-veined, not conti- 
 guous. Stamens 5 to 10. Carjjels half-obovate, inflated at the apex. 
 
 In ponds and ditches. Probably common. 
 
 England, Scotland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn. 
 
 Stem slender, slightly branched, floating. Stipules broad, mem- 
 branous, wliitish, with short, free, rounded auricles. Submerged 
 leaves bright green, the lower ones shortly stalked, the upper sessile. 
 The primary segments stalked; intermediate one much shorter 
 than the others and directed downwards. Floating leaves stalked. 
 
FLOWEUIXG TLAXTS. 23 
 
 very seldom produced, nnd soon decayini?. Pcduneles short, al)Out 
 as long as the leaves opposite to wliieli they spring, slender, not 
 narrowed, bent at the 1)ase alter flowering, the upper part remain- 
 ing nearly straight. Petals not much longer than the calyx, white, 
 yellow at the base, spreading like the rays of a star. Carpels 
 resembling those of E. heterophyllus, but smaller, more inflated at 
 the apex, less strongly wrinkled and more hispid. 
 
 This sub-species diiiers from the last by being much more 
 slender, and having smaller flowers ; but some of the states of 
 11. heterophyllus without floating leaves ajiproach it veiy nearly. 
 
 Sub-Species IV.— Ranunculus trichophyllus. Ciiaix. 
 
 Plate XXI. 
 
 Bah. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 390 ; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 5. 
 Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 23. Boreau, Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. 
 Vol. II. p. 12. 
 
 Submerged leaves trifurcate, afterwards repeatedly bifurcate. 
 Segments short, divaricate, comparatively rigid, not collapsing. 
 Floating leaves very rarely produced, tripartite or ternate. 
 Segments wedge-shaped, truncate, cut or toothed at the apex. 
 Flowers \ inch in diameter. Petals oblanceolate, 5- to 7-veined, 
 not contiguous. Stamens 8 to 15. Carpels half-ovoid, compressed, 
 not inflated at tlie apex. 
 
 In ponds and ditches ; occasionally in brackish water. Pro- 
 bably common. 
 
 England, Scotland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn. 
 
 Stem rather slender, branched, floating. Stipiiles broad, mem- 
 branous, whitish, with short, free, rounded auricles. Submerged 
 leaves blackish-green, the lower ones shortly stalked, the upper 
 sessile. The three primary segments not conspicuously stalked ; 
 intermediate one a little shorter than the others, and pointing in 
 the same direction with them. Floating leaves ? (only observed in 
 a plant which seems to belong to this sub-species, collected near 
 Chicliester by the late Mr. Borrer, but of which I do not possess 
 specimens) somewhat resembling those of 11. heterophyllus, but not 
 occupying nearly so great a part of a circle, and with the segments 
 much narrower, not contiguous, separated by a broadly triangular 
 sinus, or of 3 stalked wedge-shaped leaflets. Peduncles short, about 
 as long as the leaves opposite to which they spring, rather stout, 
 arched after flowering, but with the curvature greatest towards the 
 base. Petals about half as long again as the cjJyx, white, yellow 
 at the base, spreading like the rays of a star. Carjiels resembling 
 those of P. Drouetii, but more compressed, and much less inflated 
 at the apex. Plant often slightly hispid. 
 
21" ENGLISH KOTAXy. 
 
 This plant c'los(4y rcsomhlos the last, but is usually darker aiui 
 more rigid in the foliage, larger in the flower, and has tlie carpels 
 less inflated at the tip. I have seen specimens of H. trichopliyllus 
 named " K.. circinatus," or its synonym " E.. divaricatus," both by 
 British and continental botanists ; but the latter plant dilfcrs by 
 its leaves being all in one plane, the peduncles longer and more 
 slender, and the flower lai'ger. R. radians (it<?».) = E,. Godronil 
 (F. Schultz) is rightly referred to R. trichophyllus by Professor 
 Babiugton (Man. ed. v. p. 6). 
 
 Water Croicfoot. 
 
 French, Grenouillette. 
 
 It is tlie Barpaxiov rerapToi' of Dioscorides (ii. 20G). Its handsome, showy flowers 
 are very attractive in the ponds and ditches it frequents, sometimes covering the surface 
 of the water. It has been remarked that in this plant we have an instance of the 
 difference of form between leaves submerged in water and those which gain the 
 surface, for underneath the water they ditfer considerably in form from their natural 
 shape when floating on it. This species of Ranunculus does not seem to possess the 
 poisonous and deleterious properties of its family. In the Linnean Transactions, vol. v. 
 ]). 19, Dr. Pulteney asserts that it is not only innoxious but nutritive to cattle, and 
 capable of being converted to useful purposes in agricultural economy. In the neigh- 
 bourhood of Kingswood, on the banks of the Avon, some of the cottagers support their 
 cows and even horses almost entirely on this plant. A quantity is collected every 
 morning, and brought in a boat to the water's edge, from which the cows eat it with 
 great avidity ; and so fond are they of this food, that they are obliged to be restricted 
 as to quantity. One man kept five cows and one horse entirely on this plant, only half 
 a ton of hay being consumed by them through the year, and that was during the time 
 the ponds were frozen over. Pigs may also be kept on this plant, and require no other 
 food until put up to fatten. This absence of acrid or poisonous qualities is by some 
 accounted for in this species of Ranunculus from the fact of its growing in water, which 
 may perhaps interfere with the develojiment of the acrid principle. 
 
 SPECIES IV.— RANUNCULUS BAUDOTII, Godr. 
 
 Plates XXII. XXIII. 
 
 Godr. in Mem. de I'Acad. de Nancy, 1839, PI. XXI. Fig. 4. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et 
 Helv. ed. ii. p. 43-t. Breb. Fl. de Normandie, ed. iii. p. 6. 
 
 Submerged leaves petiolate or sessile, ellipsoidal or transversely 
 ovoid in outline, divided into diverging comparatively rigid capil- 
 lary segments, which spread upwards and downwards as well as 
 laterally, and do not collapse on being drawn out of the water. 
 Floating leaves (often present) alternate, reniform or sub-orbicular 
 in outline, very sliglitly rounded at the basal margin, tripartite, 
 occasionally ternate, with stalked leaflets. Segments or leaflets 
 not approximate, inversely deltoid or wedge-shaped-obovate, deeply 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 25 
 
 crenatcd or lobcd at the tip. Stipules of the upper leaves broad, 
 AAdth free rouuded auricles, those of the lower leaves narrow and 
 almost entirely adiiate. Peduncles narrowing- vipwards, very long. 
 Petals about twice as long" as the calyx. Stamens indefinite 
 (usually), shorter than the head of pistils. Style conspicuous. 
 Stig-ma ligulate. Achenes small, very numerous, closely packed in 
 a shortly ovoid-conical head ; their inner edge straight nearly to the 
 tip, theii- outer edge convex. Receptacle elongate-conical, pointed, 
 slightly hispid. 
 
 Var. a. vulgaris. 
 
 Plate XXII. 
 
 lianunculus Bandotii, Bed). Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 395 ; and Man. Brit. 
 
 Bot. ed. V. J). 7. Gr. & Oodr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 21. Boreau, Fl. du Cent, de 
 
 la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 10. 
 
 Stamens shorter than the head of pistils. 
 
 Var. ^. cotifiisus. 
 
 Plate XXIII. 
 
 naminculus confusus (Godr.), Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 394 ; and Man. 
 Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 6. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 22. Boreau, Fl. du Cent, 
 de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 10. 
 
 Stamens longer than the head of pistils. 
 
 In ponds and ditches of brackish water ; j3 also in fresh water. 
 Probably frequent along the coast throughout Britain, although 
 Guillon ponds in Haddingtonshire is the most northerly locality 
 yet recorded for a, and Duddingston Loch, near Edinburgh, for /3. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual (certainly), or Perennial ? 
 Summer to Autumn. 
 
 Stem branched, floating. Stipules membranous, Avhitish ; the 
 upper ones rather broad, with short free rounded auricles, the lower 
 ones narrower, entirely adnate. Submerged leaves more or less 
 distinctly stalked, bright green, divided into short, firm, capillary 
 segments ; first trifurcate, with the central segment very much 
 smaller than the others, afterwards bifurcate. Floating leaves 
 on long stalks, the outline of the laminse usually semicircular, 
 tripartite, with deeply crenatcd or lobed segments, separated by 
 a broadly triangular sinus, the basal margins slightly rounded ; 
 sometimes the floating leaves consist of three stalked wedge-shaped 
 segments, deeply cut at the apex. Upper internodes of the stem 
 at first very short, so that the peduncles are crowded together a^ 
 the top of the stem while flowering. Peduncles thick, tapering 
 considerably upwards, curved downwards after flowering, the 
 curvature iireatest towards tlie base ; often twice or tlirice as Ions 
 
 £ 
 
26 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 as the leaves opposite to Avhicli they spring;, when the latter are of 
 the submerged form ; but when the peduneles spring from floating 
 leaves, the difference in length is not so great. Petals about 
 twice as long as the calyx, obovate, 7- to 9-veined, white with a 
 yellow base, spreading like the rays of a star when fully expanded. 
 Achenes generally in many more rows (often ten or twelve) than in 
 any of the previous species, and, therefore, much more numerous, 
 amounting even to as many as 50 or 100 carpels on each receptacle, 
 pale yellowish olive, with the inner side straiglit from the base for 
 about two-thirds, and thence more or less convex to the apiculus 
 formed by the persistent base of the style, the outer side curved, 
 usually much rounded towards the apex, so that the carpel may be 
 termed inflated. Pteccptacle elongate, with the hairs much more 
 distant than in R. aquatilis. 
 
 There can be little difliculty in distinguishing this plant from 
 H. aquatilis on account of the longer peduncles ; much more 
 numerous achenes, in about twice or more times as many roAvs, 
 very closely 2:)acked in a head, Avhich tapers somewhat towards the 
 apex; the longer style, and the flattened stigma. 
 
 11. confusus appears to be simply a variety, as there is no cha- 
 racter by which it can be separated, except that the stamens are 
 longer than the head of pistils. The achenes vary in shape quite 
 independently of the length of the stamens; and tlie narrowing of 
 the apex of the achene, which is given as one of the distinguishing 
 features of R. confusus, is quite as often seen in plants which have 
 the normal form of R. Baudotii in other respects. Indeed, the 
 inflated and attenuated form of achenes may be met with on the 
 same individual. 
 
 A small form, without floating leaves, with the peduncles not 
 much exceeding the submerged leaves, approaches closely the 
 habit of R. trichophyllus, and in the dried state is occasionally 
 difl&cult to distinguish from that. 
 
 Pl. marinus (Fries), which occurs in the Baltic, but has not 
 been observed in Britain, is a variety, or perhaps a sub-species, of 
 R. Baudotii, distinguished by the aj)])arently constant absence of 
 floating leaves, by having the dissected leaves sessile with fewer 
 segments, and the achenes more convex on the inner side near the 
 tip, so that the persistent base of the style forms an apiculus which 
 is nearly central on the apex of the carpel ; but I have seen ex- 
 amjiles of R. Baudotii and B. confusus with carpels precisely similar 
 to those of Pries' specimens of his Herb. Norm, in the Hookerian 
 Herbarium. Pries describes the achenes as keeled ; but R. Baudotii 
 and, indeed, most of the other species of tliis section, are liable to 
 have a false keel produced by the shrinking of the 2:)ericarp in 
 drying. This sub-species is mentioned here, as it is not at all 
 unlikely to occur in brackish Avater on the Scottish coast. 
 
 Baiulol's IJ'alcr Croirfoot. 
 
FLOAVERING PLANTS. 27 
 
 SPECIES v.— RANUNCULUS TRIPARTITUS. D. C. 
 
 Plate XXIV. 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Genu, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. II. Fig. 4574. 
 
 Bah. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 399 ; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 7. 
 
 Gr. & Godr. Fl. de la Fr. Vol. I. p. 20. Boreau, Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. 
 
 Vol. II. p. 9. Coss. & Germ. Fl. des En v. de Paris, ed. iii. p. 12. 
 
 Submerged * leaves (not seen in Britain) stalked, the npper ones 
 sessile, ellipsoidal or transversely ovoid in outline, divided into 
 diverging flaccid capillary segtnents, which spread upwards and 
 downwards as well as laterally, and collapse on being drawn out of 
 the water. Floating * leaves alternate, semicircular or sub-orbicular 
 in outline, very slightly rounded, or nearly straight at the basal 
 margins, tripartite ; the segments not approximate, inversely deltoid 
 or wedge-shaped, deeply crenate at the tip. Stipules short and 
 broad, the free rounded auricles as large as or larger than the 
 adnate portion. Peduncles slender, not tapering upwards, about as 
 loi]g as tlic leaves opjiosite to which they spring. Petals scarcely 
 exceeding the calyx. Stamens 5 to 10, longer than the head of 
 jjistils. Style rather long and slender. Stigma ligulate. Achenes 
 small, inflated, few, loosely packed in a sub-globular head, their 
 inner edge convex at the tip, the outer edge convex throughout, 
 lleceptacle globular, very slightly hispid. 
 
 Var. a. Jlititaus. Godr. 
 Lower leaves divided into capillary segments. 
 
 Var. /3. tcrrcslris. Godr. 
 
 Without capillary divided leaves. 
 
 Very rare ; and only the variety 3 has occurred in this country, 
 where it has been found on damp ground and in ditches in the 
 ncigliljourhood of Esher in Surrey, near Haverfordwest in Pem- 
 l)rokeshire, and in Cornwall. Marked in Mr. Moore's list of Irish 
 plants. 
 
 England, Ireland. Annual (certainly), or Perennial ? Summer, 
 Autumn. 
 
 Stem 2 to G inches long, branched in the larger examples, with 
 
 • Tlie terms submerged and floating arc here used to e.xpress the two kinds oi 
 leaves; for those described as floating in this species are t'oiiud evon under water. 
 
28 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 the stipules mucli loss adnate than in any of tlic preceding. Leaves 
 occupying from half to three-quarters of a circle; divided more 
 than half-way down into 3 segments, of wliich the centre one has 
 usually 3 cronatures at the apex; the lateral ones 2-cleft, with 
 ahout 1< crenatures; sinus between its segments broadly triangular. 
 Plowers very small, the petals not contiguous, scarcely longer than 
 the calyx, oblanceolate - oblong, about 3-veined, Avhite, slightly 
 tinged with ])ink, yellowish at the base. Achencs few (G to 12), 
 yellowish olive, with the inner side straight from the base for about 
 two-thirds, and thence convexly curved to the conspicuous apiculus 
 formed by the persistent base of the slender style, Avliich is thus 
 placed nearly in the centre of the apex of the carpel. 
 
 I have seen specimens in the Hookcrian Herbarium, which were 
 raised by the late Mr. Borrer from the seed of the Esher plant. 
 These had the lower leaves cut into tine linear segments, such as 
 often occur in the last two species between the floating and 
 dissected leaves. 
 
 The large stipules almost free from the petioles, tbe absence of 
 divided leaves and carpels, with the apicidus in the centre of the 
 apex, distinguish this from all the preceding. 
 
 Three-lohed JValer Croicfoot. 
 
 SPECIES VI.— RANUNCULUS LENORMANDL ^cludtz. 
 Tlate XXV. 
 
 F. ScImUz in Flora, oder Bot. Zeit. 1837, p. 727. Godr. IMonog. p. 7. f. 2. Boreau, 
 El. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 9. Brehisson, El. de Normaudie, ed. iii. 
 p. 7. Lhyd. El. de I'Ouest de la Er. p. 4. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. ii. p. G. 
 
 E. ccsnosus, Gr. ife Godr. (nou Guss.) Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 403 ; 
 and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 8. Gr. k Godr. El. de Er. Vol. I. p. 19. 
 
 None of the leaves dissected into capillary segments, but all of 
 one form, alternate with long jietioles, i-eniforni or sub-orbicular ; 
 cordate at the base, with 3 roundish obovate lobes, seldom reaching 
 half-way down ; lobes with a few large shallow crenatures at the 
 apex, or entire. Stipules short and broad, the free rounded auricles 
 as large or larger than the adnate portion. Peduncles rather slender, 
 not narrowed upwards, usually equalling or exceeding in length 
 the leaves opposite to which they spring. Plowers \ inch in 
 diameter. Petals twice as long as the calyx. Stamens 8 to 10, 
 rather longer than the head of jiistils. Style short and thick. 
 Achenes small, slightly inflated, rather numerous, closely packed in 
 a alobular head ; their inner edge very convex towards the apex, 
 lower clge convex throughout. Receptacle globular, glal)rous. 
 
FLOAVEUINU PLANTS. 29 
 
 In ditches and wet places. Rather rare, but pretty widely distri- 
 buted. It has occurred in Cornwall, Devon, Hants, Sussex, Kent, 
 Surrey, Somerset, Glamorgan, Pembroke, Cardigan, Staffordshire, 
 Leicester, York, Lancashire, Dumfries, and Lanarkshire, and, 
 probably, will be found in other counties. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn. 
 
 Stem branched at the base, creeping in the mud ; the upper 
 portion floating when covered by Avater. Leaves very variable 
 in size, from ^ incli to 1^ inch across, occupying from half to 
 three-quarters of a circle ; the central lobe rounded at the end with 
 3 broad very shallow crenatures ; the lateral lol)es slightly bi-lobed, 
 with two or three crcnatui'es in each of the subdivisions. Flowers 
 varying a little in size, but always larger than in the preceding or 
 following species. Petals oblanceolate-oblong, 5- to 7-veined, white 
 with a tinge of yellow at the base, spreading like the rays of a 
 star. Achenes pale-yellowish olive, slightly attenuated at the tip, 
 which passes insensibly into tlie apiculus foi*med by the persistent 
 base of the style, which, from the convexity of the upper margin of 
 the carpel, is nearly central. 
 
 The shortly obovate rounded lobes of the leaves, and larger 
 flowers, distinguish this from the preceding species, which it re- 
 sembles in habit. The carpels are also much more numerous and 
 less inflated at the tip. 
 
 I have not seen the leaves of this species opposite, as in the 
 next, nor with the dark marking so common in that plant. 
 
 Le n 07' )n unci's Water Crowfoot. 
 
 SPECIES VII.-R A N UNCULUS HEDERACEUS. Linn. 
 Plate XXVI. 
 
 liekh. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. II. Fig. 4573. 
 
 Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 404 ; and :Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 8. Koch, 
 
 Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 12. Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol I. p. 19. 
 
 Bureau, Fl. du Cent de la Fr. Vol. II. p. 9. Brebisson, Fl. de Normandie, ed. iii. 
 
 p. 7. Lloyd, Fl. de I'Oiiest de la Fr. p. 5. 
 E. coenosus, (?«s«. Prod. Suppl. 187; Syn. Vol. II. j). 39. Brebisson, Fl. de Normandie, 
 
 p. 7. 
 
 None of the leaves dissected into capillary segments, but all 
 of one form, opposite or more rarely alternate, stalked, broadly 
 reniform, sub-cordate at the base, with 5 more or less distinctly 
 marked entire, bluntly triangular or rounded lobes. Stipules lono'cr 
 than broad, almost entirely adnatc. Peduncles rather slender, not 
 exceeding and usually much shorter than the leaves, from the axil 
 of which they spring (or when the latter are alternate, opposite to 
 
30 ENGLISH BOTANY 
 
 which they spring). Plowers about ^ inch in diameter. Petals 
 as long as or very slightly exceeding the calyx. Stamens G 
 to 10, a little longer than the head of pistils. Style short. Achenes 
 rather small, very much inflated at the tip, rather numerous, closely 
 packed in a globular head ; their inner edge nearly straight through- 
 out, the outer edge convex nearly to the tip, which is very obtuse, 
 almost truncate. Receptacle globular, glabrous. 
 
 In ditches and wet places. Common, and universally distributed 
 throughout Britain. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn. 
 
 Stem branched, creeping in mud, the upper portion floating 
 when covered by water. Leaves from ^ inch to 1 inch across, 
 rarely occupying so much as a semicircle. When growing on mud, 
 the lobes ai-e commonly triangular and quite entire ; but when in 
 water of some depth, they float on the surface, and have the lobes 
 completely rounded, and occasionally slightly emarginate, when it 
 appears to be li. coenosus of Gussone. Plowers very small. Petals 
 white, tinged with yellow at the base, scarcely exceeding the calyx, 
 narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, 3-veined, spreading like the rays of a 
 star. Achenes pale-yellowish olive, very much inflated at the tip, 
 where the persistent base of the style forms an apiculus, which is 
 quite on the upper side of the carpel. 
 
 When this plant grows in mud, the entire triangular lobes of 
 tlie leaves distinguish it from all the other Batrachian llanvmculi; 
 and when found in water, the only one with which it can be con- 
 founded is the preceding, from which it differs by having the leaves 
 mostly opposite, broader in jiroportion to their length, with much 
 shallower and not at all obovate lobes, much more adnate stipules, 
 shorter peduncles, flowers half the size, carpels much more inflated 
 at the apex, and having a lateral and not a central api(!ulus. The 
 leaves of 11. hederaceus have very frequently dark markings, which 
 I have never observed in R. coenosus. 
 
 I have no doubt that the floating state of this plant is that 
 wliich Gussone has named R. cccnosus. He docs not describe the 
 peculiarity of the carpels, nor of the stipules ; but he mentions the 
 petals as scarcely exceeding the calyx. I possess a specimen from 
 Sicily, collected by MM. E. and A. lluet de Pavilion, to which the 
 name of P... coenosus is given, and which is certainly the floating 
 form of E,. hederaceus ; and I have also seen one from Professor 
 Gasparini in Professor Babington's herbarium, similarly named, 
 which is also the floating form of R. hederaceus. M. Brebisson's 
 plant is also identical with this. 
 
 Ivy-leaved Water Crowfoot. 
 
 Fic'iicli, Iienuncide & Fcidlles de Lierre. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 31 
 
 The whole of tlie precedini; Eatrachian Eanunculi are consi- 
 dered as formins^ a sinirh^ species by Mr. Bentham ; * and Dr. Walker 
 Arnott is apparently inclined to take the same view, although he 
 gives specific descriptions of six. Is not this carrying the idea of 
 super-sj^ecics to an extreme length ? Eor example : between 
 R. circinatus and any of the other species there is not to be seen 
 a single intermediate form (which could give an excuse for linking 
 them together), among many hundred sj^ecimens of Batrachia from 
 all parts of the world, contained in the Hookerian Herbarium. 
 By intermediate forms I here intend those Avhich a practised eye 
 would feel some hesitation in referring to either of two allied 
 species or sub-species, — such as we find amongst the fruticose 
 Kubi and Ilieracia. 
 
 Sub-Genus II.— EU-EANUNCULUS. 
 
 Sepals and petals 5, the latter usually with a scale over the 
 nectary. Style short. Carpels without distinct transverse ridges. 
 
 Land or marsh plants, with the leaves very seldom divided into 
 capillary segments. Stipules inconspicuous, adnate. Peduncles 
 not reflexed after flowering, usually terminal, and arranged in an 
 irregular cyme. Petals yellow in the British species. 
 
 SPECIES VIIL— RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS. Linn. 
 
 Plate XXVII. 
 
 Reich. Ic. FI. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XI. Fig. 4598. 
 
 Stem erect, branched, thick and hollow, furrowed. Lower leaves 
 stalked, reniform or pentagonal in outline, 3-cleft, with lobed seg- 
 ments, lobes crenated. Upper leaves nearly or quite sessile, tripar- 
 tite ; segments tripartite, elliptical, or strap-shaped, nearly entire. 
 Petals little longer than sepals. Nectary without a scale. Head 
 of fruit oblong or oblong-ovoid, closely packed. Acheues small, 
 very numerous, slightly compressed, their sides faintly transversely 
 wrinkled in the middle, with a furrow on the back instead of a keel, 
 and an extremely minute apiculus at their apex. Eecej)ta(!le nar- 
 rowly oblong, slightly hairy. 
 
 In muddy ditches and wet places. Common throughout Britain, 
 though it becomes less frequent in the northern part of the kingdom. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. 
 Summer and Autumn. 
 
 * Since this paragraph was written, the first number of the illustrated edition of 
 Mr. Bentham's Handbook has appeared, and in it he recognizes R. hederaceus (inciiudiiig 
 liederaceus and Lenormandi) as a species distinct from H. arpiatilis. 
 
32 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 Root of numerous white fibres. Stem 8 inches to 2 feet high, 
 in the larger specimens often as thick as a man's finger at the base, 
 and branched at the top so as to form an irreguhu'ly corymbose 
 cyme. Lower leaves glabrous, more or less deeply 3-cleft, the lateral 
 segments again divided, though less deeply, and both the primary 
 and secondary segments with a few loljes, which are again crenated. 
 JMiddle leaves on shorter stalks, and more deeply divided than 
 the lower leaves ; the uppermost of all, or bracts, as they may be 
 termed, with scattered hairs on the narrow, sub-entire segments. 
 Peduncles furrowed. Flowers about ^ inch across. Sepals re- 
 flexed, haii'y exteriorly. Petals obovate, pale yellow, about as long 
 as the head of pistils. Achenes pale-yellowish olive, compressed, 
 their upper edge slightly concave near the base, and slightly convex 
 towards the tip, the lower nearly semicircular, each side with a 
 faintly-wrinkled patch in the middle. Plant yellowish green, shining. 
 
 This plant cannot possibly be confounded with any other British 
 species, and, as Professor i3abington observes, approaches more 
 nearly to the Batrachian section of the genus than any of the other 
 true Baimnculi, not only in the wrinkled carpels and the absence of 
 a scale to the nectary, but also in habit, as, when the plant grows 
 in water (before the flower-stalk is produced), the radical leaves often 
 float on the surface, and remind the observer of those of R. aquatilis. 
 
 Celery-leaved Croiofoot. 
 
 French, Renoncule scelerate. German, Gifllutlineiifuss, Froschrppich. 
 The Latin surname of this plant attributes to it a dozen evil qualities. In con- 
 sequence of its chosen home in dirty or shallow waters, in muddy drains or dykes, it is 
 called polluted, defiled, or dirty Crowfoot. Then it is " scelerate," because it is acrid, 
 nipping, or biting; if chewed, it inflames the tongue; even the distilled water of it is 
 intensely acrimonious ; and as it cools it deposits crystals which are very insoluble and 
 have the curious property of being inflammable ; yet, with all this acridity, if the plant 
 be boiled and the water thrown off, it is not unwholesome, and the peasants of 
 Wallachia eat it as a vegetable. The juice is so irritant, that if applied to the skin it 
 will readily produce blisters. Mr. Francis says that he saw a begging impostor producing 
 inflammation by this means, in order to excite compassion. 
 
 SPECIES IX.— RANUNCULUS OPHIOGLOSSIFOLIUS. 
 
 Vill. 
 
 Plate XXVIII. 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXI. Fig. 4613. 
 
 Stem erect, branched, hollow, furrowed. Lower leaves stalked, 
 broadly ovate, faintly serrate ; upper leaves nearly or quite sessile, 
 narrowly elliptical. Petals longer than the sepals. Nectary with 
 a small scale narrower than the claw. Head of fruit globular, 
 closely packed. Achenes small and numerous, compressed, their 
 sides with small raised points, or tubcn-ck's ; apiculus very small. 
 Receptacle slightly clavate, glabrous. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 33 
 
 Locally abundant in " St. Peter's Marsh," Jersey. This is half- 
 way between St. llelier's and St. Aubiu's, and is best known in the 
 island by the less dignified appellation of " Goose Green." 
 Channel Islands. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Eoot of nimierous whitish fibres. Stem slender, much branched 
 in large examples, with a general tendency to become irregularly 
 dichotomous. Lowest leaves very broadly cordate- or rhomboid- 
 ovate ; those of the stem becoming narrower and more shortly 
 stalked in proportion as they are placed higher up on the stem. 
 Peduncles furrowed, opjiosite the leaves in unbranched specimens. 
 Plowcrs scarcely a quarter of an inch across. Sepals spreading, 
 glabrous. Petals obovate, pale yellow, a little longer than the head 
 of pistils. Achenes reddish brown, lenticular, compressed ; their 
 upper edge slightly convex, the lower nearly semicircular, faintly 
 tuberculate on the sides. Plant yellowish green, glabrous, or with 
 distant adpressed hairs towards the upper part. 
 
 This plant presents little resemblance to any of our species, 
 except the following, from which, however, the tuberculated carpels 
 readily distinguish it. When growing the habit of the plant is 
 much more that of P. sceleratus than of P. Plammula. 
 
 Adder's-toiiffue-leaved Spearicort. 
 
 SPECIES X.— RANUNCULUS PLAMMULA. Sm. 
 Plates XXIX. XXX. 
 
 Pootstock not stoloniferous. Stem decumbent and usually 
 rooting at the base ; the upper portion erect or procumbent, slightly 
 branched, hollow, furrowed. Leaves varying from ovate to linear, 
 somewhat acute, faintly and remotely denticulate or entire; the 
 earliest and those of the barren shoots broadest and with the 
 longest stalks, the upper ones sessile. Peduncles furrowed. Flowers 
 rather small. Nectary with a rudimentary scale. Head of fruit 
 globular, loosely packed. Achenes rather small, not compressed, 
 appearing smooth to the naked eye, very obscurely margined, and 
 not at all winged ; apiculus very small. 
 
 I 
 Sub-Species I.— Ranunculus eu-Flammula. 
 
 Plate XXIX 
 
 Pv. Flammula, Beich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol III. Ban. Tab. X. Fig. 4945. 
 
 Pi. Flammula, Linn. Sj>ecies Plant, p. 772. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 142. Koch, 
 
 Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. p. 434. Boreau, FL du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii Vol. II. 
 
 p. 14. Godet, Fl. du Jura, p. 12. 
 R. Flaniniulii, var. a, Auct. pluiimuiu. 
 
 P 
 
3i ENGLISU BOTANY. 
 
 Stem croct, ascending or prostrate, with the internodes straight 
 (not regularly arched), usually rooting only at the lower nodes. 
 Apioulus of the ripe acheues about one-eighth of the length of the 
 whole, obtuse. 
 
 Var. a. suh-erectiis. 
 
 Stem decumbent and rooting only at the very base, terminal 
 portion erect. 
 
 Var. ^. 2^-^(">'<^^o-reptans. 
 
 E. reptans, Thuil. (non Linn.) 
 
 Stem procumbent, rooting at the nodes ; the apex alone ascend- 
 ing. Leaves usually narrower than in var, a, and the whole plant 
 smaller. 
 
 In ditches, marshes, and wet pastures. Yery common through- 
 out Britain. Var. 3 much less frequent than var. a. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Boot of white simple fibres. Stem about 1 to 2 feet high in 
 var. a, 3 to 9 inches in var. 3. Leaves very variable in shape : 
 those at the bottom of the stem broadest, varying from broadly 
 ovate to narrowly elliptical, lanceolate ; stem leaves with the base 
 of the petiole aniplexicaul ; upper leaves sessile, sub-amplexicaul, 
 usually ligulate. Peduncles slightly pubescent. Plowers in an 
 irregularly corymbose cyme in var. a, or nearly solitary in var. 0. 
 •i^ inch to f inch in diameter. Petals obovate, pale yellow. Achenes 
 roundish, greenish olive, appearing finely granulated under a power- 
 ful lens, Avitli an extremely short, blunt apiculus. 
 
 The perennial root, the stem decumbent at the base and much 
 firmer in texture, the more glavicous colour, larger flowers, and 
 smooth green achenes, are sufficient distinctions between the 
 broader forms of the present plant and the preceding. 
 
 Sub Species II.— Eanunculus reptans. Linn. 
 
 Plate XXX. 
 
 E. Flammula /3, Beich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. lian. Tab. X. Fig. 4595. 
 
 E. reptans, Linn. S])ecies Plaut. p. 772. Fries, Sumin. Veg. Scand. p. 142. Koch, 
 
 Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. p. 434. Godet, Fl. du Jura, p. 12. 
 E. filiformis, Mich. Fl. Bor. Am. Vol. I. p. 320. 
 E. Flarumula, var. c, Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 45. 
 E. Flaiumula, var. fl, Aiict. plurimum. 
 
 Stem procumbent, filiform, with arched internodes, rooting at 
 the nodes Apiculus of the ripe fruit nearly one-fourth the leugtli 
 
FLOWKRING PLANTS. 35 
 
 of the rest of the acliene, sub-cylindrical, with the extreme point 
 refiexcd. 
 
 Sandy shores of Loch Levcu, near Kinross. 
 
 Scotland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Plant producing a tuft of a few narrowly-elliptical, acute leaves 
 on long petioles. Stems threadlike, with a few strap-shaped or 
 elliptical-linear leaves. Plowers about « inch in diameter. Acheucs 
 about half or two-thirds of the usual size of those of R.eu-riammula, 
 with the beak much longer. 
 
 Lesser Spearicort. 
 
 French, Renoncule Flammette, Petite Bouve. 
 
 The specific name Flammula, the diminutive oi Jlanima, is given to this plant as it 
 causes a little flame or inflammation on the skin. The leaves hruised and applied to 
 the surface will raise a blister in about half an hour. This is a sore which is difficult 
 to heal, and consequently should only be used when a lasting vesication is required. 
 Dr. Withering recommends the distilled water of E. flammula as prefeiable to any 
 other means for producing instant vomiting in cases of poisoning, without exciting the 
 painful contortions resulting from the administration of white vitriol for a like purpose. 
 Lightfoot describes an ingenious but simple method of using the bruised leaves as a 
 blister ; he says that, in the Scottish Islands, they fill a limpet-shell with the bruised 
 leaves and bind it on the part, the cup form of the shell neatly defining the place of the 
 blister. 
 
 SPECIES XL-RANUNCULUS LINGUA. Linn. 
 
 Plate XXXI. 
 
 lieich, Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. lian. Tab. X. Fig. 4597. 
 
 E-ootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem erect, emitting roots 
 at a few of the lower joints, branching above, hollow, furrowed. 
 The earliest leaves, and those of the barren shoots on long stalks, 
 ovate or oblong-ovate ; those on the flowering stem sessile, linear- 
 lanceolate, very acute, faintly and remotely denticulate or neai'ly 
 entire. Peduncles not furrowed. Plowers A^ery large. Nectary 
 with a rudimentary scale. Head of fruit globular, closely packed. 
 Achenes large, numerous, much compressed, margined, the margin 
 forming a Aving on the upper edge, the apex narrowed into a short, 
 slightly recurved beak, with a triangular profile, nearly half the 
 length of the rest of the mature carpel. 
 
 In ditches and by the sides of ponds. Sparingly distributed in 
 England and Scotland, as far north as Moraysliire. It is most 
 frequent in the fenny districts of England. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and .Vutumn. 
 
36 ENGLISU BOTANY. 
 
 Root creeping in the mud and producing stolons, which, in the 
 end of the year, send up shoots with long stalked, very broadly 
 ovate leaves, often slightly cordate at the base. Stem 2 to 4 feet 
 higli, and stout in proportion ; the upper part branched in an 
 irregularly dichotomous manner, so that the flowers form a some- 
 what corymbose cyme. Leaves embracing the stem by their largely 
 dilated bases (rudimentary stipules) ; the leaves themselves atte- 
 nuated at each end, 6 inches to 1 foot long, and ^ inch to 1 inch 
 broad. Peduncles with adpressed hairs. Plovvers from 1 to 2 inches 
 in diameter. Sepals spreading, ovate, concave, slightly strigose. 
 Petals obovate or roundish, deep rich yellow, glossy on the inside. 
 Head of fruit ^ inch in diameter, pale olive. Achenes appearing 
 finely granulated under a powerful lens ; their margin on the upper 
 side with a membranous wing, which is continued beyond the apex 
 into the beak, which is slightly reflexed at the point. Whole plant 
 nearly glabrous, or with adpressed hairs. 
 
 This sj^ecies has been sometimes confounded with R.riammula ; 
 but, irrespective of the difference in size, the beak and margin to 
 the fruit x-euder their determination an easy matter, when the plant 
 is in a state in which this can be examined. The stem leaves are 
 also much more gradually tapered and acute than those of R. Plam- 
 mula, the flowers of a deeper yellow, and the whole plant of a 
 brighter green. 
 
 Greater Spearioort. 
 
 It is an acrid plant, like most of its tribe, and its [loisouous characters are not 
 modified by its growing in moist or wet places. 
 
 SPECIES XII.— RANUNCULUS AURICOMUS. Linn. 
 
 Plate XXXII. 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Tab. XII. XIII. XIV. Fig. 4599. 
 
 Rootstock short, not creeping, stem ascending. Radical leaves 
 stalked, reniform or roundish in outline, varying from crenate-serrate 
 to tripartite with the divisions deeply cut. Stem leaves quite sessile, 
 divided to the base into ligulate-linear segments, which in the 
 uppermost leaves or bracts are quite entire. Peduncles downy, 
 not furrowed. Sepals hairy, applied to the petals, Avhich have no 
 scale covering the nectary. Head of fruit globular, loosely packed. 
 Achenes a little compressed, smooth to the naked eye, slightly mar- 
 gined, the persistent style forming a cylindrical, tapering, recurved 
 Ijeak. Receptacle with stalk-like projections, to which the achenes 
 are affixed. 
 
 In woods and moist shady places. Common in England, less so 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 37 
 
 in Scotland, where it lias not been observed farther north than the 
 county of Moray on the east, and the neighbourhood of Glasgow on 
 the west. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Plant often growing in tufts, with numerous stems, very slightly 
 branched above, curved at the base, then erect or inclined, lladical 
 leaves numerous, and varying much in shape and division on the 
 same individual. Stem leaves only placed at the points where 
 branches are given off, with 5 to 9 narrow segments ; those which 
 are situated lowest on the stem often cut, or furnished with pro- 
 jecting lobes ; the uppermost leaves quite entire, and narrower. 
 Elowers when perfect often 1 inch in diameter ; but very frequently 
 several of the petals are abortive or deformed. In Scotch specimens 
 I have very seldom found the flowers perfect ; but in Kent and 
 Surrey they are generally so. Achenes slightly granulated under a 
 lens, and often with a few short hairs on the surface ; beak at first 
 revolute, but only curved when the fruit is mature. Receptacle 
 very curious, having projecting cylindrical processes about g-o inch 
 long, a character first pointed out in the last edition of Professor 
 Eabington's JIanual of British Botany. Plant bright yellowish 
 green, almost glabrous, having only very short remote hairs, except 
 on the peduncles. 
 
 Beak of the fruit longer than in most of the following species, 
 from which it may be readily distinguished by the absence of a 
 scale over the nectary. 
 
 Wood Croiofoot. Golden-haired Crowfoot, or Goldiloclcs. 
 
 The s])ecific name Auricomus is derived from aureus, golden, and cortia, a lock of 
 hair. It diflers remarkably from the rest of the Eaiiuuculus tribe, in that it is not at 
 all acrid ; and it has been called Sweet Wood Crowfoot. 
 
 SPECIES XIII.— R AVUNCULUS ACRIS. Liu.u 
 
 Plate XXXIII. 
 
 Rootstock short, not enlarged. Stem erect. Radical leaves 
 stalked, pentagonal in outline, tripartite or 3-eleft, with the segments 
 more or less deeply cut and toothed. Lower stem leaves similar, 
 but on shorter stalks ; uppermost ones sessile, with narrower, often 
 entire segments. Peduncles hairy, not furrowed. Sepals hairy, 
 applied to the petals, which have a conspicuous scale over tlie 
 nectary. Head of fruit globular. Achenes compressed, smooth to 
 the naked eye, conspicuously margined, and terminated by a short, 
 more or less curved beak. Receptacle glabrous. 
 
38 ENGLISH BOTANV. 
 
 SuB-Si'EciEs I. — Ranunculus eu-acris. 
 
 Plate XXXIII. 
 R acris, Jord. Obs. sur PI. Nouv. et Grit, de la Fr. Frag. VI. p. 1.5. 
 
 Bootstock short, oljlique. Eadical leaves with the primary 
 segments divided into secondary ones hy incisions, which reach at 
 least half-way down to the base ; secondary segments at least twice 
 as broad as long, with a lew large tooth-like lobes. Stem and leaves 
 with adpressed hairs, except at the base of the former and on the 
 stalks of the latter, wliere they are most commonly spreading. 
 Petals broadly obovatc, wedge-shaped at the base; nectary scale 
 about as broad as long. 
 
 Vav. a. Steveni. 
 
 R. Steveni, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, efc Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XVII. Fig. 4605. 
 E. Steveni, " Andrz." Boreau, FI. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 15. 
 
 Stem with scattered hairs at the base. Segments of the radical 
 leaves not overlapping each other. Beak of the acliene not half the 
 length of the remaining part of the carpel, with a curved point, 
 which disappears when the fruit is perfectly ripe. 
 
 Var. 3. vulgatus. 
 R. vulgatus, Jord. in Boreau, Fl. du Gent, de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 15. 
 
 Base of the stem and petioles densely clothed with very numerous 
 spreading or reflexed fulvous hairs. Segments of the radical leaves 
 overlapping each other. Beak of the achene scarcely half as long 
 as the remaining part of the carpel, with a hooked point, which is 
 usually persistent. 
 
 ? Var. y. rectus. 
 
 R acris, Eeich. Ic. FI. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XVII. Fig. 4606. 
 R. rectus, " Bauli." Boreau, Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 15. 
 
 Hairs few, all adpressed. Segments of the radical leaves not 
 overlapping each other. Beak of the achene about half as long as 
 the rest of the carpel, slightly curved, " disappearing at maturity." 
 {Boi'eaii.) 
 
 In meadows and pastures, and on mountains, a and very 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 39 
 
 common tlirougliovit the kingdom; 7 on Loclmagar, Aberdeenshire, 
 and probably in other places. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer 
 to Autumn. 
 
 Hootstock thickcnod, obliquely creeping for a short distance 
 (A'cry short and ahnost perpendicular in 7). Stem erect, 1 to 2 
 feet high, except when growing on mountains, when it is much 
 shorter. Upper part of the stem branched, forming an irregular 
 cyme. Leaves varying niuch in the degree of incision and the 
 breadth of the lobes. Plowcrs f inch to 1 inch in diameter. Achenes 
 lenticular, brown when ripe, appearing finely granulated only when 
 examined under a powerful lens ; beak at first curved at the end 
 but this portion is very often deciduous. 
 
 This is the only sub-species of 11. acris of which I have seen 
 British specimens. The Rev. W. W. Newbould, however, believes 
 that he has seen in Yorkshire R. Borgeanus, which is a second sub- 
 species, of which there is a very good figure in Reichenbach's 
 Icones Florae Germauica3 et Helveticas, Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XVI. his. 
 Fig. 4606, under the name of R. acris. Descriptions of it will be 
 found in Jordan's Obs. Frag. VI. p. 19 ; and Boreau's Flore du 
 Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 15. This plant has the rootstock not at 
 all creeping, but very short and perpendicular ; the leaves are much 
 more deeply divided, the segments and ultimate lobes nearly linear 
 in outline. The plant is also much less hairy, and the hairs are all 
 adpressed even at the bottom of the stem. The petals are narrower, 
 more wedge-shaped at the base, and have the nectaiy scale longer 
 than broad, Var. y (rectus) of R. eu-acris, approaches this plant 
 in several important features, as in the rootstock being scarcely 
 creeping, and the rather wedge-shaped petals, narrow nectary scale, 
 and adpressed scanty hairs ; but the leaves are much less finely cut, 
 and the beak of the fruit much longer. Perhaps a larger series of 
 specimens than I have been able to examine might connect these 
 two plants. As far as I have observed, the receptacle of R. eu-acris 
 becomes very decidedly clavate in di-ying ; but in the few specimens 
 of R. Bora^anus which I have seen, it remains cylindrical. This may, 
 however, be merely accidental. 
 
 A tbird sub-species, R. Friesianus (Jordan), occurs on the Conti- 
 nent, but I have found nothing like it amongst British examples of 
 R. acris. This is more liairy than even the var. vulgatus of R. eu- 
 acris, and has the root leaves much less divided, closely resembling 
 those of the continental R. lanuginosus ; and the stem leaves, similar 
 in shape to the root leaves, are more numerous. 
 
 Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Hutlercvp, or Kingcup. 
 
 German, WiesenranunJcel, Kleine BuUerblume. 
 
 Acrid by pre-eminence, this favourite flower grows every wlici-e ; and altlioiigh its 
 Lriglit colour and Lardy growth render it familiar to everyone, cure must he had to 
 
40 EXGLISU BOTANY. 
 
 its irritating and poisonous qualities. It is said that even pulling up tlie jilant \Tith 
 bare hands and carrying it some distance has produced inflammation in delicate 
 skins. We know of foolish children who having eaten the bright yellow flowers 
 and green leaves were made extremely ill thereby. Cattle in general will not feed 
 on it ; but sometimes, when hungry, they have been turned into a field of buttercups, 
 and having eaten them, their mouths have become sore and blistered. According to 
 LinntBus, cows, hoi-ses, and pigs refuse it, but goats and sheej) will eat it. When 
 made into hay its noxious qualities are lost. Poetically, the associations of this plant 
 are numerous. An old author introduces it as emblematical of the manhood of 
 months : — " June is drawn in a mantle of dark -green grass, and upon his head a 
 garland of bents, kingcups, and maidenhair." 
 Another more modern author says, — 
 
 "Here's a kiogcup of gold brimming over witli dew, 
 To be kissed by a lip just as fresh as its own." 
 
 Gay, the poet, tells us, — 
 
 " Fair is the kingcup that in meadow blows." 
 
 In the "Shepherd's Oracles" we are told it was worn by lovers at betrothing 
 time, and its golden colour was dedicated to Hymen in more classical history. Old 
 Quarles says, — 
 
 " Love-sick swains 
 Compose rush-rings and myrtle-berry cliains, 
 And stuck with glorious kingcups in their bonnets, 
 Adorn'd with laurel slips, chaunt their love sonnets." 
 
 A variety of this plant has become double, and long been an inhabitant of 
 gardens under the name of Bachelor's Buttons ; in French, Buulan-cCOr. 
 
 SPECIES XIV.— R ANUNCULUS HEPENS. Linn. 
 
 Plate XXXIV. 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ban. Tab. XX. Fig. 4G10. 
 
 Rootstock short, not enlarged. Stem tlecumbent, -nith creeping 
 scions or runners. Leaves stalked, triangular-ovoid in outline, 
 ternate or biternate, tlie middle leaflet almost always, and the side 
 ones occasionally stalked, 3-cleft, with the segments incise-serrate. 
 Uppermost leaves sessile, with narrowly elliptical or strap-shaped 
 usually entire segments. Peduncles hairy, furrowed. Sepals hairy, 
 applied to the petals, which have a conspicuous scale over the nectary. 
 Head of fruit globular. Achenes compressed, smooth to the naked 
 eye, conspicuously margined, with a straight or slightly-curved 
 tapering beak. Ptcceptacle slightly hairy. 
 
 Hedge-banks, river-sides, meadows, and cultivated ground. Very 
 common throughout Britain. 
 
 "England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
kaxitnculace.t;. 41 
 
 Eootstock vovy short, ohliquo, emitting numerous thick fibres. 
 Primary stem sulj-ercct, 8 inehes to 2 feet high ; runners produced 
 about the time when the primary stem Howers, and throwing up 
 ascending flowering shoots later in the year. Leaves variahle in 
 the shape of the segments and in the depth of their divisions. 
 Flowers 1 inch or more in diameter, bright yellow, the petals less 
 spreading than in the 2irevious species. Achenes lenticular, In-own 
 when ripe, much compressed, appearing finely granulated under a 
 lens ; beak about half the length of the rest of the carpel. "Whole 
 plant more or less hairy, the hair generally spreading, except upon 
 the young leaves and peduncles. In moist, shady places the plant 
 is often robust, the branches ascending instead of creeping and 
 rooting, and the stems less haiiy. 
 
 R. Caleyanus (Don, Gardener's Dictionary, Vol. I. p. 37) is 
 described as having the calyx reflexed. It is said to be native 
 near London, in dry places, particularly in the late Mr. Caley's 
 garden at Bayswater. It is probably only a form of 11. repens ; 
 but Don is the only botanist who appears to have met with it.* 
 
 Creepbiri Croxcfoot. 
 
 It is the Cuckoo-bud of Shakespeare, so called from its early and bright appearance 
 in the spring, accompanying the arrival of the cuckoo : — 
 
 " When daisies i)ied and violets blue, 
 And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue, 
 Do paint the meadows with delight." 
 
 It is also called Gold-cups, Gold-balls, and ^lary-buds, sometimes improperly 
 Buttercup. Like others of its family, it is acrid and irritant. 
 
 SPECIES XV.— R ANUNCULUS BULBOSUS. Linn. 
 
 Pl.\te XXXV. t 
 
 TieuJi. Ic. n. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Puin. Tab. XX. Fig. 4611. 
 
 Eootstock resembling a corm. Stem erect or ascending, 
 slightly branched. Leaves ovoid in outline ; the radical and lower 
 stem^leaves stalked, ternate, with 3-cleft segments, or biternate; 
 the middle leaflet Avith a longer stalk than the side ones, which are 
 frequently sessile, all more or less deeply cut, lobed, or crenate- 
 serrate ; upper leaves sessile, with narrower segments having a few 
 strap-shaped lobes. Peduncles hairy, furrowed. Sepals hairy, 
 
 * The Plate of E,. repens is E. B. .516, with additional dissections drawn by 
 Jlr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
 t The Plate is E. B. 515, with additional dLssections drawn by Jlr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
 G 
 
42 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 reflcxed. Petals witli a conspicuous scale over the nectary ; scale 
 widest at the top, Avliich is emarginate and as bi-oad as the claw of 
 the petal. Head of fruit globular-ovoid. Achenes compressed, 
 smooth to the naked eye, conspicuously margined, with a short, 
 broad, hooked beak. Heeeptaclc hairy. 
 
 In meadows, pastures and downs. Very common in England and 
 the south of Scotland ; but not certainly known to occur in the 
 latter country north of the Caledonian Canal. This species loves a 
 drier situation than the last two, which makes it prefer chalky and 
 gravelly soils. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring and 
 Early Summer. 
 
 Hoot of thickened fibres. Hootstock enlarged into a corm 
 resembling that of a Crocus, and varying from the size of a large 
 pea to that of a walnut, clothed with the expanded bases of the leaf- 
 stalks. Stem 6 to 18 inches high, solitary, or 2 or 3 from the same 
 corm, corymbosely branched in the upper portion, so as to form an 
 irregular cyme. Leaves very variable in the shape of their segments 
 and the depth of their divisions ; but the middle leaflet has a longer 
 stalk and the ultimate divisions are more obtuse than in H. repens. 
 Elowei's often 1 inch or more in diameter, rich yellow in colour, 
 jialer externally as in the allied sjjecies. Sepals pale yellowish, 
 hairy without and smooth within, applied to the petals for about 
 one-fourth of their length, then suddenly reflexed, their tips in 
 contact with the peduncle, which is usually long. Petals broadly 
 obovate, with a wedge-shaped base. Achenes lenticular, brown wlien 
 ripe, much compressed, appearing finely granulated under a lens ; 
 beak much hooked, scarcely one-fourth the length of the rest of the 
 carpel. AVhole plant of a lively green, more or less pilose, the 
 bail's adpressed or slightly patent. 
 
 Balhous-rooted Crowfoot, 
 
 French, lienonculc. Bu^heuse. Gorman, Der Zwiebelwurzelige Ilahneii/uss. 
 
 Also called indiscriminately by the people, Kingcup, Buttercup, Cuckoo-buds, and 
 St. Anthony's Turnip. It is, perhaps, the commonest of the Ranunculus family in our 
 fields, and was once supposed to give a yellow tint to butter made from the milk of cows 
 which had eaten it. Cows, however, do not eat much of this weed, and it is more 
 probable that the rich tint of the butter is caused by the vigorous health of the cattle 
 when they have plenty of fresh grass and good pure air. 
 
 The root iii the most acrid part of this i)laut ; for, although the juice of the 
 herbage is stimulating and pi'oduces sneezing, the root will blister, it is said, as 
 certainly and with much less pain than Spanish flies. Pigs are remarkably fond of the 
 roots, and will go long distances to get them; they aie said to do thum no harm. 
 
ran'UNCulacej:. 43 
 
 SPECIES XVI.-R ANUNCULUS HIRSUTUS. Curl. 
 Plate XXXVL* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXIII. Fig. 4G17. 
 
 Bab. -Man. Brit. Bot. eil. v. p. 11. Uuok. & Am. Brit. Fl. p. 11. 
 
 It. philonotis (Elirh.), Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 63. 
 
 Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 25. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. ]>. 19. 
 
 Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 57. 
 It. sardoiis, " Crautz," Amjuste Gras, iu BuUetiu de la Soc. Bot. de la Fr. Vol. IX. 
 
 p. 324. 
 
 iS'o rootstock. Stems numerous, erect or ascending, slightly 
 branched. Leaves roundish or shortly ovoid in outline ; the radical 
 and lower stem leaves stalked, tcrnate, with 3-cleft segments ; the 
 middle leaflet stalked, the lateral ones sessile ; or the radical leaves 
 simjily tripartite or tritid ; segments coarsely serrate, or creuate- 
 serrate ; upper leaves sessile, with narrowly elliptical segments. 
 Peduncles hairy, furrowed. Sepals hairy, reflexed. Petals Avith a 
 conspicuous scale over the nectary; scale rounded at the top, 
 considerably narrower than the claw of the petal. Ilead of fruit 
 globular-ovoid. Achenes compressed, conspicuously margined, with 
 raised points disposed in an incomplete circle (rarely in two) near 
 the margin, visible to the naked eye ; beak extremely short, 
 ascending, straight. Receptacle hairy. 
 
 In damp meadows, especially in the vicinity of brackish w^ater, 
 on places overflowed in winter, and by road-sides. Ptather rare, and 
 not known to extend north of the counties of Perth and Argyle. 
 Indeed, I have not myself seen it, except as a stragglei-, north of 
 Berwickshire. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. Summer 
 and Autumn. 
 
 Boot fibrous, throwing up numerous stems 6 to 18 inches high. 
 Leaves bearing consideral)le resemblance to those of B. bulbosus, 
 but usually shorter and less divided. Blowers f inch to 1 inch in 
 diameter, bright yellow, paler than in the last species, but with the 
 sepals reflexed in a precisely similar manner, and rcsend)ling them 
 in every respect. Petals obovate, narrower than in B. bulhosus, 
 and Avith the nectary scale much narroAver in proportion, and 
 rounded, not emarginate or truncate at tlic top. Achenes lenti- 
 cular, reddish brown Avhen ripe, much compressed, Avith a very 
 prominent margin and a few raised obtuse points, disposed in 
 
 • Tiie Plate i.s E. B. 1504, with corrected dissections drawn by -Mr. J. E. Sowerliv. 
 
4>i ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 an incomplete circle close to the margin, tlic points being most 
 nnmcrous and distinct from tlie apex to half-way down the outer 
 side of the carpel ; sometimes there is a second imperfect circle 
 Avithin the first ; the whole surface on which the tubercles are 
 2)laced appearing finely granulated under a lens ; beak straiglit, 
 ascending, triangular in profile, less than one-fourth the length 
 of the remaining portion of the carpel. Whole plant rather dull 
 green, more or less hairy, the base of the stems and peduncles with 
 white spreading or reflexed hairs. 
 
 This species has very much t]ie general aspect of E.. bulbosus, 
 but has never the enlarged base of the stem which is found in that 
 species. The pi'esent plant also grows in dense tufts, with numerous 
 stems, which may be very readily separated from eacli other at the 
 base. The leaves are generally rounder and less divided, the flowers 
 smaller and paler, and the wliole plant more hispid, and with the 
 hairs on the lower part of the stem not at all adpressed. The 
 achenes are totally different, so that when the plants are in seed 
 the one cannot possibly be mistaken for the other. 
 
 This species is usually called 11. hirsutus by British, and R. 
 philonotis by Continental botanists. The former is the earlier 
 name, and I have retained it, not only on that account, but because 
 it has been applied exclusively to this plant. R. philonotis has been 
 occasionally used to include not only H. hirsutus, but also R. 
 trilobus, a plant of Southern Europe, wliich I believe to be only 
 separable as a sub-species from R. hirsutus ; the only points of 
 difference being the much narrower petals, the fruit with raised 
 points all over the disk, and the leaves with narrower, more 
 serrated segments. I would then propose to accept R. philonotis 
 as the aggregate species, including R. hirsutus and R. trilobus as 
 sub-species. R. parvulus of Linnteus was apj)lied to a small few- 
 flowered form of R. hirsutus, and the name has been abandoned 
 by general consent. M. Auguste Gras contends that the name 
 " sardous " ought to be applied to this plant, as the earliest 
 of its cognomens ; but it is to be hoped that he will find few 
 followers.* 
 
 11(1 iri/ Croic/oot. 
 
 * Some botanists seem to consider it a meritorious act to rescue a forgotten name 
 from oblivion, and to look upon such a discovery as being of almost as mucli beuiilit to 
 science as the detection of some overlooked specific character. Such authors appear 
 entirely to forget that names are merely arbitrary terms to represent the plants to 
 ■which they belong. The rule, that when a species is already known by two or more 
 names the earliest given of these is to be adojjted, is agreed to solely as a means of 
 attaining unanimity in nomenclature ; but the revival of an obsolete ajjpellation by 
 which no one now knows tlie plant is only producing instead of avoiding confusion, and 
 should be discuui;i"cd to the utmost. 
 
RANUNCULACEiE. 45 
 
 SPECIES X VII.— R ANUNCULUS PARVIFLORUS. Llnu. 
 
 Plate XXXVII.* 
 
 Edch. Ic. Fl. Gei-w. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXI. Fig. 461 G. 
 
 No rootstock. Stems numerous, at first ascending", afterwards 
 procumbent, little branched, dichotomous. Leaves stalked, reniform, 
 orl)icular, or pentagonal in outline, 3-cleft, Avith crenate-serrate 
 segments ; the radical leaves often only crenate-serrate ; the upper 
 stem leaves frequently with 5 acute lobes. Peduncles opposite the 
 leaves or in the forks of the branches, hairy, furrowed. Sepals 
 hairy, rcflexcd. Petals elliptical, scarcely exceeding the calyx, witli 
 an inconspicuous scale over the nectary. Head of fruit spheroidal, 
 depressed. Achenes compressed, margined, covered with raised 
 tubercles surmounted by little hooks, the foi'mer visible to the 
 naked eye ; beak nearly half as long as the rest of the carpel, 
 ■with a triangular profile hooked at the point. Receptacle glabrous. 
 
 In hedge banks, cornfields, and waste places ; preferring a dry 
 gravelly or sandy soil. Ptathcr sparingly, but generaUy distributed 
 in England. 
 
 England, Ireland. Annual. Early Summer. 
 
 Hoot fibrous, throwing up numerous stems 6 to 18 inches long. 
 Leaves geuerally cordate at the base, variable in their degree of 
 incision, but rarely divided more than half-way down, excepting 
 those which are near the extremity of the stem, which have narrow 
 segments. Elowers \ inch in diameter, pale yellow. Achenes 
 reddish brown when rij^te, lenticular, bulging on the lower side ; 
 the tubercles more conspicuous than in 11. hirsutus, and not con- 
 fined to the vicinity of the margin, but spread over the whole 
 surface of the carpel ; beak smooth, greenish. Whole plant dull 
 yellowish green, covered with soft, scattered hairs. Carpels fewer 
 in number than in 11. hirsutus, but more numerous than in the 
 following. Petals sometimes partially abortive. 
 
 Small-Jlowered Crowfoot. 
 
 Old Gerarde, the herbalist, who found a use for evei ytbiiig, tells us " tbat many do 
 use to tie a little of the herb, stamped with salt, unto auy of the fingeis against the 
 jiain of the toothache;" and he accounts for the cure very satisfactorily, viz. : '' which 
 uiediciue seldome faileth, for it causeth greater pain iu the finger tbuu was in tlio 
 tooth, by means whereof the greater paine takelh awaye the lesse." 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. liO, with corrected dissections dr.nvii by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
40 ENGLISH UOTANy. 
 
 SPECIES XVIII.-R ANUNCULUS ARVENSIS. Linn 
 
 Plate XXXVIII.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Genu, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXI. Fig. 4GU. 
 
 No I'ootstock. stem solitary, erect, sliglitly brauched. Leaves 
 stalked, the lowest ones obovate, toothed at the tip, the rest 3-cleft, 
 or tripartite; or ternate, with 3-cleft or tripai'tite segments; the 
 greatest amount of division in the leaves occurring in those on the 
 middle portion, of the stem, and the narrowest segments in those 
 nearest its summit. Peduncles opposite the leaves and terminal, 
 slightly hairy, not furrowed. Sepals slightly hairy, applied to the 
 petals. Petals obovate-oblong, with a consj^icuous scale over the 
 nectary ; scale broadest above, Avhere it is truncate, as broad as 
 the claw of the petal. Ilead of fruit spheroidal, much depressed. 
 Achenes compressed, margined, covered with hooked spines or 
 conical tubercles, distributed over the whole surface, but the mar- 
 ginal ones the longest and stoutest ; beak two-thirds the length of 
 the rest of the carpel, with a narrowly triangular profile, straight 
 or slightly arched. Receptacle hairy. 
 
 In cornfields. Common in England ; but only a straggler in 
 Scotland, in which country the neighbourhood of Edinburgh and 
 Glasgow appears to be the northern limit. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Root fibrous, throwing up a single erect stem 6 inches to 2 feet 
 high. Lower leaves wedge-shaped in outline, the upper ones with 
 strap-shaped segments. Elowers scarcely ^ inch in diameter, pale 
 yellow, more cup-shaped than usual in this genus. Achenes reddisli 
 brown, with a green beak ; 4 to 8, usually all in one row, \ to | inch 
 long, sul)-orbicular, Avith the two sides nearly parallel ; the spines 
 or tubercles varying considerably in size. In tliis species the 
 processes on the carpels approach much nearer tlie margin than in 
 R. hirsutus and R. parviilorus, for the margin itself seems to be 
 carried up into a prominent ring from Avhich the largest of the 
 sj)ines take their rise. 
 
 A variety, inermis, is mentioned in the Continental Eloras in 
 which the aclienes are destitute of spines or tul)ercles, tlie surface 
 being merely reticulated ; but this I have never seen, nor have I 
 heard of its occurrence in Britain. 
 
 Corn Croirfoot, 
 
 * Tlie Phite of 11. arveusis is E. B. loO, with adJitiuuul disseetions diiiwii by 
 ISlr. J. E. Suwerby. 
 
KANTJNCULACF.-E. 4/ 
 
 The specific nanio ai-venais is dcriveil from arvum, a ]iloiigliO(l field. It is sonir- 
 tiiiies called Hunger-weed. This is one of the most virulent of the Rammciilus 
 family, aud is said to be very dangerous to cattle, although they eat greedily of it. 
 M. Bnignon, who has given a particular account of its qualities, relates that three 
 ounces of its juice killed a dog in four minutes. Kear Turin several slieej) 
 
 were killed by eating it, which first led to an investigation of its eflects. Chulic, 
 with inflammation of the stomach, were the symptoms, which were best removed 
 by pouring vinegar down the animals' throats. This poison seems to act in para- 
 lyzing the nerves of the stomach, and also in an acrid ulcerating efl'ect, as dark spots 
 were found in the stomach of the sheep. 
 
 It may be remarked that, in making a collection of dried plants, the bright yellow 
 petals of the Crowfoots retain their brilliancy remarkably after drying. 
 
 SrB-GExrs III.— PICAPtlA. Dill. 
 
 Sepals 3. Petals 8 to 12. Nectary covered by a scale. Stigma 
 sessile. Aclienes smooth or liaiiy, spherical, with an attenuated 
 base. 
 
 SPECIES XIX.— RANUNCULUS FICARIA. Linn. 
 
 Plate XXXIX 
 
 Ficaria ranunculoides, Mijnch, et Auct. plur. 
 
 Hootstock producing oblong, slightly clavate tubers. Stem 
 decumbent at the base, branched. Leaves stalked, broadly ovate, 
 or reniform, cordate at the base, with the lobes approximate or 
 diverging, repand, crenate or bluntly toothed. Peduncles much 
 longer than the leaves from the axils of which they spring. Sepals 
 usually 3. Petals oblong, 8 to 12. Nectary with a small scale. 
 Head of fruit globular. Achenes globular, attenuated at the base, 
 and with a very small dot at the apex. 
 
 Sue-Specie.s I.— Ranunculus eu-Ficaria. 
 
 Plate XXXIX.* 
 
 R. Ficaria, or Ficaria ranunculoides, F. Schultz, Archives de Flore, \S~)5, p. 122; and 
 18th and 19th Jahresbericht der PoUichia, p. 34. 
 
 Plowers about 1 inch in diameter. Carpels nearly glabrous. 
 Leaves appearing in spring. 
 
 • The Plate of Pi.. eu-Ficaria has been re-dra\yu from L. B. 58-t, with corrections 
 and additions, by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
48 EXGLISn BOTANY. 
 
 Var. a, divergens. F. Sclmltz. 
 
 Ficaria rainiticuloides, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. I. Fig. 4572. 
 Ficaria ranunculoides a, divergens, F. Sclndtz, Arclnve.s de Flore, 1855, p. 122. 
 Iianiiuculus Ficaria, Jord. Obs. sur PI. Nouv. o« Grit. Frag. VI. p. 3. 
 Ficaria I'anunculoide.-f, Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 39. Boreau, Fl. du Cent, de la 
 Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 20. 
 
 Lobes of the lowest leaves not overlapping at the base. Lowest 
 sheaths narrow. 
 
 Var. 3, inciimhens. F. Schultz. 
 
 Ficaria calthsefolia, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. I. Fig. 4571 (non 
 
 Gr. t Godr. Fl. de Fr.). 
 Ficaria ranunculoides ji, incumbens, F. Schultz, Archives de Flore, 1855, p. 122. 
 
 E. Ficaria ft, incumbens, F. SchuUz, 18tb and 19th Jahresbericht der Pollichia, p. 34. 
 R calthasfolius, "Bluff" (non Jord. Obs. Frag. VI. p. 3). 
 
 F. ambigua, Boreau, Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 20. 
 
 Lobes of the lowest leaves overlapping at the base. Lowest 
 sheaths very broad, amplexicaul. 
 
 In hedgebanks, meadows, outskirts of woods, and damp places. 
 Var. a common throughout Britain. I possess a specimen of var. 3 
 from " near Edinburgh, May, 1849," collected by myself, but the 
 exact locality of whicli I do not recollect, as my attention had not 
 then been drawn to this variety. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Root of white branched fibres, along with which are succulent, 
 pale yellowish tubers, from ^ to 1 inch long, and similar ones are 
 occasionally found in the axils of the lower leaves. Stem decum- 
 bent, sometimes rooting at the lower joints, usually branched, the 
 termination of the branches ascending. Petioles of the lower leaves 
 very long, the leaves themselves very variable both in outline and 
 in the degree of indentation in the margin. I liave one specimen in 
 which the divisions between the triangular tectli or lobes extend 
 more than one-third of the way down. Flowers variable in size, 
 usually about 1 inch across. Petals usually about twice as long as 
 the ovate-concave sepals, thick, ricli yellow, glossy, turning whitish 
 when they fade. Head of fruit globular. Achenes slightly downy, 
 often abortive, spherical, ^^ith the base attenuated towards the 
 part by which they are attached to the receptacle ; the spherical and 
 attenuated portions are nearly equal in length ; the apiculus, formed 
 by the remains of the sessile stigma, extremely small. Plant some- 
 what succulent, bright green, shining, the leaves often with dark 
 markings. 
 
IIANUNCULACK.T5. 40 
 
 Eanunculus Ficoiia (Linn.) contains two sub-spocics, of which 
 only one occiu's iu Britian. To this I give the appelkition of 11. eu- 
 Ficaria. 
 
 A second sub-species is common in the south of Europe ; it has 
 much larger flowers, If to 2 inches across, and these are produced 
 at an earlier season than in the generally distributed plant ; the 
 carpels are much more hispid, and the rounder, longer stalked leaves 
 appear in eax'ly winter. It has been called by the following names : 
 Eanunculus ficariajformis (F. Schultz) ; E.. Ficaria ^, calthajfolius 
 (Gussone) ; E. calthtefolius (Jordan) ; Ficaria grandiflora (Eobert) ; 
 F. calthfofolia (Gr. & Godr., no)i Eeich.). 
 
 A small-flowered plant, with round, deeply crenated leaves, from 
 Mount Tagetus, in Greece, named E. flcarioides (Bor. & Chaub.), 
 is perhaps only another sub-species of E. Ficaria. 
 
 Lesser Celandine, Celandine Crotqfoot, Figwort, or JPilewort. 
 
 French, Fioaire Renonculoide. German, ScJiaibocJcs-Kraut, Wild Lciffil-Kraut, 
 r/ennigsalat. 
 
 The specific name has reference to the shape of the roots, which are somewhat Hke 
 little figs. Its acrid property has led to its use as a stimulant plaster for some forms of 
 external tumours; hence one of its popular names. As the Celandine, its praises have 
 been sung by modern poets. Wordsworth has referred to it as " the little humble 
 Celandine." The tiny tubers of the roots are often exposed to view by the washing of 
 contiguous streams, or by rain, and then they look somewhat like grains of wheat : this 
 appearance has given rise to the assertion that it has " rained wheat." The young 
 leaves of this plant are boiled by the common people in some parts of Sweden, and 
 eaten with safety. It appears that the deleterious properties of the whole group may 
 be dissipated by the application of heat. It is injurious to moist grass land ; but is said 
 to be elfectually destroyed by a dressing of coal or wood ashes. The flower loves the 
 sunshine and light. We generally find it closed from about five in the evening until nine 
 in the morning, and also during wet or very gloomy weather. Its Celtic name, Griuu 
 (the sun), refers to this point in its history. 
 
 Tkibe IV.— nELLEBOEE^. 
 
 Sqpals imbricated. Petals small, frequently abnormal or absent. 
 Pistils not surrounded by a disk. Carpel with several ovules. Fruit 
 of several follicles (rarely only one), dehiscent at maturity, or in 
 one genus a berry. 
 
 Herbs with the leaves all radical or alternate. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I— CALTHE.ffi. 
 
 Leaves palmately nerved, undivided, or palmately cut or divided. 
 Flowers regular, solitary, or arranged in irregular cymes. 
 
 H 
 
50 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 Gi:NrS FJ/.— CALTHA. Zinn. 
 
 Sepals 5 or more, siib-cqiial, petaloid, deciduous. Petals none. 
 Carpels several, sessile, having the ovules disposed in 2 rows along 
 the whole of the ventral suture ; follicles distinct. Seeds numerous, 
 oblong, with a hard smooth testa, and with the chalaza and raphe 
 conspicuous. 
 
 SPECIES I.—CALTH A PALUSTRIS. Linn. 
 
 Plates XL. XLI. 
 
 Hook. &■ Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 11. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 63. 
 
 Hoot-leaves stalked, roundish or deltoid, more or less cordate at 
 the base ; upper leaves reniform-deltoid, sessile, all crenate or den- 
 ticulate. Sepals 5 or 0, oval or oblong-obtuse. Carpels in a single 
 row. 
 
 Sub-Species I.— Caltha eu-palustris. 
 
 Plate XL.* 
 
 C. pahistris, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. CI. Fig. 4712. 
 C. palustris, Auct. plur. 
 
 Radical leaves rounded, cordate at the base, with the lobes 
 approximate, crenate, crenate-dentate, or rarely wdth triangular 
 teeth towards the base. Stem not rooting at the joints. 
 
 Var. a, vulgaris. 
 
 C. vulgaris, Schott, Analecta Botaiiica Viudob, 18-j4. 
 
 C. pahistris, Boremi, Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 21. 
 
 Stem ascending. Flowers numerous, 1^ to 2 inches in diameter, 
 with roundish-ovate, contiguous sepals when tuUy expanded. Car^^els 
 spreading, with a very short beak. 
 
 Var. /3, Gi'.erangerii. 
 
 C. Guerangerii, Boreau in Billot's Annot. \S55, p. 11; and Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii 
 
 Vol. IL p. 21. 
 C. rijiaria, Bon ? Gard. Diet. Vol. I. p. 44. 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 500, with the head of fruit added by Mr. J. E Sowerby. It 
 Jepresents var. a. 
 
RANUXCLLACE.E. 51 
 
 Stem ascending. Plowors numerous, ly to 1^ inch in diameter, 
 with oblong-oval se})als, not contiguous when fully expanded. 
 Carpels spreading, with the beak nearly twice as long as in var. a, 
 vulgaris. 
 
 Var. 7, minor. 
 
 Stem decumbent or procumbent, usually bearing only 1 flower. 
 Plowers abovit | to 1 inch in diameter. Sepals oval or oblong-oval, 
 not contiguous when fully expanded. Carpels erect, with an 
 extremely short beak. 
 
 In marshes and wet meadows, and by the side of streams. 
 Common throughout Britain. Var. y on mountains. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring ; var. y. 
 Summer and Autumn. 
 
 Ehizome short, horizontal, emitting numerous fleshy fil)res. 
 Stem ascending, or nearly erect, except in var. y, 9 to 18 inches 
 high, slightly branched at the top. Lower leaves stalked, roundish, 
 very deeply cordate at the base, Avith the lobes approximate or 
 frequently incumbent, the margin varying from repand to ei'enate 
 in the apical portion, and from crenate to sharply toothed in the 
 basal region ; stem leaves on shorter stalks, or the upper ones 
 sessile, reuiform or deltoid-reniform in outline, with the lobes less 
 approximate than tliose of the radical leaves ; stipules very large, 
 brown, memln-anous, A\itli large free auricles. Flowers sub-corym- 
 bose, rich yellow, paler exteriorly. Sepals slightly unequal in size, 
 5 to 8 in number. Eollicles various in number, spreading in varieties 
 a and 3, in which they are about f inch long, erect in var. y, and 
 about f to Y ii^ch in lengtli. The diiference in the direction of the 
 follicles in these varieties is proliably owing to their number, which 
 is always less in var. y than in the others. Whole plant glabrous. 
 Var. a and 3 grow in large tufts, but y has the stem usually solitary. 
 Leaves dark green, slightly shining, paler below. 
 
 The leaves are liable to considerable variation in the depth of 
 the crenatures or teeth, and these variations seem to be independent 
 of the forms of sepals and carpels. Var. Guerangerii may be not 
 uncommon, but I have seen it only from near Edinburgh and 
 Breadalbane. It is probably the C. riparia of Don, w hicli he states 
 to occur by the banks of the Thames, near London. Both Boreau 
 and Don consider the plant described by them as the origin of the 
 doul)le-flowered Caltha often cultivated in iiardens. 
 
 U. OF ILL LIB. 
 
52 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 Subspecies II.— Caltha radicans. 
 
 Plate XLI.* 
 
 Forsler, in Trans, of Linn. Soc. Vol. VIII. p. 323. Bah. Man. Biit. Bot. ed. v. p. 11. 
 C. palu.stvis, var. /3, llook. ib Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. j). 11. 
 
 C. flabellifolia, Boreau ? Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 21 (non Pursh). 
 C. alpestris, SchoU ? An. Bot. Vind. 
 
 Radical leaves deltoid or reniform-deltoid, the lobes diverging 
 so that the base is not at all cordate ; margin with triangular teeth. 
 Stem rooting at the joints. 
 
 Extremely rare. In a ditch that rims from the farmhouse called 
 Halt own, on the estate of C. Gray, Esq., of Carse, Eorfai-shire, 1790, 
 found by Mr. George Don. Mr. Hewett Watson has a specimen 
 collected by himself in Braemar, which he is inclined to refer to this 
 sub-species. 
 
 Scotland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Tliis plant comes very near to some of the small forms of 
 C. eu-palustris ; and Mr. H. C. AYatson infoi-ms me that the young 
 state of this j^jlant (wliich he has had in cultivation for many years) 
 closely resembles C. cu-palustris ; l)ut the remarkable diiference 
 observable in the shape of the radical leaves, when fully developed, 
 which has remained constant in cultivation for about fifty years, 
 leads to the conclusion that it is more than a variety of tliat plant. 
 Original specimens of Don in the Herbarium of the British Museum 
 are destitute of radical leaves, but possess distinctly deltoid-dentate 
 -stem leaves such as I have never seen on C. eu-palustris. The 
 flowers are about 1^ inch across, with oval-ol)long sepals, yellow. 
 
 C. flabellifolia (Pursh) has the flowers the size of those of Ranun- 
 culus arvensis, and appears to be distinct from the present ; but 
 Professor Boreau's description of the Erencli plant to which that 
 name has been given agrees w^ell with C. radicans. C. alpestris 
 (Schott) may also be this, judging from his description of the radical 
 leaves. 
 
 Marsh Marigold, Water Caltrops, or Meadow Hout. 
 
 French, Le Pupulaxje des Marais. German, Sumpf-Dotterblume. 
 
 The generic name is derived from the Greek KaXnOoc (kalathos), a cup or goblet, to 
 which the expanded flower may be likeneiL The ])raises of the Marsh Marigold have 
 
 * The Plate of C. radicans is E. B. 2175, with a radical leaf added by Mr. J. E. 
 Sowerl^y. 
 
RANUNCOLACE.E. 53 
 
 been suug by many poets, and its bright golden colour renders it a favourite everywhere. 
 Old John Dryden says, — 
 
 " And get soft hyacinths with iron blue 
 To shade Marsh JIarigolds of shining hue." 
 
 The Scotch name Gowan or Gowlan, though indiscriminately aj>j)lied to many spring 
 flowers, is generally understood to designate particularly the daisy, danilelion, crowfoot, 
 and JIarsh Marigold. Go wan by itself is always the daisy; yellow-go wan the dandelion, 
 «tc. Burns writes, — 
 
 " We twa have rin about the braes, 
 And pu'd the gowans fine." 
 
 Few plants are more ornamental than the Marsh Marigold on the margin of the 
 pleasure ground lake; and when its golden chalice is seen i-eflected in the clear water, 
 we think of Shakespeare's lines : — 
 
 " Hark ! hark ! the lark at heaven's gate sings. 
 And Phoebus 'gins to rise, 
 His steed to water at these springs 
 On chaliced flowers that lies." 
 
 The occa.sional bright yellow colour of butter in the spring time has been vulgarly 
 attributed to this plant as well as to the Ranunculus bulbosus, and with equal impro- 
 bability, for cows -will not eat of it unless compelled to do so by extreme hunger; and 
 Boerliaave says that when they do so, they frequently die. 
 
 Dr. "Withering gives a curious account of the medicinal properties of the plant 
 He says: "It would appear that medicinal properties may be evolved in the gai^eous 
 exhalations of plants and flowers ; for on a large quantity of the flowers of Meadow 
 liouts being ]jut into the bedroom of a girl who had been subject to fits, the fits ceased." 
 An infusion of the flowers was afterwards successfully used in various kinds of fits, 
 both of children and adults. The juice of the petals boiled with a little alum, stains 
 paper yellow ; but the colour so produced is said not to be permanent. 
 
 GJEXUS F///.— TROLL lUS. Liim. 
 
 Sepals 5 or more, sub-equal, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5 to 
 15, very small, linear, flat, with a nectariferous pore at the base. 
 Carpels numerous, sessile, having the ovules arranged in 2 rows. 
 Follicles distinct. Seeds oblong-angular, with a hard testa. Chalaza 
 inconspicuous. 
 
 srECIES I.— T ROLLIUS SUROP-ffiUS. Liim. 
 
 Plate XLII.* 
 
 Eeidi, Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IV. liaji. Tab. CII. Fig. 4713. 
 
 Sepals 10 to 15, concave, connivent, so that the flower is sul)- 
 globular. Petals 10 to 15, about as long as the stamens. 
 
 • The Plate is E. B. 28, with head of fruit added by -Mr. J. K Sowerby. 
 
54 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 In wet meadows and by the sides of streams, especially in u])land 
 districts. E-ather rare. It occurs in most of the Scottish and "Welsh 
 counties ; but in England, Derbyshire and Worcestershire appear to 
 be the southern limit. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Ilootstock short. Stem erect, 6 inches to 2 feet high, nearly 
 simple, clothed at the base with wiry fibres, which are really the 
 remains of decayed leaf-stalks. Eadical leaves on very long stalks, 
 jDentagonal in outline, divided to the base into 3 primary segments, 
 of which the two lateral ones are again so deeply 2-cleft that the leaf 
 might almost be termed quinquipartite ; segments deeply cut, and 
 the portions into which they are divided bluntly serrate; stem 
 leaves on shorter stalks, and the uppermost ones quite sessile, the 
 segments narrower and not contiguous. Elowers sub-solitary, ter- 
 minal, spheroidal, 1 to li inch in diameter, pale but clear yellow in 
 colour. Sepals I'oundish-obovate, very concave. Petals inconspi- 
 cuous, linear-strap-shaped, slightly widened uj)wards, with a long 
 claw at the base, at the junction of which with the flat lamina the 
 nectariferous pore is situated. Stamens very numerous. Head of 
 fruit consisting of several rows of very dark brown follicles. EoUicles 
 indefinite, sub-cylindrical, curved, transversely Avrinkled, furnished 
 on the back with a prominent keel, which is continued beyond the 
 truncate apex of the carpel in the form of a subulate beak or mucro, 
 consisting of the persistent style. Seeds numerous, finely punctate, 
 opaque, brownish black. "Wliole plant gla1)rous, bright green, the 
 under side of the leaves much paler, stem seldom producing more 
 than a single fiower. 
 
 Globe Flower. 
 
 French, Trolle Glohuleuse. German, Die Kugelrarvunlcel, TroUhlume. 
 
 This genuswas so called bj* Conrad Gesner,l)eoaiiseof the sphere-like shape of theflower, 
 — from trol or trolen, an old German ^^•ord signifying something round. To troll or to 
 trundle, to sing or send something round, was a word in general use iu the sixteenth 
 and seventeenth centuries. 
 
 In common with the chief part of the family, the Globe Flower is acrid in its 
 qualities. The common people of Westmoreland, Scotland and Sweden consider it a 
 sort of festival flower, going in [larties to gather it for the decoration of their doors and 
 apartments, as well as their persons. It is known in Scotland commonly as the 
 Lucken Gowan, i. e. cabbage daisy; and Allan Ramsay, the Scotch poet, in his pretty 
 little song beginning " Katy, wilt 'u gang wi' me ? " says : — 
 
 " We'll pull the daisies on the green, 
 The lucken gowans frae the bog; 
 Between whiles lowly we will lean 
 And rest upon the velvet fog." 
 
RANUNCULACEiE. bO 
 
 GUNUS JX— E R A N T H I S. Sallsb. 
 
 Sepals 5 to 8, equal, loctaloid, deciduous. Petals 5 to 8, nnxcli 
 shorter than the sepals, tuhular, bilabiate, the exterior lip the 
 longest. Carpels 5 to 8 or more, in 1 whorl, stipitate, having the 
 ovules arranged in 1 row. Follicles dehiscent, free, each having a 
 separate stalk. Seeds roundish, with a hard slightly-chagrined 
 testa. Flowers involucrate. 
 
 SPECIES I.— E RAN THIS HYEMALIS. Salisb. 
 
 Plate XLIII.* 
 
 Feich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IV. Han. Tab. CI. Fig. 4714. 
 Helleborus hyemalis, Linn. Sp. PI. 783. 
 
 Petals with a filiform claw about equal to the tube. Involucre 
 of 2 leaves cut into narrowly oblong segments. Carpels on stalks 
 not half their own length. Styles about half the length of the 
 carpels, and not exceeding that of the stamens. Seeds 8 or more. 
 
 Katuralized in parks and thickets, but having no claim to be 
 considered truly indigenous. I have seen specimens from Wim- 
 bledon Park, Surrey ; Oakley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; 
 Lanyar Plantations, Notts ; Camp Hill, Yorkshire ; and Stapen- 
 hill, Derbysliii-e. It has also been reported from Hertfordshire 
 and Craigmillar Castle, near Edinburgh. 
 
 [England, Scotland.] Perennial. Early Spring. 
 
 Ehizome short, resembling a tuber, brownish black. Leaves all 
 radical, on long stalks, roundish in outline, tripartite, with the lateral 
 segments very deeply 2-cleft, and all cut into contiguous, oblong, 
 blunt lobes, which sometimes have a few blunt teeth near tlie apex. 
 Scapes naked, 3 to 9 inches high, terminated by a single erect 
 flower, surrounded by an involucre of 2 sessile bracts resembling the 
 leaves, but with the slightly retlexed segments fewer, broader, and 
 less 'approximate. Flowers cup-shaped, 1 inch or more across. Sepals 
 ovate-oljlong, slightly concave, pale Imt clear yellow. Petals rather 
 shorter than the stamens, with a long slender claw nearly equal in 
 length to the upper portion, which is a 2-lipped tube ; the outer lip 
 (Mhich with the part of the tube of which it is a continuation repre- 
 sents the lamina of the petal) notched at the apex ; the inner lip 
 
 • The Plate is from a drawing by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, taken from Bot. Mag. No. 3, 
 corrected fioiu dried sijccimeiis. 
 
50 ENGLISU BOTANY. 
 
 (which is much shorter than the other), together with the inner side 
 of the tuhe, is apparently a great develo})ment of tlie scale which so 
 frequently covers the nectary in the genus llaniniculus ; and the 
 tubular form of the petal results from the adnation of the edges of 
 this enlarged scale to those of the limb of the petal. Follicles on 
 separate stalks, brownish, faintly wrinkled transversely, terminated 
 by the persistent styles, Avhich form the beak or mucro at the apex 
 of the carpel, as in the genera Caltha and TroUius. 
 
 Common JViiitcr Aconite. 
 
 French, Eranthis iTIHver. German, Winterling. 
 
 The generic name of Eranthis is derived from T)p (er), the spring, and avOog (amthos), 
 a flower, because the bright yellow blossoms appear in the early spring. The speciKo 
 name hyemalis signifies in Latin winterly. Its chief attraction is the early period of 
 the year at which it blossoms, when few other flowers are to be met with. 
 
 GENUS X— H ELLEBORUS. Linn. 
 
 Sepals 5, sub-equal, herbaceous, occasionally petaloid, persistent- 
 Petals 5 to 12, much shorter than the sepals, tubular, slightly 
 2-lipped or obliquely truncate at the apes. Carpels 3 to 10, in 
 1 whorl, sessile or sub-sessile, having the ovules arranged in 2 rows. 
 Follicles dehiscent at the apex, free or slightly adhering at the base, 
 sessile, or all on one common stalk when sti^ntate. Seeds with a hard 
 shining testa. Flowers not involucrate. 
 
 SPECIES I.— HELLEBOHUS VIRIDIS. Linn. 
 
 Plate XLIV.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. CI. Fig. 4718. 
 
 Stem few-flowered. Radical leaves pedate-digitate. Uppermost 
 bracts palmately divided, or cleft, or serrated. Sepals spreading, 
 scarcely concave. Petals as long as the stamens. Follicles sessile. 
 
 In woods and copses. Rare. It has been recorded from most 
 of the English counties, but in many of them is certainly intro- 
 duced, and in others only a doubtful native. I have seen it near 
 Sittingbourne, in Kent, in copses on the chalk, where I believe it 
 to be really indigenous ; and Professor Oliver is quoted in the Cybele 
 
 • The Plate is re-drawn from E. B. 200 by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, and a radical leaf 
 added by him. 
 
RANVNCULACE.E. 57 
 
 Eritannioa as stating tliat the plant liad " the appearance of a 
 native, certainly of a denizen," near Aruside Knott, Westmoreland. 
 
 England. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Eootstock a short oblique, hlackisli, fleshy rhizome. Stem erect, 
 striated, 1 foot to 18 inches high, sheathed at the base, slightly 
 branched at the apex, bare of leaves from the base to the first 
 branch. Boot leaves not fully developed until after the period of 
 flowering, on long stalks, viith 3 or 5 sessile leaflets, of which the 
 lateral one on each side is deeply cleft, or divided into 2, 3, or 4 
 segments resembling the undivided central leaflets, which are 
 narrowly elliptical, acuminate, with rather large serrations, and 
 sometimes a few small, pointed lobes. Lower stem leaves with short 
 semi-amplexicaul sheath-like petioles, the uppermost ones or bracts 
 sessile, cut or partite into segments like those of the radical leaves, 
 but fewer in number, and less acuminate ; sometimes the highest 
 bracts are undivided, being elliptical, with serrated edges. Flowers 
 terminating the branches, seldom more than 3 or i on each stem, 
 slightly drooping, li to 2 inches in diameter, pale yellowish green. 
 Sepals 5, oval-obtuse, or very shortly acuminate. Petals 9 to 12, 
 about two-thirds as long as the stamens, curved, the claw about 
 one-fourth the length of the whole, the outer lip very Kttle longer 
 than the inner one, erose at the apex. Pistils usually 3, with styles 
 exceeding the stamens. Carpels sessile, slightly connate at their 
 base, sub-cylindrical, obliquely truncate at the apex, and tipped by 
 the persistent style, whicli forms a beak more than one-half the 
 len!?th of the carpel. Whole plant glabrous, deep green, the leaves 
 shining above, paler beneath where the veins are prominent. Stems 
 annual. 
 
 Green Hellebore. 
 
 French, Ilellihore Vert. German, Die Griine Xieesiimrz. 
 
 The generic name of this plant, from e\uv (elein), to injure, and j'mpn (bora), food, 
 indicates its poisonous qualities, and the specific name its green colour. The Helleboi'es 
 atforded the ancient practitioners of medicine quite a world of remedies to revel in. They 
 were called generally by the name veratrum, and were sujiposed to be most valuable 
 ingredients in medicine. Of the cathartic and powerful eflecfc of the Black Hellebore 
 or Christmas Eoso (Helleborus niger) there can be no doubt, although one 
 celebrated physician says he administered it six hundred times without offence. 
 It certainly i-equires great caution in its use; for its degree of acridity dejiends 
 much on heat, dryness and other external casualties. One judicious writer 
 observes : " It is used by venturesome quacks in decoction and coarse powder to 
 kill worms in the body, which it never faileth to do; where it killeth not the 
 patient, it would certainly kill the worms ; but the worst of it is, it will sometimes do 
 both." The great hazard of such remedies being ignorantly employed, is seen from the 
 account of its effects when administered in doses not absolutely fatal : " With some it 
 violently vomits and reudereth heartsick even to swooning; and if through strength of 
 
 I 
 
58 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 nature tliey recover, some have lost their liair, and the nails from their finjers anil toes, 
 and the scarf skin of the whole body has peeled olf from head to foot thereby." The Greea 
 Hellebore grows in shady ])laces, in groves, under trees, and children liave been tempted 
 to put it in their mouths. At first the taste is warm and pungent, it then produces a 
 cold numbness, and the symptoms of many other vegetable poisons, so well described by 
 Shakespeare in " Romeo and Juliet," where the Friar tells Juliet what to e.xpect when 
 she swallows the contents of his phial : — - 
 
 " thi'ough all thy veins shall run 
 A cold and drowsy humour, which shall seize 
 Each vital spirit ; for no pulse shall keep 
 His natural ])rogress, Ijut surcease to beat : 
 No warmth, no breath shall testify thou livest ; 
 The roses in thy lips and cheek shall fade 
 To paly ashes ; thy eyes' windows fall, 
 Like death, when he shuts up the day of life." 
 
 Both this species and the following have been often used medicinally, instead of 
 the true ancient or Greek H. ofEoinalis of Sibthorp and the II. nigcr. 
 
 SPECIES II.— HELLEBORUS PCETIDtJS. Lhm. 
 
 Plate XLV.* 
 
 lUicJi. Ic. Fl. Germ, et H.lv. Vol. III. nan. Tab. CIII. Fig. 4715. 
 
 Stem many-flowered. Lower leaves pedate. Uppermost bracts 
 entire. Sepals erect, concave. Petals shorter than the stamens. 
 Eollicles on a short common stalk. 
 
 In woods and thickets. Rare, but recorded from most of the 
 English counties, in many of which, however, it is certainly not 
 indigenous. Dr. Bromfield considers it truly wild in the clialky 
 beech woods of Hampshire. 
 
 England. Perennial. Early Spring. 
 
 liootstock oblique, black, woody. Stem smooth, 1 to 2 feet high, 
 leafy, the lower part marked by the scars where loaves have fallen 
 otf, much branched in the ujipor portion. No radical leaves ; those 
 on the unbranchcd part of the stem evergreen, truly pedate, on 
 stalks expanded at the base. Segments very narrowly elliptical, 
 acute, serrated. Leaves at the base of the branches oblong, sheath- 
 like, with a few linear lobes at the apex. Flowers in small cymes, 
 which are combined so as to form a somewhat flat-topped or sub- 
 corymbose panicle. Bracts pale yellowish green, ovate-lanceolate, 
 
 * This plate has been re-drawn from E. B. 613, with some corrections and the 
 addition of a radical leaf, by Jlr. J. E. Sowcrby. 
 
EANUXCULACE.E. 69 
 
 quite entire, or the lo\Yor ones slightly lohed at the apex. Flowers 
 numerous, drooping, about 1 inch in diameter. Sepals 5, shortly- 
 obovate, trmicate or slightly emarginate, pale yellowish green, with 
 a dull purple border, connivent in flower, spreading in fruit. Petals 
 about half as long as the stamens, claw very short, the inner lip a 
 little shorter than the outer, erosely toothed. Pistils usually 3, their 
 styles not exceeding the stamens. Carpels on a short stalk, slightly 
 connate at their base, leathery, wrinkled transversely, glandulai*, 
 the persistent style forming a beak scarcely one-third the length of 
 the carpel itself. "Whole of the lower part of the plant glabrous, 
 upper portion glandular-pubescent ; unbranched part of the stem 
 perennial, leaves evergreen, thick and leathery in texture, smooth 
 and shining above, paler below, with the mid-vein prominent. 
 
 This plant can scarcely be confounded with the last, as tlio 
 inflorescence is different, the individual flowers smaller and deeply 
 cup-shaped, instead of open and nearly flat ; while the pcrrenial 
 stem furnished with pedate leaves will at all seasons distinguisli this 
 from H. viridis. The odour is also much more disagreeably foetid. 
 
 Stinking Hellebore, Beur^s-foot. 
 
 French, Hellebore Felide, or Pied di Griffon. German, Die Slinhende Niesswurz. 
 
 Called Bear's-foot from the shape of its leaves, bxiA foslidus from its smell. It is a 
 powerful poison, and possesses the active properties of the genus even more strongly 
 than those which are recognized as medicines. At one time both this species and 
 H. viridis were admitted into the British Pharmacopceia, but great caution is necessary 
 in their administration. 
 
 SUB-TRTBE II.— ISOP YRE^. 
 
 Leaves ternately or somewhat pinnately decompound. Flowers 
 regular, solitary, or arranged in irregular cymes. 
 
 GENUS X7. — A Q U I L E G I A. Linn. 
 
 Sepals 5, equal, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, equal, with a 
 very short claw, above which the petal is produced into a hollow 
 funnel-shaped tube, passing backwards between the sepals, and 
 terminating in a spur more or less curved round towards the 
 peduncle. Interior stamens sterile, with membranous expanded 
 filaments applied to the ovary. Carpels 5, in one Avliorl, becoming 
 at matui'ity dehiscent follicles, slightly connate at the base. 
 
60 ENGLISU BOTANY. 
 
 SPECIES I.— A QUILEGIA VULGARIS. Linn. 
 
 Plate XLVI.* 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et. Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. CXIV. Fig. 4729. 
 
 Petals with the spurs hooked at the apex. Stamens a little 
 longer than the petals. Leaves biternate, -with the leaflets 3-lobed, 
 crenate. 
 
 In woods, copses, and on hanks, especially on a calcareous soil. 
 Beported from many of the English and a few of the Scotch coun- 
 ties, but probably introduced in many of these localities. I have 
 scon it in chalky copses in Kent and Surrey in places wliere there 
 could he no doubt of its being truly indigenous. Dr. Bromfield 
 considered it also truly native in the Isle of Wight ; Mr. H. C. 
 "Watson in Cumberland, and Mr. Gutch in Annandale, Dumfries- 
 shire. I have likewise found it in several places in Scotland, as 
 far north as Clackmannanshire, but only where it has originally been 
 planted, or escaped from cultivation. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 E-Ootstock thick and fleshy, brownish black, generally branched. 
 Stem erect, 18 inches to 3 feet high, one only produced from each 
 branch or head of the rootstock, clothed at the base with the 
 fibrous remains of decayed leaf-stalks, slightly branched in the 
 upper portion. Piadical leaves numerous, stalked, witli the base 
 of the stalks dilated, biternate, the secondary leaflets about as broad 
 as long, irregularly 3-lobed, the lobes with a few large crenatm-es ; 
 stem leaves few, on much shorter stalks ; the uppermost ones or 
 bracts quite sessile, with 3 nari-ow lobes. Flowers terminating the 
 stem and branches, arranged in an irregular corymbose cyme ; 
 flower drooping or pendulous, \\ to 2 inches in diameter, generally 
 blue in the truly native plant, but occasionally white, reddish, or 
 purple, in which cases it may be suspected to be of garden origin. 
 Sepals lanceolate-ovate, acute, similar in texture and colour to the 
 petals. Limb of the petal oblong-truncate, nearly as long as the 
 tubular spur, the extremity of Avhich is sharply curved. Inner 
 sterile filaments much broader than the external fertile ones, white, 
 with the edges elegantly crimped. Anthers yellow. Styles longer 
 than the anthers. Carpels with short hau"s, cylindrical, tipped by 
 
 * The Plate, E. B. 297, requiieJ so much correction, that Mr. J. E. Sowerby has 
 made a new drawing for the present edition. This drawing is chiefly from the old 
 Plate, but with the various inaccuracies avoided, and the fruit added from dried Kentish 
 specimens. 
 
BANUKCULACE.i:. 01 
 
 tlie persistent style. Stem, Icaf-stallcs, and peduncles generally hairy. 
 Leaves glabrous, light green, slightly glaucous, on the upper side 
 much more so, Avitli the veins transparent. 
 
 Common Columbine. 
 
 French, Ancolie, Ganls de Notre Dame. German, Die Akelei, Xarrenhap-pe. 
 
 Tlie generic name comes from aqiiiia, an eagle, to the claws of which the nectaries 
 Dear some resemblance. Tlie English name from columha, a dove, from a fancied 
 likeness to this bird. The beauty of the blossoms of this fanciful and pretty plant has 
 long introduced it into our ilower-bordei's. Cultivation produces various colours, and 
 the flowers become double in several ways. The form of the nectary seems to bid detiance 
 to the bee in search of honey; but the sagacity of this wonderful insect is not to be 
 defeated, for, according to Dr. Withering, on finding that he cannot enter, he penetrates 
 both calyx and corolla, near the depot of the sweet treasure, and thus extracts it without 
 further difficulty. In Brown's " British Pastorals" we have it recorded that in former 
 times a Columbine was the insignia of deserted lovers, but how this originated does not 
 appear : — 
 
 " The Columbine, by lonely wand'rer taken, 
 Is then ascribed to such as are forsaken." 
 
 The whole plant used to be recommended medicinally, but it belongs to a suspicious 
 Natural Order, and Linnaeus asserts that children have lost their lives by taking an over 
 dose of it. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE III.— D ELPHINE^. 
 
 Leaves palmately nerved, or palmately cut or divided. Flowers 
 irregular, generally racemose. 
 
 GENUS XII.— D ELPHINIUM. Linn. 
 
 Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous, the upper one produced backwards 
 into a conical spur, the others without sjiurs. Corolla of 4 petals, 
 either all united together and prolonged backwards into a spur 
 which is contained A\-ithin the hollow spur of the upper sepal, or of 
 4 free petals, when the two upper have spurs contained in that of 
 the jipper sepal, while the two lateral ones are without spurs. 
 Carpels 1 or 3 to 6, sessile, becoming at maturity dehiscent follicles, 
 not connate at the base. 
 
 Annual or perennial, erect, branched horl)s, with alternate pal- 
 mately-lobed or -cut leaves. Tlowers in terminal racemes, whicli 
 are simple or combined in panicles. 
 
 Sub-Gexus I.— PHLEDINIUM. Spach. 
 Petals united. Carpels solitary. 
 
62 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 SPECIES I.— D ELPHINIUM AJACIS. Uekh. 
 
 Plate XLVII. (A.)* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. LXVII. Fig. 4670. 
 
 Baker, in Proceedings of the Thirsk Nat. Hist. Soc, Pliytologist, New Series, 1S58, 
 
 p. 376. 
 Gay, in Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 46. Boreait, Fl. dii Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii. 
 
 Vol. II. p. 25. 
 D. Cousolida, Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 12. Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 13. 
 
 Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 66. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 1839 ; Eng. Fl. 
 
 Vol. III. p. 30. (Non Linn.) 
 D. Consolida /3, pubescens, Lowe, Fl. of Madeira, p. 7. 
 
 Racemes generally elongated, arranged in a loose panicle. 
 Carpels pubescent, rollicle downy, oblong, cylindrical, obliquely 
 truncate at the apex, the persistent style about one-sixth the length 
 of the carpel. Seeds with continuous waved ridges. Lower bracts 
 cut into linear divisions. 
 
 Cornfields. Rare. It has been long established as a weed 
 in Cambridgeshire, " but is now disappearing through inq^roved 
 farming" (Bab.). It occurs as a straggler in various other 
 counties, even as far north as Edinburgh, but does not appear to 
 be permanently naturalized except in Cambridgeshire. 
 
 England, [Scotland]. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Stem solitaiy, slightly branched, branches ascending. Leaves 
 multilid, the lower ones stalked, the upper sessile. Segments short, 
 linear, llacemes 4- to 16 -flowered, terminating the stem and 
 branches. Lowest bracts resembling tlie leaves, but smaller, and with 
 fewer segments ; uppermost bracts entire. Pedicels ascending-patent, 
 about as long as the lowest and much longer than the upper bracts, 
 elongating a little after flowering, with two small entire bractioles 
 near the middle of each. Elowcrs about 1 inch in diameter, the 
 spur f inch long, curved upwards. Sepals rhomboid - spatulate, 
 with slender claws, bright Erench blue, more rarely Avhite or pink, 
 paler on the outside. Petals combined into a monopetalous corolla, 
 open on the lower side, pale purplish blue, with a few dark lines ; 
 the two upper lobes darker blue, longer and much narrower than 
 the lateral ones. EoUicle about f inch long, cylindrical, oblong, a 
 little wider about one-third from the base, olive, downy. Seeds 
 nearly black, surrounded by nimierous, closely-placed, thin, mem- 
 
 * The Plate (D. Consolida), E. B. 1839, is retained as a good figure of D. Ajaois. TLa, 
 lapsule and seed are added from a Cambridgeshire specimen. 
 
RANTTNCULACE.T^,. 03 
 
 branous, waved, transvovsc ridges. Whole plant dull grccu, finely 
 pubescent. 
 
 This plant has usually been considered by British writers as 
 D. Consolida (Linn.). Mr. Baker was the first to draw attention to 
 the fact tliat it was not that common Continental species. It 
 is certainly the D. Ajacis of llcichenbach, Gay, and most of the 
 Continental authors ; but D. Ajacis of the Linnoean Herbarium 
 is the D. orientale of Gay and Continental authors. Strictly 
 speaking, D. orientale ought therefore to bear the name of Ajacis, 
 and the present species receive a new specific appellation. As, 
 however, the three plants are well known on the Continent by the 
 names D. Consolida, D. Ajacis, and D. orientale, it is much better 
 to continue to use these names than to introduce alterations and 
 thereby cause confusion. 
 
 Branching Larkspur. 
 
 French, La Daupldnelle, Pied d'Alouette. German, Der EUterspom. 
 
 The name of the genus is derived from Ze\<I>iv (delphiri), a dolphin, on account of 
 the nectaries of the plant bearing a resemblance to imaginary figures of the dolpliin. 
 The specific name is said to have arisen from the fancy that the form of the letters 
 A J A may be traced in the lines on the petals of the flower. This plant belongs to 
 tlie same genus as the Stavesacre (D. Staphisagria) of our gardens, and contains the 
 same active jn-inciple, which, when extracted, is known as delphinia. It is au irritant 
 poison, and produces the same effects on the system as veratrine. 
 
 SPECIES II.— DELPHINIUM CONSOLIDA. Linn. 
 
 Plate XLVII. (B.)* 
 
 Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. LXVI. Fig. 4GG9. 
 
 Eacemes very short, arranged in a sub-corymbose manner. 
 Carpels glabrous. Follicle glabrous, ovoid, rather abruptly truncate 
 at the apex. Style one-half to one-third as long as the rest of the 
 carpel. Seeds with interrupted waved ridges. 
 
 Cornfields in the Channel Islands. Probably only a casual 
 straggler ; but I possess a specimen gathered in Jersey by Dr. 
 Dickson, and sent by him to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 
 from which I received it. (D. Ajacis is not imfrequent in Jersey.) 
 
 [Channel Islands.] Annual. Summer. 
 
 Very similar to the last, but more branched, and the branches 
 shorter and spreading. Leaves with narrower segments. Bracts 
 
 * A small portion of the Jersey specimen has been drawn by Mr. J. K Sowerby, 
 and given in a corner of the plalc of D. Ajacis. 
 
Gt ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 sliortor, and all entire. Carpel quite glabrous, reddish brown, 
 about half as long as that of C. Ajacis, and much more abruptly 
 truncate at the apex. Style longer. Seeds with the transverse 
 ridges broken up into rows of scales. 
 
 Wild I/cirksjmr. 
 French, Daupldnelle des Champs. German, Feld-RlUersjwrn. 
 
 The specific name comes from the Latin word consolido, to make sound. 
 The expressed juice of the petals mixed with a little alum makes a tolerable blue 
 ink. The seeds partake of the acrid and poisonous qualities of the genus. Portions of 
 the plant are said to enter into the composition of those French cosmetics which are so 
 detrimental to the skin. It was formerly admitted into the European Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 GENUS XIII.—A N I T U M. Linn. 
 
 Sepals 5, unequal, petaloid, deciduous, the uppermost one 
 helmet-shaped, the others slightly concave, the lowest pair the 
 narrowest. Petals 2 to 5, the two upper included Avithin the 
 helmet-shaped sepal, with very long stalk-like claws, the lamina of 
 the petal much shorter than the claw, with the inner surface of 
 which it forms an acute angle, the base produced backwards into a 
 more or less recurved hollow spur, which appears a continuation of 
 the claw ; the three lower petals very small, resembling abortive 
 stamens, frequently obsolete. Carpels 3 to 5, sessile, becoming at 
 maturity dehiscent follicles, not connate at the base. 
 
 Perennial herbaceous plants, with enlarged fleshy fusiform 
 tubers, composed of root and rootstock combined into one, increas- 
 ing by giving off short, thick, lateral shoots, at the extremity of 
 which a new tuber is produced similar to the parent one. Stem 
 erect, with alternate, palmately-lobed or -cut leaves. Piacemes 
 terminal, simple, or combined in panicles. 
 
 SPECIES I.-A CONITUM NAPELLUS. Li,m. 
 Plate XLVIII.* 
 
 Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IV. Ban. Tab. LXXVI. & LXXVII. ; also Tab. 
 LXXXVIII. to XCIX. Fig. 4G94 to 4710. 
 
 E,accnie very long, simple, or slightly branched at the base. 
 Helmet-sepal arched, with a peak in front. Upper petals with the 
 
 * The plate given is E. B. 2730, with the figure of the root acMcd Ijj Mr. J. R 
 Sowcrby. 
 
RANUNCULACE^. Go 
 
 stalk or claw curvpd, lamina iioarlv horizontal, recurved at the free 
 apex ; spur short, slightly recurved, forming a rounded knoh at the 
 apes of the claw ; lower petals often absent. Carpels divergent 
 when young. 
 
 In shady places by the banks of streams. Hare, but apparently 
 wild in Somerset ; Denbigh ; near Leominster, Herefordshire ; near 
 Kewton, Devon ; and in Monmouthshire. It also occurs in other 
 localities, where its adventitious origin is almost certain. 
 
 England, [Scotland]. Perennial. Late Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Hoot black, sending up a single stem, which is from 2 to 3 feet 
 high. Leaves alternate, on short stalks slightly dilated at the base, 
 pentagonal in outline, palmately 3- or 5-partite, with the segments 
 deeply cut, or having narrow projecting lobes. Raceme terminal, 
 simple, or with a few branches at the base. Bracts small. Bracteoles 
 near the flower, entire. Pedicels erect, downy, bearing dark pur- 
 plisli-blue, horizontal flowers, 1 to 1^ inch in their greatest diameter. 
 Helmet compressed, semicircular, crescent-shaped in profile. Lateral 
 sepals roundish-obovate, lowest ones lanceolate. Filaments dilated at 
 the base. Anthers blackish green. Pistils 3, usually at first diverg- 
 ing. Follicles fuscous, counivent, about f inch long, sub-cylindrical, 
 truncate at the apex, tipped by the persistent style, which forms a 
 beak about one-third the length of the rest of the carpel. Seeds 
 nearly black, with an uneven spongy testa. Plant slightly hairy. 
 Leaves dark green, shining above, much paler beneath. Sepals and 
 carpels slightly hairy. The two upper petals may be compared to 
 those of Aquilegia, if we suppose the latter to have claws much 
 elongated and arched. 
 
 A very variable species, containing several sub-species, which, 
 however, pass insensibly into each other, and of which no satisfac- 
 tory characters have yet been given. 
 
 Common TFoIfsbane, Aconite, or Monkshood. 
 
 French, Aconit. Gei'man, Hisenhut, ISturmliut. 
 
 Tile generic name of this plant is variously supposed to be derived from aKovTiov 
 {akontion), a dart, because used by barbarous nations to poison their arrows; or from ukovt) 
 (a^one),clifiy, rocky, because the species grow in rocky places. The specific nameNapellus 
 siguities a little turnip, in allusion to the shape of its roots. This species of Aconite is 
 very generally cultivated in gardens. Doubts are entertained as to the identity of the 
 species first used in medicine by Storck, a German physician, in 1762. The London 
 Pharmacopceia recognizes our present sjjecies Napellus as the one from which all tinctures 
 and extracts are to be prepared. All the species of the genus contain an active princi|ile 
 known by the name of aconitine, one of the most formidable poisons which have yet 
 been discovered. It is combined in the plant with an organic acid called aconitic 
 scid, and exists in all parts of the plant, but especially in the roots. The smallest 
 
66 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 jiortioa of either root or leaves when first put into the mouth occasions burning ami 
 tingling, and a sensation of numbness immediately follows its continuance. So deadly 
 are its effects, that -joth of a grain of aconitine will kill a sparrow in a few minutes; 
 and the tenth part of a grain introduced into the cellular tissue of a rabbit killed the 
 animal in five minutes. It is even more powerful than pure prussic acid, and acts with 
 tremendous rapidity. Dr. Roupell states that to?*'^ "f a grain will act locally, so as 
 to jjroduce a well-marked sensation in a part for a whole day. Fearful results have 
 very frequently followed the accidental administration of this deadly substance, for which 
 no certain antidote has yet been discovered. As a medicine it is supposed to be valuable, 
 if cautiouslv given, to diminish the activity of the nervous system, and to subdue the 
 action of the heart; as also in external applications, to allay the pain of neuralgia. The 
 root has occasionally been mistaken for horseradish, and has been eaten accordingly 
 with fatal results ; it is, however, shorter, darker, and more fibrous than horseradish. 
 Dr. Taylor, in his work on Ifoisons, mentions cases where the leaves have produced 
 similar terrible effects. The best method of proceeding, in cases of poisoning by 
 Aconite, is to empty the stomach immediately by an emetic of mustaixl, or the stomach- 
 pump, and then to administer animal charcoal as speedily as possible. Warm water 
 should be plentifully given, and afterwards spirits of sal volatile, brandy, and coffee. 
 Some species of Aconite were known to the ancients, and the Aconitum lycoctonum 
 of Linnaeus appears to be the \\Kui't-ov Xvkuktoi'ov (Aconiton lucoctonon) of Dioscorides. 
 It was a species of Aconite that entered as an ingredient into the poison which 
 the old men of Ceos were condemned to drink when they became infirm, and is also 
 supposed to be the poison alluded to in the fable of the cup which Medea prepared for 
 Theseus. There is considerable uncertainty as to the action and strength of pi-epara- 
 tions of Aconite in the form of tinctures. In a case related in Cormack's Edinburgh 
 Jmirnal, April, 1844, a man recovered in three days, having taken upwards of ten 
 drachms of the tincture ; while a late physician at Birmingham is reported to have 
 died from the effects of not more than eighty drops taken in a period of four days. 
 Dr. Pereira informs us that he has known general numbness produced in hysterical 
 females by a dose of on\y five minims of a carefully prepared tincture. Eeceutly there 
 have been in private circles distressing cases of almost sudden death succeeding the 
 accidental swallowing of a few drachms of tincture of Aconite for another and harmless 
 medicine, owing to careless placing of the bottles, and the absence of any distinctive mark 
 on the bottle containing this deadly poison. No precaution can be too great to take 
 when we have such powerful and terrible agents to deal with. It has been observed that 
 vai'ious species of Aconite possess the same nai'cotic properties as A. Napellus ; but none 
 of them equal in energy the A. ferox of the East Indies, the root of which is prevalently 
 used there as an energetic poison, under the name of Bikh or Nabee. Any method 
 of testing for the presence of Aconite in a suspected substance is very difficult ; but 
 Dr. Christison observes that its remarkable taste, which is at first bitter, but afterwards 
 gives rise to numbness and tingling of the lips, will enable the analyst to distinguish it 
 from other vegetable poisons. Another mode of testing is suggested by Dr. Pereira : 
 the poisonous extract when applied to the eye produces contraction of the pupil. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE IV.— C IMICIPUGE^. 
 
 Leaves ternately or pinnately decompound. Flowers regular, 
 racemose. 
 
IIANUNCULACE.E. 67 
 
 GENUS XIV. — A C T iE A. Limi. 
 
 Sepals 3 to 5, sub-equal, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 4 to 10, 
 small, flat, spatulate, with slender claws. Carpel 1, with numerous 
 ovules. Fruit a berry, containing smooth, flattish seeds. 
 
 Perennial herbs, with a rhizome sending up erect stems. Leaves 
 alternate, ternately hi- or tri-pinnate. Plowers small, in short 
 racemes. 
 
 SPECIES I.— A CT^A SPICATA. Linn. 
 
 Plate XLIX.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IV. Ean. Tab. CXXI. Fig. 4739. 
 
 Haceme oblong. Pedicels about as long as the fliower, slightly 
 thickened in fruit. Berry purplish-black when ripe. 
 
 In w^oods in the North of England, but very local, occurring 
 near Scarborough and at Ingleborough, in Yorkshire ; and is also 
 stated to grow in the Lake district, near Ambleside and Ulswater. 
 Naturalized at Cleish Castle, in Kinross-shire. 
 
 England, [Scotland]. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Rootstock a short blackish rhizome. Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet 
 high, simjile, seldom branched, bearing 1 to 4 stalked leaves, which 
 are twice or thrice ternately pinnate, with ovoid or sub-rhomboidal 
 leaflets, 1 to 3 inches long, regularly lobed and deeply serrate. 
 Stipules adnate, with short, free, rounded auricles. Peduncle 
 pubescent, terminal ; but occasionally there are shorter ones from 
 tlie axils of the upper leaves. Eaceme 1 to 2 inches long, compact 
 while in flower, lengthening and becoming more lax as the fruit 
 ripens. Pedicels pubescent, ascending in flower, patent or divaricate 
 in I'ruit. Sepals 4, whitish, oval, blunt, concave. Petals much 
 smaller than the sepals, spatulate or oblanceolate, the slender claw 
 nearly as long as the limb ; sometimes absent. Pilaments dilated in 
 the upper part. Berry shortly ovoid, \ inch long, at length black. 
 Flowers scarcely ^ inch across. Plant dark green, glabrous, slightly 
 pubescent. 
 
 Banehcrry , Herb Chrislopher. 
 
 French, Actee en Epi. German, Schivarzwurz. 
 
 Tlie generic name comes from at:rri (aktc), the Gieelc name of the Elder, which these 
 iiluiits much resemble in foliage and fruit. The odour of this plant is powerfully disagree- 
 
 ♦ The Plate is E. B. 918, with the fruit added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
68 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 able ; toads are, however, said to enjoy it, aud to seek for it. The berries are blacV 
 and (loisoDous ; their juice, with alum, yields a black dye. It is supposed by some tha- 
 tlie root has ])roperties which render it valuable in medicine, but it should be adminisi 
 tared with the greatest caution if at all. 
 
 Tkibe v.— P/EONIE^. 
 
 Sepals imbricated, persistent, sometimes foliaceous. Petals 
 large. Carpels surrounded by a disk. Eollicles 2 to 5, many- 
 seeded. Hprbs or shrubs with radical and alternate leaves twice 
 or thrice ternately pinnate. 
 
 GENUS XV.— V iS O N I A. Lbm. 
 
 Sepals 5, unequal, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 5 to 10, very 
 large, without a distinct claw or nectariferous pore. Carpels 2 to 5, 
 surrounded by a more or less developed fleshy disk. Eollicles often, 
 woolly, containing numerous large brightly-coloured seeds. 
 
 Large perennial herbs or shrubs, with solitary, showy flowers. 
 
 SPECIES I.— P^ONIA CORALLINA. Retz. 
 
 Plate L.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. CXXVIII. Fig. 4745. 
 
 Stem simple, herbaceous. Leaflets oval or elliptical, entire. 
 Petals broadly obovate. Stigmas recurved. Eollicles diverging 
 when ripe. 
 
 Naturalized on the rocky cliffs of Steep Holmes Island, at the 
 mouth of the river Severn, and said to have once been abundant 
 there ; but it is now become very scarce. It is also reported from 
 a few other places, — as near the " Ptocks," Bath, and at Ivildale 
 Woods, Cleveland, Yorkshire, " probably on the site of an old 
 garden." — (Sup. to El. of Yorkshire.) 
 
 [England.] Perennial. Summer, 
 
 Pootstock producing thiel^ened, fleshy, sessile or stalked carrot- 
 shaped tubers. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, l-ilowered. Leaves stalked, 
 termite, the divisions again ternate or pinnate, with 2 pairs of 
 
 * The I'hitc is E. B. 1013, unaltered. 
 
RANUNCULACEiE. 69 
 
 leaflets and an odd one ; uppermost leaves resembling one of the 
 leaflets of the lower ones ; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long. Flower 
 about 4 inches in diameter. Calyx with 1 or 2 of the sepals resem- 
 bling one of the leaflets. Petals crimson. Filaments crimson, with 
 yellow anthers. Pistils covered with whitish avooI. Stigmas crimson, 
 hooked, or even coiled. Follicles about Ij inch long, very woolly, 
 spreading horizontally. Plant nearly glabrous. Leaves dark green 
 above, glaucous beneath. 
 
 Entire-leaved Male or Coral Peony. 
 
 French, Pivoine Corcdlitie. German, Eichtrose. 
 
 This genus of plants is said to have been named after the physician Paeon, immoi- 
 talized for having cured Pluto and other gods of wounds received during the Trojan 
 War, it is said, with the aid of this plant. The Peony is a common garden plant, and 
 is very showy and handsome with its rich-coloured flowers when well placed. In its 
 wild native haunts it is peculiarly attractive. Dr. Withering says : " Few aquatic excur- 
 sions can prove more interesting to the naturalist than a sail through the romantic pass 
 of St. Vincent's Rocks to the Holmes Islands. The Steep Holmes represents the rugged 
 truncated apex of a submarine mountain, whose abruptly precipitous sides are only 
 accessible at one proper landing-place. Amid the shelving rocks and loose shingly 
 stones, at an elevation of 100 feet, 
 
 ' There ye may see the Peony spread wide.' " 
 
 It seems almost peculiar to this locality, and the supposition would be that it has 
 been introduced from some wrecked vessel, or that it must have escaped from some 
 neighbouring garden ; but tradition recognizes its existence for so many years in this 
 spot, that it would be difficult to trace its origin. The superstitions connected with the 
 Peony are very numerous. In ancient times it was supposed to be of divine origin, an 
 emanation from the moon, and to shine during the night, protecting shepherds and the 
 harvest from injury, driving away evil spirits, and averting tempests. Josephus speaks 
 of the Peony as a wonderful and curious plant. He says, according to Gerarde, that 
 to pluck it up by the roots will " cause danger to he that touches it; therefore a string 
 must be fastened to it in the night, and a hungry dog tied thereto, who, being allured 
 by the smell of roasted flesh set towards him, may pluck it up by the roots." Pliny 
 and Theopl'.rastus assert that " of necessity it must be gathered in the night ; for if any 
 man shall pluck of the fruit in t:ie daytime, being seen of the woodpecker, he is in 
 danger to lose his eyes." Gerarde, with discernment superior to his time, adds : " But 
 all these things be most vaine and frivolous, for the root of Peionie may be removed at 
 any time of the yeare, day, or houre whatsoever." Still, although he disallows the 
 superstitions connected with the gathering of the plant, he believes in its medical virtues, 
 and gives a long list of ailments and diseases for which it is a sovereign remedy. The 
 seeds have been strung and worn round the neck as an ornament, from their beautiful 
 red colour, and frequently not without reference to cabalistic purposes as a protection 
 against evil spirits. At the present day necklaces are made of small beads carved from 
 the root of the Peony, and sold in respectable chemists' shops, to be worn round the 
 necks of young children, when cutting their teeth, as "anodyne necklaces." Can we 
 be severe on the follies of our ancestors when such superstitions linger in our own 
 day? 
 
70 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 
 RANUNCULUS ALPESTRIS. Linn. 
 E. B. 2390. 
 
 Said by the late Mr. George Don to occur " by little rills and 
 among rocks on the mountains of Clova," Porfarshire. Though 
 these mountains have been carefully examined, this conspicuous 
 plant has been seen by no other collector ; and no doubt Mr. Don 
 made some mistake in thinking he found it there. — (See Watson's 
 " Cybele Britannica," Vol. I. p. 82.) 
 
 RANUNCULUS GRAMINEUS. Linn. 
 E. B. 230G. 
 
 "Brought from North Wales by Mr. Pritchard;" according 
 to Withering, no doubt through mistaking 11. Flammula for tins 
 species. 
 
 OBDER II.— BERBERIDACEiE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs with radical or alternate simple or compound 
 leaves, generally without stipules. Flowers usually perfect, regular. 
 Sepals and petals in 2 or more whorls, with 2 or 3 in each whorl, 
 very caducous. Stamens definite, 4 to 6 (rarely more), in 2 rows, 
 opposite the petals, hypogyuous, generally free. Anthers erect, 
 with the cells extrorsely adnate or lateral, opening by valves 
 detaching themselves from the base upwards, or more rarely by 
 longitudinal clefts. Ovary free, consisting of a single 1-celled 
 carpel (rarely of several distinct carpels). Stigma sessile or sub- 
 sessile, dilated, peltate or conical. Ovules 2 or more, anatropous, 
 with the raphe ventral. Bruit an indehiscent berry, with 1 or 
 many seeds, or (more rarely) resembling a capsule, dehiscent or 
 indehiscent. Embryo straight or gently curved, with the radicle 
 pointing towards the hilum. Albumen copious, between fleshy 
 and horny. 
 
 Most authors confine the Berberidacese to the species in which 
 the antliers open by valves ; but Bentham and Hooker, in their 
 
BERBEIIIDACE.E. 71 
 
 Genera Plantarum," include in this order the Lardizabalea3 and 
 the genera Nandina and Podophyllum, in which the anthers open 
 bv slits in the usual wav. 
 
 GENUS L—B E R B E E, I S. Linn. 
 
 Sepals deciduous, petaloid, 9, in 3 whorls, those in the outer 
 whorl (bracteoles ?) much smaller than the others, those in the 
 inner whorls spreading. Petals 6, in two rows, generally a little 
 smaller than the sepals, most usually concave and connivent, com- 
 monly with 2 glands near the base. Stamens 6. Anthers with 2 
 valves opening upwards. Pistil solitary, with a peltate stigma. 
 Ovules few, erect, growing from the base of the carpel. Berry 
 iudehiscent, usually 2-seeded. Embryo large. 
 
 Shrubs with yellow wood and pinnate leaves ; the leaflets 
 reduced to 1 and the primary leaves to spines in some species ; 
 leaflets spinously seri'ate. Plowers yellow, in racemes, or rarely 
 solitary. 
 
 SPECIES I.— BERBERIS VULGARIS. Linn. 
 
 Plate LI.* 
 
 lieicli. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Pajx Tab. XVIII. Fig. 4486. 
 
 Primary leaves reduced to trifurcate spines ; secondary leaves 
 in fascicles, produced from the axil of the spines, simple, sub- 
 sessile, obovate-elliptical, margin serrate, with the teeth terminating 
 in small spines. Racemes pendulous. Berries oblong-ovoid. 
 
 In hedges and thickets. Bather frequent. A doubtful native 
 in Scotland. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Shrub. Early Summer. 
 
 Stems woody, much branched, 3 to 6 feet high, -with ash-coloured 
 bai'k'. Primary leaves on the woody shoots transformed into tri- 
 furcate spines with an enlarged base, the spines on the uj)per part 
 of the bi'anch often simple ; secondary leaves in fascicles from the 
 axils of the spines, eUiptical-obovate, tapering at the base into a 
 short footstalk, flnely serrate, with the serratures terminated by 
 short cartilaginous spines or bristles ; leaves of the barren shoots of 
 the year alternate, presenting various gi'adations from leaves into 
 
 * The Plate is re-drawn from E. B. 49, with corrections by Mr. .J. E. Sowerby. 
 
72 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 spines, into which they become transformed in succeeding years, 
 llacemes produced from the f;\scicles of secondary leaves, pendulous, 
 shortly-stalked, exceeding the leaves. Bracts mucli shorter than 
 the pedicels, triangular, acute, keeled. Plowers about f inch across. 
 Sepals ovate, in 3 whorls alternate Avith each other ; those in the 
 outermost whorl (bracteoles ?) acute ; in the second, about twice as 
 long and obtuse ; in the innermost of all the longest, about equal 
 to the petals. Petals concave, connivent, obovate, yellow, with 2 
 orange glands at the base. Stamens lying in the concavity of the 
 petals until the the tilament is touched on the inner side, when they 
 instantly spring up and take a position closely applied to the pistil. 
 Anthers with 2 circular valves, which open upwards, and when in 
 this state resemble auricles at the top of the anther. Pistil with a 
 large discoid stigma, broader than the ovary. Berries } inch long, 
 oblong, very slightly curved, orange with one side red, or entirely 
 red. 
 
 A smooth, bushy shrub, with pale-green, thin, deciduous leaves. 
 Flowers with a faint pleasant odour. The fruit and also the leaves 
 have an agreeable acid flavour. 
 
 Common Barberry. 
 
 French, jE^nne Vinette. German, Sauerdom. 
 
 Berherys is the Arabic name of the fruit, and ftepftipv (berberu) in Greek signifies a 
 pearl-oyster. Many authors believe the name is derived from this word, because the 
 leaves are glossy, like an oyster shell ; and Bochart says the same word is derived from a 
 Phoenician word, barar, which expresses the brilliancy of a shell, alluding to their shining 
 leaves. The leaves of the Barberry are pleasantly acid, and the flowers, although not 
 of an agreeable scent when very near, are by no means offensive at a distance. The 
 berries are very aeid, so much so that birds will not eat them ; when boiled with sugar, 
 however, they form a very agreeable preserve, and as a garnish, when ripe, they are much 
 admired for their bright colour and delicate form. Their sensibly astringent properties 
 were sure to secure for them a medicinal reputation, in an age when remedies were mul- 
 tiplied for every disorder, and faith was still unshaken in the power of medicine. We are 
 informed that the Egyptians still employ them in pestilential fevers, and Simon PauUi 
 relates that he was cured of a malignant fever by using these berries macerated in 
 water and drinking it. Woodville, in his " Medical Botany," recommends an infusion 
 of Barberries as a beneficial drink in fevers ; but it is very certain that they have no 
 virtue beyond that of any acid fruit, whose sharpness communicated to the water 
 renders it a pleasant beverage. Gerarde recommends the leaves " to season meat with, 
 and instead of a salad." The roots ai'e bitter and astringent, and if boiled in lye will 
 dye wool yellow. In Poland, leather is dyed of a beautiful yellow colour in this way. 
 An infusion of the roots in wine or beer is purgative, and is said to be good in the 
 jaundice. In many parts of Europe a certain injurious property is attributed to this 
 shrub, which, however, is not substantiated by recent observations. Farmers and 
 others have asserted that wheat planted near a Barberry-bush seldom arrives at 
 perfection or fills in the ear. Its influence in this respect is sup|)osed to extend to 
 some three or four hundred yards. The village of Piollesby. in Norfolk, where Bar- 
 berries abound, and wheat seldom succeeds, is known by the api)ellation of Mildew 
 
BEBBEREDACEiE. 
 
 73 
 
 Eollesby. The reason of this apparent blight on whc.it in certain situations, and its 
 connection with the Barberry-bushes in the ncighbourhooil, has jmzzled many observers. 
 Some attribute it to tlie farina of the Barberry, which is yellow, and resembles in 
 some degree the appearance of rust ; and others have suggested that a little yellow 
 fungus which attacks the leaves of the Barberry may spread to the ears of wheat. 
 Jlore recent Botanists have remarked that insects of various kinds are remarkably fond 
 of the flowers of the Barberry, and in tliis way the pollen may be conveyed to other 
 plants, and produce the appearance of mildew ; or it is said that the ^cidium Berberidis, 
 its particular fungus, may generate the dust which, carried from the bush by the wind 
 and lighting on the wheat, gives rise to Puccinia, a minute fungus, which closes up the 
 pores of the leaves, and produces the rust or mildew. ]\I. Broussonet, the celebrated 
 French naturalist, who directed his attention particularly to agriculture, assured Sir 
 J. E. Smith that the report of the ill effects caused by the proximity of Barberries to 
 corn-fields is, from his own observation, totally void of foundation. 
 
 GENUS JJ.— E PIMEDIUM. Lm?i. 
 
 Sepals deciduous, petaloid, 8, in 2 whorls, those in the outei- 
 whorl smaller and less coloured. Petals 4, extremely concave, the 
 concavity produced so as to form a hollow conical cup, deeper than 
 wide, and attached by the lower edge of the lip ; sepals and petals 
 opposite. Stamens 4 ; anthers with 2 valves opening upwards. 
 Carpel solitary. Style reaching to the top of the stamens, with a 
 small discoid stigma. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows along the 
 ventral suture. Fruit membranous, irregularly ovoid, tipped by 
 the terminal style, splitting into two valves, of which the inner one 
 is the smaller. Seeds large, oblong, with the raphe much enlarged 
 at the base. Embryo slightly curved. 
 
 Herbs with a creeping rhizome. Leaves radical, or on the short 
 stem, biternate, teruate, or joinnate. 
 
 SPECIES I.— E PI MEDIUM A L PI NUM. Linn. 
 Plate LIL* 
 ' Eekh. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 4485. 
 
 Stem leaves 1 or 2, biternate. Leaflets ovate, heart-shaped. 
 Sepals ovate, rather acute. Style a little overtopping the anthers. 
 
 Naturalized in a few places in the North of England and Scot- 
 land ; Biugley Woods, Yorkshire ; on Carrick Fell and Skiddaw, 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 438, with the dissections corrected and tlie fruit added by 
 Mr. J. K Sowcrby. 
 
 L 
 
74 ENGLISH TiOTANY. 
 
 Cumberland ; Westmoreland ; Mugdocli Castle, near Glasgow ; 
 and Cleish Castle, Kinross-shire. I possess specimens collected by 
 Mr. W. II. Campbell at " Saline, Fife ; " but as Saline is very near 
 Cleish, it may be the same locality as the previous. 
 
 [England, Scotland]. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 E-ootstock creeping, branched, scaly at the tips of the divisions, 
 which ^iroduce either stems or radical leaves, but not both toge- 
 ther from the same point. Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, with 
 1 or 2 leaves above the middle. Leaves stalked, biternate ; leaflets 
 stalked, 1^ to 3 inclies long, ovate-acuminate, very faintly serrated, 
 the serratures terminating in short bristles ; base cordate, with the 
 lobes equal in the terminal leaflet of each triad; unequal, having 
 the outer lobe much the larger in the two lateral ones. Peduncle 
 terminal, but appearing to be lateral, as the leaf-stalk rather than 
 the peduncle seems to be a continuation of the stem. Plowers 
 about ^inch in diameter, drooping in a lax panicle with short lateral 
 branches. Sepals brownish-purple, the two whorls, one directly 
 within the other, spreading in the form of a cross. Petals (nec- 
 taries of many authors) yellow, lying within the sepals, and rather 
 shorter than those of the inner whorl. Stamens 4 in number, 
 connivent. Pruit ovoid, about i inch long. Seeds rather few, 
 large, oblong-ovoid, maroon colour, the enlarged raphe resembling 
 an arillus. Leaves pale green, glabrous. Peduncle and pedicels 
 with scattered spreading reddish hairs terminating in glands, and 
 there is also a smalltuft of similar hairs in the axils of the forks of 
 the petiole. 
 
 This plant is usually described as destitute of radical leaves, 
 which probably means that there ai'e no leaves produced at the 
 base of the stem, for the branches of the rhizome which do not 
 produce stems certainly send up i-adical leaves. These cannot be 
 considered as barren stems terminating in a leaf, as the base of the 
 leaf-stalk on the flowering stems is furnished with small purplish- 
 brown stipules with free auricles, and there is nothing similar to 
 this to be found on the stalks of tlie root-leaves which might lead 
 us to consider their leaf-stalk composed partly of stem and partly 
 of petiole. 
 
 Alpine Barren Wort. 
 
 French, Le Chapeau cCEveque. German, BiscJiqfsmiitze. 
 
 The generic name is derived from t-n-i (epi), upon, and Media. It is said by Dioscorides 
 to grow in Media, in Asia Minor. 
 
NYMl'II^KACEiE. 75 
 
 ORDEE III.— N YMPHiEACE^. 
 
 Aquatic lierbs with submerged rhizomes, sending up leaves and 
 1-flowered scapes, or more rarely swimming leafy branches. Leaves 
 peltate or cordate at the base, usually floating, more rarely rising 
 out of the water. In some species there are membranous sub- 
 merged leaves, as well as floating ones of a thick, firm tcxtiu-e. 
 Flowers generally floating. Sepals 4 or 5, more rarely 3 or 6. 
 Petals usually numerous, but sometimes only 3. Stamens in- 
 definite, rarely definite, free and hypogynous, or more or less 
 attached to the disk, which often includes the carpels, so that the 
 stamens become even epigynous, and various intermediate forms 
 occur betAveen the two ; anthers erect, adnate, opening by longi- 
 tudinal slits. Carpels usually numerous, rarely only 3, generally 
 more or less embedded in and surrounded by an expansion of the 
 torus ; or united with it, so as to form a many-celled, superior, half- 
 superior, or inferior compound ovary ; more rarely qu.ite free and 
 distinct, merely placed upon the torus. Styles sometimes united 
 by their edges so as to form a disk : stigmas adnate to the 
 styles, radiating or forming an interrupted ring ; distinct where 
 the carpels ai'e free or separately imbedded in the torus. Ovules 
 orthotropous, numerous, attached to the partitions of the carpels, 
 or solitary and pendulous from the apex of the carpel. Fruit 
 indehiscent, often more or less fleshy or spongy. Seeds albuiuinous 
 (except in Nelumbium), frequently with a fleshy ariilus. Embryo 
 near the hilum of the seed, enclosed in a vitellus, which separates 
 it from the farinaceous albumen. 
 
 Mr. Bentham and Dr. Hooker judiciously combine with the 
 order Nympha^acea^ as generally received, the Cabombeoe and 
 Kclumboneaj, which do not difler from it more than the various 
 sub-orders of Rosaceae do from each other. 
 
 GENUS /.— N Y M P H ^ A. Liu n. 
 
 Sepals 4, persistent, inserted nearly at the base of the torus. 
 Petals numerous, in several rows, passing gradually into stamens, 
 and with them inserted into the torus wliich surrounds the carpel. 
 Exterior stamens with petaloid lilameuts, and the anther lol)cs on 
 ihcir inner faces shorter than those of the interior ones ; filaments 
 
76 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 of the exterior stamens petaloid, bearing on their inner faces anther 
 lobes, which are shorter than those of the interior stamens, the 
 filaments of which ai'e strap-shaped. Carpels numerous, immersed 
 in a fleshy torus, in which they are arranged in a ring, and with it 
 united to form a half-inferior compound ovary, with as many cells 
 as there are carpels ; summit of the ovary concave, with a small 
 globose or conical process, formed by the excurrent summit of the 
 torus which passes between the carpels. Stigmas radiating, as many 
 as the carpels, each style wdth an incurved appendage extending 
 beyond the stigma and edge of the summit of the ovary. Ovules 
 numerous, pendulous from the sides of the carpels. Pruit a spongy 
 berry, ripening under the water, and bearing on its surface scars left 
 by the decay of the petals and stamens. Seeds imbedded in pulp, 
 with a succulent arillus open at the apex. 
 Mower white, red, or blue. 
 
 SPECIES I.— NY MP H^ A ALBA. Linn. 
 
 Plate LIII.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. El. Germ, et Helv. Vol. VII. Nymph. Tab. LXVII. Fig. 117. 
 
 Leaves nearly round, entire, with a deep sinus at the base, lobes 
 approximate. Hays of the stigma 15 to 20, yellow. 
 
 Var. a, major. 
 Flowers 4 or 5 inches in diameter. Stigma with about 18 rays. 
 
 Var. /3, minor. 
 
 Plowers 3 inches in diameter, or even less. Stigma with the 
 rays seldom exceeding 16. 
 
 Not unfrequent, and generally distributed in lakes, ponds, and 
 ditches from Cornwall to Shetland. Var. /3 less common than a, 
 and probably a state rather than a variety. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 E-hizome thick and fleshy, horizontal, creeping in the mud, 
 producing leaves and flowers from the apex. Leaves 4 to 9 inches 
 in diameter, on long stalks, floating on the surface of the water, 
 
 The Plate is E. B. IGd, willi additional dissections by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
NYMPHiEACE^. 77 
 
 sub-coriaceous, paltnately-veined, roundish, with a deep sinus at the 
 base ; lobes more than one-third the length of the leaf, approximate, 
 often hiding the petiole. Flowers lloating, cup-shaped, open. 
 Sepals oblong, lanceolate, olive on the exterior, with the margins 
 paler, pure white, like the petals, interiorly. Petals oval or elliptical, 
 blunt, those of the outer whorl longer than the sepals, the interior 
 ones becoming smaller towards the centre of the flower. Anthers and 
 innermost filaments yellow. Stigmatic rays yellow. Fruit globose. 
 Plant glabrous. Leaves all floating, green and shining above, dull 
 and often purplish beneath. 
 
 White Water-IAly . 
 
 French, Nenupliar Blanc. German, Die Weise Seerose. 
 
 Nymplifea is derived from i'v/^(firi{nym])he), a water-nymph, in reference to the habita- 
 tion of these plants. As the Rose is the queen of the bower, so undoubtedly the Lily is the 
 empress of the lake, and we may almost endorse her poetical Indian name " Camada," 
 or " Delight of the Waters." The lovely purity and delicacy of the White Water- Lily 
 can scarcely be exaggerated, but perhaps it is only when seen in its favourite haunts 
 in profusion and perfection that we can fully enter into the fervid descriptions of 
 some of our British poets. In Japan, either natural or artificial White Water-Lilies 
 are borne in the funeral processions of young persons, as emblems of purity. Like the 
 sacred Lotus of the Nile, the flowers of our White Water-Lily rise and expand as the 
 day advances and the sun gains strength, closing again at evening, sleeping as it were 
 through the hours of darkness, until called into life again by the warm rays of light. 
 Moore poetically describes this natural process : — 
 
 " Those virgin Lilies all the night 
 
 Bathing their beauties in the lake, 
 That they may rise more fresh and bright 
 When their beloved sun 's awake." 
 
 The stimulus of the sun's rays seems to have relation to the fertilization of the plant. 
 The pollen if scattered beneath the water would be washed away and decomjio.sed, 
 while on the expanded raised flower it is received without injury. This is truly the 
 object for which — 
 
 " The Water-Lily to the light 
 Her chalice real's of silver white. 
 
 The Water-Lily may be transplanted from its native home by ])lacing the thick 
 rhizomes in baskets of earth and fastening stones to them, so as to keep them well under 
 water, and nothing can be more lovely than a calm lake, on whose bosom may be seen 
 floating numbers of these snowy nymphs. The thick stems have a bitter astringent 
 taste, but are free from any poisonous qualities. In Ireland and the island of Java 
 the tuberous rootstocks arc used to dye a dark brown colour. They have been used in 
 medicine, and esteemed narcotic. In China starch is obtained from them for Jietetical 
 [lurposes. 
 
78 ENGLKII BOTANY. 
 
 GJENUS II.— "N U P H A R. Sm. 
 
 Sepals 5 or 6, concave, coriaceous, hypogynous. Petals numerous, 
 much smaller than the sepals, in 2 whorls, inserted with the stamens 
 beneath the ovary, to which they do not adhere. ^Filaments all 
 strap-shaped, with introrse anthers. Carpels numerous, arranged in 
 a ring, and combined so as to form a superior compound ovary, T\dth 
 as many cells as there are carpels. Stigmas linear, radiating, adnate 
 to a peltate disk which terminates the ovary, and is formed by the 
 styles cohering by their edges. Fruit sub-globose, leathery, smooth. 
 
 SPECIES I.— NUPHAR LUTE A. Sm. 
 
 Plates LIV. LV. 
 
 Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. VII. J^ymph. Tab. LXIII. Fig. 113. 
 
 Leaves oval, with a deep sinus ; lobes contiguous. Petals 
 broadly obovate-cuneate. Anthers three or four times as long as 
 broad. Stigmatic disk entire, or faintly waved at the edge, not 
 lobed ; stigmatic rays not extending to the edge of the disk. 
 
 Var. a, major. 
 
 Plate LIV.* 
 
 Plowers about 2^ inches in diameter. Stigmatic disk quite 
 entire, with 15 to 20 rays. 
 
 Var. ji, minor. 
 
 Plate LV. 
 
 N. iutermodium, Ledebour, Fl. Pioss. Vol. I. p. 85. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 144. 
 
 Plowers about 1\ inch in diameter. Stigmatic disk slightly 
 waved at the edges, with 10 to 14 rays. 
 
 In lakes, ponds, and ditches. Var. a not uncommon in England, 
 but rather rare in Scotland, where Aberdeenshire and Argyle- 
 shire appear to be the northern limits. Var. ^ in Chartner's Loch, 
 Northumberland. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 * The Plate of var. a is E. B. 159. Var. ft is from a drawing in the Briti.sh IMiiseuu), 
 prepared by Mr. Sowerby for the original edition of E. B., but not hitiierto published. 
 
NYMPHiEACEyE. 79 
 
 Ehizomc creeping in the mud, producing from the apex pedun- 
 cles and k'aves of two sorts, viz. — suljmcrgcd leaves on rather short 
 stalks, thin and membranous,translucent, waved ; and floating leaves, 
 suh-coriaceous in texture, much resembling those of Nymphfca alba, 
 but longer in proportion to their breadth, and with a greater number 
 of veins arising i'rom the mid-rib, so that the leaf is less palmately 
 veined than in that species ; lobes about one-third of the whole 
 length of the leaf, approximate ; submerged leaves similar in form. 
 Petioles bluntly trigonous. Flowers rising above the water, cup- 
 shaped, ellipsoidal. Sejials very large, concave, oval, externally 
 greenish, bright yellow witliin. Petals 18 to 20, about ^ inch long, 
 obovate, wedge-shaped, briglit yellow, thick in texture, shining 
 exteriorly, where there is a nectariferous pore near the top, with 
 prominent lines on the inside. Stamens very numerous, with 
 broadly strap-shaped filaments : anther cells on the inner surface 
 of the filament, with parallel lobes much longer than broad. 
 Stigmatic disk much wider than the top of the ovary, with from 
 10 to 20 stigmatic rays not reaching to the edge of the disk. Pruit 
 sub-globose or ovoid, attenuate at the summit, and terminated by 
 the large stigmatic disk, which appears to be formed by the cohesion 
 of the styles, which are free in Nymphsea. Plant nearly glabrous. 
 Floating leaves shining above, dull green beneath. Flowers with a 
 fragrant odour. 
 
 Yelloio Water-Lllij, Water-Can, Bramhj -Bottle. 
 
 French, Nuiiliar Jaune. German, Die Gelbe Teichrose. 
 
 The generic name is from Naiifar or Nyloufar, the Arabic name of Nymphtea. It is 
 the I'dvfnp of Dioscorides. This bright-coloured Lily is almost as attractive in its 
 golden radiance as its more modestly attired and charming sister. " In golden armour 
 glorious to behold," it forms a beautiful object on the surface of a lake or river. The 
 blossom has a somewhat powerful and not very refined or pleasant smell, resembling 
 ardent spirits ; hence the common name sometimes given to the plant of Brandy-Bottle. 
 The Greeks prepare a cordial from the flowers. The rootstocks contain a considerable 
 quantity of starch, as do also the seeds. Some persons boil the seeds, when they 
 are said to have a pleasant nutty flavour. The leaves have been used as a styj)tic. 
 All parts of the plant contain tannic acid, and are useful in tanning, especially the root- 
 stocks.' The prostrate stems rubbed with milk are a reputed poison for crickets and 
 cockroaches. An infusion of the rootstock (known as the root) in water, was long con- 
 sidered a specific in eruptive diseases of the skin. The tropical species of Nymphseacese 
 have wonderfully tinted blossoms of blue and crimson. An allusion to the near 
 alliance of these British Watei'-Lilies with the magnificent Water-Lily of the West — the 
 Victoria Regia, — whose flowers are often fifteen inches in diameter, and whose leaves 
 frequently measure six feet and a half across, may perhaps be excuscil. All lovers of 
 floral beauty should give themselves the treat of seeing these magnificent flowers in 
 the aquatic greenhouse at Kew, or in the Regent's Park Botanical Gardens, where, 
 in the season, they blossom in perfection. 
 
80 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 SPECIES II.— N U P H A R P U M I L A. Sm. 
 
 Plate LVI.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. VII. Xymph. Tab. LXV. Fig. 115. 
 N. lutea, var., Benth. Handbook Brit. F). p. 70. 
 N. miuima, Sm. Eug. Bot. ed. i. Ko. 2292. 
 
 Leaves broadly oval, with a deep sinus ; lobes diverging from 
 the petiole at least towards their tips. Petals oblong, spathulate. 
 Anthers less than twice as long as broad. Stigmatic disk lobed at 
 the edge, the lobes extending about one-third of the way to the 
 centre ; stigmatic rays extending to the extremity of the lobes of 
 the disk. 
 
 In lakes. Very rare. Ellesmere, in Shropshire ; Mugdoch 
 Loch, near Glasgow ; Loch of Menteith, near Stirling ; and a few 
 other small lochs in the East and West Highlands. 
 
 England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. 
 
 Similar to the last, especially to the variety 0. Eloating leaves 
 broadly oval, with a deep sinus, the edges of the lobes parallel at 
 the base, and diverging towards the tips. I have not seen British 
 specimens with submerged leaves ; Professor Babington describes 
 them as reniform ; in French specimens from Vosges they are very 
 shortly ovoid, or nearly circular, with the lobes diverging at an angle 
 of from 40 to 60 degrees. Petioles 2-edged. Elowers very similar 
 to those of variety ^ of the preceding species, 1^ to 1\ inch in 
 diameter, but the petals are narrower, and suddenly contracted 
 below, the anthers much shorter, then- length not being more than 
 once and a half their breadth, and the margin of the stigmatic disk 
 is scalloped. The stigmatic rays are only 8 or 10 in number, and 
 reach to the edge of the disk. 
 
 I have seen no British specimens of the variety ? vni\\ elongate 
 anthers (N. spennerianum. Gaud.), though it occurs both in Vosges 
 and in Lapland. My specimens from Vosges belong to the ordinary 
 form of N. pumila, so that both forms must exist in that district. 
 
 Least Water Lily. 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 2292, with the dissections corrected. 
 
PArAVEBACEiE. 81 
 
 ORDER IV.— PAPAVERACEJE. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, or (very rarely) shrubby plants, often 
 "with coloured milky juice. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers 
 perfect, regular or (in the Funiariese) irregular. Sepals 2 or 3, rarely 
 4, imbricated, very caducous. Petals 4 or G, rarely 8 or 12, hypo- 
 gynous, free, often corrugated, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, 
 indefinite, free, except in the Fumarieas, where they are definite, 
 with the filaments commonly united into 2 bundles. Ovary free, 
 1-celled, A^-ith parietal placenta?, which are sometimes nerve-like, 
 sometimes projecting inwards, sometimes even united in the centre, 
 so as to form a many-celled ovary ; and in a few cases 2 nerve-like 
 placentte are connected 1)y a spurious dissepiment, thus making a 
 2-celled ovary. Style short or absent ; stigmas equal in number to 
 the placentae, radiating on a disk to which they are adnate on the 
 summit of the ovary, or distinct. Ovules anatropous, ascending or 
 horizontal. Fruit a capsule, opening by pores or valves ; indehiscent 
 and 1-seedcd in some of the Fumariete. Seeds globose, or reniform- 
 ovoid. Embiyo minute, near the base of fleshy albumen containing 
 fixed oil. 
 
 Sub-Order L— PAPAVERI^. Linn. 
 Petals nearly alike. Stamens indefinite, free. 
 
 GENUS I.—P A P A V E R. Linn. 
 
 Sepals 2, rarely 3, herbaceous, very caducous, falling off wlien 
 the flower opens. Petals 4, crumpled in aestivation, caducous. 
 Stamens indefinite. Capsule globose, ovoid, or clavate, 1-cellcd, 
 with placentae projecting more or less into the interior, and forming 
 imperfect partitions. Stigmas 4 to 20, sessile, radiating upon a flat 
 or convex disk at the top of tlie capsule. Capsule ojiening by small 
 scale-like teeth underneath the edges of the expanded disk. Seeds 
 very numerous, punctured, without a strophiole. 
 
 Herbs, often glaucous, with white or pale yellowish sap. Leaves 
 often lobed or dissected. Flowers solitary, erect, drooping in bud, 
 the sepals falling off when the flower opens. 
 
 French, Favot. German, Jlokn. 
 
 The generic name is derived from papa, pap or thick milk, or jmppare, to eat of 
 pap. Tins m.iy have arisen either from the milky nature of the juice of the Poppy, or 
 
 M 
 
82 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 because it was at one time given to children in their pap, or footl, to make them sleep. 
 We are also told that the seeds, having a pleasant nutlike taste, and l)eing innocuuvis, 
 and without any soporific qualities, have been considered a good addition to the food of 
 children. 
 
 SPECIES I— PAP AVER SOMNIFERUM. Linn. 
 Plate LVII. 
 
 Leaves sinuated, lobed or toothed at the margins, the upper- 
 most ones amplexicaul ; filaments dilated towards the top. Capsule 
 smooth, globular or ovoid, stipitate. Stigmatic disk deeply lobed. 
 Lobes oblong, rounded, not contiguous. Stigmatic rays 8 to 15, 
 rather slender, not extending quite to the apices of the lobes of tho 
 disk. 
 
 Sub-Specie9 I.— Papaver hortense. iiusscnot. 
 
 Plate LVII. (A.)* 
 
 P. soraniferum, Jieich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Fa]). Tab. XVII. Fig. 44S1. 
 P. hortense, Ilussenol, Chard. Nanc. p. 39. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 58. 
 
 Godr. Fl. de Lorr. ed. i. Vol. I. p. 3G. 
 P. setigerum, Godr. Fl. de Lorr. ed. ii. Vol. I. p. 35. London Catalogue, No. 43 * 
 
 (non Z>. C.) 
 P. somniferura, var. nigrum, D. C. Fl. Fr. Vol. IV. p. 633. Brebisson, Fl. de la Nor- 
 
 mandie, ed. iii. p. 14. 
 P. somniferura, var. setigerum, Godr. Fl. de Lorr. ed. ii. Vol. I. p. 35. Coss. & Germ 
 
 Fl. des Environs de Paris, ed. ii. p. 93. 
 P. somniferum, Gmel. Bad. Als. Vol. II. p. 479. Boreau, Fl. du Cent, de la Fr. ed. iii 
 
 Vol. II p. 31. Lowe, Man. Fl. of Madeira, p. 11. 
 
 Capsule globular, stipitate, opening by minute valves or teeth 
 Rays of the stigmatic disk spreading nearly in one plane. Seeds 
 black, brown, or dark grey. 
 
 A weed in cornfields, and a straggler on waste places and 
 newly-turned soil. Local. Abundant in cornfields at Greenhithe, 
 Darenth, Cobham, and several other places in Kent, where it 
 seems as well established as the common red Poppies ; but this is 
 the only county where I have seen it iu the same places year after 
 year. Professor Babington mentions that in the Pens " P. som- 
 niferum " (by which I suppose the present plant is intended) is still 
 occasionally to be seen, the seeds having probably been buried for 
 many years, as the plant is stated to have been largely cultivated at 
 
 * The Plate is "P. somniferura," E. B. 2145, with a capsule (A) added by Mr. J. E. 
 Sowerby. 
 
PAPAVERACEyE. 83 
 
 a former period in that district. On tbe south coast it is frequently 
 met with, and occasionally a few plants may be seen in waste ground 
 to the north of Cambridge and Norfolk. 
 
 England. Annual. Late Summer. 
 
 Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, branched in the larger specimens. 
 Lower leaves oblanceolate, attenuated at the base ; upper leaves 
 lanceolate-oblong, amplexicaul, cordate at the base ; the margins 
 pinnatifidly lobed, or having large teeth, the extreme margin some- 
 what cartilaginous. Peduncles generally with stilF, spreading, 
 scattered hairs. Sepals quite smooth, falling off before the flower 
 is fully expanded, as is the case throughout the genus. Petals 4, 
 overlapping each other, the two outer much broader than the inner, 
 Avhich is also a character of general occurrence. In the Avild state the 
 flowers are from 3 to l inches across, white, tinged with j)ale lilac, with 
 a large, oblong, wedge-shaped, deep purple blotch at the base. Fila- 
 ments as long as the pistil, slender below, becoming broader towards 
 the toj), but again contracted below the anther. Pistil globular, 
 stipitate, the lobes of the stigmatic disk reflexed, the stigmatic rays 
 ])rominent, not reaching quite to the termination of the lobes. 
 Capsule globular, about 1 inch in diameter in full-sized examples, 
 distinctly stijntate, the stigmatic disk spreading horizontally ; the 
 lobes divided nearly half way to the centre ; teeth triangular, 
 leaving small openings, which allow the dark-coloured reniforni 
 seeds to escape. The seeds are very numerous, and are attached 
 to the imperfect partitions, Avhich reach about half way to the 
 centre of the capsule. AVhole plant smooth, with the exception of 
 the occasional i^resence of hairs on the peduncle, very glaucous, the 
 green colour of the plant being strongly obscured by a bluish-white 
 tinge. 
 
 In gardens this plant has red, purple, or maroon-coloured 
 flowers ; but I have never seen wild specimens with petals of those 
 colours. 
 
 Sub-Species II.— Papaver ofQcinale. Gmel. 
 
 Plate LVII. (B.)* 
 
 Reich. He. FI. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Fup. Tab. XVII. Fig. 4481. 
 
 Gmel. Bad. Als. Vol. II. p. 479. 
 
 P. soniniferuni, var. officinale, Coss. & Germ. Fl. des Eavirons de Paris, ed. ii. p. 93. 
 
 Brebisson, Fl. de la Normandie, ed. iii. p. 14. 
 P. somuiferum, var. macrocarpum, Coss. & Germ. Fl. des Euvirons de Paris, ed. i. p. 73. 
 P. somuiferum, var. album, D. C. Syst. Vol. II. p. 82. 
 P. soniiiifeniui, Gr. & Godr. FI. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 57. Godr. Fl. de Lorr. Vol. I. j). 31 
 
 London Catalogue, No. 43. 
 
 * A eapsule of this species is given in Plate LVII., from a drawing by Mr. J. K 
 Sowerliv. 
 
84 ENGLISH 130TANY. 
 
 Capsule ovoid, or iu tlie cultivated form globular-depressed, in- 
 dehiscent. Rays of tlie stigmatic disk spreading, slightly incurved 
 at the apex. Seeds white. 
 
 Occasionally found in waste places, but has no claim to be 
 considered even as naturalized. There is a specimen in the British 
 Museum from Battersea meadows, collected by the late Mr. E. 
 Eorster. Possibly some of the stations recorded for " P. somni- 
 fcrum " belong to P. officinale. 
 
 [England.] Annual. Late Summer. 
 
 Very similar to P. hortense, but larger in all its parts. Leaves 
 of a yellower green, much loss glaucous, and with the teeth closer 
 and smaller iu proportion to the size of the leaf and its lobes than 
 in that sub-species. Elowers 4 to 7 inches in diameter, pure white, 
 without any spot at the base of the petals. Capsule in this country 
 ovoid (even when raised from the seed of the foreign variety with 
 dej)ressed capsules), 2 to 3 inches long, more leathery in texture 
 than that of P. hortense. 
 
 Besides these two sub-species, P. somniferiim includes a third, 
 which occurs in the South of Europe, Madeira, etc. This is 
 P. setigerum (D. C. El. Er. Vol. V. p. 5S5 ; Gr. & Godr. El. de Er. 
 Vol. I. p. 38 ; and Lowe, Man. El. of Madeira, p. 11, where a very 
 excellent description of it is given). It diifers from the two prece- 
 ding sub-species in being dull smoky green, scarcely glaucous, with 
 many more stiff hairs on the peduncles, calyx, and leaves, and in the 
 capsule being oblong, pear-shaped, and scarcely stipitate. 
 
 Sleephem'ing Poppy, Garden J?oppy, White Poppy, 
 Opium Poptpy. 
 
 French, Pavot Somni/ere. German, Gartenmohn, Maysamen, Oehnagen. 
 
 The specific name Somniferum ia applied to this plant on account of its narcotic 
 pi'operties. There appears to be good reason to believe that of the two sub-species of 
 Papaver somuif'erura, P. hortense is the origin of the Garden Poppies, and P. officinale the 
 true cultivated Opium Poppy, which is but rai-ely met with wild in Great Britain. This 
 Poppy is valuable for its juice, which, when extracted and dried, forms opium ; and for its 
 capsules or seed-vessels, known as Poppy-heads. The whole of the plant, excepting the 
 seeds, partakes of the well-known narcotic properties, and abounds in a white milky j uice, 
 which has a heavy nauseous smell. The seeds seem to be innocuous, and have been used as 
 food. In Persia and some parts of Germany they are sprinkled over rice and wheaten 
 cakes, and are considered agreeable. They are also sent to table mixed with honey. This 
 appears to be a practice of great antiquity. Gerarde, quoting Galen, says, " This seed 
 is good to season bread with ; it is often used in comfits, served at the table with other 
 junketing dishes." Cage birds are largely fed on these seeds, under the name of maw 
 seeds. The largest quantity of the narcotic substance is yielded by the capsules of the 
 plant, and for this purpose it is chiefly cultivated, both in this and other countries. 
 
rAPAVEUACE.E. 85 
 
 When these are in the green state, and more especially when near mfiturity, they aljounil 
 in a thick white juice, which flows freely fi'oui incisions, and dries and hardens in the 
 air into a pale-brown, tough, adhesive substance. This is opium. The mode of 
 obtaining it seems to be nearly the same now as in the days of Dioscorides. At sunset 
 longitudinal incisions are made upon each half-ripe capsule, passing from below 
 upwards, and not penetrating to the internal cavity. The night dews favour the 
 exudation of the juice, which is collected in the morning by women and children, who 
 scrape it off the wounds with a small iron scoop, and deposit the whole in an earthen 
 pot, where it is worked by wooden spatules in the sunshine until it attains a consider- 
 able degree of thickness. It is then formed by the hand into cakes, laid in earthen 
 vessels, and covered with leaves. This method varies but little in whatever country 
 the o[)iuni may be collected. The finest opium of Asia Minor conies to us in very 
 small pieces, from the appeai-ance of which it is supposed that the original tears or 
 drippings of juice are allowed to dry without any manipulation. The culture of 
 Poppies in England, for the sake of their opium, is not, on the whole, an extensive or 
 profitable operation. The most satisfactory experiment of this kind was made by 
 Messrs. Cowley and Staines, in 1823, in Buckinghamshire, on a plot of 12 acres of land, 
 which yielded 196j30unds of very fine opium, or about 16 pounds per acre. This was 
 a remunerating produce at the time, but the great reduction which has since taken place 
 in the price of foreign opium would be fetal to such an undertaking now. There are 
 five kinds of opium, more or less known to druggists, namely, Turkey, Egyptian, East 
 Indian, European, and Persian opium. The two first are the sorts chiefly consumed in 
 this country. Opium was first analysed by M. Sertuerner, a Hanoverian chemist, 
 in 1812; and was demonstrated to consist of certain alkaloids and other principles, 
 the most important of which was Morphia. Until this time no vegetable alkaloid 
 liad been discovered, and the importance of Sertuerner's researches was speedily 
 recognised. So far as opium has been analysed by this chemist, and others since his 
 time, its essential constituents are three alkaloids — 1. Morphia; 2. Codeia; 3. Para- 
 morphia : and three neutral principles — i. Narcotin ; 5. Narcein ; 6. Meconin. The 
 alkaloids are combined with meconic and sulphuric acids ; but the great bulk of the 
 substance of opium is composed of gum, albumen, resin, oil, and caoutchouc. The presence 
 of this latter substance is indicated by the milky nature of the juice of the plant. The 
 various preparations of the active principles of opium give ample opportunity for the skill 
 of the chemist ; and in the Pharmacopceias of London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and other parts 
 of Europe we find many varieties prescribed. In its action opium varies, and is 
 modified by circumstances. From the earliest times it has been known as a powerful 
 narcotic agent, acting on the brain and producing a tendency to sleep. On this 
 account, chiefly, it has been used in medicine, either in its combined condition as pure 
 opium, or in the form of morphia, which exists in the proportion of one per cent, in all 
 good opium. To no other agent does man owe so deep a debt for the alleviation of his 
 pain and sorrow in disease as to this. It would be altogether impossible to mention 
 here the medicinal properties of opium. Suffice it to say, that while its primary action 
 seems to be to subdue the activity of the brain and produce sleep, it acts generally on 
 the nervous system. The sympathetic nerves, the nerves of motion and sensation, and 
 the spinal cord, are all alive to its action ; and where the oViject in the treatment of 
 disease is to diminish their activity, opium is employed. The actions and uses of mor- 
 phia closely resemble those of the crude drug; in some cases, however, where unpleasant 
 subsequent results accompany the administration of opium, the alkaloid is free from 
 like effects. We may readily imagine tiiat an agent possessing such power was not 
 likely to escape the tendency of mankind to employ us luxuries all substances affecting 
 
86 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 pleasurably the nervous system. In countries where the prevailing religion forbids 
 the use of alcohol, as in Turkey, it is in constant use as an indulgence, which, if once 
 permitted, is seldom or never abandoned. The Tuiks call it ajioni, and in the opium- 
 shops of Constantinople they take it in gi-aduated doses from 10 to 100 grains a day. 
 It is mixed with rich syrup and the inspissated juices of fruit, to render it more 
 palatable and less intoxicating. It is taken with a spoon, or made up into lozenges 
 stamped with the words Mash Allah, literally meaning the Work of God. It is also 
 smoked. The Tartar couriere, who travel great distances and with astonishing rapidity, 
 take little else to support them in their journeys. The pernicious practice of 
 habitually taking opium has gradually found its way throughout the East, and has 
 become the besetting sin of the Chinese. It impairs the digestive organs, and thus 
 undermines the vigour of the whole body ; gradually its effects are seen on the mental 
 energies. The memory soon fails ; the victim to this habit becomes prematurely old ; 
 and one of the greatest blessings, given to man to use in a time of necessity and pain, 
 is thus turned into a curse : frightful indeed are the sufferings of an opium-eater 
 after the action of his dose has subsided. In the well-known work entitled " Con- 
 fessions of an English Opium-Eater " is a vividly painful account of the fascination 
 which draws victims into habits of confirmed indulgence in opium intoxication. The 
 passive pleasurableness and languishing enjoyment, the almost ecstatic condition of the 
 opium-eater during the activity of his dose, are here wrought into a sort of romance, 
 which describes most graphically the irresistible nature of this pernicious indulgence. 
 It is indeed an agent which can 
 
 " Eaze out the written troubles of the brain, 
 And with a sweet oblivious antidote 
 Cleanse the full bosom of that perilous stuff 
 Which weighs upon the heart." 
 
 Knowing its power and its fascinations, all who from disease and necessity are com- 
 pelled to use it, do well to feel thankful for so beneficent a provision of Providence to allay 
 pain, and secure the greatest of all Nature's sweet restorers, "balmy sleep ;" but should 
 beware of being led into the abuse of so kindly a gift, not less to be dreaded in its 
 effects than the fumes of alcohol. It is related in mythological traditions, that some 
 prepared and flavoured infusion of opium administered to the sensual enjoyments and 
 debauchery of the denizens of Olympus. Milton alludes to such potations in "Comus :" — 
 
 " And first, behold this cordial julep here. 
 That flames and dances in the crystal bounds, 
 With spirits of balm and fragrant syrups mix'dj — 
 Not that Nepenthes, which the wife of Thon 
 In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena, 
 Is of such power to stir up joy as this." 
 
 The bright-growing flower and green leaves of the Poi)iiy plant, in the field or the 
 garden, would scarcely suggest the important properties, powerful both for good and 
 evil, contained in its sajj. Its hanging head and drooping unopened flowers, ai>]iearing 
 almost as though overcome with .sleep and lethargy themselves, have frequently been 
 noticed. Homer alludes to it : — 
 
 " As brilliant Poppies, overcharged with i-ain, 
 Recline their heads, and droop above the plain, 
 So sinks the youth." 
 
PAPAVERACEiE. 87 
 
 The silken tissue of the petals has been said by Theocritus to prove an index 
 to the state of a lover's affections ; thus : — 
 
 " By a prophetic Poppy-leaf I found 
 Your changed affection, for it gave no sound 
 Though in my hand struck hollow as it lay, 
 But quickly wither'd, like your love, away." 
 
 SPECIES II.— PAP AVER RHCEAS. Linn. 
 
 Plate LVIII.* 
 
 Leaves pinnatifld or bipinnatifid, none of tliem amplexicaul. 
 Outer pair of petals considerably broader than long, inner pair with 
 tlie length and breadth about equal. Filaments not dilated towards 
 the tip, as long as the pistil. Capside smooth, very little longer than 
 broad, cylindrical, with a hemispherical base, distinctly stipitate. 
 Stigmatic disk slightly conical, ultimately nearly flat, with short 
 rhomboidal lobes overlapping each other. Stigmatic rays 8 to 12, 
 slender, not extending quite to the apices of the lobes. 
 
 Var. a, vulgaris. 
 Rp.ich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XV. Fig. 4479. 
 
 Stems and peduncles hispid, with spreading hairs. 
 Var. 3, strigosum. Bonningh. 
 
 P. intermedium, " Becker," Reich. Ic. Fl. Gern^ et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XVI. 
 Fig. 4478. 
 
 Stem hispid, with spreading hairs. Peduncles strigose, with 
 adpressed hairs. 
 
 Cornfields, cultivated ground, and road-sides. A common weed 
 throughout the whole of England and the South of Scotland, where 
 Aberdeenshire is probably its northern limit ; but it is certainly of 
 rare occurrence beyond the Tay. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer and Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, branched. Root leaves narrowly 
 oblanceolate ; stem leaves lanceolate or oblong, all sessile, deeply 
 piriuatifid, with ascending lolies, and again toothed, lobes and seg- 
 
 The Plate is E. B. G45, with capsule and disk added by ]\Ir. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
88 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 ments terminating in a Imstle. Peduncles long, terminal, covered 
 with spreading (or in var. adpressed) stiff hairs. Sepals with 
 hairs similar to those of the peduncles. Flowers 3 to 4 inches 
 across. Petals bright scarlet, often having a dark purple spot at 
 the base, the outer pair nearly twice as broad as long. Anthers 
 nearly black. Capsule quite smooth, from ^ to f inch long. Whole 
 plant slightly glaucous, hairy. Hairs on the leaves shorter and 
 less stiff than those on the stem. 
 
 Common Bed Poppy, Corn Foppy, Corn Rose, Red Weed. 
 In Scotland : Head JFark, Bed Mailkes. 
 
 French, Pavot, Coquelicot. German, Klatsckmohn and Klapperrose. 
 
 The specific name is said to be derived from pova (rJioua), pomegi-anate, which the 
 capsule resembles; or from pea) (rlieo), I fall or flow, in allusion to its perishable flowers; 
 or from the fact that when bruised or pressed a red juice exudes from the petals. This 
 species of Poppy is considered narcotic, though its properties must be slight. From the 
 petals a syrup is made, which is extensively used for colouring medicines. Oil of Poppies 
 has been drawn from the seeds. Gerarde records that in his day it was considered 
 pleasant, and " delightful to be eaten." From the bright-coloured petals of this plant an 
 ingenious little insect, the Drapery Bee (Megachile jiapaveris), chooses the hangings of her 
 apartment. She dexterously cuts out the petals of the half-expanded flowers, strengthens 
 the folds, and fits them for her purpose, overhanging the walls of her cell with this 
 splendid tapestry, in wliich, when complete, she deposits her honey. In classic lore 
 the Corn Poppy has long been held sacred to Ceres ; as it is, however, by no means a 
 welcome guest in the fields dedicated to her service, we may regard it rather as a sacri- 
 fice required by her from her worshippers, than as an offering to be encouraged, 
 excepting in the sense that the eradication of weeds, of whatever kind, found intruding 
 in the crops, and detracting from their value, must be a labour worthy of all true 
 disciples of the agricultural goddess. 
 
 SPECIES III.— PAP AVER DUBIUM. Linn. 
 Plates LIX. LX. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid, none of them amplesicaul. Outer pair of petals 
 a little broader than long, imier pair with the length and breadth 
 about equal. Pilaments not dilated towards the tip, shorter than 
 the pistil. Capsule smooth, at least twice as long as broad, cyliu- 
 drical-clavate, attenuate towards the base, and scarcely stipitate. 
 Stigmatic disk convex-conical, slightly crenately lobed, the lobes 
 not overlapping each other ; stigmatic rays 1 to 12, slender, not 
 extending quite to the apices of the lobes. 
 
PAPAVERACEiE. 89 
 
 Sub-Species I.— Papaver Lamottei. B(yr. 
 
 Plate LIX.* 
 
 P. Iffivigatiim, « M. B.," Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XVI. 
 
 Fig. 4478 B? 
 P. dubium, Lamolte, in " Mem. AcaJemie de Clermont, 1851." Boreau, Fl. du Centre dft 
 
 la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 30. Bab. Fl. of Cambridge, Appendix, p. 301 ; and Man. 
 
 Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 15. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid, with short, distant, abrujitly acuminated 
 lobes ; lobes entire, or again pinnatifid. Capsule elongate-clavate, 
 narrowing downwards from close to the summit to the base. Stig- 
 matic disk with the lobes not folded over the sides of the capsule. 
 Milk-sap white. 
 
 Cornfields, cultivated ground, and roadsides. A common weed 
 throughout Britain, more frequent in Scotland than P. Rhoeas, 
 and reaching even to the Orkney and Shetland Islands. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Very similar to P. Ehoeas in size and general aspect, but the 
 lobes of the leaves are usually shorter and more abruptly pointed. 
 The peduncles have the hairs always adpressed. The flowers are 
 smaller, from 2^ to 3 inches in diameter, the petals not so broad, 
 even the outer pair having the bi'eadtli not much greater than the 
 length, and never more than once and a half broader than long ; 
 tlie scarlet colour also is much paler than that of P. Rhoeas. Pistils 
 longer than the stamens. The capsule is often 1 inch long, three or 
 four times as long as broad, with the lobes of the disk rounded, 
 much shallower than in P. Hho^as, and not overlapping at the 
 edges. Stigmatic rays not quite reaching the termination of the 
 lobes. The base of the capsule is ob-conical, not suddenly con- 
 tracted above the torus as in P. Pihoeas, so that it cannot be termed 
 stipitate. 
 
 The figure of P. laevigatum, quoted above from Reichenbach, 
 appeals to be a smooth variety of P. Lamottei, although the flower is 
 coloured lake-red, which is never the case in the present plant ; but 
 the colouring of the plates in lleichenbach's Papaveraceae is often 
 extremely incorrect ; P. hybridum, for example, being represented 
 with scarlet petals instead of crimson, and the anthers of P. Rhoeas 
 and dubium being coloured yellow, while they are always purple, 
 dark brown, or black. 
 
 * The Plate is " P. dubium," E. B. G44, with capsule added by Mr. J. E 
 Sowerby. 
 
 N 
 
90 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 Sub Species II.— Papaver Lecoqii. Lamotte. 
 
 Plate LX.* 
 
 P. dnbiura, Eelrh. Tc. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XV. Fig. 4-177? 
 
 P. Lecoqii, Lamotle, in "Mem. Acadcmie de Clermont, 18-51." Boreau, Fl. d\i Centre 
 
 de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. 11. p. 30 ? Bah. Fl. of Cambridge, Appendix, p. 300 ; and 
 
 Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 1.5 ? 
 
 Leaves deeply pinnatifid, with ratlier long, distant, acuminated 
 lobes ; lobes entire, or again pinnatifid. Capsule oblong-clavate, 
 narrowing downwards from about a third below the summit to the 
 base. Stigmatic di.sk with the lobes folded down over the sides of 
 Ihe capsule. " Sap turning dark yellow (ochraccous) in the air." 
 (Bab.) 
 
 Apparently much more local tlian P. Lamottei, and preferring 
 a calcareous soil. Abundant about Cambridge and Saffron Walden, 
 Essex ; reported from the Isle of "Wight by Mr. A. G. More. The 
 E.ev. W. AV. Newbould has seen a plant from Wiltshire, collected 
 by Mr. "Woodward, which he refers to the present form, and also 
 examjoles from Hertfordshire. I possess a specimen collected by 
 myself from St. Margaret's Bay, Kent ; and it is highly probable 
 that it will be detected in other localities when it becomes better 
 
 known. t 
 
 England. Annual. Summer. 
 
 This plant closely resembles P. Lamottei, but has the leaves 
 more deeply pinnatifid, or rather the lobes are longer, and the 
 undivided portion on each side of the primary midrib is narrower. 
 Tlie lobes, which are entire or again pinnatifid, are less abruptly 
 acuminate than in that plant. The flowers, according to Professor 
 Babington, are of a deeper scarlet, and the milk-sap becomes yellow 
 when exposed to the air. The petals are deltoid, sub-orbicular, 
 narrower and more attenuated at the base than in P. Lamottei, and 
 the capsule is considerably shorter in proportion to its breadth, the 
 attenuation commences at a greater distance from the top, and the 
 base is not truly conical, but very narrowly ellipsoidal, and there 
 
 * The drawing is from a Cambridgeshire specimen, by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
 + These localities give no just idea of the distribution of this plant. It is when 
 the Botanist has to treat of such that he comes to appreciate the great service Mr. Hewett 
 C. Watson has rendered to British Botany by the production of his "Cybele Britannica," 
 in which he has given all the known details of the distribution of British ]ilants, and so 
 pointed out the actual range of each species. Mr. Watson has not only collected records, 
 but what is equally necessary, sifted them so as to distinguish those wliich may be relied 
 on from those which are doubtful or erroneous. Almost all the information given ou 
 this subject in the present work has been taken from Mr. Watson's " Cybele." 
 
PAP AVERAGES. 91 
 
 is a 2:roatov contraction above the torus, so tliat we have a nearer 
 approach to the stipitatc capsule whicli exists in P. Rhoeas. The 
 stigiuatic disk is curiously bent over at the edge instead of project- 
 ing outwards all round, and the stigmatic rays reach almost to the 
 end of the lol)es (which are slightly deeper than in P. Lamottei), 
 but do not extend quite to the end in any of the specimens I have 
 seen. 
 
 I have followed Professor Babington in the nomenclature of this 
 plant. He founds his opinion " on the statement of M. Crepin that 
 P. Lecoqii is the only species in which the sap turns yellow\" On 
 the other hand, P. Lecoqii is described as having the stigmatic rays 
 reaching quite to the edge of the disk. The Cambridge plant agrees 
 well with specimens of P. modestum published in Billot's " Flora 
 Gallite et Germanise Exsiccata," Tso. 2610 ; but Jordan says nothing 
 about the colour of the sap, nor whether the ends of the lobes of the 
 disk are bent down or projecting ; at the same time he designates 
 it as widely different from P. Lecoqii. The convexity of the disk, the 
 greyish flesh colour of the seeds, and the lobes of the leaf segments 
 being nearly entire, upon which M. Jordan appears to lay stress 
 in his specific description of P. modestum, are characters upon 
 which no dependence can be placed ; they all occasionally occur in 
 P. Lamottei, in which the capsule at last becomes fiat at the top, 
 and the seeds are usually simply grey. It wall require a comparison 
 of authentic specimens before this point can be fully cleared up. 
 
 Eeichenbach's figure of P. dubium resembles P. Lecoqii in the 
 leaves and form of the capsule, but the stigmatic disk is not bent 
 down at the edges ; it is, however, evidently carelessly drawn, as it 
 bears no resemblance to the disk of that or any other species of the 
 genus. 
 
 Long Smootli-Jicaded Toppy. 
 
 Its Latin specific name " dubiutu," siguifies the doubtful nature of its distinctions 
 to sujierficial observers. 
 
 SPECIES IV.— PAP AVER ARGEMONE. Linn. 
 
 Plate LXI.* 
 Rdch. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Paj}. Tab. XIV. Fig. 4475. 
 
 Leaves very deeply hi- or tri-pinnatifid, none of them amplexicaul. 
 All the petals longer than broad. Filaments much dilated towards 
 the top, nearly as long as the pistil. Capsule elongate, cylindrical- 
 clavate, attenuated towards the base, not stipitate, with scattered, 
 incurved, ascending bristly spines. Stigmatic disk convex, not 
 lobed. Stigmatic rays 4 to 6, very thick and prominent, extending 
 to or beyond the edge of the disk. 
 
 • Tlie Plate is E. B. 643, witli disicctinus added by Jlr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
92 ENGLISH EOTANT. 
 
 Cornfields, roadsides, and waste places, &c. A rather common 
 weed, preferring a sandy or gravelly soil. As generally distributed 
 as P. dubium, but less abundant. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Stem 6 to 18 inclies high, little branched except at the base, from 
 which several stems usually arise, which are decumbent below, and 
 then erect. Radical leaves stalked, deeply pinnatifid, with distant 
 spreading lobes, which are again pinnatilid, the ultimate segments 
 suddenly acuminate, and terminating in a bristle as in P. Elioeas 
 and P. dubium. Stem leaves sessile, sub-ternate, bi- or tri-pinnatifid, 
 with longer and more slender segments than in the radical leaves. 
 Peduncles with adpi'cssed hairs. Calyx with scattered hairs similar 
 to those on the peduncle. Plowers 2 to 2^ inches across. Petals 
 obovate-wcdge-shaped, not contiguous when fully expanded, light 
 scarlet, with the base dark purple, nearly black. Eilaments dilated, 
 oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, purplish black, terminating in 
 a white point on which the blue anther lobes are situated. 
 Capsule f to 1 inch long, four or five times as long as broad, 
 with very prominent longitudinal lines, indicating the situa- 
 tion of the placentae, and a greater or less number of curved, 
 ascending, bristly hairs, most numerous towards the top. Stigmatic 
 disk with A'ery thick prominent rays, curved downwards at the ends, 
 and often projecting beyond tlie disk itself. Whole plant green, 
 not glaucous, more or less hairy, especially at the base of tlie stem, 
 and on the petioles and midribs of the radical leaves, where the 
 hairs are usually spreading, though on the rest af the plant they 
 are adpressed. 
 
 This is the smallest and most elegant of the British Poppies. 
 Withering describes as a species, under the name of P. maritimum, 
 a starved state of this plant bearing only a single flower and not 
 above 4 inches high. 
 
 Louf) Frickly -headed Foppy. 
 
 The specific name is probably derived from argemon, cataract, a disease of tlie 
 lens of the eye, for which an infusion of this plant was considered a cure, and jiossibly its 
 emollient power did alia)' inflamniatiou. 
 
 SPECIES v.— P APAVEE, HYBRIDUM. Linn. 
 
 Plate LXIL* 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. rap. Tab. XIV. Fig. 447G. 
 
 Leaves very deeply bi- or tri-pinnatifid, none of them amplexicaul. 
 Petals nearly as broad as long. Filaments much dilated towards the 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 43, with fruit and dissections added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
PAPAVEEACE/E. 93 
 
 tip, rather shorter than the pistil. Capsule shortly ovoid, attenuated 
 toAvards the hase and apex, not stipitate, Avith numerous incurved, 
 sprcading-ascending, hristly spines. Stigmatic disk convex, scarcely 
 lohed. Stigmatic rays i to 8, very thick and prominent, extending 
 to or beyond the edge of the disk. 
 
 Cornfields, waste places, local, preferring chalky or sandy soil. 
 Occurs in a good many of the English counties, but does not extend 
 to Scotland. 
 
 England, Ireland. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Stem 1 to 2 feet high, ei*ect, solitary, or several from the same 
 root, generally branclied above. Leaves very similar to those of 
 P. Argemone, except that the radical leaves are sometimes tri-pinna- 
 tifid, and the outline of all is considerably broader. The stem leaves 
 are more decidedly ternate in the arrangement of the primaiy 
 divisions. Peduncles strigose, with adpressed hairs. Sepals very 
 bristly. Flowers 1^ to 2 inches in diameter. Petals roundish, 
 very fugacious, crimson, with a purplish-black spot at the base. 
 Stamens similar to those of P. Argemone. Capsule about ^ 
 inch long, regularly oval-ovoid or sub-globose, the nerves which 
 on the exterior mark the placentfe not at all prominent, but the 
 whole of the space between them bulges outwards, so that the capsule 
 becomes slightly lobed. Bristles far more numerous, rigid, and 
 spreading than in P. Ai'gemone. Stigmatic disk much smaller in 
 proportion, but otherwise resembling that of the last-named species. 
 Tlie whole plant rather dull green, slightly hairy, with the hairs 
 on the lower part of the stem soft and spreading. The petals fall 
 olf about noon. 
 
 Bound Prickly -headed Toppy, Mongrel Foppy. 
 
 GENUS II— M E C O N O P S I S. Vig. 
 
 Sepals 2, herbaceous, very caducous, falling off when the flower 
 opens. Petals 4, crumpled in aestivation, caducous. Stamens 
 indefinite. Capsule elliptical-oblong, 1-celled, with placentae pro- 
 jecting slightly into the interior and forming imperfect partitions, 
 contracted above into a short style, at the top of which there are 
 4 to G radiating, free, dcflexed stigmatic rays, and opening at the 
 top by as many short triangular valves as there are stigmatic rays. 
 Seeds numerous, punctured, with or without a strophiole. 
 
 Perennial, or rarely annual herbs, with yellowish milk-sap. 
 Habit very similar to that of the genus Papaver. 
 
 The generic Dame of this plant cooies from /aiikwi' (inekoii), a Popjiy, and o\^ir 
 (ppsis), a likeness or reseinbiauce. 
 
94 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 SPECIES I.— ME CONOPSIS CAMBRICA. Vig. 
 
 Plate LXIIL* 
 
 Papaver Cambricum, Lmn. Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 12; and Eng. Bot. eil. i. No. 66. 
 
 Stem with several flowers. Leaves stalked, piunately divided, 
 almost pinnate, with ovate-acute lohed or pinnatifid segments. 
 
 In moist, rocky, and shady places. Local, and apparently 
 confined to the west side of England. Wild in the counties of 
 Cornwall, Glamorgan, Brecknock, Montgomery, Merioneth, Car- 
 narvon ; more doubtfully so in Denbighsliire, Yorkshire, West- 
 moreland, Cuml)erland, and Dumfries. Introduced in Edinburgh, 
 Kinross, Aberdeen, and Moray. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Kootstock brown, scaly, with short branches. Stem 1 to 2 
 feet high, bearing a few leaves, which are also produced, in greater 
 abundance, from the base. Leaves stalked, very deeply pinnately 
 partite, with 2 to 4 pairs of segments and a terminal one joined 
 together at the base by only a very narrow wing on each side of 
 the midrib ; leaflets much narrowed at the base, with a few lobes 
 or large blunt teeth on each side, terminal leaflet often 3-cleft. 
 Pedu^ncles terminating the stem and branches, and sometimes 
 produced from the axils of the upper leaves, 6 to 8 inches long, 
 bearing a bright yellow flower 2^ to 3 inches in diameter. 
 Buds nodding. Sepals with scattered flexuous hairs. Petals 
 roundish, concave. Style about xo inch long, tei'minated by 
 a small button formed by 4 to 6 radiating stigmas. Capsule 1 to 
 l^ inch long, very dark brown when ripe, with 4 to 6 prominent 
 ribs ; valves 4 to 6, opening in the spaces between the ribs and 
 becoming reflexed, scarcely one-fourth the length of the capsule. 
 Plant nearly glabrous, except at the base of the stems where there 
 are scattered woolly hairs. Eoliage tender pale green, slightly 
 glaucous. Sap lemon-coloured. 
 
 Welsh Fojypy, Yellow Poppy. 
 
 Frencli, Meconopside de Galles. 
 
 The specific name Cambrica indicates its native country Wales, where it is plentifully 
 found. Its yellow flowers are handsome, and worth introducing into shrubberies, but in 
 the flower garden it would be rivalled too successfully by the Eschscholtzia, which w 
 neater and equally showy. The rapidity with which the Poppies open their sepals and 
 allow the petals to expand has been remarked by Dr. Withering, and is worthy of observa- 
 tion by all lovers of nature. The entomologist considers the birth of the butterfly, and its 
 immediate perfection, as a curious and pleasing phenomenon, but it is equalled in the 
 
 The Phite is E. B. 06, unaltered. 
 
PAP.VVERACE^. 95 
 
 vesetaWc world by tlie sudden springing into life of the brilliant Poppy flower. Slio lies 
 concealed and carefully folded in her sea-green mantle until her full maturity arrives. 
 Then the warm rays of the sun i>iercing her covering, she bursts forth, casts her 
 rejected mantle from her, her silken drapery loses its wrinkled folds, and she appears 
 at once a splendid and richly-dressed inhabitant of the flower garden, while we are 
 wondering how so small a cell should have confined so much magnificence. Her beauty 
 is, however, as evanescent as its appearance was sudden. Like the butterfly's wing, 
 such transparent tissue and vivid colours were not made to brave the winds and storms 
 of life,— 
 
 " For pleasures are like poppies spread. 
 
 You seize the flower, its bloom is shed ; 
 
 Or like the snow, falls on the river — 
 
 A moment white, then melts for ever ; 
 
 Or like the borealis race. 
 
 That flit ere you can point their place; 
 
 Or like the rainbow's lovely form, 
 
 Evanishing amid the storm." 
 
 gi;nus iii.—r e m e r I a. d. c 
 
 Sepals 2, herbaceous, very caducous, falling off when the flower 
 opens. Petals 4, crumpled in sestivation, caducous. Stamens inde- 
 finite. Capsule elongate-linear, resembling a siliqua, 1-celled, with 
 the placentae nervelike, projecting into the interior of the fruit, 
 terminated by the sessile stigma of 2 to 4 (usually 3) deflexed, free 
 rays or lobes, and opening from the summit to the base by as many 
 valves as there are stigmatic rays. Seeds numerous, punctured, 
 without a strophiole. 
 
 Annual herbs Avith dissected leaves and much of the habit of 
 the genus Papaver. 
 
 The genus is named after J. I. Eiimer, late Professor of Botany at Landshut. 
 
 SPECIES I— ROEfflERIA HYBRIDA. 
 
 Plate LXIV.* 
 
 Chelidonium hybriduni, Limi. Sp. PI. p. 724. ^Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 201. 
 
 Glaucium hybriduni, Lois. Fl. Gall. Vol. I. p. 376. 
 
 Glauciuni violaoeum, Juss. Genera, 236. Sm. Eng. Fl. VoL III. p. 7. 
 
 Leaves thrice pinnatifid, the ultimate segments strap-shaped or 
 linear. Capsule 3-valved, with a few bristly spines towards the top. 
 
 In cornfields and chalk-pits. A very rare weed, occurring 
 between Swaffham Prior and Burwell, Cambridgeshire, and also 
 reported from Norfolk. 
 
 England. Annual. Summer. 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 201, with apex of capsule added by I\Ir. J. K Sowerby. 
 
96 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 Stem erect, branched. Radical leaves stalked, pinnatifid or bi- 
 pinnatifid. Stem leaves sessile, thrice pinnatitld, with a tendency 
 to be ternate, segments very narrow. Pedmicles terminating 
 the stem and branches sliglitly cm-ved, 2 to 4 inches long, beai*- 
 ing a single flower 2 to 2i inches in diameter. Buds nodding. 
 Sepals with a very few woolly hairs. Petals roundish-obovate, 
 violet-purple, with a large dark spot at the base. Capsule linear, 
 cylindrical, 2^ to 3 inches long, Avith a few bristly hairs. Plant 
 smooth, or slightly hairy, the leaves dark green, and somewhat 
 resembling those of Papaver hybridum; the segments as in that 
 plant terminating in short bristles and the flowers very soon losing 
 their petals. 
 
 Violet Horn Poppy. 
 
 GENUS IV.— G L A U C I U M. Tournef. 
 
 Sepals 2, herbaceous, very caducous, falling off when the flower 
 opens. Petals 4, convolute in aestivation, caducous. Stamens 
 indefinite. Capsule elongate-linear, resembling a siliqua, 2-celled 
 from the presence of a spongy spurious dissepiment which unites 
 the 2 nervelike placentae, and opening from the summit to the 
 base by 2 valves. Style very short. Stigma sub-mitriform, with 
 2 deflesed lobes. Seeds punctured, without a strophiole, half 
 immersed in the spurious dissepiment. 
 
 Annual or biennial glaucous herbs, with large showy flowers 
 and very long pod-like capsules. Buds erect. 
 
 The uame Glaucium comes from the word glaucus, sea-green, in allusion to the 
 
 colour of its leaves. 
 
 SPECIES I.-GL AUG lUm CORNICULATUM. Curt. 
 
 Plate LXV.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XII. Fig. 4471 ; and G. rubrum, 
 
 Tab. XI. Fig. 4470. 
 Chelidouium corniculatum, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 724. 
 Glaucium Phrenicium, Crantz. Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 1 ; and Eng. Bot. No. 1433. 
 
 Stem hairy. Stem leaves semi-amplexicaul, deeply pinnatifid. 
 Pod hairy, terminated by the large deflexed stigmatic lobes. 
 
 It has been rej^orted to occur in the county of Norfolk and in 
 
 the Isle of Portland, and occasionally a specimen appears as an 
 
 escape from cultivation, but it cannot claim to be even a naturalized 
 
 plant. 
 
 [England.] Annual. Summer. 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 1433, unaltered. 
 
rAPAVERACE.E. 97 
 
 Slom erect, 1 to 2 foot liigli, branched. Radical loaves very 
 deeply pinuatitid, sub-lyrate ; segments rather distant, nearly at 
 right angles witli tlie jietiole, sharply toothed ; stem leaves nincli 
 less deeply piunatilid, witli the segments pointing towards tlic end 
 of the leaf, remotely serrate. Peduncles very short, terminating 
 tlie stem and branches. Buds tapering to a point. Sepals witli 
 numerous soft hairs. Flowers li to 2 inches in diameter. Petals 
 bright scarlet with a black spot at the base, the outer pair sub- 
 rotund, the inner ones obovate. Pod 7 to 9 inches long, slightly 
 curved, sub-cylindrical, covered with weak ascending hairs. Stigma 
 very large, three or four times the diameter of the top of the pod, 
 with the lobes defiexed. Plant more or less hairy, particularly on 
 the stems, where the hairs are spreading, pale green, glaucous. 
 
 Med Rom 'Poypy. 
 
 Freiicli, Glauclere Cornue. 
 
 SPECIES IT.— GLAUCIUM LUTEUM. Scop 
 Plate LXVI.* 
 Ji'ekh. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IH. Pap. Tab. XI. Fis. 44GS 
 Chelidonium glaucium, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 734. Sin. Eug. But. No. 8. 
 Glaucium flavum, Craniz. 
 
 Stem leaves amplexicaul, pinnatifid. Pod without hairs, ter- 
 minated by the small spreading stigmatic lobes. 
 
 On shingly and sandy seashores. Common in England, but rare 
 in Scotland, where the shores of the Forth and Clyde apjjear to be 
 its northern limit. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Perennial. 
 Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Root and rootstoek almost woody, the latter clothed Avith tlie 
 blackened remains of decayed leafstalks. Stem erect or ascending, 
 much branched, 1 to 3 feet high. Radical leav(>s numerous, deeply 
 pinnatifid, sub-lyrate with the segments bent so as to be in a dif- 
 ferent plane from the petiole, the lower edge of each lobe directed 
 upwauds. Stem leaves pinnatifid, with approximate segments, 
 which in the upper leaves are often reduced to very large triangular 
 teeth or lobes. Peduncles very short, glabrous. Buds tapering, 
 slightly twisted, Avith a very few hairs. Flowers 2i to 3^ inches in 
 diameter, petals deep rich ycdlow, concolorous or occasionally with a 
 slightly darker mark at the base, the outer pair transversely oval, 
 the inner ones invei'sely deltoid, sub-rotund. Pod cui'ved, often 
 nearly a foot long, with minute tubercles, but no hairs. Stigma 
 
 • Tlie i'kte is E. B. 8. 
 
98 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 scarcely twice the diameter of the apex of the pod, with the lohes 
 spreading. Valves of the pod splitting from the summit down- 
 wards, and leaving the spongy dissepiment and stigma attached to 
 the placentae. AV'hole plant very glaucous, the leaves rather 
 thick, and having minute hairs on their surface. The radical 
 leaves of the first year often white from the number of these hairs, 
 Stem smooth. Milk sap pale orange-colour, Avith a heavy disagree- 
 able odour. 
 
 Yellow IIo7'n 'Poppy, Squats (of the Portland Islanders). 
 
 Frencli, Glaucicre Jaime. German, Gcliornte ScliOUkraut, Gelhe Uormnohn. 
 
 Luteum signifies pale yellow. Tliis is pei-haps the most striking and remark- 
 able of our sea-shore plants, and cannot fail to arrest attention where so little 
 vegetation floiirishes. With our notice of this pretty plant it may not be uninteresting 
 to recall the historj' of Glaucus, whose name it bears. He was, according to a 
 mythological tradition, the son of Neptune and a sea-nyuipl), but lived upon the shore. 
 His parentage had some influence on his habits, and he was fond of fishing. 
 One day, having been successful in his sport, he laid his scaly cajitives on a neigh- 
 bouring marsh, when to his great surprise they began to nibble the green grass, and 
 then — 
 
 " Sudden darting o'er the verdant plain. 
 They spread their fins as in their native main. 
 He paused with wonder struck, while all his prey 
 Left their new master and regained the sea." 
 
 Amazed at what he saw, Glaucus resolved to try the power of the herbage in his own 
 pei-son : no sooner had he bitten it than his hereditary aquatic propensities seized hiui, 
 and into the ocean he leaped : — 
 
 " Farewell for ever, farewell, land, I said. 
 And plunged amid the waves my sinking head ; 
 The gentle powers who low that em[iire keep 
 Received me as a brother of the deep.'' 
 
 For his faith and courage Glaucus was admitted among th-e sea-gods. In their domain 
 he still shows his royal descent by wearing a golden robe ; and yet from old affection 
 high above it he bears his favourite long and curved fishing-rod, with its point bent, 
 as if a captive fish ever strained it. Glaucus never goes far out to sea, but I'ather 
 fi'equents the shores and the cliffs ; for Scylla, whom he loved, was turned into a 
 rock with howling waves around her, and his faithfulness retains him still close to 
 her side. The Horned Poppy has no recognised active properties. Nevertheless the 
 chemists have discovered two alkaloids in its structure. Glaucine is found in the 
 leaves and stem, and forms, with acids, salts which have a bitter and acrid taste. 
 Glaucopicrine, the other, is found in the roots, and also forms with acids bitter and 
 nauseous salts. 
 
PAPAVERACE^. 99 
 
 GI:NUS r.— CHS lido NIUM. Zmn. 
 
 Sepals 2, sub-petaloid, caducous. Petals 4, convolute in sesti- 
 vation, caducous. Stamens indeiinitc. Capsule linear, resembling 
 a siliqua, 1-celled, without a dissepiment, opening by 2 valves, 
 wliicli detach themselves from the nervelike placentae beginning at 
 the base. Style very short. Stigmas 2, oblique, with 2 spreading 
 lobes. Seeds witb the raphe furnished with a fleshy crest. 
 
 A brittle herbaceous perennial, with orange-coloured juice. 
 Leaves pinnipartite. Flowers small, yellow, in simple umbels. 
 
 The generic name comes from ^fXicoir (kelidon), a swallow, because, says an old 
 writer, " it begiiineth to spring and flower at the coming of the swallows, and withers 
 at their return." 
 
 SPECIES I.— C HELIDONIUM MAJUS. Linn. 
 Plate LXVIL* 
 
 Leaves pinnatipartite, with stalked or sessile segments. 
 
 Var. a, vulgaris. 
 
 Plate LXVIL (A.) 
 
 C. mnjns, Mill. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IIL Pap. Tab. X. Fig. 4466. 
 Boreim, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. I. p. 32. 
 
 Leaflets slightly lobed or doubly crenate. Petals entire. 
 
 ? Var. 3, laciniatum. t 
 
 Plate LXVIL (B.) 
 
 C. laciniatum. Mill. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IIL Pap. Tab. X. Fig. 4467. 
 Bureau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. I. p. 32. 
 
 Segments pinnatifiid, with narrow cut lobes. Petals generally 
 cut into narrow segments at the apex. 
 
 IS'ot uncommon in hedges and on roadsides ; but probably only 
 natuijalized. Yar. 3 very rare, said by Dillcnius to have been 
 found at Wimbledon, Surrey, by Mr. Martyn, and still occasionally 
 occurring as an escape from cultivation. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer 
 to Autumn. 
 
 Ptoot thick and fleshy, terminating in a rhizome clothed with 
 
 * This Plate is re-drawn, with curreotious, by Mr. J. E. Sowcrby, from E. B. 1581. 
 Var. ;3 added in a corner. 
 
 + Possibly a distinct sub-species. 
 
100 EXGLISH BOTAXY. 
 
 the bases of decayed leaves. Stems erect, 1^ to 3 feet liia:li, swel- 
 ling at the base of each internode. Leaves deeply pimiipartite, 
 appearing' almost pinnate, with 5 to 7 oval or oblong leaflets, 1 to 2 
 inches long ; in vav. 3 much narrower than in the common form, 
 and ii'regulai'ly cut, while in var. a they are generally doubly 
 crenate ; tlie terminal leaflet commonly 3-eleft ; the latei-al ones 
 usually with a stalklike portion at the base, from the lower side of 
 which a lobe is developed, looking like a stipule to the segment, 
 the basal leaflets are commonly without this appendage. Peduncles 
 terminating the stem and branches. Flowers f to 1 inch in 
 diameter, on slender pedicels, 4 to 8 together, in umbels surrpunded 
 by an involucre of small bracts. Sepals greenish yellow, more or 
 less hairy. Petals broadly obovate, bright yellow, entire in var. a ; 
 narrower and cut into a few narrow segments in var. 3. Pods about 
 1^ inch long, beaded, readily splitting if touched when ripe. Seeds 
 small, black, with a white crest. Whole plant pale yellowish green, 
 slightly glaucous and hairy. Stem and leaves very brittle. Milk-sap 
 bright orange, very abundant. 
 
 Common Celandine, Swalloio JVo7't. 
 
 French, CMlidoine £claire. German, Das Gemeine SchoUkraut, Goldimtrz, Gilbkravt, 
 iSchivalbenkraut. 
 
 Pliny writes that " with this herb the swallows restore sight to their young 
 ones when they cannot see." Our old friend Gerarde says " this is vain and false," 
 — with which decision we are inclined to agree. Still he cannot entirely give up 
 some fancied benefit to be received from this plant by man, if not by birds, for he 
 writes : " The juice of the herbe is good to sharpen the sight, for it cleanseth and 
 consumeth away slimie things that cleave about the ball of the eye, and hinder the 
 sight, and especially being boiled with hony in a brasen vessell, as Dioscorides 
 teacheth." The acrimonious yellow milk of this plant will, like many other vegetable 
 exudations, destroy the vitality of warts, and it was at one time frequently used in this 
 way. The old alchemic doctors, reasoning that " like cures like," held th.at it was 
 good to "superstifle the jaundice," because of its intense yellow colour. This plant 
 contains two alkaloids, chelidonine and chelerytherine, which form salts with acids. 
 The latter is naixotic and poisonous. The Chelidonium majus is undoubtedly the true 
 Celandine, although poets have given that name to the Ranunculus Ficaria, or Figwort, 
 which lacks anything like a fanciful or pretty designation itself the which to weave 
 into a sung. 
 
 Sub-Order II.— PUMARIE.E. 
 
 Outer petals quite unlike the inner ones. Stamens definite, 6 in 
 niunber, united by the filaments into 2 bundles consisting each of 
 3 stamens, of which the lateral ones have a 1-celled, and the 
 intermediate one a 2-celled anther. 
 
 The above definition excludes the ITypecoum, which, notwith- 
 standing the definite stamens, is much nearer to Papavei'ese than 
 to any of the genera of Pumaricie. 
 
PArAVKUACEJD. 10] 
 
 GENUS ri.—C O R Y D A L I S. J). C. 
 
 Sepals 2, cjenorally scale-like or petaloid, deciduous. Corolla 
 narrow, appearing 2-lippcd. Petals 4, connivent, the superior one 
 uith a spur or protuberance at the base, the lower one without a 
 spur ; inner petals narrow, cohering at the tips. Stamens 6, in 
 two bundles, opposite the exterior petals. Filament of the upper 
 bundle of stamens having often a basal appendage directed back- 
 wards and included in the spur of the superior petal. Capsule 
 resembling a siliqua, 2-Talved, with 2 permanent nervelike pla- 
 centaj. Seeds more than one, lenticular ; raphe usually furnished 
 with a more or less conspicuous crest. 
 
 Brittle-stemmed succulent herbs, with racemes of horizontal or 
 drooping flowers. 
 
 The generic name is derived from KcpvcnXoc (korydalos), a lark, — in alhusion to 
 the shape of the flowers, the spur of wliich resembles the spur of a lark. 
 
 Sub-Gextis I.— BULBOCAPNOS. Benih. 
 
 Rootstock tuberoi;s. Stem witli 1 or 2 leaves. Flowers in 
 a terminal raceme. Style wholly persistent. Cotyledons united 
 into one. 
 
 SPECIES I.— C OEYDALIS SOLID A. Hook. 
 
 Plate LXVIIL* 
 
 C. digitata, Pets. Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. VII. Fi^'. 44G2. 
 
 Fuiiiuria bulbosa, var y, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 983. 
 
 Fiimaria solida, Hm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 1471 ; and Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 2,j3. 
 
 Eootstock a solid rounded tuber. Stem with 1 scale (or 2) 
 below the leaves. Style bent. 
 
 Kot a true native, but more or less perfectly naturalized in a 
 few places. At Kendal (the site of an old garden) ; Wickham, 
 Hampshire : near Birmingham ; Duckett Ings, Yorkshire ; and 
 near L'xbridge, Middlesex. 
 
 [England]. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Rootstock a solid cormlike tuber, emitting root fil)res from the 
 l)ase. Stems 1 or 2, unbranched, 6 to IS inches high, with a scale 
 formed by an abortive petiole a little below the iirst leaf. Leav(\s 
 2 to 4, biternate, witli the leaflets obovate, 3-lobedorcut. RaceuKj 
 at first short, ^^ith 6 to 12 sub-secund flowers. Bracts digitately 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 1471, with additional dissections by Mr. J. E. Sowtrby. 
 
102 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 lobed, a1)oi\t as long' as tho pedicels. Sepals cntu'e, very small or 
 obsolete. Plowers purplish, variegated, f to 1 inch long-, including 
 the spur of the upper petal, which is about half tlie length of the 
 flower and slightly curved. Upper petal slightly notched, tho 
 lower one more deeply so, gibbous at the base, but not spurred like 
 tho up2)er one ; lateral petals shorter than the exterior ones, widened 
 at the apex, where they adhere. Eaceme lengthened in fruit. Pods 
 about as long as the pedicels, elliptical, linear, tipped by the persistent 
 style, opening from the base towards the tip. Seeds several, very 
 glossy, wdth a crestlike appendage. Plant glabrous and glaucous. 
 
 Solid-rooted Corydalis, Tuberous-rooted Fumitory. 
 
 French, Corydalis Tube-reuse. German, Lerchensporn. 
 
 Sub-Genus II.— CAPNOIDES. B. C. 
 
 Rootstock none, or not tuberous. Racemes opposite the leaves. 
 Extremity of the style caducous. Cotyledons 2, opposite. 
 
 SPECIES II.— CORYDALIS LUTEA. D.G. 
 
 Plate LXIX.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. VI. Fig. 4459. 
 
 Fuuiavia lutea, Linn. Sm. Eug. Bot. ed. i. No. 588 ; and Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 253. 
 
 Eootstock branched, producing numerous leafy stems, leaves 
 tri-ternate, without tendrils. Peduncles longer than the leaves 
 opposite to which they spring. Pedicels shorter than the flowers, 
 but equalling or exceeding the pods. Seeds shining, appearing 
 granulated under a lens, with a lobed membranous crest. 
 
 On old walls. Naturalized in many places both in England 
 and Scotland. 
 
 [England,] [Scotland]. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Rootstock branched, giving rise to numerous stems. Stems 
 diffuse, 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves stalked, the lowest on very 
 long stalks, tri-pinnate, with oval, nearly entire, or broadly obovate, 
 3-lobed leaflets. Racemes appearing to l)e opposite the leaves, but 
 really (as in most of such cases) terminating the branches; the appa- 
 rent prolongation of the main stem is merely a branch developed 
 from the axil of the u])])ermost leaf. Bracts lanceolate, erose. much 
 shorter than the pedicels. Flowers -} to f inch long, bright yellow, 
 darker at the tips, sub-secund, G to 12 or even more in each 
 raceme, which is compact while in flower, but elongated in fruit. 
 Sepals ovute, cuspidate, narrower and much sliorter than the corolla. 
 
 » Tlie Plate is E. B. 588. 
 
TAPAVERACE.E. lO^I 
 
 Upper potal larger than the others, fohled longitiulinally and 
 keeled, enhirged and somewhat spreading at the apex, with a short, 
 thick incurved spur at the hase, not one third the length of the 
 rest of the joetal ; lower petal keeled, spatulate ; lateral petals 
 oblanceolate. Pods oblong, compressed, beaded, mucronate by 
 the persistence of the base of the style. Seeds 3 to G, black and 
 shining, tliickly covered with small round tubercles, which however 
 are scarcely discernible by the naked eye ; crest of the raphe large, 
 white, lacerate, dentate, spreading. Plant yellowish green, slightly 
 glaucous. Stems brittle and somewhat succulent. 
 
 Yelloio Fmnitorij, or CorydaUs. 
 
 Freucli, CorydaUs Jaune. 
 The specific name is from the Latin word luteiis, yellow. 
 
 SPECIES III.-CORT DA LIS CLAVICULATA. D. C. 
 Plate LXX.* 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol; III. Pap. Tab. V. Fig. 44-57. 
 Fumaria claviculata, Linn. S'm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 10.3 ; and Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 2.54. 
 
 Tso rootstock. Stems leafy. Leaves pinnate, with the leaflets 
 teruate, all lateral ; the secondary lateral leaflets usually, and the 
 terminal one occasionally bijugate, the common petiole terminating 
 in a branched tendril. Peduncles shoi'ter than the leaves opposite 
 to which they spring. Pedicels shorter than the flowers and pods. 
 Seeds shining, appearing granulated under a lens, with a very 
 small membranous crest. 
 
 In woods, bushy places, sandy ground, and thatched roofs. 
 Sparingly but widely distributed throughout Britain, but becoming 
 scarcer towards the west and north of Scotland. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stems weal:, diffusely braiiched, trailing or climbing. Leaves 
 stalked, with 3 or 4 pairs of distant, compound, ternate leaflets ; 
 leaflets towards the base of the leaf often appearing quinate, from 
 the shortness of the stalks of the elliptical entire secondary leaflets ; 
 those of the upper portion of the leaf simply ternate, and gradu- 
 ally diminishing in Avidth till they become mere branches of the 
 tendril. Ptacemes disposed as in the last species, but on very much 
 shorter peduncles. Bracts oblong, cuspidate, longer than the pedi- 
 cels, riowers resembling those of C. lutea, but only about ^ inch 
 long, pale straw colour. Pods small, about J inch long, exceeding 
 the pedicels, elliiotical, oblong, compressed, beaded, mucronate by 
 the persistence of the short base of the style. (The style is usu- 
 ally described as wholly deciduous, but I have not found this to be 
 
 • The Plate is E B. 103. 
 
101. EXGLIS.'I BOTANY. 
 
 the case, for, as in C. lutca, its base remains while its apex disappears 
 after tiowering.) Seeds shining, black, smoother than in C. liitea, 
 and with a much smaller crest. Plant glabrous and glaucous. 
 Stems brittle and somewhat succulent. 
 
 Wliite Climbing Fimiitonj, or Corydalis. 
 French, Corydalis d, Vrilles. 
 Tliis plant owes its specific name to the tendrils with which its leafstalks teniii- 
 nate — clavicula being the Latin word for a tendril, or little stalk. 
 
 GENUS F7J.— FUMARIA. Linn. 
 
 Sepals 2, petaloid or scale-like, deciduous. Corolla narrow. 
 Petals 4, connivent, the superior one with a spur or protuberance 
 at the base, the lower one without a spur ; inner petals narrow, 
 cohering at the tips. Stamens 6, in two bundles, opposite the ex- 
 terior i^etals ; filament of the upper bundle of stamens having often 
 a basal appendage directed backwards and included in the spur of 
 the superior petal. Fruit sub-globular, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Style 
 caducous. Seed without a crest. 
 
 Annuals, with somewhat succulent, angular, diffusely branched 
 stems, frequently supporting themselves by the aid of the petioles, 
 which twist round adjacent bodies. Leaves alternate, twice or thrice 
 pinnate, with a slight tendency to become ternate in the arrange- 
 ment of the primary divisions. Flowers purple or whitish, with dark 
 purple tips, racemose. E-acemes opposite the leaves, or terminal. 
 
 The generic name Fumaria comes iroxn fumus, smoke, — either because the plants 
 are said to have a smoky smell, or on account of the light, almost smoky appear- 
 ance of the herbage of some of the sjiecics, which seems to rise out of the ground 
 almost as a smoke. 
 
 SPECIES I.— FUMARIA CAPREOLATA. Linn. 
 Plates LXXI. LXXII. LXXIII. and LXXIV". 
 
 Eacemes rather lax, not much elongated in fruit. Sejials bi'oadly 
 ovate, acute, toothed, one third to two thirds the length of the tube 
 of the corolla, and equal to it in breadth. Lower petal gradually 
 enlarged towards the tip. Pedicels of the fruit reflexed or patent, 
 longer than the bracts. Fruit smooth or slightly rugose when dry, 
 sub-globular, slightly compressed, rounded or sub-truncate, but not 
 refuse at the apex, where there is a A'ery minute apiculus, on each 
 side of which is a small pit. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, the 
 ultimate leaflets deeply cut or lobed ; segments flat, oblong, ellip- 
 tical, or oval. 
 
PAPAVERACEJE. 105 
 
 Sub-Species I.— Fvanaria pallidiflora. Jord. 
 
 Plate LXXI.* 
 
 r,nh. in JoniMial of Proceedina;s of the Linnaean Society, Vol. IV. No. 10, [>. 102. 
 Jurd. ill F. .s'chiiltz, Arch. ]> 30-3. Boreim, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. dl. iii. Vol. II. p. 34. 
 F. pallidifloi'a a, Jordaui, Buj. Man. Biit. Bot. ed. v. p. 17. 
 F. speciosa, Lloyd, Fl. de I'Ouest de la Fr. p. 24 ? (non Jordari). 
 
 Sopals ovate, denticulate, half or two-thirds the length of the tube 
 of tlie corolla, and equalling or exceeding it in breadth. Flowers 
 cream-colom- tipped with reddish jiurple. Fruit pedicels recurved. 
 Fruit nearly smooth when dry, roundish, compressed, longer than 
 broad, sub-truncate at the apex, where there are two small but 
 rather deep pits ; neck of the fruit narrower than the enlarged apex 
 of the pedicel. 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground and in hedges. Apparently rather 
 rare, and confined to the south-west of England. The only s})eci- 
 niens I joossess are collected by Miss Gifford near Dunster, Somer- 
 set. Professor Babington gives also " Salcombe and Ilfracombe, 
 Devon ; Watchet, Somerset ; Oystermouth, near Swansea, Glamor- 
 gan ; Carnarvon ; Oswestry, Shropshire." Mr. A. G. More has 
 found it in the Isle of Wight. 
 
 England. Annual. Summer and Autumn. 
 
 Stem 1 to 3 feet long, weak, fragile, diffusely branched. Leaves 
 twice or thrice ternately-pinnate ; the ultimate segments obovatc or 
 wedge-shaped, lobed ; lobes oblong or elliptical. Petioles often 
 twisting and acting as tendrils. Racemes 1 to \\ inches long, 
 both in flower and fruit, stalked, opposite the leaves. Flowers 
 curved upwards at the point, about \ inch long including the 
 spur, which is nearly one-third the length of the upper petal, and 
 blunt. Sepals broadly ovate, produced backwards behind the jjoint 
 of attachment, toothed, especially near the base, cream-colour. 
 Upper petal cream-coloured, with a purple blotch at the tip, and 
 occasionally a paler shade of the same colour extends backwards 
 towards the base ; lateral petals linear, slightly keeled, cream-colour 
 witli a purple apical blotch ; lower petal linear, folded, gradually 
 dilated towards the end, where it is greenish. Pedicels usually 
 strongly recurved after flowering, longer than the coloured 
 bracts, and dilated at the apex. Fruit about -^q inch long, and -pj 
 inch broad, with a somewhat rectangular profile ; at the base of 
 the fruit there is a fleshy disk or collar, which is usually described 
 
 • The Plate is from a drawing made by Jlr. J. E. Sowerby, from a Somersetshire 
 Rpecimeu 
 
 P 
 
lOG KNGLTSlt r.OTAKT. 
 
 as the " base of the fruit," but Avhich I prefer to clesiL::nate " the 
 neck," as to an unpractised observer this term "will, I believe, more 
 readily direct his attention to the part of the fruit under considera- 
 tion, from which the principal characters em2doyed to separate the 
 sub-species of F. capreolata are taken. In the present plant, this 
 neck passes gradually into the fruit, ■which is broader than the 
 neck; the latter is also narrower than the enlarged apex of the 
 pedicel. Plant pale green, glaucous. 
 
 Sub-Species II.— Fumaria Borsei. Jord. 
 
 Plate LXXIL* 
 
 Hah. in Joui'iial of Pi-oceeilings of the Linnsean Society, Vol. IV. No. IG, p. 1G3. Bah'.r, 
 
 Rep. of Tliirsk Nat. Hist. Soc. 1861, p. 5. 
 Jord. "Cat. Grenob. 1849, p. 15." Pugilhis Plant. Nov. p. 4. Bm-eau, Fi. du Centre 
 
 de la Fr. ed. iii. vol. ii. p. 34. Lloyd, Fl. de I'Ouest de la Fr. p. 24. Breb. Fl. 
 
 de la Normandie, p. 17. 
 F. pallidiflora ft, Borrei, Bah. Man. Ent. Eot. ed. v. p. 17. 
 F. capreolata ft, Leightonii, Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. iv. p. 17. 
 F. muralis, Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. ii. No. 95 (non Sander). 
 
 Sepals broadly ovate, acute, about two-thirds the length of the 
 tube of the corolla, and exceeding it in breadth. Corolla pale pur- 
 plish pink, tipped with dark purple. Fruit pedicels patent. Fruit 
 slightly rugose when dry, roundish, compressed, rather broader than 
 long, sub-truncate at the apex where there are two small but rather 
 deep pits. Neck of the fruit narrower than the enlarged apex of 
 the pedicel. 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground and in hedges. Probably common 
 and generally distributed. I have specimens from Ilkley, York- 
 shire ; Haddingtonshire ; Orkney ; and Pi'ofessor Babington gives 
 the following localities : — " Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Shrewsbury ; 
 Windermere, Lancashire ; Glenmore, near Lisburn, co. Antrim." 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Exti"emely like F. pallidiflora, of which Pi'ofessor Babington now 
 makes it a variety, and it is very probable that it may be so, but this 
 can only be determined by continued cviltivation. To my eyes it 
 appears as distinct from F. pallidiflora as F. miiralis is from F. con- 
 ftisa. The flower is of a delicate pink tinged with purple, while 
 
 * The figure in the plate is F. capreolata. E. B. No. 943, with dissections added 
 by Mr. Sowciby from the plant sent by Mr. Baker from Ilkley ; the fruit represented 
 iu the state in which it appears when moistened in warm water, as the neck loses its 
 shape when dried, but recovers it to a great extent when treated in thi.s manner. 
 
PAPAVERACE.li:. 107 
 
 that of F. pallidiflova is crcani-colour. Tho pedicels after flowering 
 arc occasionally slightly recurved, and by the time tlie fruit is ripe 
 their direction becomes patent or divaricate ; while in all the speci- 
 mens of F. palliditlora which I have seen, the pedicels are recurved 
 at the base nearly in a semicircle, and then straight at the apex, 
 so that the axis of the fruit is parallel to the rachis of the raceme 
 iu a reversed position. The fruit is shorter in proportion than in 
 F. pallidiflora, and taken without the neck is actually broader than 
 long. The neck of the fruit is, however, very similar. This is the 
 only one of the Capreolatoc of which I have seen British specimens 
 iu a growing state. 
 
 Sub Species III.— Fomarla COnfusa. Jord. 
 Plate LXXIII.* 
 
 Bab. in Journal of Proceedings of tbe Linnrean Soc. Vol. IV. No. 16, p. 16-5 ; and Man. 
 
 P.rit. Bot. ed. v. p. 18. 
 "Jord. Cat. Dij. 1848, XVIII." Lloyd, Fl. de I'Ouest de la Fr. ]>. 24. 
 F. Bastardi, Boreau, "in Rev. P...t. Vol. II. p. 359;" Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. 
 
 Vol. II. p. 34. Breh. Fl. de la Norniandie, p. 18. 
 F. agraria, Mitt, in Lond. Jour. Bot. Vol. VII. p. 5.56. Bah. in Bot. Gaz. Vol. I. 
 
 p. G2 (non Lay.). 
 " F. media, Bast. Fl. de Maine-et-Loire, p. 36 " {Bor. non Loisel). 
 F. capreolata y, media, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. iv. p. 17. 
 
 Sepals ovate, acute, about one-third the length of the tube 
 of the coroUa, and nearly equal to it in breadth. Corolla pale 
 pink tinged with green, tipped with dark purple. Fruit pedicels 
 ascending - patent. Fruit slightly rugose when dry, roundish, 
 compressed, a little longer than broad, rounded at the apex where 
 there are two rather broad shallow pits. Neck of the fruit broader 
 tlian the enlarged apex of the pedicel. 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground and in hedges. Probably gene- 
 rally distributed. 
 
 Professor Eabington gives the following localities : — " Jersey 
 and Guernsey; Zennor and Trevenna, Cornwall; Ilfracombc, 
 Devon ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Aberystwith, Cardiganshire ; 
 13angor, Carnarvonshire; Ilawkhead, Lancashire; and Dublin." 
 And I also observed in his Herbarium, specimens from Carisbrook 
 Castle, in the Isle of "Wight, and I po.^scss one from Cheshire. 
 
 England. Annual. Summer, Autumu. 
 
 Somewhat like F.Boraei, but the flowers are smaller, with the sepals 
 
 * The Plate is from a drawing by .Mr. J. W. Siiller. 
 
108 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 coiisidei\al)ly smaller in proportion, very slightly produced back- 
 Avards l)ehind the point of attachment, and the spur of the upper 
 petal is longer in proportion. The principal diiference, however, is 
 in the fruit, which is not at all truncate at the top, and its neck is 
 nearly as wide as itself, and actually broader than the enlarged 
 apex of the pedicel. 
 
 Though F. Bastardi has the priority, I retain the name of P. 
 coufusa, as the former has been applied both to this aud ]?. Boraei, 
 accordinii' to Mr. Jordan. 
 
 Sub-Species IV.— Fumaria muralis. Sonder. 
 
 Plate LXXIV. 
 
 Bab. in Journal of Proceedings of the Linnscan Soc. Vol. IV. No. 16, p. lOG ; and Man. 
 
 Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 18. Baher, Rep. Thirsk Nat. Hist. Soc. 18G1, p. G. 
 iionder, in Kocli, Syn. ed. ii. p. 1017 ; and Fl. Hamb. p. 385. Jord. Cat. Dij. 1848, 19. 
 
 Fiiet!, Sutum. Veg. Scand. p. 14G. Lowe, Fl. INladeira, p. 13. 
 F. capreolata, Leighlon, Fl. of Shropshire, p. 344 (description). 
 
 Sepals ovate, acute, about one-third as long as the corolla, and 
 nearly equal to it in breadth. Corolla rose-coloured, tipped with 
 very dark purple. Fruit pedicels ascending, patent. Fruit finely 
 rugose when dry, roundish, compressed ; rounded at the apex, where 
 there are two very inconspicuous pits. Neck of the fruit narrower 
 than the enlarged apex of the pedicel. 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground and in hedges. Apparently rather 
 rare. 
 
 Professor Babington states that he has seen F. muralis from 
 Barnes, Surrey ; Shrewsbury, Salop ; Wrexham, Denbighshire ; 
 and ShefBeld, Yorkshire ; and to these localities I am unable to 
 add any others, except Somersetshire and the Isle of Wight. 
 
 England. Annual. Summer, Autvimn. 
 
 Very like F. confusa, but the flowers are rather smaller than in 
 that or any other of the sub-species of F. capreolata, being only 
 from \ to 8 inch long, and generally darker in colour. The fruit 
 is also rather smaller, and has the neck narrower than in F. con- 
 fusa, to which it appears to me to be too closely allied ; but I 
 retain it as a sub-species until the permanence of the cliaracter 
 taken from the neck of the fruit has been tested by cultivation. 
 
 Rampant Fumitort/, llaminint Earth-Smoke. 
 
 French, Fumeterre a Pedicdlcs Recourhes. 
 
 This species was known, and is still recognised, as Fumaria cajueolata, whicli name 
 being derived from caper, a goat, well suggests its wild, climbing, vigorous habit. Its 
 common English name also speaks of its vagrant, gipsy-like tendencies. 
 
rAPAVERACEiE. 109 
 
 SPECIES II.— PUMA RI A MICRANTHA. Lag. 
 
 Plate LXXV.» 
 
 Bah. IMan. Biit. Bot. ed. v. p. 18. Hook. & Am. Biit. Fl. p. 20. 
 
 "Lagasca, Nov. Geu. et Sp. XXI. n. 281 (18 16)." Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. 
 
 ed. ii. p. 1018. Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 3-t. Lloyd, 
 
 Fl. de rOuest de la Fr. p. 25. Brebisson, Fl. de la Norniandie, p. 17. 
 F. densiflora, D. C. Cat. Monsp. (1813), p. 113 ; and Fl. Fr. Vol. V. p. 588. Gr. & Godr. 
 
 Fl. de Fr. vol. i. p. 68. Godr. Fl. de Lorraine, Vol. I. p. 31. Cosa. k, Germ. Fl. des 
 
 Environs de Paris, ed. ii. p. 99. 
 F.calycina, Bab. Trans, of Bot. Soc. Edin. Vol. I. p. 34. 
 
 Racemes very dense while in flower, elongated in fruit. Sepals 
 very broadly ovate, acute, toothed, about half the length of the flower 
 and exceeding it in breadth. Lower petal abruptly enlarged at the 
 tip. Pedicels of the fruit ascending or ascending-patent, about as 
 long as the bracts. Fruit rugose when dry, globular, scarcely com- 
 pressed, rounded at the apex where there is a very small apiculus, 
 on each side of which there are two small shallow pits. Leaves 
 twice or thrice pinnate ; the viltimate leaflets wedge-shaped, deeply 
 cut ; segments flat or slightly channeled, strap-shaped or linear. 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground, in hedges and by roadsides. 
 Apparently local. It occurs in Kent, Surrey, Shropshire; in 
 Haddingtonshire it is very common, and I have also seen it in 
 the counties of Edinburgh, Linlithgow, and Forfar. 
 
 England, Scotland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem 1 to 3 feet long, weak, fragile, diffusely branched, or in 
 small examples erect and neai'ly simple. Leaves twice or thrice 
 ternately-piunate ; the ultimate segments rather short and narrow, 
 often appearing narrower than they really are from being 
 channeled. Petioles of the leaves sometimes acting as tendrils. 
 Racemes about an inch long when in flower, elongated to nearly 
 double this length in fruit, on very short stalks, opposite the 
 leaves. Flowers ^ to j inch long, including the spur, which is 
 nearly one-third the length of tlie upper petal, and blunt. Sepals 
 roundish-ovate, acuminate, much produced backwards behind the 
 point of attachment, flnely tootlied, membranous, whitish tinged 
 with green on the central line and tipped Avith purplish rose-colour. 
 Upper and lower pt^tals purplish roscscolour, th(! lateral petals 
 wliitisli, with a red keel, all tipped with dark purple; the upper 
 petal has a very decided tint of green at the apex, and the lowci- 
 petal, which is spatulate, has a slighter tinge of tlie same colour on 
 
 • The Plate is E. B. S. No. 2876, without altcratiou. 
 
110 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 the expanded extremity. Pedicels sometimes a little longer and 
 sometimes a little shorter than the coloured bracts, dilated at 
 the apex. Fruit about yV inch in each diameter, globose, very 
 slightly compressed, with a very small apiculus formed by the 
 remains of the style. Plant greyish green, glaucous. 
 
 The much smaller flowers, and leaves Avith narrower segments, 
 distinguish this plant at first sight from all the forms of F. capreo- 
 lata ; besides which there arc the more important dilfcrences of the 
 spatulate lower petal, and fruit pedicels not much exceeding the 
 bracts in length. I have adopted the name of Lagasca, as it 
 appears to be the first which has been applied exclusively to this 
 plant. It is, however, extremely inappropriate, as the plant often has 
 the flowers nearly as large as F. officinalis, and from their being 
 packed closely together produce the impression of being larger than 
 they really are. De Candolle's name of densiflora is much more 
 expressive, and, in the opinion of MM. Grenier and Godron, 
 undoubtedly belongs to this plant ; but as micrantha is most 
 generally used, I have not considered it expedient to depart from it. 
 Calycina is the best, but unfortunately of more recent date. 
 
 Close-Flowered Fiimltor]]. 
 
 SPECIES III.— FU MARIA OFFICINALIS. Linn. 
 
 Plate LXXVL* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. ITI. Fig. 4454. 
 
 Piacemes rather lax, much elongated in fruit. Sepals ovate- 
 lanceolate, acute, toothed, about one-third the length of the tube 
 of tbe corolla, and about half as broad. Lower petals abruptly 
 enlarged at the tip. Pedicels of the fruit ascending or ascending- 
 patent, longer than the bracts. Fruit rugose Avhen dry, depressed- 
 globular, slightly compressed, longer than broad, truncate or 
 retuse at the apex, with a very small apiculus, on each side of 
 which there is a large shalloAV pit. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate ; 
 the ultimate leaflets wedge-shaped, deeply cut ; segments flat, 
 elliptical, or elliptical-linear. 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground, in hedges, roadsides, and waste 
 places. Very common throughout the whole of Britain. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Smnmer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem 1 to 2 feet long, diffusely branched, ascending, or in large 
 examples weak and sup})orting itself by tbe petioles. Leaves twice 
 or thrice ternately pinnate ; tlie ultimate leaflets wedge-shaped. 
 
 The I'liiti' is E. B. 589, with dissections ailJcd hy l^Ir. J. E. Soweiliy. 
 
PAPAVERACEiK. 1 1 1 
 
 deeply cut ; segments flat, elliptieal or oblong-elliptical, rarely 
 linear-elliptical. Racemes about 1 to li inch long when in flower, 
 elongated to nearly double this length in fruit, stalked, opposite the 
 leaves. Tlowers \ to -| inch long, including the spur, whicli is 
 scarcely one-third the length of the upper petal, and blunt. Sepals 
 ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, slightly produced backwards beliind 
 the point of attachment, toothed, one-half to one-third as broad as 
 the corolla tube, membranous, rose-colour. Petals dark or pale 
 purplish rose-colour, tipped with dark purple ; the lower petal 
 spatulate. Pedicels of the fruit invariably longer than the coloured 
 bracts, enlarged at the apex. Eruit about ^V ^^^^^ long by -i\j 
 broad. Plant dull green, glaucous. 
 
 The narrow sepals^and the truncate or refuse fruit much broader 
 than long, sufficiently distinguish this species from both the pre- 
 ceding; and the lower petal with an abrupt enlargement at the tip 
 is a further mark by which its luxuriant climljing forms may be 
 distinguished from P. capreolata. I have had what seems to me to 
 be a small-flowered sjiecimen of this plant sent me under the name 
 of P. "Wirtgeni (Koch) by Dr. Wirtgen, and I have cultivated speci- 
 mens raised from seeds sent to l\Ir. Hewett C. "Watson, under the 
 same name, which belong to P. Bora?i. Koch, however, describes 
 his plant as having the flowers of P. officinalis and the fruit of 
 P. Vaillantii. P. media (Loisel) appears to be only a state of 
 P. officinalis. 
 
 Common Fitmitory, Common Earth-Smoke. 
 
 French, Fumeterre Officinale. German, Der Gemeine Erdrauch, Tatibenlcropp. 
 
 In Kent this is often called Wax Dolls, from the doll-like appearance of the 
 little flowers. 
 
 This plant is found more or less ■wherever corn is cultivated. Though a perse- 
 vering and troublesome weed, it is one the appearance of which every farmer may 
 regard as an indication of good, deep, and rich land, — a circumstance not unnoticed by 
 England's greatest poet, when speaking of the rich but unproductive soil of France, 
 laid bare and left uncultivated by the horrors of war. He makes the Duke of Burgunily, 
 in the play of " King Henry V.," to say, — 
 
 " Why that the naked, poor, and mangled peace, 
 Dear nurse of arts, plenties, and joyful births, 
 Should not, in this best garden of the world, 
 Our fertile France, put up her lovely visage ? 
 Alas ! she hath from Frai'ce too long been chased, 
 And all her husbaudry doth lie on heaps, 
 Corrupting in its own fertility. 
 Her vine, the merry cheerer of the heart, 
 XJnpruned dies ; her hedges even-pleach'd, 
 Like prisoners wildly overgrown with hair. 
 Put forth disorder'd twigs ; her fallow leas 
 The darnel, hemlock, and rank fuiiiitory. 
 Doth root upon." 
 
112 ENGLISH BOTANT. 
 
 Anil again, in " King Lear," Coiilelia says, — 
 
 " Alack ! 'tis he ; why, he was met even now, 
 As mad as the vex'd sea, — singing aloud, 
 Crown'd with runk Jiimiter and furrow- weeds, 
 With harlocks, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers, 
 Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow 
 In our sustaining corn." 
 
 The expressed juice of this plant was at one time a favourite remedy with 
 iierbalists for skin diseases, and had a rejiutation as an anti-scorbutic. Mr. T. J. 
 Pettigrew has secured an old medical manuscript from the Royal Library at Stockholm, 
 which is traced back to the fourteenth century, and is supposed to be a poetical " system 
 of health," composed by the celebrated physician John of Milan, in which is an account 
 of the manifold virtues of the Fumitory; commencing thus : — 
 
 " Furmiter is erbe, I say, 
 Yt sjiringyth i April et in May, 
 In feld, in town, in yard, et gate, 
 Where lond is fat and good in state. 
 Dun red is his flour, 
 Ye erbe smoke lik in colowur, 
 Ageyn feuerys cotidian. 
 And ageyn feui-ys tertyen. 
 And ageyn feurys quarteyn 
 It is met] icy n souereyn." 
 
 Burton, in his "Anatomy of Melancholy," speaks of it as a plant not "to be 
 omitted by those who are misaffected with melancholy, because it will much help and 
 ease the spleen." Sir John Hill, in his Herbal, recommends the leaves of the Fumitory 
 to be smoked, as a remedy " for disorders of the head ;" and in more modern days 
 Dr. Cullen, who jiaid great attention to the qualities of our native plants, recommended 
 it to be used in diseases of the Liver, and says " its remarkable virtues, however, are 
 those of clearing the skin of many disorders." Since his day the use of the Fumitory in 
 medicine has been generally abandoned, lingering only among the " simples " of the 
 herbalist in this country, and in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, if there be one. Clare, 
 one of our old pastoral poets, alludes to its use as a cosmetic thus : — 
 
 " And Furmitory too, a name 
 Which Superstition holds to Fame, 
 Whose red and pui'ple-mottled flowers 
 Are cropped by maids in weeding hours, 
 To boil in water, milk, and whey 
 For washes on a holiday. 
 To make their beauty fair and sleek. 
 And scare the tan from summer's cheek ; 
 And oft the dame will feel inclined. 
 As childhood's memory comes to mind, 
 To turn her hook away, and spare 
 The blooms it loved to gather there." 
 
 Since that time other and perhaps more injurious applications have taken the 
 [ilaco of this herb in the mysteries of the toilet, for we can scarcely believe that the 
 
FAP.VVERACE^. 113 
 
 ■wonis of old John Ray, tlie naturalist, would be better received now by the votaries of 
 fii-sliion than tliey were in his own day, when he said, " No better cosmetics than a 
 strict teniperauce and [lurity, modest}' aud humilit)-, a gi-acious temper and calmness of 
 spirit. No true beauty without the signatures of these graces in the vei-y countenance." 
 
 SPECIES IV.— FU MARIA TENUISECTA.* 
 
 Plates LXXVII. LXXVIII. 
 
 Hacemes short, elongated iu fruit. Sepals ovate-lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, acute, toothed, from one-sixth to one-tentli the 
 length of the tube of the corolla, and not above haK or one-tbird its 
 breadth. Lower petal abruptly enlarged at the tip. Pedicels of the 
 fruit ascending or ascending-patent, equal to or a little exceeding 
 the bracts. Fruit distinctly rugose when dry, globular, slightly 
 compressed, rounded, or a little pointed at the apex, with a very 
 small apiculus, on each side of which there is an indistinct shal- 
 low pit. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, the ultimate leaflets 
 wedge-shaped, very deeply cut , segments flat or slightly channelled, 
 strap-shaped, linear or sub-filiform-linear. 
 
 Si-b-Species L— PTunaria Vaillantii. Loisel. 
 
 Plate LXXVII.t 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. I. Fig. 44.52. 
 
 Hacemes rather lax in flower. Sepals lanceolate, about one-tentli 
 the length of the tube of the corolla, and one-third of its breadth. 
 Fruit pedicels longer than their bracts. Mature fruit rounded (not 
 pointed) at the summit. Segments of the leaflets flat, very nar- 
 rowly ellijitical or strap-shaped. 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground. Rare and local. About Saffron 
 "Walden in Essex, and in several places in the southern part of 
 Cambridgeshire. I have myself collected it near Cuxton, Kent, 
 
 * I' cannot consider F. Vaillantii and parviflora as more than sub-species ; but 
 Lamarck's excellent description of F. parviflora, in Encycl. M6th. Vol. II. p. 5G7, 
 leaves no doubt that the plant he intended by this name was the one now generally 
 known as F. parviflora, as his description agrees well with this plant in the very par- 
 ticulars in which it differs from F. Vaillantii. I have, therefore, not ventured to use 
 parviflora as a name for the aggregate species, considering that name to belong exclu- 
 sively to one of the sub-species. My F. tenuisecta includes the British sub-species 
 F. parviflora (Lam.), Vaillantii (Low.), and a few Continental forms distinguished by 
 M. Jordan, such as F. glauca and F. laggeri — with which I am quite unacquainted. 
 
 + The Plate is E B. S. 2877 unaltered, except by the removal of a sprig and 
 magnified flower and fruit of F. parviflora. 
 
 Q 
 
114 EXGLISII BOTANY. 
 
 and possess a specimen from the foot of Box Hill, Surrey ; also one 
 from Mr. J. G. Baker, from Cawton, north-west Yorkshire. 
 
 England. Annual. Summer and Autumn. 
 
 Stem 6 inehes to 1 foot high, diffusely hranclied, with the 
 branches ascending. Leaves with the lacineae very narrow, the 
 petioles never acting as tendrils. E,acemes ^ to f inch long when 
 in flower, and about 1 inch long when in fruit, on short stalks 
 opposite the leaves. Sepals extremely minute, resembling scales, 
 whitish. Flowers about ^ inch long. Spur of the upper petal about 
 one-third of its length. Petals purplish rose-colour, the lateral 
 ones tipped with dark purple. Pedicels of the fruit nearly twice as 
 long as the bracts. The young fruit is pointed at the top, but 
 becomes rounded when mature, and is about i^ inch in diameter. 
 Plant greyish green, slightly glaucous. 
 
 The extremely small sepals, smaller flowers, and the round fruit 
 distinctly verrucose when dry, distinguish this plant from the upright 
 states of F. officinalis. Mr. G. S. Gibson states that the rose-coloured 
 flowers become whitish as they fade. The sepals must be examined 
 at a vei*y early stage, as in this and F. parviflora they are much 
 more caducous than in the preceding species. 
 
 Jje VaillanVs Fumitory. 
 
 French, Fumeterre de Vaillant. German, Vaillants Erdrauch. 
 
 This plant was named after Sebastian Vaillant, a distingnishecl French botanist, 
 the friend of Tournefort, and successor to Fagon as Professor of Botany in the Jardin 
 du Eoi. His great work, entitled " Botanicon Parisiense," was jniblished in 1727, 
 after his death, by his literary executor Boerhaave. The genus Vaillantia cf De 
 Candolle was named in honour of him. 
 
 Sdb-Species II.— Fumaria parviflora. Lam. 
 
 Plate LXXVIII.* 
 
 Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. HI. Pap. Tab. I. Fig. 4451. 
 
 F. leucantha, Viv. Cors. i. p. 12. 
 
 F. Vaillantii, partly Bab. E. B. S. Vol. IV. No. 2877 (not in other writing.s). 
 
 Racemes dense while in flower. Sepals triangular ovate, about 
 one-eighth the length of the tube of the corolla, and one-half its 
 breadth. Fruit pedicels about equal in length to the bracts. Mature 
 fruit pointed at the summit. Segments of the leaflets channeled, 
 narrowly strap-shaped or linear. 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground. Rare, but apparently more abun- 
 dant than F. Vaillantii. I have found it myself near Dartford, 
 
 * The Plate is the original E. B. 590, with the magnified flower and fruit added from 
 E. B. S. 2877, and the colouring corrected. 
 
PArAVERACE-E. 115 
 
 Cuxton, and Boxlcy, ia Kent ; near Leatherliead, Surrey ; also 
 near Long Kiddrie and Dirlton, Haddingtonshire. I possess speci- 
 mens from Essex, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, and near Scar- 
 borough in Yorkshire. One or other of these sub-species has been 
 reported from various localities from Hampshire to Edinburgh, and 
 also from Ireland ; but the two have been so confounded in this 
 country that I am obliged only to indicate those localities from 
 which I have seen specimens. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland ? Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Extremely like E. Vaillantii, but often attaining to a greater 
 height, as I have sometimes seen it about 18 inches high. The stem 
 branches more from the base. The leaves are much more finely 
 divided, the laciueje much narrower, grooved, and much more glau- 
 cous. The flowers are closer together, smaller, about ^ inch long, 
 the spur shorter in proportion, being only about a quarter tlie length 
 of the upper petal, the colour white, the lateral petals tipped with 
 dark 2:)urple ; sepals larger. The fruit pedicels are shorter, scarcely 
 exceeding the fruit in length, and the fruit is usually slightly pointed 
 at the apex, even Avhen quite mature. 
 
 By these points of difi'erence E. parvifiora may generally be easily 
 distinguished from E. Vaillantii. Mr. Gibson remarks that the 
 flowers of E. parvifiora change from white to rose-colour as they 
 fade, which is the exact converse of what he states of E. Vaillantii : 
 though this is by no means always the case, I have frequently found 
 them do so, and it is possibly this change of colour which has led 
 Dr. "\^'alker Arnott to describe his A'ar. a of E. parviflora as rose- 
 coloured, quoting under it E. B. 590, where there can be no doubt 
 that the colouring has been taken from a fading specimen of the 
 white-flowered plant.* 
 
 S mall-fiowered Fumitory. 
 
 Freiicb, Fumeterre a Pelites Fleurs. German, Der KlehiblUthige Erdrauch. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES, 
 
 PAPAVER NUDICAULE. Linn. (E. B. 2G81.) 
 
 An arctic plant said to have been found by Sir Chai'los Gieseckc 
 " growing among rocks and glens in the hills at Achil Head in the 
 North-west of Ireland." There can be no doubt that it never grew 
 there. 
 
 * Mr. Bentliam considers all the preceJiog forms of Fiimarias to be referable to a 
 single species, to which he gives the iiaiue of F. olliciiialis. 
 
116 ENGLISH BOTANl 
 
 ORDER v.— CRUOIFER^. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely nnder-slirubs, with 
 wateiy often somewhat acrid juice. Leaves alternate (very rarely 
 opposite), entire, or dissected; the radical leaves often runcinate; 
 the stem leaves auriculate at the base, and destitute of stipules. 
 Flowers usually white, yellow, or purple, in racemes, which are 
 commonly terminal. In many species the inflorescence is corym- 
 bose until after flowering, when it lengthens into a raceme. 
 Pedicels usually not springing from bracts. Flowers perfect, 
 regular, or radiant. Sepals 4, deciduous or caducous, imbricated 
 in 2 whorls or rarely valvate, the outer or lateral pair often 
 bulging at the base. Petals 4, spreading in the form of a cross, 
 and alternating with the sepab, convolute or imbricate in aestiva- 
 tion, generally equal, narrowed into a claw at the base ; the limb 
 entire, emargiuate, or bifid. Receptacle Avith 2 to 4 (rarely 6) 
 glands. Stamens 6, hypogynous, generally free, the two lateral 
 ones with shorter filaments tlian the other four, which are equal, 
 and in pairs opposite the inner pair of sepals. Antliers 2-celled, 
 dehiscent longitudinally. Ovary free, of 2 carpels situated right 
 and left of the axis ; placentas parietal ; ovary most frequently 
 divided longitudinally into two cells by a partition (replura) 
 uniting the placentas. Styles united, often undistinguishable. 
 Stigma simple or bilobed. Ovules several or solitary in eacli cell, 
 generally suspended, campylotropous or amphitropous, with the 
 raphe ventral. Fruit a long pod (siliqua) or short pouch (silicula), 
 2-celled, or rarely 1-celled by the dissepiment (replum) between 
 the placentas being incomplete, generally opening by two valves, 
 rarely indehiscent, or lomentaceous. Seeds ex-albuminous ; embryo 
 bent or curled, rarely coiled ; cotyledons plane with the radicle 
 applied to their edges (accumbent), or plane with the radicle 
 applied to the back of one of them (incumbent), or folded longi- 
 tudinally (conduplicate) with the radicle lying at the back of one of 
 them, rarely twice folded or spirally coiled. 
 
 Exceptions in the British Genera. — The petals are occasionally 
 absent by abortion in Cardamine impatiens, Coclilearia Armoracia, 
 and Lepidium ruderale ; and the stamens are only 2 in Lepidium 
 ruderale, and only 4 in Cardamine hix'suta ; and in Senebiera didyma 
 the stamens are seldom more than 4, and sometimes only 2. 
 
CRTJCIFEU.E. 117 
 
 Section I.— AETICULAT.E.* 
 
 Fruit with transverse partitions, generally breaking across into 
 two ])ortions, of which the lower is often abortive and stalk-like, 
 and the upper portion 1- or many-seeded, and not splitting in 2 
 valves. 
 
 Tribe I.— CAKILINE^. 
 
 Cotj'ledons flat, with the radicle applied to their edges (accuni- 
 bent) or oblique. Pod rather short, without valves. 
 
 GENVS I.—C A K I L E. Toimief. 
 
 Sepals nearly erect, the two outer gibbous at the base. Petals 
 equal, entire, with long claws. Filaments without teeth. Stigma 
 sessile. Pod of two joints, which are indehiscent and without 
 valves ; the lower joint persistent, obconical, sub-truncate at the 
 apex ; upper joint deciduous, tetragonal-ancipitate ; each joint 
 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower one barren. 
 
 Glabrous, branched annuals, with entire or pinnatifid fleshy 
 leaves, and corymbs or short racemes of bractless white or lilac 
 flowers. Pods in a lax raceme. 
 
 French, Caquille. German, Meeraenf. 
 Cakile is au old Arabic name approj)riated to tliis or some allied genua. 
 
 SPECIES I.— CAKILE MARITIMA. Scop. 
 Plate LXXIX.t 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Telr. Tab. I. Fie;. 4158. 
 Bimias Cakile, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 936. Sm. Eiig. Bot. No. 231. 
 
 Upper joint of pod ensiform. 
 
 On sandy sea-shores. Rather frequent all round the coast of 
 Britain. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 A bushy plant, with stems from to 18 inches long, branched 
 from the base ; the branches curved, and ascending at the aj^ex. 
 Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, elliptical or oljlong, pinnatifid or entire. 
 Flowers \ inch across, corymbose, with the peduncles about 
 
 * In tbe arrangement of the genera I have slightly departed from that of Beutham 
 and Hooker in their " Genera Plantarum" in order to retain the divisions of Lomeutacie, 
 Siliquosse, and Siliculosce. 
 
 t The Plate is E. B. 231, unaltered. 
 
118 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 equal to the calyx in the fully expanded flower. Sepals oval, with 
 a membranous margin, diverging very little. Petals white or lilac,' 
 with long claws. I'ods in lax racemes ; the pedicel ratlier shorter 
 than the lower joint, which is about ^ inch long, and widest at 
 the summit. The upper joint is about f inch long, and tapers 
 towards the apex, while the base fits closely over the truncate 
 extremity of the loAver joint, which has a projection in the centre 
 and an elevated margin at the two sides, and between the centre 
 and the elevated margin there is frequently a small tooth. The 
 surface of the pod is nearly smooth when fresh, but Avith prominent 
 nerves or ribs when dry. Plant quite glabrous and slightly 
 glaucous. 
 
 Purple Sea Mocket. 
 
 French, Caquillier Maritime. German, Der See Ileersenf. 
 
 The specific name of this plant indicates its place of growth. It is by the sea- 
 coast and on sandy shores that we chiefly find its pretty green branches and pale 
 purple flowers. Like most other Cruciferous vegetables, it may be eaten with im]jutiity, 
 and is even regarded as forming a pleasant salad mixed witli other plants. It has 
 been reputed to have active cathartic qualities. Pliny, according to Gerarde, gives it 
 a reputation which might have been valuable iu the ancient days of corporal punish- 
 ment. He says : " Whosoever taketh the seed of Rocket befoi'e he be whipt, shall be 
 so hardened that he shall easily endure the paines." He adds : " The root and seed 
 stamped and mixed with vinegar and the gall of an ox taketh away freckles, lentiles, 
 blacke and blewe spots, and all such deformities of the face." The older botanists knew 
 this plant by the name of Eruca marina. 
 
 Tribe II.— RAPISTRE^. Scop. 
 
 Cotyledons folded longitudinally (condujjlicate), with the radicle 
 at the back of one of them. Pod short, without valves. 
 
 GENUS II.— C R A M B E. Zimi. 
 
 Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal, entire, with 
 short claws, 4 lower filaments usuall"" with a tooth near the 
 summit on the outer side. Stigma sessile. Pod of two joints, 
 which are indehiscent and without valves ; the lower one very 
 small, stalk-like, persistent, barren ; the upper one large, globose, 
 deciduou.s, 1-celled, and 1-seeded. 
 
 Branched herbs or under-shrubs, often glaucous and glabrous, 
 or clothed with simple hairs. Pedicels -without bracts, racemose at 
 least in fruit, i*acemes combined to form terminal panicles. 
 
 French, Le Crainhe. German, Ber Meerkold. 
 
 The generic name Crainbe is derived from the Greek word KiMfijMQ {krainhoa), arid, 
 dry. because the plants u.sually grow in the sand. 
 
C!njciFEn.E. 119 
 
 SPECIES I— CB, A EI BE MARITIMA. Lhm. 
 
 Plate LXXX.* 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Telr. Tab. II. Fig. 41 C4. 
 
 E-oot leaves stalked, roundisli-oval, sinuated and waved at the 
 edges. Plant glabrous and very glaucous. 
 
 On sandy and shingly sea-bcachcs. Thinly scattered round the 
 coast of England, the west coast of Scotland as far north as Islay ; 
 very scarce on the east coast of Scotland, where it does not extend 
 beyond the southern shore of the Frith of Forth. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Eootstock deeply buried in the sand or shingle, thick and fleshy, 
 branched, producing subterranean shoots and numerous branched 
 spreading stems about 2 feet high. Leaves broadly oval, coarsely 
 toothed and sinuated, resembling those of a cabbage but much 
 more glaucous and waved at the edges ; the lowest leaves on long 
 stalks, and very large ; the upper leaves much smaller, and on 
 shorter stalks. Flowers about ^ inch across, white, on slender 
 i:)edicels fully twice the length of the calyx ; corymbs terminating 
 the branches, which are so arranged as to form a eomiiound corymb. 
 Fruit in lax racemes combined into a panicle. Fruit pedicels 
 ascending. Lower joint of the pod about \ inch long, and a little 
 thicker than the pedicel. TJjiper joint nearly \ inch long hy 
 f inch broad, roundish oval, slightly pointed at the apex. Whole 
 plant fleshy, glabrous, intensely glaucous. 
 
 Sea- Kale. 
 
 French, Crarnhe Maritime. German, Der Gemeine Meerlcohl. 
 
 The specific name indicates the habitat of this plant. Its native haunts are by the 
 sea-coast; but it is cultivated largely inland, and in almost every garden in England. 
 It is somewhat uncertain as to whom the merit is due of the first attempt to introduce 
 this plant into cultivated gardens with a view to its use as an esculent vegetable. 
 Bryant and Parkinson state that from a very early time it was cut and eaten by the 
 inhabitants of the coasts where it grows wild. Sir William Jones, of Chelsea, asserts 
 tliat he saw bundles of it exposed for sale in the market at Chichester in 1753; and 
 i\Iaher observes, in the Horticultural Transactions, that "the Crambe maritima was 
 known and sent from this kingdom to the Continent more than two hundred years 
 ago." About the year 1767 Dr. Lettsom cultivated Sea-Kale in his own garden at 
 Grove Hill, and through him it was brought into general use. At the present time 
 it is a common vegetable on the stalls of Covent Garden Market, and is occasionally 
 seen in Scotland. In France it is seldom eaten. In 1807, Bastieu describes the " Chou 
 maiin d'Angleterre," but he appears to have made his experiments on the green leaves 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 924, wit'i fruit added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
120 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 instead of the broad white shoots of the plant, and to have been accordingly disgusted 
 with its flavour, and to have denied its excellence. The careful cultivation of Sea-Kale 
 greatly adds to its delicacy and flavour; by covering the shoots from the light they 
 become tender and white, and are thought by many to be equal if not superior to 
 
 asparagus. 
 
 Tribe III.— KAPHANE/E. Linn. 
 Cotyledons conduplicato. Pod elongate, without valves. 
 
 GENUS III.—R A P H A N U S. Zinn. 
 
 Sepals erect, tlie two outer gibbous at tbe base. Petals equal, 
 entire or emarginate, with long claws. Eilaments without wings 
 or teeth. Style slender, conical. Pod of two joints, which are 
 indehiscent and without valves ; the lower one very small, stalk- 
 like, persistent, barren ; the upper elongate-cylindrical or moni- 
 liform, deciduous or persistent, with several 1-seeded cells formed 
 by transverse partitions ; beak conical.* 
 
 Annual or biennial glabrous or hispid branched herbs, with the 
 root enlarged and fleshy in the biennial species. Lower leaves 
 lyrate. Racemes very short (almost corymbose) in flower, elon- 
 gate in fruit. Elowers pale yellow or white, veined or tinged with 
 pink or purple. Pods often spongy. 
 
 The name of this genus is from pacvtoc (raduos), early, and (paiyw (phaino), I appear, 
 from its speedy growth or appearance from the seed. The English name Radish comes 
 from radix, a root. 
 
 Sub-Genus I.— RAPHANISTRUM. Tournef. 
 
 Upper joint of the pod deciduous, hard underneath the fleshy 
 outer surface, more or less distinctly contracted between the seeds, 
 usually ribbed when dry. Plant hispid or scabrous. 
 
 SPECIES L—R APH AN US RAPHANISTRUM. Lmn. 
 
 Plate LXXXI.+ 
 
 Piajjlianistrum segetum, Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. III. Fig. 4172. 
 
 Root slender. Lower leaves few, scarcely forming a rosette, 
 lyrate, with few distant segments. Beak about three times as long 
 
 * For a detailed account of the structure of the pod, see Bromfield's " Flora 
 Vectensis," p. 4G. 
 
 t The Plato is E. B. 856, with a flower of the white variety added by Jlr. J. K 
 Sowerby. 
 
ckucifeim:. ll'l 
 
 as tlie last bead of the pod ; beads 4 to 8 in numl)or ; pods rather 
 indistinctly beaded and faintly ribbed when ripe. 
 
 Very common in cornfields and cultivated ground throughout 
 the whole kingdom. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Koot annual, scarcely thickened. Stem branched, with the 
 bi'anches erect or spreading. Lower leaves lyrate, with a large, 
 rounded, often 3-lobed terminal segment, and G or 7 lateral ones, 
 decreasing in size towards the base, sometimes opposite and some- 
 times alternate, all coarsely serrated ; uppermost leaves lanceolate, 
 simply serrate. Flowers about f inch across, pale yellow or white, 
 Avith lilac veins. Pods cylindrical, slightly constricted between 
 each seed. Mature pods 1^ to 2i inches long, breaking away from 
 the first barren segment, which is about nr inch long, and little 
 thicker than the pedicel ; beak sword-shaped, nearly | inch long. 
 Plant yelloAv-green, hispid, with short, reflexed, bristly hairs. 
 
 Man}^ autliors describe tlie fruit of this plant as if it always 
 broke transversely into 1-seeded segments. This I have not found 
 to be the case. The pods fall off whole, leaving the barren, stalk- 
 like first joint attached to the pedicel. The white-flowered state 
 is common near London, but I have never seen it in any part of 
 Scotland. 
 
 JFild Charlock, JFild liadisli, Jointed Charlock, White Charlock. 
 
 French, Radis Sauvage. German, Ber Acker llettig. 
 
 The repetition of a generic name with the addition of " istrura" or " astrum" ajijilied 
 to a s])ecies, indicates that it is a useless or contemptible member of that genus, or bears a 
 false resemblance to the species which comprise it. The seeds of the Wild Radish are 
 somewhat ])ungeDt, and contain a quantity of oil ; in some places they are used as a 
 substitute for mustard. In Sweden, where the plant abounds in the cornfields, the 
 .seeds often get mingled with the corn. There is a notion, encouraged by Linnaaus, that 
 the use of bread made from flour in which this admixture has taken place is injurious, 
 and that it induces peculiar convulsive fits and spasms; M. Villars, however, controverts 
 this notion by observing that in Dauphiny, where in cold, damj) sea.sons the weed 
 abounds, and is constantly mi.\ed with the corn, no such disease is known, neither can 
 such an effect be traced in England, where we have the Wild Radish very commonly in 
 our fields. There can be little doubt that the attacks of disease mentioned by Liun:eiis 
 are traceable to some fungoid growth in the grain during wet and unhealthy seasons. 
 Botanists and agriculturists who have examined the matter have no hesitation in ])ro- 
 nouncing this little plant to be as harmless as any other of its family, an excellent food for 
 domestic quadrupeds, and a favourite with bees. The common garden Radish (R. .sativus) 
 is a Chinese plant, or at least grows wild in that country; it was, however, grown by 
 the Egyptians and Greeks in very early times, and there is some difficulty in determining 
 its precise origin. Mr. Bentham thinks it may possibly be only a variety of our Wild 
 Radish. It grows very easily and commonly in our gardens, and is one of the commonest 
 forms of uncooked vegetable food on our tables in the early sjiring. The Roman phy- 
 Bicians recommended that Radishes should be eaten raw with bread and salt in the 
 
 B 
 
122 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 raoruing before any other fi)od; and we are reiuiiuleJ tliat it was considered a plcasaat 
 addition to a repast even in luxurious Rome by our own poet Thomson's description ot 
 an evening meal ; — 
 
 " The customary rites 
 
 Of tlie l;ist meal commence — a Roman meal, 
 
 Such as the mistress of the world once found 
 
 Delicious, when her patriots of high note. 
 
 Perhaps by moonlight, at their humble doors, 
 
 And under an old oak's domestic shade, 
 
 Enjoy 'd spare feast, — a radlah and an egg." 
 
 The variety of the cultivated Radish is very great, and its uses are not merely 
 confined to its edible properties. Chemists formerly scraped the colouring matter from 
 the rind to make a blue substance, which would turn red by the addition of acids, in 
 the same manner as litmus is used at the present day. Gerarde also reports that " the 
 root stamped with honey and the powder of sheep's heart dried, causeth the hair to grow 
 in short space." 
 
 SPECIES II.— R A P il A N U S M A HI T I M U S. Sm. 
 
 Plate LXXXII.* 
 
 Raphanistrum maritimum, 7?e(c/t. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vokll. 7ei!»\ Tab. III. Fig. 4174. 
 
 Root tliickeued. Hadical leaves numerous, forming a rosette, 
 lyrate with numerous approximate segments, or interruptedly lyrate. 
 Pod distinctly beaded ; beads 1 to 3, rarely 4, strongly ri'ohed when 
 dry ; beak about twice as long as the last bead of the pod. 
 
 On sands and cliffs by the sea. Local ; on the south and west 
 coast of England, and west coast of Scotland as far north as Bute. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or perennial. Summer, 
 Autumn. 
 
 Eoot producing a rosette of leaves from 6 to IS inches long. 
 Stem much stouter than in R. Ptaphanistrum, and with the flower- 
 ing branches more numerous, more diverging, and more rigid. 
 Radical leaves with numerous approximate pinuaj, which are 
 sometimes directed backwards, so that the leaf becomes runcinate ; 
 and when the leaf is large, there are usually smaller segments 
 produced along the common petiole, alternating with the regular 
 piuna3. The flowers are rather smaller than in R. Raplianistrum, 
 and almost always yellow. I have only observed the white variety 
 in the Channel Islands. The pod has generally fewer beads, and 
 these beads are commonly larger and more deeply furrowed. 
 
 Some authors describe the beak or empty part of pod as being 
 
 * The Plate is from a drawing made by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, taken from a 
 Wigtonshire sjiecimen ; the root leaf from a cultivated jilant grown in Sir. H. C. 
 Watson's garden. 
 
CRUCIFER.f:. 123 
 
 equal in longth to the last bead or segment of the pod ; but 
 altlioug'li it is variable in length, I have seldom seen it so short as 
 tliis. The l)oak itself is more subulate and less compressed than 
 in 11. Eaphani strum, and the colour of the whole plant is a deeper 
 green. 
 
 Mr. Hewett C. Watson finds this plant retains all its characters 
 in cultivation. He believes R. maritimus to be truly native, and 
 the preceding to be merely an introduced colonist. 
 
 Sea Charlock, or Sea Hadlsh. 
 
 Section II.— SILIQUOS^. 
 
 Truit a siliqua, usually more than four times as long as broad, 
 sub-cylindrical or linear (except in some of the species of jS\astur- 
 tiura), not divided by transverse partitions, opening when ripe by 
 two valves, which split away from the replum. 
 
 Tribe IV.— BRASSICEiE. 
 
 Cotyledons longitudinally folded (conduplicate). Pod elongate, 
 2-valvcd. 
 
 GENUS IV.— B R A S S I C A. Bois. 
 
 Sepals erect or spreading, with lateral ones sometimes gibbous 
 at the base. Petals equal or entire, with the claw usually about 
 equal to the limb. Pilaments without wings or teeth. Pod sub- 
 cylindrical, often more or less compressed, parallel to the partition. 
 Style persistent, forming a conical, subulate, ensiform, or ovoid 
 beak. Seeds globose or ovoid. 
 
 I follow Mr. Bentham, who in his " Handbook" adopts M. 
 Boissier's views in uniting Hiplotaxis with Erassica (as it is limited 
 in the "Genera Plantarum"). The separation between the two 
 appears to be merely artificial. 
 
 Tlie generic name is derived from an old CVltic word hresic, a cabbage. Varro 
 derives the name from the Latin prceseco, to cut ofl', l)ecause it is cut from the stalk. 
 
 Sub-Genus I.— SINAPIS. Zlnn. 
 
 Sepals spreading, glabrous. Seeds sub-globular, arranged in a 
 single row down the middle of each cell of tlie pod. 
 
 Tlie name of the genus Sinapis comes from iruinri (sincipi). The Celtic word 
 nap is a designation applied to all plants re.sembling a turniii or cabliiige. 
 
124 ENGLISH BOIANY. 
 
 SPECIES I.-BRASSIC A SIN APISTRUM. Bois. 
 Plate LXXXIII.* 
 
 Sinapis arvensis, Linn. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXXXVI. 
 
 Fig. 4425. 
 Brassica Sinapistrura, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 92. 
 Siiiapis arvensis, Linn, et AvA:t. Flur. 
 
 Leaves oval or oblong ; the lower ones stalked and sub-lyrate ; 
 the upper ones irregularly sinuated and toothed ; the uppermost 
 sessile, toothed. Pods ascending, generally glabrous, sub-cylindrical, 
 slightly beaked ; valves with 3 prominent ribs ; beak deciduous, 
 conical, slightly 2-edged, shorter than valves. Seeds 3 to 8 in each 
 cell, very dark brown, smooth (to tlie naked eye). 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground. Very common. Occurs throughout 
 the whole kingdom. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, or ascending, furrowed, 1 to 2 feet high, more or 
 less branched ; branches spreading. Leaves variable in shape, 
 frequently all undivided in small examples, but in luxurious 
 specimens the lower leaves have usually a few small segments on 
 the petiole below the main portion of the lamina. Plowers sub- 
 corymbose, about f inch across, bright yellow. Pods 1 to 2 inches 
 long, in a lax raceme ; pedicels in flower about equal to the calyx, 
 in fruit much shorter than the pod. Beak of the \^o(\. al)out f inch 
 long, frequently containing a single seed. AVhole plant dull green ; 
 the stem, leaistalks, peduncles and pedicels rough, Avitli short, 
 reflexed, bristly hairs. 
 
 This plant closely resembles Eaphanus Piaphanistrum, but the 
 leaves are much less divided, the sepals spreading, and the petals 
 much brighter yellow. When in fruit the two cannot l)e con- 
 founded, as in Paphanistrum tlie pod has no valves, and doubtless 
 re2)resents the beak of Prassica Sinapistrum. 
 
 TIte Churlock, or Com Muslanl. 
 
 French, Moutarde des Champs. Gei'man, Ber Acker Sen/. 
 
 It is a troublesome weed on arable land tliroughout England, but is capalile ol 
 being used when boiled as a pot herb, and is so employed in Sweden and Ireland. It 
 is much relished by cattle, and esj)ecially by sheep, but is nowhere cultivated as fodder. 
 The seeds form a good substitute for mustard, and have been used as food for birds, but 
 being pungent are not desirable for them. 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 1718, unaltered. 
 
CHUCIFER.E. 125 
 
 SPECIES II.— BR AS SIC A ALBA. Bois. 
 Plate LXXXIV.* 
 
 Sinapis alba, Linn. lieich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXXXV. 
 
 Fig. 4424. 
 Brassica alba, Benth. Handbook of Brit. Fl. p. 92. 
 Sinapis alba, Linn, et Auct. Vlur. 
 
 Leaves all pinnatifid (or sub-lyrate) and stalked. Pods spreading, 
 liispid, sub-cylindrical, beaded ; valves each with 5 prominent 
 ribs ; beak not deciduous, flattened, ensiform, usually much longer 
 than the valves. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell, commonly dull yellow, 
 indistinctly punctui-ed (to the naked eye). 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground. Kot very common, but generally 
 distributed throughout Britain. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, furrowed, 1 to 3 feet high, branched ; branches 
 ascending. Leaves pinnatifid, the divisions of the lower and middle 
 leaves often separated quite down to the midrib, so that the leaf 
 becomes pinnipartite, terminal lobe often not much larger than 
 the lateral ones ; upper leaves with the incisions not nearly so deep 
 as in the lower ones. Flowers sub-corymbose, about \ inch across, 
 briglit yellow. Pedicels longer tlian the calyx when in flower, about 
 as long as the pod without the beak in fruit. Pods rather more than 
 1 inch long, including the beak, which is longer than the valves, and 
 often contains a seed at the base; the beak is less hispid than tlie 
 valves, and in this species remains until the latter separate, while in 
 B. Sinapistrum it falls off l)efore that takes place. Seeds generally 
 pale in this country, but in the South of Europe they are often 
 reddish brown. Plant bright green, hispid, with reflexed liairs. 
 
 Tlie pinnatifid leaves and the sliort, few-seeded pods with 
 long ensiform beaks, distinguish this plant from B. Sinapistrum. 
 Tlie lower pods also spread horizontally, Avliile in the preceding 
 species they are ascending. 
 
 ' Wliite Mustard. 
 
 Ficncli, Moxdarde Bkmclie, Xavette (TEte, Graine de Beurre. German, Weisner Sen/. 
 
 The specific name signifies its cbaractei-istic ajipearance, white. The common 
 White Mustard is a frequent plant in fields and roadsides. A pungent powder 
 is obtained from the seeds when ground, but much inferior in strength to the 
 Black Mustard. This species is chiefly cultivated as a small salad, and is used like 
 cresses while in the sec<l-Ieaf. When these are young and tender they are pleasant 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 1677, unaltered. 
 
126 EXGLISU BOTANY. 
 
 ami palata^)le, but whon more advanced tbey are rough and jmngont. Some years ago 
 the admiuistration of White Mustard seeds whole in large quantities as a medicine wag 
 a frequent practice. It was considered by some practitiouers as a good remedy for 
 disoi'ders of the digestion ; but the effects were so frequently the reverse of beneficial, 
 having in many cases caused inflammation owing to their retention in the bowels, that 
 they are now seldom if ever ju-escribed. The JIustard seed is peculiarly quick in vege- 
 tation. It will begin to shoot in a few hours, and with the barest possible surface to 
 root upon. The moist surface of a piece of flannel is sufficient to nourish its vitality, 
 and we have seen crops of green salad thus grown in a surprisingly short time. This 
 property is made use of on board ship in order to secure the refreshment of a green and 
 fresh salad when far from land and vegetation. Among theological writer.? a consider- 
 able difference of opinion has arisen as to the nature of the Mustard seed mentioned by 
 our Lord in his discourse with his Apostles. It is, however, quite certain that the 
 oriental plant of wliich he spoke was neither the Sinajiis alba or nigra; and Dr. Kitto, 
 who writes on the subject in his " Pictorial Bible," quotes a Mr. Frost, who concludes 
 from evidence which he carefully weighs that it was undoubtedly the Phytolacca dode- 
 candia, a tree growing abundantly in Palestine, having the smallest seed of any tree in 
 that country, and attaining as great an altitude as any. The analogy between the two 
 genera Sinapis and Phytolacca is, he says, very considerable in their properties, their 
 seeds being used for similar purposes, and he was informed that the tree is called by 
 the natives Wild Mustard. Other authors, among them Dr. Kitto himself, incline to 
 the belief that the Mustard of Scripture was probably a species of Sinapis, rendered 
 much lai'ger and powerful in size and strength by the influence of climate and situation. 
 He quotes from Alonzo de Boallo's "Travels in Chili" to prove how large a size is 
 attained by many European vegetables under an Eastern sky. He says, " the Mustard 
 plant thrives so rapidly that it is as big as one's arm, and so high and thick that it 
 looks like a tree," — an account to be received " cum gi-auo salis." 
 
 SPECIES III.- B RASSICA NIGH A. Koch. 
 Plate LXXXV.* 
 
 Sina]ns nigra, Linn. Eekh. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXXXVIII. 
 
 Fig. 4427. 
 Brassica nigra, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 92. 
 Koch. Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 59. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 77. 
 
 Coss. Fl. des Environs de Paris, ed. ii. p. 119. 
 Sinapis nigra, Auct. Plur. 
 
 Lower leaves lyrate, sinuated, or toothed; the uppermost ones 
 lanceolate or narrowly elliptical, entire, all stalked. Pods adpressed, 
 nearly ghibrous, somewhat ds-sided, beaded; valves acuminated at 
 the apex, each with 1 prominent rib ; beak persistent, subulate, 
 prismatic, about equal in lengtli to one of the beads of the jiod. 
 Seeds 2 to 4 in each cell, dark brown, punctured (to the naked eye). 
 
 On cliffs by the sea-coast, apparently wild ; also a weed in 
 
 • The Plate is E. B. 9G9, unaltered. 
 
CRUClFERiE. 127 
 
 cultivated grouud aud iu waste places. Kathci* more frequent in 
 England than B. alba, but certainly less so in Scotland, where the 
 Friths of Forth and Clyde appear to be its northern limit. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem 1 to 1 feet high, stilfer aud less succulent than in B. 
 Sinapistrum aud alba, with numerous spreading branches in the 
 upper ])art. Lowest leaves distinctly lyrate, with a very largo 
 sinuated terminal lobe ; intermediate ones deeply siuuated, and the 
 uppermost of all quite entire and very narrow. Flowers suli- 
 cui-yml)osc, about ^ inch across, very bright yellow. Pedicels 
 shorter than the calyx when in flower, and about twice as long as 
 one of the beads of the pod in fruit. Pod ^ to f inch long; valves 
 strongly keeled, attenuated towai'ds the apex, so that without 
 examination it might be supposed that the beak commenced at a 
 lower point than it actually does ; the beak is about -} inch long, 
 rather more slender than the peduncle, and tapers slightly and 
 gradually to the apex ; it never contains a seed. The seeds are 
 about half the size of those of B. alba, and more distinctly 
 punctured. Plant dark green, more or less hispid, especially in the 
 lower parts. 
 
 Sinapis incana of Linnaeus is considered by many botanists to 
 be a hispid variety of this species, although the greater number of 
 authors have referred it to the following one. 
 
 Black Mustard. 
 
 French, Ilovtarde Noire. German, Schwarzer Sen/. 
 
 A wLimsical history is attached to the etymology of this plant, which is given by 
 Dr. Withering, and may be quoted here : " In 1382 Philip tlie Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 
 granted to the town of Dijon armorial ensigns with the motto ' iloult me tarde' (in old 
 French, 'I long or wish ardently'), which being sculptured over the principal gate, by some 
 accident the middle word became effaced. The merchant dealers in Sinapi, intending 
 to ensign their pots with labels of the city arms, copied the imperfect motto as it then 
 remained ' ^loult tarde,' and hence the name which this Sinapi composition retains to this 
 day." The Black Mustard is found wild in the same situations as the white kind. As 
 a remedy in medicine the seeds have been used from a very early date by the Greek 
 physicians. It was held in such repute by that nation, that they attributed the dis- 
 covery of its virtues to Esculapius. When it was fir.st used as a condiment does not 
 ajipear, but some authors say it was iu use in England among the Saxons. Tusser 
 alludes to its domestic use and garden cultivation in the sixteenth century ; — 
 
 " Llaids Mustard seed gather for being too ripe, 
 And weather it well yer ye give it a stripe ; 
 Then dress it and lay it in soUer up svi-eet, 
 Least foistiuess make it for table unmeet." 
 
 The process of grinding the seed appears to have been a recent invention. Our 
 faithful fi-iend Gerarde says : " The seed of Mustard pound with viiic^'ar is an excellent 
 
128 ENGLISK BOTANY. 
 
 sawce, good to be eaten with any grosse meats either fish or fleshe, because it doth help 
 the digestion, warmeth the stouiacke, and provouketh appetite. It also appeasetli the 
 toothache bein<; chewed in tlie moutli. It hel(.eth those that have their hair pulled 
 off; it taketh away the blew and black marks that come of bruisings." According to 
 Coles, who wrote about 1657, Mustard was grown in the neighbourhood of Tewkesbury, 
 ground up, made into balls, and sent to London, where it was considered the best. The 
 Black Mustard is now largely cultivated both in England and the Continent, and is 
 consumed in great quantities both as a condiment and for the sake of its oil. In Durham 
 the cultivation and preparation of Mustard is an important feature of trade. Before 
 grinding, the outer husk is removed fi'om the seeds, and they are passed under rollers, 
 and then reduced to a finer powder in a mortar. The Mustard used at table is generally 
 a mixture of Black and White Mustard in equal proportions; it is, however, very con- 
 stantly adulterated with flour and coloured with turmeric. The French do not take 
 away the husks from their seeds, so that the French Mustard has a blacker appearance 
 than ours, and is more pungent, for the husks contain the acrid qualities of the plant in 
 large quantities. The chemistry of Mustard, on which all the active properties of the 
 seeds depend, has engaged the attention of many eminent chemists, and the results are 
 interesting. According to the most recent inquiries, it appears that Black Mustard 
 consists chiefly of a bland fixed oil, a peculiar bitter inodorous principle called myroxcic 
 acid, and another princijile termed myrosyne. By the addition of water an excessively 
 pungent oil is obtained which does not originally exist in the seed, but is forme! from 
 these above-named substances by the action of water, and is called pyroxine. The saliva 
 of the tongue aj)plied to dry powdered ]\Iustard eliminates this principle, and produces 
 the pungent burning sensation so well known to us all. Manufacturers of Mustard for 
 table use assert that pure unadulterated Mustard-flour would be too pungent to b« 
 palatable, and a mixture of the following kind is considered as the best form for use : 
 Two bushels of black and three of white seed, yielding when ground 145 lbs. of flour, 
 mixed to lessen the pungency and improve the colour with 5G lbs. of wheaten flour and 
 2 lbs. of turmeric; the acrimony is restored without the pungency by the addition of a 
 pound of chili pods and half a pound of ginger. Although the common table Mustard 
 serves all the purposes for which it is used, medicinally the colleges and Pharmacopoeias 
 recognize only the pure farina of Sinapis nigra. In its action Mustard is an irritant, 
 stimulant, emetic and stomachic. As an external ayiplioation in the form of a cataplasm 
 it is one of the most effectual domestic remedies for removing pain, mitigating local 
 inflammation, or rousing from stupor. From fifteen to twenty-tive minutes is about 
 the time necessary to endure the smarting process; if the patient be insensible it is 
 not well to leave the application on too long lest ulceration and sloughing should ensue. 
 The stinging pain which remains after the removal of the Mustard may be mitigated, 
 if too violent, by sponging the part with cold water, or dropping ether on it. In large 
 doses of two or three table-spoonfuls mixed with a tumbler of warm water it consti- 
 tutes a most effectual emetic, and is most valuable as a domestic remedy in case of 
 poisoning before medical aid can be obtained. As a condiment we hear of Mustard in 
 the time of Shakespeare, and not less singular was the taste of the times then than is 
 the fancy of some nowadays who eat Mustard with apple-pie. Shakespeare's gourmands 
 thought their Shrove Tuesday feast of pancakes incomplete without the Mustard ; and 
 we read of Touchstone enlightening Eosalind " Of a certain knight that swore by his 
 honour they were good pancakes, and swore by his honour the Mustard was naught: 
 now " (says Touchstone), " I'll stand to it, the pancakes were nauglit and the Mustard 
 was good, and yet was not the knight forsworn." 
 
CRUCIFER^E. 129 
 
 SPECIES IV.-BRASSICA ADPRESSA. Pwis. 
 
 Plate LXXXVI.* 
 
 Sinapis incana, Linn, llekh. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Telr. Tab. LXXXV. 
 
 Fig. 44S3. 
 Brassica adjiressa, Bois. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 92. 
 Hirsclifeldia adi)ressa, Mijnch. Meth. 264. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 78. 
 Erucastrum incanum, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 61. 
 Siuapis incana, Linn. (?) et Aiict. Plur. 
 
 Lower leaves stalked, lyratc, sinuatcd or toothed ; the upper- 
 most ones sub-sessile, lanceolate or narrowly elliptical, entire. 
 Pods adpressed, slightly hispid or glabrous, cylindrical, somewhat 
 4-sided, scarcely beaded ; valves truncate, not attenuated at the 
 apex, each with a faint dorsal rib ; beak cylindrical-clavate, ribbed, 
 more than half the length of the valves. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell, 
 reddish brown, punctured (to the naked eye). 
 
 In sandy fields. E-are, and apparently confined to the islands 
 of Jersey and Alderney. 
 
 Channel Islands. Biennial or Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Extremely like B. nigra, but differs in the following particulars : 
 Root frequently biennial. Leaves less divided, and the upper ones 
 less distinctly stalked. Pods about f inch long, of which the beak 
 occupies about \ inch ; the valves the same width from the base to 
 the apex, with the dorsal rib less prominent and the places of the 
 seeds scarcely indicated by bead-like enlargements ; beak a little 
 narrower at its base than the valves, and then slightly enlarged 
 towards the apex, with S ribs, and usually containing 1 seed. Seeds 
 more flattened than in B. nigra. Whole plant thickly clothed 
 with short bristly hairs, which are reflexed upon the stem ; these 
 hairs cause a greyish appearance very different in colour from the 
 dark green of B. nigra. 
 
 Hoary Mustard. 
 
 French, Moutarde BlancliAtre. 
 
 Sub-Genus II.— EU-BllASSICA. 
 
 Sepals erect, glabrous. Seeds sub-globular, arranged in a single 
 
 row down the middle of the pod. 
 
 • The Plate is E. B. S. No. 2843, unaltered. 
 S 
 
130 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 SPECIES V.~BRASSICA OLERACEA. Linn. 
 
 Plate LXXXVIl.* 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. (ienn. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XCVII. Fig. 4438. 
 
 Hadical leaves stalked, broadly- oval or obovate, with waved or 
 sinuated margins, occasionally sub-lyrate ; uppermost stem leaves 
 oblong, entire, not dilated at the base, sessile or semi-amplexicaul ; 
 all glaucous and glabrous. Inflorescence lengthened into a lax 
 raceme at tbe time the flowers expand. Sepals closed upon the 
 claws of the petals. Beak of the pod shortly conical, not containing 
 a seed ; valves 1-nerved, with anastomosing veins. 
 
 Locally abundant and apparently indigenous on clilTs and the 
 debris at their base in the South and West of England, particularly 
 on tlie Kentish coast from Folkestone to Kingsdown. On the west 
 coast it may be wild as far north as Tenby in Pembrokeshire, or 
 even Carnarvonshire. It also occurs in many other places both in 
 I'lngland and Scotland, but probably only where it lias escaped 
 from cultivation. 
 
 England [Scotland,] Ireland. Biennial or Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Stems tortuous, very thick and woody in old specimens, much 
 branched ; the flowering shoots ascending. Lower leaves often 
 very large, the sinuations deepest towards the base ; occasionally 
 there are a few lobes on the lower part of the petiole separated 
 from the main lamina of the leaf, so that it becomes imperfectly 
 lyi'ate, but never regularly so as in the next species. Elowers 
 nearly an inch across, pale lemon yellow, the full distance between 
 the pedicels being reached by the time the flowers fade. Pods 
 about 3 inches long, slightly compressed ; the beak little more than 
 J inch. Plant dark bluish green with a glaucous bloom, the leaves 
 slightly succulent. 
 
 Sea Coleicort or Cahhage, JVild Cabbage. 
 
 French, Ghou Potager. German, Der Kohl. 
 
 In its wild state the Cabbage forms a very wholesome vegetable, and no donbt was 
 extensively eaten long before any attempt was made to cultivate it. All the varieties 
 of Cauliflower, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Pv,ed Cabbage, and the like, so well known to 
 the gardener, are descendants of the Wild Cabbage. 
 
 There is no plant of greater interest to the vegetable physiologist than the present 
 form of Brassica, on account of tbe multitudinous forms which it has assumed under 
 cultivation. Two plants belonging to the same class can hardly differ more than the 
 flowerless, thick-leaved, swollen Red Cabbage of the gardens, and the tender green herb 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 637, with a pod added from a Kentish specimen by Mr. J. li 
 Sowerby. 
 
CUUCIFERJE. 131 
 
 witli yollow fldwers of the sea-shore ; yet they are one and the same, as is proved by 
 the fact that the Red Cabbaf;es of neglected gardens at the sea-side pass back again in 
 a few generations to the condition of the Wihl Cabbage. The cultivated varieties of 
 this plant will be best understood by the following synopsis : — 
 
 1. Brassica oleracea sylvestris. — Wild Cabbage, or Sea Colewort. German, Der 
 Kohl. This is the wild form. 
 
 2. B. oleracea acephala. — Green Kale, or Borecole. Called in France Choux sans Tele 
 and Choux Verts ; in Germany, Winter Kohl or Gemehier Kohl. The heads of leaves 
 are always spreading, and according to the degree of this the Germans call the varieties 
 Blait Kohl, Rosen Kohl, and Schlitz Kohl. The forms of this variety are very numerous, 
 and are known to English gardeners as the Thousand-headed Cabbage, the Oak-leaved 
 Broccoli, the Green Broccoli, the Scotch Kale, Ragged Jack, Palm Kale, Cow Cabbage- 
 and Ribbed Cabbage. The great distinction of this form is that the leaves do not bend 
 over or connive, as in other varieties. 
 
 3. B. oleracea bulleata and B. oleracea geimmfera. — Savoy Cabbages and Brussels 
 Sprouts. French, Chou de Savoie ; German, Kopfkraut. In this variety the young 
 leaves at first connive and form a head, and the outer leaves are spreading. This 
 garden variety is useful as supplying greens from November till spring. All the forms 
 of what are called Savoys, of which there are a great number, and the Brussels Sprouts, 
 belong to this variety. 
 
 4. B. oleracea capitata. — Red and White Cabbages. French, Choux Cahus, or 
 Fommes ; German, Kopfkohl. The leaves of this variety all connive and are smooth, not 
 crumjiled or blistered, as in the preceding varieties. The number of forms of this variet}' 
 cultivated in our gardens is immense. De Candolle divided them into White and Red 
 Cabbages. The white he subdivided into five sections: 1, with oblong heads ; 2, conical 
 heads ; 3, large round heads ; 4, fiat heads ; 5, obovate heads. Under each of these 
 heads are several sorts known to the gardeners of Europe. Each of these sorts has its 
 good qualities for size, flavour, growth, or season of maturity. What are called Coleworts 
 are obtained from the seeds of the Cabbage, and the production of this variety depends 
 on the season of planting and management. The Red Cabbage is the Chou Pomme 
 Rouge of the French, and the Rothe Kopfkohl of the Germans. It is principally used 
 in this country for pickling and for garnish. 
 
 5. B. oleracea caido-rapa. — The Turnip-stemmed Cabbage. French, Chou Rave ; 
 German, Kohl-Rahe. In this variety the stem is tumid, and somewhat globose at the 
 origin of the leaves. It looks very like a turnip from the large size of the stem. The 
 leaves are used in the same way as those of greens or coleworts; but unless eaten 
 young they have a disagreeable flavour. This variety and its forms are not so much 
 grown in this country as the other. 
 
 6< B. oleracea Botrytis. — Cauliflowers and Broccoli. French, Choujleur; Geiinan 
 Blumenkohl. The Broccoli is scarcely distinguishable botanically from Cauliflower. 
 The stem of the Broccoli is longer and the flower-heads are smaller. In these cases the 
 parts that are eaten are the over-nourished flowers and stalks. They form a very 
 delicate dish, and their culture has beeu greatly improved within the last few years 
 in this and other countries of Eurojje. Cauliflowers are either white or reddish-purple 
 in colour. The Broccoli have a greater variety of colours, being sometimes quite green 
 as well as purple and yellow. A number of forms are I'eai-ed in the gardens. 
 
 From remote antiquity the Cabbage has been cultivated by man for the purpo.?e 
 of food. The Greeks grew it in their gardens, and their poets have perpetuated a 
 rather coar.se myth to account for its a[)pearance. They relate tliat Zeus being called 
 upon to decide between two conflicting oracles, perspired profusely, and the Cabbage 
 
132 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 sprang from the moisture. The real meaning of tliis fable may point to the labour 
 and toil required to bring the plant into cultivation. Tlie Romans were in the habit 
 of eating the Cabbage either boiled or raw with vinegar. Pliny relates that in Italy 
 Cabbages of .such a size were grown that the table of a poor man would scarcely support 
 one. He adds that as an article of diet they were going out of favour, owing to the 
 quantity of oil necessary to render them palatable, from which we may conclude that 
 they were eaten as a salad. The eai'ly sprouts were much esteemed, but, according to 
 Pliny, were rejected by the epicure Apicius and by Drusus, who was reprimanded by 
 his father Tiberius for his fastidious taste. Pliny mentions several kinds of Cabbages, 
 one of which — most probably the Wild Cabbage — was frequently put into casks which 
 had recently contained oil, closely corked, and then sent to a distance, or used on long 
 voyages as a vegetable food. The Cabbage — which name comes from the old French 
 word cab, a head — was first grown in Britain by the Saxons, with whom it was a 
 favourite, and perhaps the only garden vegetable they cultivated. It apjiears that a 
 controversy arose a short time ago regarding the introduction of the Cabbage, some 
 writers contending that it was unknown until the sixteenth century, while others give 
 it a much earlier date. Sir Anthony Ashley, of Wiburg St. Giles, Dorsetshire, haa 
 sculptured on his tombstone a Cabbage, to commemorate the circumstance of his having 
 been the first to plant and cultivate this vegetable in England ; but this was the Eound- 
 headed or Summer Cabbage, and not the old Colewort, which was known long before 
 this time, and mentioned in several monastic records. Gerarde knew several varieties 
 of Cabbage, and in an edition of his " Historie of Plantes," dated 1G36, he describes 
 very accurately the different kinds of Cabbages and Cauliflowers, all of which have their 
 origin in the common Cabbage. In 1619 Cauliflowers fetched in the London market 
 the high price of Is. 6(/. or 2s. each. Gerarde says : " The swollen. Colewort I received 
 of a worshipful merchant of London, Master Nicholas Lete, who brought the seed 
 thereof out of France." It was a favourite saying of Dr. Johnson, that of all flowers 
 in the garden there was "none to compare to the Cauliflower." In Scotland the 
 introduction of the Cabbage is commonly attributed to the soldiers of Cromwell's 
 army; but in Mr. Johnson's "Useful Plants of Great Britain," a very valuable and 
 reliable book, the notion is contradicted, and an observation made that long before 
 Cromwell's time Kail is mentioned in the old songs and traditions of the country. 
 Kail yards were to be found round Scottish houses long before the Commonwealth; 
 and there was 
 
 " Cauld Kail in Aberdeen, 
 An' castocks in Stra'bogie," 
 centuries before the Roundheads crossed the Border. The varieties of the Cabbage are 
 very numerous, and the modes of cultivation equally various. The Cauliflower is 
 simply a Cabbage with its flowering portion more lai-gely developed than in the ordi- 
 nary plant. It sometimes attains an enormous size, and may perhaps be the specimen 
 spoken of by Pliny for its great dimensions. The Red Cabbage used for jiickling seems 
 to have been known to the Romans. The vegetable known in Germany by the name 
 of Kohl-rabi is a variety of Cabbage, the stem of which is alone eaten cut into thin 
 strips and boiled. In the form of Saner Kraut the Germans consume large quantities 
 of Cabbage : it is prepared by laying the vegetable in layers in a tub with salt and a 
 little oil between each; fermentation takes place, and tlie mass is not considered ia 
 jierfectiou until it is entirely decomposed, giving out to English noses a mo.st un[)leasant 
 odour; it is then served up with vinegar, and highly relished by the true German 
 palate. There is but little nutritive matter in Cabbages, as might be imagined, but, in 
 common with most other vegetable food, they form a very important addition to a 
 
CRUCIFER-E. 133 
 
 dietary. The ancients, without knowing their constituents, used them in medicine for 
 a variety of diseases. Pliny recommends gouty people to eat Cabliages entirely, and 
 drink only the water in which they are boiled — advice which might not be without 
 benefit if followed in the present day. Lord Bacon says that raw Coleworts prevent 
 intoxication, and accounts for this property by the fact that there is a natural enmity 
 between the vine and the Cabbage; so much so, '-that forthwith the vine perishetb and 
 withereth away if it grow near unto it." Bertolini states that he knew a physician about 
 to settle in Denmark, but on seeing the gardens well stocked with Cabbages, returned, 
 saying it was useless to hope for a lucrative practice among a people so well provided 
 against disease. Our modern chemical researches put us in a bettor position to judge of 
 the merits of this homely vegetable as an ai-ticle of diet. We find that one pound of 
 Cabbages contains of water 14 oz. 414 grs. ; albumen, 126 grs. ; starch, 42 grs. ; dextrine, 
 203 grs. ; woody fibre, 35 grs. ; mineral matter, 56 grs. In cooking, the latter constituent 
 is in a great measure lost in the water, hence the reasonableness of the advice to drink the 
 water, or else to eat the vegetable uncooked, as was the Roman custom. The table of 
 virtues ascribed to the Colewort by our old and much-believing writer Gerarde includes 
 innumerable diseases and imperfections more amusing than credible. The Cabbage is 
 not so common and homely a vegetable as to have been altogether unheeded in the 
 poet's song. English Dryden says of a housewife, — 
 
 " She took the Coleworts which her husband got 
 From his own ground, a small well-watered spot ; 
 She stripii'd the stalks of all their leaves; the best 
 She cuU'd, and then with handy care she dress'd." 
 
 The wild and cultivated varieties of the Cabbage are liable to the attacks of 
 various insects. The lai'va; of the Tipula oleracea feed on the roots, whilst those of the 
 Cabbage Butterfly (Pontia Brassicce) feed on the leaves. The latter are very destructive 
 to the cultivated varieties. 
 
 SPECIES VI.— BRASSICA POLYMORPHA. 
 Plates LXXXVIII. LXXXIX. XC. 
 Radical leaves stalked, regularly lyrate ; uppermost stem leaves 
 oval or oblong, acuminated, entire, dilated at the base, and amplexi- 
 caul ; all glaucous, and the upper ones at least glabrous. Inflore- 
 scence corymbose or sub-corymbose, or a very compact raceme at 
 the time tbe flowers expand. Sepals slightly spreading. Beak of 
 the pod conical-subulate, not containing a seed; valves 1-nerved 
 with anastomosing veins. 
 
 Sub-Species I.— Brassica Napus. Linii. 
 
 Plate LXXXVIII.* 
 Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IL Telr. Tab. XCIII. XCIV. Fig. 4435. 
 Leaves all glaucous and glabrous. Flowers remaining till the 
 corymb expands into a short raceme. 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 214G, with a rij)e pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
134 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 A -weed in cultivated ground, or more frequently the remains of 
 a field of rape or cole seed. 
 
 [England, Scotland, Ireland]. Annual or Biennial. 
 Spring, Summer. 
 
 Hoot slender in the annual or enlarged in the biennial form. 
 Stem erect, branched, li to 2 feet high. Eadical leaves lyrate, 
 usually disappearing before the plant flowers ; lower stem leaves 
 sub-lyrate or sinuated ; the uppermost lanceolate and entire ; all 
 dilated and eordate-amplexicaul at the base. Raceme slightly 
 elongated before the flowers expand. Flowers about | inch in 
 diameter, bright yellow. Calyx slightly spreading. Pods some- 
 what patent, 2 to 3 inches long, sliglitly beaded ; valves with 
 1 prominent nerve ; beak about J inch long, sul)ulate-angular, 
 without a seed. Whole plant very glaucous and quite smooth. 
 
 Mope, Naveio, or Coleseed. 
 
 Frencli, Chou Kavet. German, Der liiihen Kold. 
 
 This plant is frequently found wild in the fields, though it is so largely cultivated 
 that it may be generally suspected of having escaped from cultivation. The seeds, 
 ■which contain large quantities of oil, constitute the chief value of this plant. They 
 yield by expression about thirty-three per cent, of oil, which is very valuable for lubri- 
 cating machinery ; it is also used for lighting equally with colza oil, but as it does 
 not dry it is not fit for the painter. As a food for cage birds the Rajie seed is well 
 known. All cattle like it, but sheep do not do well if fed largely upon it. Occasionally 
 Eape is grown solely for the purpose of manure, and is then jjloughed into the land 
 after the leaves have attained their full size. The cake that remains after the oil is 
 expressed is used both for cattle feeding and as manure. For the latter purpose it is 
 mixed with liquid manure, and is found serviceable to flax crops ; it has also been 
 adopted in this country largely as a manure for turnips, and is found to be very 
 successful, 
 
 Sub-Species II.— Brassica campestris. Linn. 
 
 Plate LXXXIX.* 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. 11. Telr. Tab. XCII. Fig. 44.34. 
 
 Leaves all glaucous, the radical ones hispid, the rest glabrous. 
 Flowers falling olf before the corymb lengthens into a raceme. 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground and by the banks of rivers and 
 ditches. Not uncommon in England, but probably only a straggler 
 in Scotland. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual or Biennial. 
 Spring, Summer. 
 I am unable todistin^'uish anv constant dilference between this 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 2234, unaltered. 
 
CKUCIFER.E. 135 
 
 plant and the last, except tliat the radical leaves are hispid in 
 li. campestris and glahruus in 13. Napus. Sometimes the hairs on 
 tlie radical leaves are very few and confined to the midrib. 
 
 TFild Nacew or Nact'tle, Coleseed, Swedish Turnip. 
 
 French, Cliou des Chatnps, Navette. 
 
 Although the distinction between tlie wihl species of Brassica are very imperfect, 
 the cultivated forms assume very defiuite distinctions. The forms of the Brassica cam- 
 pestris recognized by De Candolle and other writers on the forms of cultivated plants 
 are as follow : — 
 
 B. campestris olei/era. — The Coleseed, Colsat, or Colza. It has a slender fusiform 
 root and elongated stem. 
 
 B. campestris pahularia. — It has a short stem, and is chiefly cultivated for fodder. 
 It is the Clwu afaucher of the French. 
 
 B. campestris Xapo-Brassica. — It has a turnip-shaped root, and is the form which 
 yields the Turnip-rooted Cabbage of French agriculture, and the Swedish Turnip of the 
 English farmer. 
 
 This species of Brassica is but seldom used otherwise than as fodder for sheep 
 and cattle, although it is regarded by some as a pleasant vegetable for the table when 
 boiled. The Swedish is hardier than the common Turnip, and on some lands is more 
 productive. The root, which is yellow, is sometimes employed to manufacture a ficti- 
 tious "orange marmalade." The green tops form an excellent vegetable, and large 
 quantities aie sold in London for this use, for which they are superior to the common 
 turnip tops. If earthed up in the spring they become blanched, and in that state 
 furnish a substitute for sea-kale. The seed is sold for crushing, or is often crushed by 
 the farmer himself. The Colza, so much grown in France and Belgium as an oil plant, 
 is a variety of this species, though in some parts of France the rape and common 
 cabbage pass under the same name. It is not unlike rape in appearance, and the culti- 
 vation is almost precisely the same. Colza has been grown to some extent in Essex 
 and Lincolnshire, but is less in favour with the farmer than the rape, though producing 
 more seed. The chief part of the Colza oil used in this country is imported from abroad, 
 as oil crops are supposed by British farmers to exhaust the land. The great advantage 
 attending the cultivation of this root is that it requires no manui-e whatever; any soil 
 tliat is poor and light, especially if it be sandy, suits it, when it seldom exceeds the size 
 of one's thumb or middle finger ; in rich manui'ed earth it grows much larger, but it-is 
 not so sweet or of so good a quality. 
 
 Scb-Species III. — Brassica Rapa. Linn. 
 
 Plate XC* 
 Reich. Ic. FL Germ et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XCVI. Fig. 4437. 
 
 Eadical leaves green not glaucous, hispid ; stem leases glaucous 
 and glabrous. Tlowers falling olf before the corymb lengthens 
 into a raceme. 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 2176, unaltered. 
 
136 EXGLISn BOTANY. 
 
 A straggler in cultivated ground, usually the remains of a field 
 of turnips. 
 
 [England, Scotland, Ireland.] Annual or Biennial. 
 Spring, Summer. 
 
 Only to be distinguished from the last by the radical leaves 
 being green instead of glaucous, and a greater number of the stem 
 leaves lyrate-pinnatitid. 
 
 I can find no satisfactory characters for sepai'ating this plant 
 from B. campestris and B. Napus. All three have both an annual 
 form cultivated for the oily seeds, and also a biennial form yielding 
 an esculent root, though B. Napus is hardly known in this country 
 in the latter state. B. campestris is the only one which can be 
 considered at all well established. The lower leaves in the wild 
 plant of B. campestris are only hispid upon the midrib. The shape 
 of the stem leaves, the direction of the pod, the size of the flower, 
 and the direction of the stamens, which have been considered as 
 affording distinguishing cliaracters, are all inconstant, so that I 
 feel compelled to unite the three lender one species, to which I 
 give the name polymorjiha in preference to B. campestris, as that 
 name has been applied exclusively to the form with glabrous (not 
 hispid) radical leaves, although I believe that form to be parent 
 of the other two. 
 
 Tlie Titmip. 
 
 French, Chou cl Feuilles Rudes. German, Der Rilhen Kohl. 
 
 The Tui'nip, like the cabbage, is highly susceptible of change under the influence 
 of cultivation. Although the forms assumed by cultivated plants are not recognized 
 by the systematic botanist, they are nevertheless of the highest interest to the vegetable 
 physiologist. In cultivation the Tui-nip assumes three principal forms. They ai-e as 
 follows ; — 
 
 B. Rapa depressa. — Rouud Turnip. French, Jf^avet ronde, or Rave plate ; German, 
 Die runde Riibe. The root is tumid under the neck, globose, depressed, and endiug 
 abruptly in a slender tail. The White, Yellow, Black, Red, Green, and Early Dutch 
 Turnips are forms of this variety known to the farmer and gardener. 
 
 B. Rapa ohlonga. — The Tankard or Decanter Turnip. The root is large antl 
 oblong, and white, red, and green forms are cultivated. 
 
 B. Rapa oleifera. — The Oil-bearing Turnip. It is the Ifavelte of Dauphiny, where 
 it is cultivated for the sake of its seed. It is less productive than the rape or colza, 
 but it grows on less favourable soils. 
 
 As an agricultural plant much might be written on the Turnip, and it has formed 
 the subject of many a volume devoted to the progress of modern husbandry, and we 
 find lengthy instructions given as to the mode of sowing, choice of seed, preparation of 
 the soil, and preservation of the crop. Into these particulars we can scarcely enter 
 here, but must refer our readers to such works as Don's " Gardener's Dictionary," or 
 the " Cyclopsedia of Agriculture." Under the name of Xavette the Turnip is cultivated 
 for its seed in the South of France as an oil plant, being considered nearly as productive 
 as colza, and far more hardy. The oil obtained from the seed is sold with that of 
 rape, cabbage, and the true colza, and used for the like purposes. The Turnip is said 
 
CRXJCIFERiE. 137 
 
 to liave been introduced into Greece and Italy from Gaul. It was well known to the 
 Greeks, and called by them yoyyvXtj, from yoyyvXoc, " round," and is mentioned by 
 Tlieophrastus. By them it was chiefly used in medicine for cataplasms and as au 
 external application. It was eaten, but does not seem to have found much favour as 
 au article of diet. By the Romans it was much esteemed, and we read ofSJanlius 
 jCurius cooking Turnips by the embers of bis watch-fire when the Saninite envoys came 
 to offer him the bribe he so contemptuously rejected as worthless in comparison to his 
 broiling roots. Throughout France and Germany the Turnip was undoubtedly culti- 
 vated during the Middle Ages, and was most likely brought by the monks and grown 
 in the gai-dens of England before the Conquest. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth we 
 read of Turnips as a favourite dish; and Gerarde, at a somewhat later date, says: '• Tlie 
 smaller Turnip groweth in fields by Hackney in a sandy ground, and is brought to the 
 cross in Cheajjside by the women of that village to be sold, and are the best I ever 
 tasted." At this period it would appear that Turnips were grown in large crops, and 
 not confined to garden cultivation as formei-ly, but it was not until about the year 
 1730 that they became common objects of field husbandry. Lord Townshend, struck 
 with their extensive cultivation in Germany and Flanders, covered some acres of his 
 own estate in Norfolk with them, and the introduction about the same time of the 
 system of drill husbandry soon caused his example to spread, and it became generally 
 adopted. The chief value of the Turnip as an agricultural plant seems to be the ease 
 with which the crop is secured, and its excellence as a winter fodder for sheep. The 
 Turnips can either be consumed on the ground without removal, which is advantageous, 
 as the animals fatten and manure the land at the same time, or they may be stored 
 in barns for future use. The produce varies greatly : in rich lands in the North of 
 England sixty tons per acre have occasionally been raised ; but the amount of crop 
 seldom reaches higher on the best soils of the South than thirty or forty tons per acre. 
 Though forming a valuable food for cattle, and a pleasant vegetable for man's consump- 
 tion, the Turnip contains but little nutritive matter in proportion to its weight. An 
 anah'sis of a pound of Turnips is as follows: Water, 1-ioz. 213 grs.; albumen and 
 casein, 77 grs. j sugar, 280 grs. ; gum, 107gi-s. ; woody fibre, IGSgrs. ; mineral matter, 
 35 gi's. Although generally eaten cooked and mashed. Turnips are perfectly wholesome 
 in their raw state, and in that condition were formerly much consumed in Russia by 
 the upper classes. Turnips were part of the farmer's food in Gay's time, for he says, — 
 
 " Leek to the Welsh, to Dutchmen butter 's dear, 
 Of Irish swains potato is the cheer ; 
 Oats for their feasts the Scottish shepherds grind, 
 Sweet turnips are the food of Blonzalind : 
 ^ While she loves Turnips, butter I desjiise, 
 
 Nor leeks, nor oatmeal, nor potato prize." 
 
 Our own true English poet Shakespeare must have been well acquainted with the 
 housing of some such winter stores; for we find "sweet Anne Page," while resisting 
 Master Slender's suit, appealing to her mother thus : " Good mother, do not marry me 
 to yond' fool. Alas ! I had rather be set quick i' the earth and bowl'd to death with 
 Turnips." The tops and green leaves of the Turnip form a wholesome and pleasant 
 vegetable at a time of year when but little variety of green food is to be found. In 
 times of scarcity very respectable bread has been made from the Turnip when boiled, 
 pressed dry, and mixed with a portion of wheaten flour. From the quantity of sugar 
 the root contains it is readily made into wine, and a liquor so manufactured is said to 
 
 '£ 
 
138 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 be used to adulterate light wines. The juice boiled with sugar is an old domestic 
 remedy for coughs and hoarseness. In old herbalists we have of course nuir.berless 
 benefits ascribed to the use of this favourite vegetable, all of which may with equal 
 justice be expected from the judicious consumption of any fresh vegetable. The Turnip 
 in its wild state gives shelter and nourishment to many kinds of insects. The cater- 
 pillars of some kinds of moths and butterflies feed on its leaves, and it is especially 
 exposed during its cultivated growth to the attacks of one of its natural invaders, known 
 by the name of the Turnip-fly. This insect, which is the Haltica Nemorum of entomo- 
 logists, is a little beetle. It deposits its eggs from April to September, and as they 
 hatch in two days and begin to feed on the leaves of the Turnip, they are a great pest. 
 The larv» feed within the leaf, whilst the full-grown insect, which has the power of 
 hopping like the flea, feeds on the outside of the leaves. It is in the earlier stages of 
 the growth of the plant that this insect does much havoc, and the rapid and favourable 
 development of the plant is the best remedy against the ravages of this little pest. 
 Besides the insects which attack the leaves, there are others which deposit their eggs in 
 the roots, and these produce the deformities known by the name of " anbury," or " fingei's 
 and toes," frequently attributed to the soil. The examination of the root by cutting will, 
 however, in all cases reveal the true nature of these excrescences. 
 
 SPECIES VII.— BR AS SIC A MONENSIS. Uuds. 
 
 Plates XCI. XCII. 
 
 Radical leaves stalked, very deeply pinnatifid, almost pinnate, 
 not lyrate ; stem leaves few, similar to the radical ones, but with 
 narrower segments. Sepals quite erect. Beak of the pod cylin- 
 drical-subulate, containing 1 to 3 seeds ; valves 3-nervcd. 
 
 Sub-Species I.— Brassica eu-Monensis. 
 
 Plate XCI.» 
 Brassica Monensis, And. Plwr. 
 " Sisymbrium Monense, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i. p. 658." Sm. Eng. Bot. 962, 
 
 Leaves almost all radical and glabrous. Stem glabrous, nearly 
 simple, almost leafless. 
 
 On sandy seashores. Rather local on the west coast of England 
 and Scotland from Glamorganshire to Bute. 
 
 England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Ptootstock long, woody, branched, producing rosettes of nume- 
 rous leaves, which are very deeply pinnatifid with distant oblong 
 slightly lobed segments ; lobes terminating in a bristle. Stems 
 ascending from a curved base, 6 to 12 inches high, leafless, or 
 with 1 or 2 deeply pinnatifid leaves with strap-shaped segments. 
 
 * The Plate is R B. 962, unaltered. 
 
CRrCIFERiE. 139 
 
 Flowers pale yellow, veined, f incli across, in a very short raceme, 
 which lengthens as the fruit rijiens. Pedicels ahout as long as the 
 calyx in flower, shorter than the heak of the pod in fruit. Pods 
 slightly beaded, 2 to 2^ inches in length including the beak, which 
 is from ^ to f inch, and is of the same thickness as the pod at 
 its base where it contains seeds, but terminates in a subulate point 
 where it is empty. Seeds oblong, dark brown, finely jiuuctured. 
 Whole plant very glaucous and glabrous ; the stem sometimes 
 with a few haii's. 
 
 Sub-species II.— Brassica Clieirantlius. Via. 
 
 Plate XCII.* 
 
 Jieich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XCI. Fig. 4433. 
 Siuapis Cheiranthus, Koch. Eng. Bot. Sup. 2821, et Auct. Plur. 
 
 Leaves hispid. Stem hispid, branched, leafy. 
 On the sandy seashore at St. Aubin's Bay, Jersey, and in 
 Alderney. 
 
 Channel Islands. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Extremely like the preceding sub-species, but taller; the stem 
 being from 1 to 3 feet higli. The plant is less glaucous and more 
 hispid ; and the leaves, instead of being arranged in a rosette, are 
 scattered on the stem. 
 
 Stjb-Genus III.— DIPLOTAXIS. D. 0. 
 
 Sepals slightly spreading, often hairy. Seeds ovoid-compressed, 
 arranged in a double row down each ceU of the pod. 
 
 Diplotaxis, from cmXoog {dlploos) double, and rajic (taxis), a series ; because of the 
 seeds beiug disposed in two rows in each cell. 
 
 SPECIES VIII.— B RASSICA TENUIPOLIA. Bois. 
 
 Plate XCIII.t 
 
 Diplotaxis temiifolia, JReich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. TeCr. Tab. LXXXII. 
 
 Fig. 4420. 
 Diplotaxis tenuifolia, D. C, et Aitct. Plur. 
 Sisymbrium tenuifolium, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 525. 
 Sinapis tenuifolia, Sm. Eng. Bot. Vol. III. p. 223. 
 
 Stem sub-frutescent at the base. Leaves numerous., not in a 
 radical rosette, the lower ones pinnatifid. Pedicels longer than 
 the flowers when fully open. 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. S. 2821, unaltered. 
 
 t The Plate is E. B. 525, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
140 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 By roadsides and on old walls. Rather I'ai'e, but probably wild 
 in tbc South of England. In Scotland, Avhere Pifeshire is its 
 northern limit, there is little doubt that it is an introduced plant, 
 as, although it occurs in great abundance at St. David's, on the 
 Frith of Forth, it is only found on the ballast hills. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland, Perennial. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Rootstoclv woody, producing numerous branched stems 18 inches 
 to 3 feet high, which are somewhat woody at the base. Leaves 
 crowded on the stem, pinnatifid, with few distant oblong or strap- 
 shaped ascending lobes ; the upper ones elliptical-strapshaped, often 
 nearly or quite entire. Peduncles loug, terminating the stem and 
 branches. Elowers | inch in diameter, pale yellow, in a corymb, 
 "which afterwards lengthens into a lax raceme. Sepals oval, glabrous, 
 or hairy only at the apex, always shorter than the pedicels, and 
 sometimes not half thcii' length. Petals more than twice as long 
 as the calyx, roundish, contracted into a narrow claw about one- 
 third the length of the lamina. Eruit pedicels nearly as long as the 
 pods, which are 1 to Ij inch long, broadly linear, attenuated at each 
 end, tii^iied by the cylindrical style, which is about ^ inch long. 
 Whole plant glabrous and glaucous, growing in bushy tufts. 
 Occasionally the stem is hispid. 
 
 F'me-leaced or Narrow-leaved Wall Mustard or JFall Rocket. 
 
 French, Diploiaxe d, Feuilles Memies. German, Doppelsame. 
 
 SPECIES IX.— BE, AS SIC A BREVIPES. 
 
 Plates XGIV. XCV. 
 
 Stem very rarely at all woody at the base, generally very short. 
 Leaves chiefly in a radical rosette, pinnatifid, or pinnatifid-lyrate. 
 Pedicels equal to or shorter than the flowers when fully open. 
 
 Sub-Specie3 I.— Brassica rauxalis. Bois. 
 
 Plate XCIV.* 
 
 Diplotaxis muralis, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXXXII. 
 
 Fig. 4417.' 
 Diplotaxis muralis, Auct. Plur. 
 Sisymbrium murale, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1090 
 
 Leaves chiefly radical. Stem with few leaves. Pedicels about 
 as long as the fully expanded flowers. Petals twice or thrice as 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 1090, and represents tlie variety fl, Babingtouii. 
 
CRUCIFER^. Ill 
 
 long as the sepals, roundish, abruptly contracted into a narrow 
 claw. Style not narrowed towards the base. 
 
 Var. a, (jenuina. 
 
 Stem naked, or with 1 or 2 leaves near the base. E,oot always 
 annual. 
 
 Var. 3, Bahlnfjtonii. 
 
 Stem leaf\', sometimes slightly woody at the base. Hoot occa- 
 sionally biennial or even perennial ? 
 
 On roadsides and sandy waste places. Common in the South of 
 England. In Scotland it is confined to the neighbourhood of the 
 ballast hiUs at Charlestown in Tifeshire. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual, Biennial, or Perennial ? 
 Summer. Autumn. 
 
 Stem subdividing into several close to the ground, at which 
 point the leaves are ci-owded together, very few being situated on 
 the stems above the place where the latter separate, in variety a ; 
 in variety |3, however, where the branching is not confined to the 
 base, the stems are often leafy for 6 or 8 inches of their length 
 in luxuriant specimens. Leaves pinnatifid, but with the segments 
 shorter, more triangular, and closer together than in B. tenuifolia, 
 and with the lobes more often irregularly toothed; the terminal 
 segment is also usually larger than in that species, so that some- 
 times the leaves become imperfectly lyrate. The flowers are rather 
 smaller, and the sepals oblong, generally with a few hairs towards 
 tlie tip. The peduncles are always shorter than the pods, which 
 are more spreading than in B. tenuifolia. 
 
 The variety 3, which is noticed by Professor Babington (Man. 
 ed. V. p. 29), closely resembles B. tenuifolia in habit, and I have 
 seen specimens of it to which that name had been affixed ; but the 
 much shorter pedicels form a chai'acter by which they may be 
 readily separated. Tlie stem too is more hispid towards the base. 
 The leaves in B. muralis are very frequently sinuated, that is, they 
 appear to have portions scolloped out, while in B. muralis the 
 lobes generally project beyond the general outline of the leaf, but 
 this is by no means always the case. Varieties a and 3 appear to 
 pass too gradually into each other to allow me to consider them 
 as sub-species. 
 
 Wall or Sand Mustard. 
 
 French, Dlplotaxe des Murft. 
 
142 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 Sub-Species II.— Brassica viminea. Bois. 
 
 Plate XCV.* 
 
 Diplotaxis viminea, Eekh. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXXXII. 
 
 Fig. 4416. 
 Diplotaxis viminea, Z>. C. et Aiicl. Plur. 
 Sisymbrium vimineum, Linn. Sp. PL 9 1 9 
 
 Leaves all radical ; scapes leafless. Pedicels shorter than the 
 fully expanded flowers. Petals not twice the length of the sepals, 
 obovate, insensibly attenuated into a claw. Style slightly narrowed 
 towards the base. 
 
 Waste places at St. Peter's Port, Guernsey (Rev. "W. W. 
 Newbould). 
 
 Channel Islands. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Extremely like the variety a of Brassica muralis, but smaller, 
 and producing leafless scapes from a rosette of radical leaves, 
 which are generally less decj^ly divided and have short broadly- 
 triangular segments, with the terminal one larger. The principal 
 difference, however, lies in the petals, which are much shorter and 
 narrower in proportion than in B. muralis, from which it appears 
 to me to be only separable as a sub-species. As, however, muralis 
 and viminea, have had distinctive specific names since the time of 
 Linnaeus, I have not ventui-ed to use either of these for the super- 
 species, and have therefore called it " brevipes," from the shortness 
 of the pedicel, the distinctive character between it and B. tenuifolia. 
 I have not seen Mr. Kewbould's specimens of B. viminea. 
 
 Small Sand Hockel. 
 
 Tribe V.— SISYMBEIEJ3. 
 
 Cotyledons flat, with the radicle Ip'ng on the back of one of 
 them (incumbent). Pod elongate, 2-valved. 
 
 GENVS r.— SISYMBRIUM. Linn. 
 
 Sepals equal at the base, or the lateral ones slightly gibbous. 
 Petals equal, entire, usually elongate, and with long claws. Pila- 
 ments without wings or teeth. Pod linear-elongate, sub-cylin- 
 drical, tei-ete or compressed; valves 3-nerved, the lateral ones 
 sometimes indistinct. Stigma sub-sessile, disciform, slightly 2-lobed 
 or emavginate with a thickened margin. Seeds usually numerous, 
 ovoid or oblong, without a margin. 
 
 • Tlie Plate is drawn from a dried Freucli specimen by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
CRUCIFER.E. 143 
 
 Herbs, cliicflj- annual and biennial, with rather small flowers, 
 most commonly yellowish, disposed in corymbs, lengthening into 
 lax racemes, or more rarely in the axils of the leaves. 
 
 French, SisJ/mbre. German, Banke. 
 
 The generic name is derived from ataiftog (sisibos), a fringe, as some of the species 
 have fringed roots. The same name was also ajujlied by Ovid to some aquatic phvut, 
 which he advises should form part of a nosegay to be jjresented to Venus. 
 
 SrB-GENUs I.— EU-SISYMBRIUM. 
 Seed-stalk (funiculus) filiform. 
 
 SPECIES I— SISYMBRIUM OFFICINALE. &op. 
 Plate XCVI.* 
 
 Bdch. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXXII. Fig. 4401. 
 Erysimum officinale, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 735. 
 Chamaeplium officinale, Wcdlr. Sched. Crit. p. 577. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid, sub-lyrate, with oblong segments. Pods 
 sub-sessile, straight, subulate, adpressed, arranged in lax leafless 
 racemes terminating the stem and branches. 
 
 In hedgebanks, by roadsides, and in waste places and fields. 
 Very common throughout Britain, where it appears to be absent 
 from the Shetland Islands only. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Annual. Summer. 
 
 Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, with spreading branches on the 
 upper part. Radical leaves in a rosette, very deeply pinnatipartite, 
 with 4 or 5 spreading lobes on each side of the midrib and a large 
 one at the apex which is nearly semicircular or triangular and 
 often again divided into 3 ; all the lobes more or less angulated 
 or toothed ; stem leaves ruucinate-pinnatifid, with a few pairs of 
 oblong toothed lobes and a long hastate terminal one. Pedicels 
 extremely short. Plowers about ^ inch across, pale ochreous 
 yellow. Pods hairy, about -| inch long, gradually tapering from 
 the base to the point, not beaded ; valves 3-nerved ; replum 
 transparent, without a nerve. Plant dull green, with scattered 
 hairs. 
 
 This plant is very readily recognised by its peculiar habit, the 
 pods being closely pressed to the stem and ari'angcd in racemes 
 which are almost spikes, of which the terminal one is the longest 
 and erect; the lateral ones almost horizontal at the base, but 
 
 • The Plate is E. B. 735, unaltered. 
 
144 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 curving upwai'ds at the apes, and the uppernaost spikes longer than 
 the lower ones. 
 
 Hedge Mustard. 
 
 French, Sisymhre Officinal, Uerhe au ClMiU/re. German, Uederich, Wegesenf, Wildersenf. 
 
 The common name is derived from its pungent, warm taste, and more particularly 
 from the bitterish heat of its small seeds. Birds are fond of these seeds, which they 
 eat gi'eedily. The whole plant has been used in medicine, and has even a reputation 
 to this day as a remedy in coughs, hoarseness, and asthma ; hence the French popular 
 name. Eondeletius informs us that a hoarseness occasioned by loud speaking was cured 
 in three days by the use of this plant. Dr. Culleu recommends the juice to be mixed 
 with honey or sugar and taken for this purpose. Gerarde advises those afflicted with 
 sciatica to take it in like manner ; and Galen says " it is of a fiery temperature, and 
 doth thereby attenuate, melt, and make thin, which is the reason of its reputation in 
 discussing rheum." Withering quotes an old MS. which says, " Juice of Hedge Mustard 
 is beyond anything in ulcers of the throat. This was found by experience by the 
 Hon. Harry Gray when all advice of doctors and surgeons availed nothing. This from 
 his own mouth." 
 
 SPECIES II.-SISYMBRIUM POLYCERATIUM. Linn. 
 
 Plate XCVII.* 
 
 Rdch. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXXIII. Fig. 4405. 
 Chamseplium polyceratium, Wallr. Sched. Crit. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid with triangular segments, or the uj^per 
 ones only dentate. Pods sub-sessile, curved, subulate-cylindrical, 
 spreading 2 or 3 together from the axils of the leaves, or more 
 rarely solitary. 
 
 At the bottom of walls at Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Sown 
 by the late Dr. Goodenough, but it still exists in this locality. 
 [England]. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Stem branched from the base only ; central branches patent- 
 ascending ; lateral branches decumbent. Leaves numerous, stalked, 
 clothing the branches quite to the apex, pinnatifid with a few large 
 triangular acuminated spreading lobes; the terminal lobe irregu- 
 larly rhomboidal, hastate, and slightly dentate. Pedicel sextremely 
 short. Elowers about ^2' ^^c\\ across, pale ochreous yellow. Pods 
 slightly hairy, about f inch long, curved outwards, narrowing very 
 gradually from the base, slightly beaded ; valves 3-nerved ; replum 
 thick and spongy, without a nerve ; whole plant dull green, sub- 
 glabrous. 
 
 Many-podded Hedge Mustard. 
 
 French, Sisymhre Comicule. German, iJie Ranke. 
 
 * The drawing has been made for this work by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a dried 
 specimen from Bury St. Edmunds. 
 
CllUCIFER^. 145 
 
 SPECIES III.— S ISYMBRIUM SOPHIA. Linn. 
 
 Plate XCVIII.* 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tdr. Tab. LXXIV. Fig. 4405. 
 
 Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid, with linear or strap-shaped 
 segments. Pods on long stalks, slightly curved, sub-compressed- 
 cylindrical, patent - ascending, arranged in lax leafless racemes 
 terminating the stem and branches. 
 
 On roadsides, waste places, and rubbish heaps. Rather scarce, 
 but generally distributed throughout England and the whole of 
 Scotland, except the extreme north. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, with patent-ascending branches in 
 the upper portion only. Leaves very numerous, twice or thrice 
 pinnately partite, with short strap-shaped lobes. Elowers about 
 \ inch across, pale yellow. Fruit pedicels nearly \ inch long. 
 Pods smooth, from |^ to f inch long, slightly curved inwards, 
 scarcely tapering, and slightly beaded ; valves with 1 conspicuous 
 nerve ; replum membranous, with a nerve down the middle. Plant 
 greyish green, more or less thickly covered wdth extremely short, 
 simple, or star-like hairs. 
 
 The finely divided decompound leaves of this plant distinguish 
 it from aU the other British siliquose Cruciferae. 
 
 Fine-leaved Sedge Mustard, Flix Weed. 
 
 French, Sisymhre Sophie, Sagesae des Chirurgiens. 
 
 This plant has a sort of reputation in old herbals as an astringent medicine. The 
 force of gunpowder is said to be increased by an admixture of its seeds, and as a 
 vermifuge they are celebrated by old authors. We give but little credence to any of 
 its virtues. 
 
 SPECIES IV.— SISYMBRIUM I RIO. Linn. 
 
 Plate XCIX.-t" 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXXV. Fig. 4408. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid with oblong segments. Pods stalked, scarcely 
 curved, cylindrical, patent-ascending, arranged in leafless racemes 
 terminating the stem and branches. 
 
 On old walls and in w^aste places. Rare. At Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed, Avhere I believe it stiU grows. It lias also occurred near 
 London, in Essex, Cambridgeshii'e, Oxfordshire, and Buckingham- 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 9G3, unaltered. f The Plate E. B. 1031, unaltered. 
 
 U 
 
146 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 shire ; but there is no recent authority for these latter places. It 
 is said to have been particularly abundant on the ruins left by the 
 Great Tire of London, but the only specimens I have seen are from 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. Summer. 
 
 Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet hiji;]i, branched. Leaves stalked, deeply 
 pinnatitid or pinnatipartite with distant spreading or even reliexod 
 lobes which are slightly toothed ; terminal lobe a little larger than 
 the rest, especially in the upper leaves where it is usually hastate. 
 Flowers about ^ inch in diameter (considerably smaller than as 
 represented in the Plate), pale ochreous yellow. Pruit pedicels 
 ascending, ^ to | inch long. Young pods much exceeding the 
 flowers ; mature pods IJ to If inch long, smooth, very slendcn-, 
 scarcely tapering, distinctly beaded ; valves with 3 distinct nerves ; 
 replum membranous, without a nerve. Plant dull green, glabrous, 
 or slightly pubescent. 
 
 The much longer and slenderer pods distinguish this from all 
 the preceding species of the genus. 
 
 London Rocket, or Broad-leaved Hedge Mustard. 
 
 French, Sisymbre Irio. 
 
 This name is derived from tpt/w (eruo), I cure. It is called London Rocket, from 
 the fact of its having sprung up in great quantities ou the ground which was laid waste 
 by the Great Fire of Loudon in 1G66. 
 
 Sub-Genus IL— ALLIARIA. 
 
 Seed-stalk (funiculus) dilated. 
 
 SPECIES v.— SISYMBRIUM ALLIARIA. Scop. 
 Plate C* 
 
 AUiaria officinalis, Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. IL Telr. Tab. LX. Fig. 4379. 
 Alliaria officinalis, Andrz. in D. C. Bab. Wan. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 27. Benlh. Handbook 
 
 Brit. Fl. p. 88. Hook & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 35. 
 Erysimum Alliaria, Linn. Sin. Eng. Bot. No. 796. 
 
 Leaves rounded or deltoid, base deeply cordate, edges crenate 
 or toothed. Pods shortly stalked, nearly straight, cylindrical but 
 somewhat 4-angled, ascending-spreading, arranged in very lax 
 leafless racemes terminating the stem and branches. 
 
 In hedges and open places in woods. Common in England 
 and the South of Scotland, but becoming rare in the North and 
 
 • The Plate is E B. 790. unaltered. 
 
CKUCIFER.E. Idi? 
 
 West, wlicre, so far as is known, Eoss-shiro is the most northerly 
 county in which it has heen found. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial. Spring and 
 Early Summer. 
 
 Stem commonly curved Mhere it leaves the ground and then 
 erect, IS inches to 4 feet high. Root leaves on very long stalks, 
 the lamina often 3 or 4 inches in diameter, roundish, very deeply 
 cordate, with crenate or repand edges ; stem leaves smaller and on 
 shorter stalks, deltoid-ovate, often acuminate, hase cordate, edges 
 crenate-dentate, or in the uppermost leaves dentate. Flowers ahout 
 I" inch in diameter, pure white. Eruit pedicels about ^ inch long. 
 Pods smooth, 1^ to 2 inches long, scarcely curved, not tapering, 
 headed ; valves with 1 very prominent nerve, on each side of Avliich 
 there is a faint one close to the suture; replum transparent, 
 without a nerve. Plant dull green, glabrous, and shining. 
 
 Tins plant is usually placed in a separate genus, Alliaria. Tiie 
 principal characters employed to separate it from SisjTnbrium are 
 that the seed-stalk is widened, so as to be ribandlike instead of thread- 
 like, as is the case in the other species of the genus Sisymbrium. 
 The great prominence of the middle nerve of each valve of the pod 
 gives the latter a 4-sided appearance, which has led to its being 
 placed in the genus Erysimum ; but the pod is more cylindrical 
 and the calyx less erect than in the species of that genus. 
 
 Garlic Hedge Mustard, Jack-by-theSedge, or Sauce Alone. 
 
 French, Sisymhre AlUare. German, Das Knohlauclihraut. 
 
 The specific name is derived from allium, gai'lic, on account of the strong smell of 
 garlic emitted by the plant. It was formerly used by the country people in sauces, with 
 bread and butter, salted meat, and in salads, — hence one of its common names Sauce 
 Alone; and from growing by hedgesides it is called Jack-by-the-Hedge. It is occasionally 
 used as a salad, or boiled as a pot-herb. Horses, sheep, and swine refuse it, but cows 
 and goats eat it. If eaten by cows it gives a strong disagreeable flavour to the milk. 
 When it grows in poultry yards fowls eat it, and it gives a rank, un[ileasant taste to 
 their flesh. The seeds excite sneezing. In common with nearly all plants of this 
 order, it had a reputation for medicinal virtues in olden times. 
 
 GENUS FJ.— ERYSIMUM. Linn. 
 
 Sepals erect, equal at the base, or the lateral ones slightly 
 gibbous. Petals equal, entire, elongate, and with long claws. 
 Eilameuts Avithout wings or teeth. Pod linear-elongate, sub-cylin- 
 drical, 4-sidcd ; valves keeled, Mith a strong dorsal nerve, and 
 sometimes 2 other less conspicuous latei-al ones. Stigma sub-sessile, 
 or raised upon a cylindrical style, disciform, sligbtly 2-lobed, or 
 
148 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 emarginate, with a thickoned margin. Seeds ovoid or oblong, 
 without a wing (rarely mai'gined at the apex). 
 
 Annual or biennial plants, more rarely perennial, often clothed 
 with starlike pubescence. Leaves entire, toothed or sinuated ; the 
 lower ones attenuated into a petiole ; the stem leaves sessile. 
 Flowers small or moderately large, usually yellow, disposed in 
 corymbs, which afterwards lengthen into lax racemes. 
 
 French, Velar. German, Hedench. 
 
 Tliis generic name is derived from ipvw (eruo), I draw, or I cure, on accoimt of its 
 supposed salutary effects in medicine, many of which are still believed in. 
 
 Sub-Genus I.— CONRINGIA. B. C. 
 
 Petals with the limb erect. Stem leaves with the base cordate- 
 amplexicaul. Plants glabrous and glaucous. 
 
 SPECIES I— ERYSIMUM ORIENTALE. E. Brovm. 
 
 Plate CI.* 
 
 Conringia orientalis, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXI. Fig. 4382. 
 
 Brassica orientalis, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1804. 
 
 Brassica perfoliata, Lamarck, Diet. Vol. I. p. 748. 
 
 Erysimum perfoliatum, Crantz. Gr. <& Godr. Fl. de. Fr. Vol. I. p. 90. 
 
 Stem leaves oval-oblong, cordate-amplexicaul, entire. Pods 
 spreading ; valves with 1 nerve. Pedicels about one-sixth or one- 
 eighth the length of the pod. 
 
 In fields and on cliffs near the sea, but apparently not perma- 
 nently naturalized. Reported, on old authority, from the cliffs 
 near Harwich, as also at Bawdsey, near Orford, Suffolk (Dale). In 
 fields near Godstone and Marshfield, Sussex (Iluds.) ; and more 
 recently the Pev. .T. S. Tozer states that it came up spontaneously 
 in a field that had been ploughed to form a garden in tlie centre of 
 the new square at Plymouth. 
 
 [England, Ireland]. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Stem erect, 8 inches to 2 feet high, simple or slightly branched. 
 Lowest leaves obovate, gradually attenuated to the base ; stem 
 leaves elliptical, blunt, clasping the stem by 2 rounded auricles. 
 Flowers about J inch across, cream-coloured. Fruit pedicels about 
 \ inch long. Pods 3 to 4 inclies long, quadrangular, slightly 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 1804, unaltered. 
 
CllUCirEU.E. 110 
 
 beaded, and eaeli valve witli a very prominent nerve ; replum 
 Bpongy. "Whole plant quite glabrous and glaucous. 
 
 This plant has much the habit of the genus Brassica, in which 
 it was placed by Liuutcus. 
 
 Mare's Ear Cabbage, or Hedge Mustard. 
 
 Sub-Gexus II.— EU-ERYSIMUM. 
 
 Petals with the limb spreading. Stem leaves not amplexicaul. 
 Plant clothed with starlike hairs. 
 
 SPECIES II.— ERYSIMUM CHEIR ANTHOIDES. Lhm. 
 
 Plate CIL* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXIII. Fig. 4383. 
 
 Stem leaves lanceolate-elliptical, attenuated at the base, and 
 not at all amplexicaul. Petals with the claw about as long as the 
 sepals. Pods ascending-spreading ; valves with 1 nerve ; pedicels 
 nearly half as long as the pod. 
 
 A weed in cultivated ground and in waste places. Not uncom- 
 mon in the South of England, particularly in the neighbovu'hood of 
 London, but only occurring as a straggler in the northern counties 
 and in Scotland. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland, Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, 6 inches to 3 feet high ; the larger examples with 
 patent-ascending branches in the upper portion of the stem. 
 Radical leaves at first in a rosette, but withering before the flowers 
 open ; leaves sjireading, all narrowed at the base, and the lower 
 ones occasionally shortly stalked, the edges waved or remotely 
 dentate. Elowers about \ inch across, bright yellow. Emit 
 pedicels about \ inch long, patent. Pods f to 1 inch long, slightly 
 curved, slender, indistinctly beaded, quadrangular, forming an 
 obtuse angle with the pedicel, so that they are less sjoreading than 
 tlie latter ; replum membranous. Wliole plant dull green, covered 
 with scattered starlikc hairs, with usually 3 rays. 
 
 Treacle Hedge Mustard, Wormseed Mustard, or Walljhiver 
 
 Mustard. 
 
 French, Velar, Giroflee. 
 
 The seeds of this plant were at one time given to children as a vermifuge, and are 
 said to Jiave lieen very efficacious. The plant formed an ingredient in the so-called 
 Venice treacle and many quack and rustic medicines. 
 
 The Plate is E. U. 942, unaltered. 
 
150 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 GJENUS F/J.— HE S PERIS. Linn. 
 
 Sepals erect, the lateral ones gibbous at the base. Petals equal, 
 entire, with long claAvs and spreading laminae. Filaments Avithout 
 ■\vings or teeth. Pod linear-cylindrical, slightly compressed ; valves 
 "with a single nerve. Stigma sub-sessile, cleft into 2 oblong obtuse 
 erect contiguous lobes. Seeds oblong, angular, often winged at 
 the top. 
 
 Erect biennial or perennial herbs, clothed with simple or forked 
 hairs. Stem leaves ovate or oblong, entire, toothed or lyrate. 
 riowers rather large, variously colou.red, disposed in short racemes, 
 Avhich afterAvards become more lax. 
 
 Hesperis, from Icnrcpoc (liesperos), tlie evening, because the flowers of most of the 
 species are sweet-scented in the evening. 
 
 SPECIES L— HESPERIS MATRONALIS. Linn. 
 Plate CIII.* 
 
 H. matronalis and H. inodora, Linn. Reich. Ic. El. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. 
 
 Tab. LIX. Figs. 4377, 4378. 
 H. inodora, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 731. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dentate. Pedicels about as 
 long as the calyx. Petals obovate. Pods spreading, cylindrical, 
 beaded. 
 
 In meadows, thickets, and roadsides, but only as a straggler 
 from cultivation, and apparently not perfectly naturalized in any of 
 its localities, which are rather numerous both in England and 
 Scotland. 
 
 [England, Scotland, Ireland]. Perennial or Biennial. Summer. 
 
 E,ootstock somewhat woody, producing 1 or more stems, which 
 are erect, from 18 inches to 3 feet high, and in large examples 
 branched at the summit. Lower leaves obovate or oblanceolate, gra- 
 dually attenuated into a short stalk ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate 
 or lanceolate, shortly stalked, and the u})permost ones quite sessile, 
 the margins of all rather finely denticulate. Elowers about J inch 
 across, pale lilac or white, in a raceme 2 to 4 inches long, which, as 
 usual, lengthens very much in fruit. Fruit pedicels -s to f inch long, 
 spreading. Pods nearly glabrous, 2^ to 3| inches long, narrowly 
 cylindrical, attenuated at both ends, remotely beaded. Plant dull 
 
 * The Plato is E. B. 731, unaltered. 
 
CTirciFER.i;. 151 
 
 green, more or less clothed Avith short stiff simple hairs, and on 
 the stem there are also smaller and more numerous starlike ones. 
 
 Dame's Hoclcf, Darnels Violet, Queen's GilliJJoicer, and (according 
 to Gerarde) Damask Violets. 
 
 French, Julienne des Dames. German, Die Gemeine Nachtmf)le, 
 
 The specific name signifies mother, the Mother of the Evening, at whicli hour the 
 blossoms exhale a pleasant perfume, which is not appreciable in the daytime. This 
 pretty plant is known only for its attractive appearance and sweet scent, and is conse- 
 quently but little noticed by writers, excepting such as deal in poetical fancies. We 
 dud its praises sung thus : — 
 
 " Rich and profuse the breath you send 
 Through air, though none are nigh ; 
 Oh ! 'tis the incense from the earth. 
 
 Your tribute sent on high. 
 Emblems are you, night-scenting flowers. 
 
 Of hope to sorrow given ; 
 Strongest through tearful, darkling hours 
 Are breathings unto Heaven." 
 
 Tkibe VI.— AEABIDE^. 
 
 Cotyledons flat, with the radicle lying along their edges on one 
 side (accumhent). Pod elongate, 2-valved. 
 
 GENUS FJJZ— MAT THIOL A. E. Brown. 
 
 Sepals erect, the lateral ones gibbous at the base. Petals 
 equal, entire, with long claws and spreading laminte. Filaments 
 without wings or teeth. Pod elongate-cylindrical or cylindi'ical- 
 corapressed ; valves with a dorsal nerve. Style short, conical. 
 Stigma cleft into 2 oblong obtuse erect contiguous lobes, often 
 thickened or produced into horns on the outer side. Replum thick, 
 scarcely transparent. Seeds orbicular or oval, compressed, often 
 winged round the margin. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, thickly clothed with stellate down. 
 Leaves oblanceolate, elliptical-oblong or linear, entire, toothed or 
 sinuated. Flowers large, usually purple, disposed in short racemes, 
 which afterwards elongate. 
 
 Stock. 
 
 French, Matthiole. German, Zieerglevhoje. 
 This genus of plants was named in honour of Peter Andrew Matthioli, an Italian 
 physician, who died in 15V7. He was physician to Ferdinand of Austria, and author 
 of a commentary upon the works of Dioscorides. 
 
152 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 SPECIES I.— MAT THIOL A SINUATA. R. Brown, 
 
 Flate civ.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLV. Fig. 4350. 
 Cheii-anthus sinuatus, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 462. 
 
 Stem herbaceous. Lower leaves usually toothed, or pinnatifid 
 with projecting lobes. Pods cylindrical-compressed, dotted with 
 glands. Stigmatic lobes thickened on the outside, and projecting 
 laterally into a tooth. Seeds roimdish-oval, with the wing less than 
 half the diameter of the cotyledons. 
 
 On sandy seashores. Rare. It occurs on the coasts of Cornwall, 
 Devon, Glamorgan, Pembroke, Merioneth, Carnarvon, Angiesea, 
 and Plint. Very common in the Channel Islands. 
 
 England, Ireland. Biennial. Summer. 
 
 Stem 9 inches to 2 feet high, slightly branched at the upper 
 part. Root leaves in a radical rosette, strap-shaped, attenuated at 
 the base, with a few projecting teeth or lobes ; stem leaves narrowly 
 elliptical, the uppermost usually quite entire. Plowering raceme 
 
 1 to 3 inches long. Plowers nearly 1 inch across, pale lilac, turn- 
 ing pink or rose-colour Avhen dried. Pruit pedicels about ^ inch 
 long. Pods about 4 inches in length ; replum translucent, with. 
 
 2 nerves. Seeds longer than broad, very much compressed, sur- 
 rounded by a membranous wing broadest at the top, where it is 
 about one-third the diameter of the solid part of the seed. "VYliolo 
 plant hoary, the stem, leaves, pedicels, calices, and pods being 
 thickly covered with a felt of white stellate hairs, amongst which 
 small glands are intersjiersed. 
 
 Sen Stock. 
 
 French, Malthiole Sinuee. 
 
 The plant has an alkaline bitter taste. The flowers give out a pleasant perfume 
 in the evening, and from its hardy, handsome appearance, it forms a very desirable 
 decoration for the gardens and boundaries of marine residences. 
 
 SPECIES II.— MATTHIOL A INCANA. R.Brown. 
 
 Plate CV.t 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLV. Fig. 4354. 
 Cheiranthus iucana, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1935. 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 462, with seed added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 t The Plate is from a new drawing by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, made from a dried 
 specimen from the Isle of Wight. 
 
CRTJCIFERiE. 153 
 
 Stem woody at the base. Leaves all entire. Pods cylindrical, 
 compressed, witliont glands. Stigmatic lobes thickened on the 
 outside, and projecting laterally into a tooth. Seeds circular, with 
 the wing more than half the diameter of the cotyledons. 
 
 On clilTs by the sea-coast, very local, and possibly an introduced 
 plant. Plentiful on the bare perpendicular face of the chalk cliffs 
 at Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight, and also on sandy rocks by the 
 shore at Steep Ilill, near Ventnor. It is said to have occurred 
 formerly on the cliffs to the east of Hastings, but is not now I'ound 
 there. 
 
 England. Perennial. Spring to Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, woody, and in old plants often exceeding 1 inch 
 in diameter, dividing near the ground into numerous ascending 
 branches which are again branched, forming a bush 1 or 2 feet 
 high, the branches naked and marked with leaf-scars except at the 
 extremity. Leaves in rosettes at the extremity of the old branches, 
 and scattered on the shoots of the year ; the lower ones narrowly 
 oblanceolate or elliptical - strapshaped, entu'c or sometimes with 
 faint obtuse-angled projections at the sides. Plowering raceme 
 1 to 2 inches long. Plowers " 1 to If inch in diameter, purplish 
 pink, varying to violet-blue or lilac on the same plant" (Dr. Brom- 
 tield), bright rose-colour Avhen dried. Fruit pedicels about ^ inch 
 long. Pods 4 or 5 inches in length, and about ^ inch broad ; 
 replum translucent, with 2 or 3 nerves. Seeds nearly orbicular, 
 much compressed, surrounded by a white memln'anous wing 
 broadest at the top, where it is nearly two-thirds the diameter of 
 the solid part of the seed. TVliole plant covered, as in the last 
 species, with hoary stellate pubescence, but without interspersed 
 glands. 
 
 Hoary SJwuhhy Stock. 
 
 French, Mattldole BlancluUre. German, Die Weissgraue Wiiiterlevhoje. 
 
 The specific name of this pl.int indicates its downy appearance, or, as Lord Bacon 
 says, its " velvet riud." By cultivation this species becomes the Queen's Stock, rivalling 
 in size and beauty the celebrated Brompton Stock. 
 
 GENUS IX.— HEIRANTHUS. Linn. 
 
 Sepals erect, the lateral ones gibbous at the base. Petals equal, 
 entire, with long claws and spreading laminae. Filaments without 
 wings or teeth. Pod elongate, quadrangular, moi'C or less com- 
 pressed ; valves keeled, with a dorsal nerve. Style short, conical, 
 or filiform. Stigma with 2 diverging stib-cylindrical lobes with 
 
 X 
 
154 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 round tops. Heplum transparent. Seeds oval-comprosscd, often 
 winged round the margin. 
 
 Herbs or undershnibs with scattered adpressed hairs, rarely 
 with stellate down. Leaves ellijitical-ohlong or linear, entire or 
 toothed. Flowers large, yellow or purple, disposed in short 
 tfacemes which afterwards elongate. 
 
 JP'aUJloicer. 
 
 French, Glrojlce. German, Der Lack. 
 
 The derivation of the name of this genns is variously given. That most generally 
 received is from x£if> {cheir), tlie hand, and ai'fhg [anthos), a flower, — a hand-Jlower, because 
 suited for carrying in the hand. This ajjpears to us so absurd and so little ajjplicable 
 to this plant in particular, that we prefer taking the Arabic word cheiri or hheyry, the 
 name of a very red sweet-scented flower, as the origin of the generic name Cheiranthus. 
 The species frequently grow on walls, hence the popular name. 
 
 SPECIES I.-CHE IRAN THUS CHEIRI. Linn. 
 Plate CVL* 
 
 Jinch. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLV. Fig. 4347. 
 Cheiranthus fruticulosus, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1934. 
 
 Stem woody at the base. Leaves entire. Pod quadrangular- 
 compressed. Style conical. Seeds winged at the summit. 
 
 On old buildings and walls, not truly native, though occurring 
 in the greater number of the English and Scotch counties. 
 
 [England, Scotland, Ireland]. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Stem erect, 9 inches to 2 feet high, the old part woody, 
 marked with leaf-scars, and bare of leaves except at the summit 
 whei"e they are arranged in tufts, and are also scattered on the 
 branches of the year. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate or elliptical- 
 strapshaped, quite entire. Elowering raceme very short. Sepals 
 purplish. Elowers f inch to 1 inch across, bright orange-yellow, 
 rarely tinged with the dark brown so common in the garden form 
 of this plant. Eruit pedicels about h inch long. Pods 1^ to 2^ 
 inches long by ^ inch broad, suddenly contracted at the apex 
 into an extremely short conical style ; valves notched at the 
 summit ; replum with a central nerve. Seeds oblong, winged 
 only at the apex. Plant dull green, clothed with short adpressed 
 bipartite hairs resembling a simple hair attached by the middle. 
 
 Common JFallJloioer, GUliJloioer. 
 
 French, Girojli'e Violier, Violier Jaune. German, Lackviole, Goldlack, or Gelhnelke. 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 1934, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
ciirciFER.E. 155 
 
 The name Gilliflowcr, or Yellow Flower, is in allusion to its colour, and not, as 
 some say, to Jul)', in which month it is beginning to fade away, and it is by no means 
 in perfection. In the poorest and commonest gardens this well-known plant is a 
 favourite, and its bright blossoms and delightful scent render it welcome alike in the 
 cottage and the mansion. Many varieties are produced by cultivation from the original 
 plant, the native of our old walls, rocks, and roofs. The flowers vary in size from 
 single to double, from yellow to rusty and blood-coloured, or variegated with the same 
 colours. None are, however, more fragrant than the wild plant, to which Sir Walter 
 Scott alludes in describing the early days of a child : — 
 
 " And well the lonely infant knew 
 Recesses where the Wallflower grew. 
 I deem'd such nooks the sweetest shade 
 The sun in all his round surveyed." 
 
 And again : — 
 
 "The rude stone fence with flagrant Wallflowers gay, 
 To me more pleasure yields 
 Than all the pomp imiierial domes display." 
 
 It is the Wallflower which Burns introduces into the scenery of a vision of 
 former times : — 
 
 " As I stood by yon roofless tower, 
 
 Where Wallflow'r scents the dewy air, 
 And owlet roams in ivy bower, 
 
 Telling the midnight moon her care." 
 
 Poets have given personality to this favourite flower ; and Herrick, who is 
 scarcely inferior to the older classical poets in his pictures of love-lorn swains and 
 adventurous maidens, ascribes the origin and very name of this flower to the spirit 
 of a fair young damsel, long detained in durance vile, who braving all perils to steal 
 an interview with her lover, — 
 
 " Up she got upon a wall, 
 'Tempting down to slide withal ; 
 But the silken twist untied, 
 So she fell, and bruised, and died. 
 Love, in j)ity of the deed, 
 And her loving, luckless speed. 
 Turned her to this plant we call 
 Now t\ieJlower of the wall." 
 
 The Wallflower is not without reputation as a medicine. Hill the naturalist says : 
 " An infusion of Wallflower is good against the headache and nervous disorders. Tliey 
 are good to steep in oil, to which they give a cordial warmth, and which is good against 
 paius iu the limbs." 
 
156 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 GENUS X.—C ARDAMINE. Linn. 
 
 Sepals slightly spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal, 
 entire, with long claws. Filaments without wings or teeth. Pod 
 linear, cylindrical or tapering, compressed ; valves without con- 
 spicuous nerves, opening suddenly with a spring, and rolling back- 
 wards from the base. Style conical, sometimes very short. Stigma 
 entire or slightly 2-lobed. lleplum transparent. - Seeds com- 
 pressed, not winged. 
 
 Perennial or annual herbs, often glabrous. Leaves pinnate 
 or simple, alternate, sometimes opposite or in whorls of 3. 
 Plowers purplish or white, disposed in corymbs or short racemes 
 which afterwards elongate. 
 
 French, Cardamine. German, Schaumhraut. 
 
 The name is derived from Kapcia (kardia), the heart, and cafmoi (daniao), to subdue, 
 in allusion to the stomachic qualities of the species. 
 
 Sub-Genus I.— DENTARIA. 
 
 Pod tapering from near the base to the apex. Seed stalk 
 (funiculus) dilated Cotyledons with the margins involute. 
 
 Herbs with scaly rhizomes and pinnate or digitate leaves, some- 
 times in a whorl of 3. 
 
 SPECIES I.— CARDAMINE BULBIFERA. 
 
 Plate CVIL* 
 
 Dentaria bulbifera, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XXXI. Fig. 4318. 
 Denturia bulbifera, Auct. Plar. 
 
 Pootstock creeping, scaly. Leaves pinnate, with 5 to 7 ellip- 
 tical, crenate-serrate or entire leaflets ; uppermost leaves entire ; 
 leaf axils producing bulbs. Petals with an oblong spreading 
 limb. 
 
 In woods. Very local. Tonbridge "Wells ; ITarefield, Middlesex, 
 and some places in the neighljourhood inBuckinghamsliire; and in 
 Herts. Pteported from Ayrshire, and also " near Duplin, on the 
 banks of the Esk, Scotland, but scarcely Avild" (Brit. EL). It is 
 marked on Mr. Moore's list of Irish plants. Mr. H. Trimeu has 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 309, uualtered. 
 
CRUCIFEBiE. 157 
 
 found it abundant in copses on Kiagsfold Farm, Rasper parish, 
 
 Sussex. 
 
 England, Scotland? Ireland. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Eootstock extensively creeping, white, with small tooth-like 
 scales, each division producing a single stem, or a leaf with a long- 
 stalk from the apex. Stem erect, unbranchcd, 1 to 2 feet high, bare 
 of leaves in the lower part. Stem leaves shortly stalked, the lower 
 ones, like the radical leaves, having 5 to 7 leaflets, which are 
 sessile or shortly stalked, 1 J to 2^ inches long by ^ to f incb broad, 
 remotely and faintly crenate-serrate, or occasionally entire ; upper 
 leaves with fewer leaflets, those at the top with only one, so that 
 they become simple, and are not above 1 incb long, and narrow in 
 proportion. Flowers about f inch across, lilac or almost white, 
 turning rose-colour when dried. Pedicels longer tban the calyx, 
 which is erect and purplish. Fruit usually abortive.* The purple 
 scaly axillary bulbs as well as the creeping rhizomes propagate 
 the plant. Plant bright green, glabrous. Leaflets ciliated at the 
 margins. 
 
 Bulbiferous Coral JFort, or Tooth JFbrt. 
 
 French, Cardamine Bidbifere. 
 
 Sub-Genus II.— EU-CARDAMINE. 
 
 Pod slender, cylindrical, rather thicker in the middle, and very 
 slightly tapering towards each end. Seed stalk (funiculus) filiform. 
 Cotyledons flat, with the margins not involute. Leaves pinnate or 
 imdivided, not whorled. 
 
 SPECIES II.— C ARDAMINE AMARA. Linn. 
 
 Plate CVIII.+ 
 
 Reich. Ic. FI. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XXVII. Fig. 4305, 
 
 Rootstock long, creeping. Leaves pinnate, with from 5 to 9 
 leaflets, which are roundish or ovate in the lower, and ovate or 
 oblong in the upper leaves, but in all angulated or bluntly toothed. 
 Petals erect, spreading, obovate, twice or twice and a half the length 
 of the sepals, and about one-fourth longer than the stamens. Pod 
 linear, terminated by a slender style equal in leugtli to twice or 
 thrice the breadth of the pod; stigma slightly notched. 
 
 * I am unable to give a description of the fiuit, as I have never seen it. 
 t The Plate is E. B. 1000, unaltered. 
 
158 ENGLKH BOTANY. 
 
 In wet places, particularly hy the sides of rivers or broolcs in 
 woods, llather scarce, bvit g(>nerally distributed from Coruwall 
 and Sussex to Moray and Dumbartonshire. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Rootstock slender, creeping, thinly clothed with root fibres, 
 stolonifcrous, passing insensibly into the solitary stem, which rises 
 with a curve, and is from 1 to 2 feet high, erect or slightly zigzag, 
 branched in the upper part in large examples. Leaves not collected 
 into a rosette, but equally distributed over the stem. Leaflets 
 ■g- to 1^ inch long, genei'ally sessile ; those of the upper leaves 
 narrower than those of the lower, but not conspicuously so ; the 
 terminal ones a little larger than the lateral ones. Elowers about 
 ^ inch across, in a lax raceme, generally with secondary racemes 
 below the terminal one, so that the inflorescence becomes some- 
 times decidedly paniculate. Sejials oval, generally purplish. Petals 
 narrowly obovate, white, sometimes tinged with purple. Anthers 
 2)ur])le. Pruit pedicels ^ to f inch long. Pod 1 or 1^ inch long, 
 slightly beaded, terminated by a long slender style with an incon- 
 spicuous stigma. Whole plant lively green, shining, smooth, or 
 slightly hairy. The edges of the leaflets are generally ciliated. 
 
 Hitter Cress, or Ladies' Smock. 
 
 Frencli, Cardamine Amere. German, Das Biltere ScJiaumJcrcmt. 
 
 This pretty plant, with its lai-ge white or cream-coloured flowei's, decorates our 
 meadows in the first months of summer. As its specific name indicates, it is bitter, bnt 
 its bitterness is of an aromatic kind, such as recommends cresses to general use. Sheep 
 crop it readily, but cows refuse to eat it. The beautiful orange-tip butterfly, Anthocharis 
 Cardamines, the Wood Lady of London entomologists, lives in the larva state upon the 
 Cardamine and some of the allied genera. 
 
 SPECIES IIL-CARD AMINE PRATENSIS. Linn. 
 
 Tlate CIX.* 
 
 Fieich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XXVIIL Fig. 4308. 
 
 Rootstock short, creeping. Leaves pinnate, with 9 to 25 
 leaflets, which are roundisli and angulated in the lower, but oblong 
 or strap-shaped and mostly entire in the upper leaves. Petals 
 spreading, broadly obovate, three times as long as the sepals, and 
 more than twice as long as the stamens. Pod linear, terminated 
 by a thickish style about equal in length to the breadth of the 
 pod ; stigma entire. 
 
 * The Plate is E. P. 77G, unaltered. 
 
CRTJCIFERyE. 159 
 
 In wet meadows and on wet rocks and mountains. Very 
 common throughout the whole of Britain. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Rootstock short and rather thick, densely clothed with root 
 fihres, sometimes stolonil'erous, sending up from the apex an 
 erect slightly zigzag stem from 1 to 2 feet high ; sometimes the 
 stem branches into several near the root, and in tliat case the 
 lateral ones are curved at the base before ascending. Leaves 
 pi'oduced in radical tufts or rosettes, and these leaves have the 
 leaflets usually shortly stalked, roundish, entire, or angulatcd ; 
 leaflets 5- to f inch long, those of the stem leaves much 
 narrower than those of the root leaves, frequently even strap-shaped 
 or linear, and generally entire, but sometimes tliey are obovate 
 and the terminal ones wedge-shaped and toothed, when the ])lant is 
 C. dentata of Schultz. Flowers |^ to | inch across, corymbose or 
 shortly racemose. Sepals oblong, tinged with purple, slightly 
 spreading. Limb of the petals roundish, spreading, lilac or 
 white. Anthers yellow. Fruit pedicels ^ to f inch long. Pod 
 cylindrical, 1 to 1^ inch long, not beaded, terminated by the very 
 short thick style with a conspicuous stigma. Whole plant bright 
 green, shining, smooth, or slightly hairy, especially towards the base 
 of the stem and leaf stalks and on the edges of the leaves, which, 
 however, can scarcely be called ciliated. 
 
 In damp seasons the stem frequently bears small bulbs at the 
 base and buds on the leaves, which propagate the plant. The 
 flowers are sometimes double, or rather the petals surround small 
 flower buds instead of stamens and pistils, which are reduced to a 
 rudimentary state. 
 
 Meadoio Ladies' Smock, Cuckoo Floiocr, May Flower. 
 
 French, Cardamhie des Pris. German, Bas Gemeine Scluiumhratit. 
 
 The familiar names of this pretty plant explain themselves. Covering the fields 
 ■with their white blossoms, they have almost the appearance of linen bleaching, and 
 are thus likened to the garments of " our Lady " whitening in the summer sun. 
 Shakespeare chronicles the time — 
 
 " When maidens bleach their summer smocks." 
 
 Of its early appearance with the cuckoo as the harbinger of bright days and cloudless 
 skies, we are appropriately reminded in calling it Cuckoo Flower. Shakespeare's 
 "cuckoo-buds" or "cuckoo-birds" were yellow, and doubtless meant the Marsh Mari- 
 gold ; but he writes — 
 
 " When daisies pied, and violets blue, 
 And Lady-.smocks all silver white, 
 And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue, 
 
 Do paint the meadows with delight." 
 
 A ccording to Eay and other old writers, tlie flowers of the Cardamine pratensis possess 
 
160 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 valuable medicinal properties, making them useful in hysteria and epilepsy. In 1767 
 Sir George Buker read a paper before the College of Physicians on the application of 
 this plant ; and we have an accurate account of the preparation of these flowers by 
 toasting them on pewter dishes over a fire, and boiling the powder in bottles covered 
 and stopped with leather, " on no account with a cork." Withering suggests that it 
 may act sometimes by destroying intestinal worms, and thus accounts for its efficacy 
 in epilepsies and other diseases resulting from this cause. 
 
 SPECIES IV.— CARD AMINE HIRSUTA. Linn. 
 Plates CX. CXI. 
 
 Kootstock short, creeping, or none. Loaves pinnate, with 7 to 
 13 leaflets, which are roundish, and slightly angulated in the lower, 
 but oval, oblong, or strap-shaped, and often entire, in the upper 
 leaves ; petioles of the stem leaves without fringed auricles. Petals 
 erect, oblanceolate, about twice as long as the sepals, and about 
 one-fourth longer than the stamens. Pod linear, terminated by a 
 style equal to or shorter than the breadth of the pod. 
 
 E-Uwy-leaved Ladies^ Smock. 
 
 French, Cardamine Velue 
 
 Sub-Species I.— Cardamine eu-hirsuta. 
 
 Plate CX.* 
 
 C. hirsuta, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Telr. Tab. XXVI. Fig. 4304. 
 C. hirsuta, Auct. Plur. 
 
 Rootstock none. Radical leaves in a rosette, with larger 
 leaflets than those of the stem leaves. Stamens generally only 4. 
 Young pods usually rising considerably above the corymb of 
 flowers. Style equal in length to about half the breadth of 
 the pod. 
 
 On wall-tops and sandy places, and in clearings in woods. 
 Common throughout Britain. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring, Summer. 
 
 Stems dividing into several close to the base, 6 to 12 inches high, 
 erect, the lateral ones curved below. Radical leaves numerous, 
 forming a rosette. Leaflets usually stalked, roundish, bluntly 
 angled, 3: to i inch across ; the terminal one a little larger than 
 the others. Stem leaves generally few, with the leaflets smaller. 
 
 * The Plate is drawn for the present edition by Mr. J. R Sowerby from a dried 
 specimen from ]\Iusselburgh. 
 
CllUCIFER^. IGl 
 
 narrower in proportion, and generally entire. Flowers corymhose, 
 wliite, about i ii^cli across. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, generally 
 greenish. Fruit pedicels ^ to ^ inch in length. Pods about 1 inch 
 long, slightly beaded, terminated by a short thick style. Whole 
 plant dull green, more or less clotlicd with short hairs, which arc 
 most numerous and spreading on the stem. 
 
 Sub-Species II.— Cardamine sylvatica. Lint 
 
 Plate CXI.* 
 
 C. sjlvatica, r.eich. Ic. Fl.'Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XXVI. Fig. 4303. 
 
 C. Lirsuta, Eug. Bot. ed. i. No. 492. 
 
 C. hirsuta, var. ft, Benth. Handbook Biit. Fl. p. 86. UooJc. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. \iii. 
 
 P-27. 
 C. tirsuta, vai\ ft, sylvatica, Coss. & Germ. FL des Environs de Paris, ed. ii. p. 108. 
 
 Eootstock shortly creeping. Radical leaves few, with smaller 
 leaflets than those of the stem leaves. Stamens 6. Young pods 
 usually not rising above the corymb of flowers. Style equal to or 
 a little longer than the breadth of the pod. 
 
 In damp shady woods and by the sides of streams. Not 
 uncommon, and probably distributed throughout the whole of 
 Britain, but often not distinguished from C. eu-hirsuta. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Perennial. 
 Spring and Summer. 
 
 This plant differs from C. eu-hii-suta by the absence of a tap-root, 
 and the presence of a rootstock thinly clothed with root fibres. Stem 
 usually taller, more leafy, and the stem leaves having the leaflets 
 though narrower in proportion to those of the radical leaves 
 actually exceeding them in length, being sometimes f inch long. 
 The flowers are generally larger, and the whole plant smoother and 
 more shining than C. eu-hirsuta. 
 
 When this plant is luxuriant, it sometimes resembles C. amara, 
 from which, however, it may always be distinguished by not having 
 the large spreading petals and long slender style of that species. 
 Sometimes it flowers the first year, and then the tap-root remains, 
 as in C. eu-hii'suta. 
 
 SPECIES v.— CARDAMINE IMPATIENS. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXII.t 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XXVI. Fig. 4302. 
 
 Rootstock short, creeping ; or none. Leaves pinnate, with 9 to 
 
 ♦ The Plate is E. B. 4'J2, unaltered. t The Plate is E. B. 80, unaltered. 
 
 Y 
 
102 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 15 leaflets, wliich are lanceolate or elliptical, often cut or lobed. 
 Petioles of the stem leaves expanded at the base, with long- narrow 
 acute ciliated auricles embracing the stem. Petals erect, oblanceo- 
 late, once and a half as long as the sepals, but most frequently 
 abortive. Pod linear, terminated by a style whose length is about 
 equal to the breadth of the pod. 
 
 In shady woods and on moist rocks. Eare. It has been found 
 in the counties of Surrey, Somerset, Gloucester, Glamorgan, \yor- 
 cester, Warwick, Shropshire, Montgomery, Denbigh, Derby, and 
 York. It has been reported from some of the more northern 
 counties, and from the banks of the Doune in Ayrshire, and the 
 Falls of the Clyde in Lanarkshire. 
 
 England, Scotland ? Biennial or Annual. Summer. 
 
 Tap-root sending up a single stem, sometimes with the inter- 
 vention of a short rootstock clothed with root fibres. Stem erect, 
 simple or branched, 1 to 2 feet high. Stem leaves very numei'ous, 
 with the divisions closer and more nearly at right angles to the 
 petiole than in any other of the British species of Cardamine. 
 Leaflets } to 1^ inch long, acute, generally cleft into 2 or 3 lobes 
 towards the base. Petals very rarely present. Pruit pedicels about 
 ^ inch long. Pods f to 1 inch in length. Style rather slender. 
 Plant nearly glabrous. 
 
 This species cannot be confounded with any of the others if 
 attention be paid to the curious auricles at the base of the leaf stalks. 
 The leaves are not truly pinnate, but only pinnatipartite ; for all the 
 leaflets are joined by a narrow strip or wing, which runs down each 
 side of the common petiole ; this strip is expanded at the base, and 
 from the expansion narrow lobes are given off", which embrace the 
 stem, so that the petiole is sagittate at the base. 
 
 Impatient-podded Ladles^ Smock. 
 
 French, Cardamine Impatiente. 
 
 The oommon name of this species arises from the fact that the pods are peculiarly 
 sensitive to the stimulus of heat ; on warm sunny days they may be seen and heard 
 exploding with a contractile force, which after expelling the seeds causes the valvea 
 of the pod to curl up in a singular manner. 
 
 GENUS XI.—K II A B I S. Linn. 
 
 Sepals sub-erect, equal, or the lateral ones slightly gibbous at 
 the base. Petals equal, entire, with moderately long or short claws. 
 Filaments without wings or teeth. Pod linear, cylindrical or sub- 
 quadrangular, compressed; valves with a dorsal nerve, or several 
 
CRUClFKRyE. 1C3 
 
 nerves, not opening suddenly with a spring. Style very short or 
 absent. Stigma entire or slightly 2-lobed, Replum transparent. 
 Seeds compressed, usually winged at the top. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or elothed with simplCj 
 forked, or starlike hairs. Radical leaves often spatulate. Stem 
 leaves sessile, all entire, toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers white, 
 yellowish, rose-colour, or more rarely piu-ple, disposed in corymbs 
 or short racemes which afterwards elongate. 
 
 Wall Cress. 
 
 French, Arabette. German, Gdnsel-raut. 
 
 Tbe first plants described as belonging to this genus were brought from Arabia; 
 hence their name. 
 
 SPECIES I— ARABIS THALIANA. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXV.* 
 
 Conringia Thaliana, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LX. Fig. 4380. 
 Sisynibrium Thalianum, Gaud. Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 26. Hook. & Am. Brit. 
 Fl. ed. viii. p. 35. 
 
 Eootstock none. Radical leaves oblong, attenuated at the 
 base, and stalked. Stem leaves sessile, elliptical or strap-shaped, 
 attenuated towards the base, not amplexicaul ; all entire or dentate. 
 Petals oblanceolate, twice as long as the sepals, slightly spreading. 
 Pods spreading, not twice as long as their pedicels ; valves 1-nerved ; 
 style short, cylindrical. Seeds ovoid, usually not compressed, with- 
 out a wing at the apes. 
 
 On wall-tops, rocks, dry banks, and recently disturbed ground. 
 Rather common, extending over the whole of Britain. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring. 
 
 Stem 3 to 18 inches high, erect, branched in the upper portion 
 in the larger examples, branches ascending. Radical leaves forming 
 a rosette. Stem leaves scattered, distant ; all the leaves vary con- 
 siderably in shape and in the marginal outline, but most commonly 
 the radical and lower stem leaves are remotely denticulate, and the 
 upper stem leaves entire. Flowers \ inch across, white. Pedi- 
 cels \ to f inch long. Pods ^ to f inch long, slightly curved 
 upwards, more slender and convex than in any other species of the 
 genus. Seeds extremely small, indistinctly punctured or roughened 
 when viewed under a microscope, with the radicle lying on the 
 back of one of the cotvledons and not along their edges as in all 
 
 ♦ The Plate is E. B. 901, unaltered. 
 
164 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 the rest of the genus. Plant greyish green, with scattered simple 
 forked and trifurcate hairs. 
 
 This plant is placed by many botanists in the genus Sisym- 
 brium, on account of the position of the radicle agreeing with the 
 character of that genus rather than with Arabis ; the habit, 
 however, is much more that of Arabis, and the cotyledons are 
 occasionally accumbent in A. Thaliana, although usually incumbent. 
 In a few pods I have found both forms of embryo, though the 
 accumbent cotyledons are rare. 
 
 Thale Cress, Common JF'all Cress, Turkey Fod. 
 
 French, Arabette de Thalh. 
 
 SPECIES II.— ARABIS PETR-ffiA. Lamwrch. 
 Plate CXIIL* 
 
 A. Crantziana, Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol II. Tetr. Tab. XXXIV. Fig. 4323 ? 
 
 A. Crantziana, Ehrh. Herb. 78. 
 
 A. hispida, Linn.JU. Sin. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 211. 
 
 Cardamine petrjea, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 913. 
 
 C hastulata, Sin. Eng. Bot. No. 469. 
 
 Rootstock slender, branched, woody. Radical leaves sub-lyrate, 
 pinnatilid or spatulate, toothed, the base attenuated into a leafstalk ; 
 stem leaves spatulate, toothed, or strap-shaped, entire, attenuated 
 at the base, not amplexicaul. Petals obovate, twice as long as the 
 sepals, slightly spreading. Pods spreading, about twice or thrice 
 as long as the pedicels ; valves 1-nerved ; style short, cylindrical. 
 Seeds elliptical-ovoid, compressed, with only a rudimentary wing 
 at the extreme apes. 
 
 On alpine rocks and rocky debris in North Wales, and the 
 Scottish mountains. It occurs in the Island of Uarris in the 
 Hebrides, in Sutherland, and even at Baltasound in Shetland ; but 
 it is most common on the mountains of Braemar, and in Aber- 
 deenshire it is frequently to be found on the banks of the Dee to 
 within a few miles of Aberdeen, no doubt carried down by streams 
 from the higher localities. It is also found in Ben Bulben, 
 Ireland. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Eootstock dividing into several short branches, each of which 
 produces a rosette of leaves. Stems 4 to 8 inches high, ascending, 
 usually fiexuous. Ptadical leaves more or less distinctly stalked, and 
 
 * The Plate i.s E. B. 469, unaltered. 
 
CRUCIFER^. 165 
 
 pinnatifid towards the apox, with short triangular or oblong 
 spreading lobes, the terminal one larger than the others, some- 
 times spatulate, with only a few teeth at the edges ; stem leaves 
 few, the lower ones resembling the root leaves, the uppermost 
 much narrower, sessile, and usually entire. Tlowers corymbose, 
 :]; inch across, pure white ("with a purple tinge" — Brit. EL). 
 Petals slightly spreading. Pedicels about ^ inch long, spreading or 
 sliglitly ascending. Pods ^ to 1 inch long, slightly beaded. Seeds 
 elliptical-ovoid, not winged at the summit, but sometimes with a 
 raised margin there. Leaves deep green, with simple and forked 
 hairs ; sometimes only ciliated, or even quite glabrous. Stem 
 usually glabrous, at least in the upper part, but sometimes with 
 spreading hairs throughout. 
 
 I have doubts whether the German A. Crantziana be not distinct 
 from the present plant, at least as a sub-species. The few speci- 
 mens I have seen are without pods ; but if Reichenbach's figure 
 be correct, they are much longer and the seeds rounder than in the 
 Scotch plant. 
 
 Alpine Hock, or JFall Cress. 
 
 French, Arahette des Plerres. 
 
 SPECIES III.— ARAB IS STRICT A. Uuds. 
 
 Plate CXIV.* 
 
 Rekh. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Telr. Tab. XXXIX. Fig. 4337. 
 
 Rootstock slender, simple, woody. Radical leaves oblanceolate, 
 sinuated or toothed at the edges, attenuated at the base, but 
 scarcely stalked ; stem leaves sessile, oblong, toothed, the upper 
 ones semi-amplexicaul. Petals oblanceolate, Avedge-shaped, twice 
 as long as the sepals, sub-erect. Pods ascending-erect, three to 
 five times as long as the pedicels ; valves 1-nerved. Style short, 
 cylindi'ical. Seeds oval-oblong and sliglitly winged especially at 
 the apex. 
 
 Extremely local, and only occurring on the carboniferous lime- 
 stone at St. Vincent's Rocks and a few other places in the vicinity 
 of Bristol and Cheddar. 
 
 England. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Stems often dividing into several close to the,base ; individual 
 stems erect or ascending, 4 to 9 inches high, simple or slightly 
 branclied. Radical leaves forming a very compact rosette, not so 
 distinctly stalked as in A. petraea, and less suddenly dilated towards 
 
 The Plate u> E. iJ. G14, uuiiltered. 
 
166 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 the tip, with short triangular or oblong lobes pointing towards 
 the apex ; stem leaves few. Mowers cream-colour, with the 
 petals longer, narrower, and more erect than in the last species. 
 Pedicels about ^ inch long. Pods from 1 to 1^ inch long. Seeds 
 dark brown, much compressed. Leaves deep green, shining, clothed 
 and ciliated with simple and forked haii's, which also occur upon 
 the stem. 
 
 Bristol Hock Cress. 
 
 SPECIES IV.— ARABIS HIRSUTA. 
 
 Plates CXVI. CXVII. 
 
 Uootstock slender, nearly simple, woody. Radical leaves 
 oblanceolate, attenuated at the base into a short footstalk. Stem 
 leaves applied to stem, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, toothed or 
 entire, the upper ones more or less semi-amplexicaul. Petals nar- 
 rowly oblanceolate, about thrice as long as the sepals, erect. Pods 
 erect, five to ten times as long as the pedicels ; valves 1-nerved ; 
 style scarcely perceptible. Seeds in one row, oval or oblong, much 
 compressed, narrowly winged all round (in the British forms), with 
 the wing broadest at the apex. 
 
 Hairy JVall Cress, Hairy Tower Mustard, 
 
 French, Arabette d, Velue. 
 
 The root is strong and woody, which enables this plant to have a perennial life in 
 its dry and exposed situations on walls and calcareous rocks. In cultivation it loses 
 much of its haii'iness, and grows into a tall and elegant plant. 
 
 Sub-Species I.— Arabis ciliata. li. Broum. 
 
 Plate CXVII.* 
 A. ciliata, Atict. Angl. nee aliorum. 
 
 Stem leafy up to the inflorescence. Uppermost stem leaves 
 truncate, rounded at the base, Avith the rudiment of a footstalk, 
 and so scarcely amplexicaul. Pods four to six times as long as the 
 pedicels, and in the broadest j^art more than twice the breadth of 
 the pedicels. Seeds once and a half as long as broad, rounded at 
 
 the base and apex. 
 
 Var. a, (jemdna. 
 
 Leaves glabrous, except at the margins, where they are ciliated. 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 174G, corrected by Mr. J. K Sowerby, and with ripe pods 
 added. 
 
CRUCIFERiE. 167 
 
 Var. 3, hispida. 
 
 Leaves clothed with forked and trifurcate hairs all over. 
 
 Very rare. Var. a by the seaside at Ringville, Connemara, 
 Ireland. Var. |3 near Tenby, Pembrokeshire, and probably in other 
 places in the "West of England but overlooked on account of its 
 resemblance to A. sagittata. 
 
 England, Ireland. Biennial. Spring, Summer. 
 
 Kootstock producing rosettes of oval or elliptical leaves, atte- 
 nuated at the base into a footstalk so as to become oblanceolate, 
 from which one or more stems 3 to 9 inches high are produced. 
 Stem densely clothed with leaves throughout, the leaves becoming 
 narrower and broader at their base in proportion as they are placed 
 higher on the stem, but even the very uppermost have always tiie 
 rudiments of a footstalk. Leaves all entire or very slightly toothed. 
 Elowers \ inch across, white. Pedicels \ inch long. Pods 1 to 
 Ig inch long by -j^ inch broad. Seeds about -g^j inch long, 
 broadly oval, rounded at each end, finely punctured (under a lens), 
 distinctly winged all round. 
 
 Arabis ciliata of Continental authors is A. arcuata, " Shuttle- 
 worth " (Godet, Elore de Jure, p. 38), and seems to be another 
 sub-species of A. hirsuta quite distinct from the present, having 
 the leaves less closely placed on the stem, which is arched at the 
 top before the pods are ripe, and the seeds are without a wing. 
 
 Fringed Mock Cress. 
 SnB-SpEciEs II.— Arabis sagittata. D. G. 
 
 Plate CXVI.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Telr. Tab. XLII. Fig. 4343 bis. 
 A. hirsuta, AiKt. Angl. (noii Reich. V) 
 Tunitis hirsuta, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 587. 
 
 Stem with the highest leaf usually an inch or two below the 
 inflorescence. Uppermost stem leaves truncate, slightly cordate 
 or sagittate at the base, semi-amplexicaul. Pods four to nine 
 times as long as the pedicels, and at the broadest part not twice 
 the breadth of the pedicels. Seeds twice as long as broad, truncate 
 at the base, rounded at the apex. 
 
 Sairy Bock Cress. 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 587. 
 
1G8 EKGLISII BOTANY. 
 
 Var. a, ridgarla. 
 Stem and leaves clothed with simple aud forked hairs. 
 
 Var. ^, (jlahrata. 
 
 Stem and leaves smooth, or the latter more or less ciliated at 
 the margins. 
 
 On dry banks, rocks, and old walls. Var. a not imcommon, 
 tliough rather sparingly distributed throughout the whole kingdom 
 from Cornwall and Kent to Eoss-shire. To var. 3 apparently belongs 
 a plant gathered by Mr. Andrews in Great Arran Island on the 
 west coast of Ireland, which Mr. Hewett C. Watson has in his 
 Herbarium ; but these specimens have not mature pods and seeds, 
 from which the only definite characters by which this can be 
 separated from A. ciliata, var. genuina, are taken, though in the 
 flowering state it agrees remarkably well with A. hirsuta, var. 
 glabrata (Wahl.), sent from Gothland by Mr. C. Hartman. These 
 Irish specimens are the only ones which I have seen that can be 
 referred to var. 3 of A. sagittata. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Extremely like A. ciliata, but usually taller, the stems being 
 4 inches to 2 feet or more high, and the leaves, at least the upper 
 ones, have no rudiment of a leaf stalk, but are produced at the 
 base into two rounded or slightly pointed lobes. The flowers are 
 rather smaller ; the pods longer and considerably narrower, being 
 1 to 1 J inch long by a little less than -^ inch broad, and are also less 
 compressed. The seeds are a little shorter and only half as bi-oad, 
 truncate at the base, from which the sides are quite parallel with 
 each other to the rounded apex, and like those of A. ciliata they 
 appear finely punctured under the microscope and winged all 
 round. Plant greyish green, more or less hairy. 
 
 A. hirsuta of British authors is certainly the plant usually 
 called A. sagittata by Continental writers, as that species is 
 described as having the seeds punctured, in contradistinction to 
 those of A. hirsuta, " Scop." which has the seeds not punctured, 
 and winged only at the apex according to Beichenbach, Koch, 
 Boreau, Godet, etc. Beichenbach also represents the seed of this 
 form (which may be called A. Beichenbachii) as enlarged towards 
 the apex, a character which separates it still more widely from the 
 British plant. It is probable that these plants, together with 
 A. Gerardi (Bess), A. Allionii (D. C), A. ciliata (Brown), and 
 A. arcuata (ShuttL), are all merely sub-species of one super-species, 
 to which I have given the name of A. hirsuta, which has been 
 applied to most of them separately or together. 
 
CEUCIFERiE. 1G9 
 
 SPECIES v.— ARAB IS TURRIT A. Lmn. 
 
 Plate CXVIIL* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLIV. Fig. 4345. 
 
 Rootstock rather slender, nearly simple, woody, or none. Radical 
 leaves on long footstalks, oval or elliptical, attenuated at both 
 ends; stem leaves spreading, amplexicaul, oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, cordate or sub-sagittate at the base ; all dentate. Pods 
 drooping, curved into an arc and twisted on their axis in the basal 
 fourth of their length, sub-secund ; valves with a dorsal nerve ; 
 style short. Seeds cylindrical, in 1 row, oval, much compressed, 
 winged all roimd. 
 
 On old walls, but only an introduced plant. It occurs on walls 
 at Cambridge, Oxford, and Cleish Castle, Kinross-shire. 
 
 [England, Scotland]. Biennial or Perennial. Spring. 
 
 E-ootstock producing barren rosettes of leaves and flowering 
 stems ; the latter erect, 1 to 2 feet high, nearly simple. Stem leaves 
 much larger than in any of the preceding species, being 1^ to 
 2 inches long. Plowers very pale yellow, f inch across. Petals 
 oblanceolate, twice as long as the sepals, wdth the limb slightly 
 spreading. Lower pedicels produced from the axils of the leaves ; 
 fruit pedicels \ io \ inch long. Pods 4 to 6 inches long by \ inch 
 broad, with anastomosing veins but no dorsal nerve. Seeds finely 
 punctured. Plant green, with a grey or whitish tinge, more or less 
 thickly covered with very short stellate pubescence. 
 
 Tower Wall Cress, Toioer Turkey Fod, Fendulous-podded 
 Wall Cress. 
 
 French, Arab's Tourrette. 
 
 SPECIES VI.— ARAB IS PERPOLIATA. Lamarck 
 Plate CXIX.f 
 
 Turritis glabra, Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLIV. Fig. 4346. 
 Turritis glabra, Linn, et Auct. Flur. 
 
 Rootstock none. Radical leaves oblanceolate, denticulate, or 
 pinnatifid-runcinate, attenuated at the base into a short footstalk ; 
 stem leaves applied to the stem and amplexicaul, lanceolate, 
 
 ♦ The Plate is E. B. 178, with a pod added by Mr. J. K Sowerby. 
 + The Plate is E. B. 777, unaltered. 
 Z 
 
170 ENGLISH BOX ANT. 
 
 sagittate at the base, entire. Petals narrowly oblanceolate, scarcely 
 twice as long as the sepals, erect. Pods erect ; valves with a 
 dorsal nerve ; style obsolete. Seeds in 2 rows, shortly rhom- 
 boidal-oval, plane or convex, without a wing, but surrounded by a 
 dark brown line. 
 
 On dry banks, roadsides, and stony places. Rather rare and 
 local ; and though it occurs in a good many of the English counties 
 it is very scarce in Scotland, where Dumbartonshire and Perthshire 
 appear to be its northern limits. It is not in Mr. Moore's Irish 
 list, but marked as occurring in Ireland in the last edition of 
 Professor Babington's Manual. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Annual. Summer. 
 
 Stem erect, 2 or 3 feet high, nearly simple or slightly branched 
 in the upper pai't. Eadical leaves in a rosette, generally withering 
 before the plant flowers ; stem leaves numerous, 1 to 3 inches long. 
 Flowers crcam-colour, about \ inch across. Pedicels about ^ inch 
 long. Pods 2 to 2| inches long by -^ inch broad. Seeds very 
 small. Radical leaves, lowest stem leaves, and base of the stem 
 green, with soft hairs, generally bi- or tri-furcate. Upper part of 
 the stem and its leaves smooth, very glaucous. 
 
 The only character which separates the genus Turritis from 
 Arabisls the seeds being in a double row instead of in one row, 
 as in the latter ; but the division appears to be unnatural, and I 
 follow Mr. Bentham and those Continental authors who unite them. 
 
 Smooth Tower Wall Cress or Mustard. 
 French, Arabis Glabre. 
 
 GENUS XII.— B A R B A R E A. B. Broimi. 
 
 Sepals sub-erect, equal, or the lateral ones slightly gibbous at 
 the base. Petals equal, entire, with moderately long claws. 
 Eilaments without wings or teeth. Pod linear, quadrangular, com- 
 pressed ; valves with a strong dorsal nerve or keel ; style short ; 
 stigma entire or slightly bilobed ; replum transparent. Seeds 
 oblong-ovoid, compressed, not winged, punctate, disposed in one 
 row in each cell of the pod. 
 
 Biennial or perennial herbs with angular stems and glabrous 
 shining leaves ; the lower ones lyrate, the upper toothed or 
 pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, disposed in corymbs or short racemes, 
 which afterwards elongate. 
 
 French, Barbarce. German, Barbaree. 
 
CRIJCIFER^. 171 
 
 Tbis genus was anciently called St. Barbara's Herb, and tbe species were considered 
 to be peculiarly under the patronage of that saint, probably because they were sown 
 about tbe day formerly consecrated to her, our ICth of December. 
 
 SPECIES I.— BARB ARE A VULGARIS. E. Broum. 
 Plates CXX. CXXI. CXXII. CXXIII. 
 
 Radical leaves lyrate, witli the terminal lobe usually very large, 
 equalling or exceeding in breadth the width of the leaf measured 
 across the uppermost pair of leaflets, and generally three or four 
 times the length of one of them. Pods in a dense raceme, three to 
 eight times as long as the pedicels, and at the broadest part 
 considerably exceeding the pedicels in thickness, contracted at the 
 tip into a style longer than the greatest width of the pod. 
 
 Winter Cress, Serb St. Barbara, Yellow Mocket. 
 
 French, Roquette, UHerhe Sainte Barbe, Barbaree & Siliques EtaUea. 
 German, Winterkresse, Barbenhraut. 
 
 Under the name of Winter Cress and Winter Rocket this plant has long been 
 cultivated in gardens as an early salad. In Sweden they boil and eat it as a vegetable 
 in the same way as cabbage. The constant use of smoked and dried meat and fish, 
 especially during the long winter, renders any addition desii'able to the fresh vegetable 
 diet of the people. It is worthy of remark that numbers of our Cruciferous and com- 
 monest wayside plants might with great advantage be used as articles of food, and would 
 be valuable to our poor families in cold winters when garden vegetables are scarce or 
 expensive. Many field and roadside herbs, such as Charlock, Shepherd's PursCi 
 Hedge Garlic, <fec., which are commonly thrown aside as useless or noxious weeds, 
 would afford wholesome food in times of scarcity. The habit of eating fresh green 
 vegetables is almost essential to health, and it would be well if our clergy and people 
 of influence in rural districts would acquaint themselves with the properties and nature 
 of our common plants, in order to instruct and guide their poorer neighbours to the 
 right use of the health-giving substances with which they are surrounded. This Winter 
 Cress is seldom destroyed by the frost, and may be seen peeping up through the snow 
 in the depth of winter. It has a pungent aud somewhat bitter taste. Cows eat it, 
 but horses, goats, and sheep rarely touch it. 
 
 SaB-SpEciEs I.— Barbarea eu-vulgaris. 
 
 Plate CXX.* 
 
 B. vulgaris, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLVII. Fig. 4356. 
 
 B. vulgaris, Auct. Plur. 
 
 Erysimum Barbarea, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 44.3. 
 
 Radical leaves lyrate, with a large roundish terminal lobe 
 usually very slightly exceeding in breadth the width of the lea/ 
 
 * The Plate is K B. 443, unaltered. 
 
172 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 measured across the uppermost pair of leaflets ; uppermost leaves 
 oval, deeply and irregularly toothed ; all dark green, llowers in 
 a raceme, the length of which generally scarcely exceeds the breadth. 
 Petals twice as long as the sepals. Pods in a dense raceme, generally 
 ascending, sometimes spreading when young, three to six times as 
 long as the pedicels ; seeds with their length about once and a half 
 their breadth. 
 
 Hedgebanks, roadsides, and by the edges of streams and ditches. 
 Common throughout the kingdom, extending in Scotland as far 
 north as Morayshire. 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial and Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Stem erect, angular, 1 to 3 feet high, much branched in the 
 upper part. Radical leaves in a rosette, jiinnate, lyrate, with 
 6 to 10 leaflets, of which the terminal one is usually much larger 
 than the others, and the lateral ones decreasing in size towards the 
 base ; lower stem leaves resembling the radical leaves, but with 
 enlai'ged ciliated auricles at the base of the petiole which embrace 
 the stem ; intermediate leaves pinnatifid with a large toothed 
 terminal lobe, and a few narrow lateral ones amplexicaul at the 
 base with pointed auricles ; uppei-most leaves with a few irregular 
 blunt teeth and sagittate-amplexicaul at the base as in the lower 
 leaves. Plowers about ^ inch across, bright yellow ; sepals oval, 
 yellowish ; petals oblanceolate ; pedicels about ^ inch long. Pods 
 f to 1 inch long; seeds yellowish brown, shortly oblong, iiTcgularly 
 plano-convex, covered with raised points having a tendency to run 
 into lines. Poliage deep green, shining and glabrous, rarely with 
 a few hairs. Radical leaves in this as in the other forms usually 
 decaying by the time the flowers expand. 
 
 A form with the young joods arched and spreading occurs in 
 shady places. It has often been mistaken for B. arcuata, but is 
 apparently merely a state of B. eu-vulgai'is. It is this plant which 
 is ligured by Eeichcnbach, in Sturm's " Deutchlauds Flora." The 
 true B. arcuata is, however, figured by him in his " Icones Plorys 
 Germanicse et Helveticse." 
 
 Sub-Species II.— Barbarea arcuata. iieich. 
 
 Plate CXXI.* 
 
 Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLVIII. Fig. 4357. 
 Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. ii. p. 39. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 91. 
 Barbarea prascos., Fries, Maut. III. p. 75 (nou R. Brown). 
 
 Radical leaves lyrate, with a large roundish terminal lobe 
 usually very slightly exceeding in breadth the width of the leaf 
 
 * The Plate is drawn by Mi-. J. E. Sowerby from a dried Irish sptciuien. 
 
CRUCIFER^. 173 
 
 measured across the uppermost pair of leaflets ; uppermost leaves 
 oval, deeply and irregularly toothed, all yellowish green. Flowers 
 in a raceme the length of which generally considerably exceeds its 
 breadth. Petals rather more than twice as long as the sepals. 
 Pods in a rather las raceme, arched and spreading when young, 
 five to eight times as long as the pedicels. Seeds more than twice 
 as long as broad. 
 
 Apparently rare ; the only British specimens I have seen being 
 from Loughgall, Armagh, collected by Mr. A. G. More ; all the 
 other specimens labelled B. arcuata which have come under my 
 notice being the form of B. eu-vulgaris, mentioned at the end of 
 the description of that plant. It is highly probable, however, 
 that the late Mr, Borrer found the plant somewhere in the North 
 of England, as he had it in cultivation in his garden, and also has 
 mentioned finding B. arcuata in Northamptonshire, Yorkshire, and 
 Northumberland. Mr. Borrer, however, in writing to Mr. Watson, 
 stated that he had doubts whether the British plant called 
 B. arcuata was identical with the Continental plant known under 
 that name ; so that it is quite possible that the plant growing in 
 his garden might be of foreign origin and procured for the purpose 
 of comparison. 
 
 England ? Ireland. Biennial. Early Summer. 
 
 Extremely like B. eii-vulgaris, especially the state with arched 
 and spreading pods, but the whole plant is of a yellower green, the 
 flowers rather larger, and the petals more persistent, so that they 
 usually do not fall off until the raceme has lengthened considerably. 
 The fruiting raceme is more las, the pods rather longer, the style 
 longer, being more than twice as long as the breadth of the pod ; 
 the seeds smaller, darker in colour, and much narrower in 
 proportion to their length. 
 
 Meichenbach's Yellow Rocket. 
 Sub-Species hi.— Barbarea stricta. Andrz. 
 
 Plate CXXII.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. F]. Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLVII. Fig. 4355. 
 
 Bah. Mau. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 2.3. 
 
 Bcrr. Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. ill. Vol. II. \y. 39. KoA, Syn. Fl. Germ. cd. ii. p. 39. 
 
 B. parviflora, Fries, Slaut. I. p. 207. 
 
 Ptadical leaves lyrate, with a very large oval terminal lobo 
 
 • The ri;itu is from a diawiug by Mr. J. E. Suvverby. 
 
174 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 usually considerably exceeding in breadth the width of the leaf 
 measured across the upiiermost pair of leaflets ; uppermost leaves 
 oval, irregularly toothed; all dark green. Flowers corymbose. 
 Petals about one-fourth longer than the sepals. Pods in a dense 
 raceme, erect even when young, four to six times as long as the 
 pedicels. Seeds nearly twice as long as broad. 
 
 Local. Plentiful in Yorkshire, and it also occurs in Northamp- 
 tonshire and Essex. 
 
 England. Biennial ? Summer. 
 
 Radical leaves with the terminal lobe much longer than in the 
 two preceding plants ; the sepals narrower ; the petals shorter, 
 narroAvcr, and paler yellow ; the fruiting raceme longer and more 
 sleuder ; and the branches of the stem less spreading than in either 
 E. eu-vulgaris or B. arcuata. Seeds about the length of those of 
 the latter, but broader. 
 
 Small-Jloioered Yelloio Hoclcet. 
 Sub-Species IV.— Barbarea intermedia. Boremi. 
 
 Plate CXXIII.* 
 Bab. Man. Biit. Bot. ed. v. p. 23. 
 
 Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 91. Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. 
 p. 40. 
 
 Radical leaves lyrate, with the terminal lobe oval or ovate, not 
 exceeding in breadth or even somewhat narrower than the width 
 of the leaf measured across the uppermost pair of leaflets ; stem 
 leaves pinnate, the upper ones pinnatifid with long slender lateral 
 lobes and a terminal one a little larger than the others ; all yellowish 
 green. Plowers in a raceme, the length of which is about equal to 
 the breadth. Petals about twice as long as the sepals. Pods in a 
 dense raceme, erect even when young, four to six times as long as 
 the pedicels. Seeds very nearly as broad as long. 
 
 In clover fields near Manchester ; also near Bowdon, Cheshire ; 
 Bilsdale, Yorkshire ; near Armagh, Ireland ; and Mr. J. G. Baker 
 has seen it near Dorking, Surrey ; but, as in all cases it is found 
 in cultivated fields, it is not improlrable that it may have been 
 introduced from the Continent with clover seed. 
 
 England, Ireland. Biennial. Summer. 
 
 This form differs from the other three which are here placed 
 
 * The Plate is froiu a diawjug by Mi'. J. E. Sowerby from a Lancashire specimen. 
 
CRUCIFERiE. 175 
 
 under B. vul2:aris in liavins: tlio terminal lobe of the leaves mucli 
 smaller in proportion to the lateral leaflets, which are also more 
 numerous. The leaves, at the base and middle of the stem 
 especially, present a remarkable difference, being lyrately pinnate, 
 with several pairs of leaflets wider from tip to tip than the ter- 
 minal lobe, which is ovate, sub-rhomboidal or occasionally wedge- 
 shaped with a few lobes at the tip. Boreau states that the petals 
 "slightly exceed the calyx;" but in the Lancashire and Cheshire 
 specimens in my possession they are rather more than twice as 
 long. The pods are applied to the axis of the raceme as in 
 B. stricta, but are shorter and with shorter pedicels. The seeds 
 are larger than those of B. stricta and B. arcuata and much 
 broader, broader even than those of B. eu-vulgaris. 
 
 Intermediate Yelloio Rocket. 
 
 SPECIES II.— B ARBAREA PRECOX. R. Brown. 
 Plate CXXIV.* 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLIX. Fig. 4358. 
 B. patula, Fnes, Mant. III. p. 76. 
 Ei-ysimum prsecox, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1129. 
 
 Kadical leaves lyrate with the terminal lobe largest, roundish or 
 ovate, equalling in breadth the width of the leaf measured across 
 the uppermost pair of leaflets, and generally twice or thrice the 
 length of one of them; stem leaves pinnate, the upper ones 
 pinnatifid with long slender lateral lobes, and a terminal one a 
 little larger than the others. Flowers in a short lax raceme. Petals 
 about thrice as long as the sepals. Pods in a very lax raceme, 
 spreading-ascending, twelve to twenty times as long as the pedicels, 
 and very slightly exceeding the pedicels in thickness, contracted at 
 the tip into a style considerably shorter than the greatest width of 
 the pod. Seeds nearly as broad as long. 
 
 Boadsides and newly-trenched ground, in many places in 
 England and some in Scotland, but no doubt escaped from 
 cultivation ; this plant being the American Cress often cultivated 
 as a spring salad. 
 
 [England, Scotland, Ireland]. Biennial. Summer. 
 
 The very long distant spreading pods with their very short 
 style distinguish the present plant from all of those included under 
 B. vulgaris. It, howevei*, presents considerable resemblance in 
 the leaves and seeds to the sub-species B. intermedia, but that 
 
 * The Plate k E. B. 1129, unaltered. 
 
170 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 form has the fruiting raceme very dense and the pods short and 
 applied to. the stem. In B. prrecox the leaflets or segments of the 
 stem leaves are more numerous than in B. eu-vulgaris and 
 B. areuata, and the terminal lobe is much smaller; the upper 
 leaves are also pinnatifid and not merely toothed or sinuated The 
 seeds are only about one-fourth longer than broad and are more 
 rounded and less quadrangular in outline than in B. eu-vulgaris. 
 
 Early Wintei' Cress, American Cress. 
 
 French, Barbaree Pricoce, Cresson crAmerique. German, Americanischer Kresse. 
 
 This species is prefen-ed by iniiny to the former. It is less bitter iu salads, and is 
 in demand iu some places throughout the year. 
 
 GENUS XIII.— N ASTURTIUM. H. Brown. 
 
 Sepals erect or spreading, equal. Petals equal, entire, with 
 very short claws. Filaments without wings or teeth. Pods linear, 
 cylindrical or ovoid, not compressed; valves convex, without a 
 dorsal nerve or sometimes with a faint one ; replum transparent. 
 Seeds roundish or ovoid, more or less compressed, not winged. 
 
 Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with undivided pinnatifid 
 or pinnate leaves, glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. Plowers 
 small, yellow or more rarely white, disposed in corymbs or short 
 racemes which afterwards elongate. 
 
 French, Cresson. German, Brunnenhresse. 
 
 The name of this genus of plants comes from nastis, the nose, and tortus, tor- 
 mented; the acrid taste and smell of the species affecting the nose painfully. 
 
 SPECIES I.— NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE. R Brown. 
 
 Plate CXXV.* 
 
 Sisymbrium Nasturtium, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 855. 
 
 Leaves pinnate. Petals white, nearly twice as long as the 
 sepals. Pods shortly cylindrical, about as long as cr slightly 
 exceeding the pedicels; valves without a distinct dorsal nerve; 
 style inconspicuous, shorter than the diameter of the pod. 
 
 Var. a, vulgaris. 
 N. officinale, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. L. Fig. 4359. 
 
 Stem decumbent or ascending. Terminal leaflet roundish-ovate, 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 855, and represents var. a. 
 
CRUCIFER^. 177 
 
 considerably broader than any of the lateral ones, which are 
 commonly oval. 
 
 Var. 3, siifoUum. 
 
 N. siifolium, Reich. Ic. Fl.Germ. etHclv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. L. Fig. 43G1. 
 
 Stem erect. Terminal leaflet lanceolate, not broader than the 
 lateral ones, which are elliptical. 
 
 In streams and ditches. Var. a common throughout England 
 and the South of Scotland, more rare towards the North, but reach- 
 ing as far as Orkney. Var. apparently rare ; as I have myself 
 only seen it by the side of a ditch leading from Long Niddric to the 
 sea in Haddingtonshire, but other observers speak as if it had 
 fallen under their notice more frequently. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem procumbent and rooting at the base, then floating or 
 ascending, angular, hollow, branched, 1 to 2 feet long in var. a, 
 and in var. 3 often quite erect, and 3 to 6 feet high. Leaves 
 pinnate, with usually 5 to 7 leaflets, but sometimes as many as 
 13 to 15 in var. ; leaflets distant, sessile, slightly angulated, the 
 terminal one frequently sub-cordate at the base in var. «. Flowers 
 white, about \ inch aci'oss; edges of the sepals and filaments 
 generally tinged with pui'ple. Eruit pedicels J to -^^ inch long, 
 spreading horizontally or even slightly deflexed. Pods beaded, 
 f to f inch long, forming an obtuse angle with the inner side of 
 the pedicel ; valves with numerous fine nerves but not a conspicu- 
 ous middle one. Seeds in 2 distinct rows in each cell of the pod, 
 reddish brown, roundish, much compressed, the surface roughened 
 with small j:)rotuberances. Whole plant deep green, the upper 
 side of the leaves sometimes tinged with olive-brown, glabrous 
 and shining. 
 
 Var. |3 seems to pass imperceptibly into var. a, from which, 
 however, it may be permanently distinct, as in the only station 
 where I have seen it, it was to be seen year after year without any 
 variation, until the ditch was filled up, about ten years ago, Avlien 
 of course the plant entirely disappeared. Professor Babington 
 considers N. microphyllum, figured by Reichenbach, Tal). L, 
 Eig. 4360, as a state of N. ofiicinale when growing out of Avatei*. 
 Eeichenbach's figure represents a plant Avith very much the habit 
 of Cardamine amara, having the petals aljout twice as long as the 
 common Water-Cress, from which it diil'ers remarkably in the 
 pedicels being about one-half longer than the pods. Nasturtium 
 officinale can be confounded with none of the British Crucifera), 
 except those of the genus Cardamine, from which its short turgid 
 
 2 a 
 
178 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 pods, with tlie seeds in 2 rows, form a sure metliod of distin- 
 g'uishiug it. 
 
 Common Water-Cress. 
 
 Prencl), Cresson Officinal, Cresson de Fontaine. 
 German, Die Gehraiichlidie Brunnenkresse, Wasse^-kresse, Quellenranhe. 
 
 This plant unJoubtecUy got its name Officinal from its wholesome properties. Its 
 ancient reputation as an article of food, valuable both for its jjleasant pungent taste and 
 its antiscorbutic properties, is well founded. Recent writers on the subject of diet have 
 shown that in partaking of fresh uncooked vegetable food in the shape of salads and 
 fruit we are obtaining those salts of potash and other constituents so necessary to health 
 which in the process of cooking are dissolved away. Water-Cresses are found to contain 
 chloride of potassium and sulphur in considerable quantities, and iodine occasionally. 
 No better vehicle for the introduction of these important substances into the system 
 can there be than fresh bright Water-Cresses; and our old friend Gerai'de's notion 
 of their value presages all the modern discoveries as to theii- virtues. He says 
 that the eating of Water-Cresses restores their accustomed bloom to the faded cheeks 
 of sickly young ladies. He might have added that a walk to the running stream where 
 they grow would enhance the effects of the remedy. So large is the consumption of 
 Water-Cresses in London that they are cultivated by market gardeners to a great 
 extent by means of artificial water supplies, but none are so delicious as those from 
 natural streams. Our pojiular street cry has been rhymed by Swift thus ;— 
 
 " Fine spring Water-Grass, 
 Fit for lad or lass." 
 
 The use of this excellent salad plant was known at a very remote period. Among 
 the Greeks it was highly esteemed, not only as an agreeable vegetable but as a valuable 
 medicine; it was considered particular!}' useful in disorders of the brain, hence a "common 
 proverb among the Greeks was, " Eat Cress to learn more wit." Xenophon attributed 
 still greater virtues to it, recommending the Persians to give it to their children as a 
 means of adding to their strength and stature. In the time of Pliny it was still given 
 with vinegar as a remedy for insanity and kindred affections, and was also highly 
 esteemed as a salad. The old Northmen possibly used it as food, for the word kras 
 was applied by them to the herb-flavoured porridge which often formed the meal of the 
 hardy Vikings, as well as to the plant which was one of its ingredients. The name 
 Cress has, according to writers, many origins. It is found in various forms in all 
 Teutonic languages. Some have derived it from the cross-like form of the flower. 
 Chaucer employs ^e Saxon form of the word kers to signify anything worthless : — 
 
 " Of paramours ne raught he not a kers." 
 
 From which, perhaps, is derived the phrase of not caring a curse for a thing. The 
 Water-Cress is now seldom used otherwise than as a salad, excepting in France, where 
 it is dressed like spinach, and the picked leaves are served with roasted fowl as Poulet 
 aux cressons. Formerly the Water-Cress was in high repute for its medicinal qualities, 
 and boiled with brooklime, scurvy-grass, and Seville oranges, formed the " spring juices" 
 so much esteemed by our grandmothers as a health-giving draught for children. It is 
 probable that the fresh green leaves as an adjunct to the breakfast or tea-table are a 
 far better antiscorbutic than any such compound, and it is greatly to be recommended 
 as a common practice in all households of young people, that a portion of uncooked 
 
CRUCIFEBJE. 179 
 
 green food should form a part of the daily diet. Care must be taken in choosing 
 Water-Cresses for table that they are not confounded with a poisonous plant with 
 which they grow, called Fool's-Cress (Sium nodiflorum). An acquaintance with the 
 distinctions of the orders Cruciferae and Umbelliferje will prevent this mistake. The 
 most obvious of these distinctions, and which can be applied at all seasons of the year, 
 is the character of the leaf-stalks or petioles. In the Umbelliferie these clasp or 
 embrace the stem, which they do not in the CruciferK. In this way the poisonous 
 Sium may be distinguished from the wholesome Water-Cress. 
 
 SPECIES II.— NASTURTIUM SYLVESTRE. R. Brovm. 
 
 Plate CXXVI.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LV. Fig. 4368. 
 Sisymbrium sylvestre, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 2324. 
 
 Rootstock creeping. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or pinnatipartitc, 
 the lowest often sub-lyrate and the uppermost merely toothed. 
 Petals about as long as the sepals, yellow. Pods cylindrical, about 
 as long as the pedicels (sometimes a little shorter, and sometimes 
 exceeding them) ; valves with an indistinct dorsal nerve ; style 
 nearly equal to the width of the pod. Seeds in 1 zigzag row in 
 each cell of the pod. 
 
 By the banks of ditches and rivers, and in other damp places. 
 Not uncommon in England. In Scotland, however, it is very rare, 
 and probably introduced with ballast, at least in the Pifeshire locality 
 of Inverkeithing. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Perennial or Biennial. 
 Summer, Autumn, 
 
 Eootstock rather slender, branched and creeping, producing 
 ascending angular flexuous stems which are often ditfusely 
 branched. Leaves very variable, the lowest of all frequently 
 lyrate, with a large terminal and a few lateral lobes. Most 
 frequently, however, these as well as the stem leaves are dee})ly 
 pinnatifid, sometimes almost pinnate with oblong or lanceolate 
 cut toothed or nearly entire lobes. Flowers in short racemes, 
 bright yellow, about \ inch across, with a spreading calyx, the 
 petals from once and a half to twice as long as the calyx. Pedicels 
 g- to -J- inch long, or even more. Fruit pedicels commonly sjiread- 
 ing, sometimes a little deflexed, especially before the fruit is quite 
 ripe, and in that state they are sometimes only ascending. Pod 
 from I to I inch long, more slender than in N. olHcinalo, and tlic 
 valves having the dorsal nerve indicated at least towards tlie base, 
 Seeds small, reddish bro\\Ti, ovoid, plano-convex, finely punctured. 
 
 • The Plate is E. B. 2324. 
 
180 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 scarcely in 2 rows, the narrowness of tlie pod bringing them into 
 1 irregular row. Plant yellowish green, glabrous, or with a few 
 hairs on the upper part of the stem. 
 
 N. rivulare of Ecichcnbach, Tab. LIII. Fig. 4365, and N. 
 anceps (D. C. non Reich.), Billot's exsicc. No. 314, appear to me 
 to be only states of the present plant, not even worthy of the 
 name of varieties. I have seen the pods shorter than, equal to, 
 and longer than the pedicels, all on the same plant. 
 
 Creeping Yellow Cress, JFater Rocket, JFild Nasturtivm. 
 
 French, Cresson Sauvage. 
 
 SPECIES III— NASTURTIUM PALUSTRE. D.G. 
 
 Plate CXXVII.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LIII. Fig. 4362. 
 N. terrestre, R. Brawn. Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 28. 
 Sisymbrium terrestre, Sm. Eng. Bot. 1747. 
 
 Rorijia nasturtioides, Spctx^h. Veg. Plian. VoL VI. p. 506. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. 
 Vol. I. p. 126. 
 
 No rootstoclv. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or sub-lyrate, with the 
 segments irregularly toothed. Petals not longer than the sepals, 
 yellow. Pods ovoid or oblong, about as long as the pedicels ; 
 valves without a dorsal nerve ; style much shorter than the width 
 of the pod. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the pod. 
 
 In damp places, especially by the sides of ponds which partly 
 dry up in summer. Not uncommon in England and the South of 
 Scotland, where Aberdeenshire and Argyleshire appear to be its 
 northern limit. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. 
 Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, 3 inches to 2 feet high, branched. Leaves deeply 
 pinnatifid, sometimes almost pinnate, with the lateral segments 
 oblong, and the terminal one visually ovate. Flowers about \ inch 
 across, yellow, with a spreading calyx. Pedicels about ^ inch long, 
 slightly deflexed. Pods ^ to -g^ inch long, much swollen, so that 
 the length is not more than twice or thrice the breadth, the apex 
 suddenly contracted into the extremely short style, which is usually 
 little more than half the diameter of the pod. Seeds somewhat 
 angular, roundish oblong, pale yellowish brown, finely punctured. 
 Plant yellowish green, glabrous. 
 
 * Tlie Plate is R B. 1747. 
 
CRUCIFER.E. 181 
 
 The absence of a creeping rhizome, the smaller flowers, and 
 short thick pod, distinguish this from the last species, which has, 
 moreover, the segments of the leaves usually narrower and less 
 distinctly toothed. 
 
 Marsh Yellow Cress, Annual Yelloio Cress or Mocket, Marsh 
 Nasturtium, Small Jarjcjed IFater Radish. 
 
 French, Cresson des JIarais. 
 
 SPECIES IV.— NASTURTIUM AMPHIBIUM. R.Brown. 
 
 Plate CXXVIII.* 
 
 Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LI. LII. Fig. 4.3G3. 
 
 Armoracia amphibia, "Koch." Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 31. Hook. & Am. Brit 
 
 FI. ed. viii. p. 28. 
 Eoripa amphibia, Bess. Gr. & Godr. FL de Fr. Vol. I. p. 126. 
 Sisymbrium amphibium, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1840. 
 
 Hootstock stoloniferous, but not creeping. Leaves elliptical 
 or oblanceolate, usually toothed or entire, more rarely pinnatifid. 
 Petals about twice as long as the sepals, yellow. Pods ovoid or 
 oblong, one half to one quarter the length of the pedicels ; valves 
 without a dorsal nerve ; style about equal to the width of the pod. 
 Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the pod. 
 
 In damp places, especially by river sides, and in ditches. Rather 
 rare, though found in most of the counties of England; its 
 occurrence in Scotland is doubtful. 
 
 England, Scotland ? Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, slightly branched. Leaves atte- 
 nuated at the base, with the margin entire, serrated, or with pro- 
 jecting teeth, and occasionally the leaves are pinnatiftd, especially 
 when growing under water ; the base of the leaves is frequently 
 semi-amplexicaul, with acute auricles. Flowers bright yellow, 
 about ^ incli across, with the sepals spreading. Fruit pedicels 
 spreading liorizontally or a little deflexed, from ^ to f inch lon^. 
 Pods, including the style, about ^ inch long; the length of the 
 valves not exceeding twice their breadth, and sometimes less. 
 Seeds small, roundish ol^long, somewhat angular, slightly com- 
 pressed, reddish brown, punctured. Whole plant dark green, 
 glabrous. 
 
 This and the last species have been separated from the other 
 plants of the genus on account of the pod being a silicula rather 
 than a siliqua; but the division is an unnatural one, and has no 
 
 * The Plato is E. B. 1840, with pods added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
182 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 such convenience to recommend it as that attending the division 
 of the Ci'ucifei'oe into Siliquosa; and Siliculostc. 
 
 Great Yellow Cress, Great Water Rocket or Badlsh, 
 Amj)hibloits Yelloio Cress. 
 
 French, Cresson Amphibie. 
 
 Section III.— SILICULOS^. 
 Pruit a silicula, not more tlian three or four times as long as 
 broad, ovoid or oblong, usually compressed, not divided by trans- 
 verse partitions, generally opening when ripe by two valves which 
 split away from the replum, rarely indehiscent. 
 
 Sub-Section I.— LATISEPT^. 
 Pod compressed parallel to the replum, so that the latter lies 
 in the greatest transverse diameter of the pod ; or not compressed, 
 in which case the diameter of the pod measured from edge to edge 
 of the valves is not conspicuously less than that taken from the 
 back of one to the back of the other. 
 
 Tribe VII.— ALYSSINE^. 
 
 Cotyledons flat, generally with the radicle lying along their 
 edges on one side (accumbent). Pod short and broad, more or 
 less comjiressed parallel to the replum, or slightly compressed at 
 right angles to it, ojicuing by 2 flat or convex valves. 
 
 GUNUS XIV.— C OCHLEARIA. Linn. 
 
 Sepals short, somewhat spreading, equal at the base. Petals 
 equal, entire, with short claws. Filaments without wings or teeth. 
 Pod globular or ovoid ; valves extremely convex, Avith or without a 
 dorsal nerve ; replum sometimes perforated; style short or elongated. 
 Seeds few or numerous, obovate or oblong, compressed, not winged, 
 usually arranged in 2 rows in each cell of the pod. 
 
 Glabrous lierbs, with the flowers commonly white, arranged in 
 corymbs or short racemes, which afterwards elongate. 
 
 The generic name comes from cochleare, a spoon, from the form of the root leaves. 
 
 Sub-Genus I.— ARMOUACIA. Fl. cler TFett. 
 Valves without a dorsal nerve. 
 
 French, Cranson. German, Meerrettig. 
 Tlie name of this genus is of Celtic origin, from ar, near, mor, the sea, rich, against; 
 that is to say, a plant growing near the sea. 
 
CRUCIFER^. 183 
 
 SPECIES I— COCHLEARIA ARMORACIA. Linn. 
 Plate CXXIX.* 
 
 Heich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XVII. Fig. 4262. 
 
 Armoracia rusticaua, " Fl. der Wett." Bab. Mau. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 30. Hook. & Am. 
 
 Brit. Fl. ed. viu. p. 29. 
 KocJi, Syu. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 71. 
 Roripa rusticana, Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. p. 127. 
 
 Eoot perennial, tliickened, flesliy. Stem with numerous ascend- 
 ing branches on the upper part. Radical leaves sub-coriaceous, on 
 long stalks, oblong, crenate or serrate ; stem leaves ou short stalks 
 or sessile, eUiptical or strap-shaped, the lower ones often pinnatifld, 
 but they sometimes resemble the uppermost ones in being onlv 
 crenate or serrate. Pods (very rarely perfected) ovoid ; style very 
 short. 
 
 By the sides of rivers, in ditches, and in waste places. Kot 
 unfrequent both in England and Scotland, but only where it has 
 escaped from cultivation. 
 
 [England, Scotland, Ireland]. Perennial. Spring, Summer. 
 
 Eootstock thick and fleshy, appearing to be a continuation of 
 the root, emitting subterranean stolons. Stems erect, stout, touo'h, 
 striated, 2 to 3 feet high or even more, much branched in the upper 
 jiart ; the branches ascending, erect, slender, the uppermost leafless. 
 Eadical leaves very large, often a foot or more long, ovate or 
 oval-oblong, generally unequal at the base; stem leaves much 
 smaller and narrower, attenuated towards the base. Elowers 
 white, f inch across, in a compound flat-topped panicle, each 
 branch of which terminates in a small corymb. Petals about twice 
 as long as the sepals, and with them often persistent on the 
 abortive pods. Pedicels g: to ^ inch long. Pods aljout |^ inch 
 long, scarcely twice as long as broad ; valves very convex, without 
 a dorsal nerve. Seeds 8 to 12 in each cell of the pod, " ovoid, 
 smooth "t (Gr. & Godr. El. de Er.). Plant dark green, glabrous. 
 
 Horseradish. 
 
 Frencli, Cranson de Bretagtie, Moutarde des AUemands, Cran de Bretagne. 
 German, Der Gew'Ohnliche Meerretlig. 
 
 The long rough snail-eaten leaves of the Horseradish are not uncommonly seen 
 on the banks of our rivers, but it is somewhat doubtful whether the plant is a native 
 of our island, or has escaped from some of the gardens where it is so commonly 
 grown as a condiment to our national dish roast-beef. From ancient times it seems 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 2323. t I have never seen mature seeds. 
 
184) ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 to liave been valued as a herb medicine, and in the da}?! of Gerarde it was used at 
 table, as we gather from his account of it. He says : " Horseradish, for the most part, 
 groweth and is planted in gardens, yet have I found it wild in suudrie jilaces, as at 
 Nantwich in Cheshire, in a place called the Milne Eye, as also at a small village neare 
 London called Hogsden, in the field next to a farme-house leading to Kingsland, where 
 my very good friend Mr. Bredwel, practitioner in phisicke, a learned and diligent 
 searcher of simples, and Mr. William Martin, one of the fellowship of Barbers Surgeons, 
 my deare and lovinge friende, in company with him, found it and gave me knooledge 
 of the place where it flourishes to this day." He adds : " Hoi-seradish stamped with 
 a little vinegar put thereto is commonly used among the Germans for sauce to eat fish 
 with and suchlike meats as we do mustard; but this kind of sauce doth heat the 
 stomach better, and causeth better digestion than mustard." In the following century 
 it was employed in England as a condiment ; for Robert Turner, in his " British Phy- 
 .sician," published 1G87, after informing us that this herb is " under the dominion of Mars, 
 and is hot and dry in the third degree," says it was eaten with " fish " and " other meats" 
 like mustard. The whole plant contains the essential oil to which its pungency is 
 due, but it abounds chiefly in the root, which was formerly in great repute as a 
 vermifuge for children. Gerarde and Coles both recommend it; Boerhaave speaks 
 highly of it in scurvy ; it is also said to have been useful in many chronic disorders, 
 and was employed in dropsies and diseases of the kidneys. Thomas Bertholini affirms 
 that the juice of Horseradish dissolved a calculus of stony concretion tliat was taken 
 out of the human body. An infusion of the root in cold milk makes one of the safest 
 and best cosmetics. EinholF discovered that the acrimony of the Horseradish is 
 owing to a volatile oil of a pale yellow colour, and which has the consistence of oil 
 of cinnamon. The liquid obtained from the root gives traces of sulphur by distillation. 
 The tincture dejiosits crystals of sulphui-, which are of a yellow colour, and when exposed 
 to flame exhales a peculiar sulphuric odour ; this is no doubt the case with all Cruci- 
 ferous plants, which contain more or less traces of sulphur in their tissues. The resem- 
 blance of the Horseradish root to that of the Monkshood (Aconitum Napellus) has often 
 led to fatal mistakes. The root of the Aconite is much darker than that of Horse- 
 radish, and is more given to produce fibrillse and secondary rootlets. 
 
 Sub-Genus II.— EU-COCHLEARIA. 
 
 Valves reticixlated, with a dorsal nerve. 
 
 SPECIES IT.— COCHLEARIA POLYMORPHA.* 
 
 Plates CXXX. CXXXI. CXXXII. 
 
 Root slender. Stem with a few spreading or ascending branches 
 at the top. Loaves fleshy ; the radical ones on long stalks, reni- 
 form or roundish, cordate at the base, margin entire or slightly 
 crenate; stem leaves angular or toothed; the uppermost sessile, 
 sub-rhomboidal or oblong, semi-amplexicaul. Pods globular or 
 
 * I have given this species the name of Polymorpha, as several Linnaean species 
 are combined under it. 
 
CRUCIFERyE. 185 
 
 OToid, convex above and beneath, more or less acute at tbe apex, 
 slightly compressed horizontally; valves more or less distinctly 
 reticulated; replum not twice as long as broad; style not one- 
 fom-th the length of the pod. 
 
 Sub-Species I.— Cochlearia oflBcinalis. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXXX.* 
 C. ofificinalis, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XVI. Fig. 42C0. 
 C. officinalis, var. n, Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 29. 
 
 Radical leaves roundish or reniform, deeply cordate at the 
 base, and generally entire ; stem leaves sessile, amplexicaul (except 
 the lower ones which are shortly stalked), angulated, with a few 
 large teeth or lobes, or rarely entire. Pod sub-glolnilar, rounded 
 at the base, slightly and abruptly pointed at the apex. 
 
 On muddy shores, and rocks by the sea. Common both in 
 England and Scotland, but aj)parently more frequent in the latter 
 country. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Perennial. 
 Spring, Summer. 
 
 Piootstoek generally slender, but in old plants frequently as 
 thick as a man's finger, producing a tuft of radical leaves which 
 generally soon decay, and numerous ascending or decumbent stems 
 which are angular, fleshy, and brittle, 6 inclies to 2 feet long, with 
 a few short spreading branches in the upper part. Radical leaves 
 on long stalks, ^ inch to 2 inches in diameter, roundish-reniform, 
 or roundish-deltoid in outline ; lower stem leaves generally resem- 
 bling the radical ones, but on shorter stalks, the greater number 
 of them sessile, and the uppermost quite amplexicaul, generally 
 more or less angulated or toothed, with a tendency to become 
 rhomboidal ; all thick and fleshy. Flowers white, sometimes tinged 
 with purple, ^ to | inch across. Petals between twice and thrice as 
 long as the sepals. Pedicels about ^ inch long, ascending or spread- 
 ing. Pod i to I inch long, globular, slightly pointed at tbe apex ; 
 valves xevj convex, with a dorsal nerve and a few prominent veins ; 
 style very short. Seeds shortly obovate, flat, deeply punctured, 
 brown, usually 4 in each cell, but sometimes G. Whole plant deep 
 green, glabrous. 
 
 Common Scurvy- Grass. 
 
 French, Cranaon Officinal, Herbe aux Cuillers. 
 German, Das Gebrauchliche L'Offelhravt, Loffdhresse, Scharbocksheil. 
 Like C. Armoracia, the whole of this plant abounds in a pungent oil, obtainable 
 by distillation. When fresh it has a peculiar smell, especially when bruised, and a 
 
 • The Plate is E. B. 551, unaltered. 
 2b 
 
186 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 kind of acrid, bitter taste, whicb it loses by drying, but which it imparts to water or 
 alcohol. To the presence of this oil are attributed the well-known antiscorbutic 
 properties of the herb : they are more probably due to its mineral constituents. 
 Possibly these virtues have been exaggerated, for although the leaves form a very whole- 
 some salad in the spring, they are not better than those of many other plants, such as 
 the Water-Cress, <fcc. On the Continent the essential oil has been apj)lied in paralj'tic 
 cases, and in this country it is said to have been used successfully for rheumatism. 
 Found on most temperate and cold sea-coasts, the Scurvy-Grass was well known to our 
 early navigators as a remedy for the ravages of scurvy, from which our ships' crews 
 suffered so terribly. Captain Cook made extensive use of this and other similar herbs 
 in his expedition to the Southern Seas. The plant is reported to grow luxuriantly ou 
 -the shores of the islands known as Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 Sub-Species II.— Cochlearia alpina. Watso/i. 
 
 Pl-^te CXXXI.* 
 
 C. Groenlandica, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 2403 (non Linn.'). 
 C. officinalis, var. alj)ina, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 30. 
 
 Eadical leaves roundish or reniform, deeply cordate at tlae base, 
 and entire or faintly crenated; stem leaves sessile, amplexicaul 
 (except the lower ones, which are shortly stalked), angulated, or 
 3- to 5-lobed. Pod rhomboid-ovoid, attenuated both at the base 
 and apox. 
 
 In wet places on mountains. Not unfrequent, occurring on the 
 Welsh mountains, on those in the North of England, and on most 
 of the Scottish mountains. 
 
 England, Scotland. Biennial or Perennial. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Extremely like C. officinalis, but usually much smaller, and 
 with the leaves more angulated, sometimes even lobed, and the pod 
 broadest in the middle and tapering towards each end, the length 
 being considerably greater than the breadth. 
 
 Mountain Scurvy- Grass. 
 Sub-Species III.— Cochlearia danica. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXXXII.f 
 
 Beich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. TI. Tetr. Tab. XVI. Fig. 4257. 
 C. ofBcinalis, var. y. Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viiL p. 29. 
 
 Radical leaves roundish, deeply cordate at the base, " somewhat 
 lobed" (Bab.) ; stem leaves mostly stalked, or the uppermost 
 ones sessile and amplexicaul, 3- to 5-lobed, the lateral lobes divari- 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 2403, with pods added by Mr. J. K Sowerby. 
 + The Plate is E. B. COG, unaltered. 
 
CRTJCIPER^. 187 
 
 cate in the lower leaves. Pod rhomboid-ovoid, attenuated both at 
 the base and apex. 
 
 On sandy and muddy seashores. Not uncommon. In the South 
 of England it is certainly more plentiful than C. eu-officinalis ; but 
 I have never seen it in Scotland, though I have often searched for 
 it there. It is, however, reported from many of the counties on 
 good authority. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. Spring. 
 
 This plant is very closely allied to C. alpina, being about the 
 same size, ^^-ith the stems 3 to 9 inches long. The stem leaves, 
 however, are more angulated, often somewhat resembling those of 
 the Ivy, and a greater number of them stalked. The pod being ovoid, 
 not globular, will always distinguish it from C. ofiicinalis. I can see 
 no difference between the root leaves of this plant and the last, 
 thoui^h they are sometimes said to be hastate, probalily from the 
 lower stem leaves being mistaken for root leaves after the decay of 
 the latter, as suggested by Dr. Walker Arnott. 
 
 Sastate-leaved Scurvy- Grass. 
 
 SPECIES III.— COCHLE ARIA ANGLICA. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXXXIII.* 
 
 Bekh. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XVI. Fig. 4258. 
 
 Hoot slender. Stem Avith a few ascending branches at the 
 top. Leaves fleshy; the radical ones on long stalks, oblanceolate, 
 oblong, oval, or ovate, attenuated or rarely rounded (but never 
 cordate ?) at the base, the margins entire or slightly waved ; stem 
 leaves toothed or nearly entire ; the upper ones sessile, rhomboidal- 
 oblong or strap-shaped, semi-amplexicaul. Pod obovate or oval, 
 flatfish above, convex beneath, slightly tapering towards the base, 
 and generally obtvise at the apex, much compressed horizontally ; 
 valves distinctly reticulated ; replum four to six times as long as 
 broad ; style about one-fourth the length of the pod. 
 
 On muddy salt marshes, and between the stones of embank- 
 ments by the sea, and especially on the shores of tidal rivers. 
 Common in England, but apparently very rare in Scotland, where 
 Dr. Walker Arnott mentions it as growing on the banks of the 
 Cree, in "Wigtonshire. It has been reported from several other Scotch 
 
 • The Plate is drawn by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a .specimen gathered by the 
 Thames side near Greenwiuli. 
 
188 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 counties, but no specimens from Scotland have ever come under 
 my notice. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial or Biennial. 
 Spring and Early Summer. 
 
 In general habit this species comes near C. officinalis, but 
 grows in denser tufts, with more numerous, stiifer, and more erect 
 stems, from 3 inches to 1 foot high. The radical leaves, although 
 variable in form, are never, so far as I have seen, cordate at the 
 base ; usually they taper gradually into the footstalk, being very 
 rarely abrupt ; the stem leaves are also longer and narrower. The 
 flowers are considerably larger, being often -|^ inch across. The fruit 
 pedicels are at first ascending, but when quite ripe are often spread- 
 ing, or even slightly deflexed. The pod is much larger, being (without 
 the style) from f to i inch long, and more flattened at right angles 
 to the replum; the valves more strongly reticulated, and often so 
 turgid that the fruit often becomes didymous, there being a great 
 constriction in the pod at the narrow replum, when it is var. 
 gemina of the Kev. E. J. A. Ilort, Avho first noticed this plant near 
 Chepstow ; but this form is also abundant in the Isle of Slieppey. 
 Seeds oblong-oval, reddish brown, punctured, usually 4 in each 
 cell of the pod. The fruit of this plant really resembles that of 
 the section Angustiseptte, while the previous forms have the fruit of 
 the Latiseptae. It is said sometimes to have the radical leaves cor- 
 date at the base, and if so, it may possibly be only another sub-species 
 of 0. polymorpha. 
 
 Loncj-leavcd Scurty-Grass. 
 
 GENUS XV.— H R A B A. Lhm. 
 
 Sepals short, somewhat spreading or erect, generally equal at 
 the base. Petals equal, entire, notched or bifid, with short claws. 
 Eilaments without wings or teeth. Pod oval, ellijitical, or oblong, 
 much compressed parallel to the replum, rarely ovoid and not 
 compressed ; valves slightly (rarely extremely) convex, with a dorsal 
 nerve, and frequently a dorsal furrow. Style short or elongated. 
 Seeds few or numerous, oval, compressed, not winged, arranged in 
 2 rows in each cell of the pod. 
 
 Small herbs, often clothed with stellate pubescence. Radical 
 leaves generally in a rosette. Elowers Avhite or yellow, rarely 
 purple, arranged in corymbs or short racemes, which generally 
 afterwards elongate. 
 
 French, Drave. German, Hungerhlilmclien. 
 
 According to some authors, the name is derived from the word Apri/5;;, Arabian 
 mustaid ; according to Linuaius, it comes from ?iki/5i; (drabe), acrid, biting, from the 
 taste of the leaves. 
 
CRUCIFER^. 189 
 
 Sub-Genus I.— EROPHILA. D. Q, 
 
 Petals bipartite. Seeds numerous. 
 
 SPECIES L— DRAB A VERNA. Lin-n, 
 Plate CXXXIV. 
 
 Scape leafless. E-adical leaves oblanceolate, toothed or entire, 
 hairy. Petals deeply cloven. Haceme elongating after flowering. 
 Pedicels ascending-spreading, much longer than the pods. Pods 
 ovoid, generally compressed. Style almost none. 
 
 Common TVliitlow Grass or Cress, Nailwort. 
 
 Frencli, Drave Printaniere. 
 
 Among medueval herbalists there was a great discussion as to whether this plant 
 or some allied species was the true Whitlow Grass of the still more ancient herb doctors; 
 but modern writers on Medical Botany have slighted the plant and all inquiries respecting 
 it. The leaves were certainly used by old practitioners in the form of a poultice as an 
 application to whitlows. 
 
 Sub-Species I. — Draba eu-verna. 
 
 Plate CXXXIV. Fig. 1.* 
 
 D. verna, Reich. Ic. FI. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XII. Fig. 4234. 
 Erophila vulgaris, D. C. Syst. Vol. II. p. 356. 
 
 Erophila glabrescens (?), hirtella, stenocarpa, and majuscula, Jord. Pug. PI. Nov. 
 pp. 10, 11 ; and Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. G4. 
 
 Pods oval-elliptical, twice or more times as long as broad, 
 slightly narrowed towards each extremity but more so at the base, 
 compressed. Seeds 20 to 40 in each cell of the pod. 
 
 On wall tops and dry banks and rocks. Very common. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. Spring. 
 
 No rootstock. Stems numerous, 1 to 8 inches high, erect or 
 ascending, often curved at the base, slender, flcxuous, generally 
 simple. Radical leaves in a rosette, spreading, narrowed towards 
 the base but not distinctly stalked, entire or with a few teeth on 
 the edges. Flowers Avhite, J- to \ inch across. Petals obovate- 
 oblong, once and a half to thrice as long as the sepals, divided into 
 2 lobes by a sinus extending rather more than half way down. 
 Eruit pedicels ascending-spreading, j- to f inch long. Pod varying 
 
 * The Fisiue is E. B. 5SG. 
 
190 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 in length, bnt always twice as long as broad and often three or 
 four times as long, from about ^ to f inch in length. Seeds very- 
 minute, reddish brown, oval, finely punctured. Plant greyish 
 green, more or less thickly clothed with stellately branched hairs. 
 
 Mons. Jordan has described several distinct forms of this plant, 
 which are enumerated above as synonyms ; but a comi^arison of 
 authenticated specimens of these leads me to believe that they 
 cannot be separated, with the exception of Erophila glabrescens 
 (Jordan), the pod of which is intermediate between that of typical 
 D. eu-verna and D. brachycarpa ; but the habit of E. glabrescens 
 agrees better with that of D. eu-verna, and it seems preferable to 
 refer it to that sub-species until continued cultivation has proved it 
 to belong to one or the other, or that these two are merely varieties, 
 and E, glabrescens the connecting link between them. I have 
 found a plant, apparently identical with E. glabrescens, by the side 
 of the Thames above Ptichmond. 
 
 Sub-Species? II. — Draba brachycarpa. Jort^. (sub Erophila). 
 
 Plate CXXXIV. Fig. 2.* 
 
 D. prsecox, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. THr. Tab. XII. Fig. 4233 ("uon Stev." 
 
 Jord.y 
 D. verna, var. /j, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 70. 
 
 Pods roundish ovate or sub-orbicular, once and a quarter to 
 once and a half as long as broad, scarcely narroAved towards the 
 base, and obtuse at the apex, compressed. Seeds 12 to 2U in each 
 cell of the pod. 
 
 On walls, etc., in Yorkshire, and probably elsewhere. 
 
 England. Annual or Biennial. Spring. 
 
 This plant differs very little from the last except in the pod, 
 but it seldom attains so great a size, being rarely more than 
 3 inches. The style is more distinct, and the leaves are more 
 attenuated towards the apex ; the fruiting pedicels closer together, 
 and more spreading. Pods from i to ^ inch long, and not nearly 
 twice as long as broad. Mons. Jordan says that specimens of 
 D. prsecox (Stcn.) in De Candollc's Uerbarium do not belong to the 
 present plant. There can be no doubt, however, that Reiclienbach's 
 figure under that name represents D. brachycarpa, a name which is 
 here retained on account of the uncertainty attached to D. prax'ox. 
 It is very possible that this plant may be merely a variety of 
 D. eu-verna. 
 
 Common Whitlow Grass. 
 
 * Drawn for the ])rcsent edition by IMr. J. E. Sowerby. The specimen is from 
 Yorkshire. 
 
CraCIFERyE. 191 
 
 Sub-Species III.— Draba inflata. Watson. 
 
 Plate CXXXIV. Fig. 3.* 
 D. verna, var. /3, Ifook & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. .30. 
 
 Pods oval - ovoid, about twice as long as broad, not com- 
 pressed, narrowed in a regular curve towards the base and the 
 a2)ex ; valves convex. Seeds 20 to 40 in each cell of the pod. 
 
 On rocks and rocky debris on Stuich-an-Lochan, close to Ben 
 Lawers, Perthshire, on the north side of Loch-na-Gat. Mr. Baker 
 mentions a plant near Thirsk which he believes to be the same as 
 the Ben Lawers plant. 
 
 England ? Scotland. Annual or Biennial. Summer (in the 
 Perthshire locality). 
 
 The remarkably inflated pods of this form distinguish it from 
 the two preceding. It approaches nearest to the Erophila 
 glabrescens of Jordan, but the pods are smaller, being about ^ inch 
 long, as weU as swollen, the petals less deeply bifid, and the seeds 
 paler and yellowish brown. The stems are from 3 to 6 inches high, 
 and neai'ly glabrous except towards the base. 
 
 Seeds of this plant, brought from Ben Lawers in 1851, were 
 sown in Mr. Watson's garden, and the plant has been there main- 
 tained in cultivation to the present time without showing any 
 alteration in the shape of the pods, in this agreeing with the 
 observations of Sir WiUiam Hooker. 
 
 Sub-Gentjs II.— EU-DRABA. Gr. & Godr. 
 Petals entire or only slightly notched. Seeds numerous. 
 
 SPECIES II.— DRABA MURALIS. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXXXV.f 
 
 Heich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XII. Fig. 4235. 
 
 Stem bi'anched, with rather distai^t leaves, pubescent except at 
 the summit, lladical leaves obovate or oblanceolate ; stem leaves 
 ovate, amplexicaul ; all sharply toothed (especially those on the 
 stem) and hairy. Petals entire, rounded at the apex. Raceme 
 elongating much after flowering. Pedicels spreading, nearly twice 
 as long as the pods. Pods elliptical, compressed, not twisted. 
 Style, almost none. 
 
 * Drawn from a Ben Lawers specimen by Mr. J. E Sowerby. 
 t The Plate is E. B. 912, unaltered. 
 
192 ENGLISH BOTAXY. 
 
 On rocks in the "\^>st of England. Eare. Pieported from the 
 counties of Somerset, Stafford, Montijomery, AVestmorelaiid ; but I 
 have only seen speeimens from Malham, Yorksliire; and from 
 Matlock, Derbyshire. Naturalized at Comely Green, near Edin- 
 burgh ; and at Eorfar. It occurs also in Ireland, at Blarney 
 Castle. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual or Biennial ? Spring. 
 
 Ko rootstock. Stem solitary, ei'cct, 4 to 12 inches high, with a 
 few ascending branches. Radical leaves forming a rosette, obovate 
 or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base but scarcely stalked, gene- 
 rally toothed ; stem leaves (except the lowest) amplexicaul, with 
 triangular auricles, and coarsely serrate. Elowers in a short raceme, 
 white, about xo ii^ch across. Sepals oblong, purplish, with a few 
 hairs or glabrous. Petals narrow, entire, twice as loug as the 
 sepals. Emit pedicels ^ to f inch long. Pods about i inch long, 
 about three times as long as broad. Seeds 6 or 8 in each cell, very 
 minute, oval, compressed, finely punctured. Plant greyish green ; 
 the leaves Avith scattered, simple and stellate hairs ; lower part of 
 the stem densely clothed with stellate hairs, which become more 
 remote towards the top, until the axis of the raceme and peduncles 
 are glabrous. 
 
 Wall Whitlow Grass, Speedicell-leai-ed Whitlow Grass. 
 
 French, Brave des Murs. 
 
 SPECIES III.— DRAB A IN CAN A. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXXXVI.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XIV. Fig. 4249. 
 
 Stem branched, with rather distant leaves, densely pubescent. 
 Hadical leaves elliptical or oblanceolate ; stem leaves sessile, scarcely 
 at all amplexicaul, elliptical, lanceolate, or ovate ; all hairy and 
 ciliated, generally with a few very prominent serratures or small 
 projecting lobes. Petals slightly notched at the apex. Baceme 
 elongating much after flowering. Pedicels ascending, erect, shorter 
 than the pods. Pods elliptical or linear-elliptical, compressed, 
 twisted on their axis Avhen mature, glabrous, or rarely with stellate 
 hairs ; style almost none ; stigma not distinctly notched. 
 
 On rocks and mountainous districts, and on sandy moors near 
 the sea in the North of Scotland. It occuxs on the Welsh, Dcrby- 
 
 • The Plate is E. B. 388, with a small form added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
CRUCIFER.I!. 193 
 
 sliire, Torlvsliire mountains, and those of the Lake district, and is 
 plentiful on most of the higher Scotch mountains, as far north as 
 Orkney and Shetland. It is abundant on the dry waste flat called 
 Morich More, near Tain, Ross-shu'e, nearly on the level of the 
 sea, but is very small in that locality. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial or Biennial. 
 Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Ehizome slender, woody, generally branched, producing rosettes 
 of spreading leaves, some of which are barren. Stem from the 
 centre of a rosette, 3 inches to 2 feet high, with ascending or 
 spreading branches in large specimens. Radical leaves narrowed 
 at the base, but scarcely stalked, generally with a few short 
 narrowly triangular projecting lobes ; stem leaves rounded at the 
 base, generally broader than the radical leaves, which are usually 
 decayed by the time the pods begin to form ; the uppermost, which 
 are the broadest, having sometimes short auricles. Flowers white, 
 about ^ inch across. Petals rather more than twice as long as the 
 sepals, obovate with a small notch at the apex so as to be obcordate. 
 Fruit pedicels -^^ to | inch long. Pods j to ^ inch long, twice and a 
 half to six times as long as broad, usually making one complete turn 
 upon its own axis, but sometimes only half a turn ; style scarcely 
 longer than broad. Seeds very numerous, pale reddish brown, 
 ovate, scarcely compressed, very finely punctured. Whole plant 
 greyish or whitish green ; the leaves more or less covered with 
 stellate and simple hairs, and ciliated at the edges. Stem and 
 axis of the raceme and pedicels white, on account of the close 
 covering of short hairs. 
 
 The form with stellate hairs on the pods, D. confusa (Ehrh. non 
 Peich.), appears to be scarce in Britain, as the only specimen I have 
 seen of it is one from the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, labelled 
 " Clova, Forfar. Dr. BaKom-, 1846." 
 
 Hoary Whitlow Grass, Woolly Whitlow Grass, Twisted-podded 
 
 Whitlow Grass. 
 
 French, firave BJanchdlre. 
 
 SPECIES IV.— D R A B A RUPESTRIS. R. Brown. 
 
 Plate CXXXVII.* 
 
 D. hirta, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1388 (non Linn.). 
 
 Stem simple, leafless or with a single leaf, hispid. Radical 
 leaves narrowly elliptical- or strapshaped - oblanceolatc ; stem 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 1338. In the first issue of this Edition the pods were re- 
 presented too short and broad, and had the hairs omitted. The Plate is now correct. 
 
 2c 
 
194 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 leaf (if present) ovate - lanceolate, sessile ; all hairy and ciliated, 
 generally entire. Petals slightly notched at the apes, llaceme 
 elongating only a little after flowering. Pedicels erect, shorter 
 than the pods. Pods elliptical or oval-elliptical, compressed, not 
 twisted on their axis, with scattered forked hairs; style none; 
 stigma distinctly notched. 
 
 On damp rocks on high moimtains. Very rare. It grows on 
 Ben Lawers, near the summit, and was found hy the late Dr. 
 Graham on Catjaghiamman, near Killin, Perthshire. It has been 
 also gathered on Cairngorm, at the junction of the counties of 
 Aberdeen, Moray, and Inverness, and on Ben Hope in Sutherland. 
 A specimen in the Hookerian Herbarium is labelled " Ingle- 
 borough " in the handwriting of Sir "^'illiam J. Hooker. 
 
 Scotland, England? Perennial. Summer. 
 
 This species hears some resemblance to small specimens of 
 D. incana ; but the rootstock is much more branched, and produces 
 a greater number of barren tufts of leaves, which are also less j^er- 
 fectly disposed in rosettes, from the internodes being usually a 
 little more developed. The leaves are generally much narrower, 
 less hairy on the surfaces, and more distinctly ciliated. The stem 
 is generally bare of leaves, and scarcely ever has more than one, 
 and the hairs on the stem and pedicels are more distant, and on the 
 latter much longer. The flowers are fewer, white ; the sepals 
 narrower, and almost glabrous ; and the petals are not quite so long 
 as in D. incana ; the fruiting raceme is also less elongated, the pods 
 never twisted, and always with stellate pubescence upon them. 
 Pruit pedicels about ^ inch long. Pods about ^ inch long, twice 
 or thrice as long as broad. The seeds are very similar to those 
 of D. incana, but smaller. 
 
 Rock Wliitloio Grass. 
 
 French, Drave des Eochera. 
 
 SPECIES v.— DRAB A AIZOIDES. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXXXVIII.* 
 
 Rtich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tet/r. Tab. XV. Fig. 4254. 
 
 Stem simple, leafless, glabrous. Radical leaves rigid, linear or 
 strap-shaped, pointed, keeled, entire, with cartilaginous points 
 
 * In the Phite E. B. 1271 the leaves were not sufficiently spreading, and the haira 
 were obliterated in transferring the plate to the stone. A new Plate has now been 
 engraved. 
 
CRTJCIFEEJE. 
 
 195 
 
 terminating in bristles at the edges, but the surfaces glabrous. 
 Petals Acry faintly notched at the apex. Raceme elongating a 
 little after flowering. Pedicels spreading, conspicuously longer 
 than the pods. Pods elliptical-lanceolate, compressed, not twisted ; 
 style as long as the diameter of the pod. 
 
 Very rare. On rocks at Pennard Castle, and at the "Worm's 
 Head, Glamorganshire. 
 
 England. Perennial. Spring. 
 
 Ehizome slender, branching, producing dense cushion-like t\ifts. 
 Leaves spreading in very compact rosettes, much narrower and 
 more rigid than in any other British species of this genus. Stems 
 2 to 6 inches high. Flowers bright yellow, f inch across. Pruit 
 pedicels J to f inch long. Pod, exclusive of style, J to f inch long, 
 rather more than twice as long as broad, acute at the apex, and 
 terminated by the long straight style. Seeds about 10 or 12 in 
 each cell of the pod, yellowish brown, larger than those of any of 
 the other British species of Draba, being about xj inch long. 
 Leaves dark green, somewhat shining. 
 
 The leaves of this plant remain for a long time after they 
 wither, so that the rosette is surrounded by numerous rows of 
 dead leaves, giving to the old stems somewhat the appearance of a 
 bottle-brush. 
 
 Sea-green Whitlow Grass, Yellow Alpine Whitlow Grass. 
 
 French, Brave, Faux Aizoon. 
 
 GENUS XVI— X L Y S S U M. Linn. 
 
 Sepals short, erect, or somewhat spreading, equal at the base. 
 Petals equal, entire, notched or bifid, with short claws. Filaments 
 or some of them very often with wings or appendages. Pod 
 roundish, obovate, oval, elliptical or rhomboidal, compressed parallel 
 to the replum; valves flattish, convex, or convex in the centre 
 only, often without a dorsal nerve ; style short or elongated. Seeds 
 2 to 10, oval, compressed. 
 
 Branched herbs or undershrubs, generally thickly covered with 
 stellate or (more rarely) simple hairs. Leaves generally narrow, 
 entire. Flowers white or yellow, arranged in corymbs or short 
 racemes, which generally afterwards elongate. 
 
 The name of this genus is derived from the Greek words a, negative, and Xvaau 
 (htasa), canine madness, because it was supposed to be a cure for madness. 
 
196 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 Sub-Genus I.— EU-ALYSSUM. 
 
 Petals small, entire, or slightly notched. Pilaments, or at least 
 some of them, winged or toothed. Pod lenticular. Cells 2- or 
 1-seeded. 
 
 SPECIES L—ALYSSUM CALYCINUM. Unn. 
 
 Plate CXXXIX.* 
 Reich. Ic. F]. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 4269. 
 
 Whole plant covered with stellate hairs. Calyx persistent. 
 Petals strap-shaped, truncate, or slightly notched at the apex. 
 Pilaments not winged, but the shorter ones with 2 long setaceous 
 processes at the base. Pod sub-orbicular, notched at the apex ; 
 style not exceeding the depth of the notch ; valves convex in the 
 centre, depressed all round the margin, without a dorsal nerve. 
 Paceme much elongated in fruit. Pedicels patent-ascending, about 
 equal to the pods. 
 
 In clover and grass fields and ploughed land. Eather rare, and 
 probably introduced with Continental seed. In England it has 
 occurred in the counties of Devon, Hants, Herts, Essex, Norfolk, 
 Cambridge, Leicester, and York. In Scotland, near St. Boswells, 
 Roxburghshire ; Dirleton, Haddington ; Pettycur and Queensferry, 
 Eife ; and near Arbroath, Eorfarshire. 
 
 [England, Scotland]. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Stem almost woody, dividing near the base into numerous nearly 
 simple branches 3 to 9 inches long. Leaves scattered on the stem, 
 sessile, oblanceolate or strap-shaped, and attenuated at the base. 
 Elowers about \ inch across. Sepals erect, covered with stellate 
 down, and having long woolly hairs at the summit remaining until 
 the fruit is ripe. Petals erect, about twice as long as the sepals, 
 very narrow, pale ochreous yellow, turning white and i-emaining in 
 a faded condition until the pod is nearly full-sized, but not so per- 
 sistent as the sepals. Filaments all slender, the two short ones 
 each with a pair of appendages resembling barren filaments spring- 
 ing from their bases, and about half their length. Pedicels i to 
 \ inch long. Pods dotted with stellate pubescence, about ^ inch 
 long, nearly circular, or very shortly ovate, -with a broad shallow 
 notch at the tip. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, obovate, reddish brown. 
 
 The Plate is E. B. S. 2853, unalterea. 
 
CRUCIFERiE. 197 
 
 punctured, suiTounded by a palo narrow wing. Plant having a 
 greyish or whitish tint from the close white stellate pubescence. 
 
 Calycine Alyssum, Large-calyxed Madicort. 
 
 French, Alysson d, Calices Persistans. German, KelchfruclUiges Schildkraut. 
 
 Sub-Genus II.— LOBULAEIA. Be^. 
 
 Petals obovate, entire. Filaments without appendages. Pod 
 ovoid, compressed. Cells 1- to 6-seeded. 
 
 SPECIES II.— A LYSSUM MARITIMUM. Lamarck. 
 Plate CXL.* 
 
 Koniga maritima, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 42G6. 
 Alyssum maritimum, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1729 ; and Brit. Fl. Vol. III. p. 162. Bmith. 
 
 Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 94. Or. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 118. 
 Lobularia maritima, Desv. Journ. Bot. Vol. III. p. 162. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. 
 
 ed. ii. p. 65. 
 Koniga maritima, R. Brown. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 29. Hook. & Am. Brit. 
 
 Fl. ed. viii. p. 30. 
 Glyce maritima, Liadley, Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 26. 
 
 Whole plant covered with adpressed bipartite hairs, resembling 
 simple bail's attached by theu' middle. Calyx not persistent. 
 Petals spatulate, with a sub-orbicular entire limb. Filaments all 
 without wings or processes. Pod globular-ovoid, a little attenuated 
 towards the base, acute at the tip ; style about a quarter as long 
 as the pod ; valves slightly convex, with a dorsal nerve, llaceme 
 slightly elongated in fruit. Pedicels spreading, twice or thrice the 
 length of the pod. 
 
 On walls and waste places near the sea, but only where it has 
 escaped from cultivation. I have seen specimens from Budlcigh 
 Salterton, Boweysand, and Stonehouse, Devonshire ; Weston-super- 
 Mare, Somerset ; Folkestone, Kent ; Felixtowe, Suffolk ; Darsley, 
 Gloucester; Montrose Links, Forfarshire; and it has been also 
 reported from several other jilaces. 
 
 [England, Scotland]. Annual or Perennial. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem almost woody, dividing near the base into several 
 branches, which are again branched, and from 4 to 12 inches long. 
 Leaves scattered on the stem, sub-sessile, narrowly elliptical or 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 1729, unaltered. 
 
198 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 strap-sliaped. attenuated towards the base, and more abruptly so 
 towards the tip. Flowers white, about -} inch across. Sepals 
 deciduous, slightly spreading, with adpressed hairs similar to those of 
 the rest of the plant throughout. Petals nearly twice as long as the 
 sepals, with a large n(>arly circular spreading limb. Pedicels ^ to 
 
 1 inch long. Pod, without the style, about -iV inch long, rhom- 
 boidal, roundish, with the Aalves slightly convex. Seeds 1 in each 
 cell, roundish-ovate, compressed, pale reddish brown, very finely 
 jmnctured, surrounded by a white membranous wing. Plant 
 greyish green, the young leaves and shoots silky in appearance 
 from the white adpressed hairs. 
 
 Sweet Alyssum, Seaside Ahjssum. 
 
 French, Alysson Maritime. German, Meerstand's Schildhraut. 
 
 Tribe VIII.— CAMELINE^. 
 
 Cotyledons flat (j. e. bent over close to the base), with the radicle 
 lying on the back of one of them (incumbent) ; or bent over in 
 the middle, the lower portion being in the same line as the radicle, 
 the upper lying against the radicle, which is on the back of one 
 of them. Pod short and broad, more or less compressed parallel 
 to the replum, or slightly compressed contrary to it, opening by 
 
 2 convex valves. 
 
 GENUS XVII— A M E L I N A. Cmntz. 
 
 Sepals short, erect, nearly equal at the base. Petals equal, 
 entire, with short claws. Filaments Avithout wings or appendages. 
 Pods obovate or turbinate, slightly compressed parallel to the 
 replum. Valves with a dorsal nerve, and very convex in the 
 middle, depressed round the margins, abruptly terminated by a 
 linear-acute point, which is applied to the base of the long per- 
 sistent style. Seeds numerous, in two rows, oblong-ovoid, not 
 winged. Embryo with the cotyledons folded over at the base, 
 where they arc joined to the radicle. 
 
 Erect annual herbs, glabrous or clothed Avith forked pube- 
 scence. Upper stem leaves sagittate at the base, with acute 
 divaricate auricles. 
 
 This generic name is derived from tlie Greek words x"/"" (c/wwrti), on the ground, 
 and Xitui' (liiwn), flax, that is to say, dwarf flax, to which it bears resembhiuce. 
 
CRUCIFERiE. 19!) 
 
 SPECIES I.— CAME LIN A SATIVA. Cmidz. 
 Plates CXLI. CXLII. 
 
 Myagrum sativum, Linn. 
 
 Pod obovate, margined ; valves very convex. 
 
 Sub-Species I.— Camelina eu-sativa. 
 
 Plate CXLI.* 
 
 C. sativa, Bdch. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XXIV. Fig. 4292. 
 "C.macrocarpa,i?eic/t. Ic.Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. n^r. Tab. XXII. Fig.4294,/V'/Vtcs. 
 C. sativa, Fnes, Maut. III. p. 72. Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. jj. 130. B(yreau, Fi. 
 
 du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 62. Goss. & Germ. Fl. des Environs de Paris, 
 
 ed. iu p. 124. Godr. Fl. de Lorr. ed. ii. Vol. I. p. 70. 
 Alyssum sativum, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1254. 
 
 Pods obconical-obovate, rounded at the apex ; valves hard, 
 brittle, with a well-marked dorsal nerve. 
 
 In flax fields, etc. Occasionally found throughout Britain, 
 but cannot even claim to be a naturalized plant, being introduced 
 with foreign seed, and not having permanently established itself 
 in any one locality. 
 
 [England, Scotland]. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Stem erect, 1 to 2\ feet high, branched in the upper part. 
 Lower leaves oblanceolate, attenuated at the base ; upper leaves 
 sub-amplexicaul, lanceolate or narrowly elliptical ; the base 
 produced into two short acute auricles, the apex acute ; the 
 margin nearly entire, slightly toothed, or rarely pinnatifid. 
 Plowers \ inch across, yellow. Sepals glabrous, with a mem- 
 branous margin ; petals one-half longer than the sepals, erect, 
 spatulate ; raceme much elongated in fruit ; pedicels ascending, 
 •i inch to 1 inch long. Pods about f inch long exclusive of the 
 style, which is about equal in length to half the greatest width of 
 the pod, pale yellowish olive-colour when ripe ; valves reticulated, 
 very convex except round the margins, where the two valves are 
 parallel to each other, so that the pod looks as if it were sur- 
 rounded by a Aving. Seeds numerous, small, slightly roughened, 
 pale yellowish brown. Plant glabrous, or slightly hairy with 
 forked hairs. Professor Babington says that he has not seen 
 C. sativa (Fries) in Britain, but I possess specimens collected at 
 Sandhutton, north-west Yorkshire, by Mr. Poggitt ; and although 
 the figure in English Botany, No. 125i, is not characteristic, it 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 1254, with pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a Yorkshire 
 examplft 
 
200 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 must be referred to the present plant on account of tlie shape 
 of the pods. It was taken from a specimen found in Lakenheath 
 field, by Wangford, Suffolk. 
 
 Cultivated Gold of Tlectsure. 
 
 French, Cameline CuUivee. German, Gebauter LeindoUer. 
 
 The specific name of this plant signifies sat, or cultivated; and it is said that the 
 common name Gold of Pleasure bears ironical reference to the disappointment of its 
 first cultivators, who found their investment about as profitable as "gold" spent on 
 " pleasure " usually proves. It has long been cultivated in Germany and France for 
 the sake of its seeds, and it has lately been introduced here with the same object, but 
 with no great results. The seeds yield an oil which soon turns rancid, and does not 
 burn well ; it is chiefly used by soap-makers. The cake left after the oil is exjjressed 
 lias been used as food for cattle like linseed-cake, but is very inferior to it. Birds are 
 fond of the seeds, and domestic poultry, such as geese, fatten quickly on them. 
 
 Sub-Species II.— Camelina fcetida. Fries. 
 
 Plate CXLII.* 
 
 C. dentata, Seich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XXIV. Fig. 4294. 
 
 C. fcetida, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 31. Fries, Jlaut. III. p. 70. Gr. & Godr. Fl. 
 
 de Fr. Vol. I. p. 131. Godr. Fl. de Lorr. ed. ii. Vol. I. p. 70. 
 C. dentata, " Pers." Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. G2. 
 
 Pods obovate, truncate at the apex ; valves somewhat leathery, 
 •with a very indistinct dorsal nerve. 
 
 In flax fields and on ballast hills. More frequent than C. 
 eu-sativa, but with no stronger claims to be considered as even a 
 naturalized plant. 
 
 [England, Scotland]. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Very like C. eu-sativa, but having the fruiting raceme shorter ; 
 the pods shorter, broader, and less perfectly wedge-shaped in 
 profile, dark olive when ripe, the valves dimpling on pressure 
 without breaking, the dorsal nerve much less distinct. The seeds 
 are also larger, darker, and more distinctly punctured ; the petals 
 paler yellow, and the branches of the stem do not form so distinctly 
 a panicle when in frtiit. The lower leaves are often pinnatifid. 
 
 Fetid Gold of Pleasure. 
 
 French, Caniiline DeiUie. German, Gezdhnter LeindoUer. 
 
 GENUS XVIII.—S UBULARIA. Zinn. 
 
 Sepals short, spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal, 
 entire, without distinct claws. Filaments without wings or 
 appendages. Pods oval- or elliptical-ovoid, slightly compressed at 
 
 Drawn by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a specimen collected at Virginia Water. 
 
CRTJCIFERiE. 201 
 
 right angles to the plane of the replum, narrowed at the base so 
 as almost to appear stalked ; valves with a dorsal nerve, and very- 
 convex throughout ; stigma sessile. Seeds 2 to G in each cell of the 
 pod, ovoid, compressed, not margined. Embryo with the cotyledons 
 folded over on themselves above the base. 
 
 A genus consisting of a single species, described below. 
 
 The name of this genus is derived from subula, an awl, from the form of tlio 
 leaves. 
 
 SPECIES L—SUBUL ARIA AQUATICA. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXLIII.* 
 
 Beich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Telr. Tab. XII. Fig. 4232. 
 
 Leaves all radical, awl-shaped. 
 
 On the gravelly bottoms of lakes in moimtainous districts, 
 growing completely under water. Carnarvonshire and iVnglesea 
 seem to be the only English localities. In Scotland it is more 
 abundant, occurring in Loch Skew, Dumfries-shire ; Loch of 
 Drum, near Aberdeen ; and in many of the Highland lakes as 
 far north as Ross-shire and Sutherlandshire. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Hoot of numerous pure white fibres. Radical leaves in tufts, 
 1 to 2^ inches long, tapering gradually from the base to the apex. 
 Scapes 2 to 4 inches high, extremely short and almost hidden 
 amongst the leaves while in flower. Elowors few, white, about 
 ^ inch across. Fruiting raceme lax. Pedicels ascending, i to f inch 
 long. Pod about ^ inch long, with the breadth generally about 
 half the length. Seeds yellowish brown, punctured. The embryo 
 presents a dhference from that of the other Camelinege, inasmuch 
 as the cotyledons are not bent over close to the point where they 
 join the radicle, but some distance above it, so that the lower part 
 of the cotyledons is in a continuous line with the radicle, and it is 
 only their upper portion which is folded over so as to bring the 
 l)ack of one of them against the radicle. Plant dull green, glabrous ; 
 the leaves somewhat fleshy. 
 
 Water Aiohcort, Common or Aquatic Awlwort. 
 
 French, Snhulaire Aqualique. 
 
 This interesting little native ought to be in every aquatic garden. If planted in 
 a ])0t of gravel with a little clay and sunk in a quiet pond it will grow readily and 
 then presents the curious phenomenon of a flower in full bloom under water. 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 732, with embryo added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
 2d 
 
202 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 Sub-Section II.— ANGUSTISEPT^. 
 
 Pod compressed at right angles to the direction of the replum, 
 so that the latter lies in the least transverse diameter of the pod, 
 the width of which is much greater when measured from the hack 
 of one valve to the hack of the other, than when taken from edge 
 to edge, owing to the extreme convexity of the valves, which are 
 often keeled or winged. 
 
 Teibe IX.— THLASPIDE^. 
 
 Cotyledons flat, with the radicle lying along their edges on one 
 side (accumbent). Pod short and broad, compressed at right 
 angles to the direction of the replum, generally opening by two 
 convex valves, visually with a keel or wing down the central line 
 of the back, or part furthest from the replum. 
 
 GENUS XIX.— T! H L A S P I. Lirni. 
 
 Sepals sub-erect or spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal, 
 entire or slightly notched. Pilaments without wings or appen- 
 dages. Pods much compressed at right angles to the replum, 
 obovate, oblong-obovate, or orbicular ; apex emarginate, notched, or 
 obcordate ; valves keeled down the back, the keel j)roduced into a 
 wing, most developed towards the apex ; style short or elongated. 
 Seeds lenticular, not winged, 2 to 8 in each cell of the pod. 
 
 Herbs, generally glabrous and glaucous. Radical leaves 
 attenuated at the base ; stem leaves hastate-sagittate, or cordate, 
 amplexicaul. Flowers white, rose-coloured, or purple, in short 
 racemes which afterwards elongate. 
 
 The generic name is derived from fiXaw (thlao), to compress, to break, — in reference 
 to the compressed seeds, according to some authors; others give the derivation from the 
 fact that the seeds were broken or compressed, and used like mustard. 
 
 SPECIES I.— THLASPI ARVENSE. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXLIV.* 
 Eeich. Ic. El. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Teir. Tab. V. Eig. 4181. 
 
 No rootstock. Stem leaves hastate-sagittate at the base. Pods 
 (including the wings) sub-orbicular, obcordate with a deep sinus at 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 1659, unaltered. 
 
CRUCIPBR^. 203 
 
 tlie apex where the two lobes of the wings are contiguous or 
 slightly overlapping at the tips ; wing gradually increasing in 
 width from the base (where it begins abruptly) to the apes ; style 
 extremely short, not nearly so long as the lobes of the wings. Seeds 
 5 to 8 in each cell of the pod, irregularly ovoid-lenticular, with 
 raised concentric ridges. 
 
 A weed in cultivated iields. Eather rare, but generally distri- 
 buted throughout Britain. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect or ascending, 1 to 2 feet high, simple or slightly 
 branched. Lowest leaves oblanccolate or obovate, attenuated at 
 the base so as to be almost stalked ; the I'est of the leaves oblong, 
 lanceolate, or elliptical, produced at the base into 2 acute diverging 
 auricles, the margins in all remotely toothed or entire. Flowers 
 white, about ^ inch across. Petals about half as long again as 
 the sepals, spatulate, ti'uncate, or faintly emarginate at the apex. 
 Fruiting raceme long. Pedicels spi-eading, | to f inch long. Pods 
 nearly flat, f to f inch in diameter including the wing, or excluding 
 it i to f inch long by about f inch broad, so tliat were the pod not 
 winged its shape would be oval or obovate-oblong ; wdng with a 
 fine marginal nerve running round the edge. Seeds very dark 
 brownish black, iiunctured, and also with i or 5 concentric ridges 
 on each face. Whole plant glabrous and slightly glaucous. 
 
 Field Fenny Cress, Mlthridate Mustard. 
 
 French, Tabouret des Champs. German, Feld-Pfennighravi. 
 
 When chewed the Penny Cress is slightly acrid, with somewhat of the odour and 
 flavour of onion or garlic ; and having been used in sauces, it was called by the general 
 name Mustard. The name "Mithridate" was prefixed to it because Mithridate, king of 
 Pontus, was a famous mediciner, who compounded poison-resisting draughts and gave 
 them to himself. Many popular medicines have been named after this worthy. 
 
 SPECIES II.— THL AS PI PERPOLI ATUM. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXLV.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. V. Fig. 4183. 
 
 Xo rootstock. Stem leaves deeply cordate at the base. Pods 
 (including the wings) dcltoid-obovate, obcordate, with a broad 
 triangular sinus at the apex between the two lobes of the wings ; 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 2354, unaltered. 
 
204 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 wing gradually increasing in Avidth from a little above the base 
 (whore it commences insensibly) to the apex ; style short, not half 
 as long as the apical lobes of the wing. Seeds 3 to 6 in each cell 
 of the pod, ovoid, sub-compressed, without concentric ridges. 
 
 In stqny ground. Extremely local, being apparently confined 
 to Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. It occurs near Burford in the 
 former county, and Bourtou-on-the-Water, Naunton, Sapperton 
 Tunnel, near Cirencester, and a few other places in the latter. 
 
 England. Annual or Biennial. Spring. 
 
 Stem erect, simple or branched at the base, 2 to 9 inches high. 
 Badical leaves in a rosette, spatulate, w'ith a roundish oval or 
 ovate lamina abruptly contracted into a footstalk ; stem leaves 
 few, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, cordate, amplexicaul, with rounded 
 contiguous lobes at the base ; all entire or denticulate. Flowers 
 white, T^ inch across. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals, 
 oblong, oblanceolate, entire, and rounded at the apex. Pruiting 
 raceme rather short, about equal in length to the rest of the stem. 
 Fruit pedicels spreading horizontally, ^ to ^ inch long. Pods 
 flatfish above, convex below', ^ to ^ inch long, and nearly as broad 
 as long at the top including the wing, or exclusive of it |^ to ^ inch 
 long, and were it not winged the shape w'ould be shortly roundish 
 obovate ; the wing with a stout marginal nerve running round the 
 edge. Seeds pale orange-brown, finely punctured. Whole plant 
 glabrous and glaucous. 
 
 This sjDCcies is readily distinguished from the others of this 
 genus by the large rounded approximate auricles of the stem leaves. 
 
 T. erraticum (Jord. Pug. Plant. Nov. p. 12) appears to be 
 scarcely entitled to be ranked as a sub-species. The Gloucestershire 
 plant is intermediate between specimens of T. j^erfoliatum and 
 T. erraticum (C. Martin, PI. de Lyon), having the pod of the 
 former, the leaves and seeds of the latter form. 
 
 Perfoliate Penny Cress, PerfoUate-leaved Bastard Cress, 
 Perfoliate Shepherd's Purse. 
 
 French, Tabouret Perfolve. 
 
 SPECIES IIT— THLASPI ALPESTRE. Linn. 
 Plates CXLVI. CXLVII. CXLVIII. 
 
 Eootstock slender, branched, woody, or none. Stem leaves 
 cordate-sagittate at the base. Pods (including the wing) oblong- 
 obovate, narrowed at the base, more or less deeply retuse at the 
 aj)ex ; wing gradually increasing in breadth from the base, where it 
 
CRUCIFER^. 205 
 
 commences insensibly, to the apex ; style equal to or exceeding the 
 apical lobes of the wing. Seeds 4. to 8 in each cell of the pod, oval, 
 slightly compressed, without concentric ridges, 
 
 Alpine Shepherd's Purse, Cornfield Fenny Cress. 
 
 French, Tabouret des Alpes. German, Alpen P/enniijkrauL 
 
 Sub-Species I.— Thlaspi sylvestre. Jord. 
 
 Plate CXLVI.* 
 
 T. alpestre, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. etHelv. Vol. II. Telr. Tab. V. Fig. 4184. 
 
 T. sylvestre, J<n-d. Obs. PI. Nouv. Frag. III. p. 9. Boreau, Fl. du Ceutve Je la Fr. ed. iiL 
 
 Vol. II. p. GO. 
 T. alpestre, var. a, Bah. JIan. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 31 ; and Bot. Gazette, Vol. I. p. 4. 
 
 Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. ^"iii. p. 32. 
 T. alpestre, (?r. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 145. 
 
 Eaceme when the fruit is mature longer than the rest of the 
 stem ; style about as long as the projecting apical lobes of the broad 
 wing, which are separated by a shallow triangular sinus. 
 
 On rocks in a wood near Winch Bridge, Teesdale, and by 
 the banks of the Allen, Thornhaugh, Northumberland ; and also 
 in Scotland, in Glen Isla, Clova. 
 
 England, Scotland. Biennial or Perennial. Early Summer. 
 
 Rootstock present only in perennial examples. Stems 6 to 15 
 inches high, unbranched except at the very base. Radical leaves 
 in a rosette, spatulate, abruptly contracted into a footstalk ; stem 
 leaves sessile, amplexicaul, ovate or oldong-lanceolate, the base 
 with 2 slightly acute aviricles ; the margins of all entire or slightly 
 toothed. Flowers sub-corymbose, white, often tinged Avith lilac, 
 \ inch across. Sepals greenish, bordered with white. Petals nar- 
 rowly oblanceolate, rounded at the apex, rather more than twice 
 as long as the sepals. Anthers dark violet. Eruiting raceme 
 from 2 to 11 inches long. Pedicels spreading horizontally, i- to 5- 
 ineh long. Pods slightly convex above, very convex below, about 
 \ inch long by \ inch broad, including the wing ; exclusive of 
 the wing, the shape of the pod is oval-elliptical, narrowed at the 
 base ; wiug with a very indistinct marginal nerve. Seeds reddish 
 brown, finely punctured. "Whole plant glabrous and glaucous. 
 
 Short-styled Alpine Fenny Cress. 
 
 Drawn from a Teesdale spccimea by Mr. J. K Sowerby. 
 
206 EKGLISn BOTANY. 
 
 Sub-Species II.— Thlaspi occitanuia. Jord. 
 
 Pl.\te CXLVII.* 
 
 T. occitanum, Jord. Obs. PI. Nouv. Frag. III. p. 12. 
 
 T. aljiestre, vav. />, Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 32 ; and Bot. Gazette, Vol. I. p. 4. 
 Uaok. k Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 32. 
 
 E-aceme when tlie fruit is mature equal to or shorter than 
 the rest of the stem. Style considerably longer than the pro- 
 jecting apical lobes of the broad wings, which are separated by 
 a shallow triangular sinus. 
 
 On limestone rocks at Malham, near Settle, Yorkshire, and at 
 Llanrwst, Xorth Wales. 
 
 England. Biennial or Perennial. Summer. 
 
 Usually a much smaller plant than the last, the stems rarely 
 exceeding G or 10 inches, and branched higher up ; the petals 
 shorter, not above twice as long as the sepals ; the fruiting raceme 
 not exceeding 2 to 4 inches long; the pedicels closer together, 
 shorter ; the pod with a more shallow sinus at the ajiex, and a 
 style which is considerably longer than in T. sylvestre. 
 
 The embryo in this plant has the radicle sometimes lying on the 
 back of one of the cotyledons, instead of along their edges on one 
 side, as is usually the case — one instance among many of the small 
 value of this character among the Cruciferse. 
 
 Long-styled Alinne Fenny Cress. 
 Sub-Species III.— Thlaspi virens. Jord. 
 
 Plate CXLVIII.t 
 
 T. virens, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 32 ; and Bot. Gazette, Vol. I. p. 4. Jmrd. 
 
 Obs. PI. Nouv. Frag. III. p. 17. Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 14j. Bweau, 
 
 Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iiL Vol. II. p. 61. 
 T. calaminare, " Lej.," Crepin, Man. de la Flore de Belgique, p. 33. 
 T. alpestre, var. y. Hook. <fe Am. Brit. FL ed. viii. p. 32. 
 T. alpestre, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 81. 
 
 Raceme when the fruit is mature equal to or shortn* than the 
 rest of the stem. Style much longer than the scarcely projecting 
 lobes of the narrow wing, which are so little produced that the apex 
 of the fruit is merely emarginate. 
 
 On limestone rocks at Matlock Bath, Derbyshire. 
 
 England. Perennial. Early Summer. 
 
 * Drawn from a Yorkshire specimen by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
 t Tlie Plate is E. B. 81, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
cnrciFER-Ti:. 207 
 
 This plant, resembles T. occitanum, but produces from the 
 rootstock more numerous and almost always simple stems. The 
 stem leaves are more numerous, closer together, and smaller ; the 
 corymb larger ; the petals less tinged with lilac ; the sepals usually 
 purplish ; and the pod truncate, emarginate at the apex, so that, 
 though the style is not actually longer than in T. occitanum, it 
 appears to be so ; wing narrow. The leaves are also rather less 
 glaucous. 
 
 Specimens of T. virens, authenticated by M. Jordan, from Mont 
 Pilate dilfer from the Derbyshire plant in having the petals obovate 
 instead of oblanccolate. 
 
 Green Alpine 'Penny Cress. 
 
 GENUS XX.— 1 B E R I S. Linn. 
 
 Sepals nearly erect, equal at the base. Petals entire, ■with short 
 claws, unequal, the two that point away from the stem much larger 
 than the others. Filaments without wings or appendages. Pods 
 much compressed at right angles to the rephim, ovate, oblong, or 
 roundish, generally notched at the apex ; valves keeled down the 
 back, the keel produced into a wing, which is most developed 
 towards the apex; style conspicuous or elongated. Seeds oval- 
 lenticular, not winged, only 1 in each cell of the pod. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, generally glabrous. Leaves rather 
 narrow, entire or pinnatifid. Flowers white or purplish, in radiant 
 corymbs, sometimes elongating into short racemes, but often 
 remaining corymbose, even w^hen the fruit is mature. 
 
 The name of this genus comes from Iberia, where it was first found. The species 
 still abound in Spain, which is the modern Iberia. 
 
 SPECIES I.— IB ERIS A MAR A. Linn. 
 
 Plate CXLIX.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Telr. Tab. VII. Fig. 4197. 
 
 Stem herbaceous. Leaves oblanccolate or strapshaped-oblan- 
 ceolate, generally toothed or pinnatifid. Pods in a short raceme, 
 sub-orbicular, attenuated tow'ards the apex ; wings of the valves 
 extremely narrow towards the base, broader towards the apex, 
 and terminating in acute lobes separated by a triangular sinus ; 
 style a little longer than the lobes of the wing. 
 
 • Drawn for the present edition by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
208 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 A weed in cornfields and cultivated ground, on chalky soil. 
 Well established in Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, 
 Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, and Cambridg-eshire ; it also oceurs 
 as a straggler in several other counties both in England and 
 Scotland. 
 
 England, [Scotland]. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, 4 to 9 inches high, corymbosely branched at the 
 summit, and in luxuriant examj)lcs also from the base or through- 
 out its whole extent. Leaves scattered along the stem, sessile, the 
 lower ones narrowly wedge-shaped at the base, generally with 
 a few projecting teeth or short lobes on each side. Flowers white 
 tinged with pink or purple especially on the sepals, y to f inch 
 across. Petals obovate-spatulate, the inner ones twice as long as 
 the sepals, the outer ones (the two farthest from the axis) four times 
 as long. Eruiting raceme ^ to 2 inches long, with spreading or 
 divaricate pedicels about ^ inch long. Pods about ^ inch long ; 
 the wings narrow, except at the apex, where they terminate in 
 2 triangular-acuminate lobes slightly inclining outwards at the 
 extreme apex. Seeds reddish brown, slightly roughened. Leaves 
 deep green, usually ciliated at the edges with short hairs. Stem 
 generally with a pubescence of curled hairs arranged in lines. 
 Pedicels with similar hairs on their upper side. 
 
 Sitter Candytvft. 
 
 French, Iberide Aniere. German, Bittere ScMeifenhlume, Bauernsenf. 
 
 The cultivated Candytuft is familiar to every one in the most humble gardens. 
 The seeds have a reputation in herbalists' doses as bitter and violently purgative. It 
 has, however, no very evident qualities to recommend it. 
 
 GENUS XXI.—T EESDALIA. B. Broicn. 
 
 Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals unequal, with the 
 2 that point away from the stem larger than the others ; or equal, 
 entire, wiJi short claws. Eilaments with an ovate membranous 
 basal scalelike appendage on the inside close to the base. Pods 
 compressed at right angles to the replum, notched and obcordatc 
 at the apex, concave above, convex beneath, orbicular-oval or 
 obovate ; valves keeled down the back, their keel produced into a 
 narrow wing, which is most developed towards the apex ; style very 
 short. Seeds 2 in each cell of the pod, roundish, very slightly 
 compressed, not margined. 
 
 Small, nearly glabrous annuals. Radical leaves numerous, in a 
 rosette, deeply pinnatifid or sub-lyrate ; stem leaves few or none. 
 
CRTTCIFERJE. 209 
 
 ohlanocolato or elliptical, attenuated at tbc base, toot lied oi* entii-(\ 
 Flowers white, iu corymbs which afterwards elongate into racemes. 
 
 Tliis genus of plants was named after Mr. lloliert Teesdale, who was gardener at 
 Castle Howai-d, and author of a Catalogue of Plants growing in that neighboiirliood, 
 which was published by the Linnwan Society in their " Transactions." 
 
 SPECIES I.— TEE SD ALIA NUDICAULIS. B.Brown. 
 
 Plate CL.* 
 
 Rnch. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. VI. Fig. 4189. 
 
 T. Iberis, D. C. Syst. Vol. II. p. 392. Boremt., Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. 
 
 p. 59. 
 Iberis nudicaulis, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 327. 
 
 Elowers radiant, with the 2 petals farthest from the axis larger 
 than the others. Stamens G. 
 
 On gravelly commons and waste places, and in hedge-banks. 
 Not uncommon in England, but rather rare in Scotland, except near 
 Aberdeen ; the county of Moray and the neighbourhood of Glasgow 
 being its northern limit, so far as is known. 
 
 England, Scotland. Annual. Spring, Summer. 
 
 Stem solitary, erect, or one erect in the middle and several 
 ascending ones round it, 3 to 18 inches high. Radical leaves very 
 numerous, spreading into a rosette, 1 to 2 inches long, oblanceolate, 
 stalked, deeply pinnatifid with a few short rounded lobes projecting 
 at right angles to the petiole, and a rather large terminal lobe whicli 
 is often again divided into 3 smaller lobes. Stem leaves few, only 
 produced on the lateral stems, the one from the centre of the rosette 
 being leafless; lowest stem leaves similar to the radical ones, but 
 less deeply pinnatifid ; upper ones oblanceolate, nearly or quite 
 entire. Flowers about y.,- inch across, white. Petals oblanceolate, 
 the inner ones slightly exceeding the sepals, the outer ones twice as 
 long. Fruiting raceme 2 to 9 inches long, with the pedicels ^ to 
 f inch long, spreading or divaricate. Pod about ^ inch long by 
 \, inch broad, slightly enlarged towards the apex, where it is obcor- 
 date ; wing extremely narrow; style not half the length of the 
 apical notch. Seeds pale reddish brown, finely punctured. Plant 
 deep greyish green, almost or quite glabrous. 
 
 Shepherd's Cress. 
 
 French, Tcesdalie Irreguliere. German, Kaldstengelige TeesdaleA 
 
 The Plate is E, B. 327, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerhy, 
 2 K 
 
210 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 GENUS XXIL—R UTCHINSIA. B. Broton. 
 
 Sepals nearly erect, equal at the base. Petals equal, entire. 
 Filaments without wings or appendages. Pods compressed at 
 right angles to the replum, flattish above, convex beneath, oval, 
 scarcely notched at the apex ; valves keeled down the back, but 
 not winged ; style almost none. Seeds 2 in each cell of the pod, 
 oblong-ovoid, compressed, not margined. 
 
 Small, nearly glabrous annuals. Uadical leaves in a rosette, 
 but decaying early ; stem leaves numerous, all deeply pinnatifid. 
 Flowers small, Avhite, disposed in corymbs which afterwards 
 elongate into short racemes. 
 
 This genus of plants was named after Miss Hutcliins, of Belfast, a lady -whose name 
 is greatly regarded by botanists, and who contributed largely to the information given 
 in the first edition of the " English Botany " by Sir J. E. Smith, who acknowledges his 
 obligations to her, especially as regards submarine plants. 
 
 SPECIES I.— HUTCHINSIA PETR^A. R. Broum. 
 
 Plate CLI.» 
 
 leesdalia petrsea, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. VI. Fig. 4190. 
 Lepidium petrseum, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 111. 
 
 Petals scarcely longer than the sepals, oblanceolate. Pod rounded 
 at the base, obtuse, and very slightly notched at the apex. 
 
 On limestone rocks, and on walls in the "West of England from 
 Somerset to Yorkshire ; also naturalized on the walls of Eltliam 
 churchyard, in Kent. 
 
 England. Annual. Spring. 
 
 Stem branched, especially near the base, 1 to 3 inches high. 
 Radical leaves stalked, almost pinnate, with small elliptical rather 
 distant segments, the terminal one not larger than the others ; 
 stem leaves similar, but much shorter, sessile, and with the 
 segments more evidently connected together. I'lowers about 
 -^ inch across. Fruit pedicels spreading, ^ to |- inch long. Pod 
 about -nj inch long by -^^ inch broad, very slightly attenuated 
 towards the apex. Seeds pale reddish brown, finely punctured. 
 Plant green, often with a reddish tinge, clothed with short scattered 
 hairs, those on the stem starlike. 
 
 Bock HutcJdnsia. 
 
 The Plate is E. B. Ill, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby 
 
CRUCIFER^. 211 
 
 Tribe X.— LEPIDINEJ]]. 
 
 Cotyledons flat, /. e. bent over close to the base, with the radiele 
 lying on the back of one of them (incumbent), or bent over in the 
 middle, the lower portion being in the same line as the radicle, the 
 ujjper portion lying against the radicle, Avhich is on the back of one 
 of them. Pod short and broad, compressed at right angles to the 
 direction of the replum, generally opening by 2 convex valves, with 
 frequently a wing down the central line of the back or part farthest 
 from the replum. 
 
 GENUS XXIII.—O A P S E L L A. Ildnch, in D. C. 
 
 Sepals nearly erect, equal at the base. Petals equal, entire, or 
 none. Filaments without wings or appendages. Pods compressed 
 at right angles to the replum, wedge-shaped, obovate, obcordate at 
 the apex or elliptical-ovoid ; valves keeled but not winged ; style 
 short. Seeds rather numerous, oblong-ovoid, not margined. A 
 genus of which one of the species (C. Bursa-pastoris) has the habit 
 of Thlaspi, the others that of Hutchinsia. 
 
 The name of this geuus is a diminutive of capsula, a capsule. 
 
 SPECIES I.— C APSE LL A BURSA-PASTORIS. MOnch. 
 Plate CLII.* 
 
 ndch. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XI. Fig. 4229. 
 
 TLlaspi Bursa-pastoris, Linn. Sin. Eng. But. No. 1485. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 147 
 
 Stem leaves sessile, amplexicaul, oblong-lanceolate, hastate- 
 sagittate at the base. Pod nearly flat, wedge-shaped or obovate- 
 wcdgeshaped, truncate-emarginate or obcordate at the apex. 
 
 In waste and cultivated ground, and by roadsides. Very 
 common throughout the whole of Britain. 
 
 • England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Radical leaves in a rosette, 
 oblanceolate, varying from very deeply pinnatifid to quite entire ; 
 stem leaves rather distant, variable in shape and outline, produced 
 at the base into two rather acute auricles which are sometimes 
 parallel and sometimes divergent. Flowers corymbose, white, about 
 ■j^ inch across. Petals ol)lanceolate, about half as long again as the 
 sepals. Fruit pedicels spreading, j to f inch long. Pod j to f inch 
 
 • The Plate is E. B. 1485, unaltered. 
 
212 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 long, and -5- to ^ inch long at the summit, the sides nearly straight, 
 the apex truncate and emargiuate, the lohes on each side of the 
 style sliglitly rounded ; style about half as long as the lobes. 
 Seeds cylmdrical-oblong, reddish brown, coarsely punctured. Plant 
 greyish green, sometimes glabrous and sometimes clothed with 
 long hairs and stellate down. 
 
 Co}ibiiioii Shepherd's Purse, Poor llaii's Parmacetic, 
 St. James's Weed, Cassweed. 
 
 French, Capselle Bourse d,-Fasteur. German, Gemeiner Sirienidschet, Taschelhraut. 
 
 This little plant is known to every wa3'farer, and is seen in every garden, whiie it 
 grows far too rapidly to be pleasant to the gardener. When cultivated in a rich soil it 
 attains a much larger size than when living as a weed on wild bits of ground. lu 
 America it is used as a green vegetable, and is cultivated about Philadel])liia for that 
 purpose. It was formerly employed as an astringent against spitting of blood, bleeding 
 at the nose, and as a styptic to wounds. 
 
 GENUS XXIV.— L E P I D I U M. Linn. 
 
 Sepals short, erect or spreading, equal at the base. Petals 
 equal, entire, or none. Pilaments without wings or appendages, 
 2 or 4 of them sometimes abortive or absent. Pod generally 
 compressed at right angles to the replum, and usually more convex 
 on the lower than on the vipper surface, variable in shape but 
 generally oval or orbicular, more or less notched at the apex, more 
 rarely scarcely compressed and constricted between the valves so 
 as to be didymous ; valves keeled down the back, witli the keel 
 frequently, but not always, produced into a wing, usually leaving 
 . tbe seeds attached to the i^lacentse round the replum when they 
 separate, more rarely closed over the seed and covering it Avitli 
 them ; style almost none or elongate. Seeds 1 (or very rarely 2) in 
 each cell, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, more rarely compressed. Embryo 
 with the cotyledons folded over at the point where they join the 
 radicle. 
 
 Glabrous or hairy herbs or undershrubs. Plowers small, white, 
 in corymbs or very short racemes, which afterwards elongate. 
 
 Tlie name Lepidium comes from Xmic {lepis, lepidos), a scale, in allusion to tuo 
 form of the pods, which resemble little scales. 
 
 Sub-Genus I.— NASTURTIASTRUM. Gr. & Godr. 
 Pod orbicular or oval, compressed, entire or scarcely notched 
 at the apex; valves keeled, but not winged or very slightly so; 
 cotyledons entire. 
 
CETJCIFER^. 213 
 
 SPECIES I.— LEPIDIUM LATIFOLIUM. linn. 
 
 Plate CLIII.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. X. Fig. 4219. 
 
 Kootstock thick, branched. Radical leaves not in a rosette, on 
 long stalks, oval-oblong; stem leaves lanceolate, sessile, all finely 
 toothed or entire. Petals twice as long as the calyx. Stamens 6. 
 Pod lenticular, oval-orbicular, very indistinctly notched at the apex, 
 slightly downy ; valves keeled but not winged ; style none. 
 
 In salt marshes and in wet sandy places near the sea. Rather 
 rare, and possibly not native in many of the stations recorded for 
 it. Essex and Norfolk seem to be the counties in which it has 
 most claims to be considered indigenous. In Scotland it grows at 
 TantaUan Castle, Berwickshire, and about Weems and Douibristle 
 in Fifeshire, but cannot be considered as more than a naturalized 
 plant. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer 
 and Autumn. 
 
 Rootstock long, emitting numerous subterranean stolons, and 
 producing erect stems panieulately branched at the top and 2 to Jj 
 feet high. Radical leaves on long stalks, very large, the lamina 6 to 
 10 inches long by 3 or 4 broad, somewhat resembling those of the 
 Horseradish in shape but more abrupt and rounded at the base, 
 persistent ; stem leaves, except the lowest, sessile, but all more or 
 less narrowed towards the base and more gradually so towards the 
 apex. Branches of the stem forming a panicle, eacli branch having 
 one terminal and several lateral corymbs of small white flowers ; 
 corymbs with 1 to 3 bracts on their stalks. Plowers about -j^incli 
 across; petals obovate; corymbs scarcely lengthening into racemes 
 Avhen in fruit. Fruit pedicels about \ inch long. Pod about -^^ inch 
 long, sometimes abortive. Seeds very small, oblong-ovoid, com- 
 pressed, dark reddish brown, finely punctui*ed. Whole plant glabrous 
 and dull glaucous green. 
 
 JBroad-leaced Pepperwort, Poor Ma/i's Pepper. 
 
 French, Passerarje a Larges Feuilles. German, Breithldtlriges P/efferkraut, or KresDn. 
 
 This plant, from its hot pungent taste, was much used as a condiment before the 
 various substitutes for Pepper became common. It was sometimes called Dittander, and 
 under that name was cultivated in cottage gardens. An infusion of the leaves is emetic, 
 and from this action it was probably considered to be valuable as a remedy in colic. 
 We liud Pliny, quoted by Gerarde, to say : " It is of the number of scorching and 
 
 The Plate is E. B. 182, with a pod added by Jlr. J. E. Sowerhy. 
 
214 ENGLISU BOTANY. 
 
 blistering simiiles, and therefore by his hot quality it meudeth the skin in the tace, and 
 taketh away scabs, scars, and mangiuess if anything remain after the healing of ulcers 
 and such like." 
 
 SPECIES II.— L EPIDIUM RUDERALE. Linn. 
 
 Plate CLIV.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. El. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. X. Fig. 4215. 
 
 Rootstock none. Radical leaves in a rosette, stalked, very 
 deeply pinnatifid (almost pinnate), with the segments usually 
 again pinnatifid or lobed; stem leaves pinnatifid with narrow 
 entire lobes, the uppermost ones sessile, strap-shaped, and entire, 
 without auricles at the base. Petals very rarely present. Stamens 
 usually only 2. Pods lenticular, oval-orbicular, distinctly notched 
 at the apex, glabroixs; valves keeled, with the keel almost 
 expanded into a wing at the summit ; style none. 
 
 In waste places, especially near the sea, in the East and South 
 of England. Apparently most frequent in Norfolk, Suffolk, and 
 Essex ; and occurring also on ballast hills in South Wales, York- 
 shire, and Eifeshire. 
 
 England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stem erect, 6 inches to 1 foot high, corymbosely branched, 
 with numerous spreading or ascending branches in the upper part. 
 Radical leaves in a rosette, decaying early, as indeed most of 
 the pinnatifid stem leaves do before the fruit is mature, so that 
 then only the narrow strap-shaped entire oues remain. Flowers 
 corymbose, appearing greenish from the absence of the petals. 
 Eruit raceme rather elongate. Pedicels spreading or slightly 
 ascending, i to ^ inch long. Pods about -nj inch long, rather more 
 convex below than above ; valves very .slightly winged at the top, 
 and projecting into a small rather obtuse lobe on each side of the 
 sessile stigma. Seeds yellowish brown, oblong-oblanceolate, much 
 compressed, finely punctured. Whole plant dull green, with the 
 stem, leaves, and peduncles sliglitly pubescent. 
 
 Narrow - leaved Feppericort, Ruhhish Fepperwort. 
 
 French, Passerage des Decomhres. Gevm&WySchutt-Pftfferkmut. 
 
 Sub-Gextjs II.— CARDAMON. B. C. 
 
 Pod oval, orbicular, much compressed, notched at the apex; 
 valves keeled, distinctly wiuged. Cotyledons tripartite. 
 
 * Tiie Plate is E. B. 1595, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Suwcrby. 
 
CKUCIFEUyE. 215 
 
 SPECIES I JI.— L EPIDIUM SATIVUM. Linn. 
 
 Plate CLV.* 
 Eeich. Tc. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. IX. Fig. 4212. 
 
 Eootstock none. Eadical leaves in a rosette, stalked, very 
 deeply pinnatifid (almost pinnate) Avitli the segments again 
 pinnatifid or lobed; stem leaves pinnatifid, with a few long 
 narrow segments which are sometimes again pinnatifid, or with 
 small projecting teeth or lobes towards the apex ; the uppermost 
 ones sessile, strap-shaped, and entire, without auricles at the base. 
 Petals twice as long as the sepals. Stamens 6. Pod lenticular, 
 sub-orbicular, distinctly notched at the ajiex, glabrous ; valves 
 conspicuously winged towards the top, forming a roimded lobe on 
 each side of the style, and separated by a rather narrow sinus ; 
 style half as long as the notch. Seeds elliptical- or oblong- 
 prismatical, compressed. 
 
 On rubbish heaps. Not uncommon, but without any claims to 
 be considered indigenous, the seeds being always of garden origin. 
 
 [England, Scotland]. Annual. Summer. 
 
 Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, much branched in the upper part, 
 the branches ascending-erect. Radical leaves soon decaying ; stem 
 leaves with rather distant lobes, all narrowed towards the base. 
 Plowers white, about -^^ inch across. Pruiting raceme long. 
 Pedicels erect, closely applied to the stem, i to J inch long. Pod 
 about \ inch long, and very nearly as broad. Seeds pale reddish 
 brown, finely punctured, generally 3-sided. The cotyledons are 
 curious, being divided into 3 lobes of which the centre is the 
 longest. Whole plant glaucous, nearly glabrous, or with small 
 distant hairs. 
 
 Garden Cress. 
 
 French, Passerage CuUivee. German, Gartenhesse. 
 
 This species is well known as the common Garden Cress. It is a native of the 
 East, but has now become naturalized. It ranks among gardeners as the principal of 
 small salads. The varieties are : 1, The plain-leaved, chiefly cultivated ; 2, The curled- 
 leaved, used principally as a garnish ; 3, The broad-leaved, which is less used as a salad 
 than as a food for young turkeys. All varieties are raised from seed, and are of very 
 rapid growth. They are sometimes raised on porous earthenware vessels of a conical 
 form, having small gutters for retaining the seed. These are called pyramids, and ara 
 somewhat ornamental in winter, and afford repeated gatherings. 
 
 * Drawn by Mr. .1. E. Sowerby from a specimen from Wimbledon Common. 
 
216 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 Sub-Genus III.— LEPIA. D. O. 
 
 Pod ovate or oval-oblong, flattisli or concave above, convex 
 beneath, distinctly notched at the apex ; valves keeled and broadly- 
 winged, especially towards the summit. Cotyledons entire. 
 
 SPECIES IV.— LEPIDIUM CAMPESTRE. R. Brmim. 
 Plate CLVI.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. IX. Fig. 4214. 
 Tblaspi campestris, Linn. Sin. Eng. Bot. No. 1385. 
 
 No rootstock. Stem sub-solitary, erect. Radical leaves in a 
 rosette, stalked, oblanceolate or spatulate, entire, toothed or sub- 
 lyrate ; stem leaves (except the very lowest) sessile, amplexicaul, 
 oblong, lanceolate or sti-ap-shaped, entire or toothed, with acute 
 slightly diverging auricles at the base. Petals a very little longer 
 than the sepals. Stamens 6. Pod shortly ovate-oblong, notched at 
 the apex, covered with small vesicles or papillae ; valves keeled from 
 the base to the apex, where the wings are broadest and project into 
 a rounded lobe on each side of the style, separated by a deltoid 
 sinus; style scarcely exceeding the notch. Seeds oblong, com- 
 pressed, somewhat curved. 
 
 In cultivated fields, on dry banks, and by roadsides. Rather 
 common in England, but less so in Scotland, where, probably, 
 several of the localities from which it has been reported really 
 belong to L. Smithii ; Eifeshire and Kincardineshire being the 
 only Scotch counties in which I have myself met with it. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial. Summer. 
 
 Stem erect, solitary or 2 or 3 from the same rosette, 1 to 
 2 feet high, usually more or less coi-ynibosely branched in the 
 upper part ; branches ascending. Radical leaves decaying early, 
 varying from entire to lyrate-pinnatifid ; stem leaves numerous, 
 sagittate-hastate, entire or denticulate. Elowers white, about 
 ■X-.2 inch across ; anthers yellow. Eruiting raceme very long. 
 Pedicels spreading or slightly declined, ^^ to ;|^ inch long. Pods 
 about \ inch long, slightly concave above, veiy convex near the 
 base beneath ; exclusive of the wing tlie pod is ovate-deltoid, and 
 inehiding the Aving ovate-olilong, obcordate at the apex. Seeds 
 dark brown, coarsely punctured. Whole plant greyish green. 
 
 Tlio Plate is E. B. 1385, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
cr.rciFEU.E. 217 
 
 downy all over, rarely glabrous. Pcdicols hispid, with spreading 
 hairs. Pod sometimes hairy, but usually with only small rai.sed 
 vesicles reserabliug scales when dry. 
 
 The style should be examined in mature pods, as it considerably 
 exceeds the notch until the wings are fully developed. 
 
 Common Mithridate Fepperwort, Coio Cress. 
 
 French, Passerage des Champs. German, Feld-Pfcfferkraut. 
 
 SPECIES v.— LE PI DIUM SMITHII. IIooL 
 
 Plate CLVIL* 
 
 L. hirtum (in part), Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 16 (non Linnmus). 
 L. heterophyllum /3, canescens, Gr. &, Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 150. 
 Thlaspi hirtum, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1803. 
 
 Rootstock woody, simple, or branched at top. Stems numerous, 
 ascending. Padical leaves oblanceolate or elliptical, attenuated 
 at the base into a footstalk ; stem leaves (except the very 
 lowest) sessile, amplexicaul, oblong or lanceolate ; all entire or 
 toothed, with long acute sub-parallel auricles. Petals rather more 
 than half as long again as the sepals. Stamens 6. Pod sub- 
 rhomboidal - ovate, glabrous or with a few small inconspicuous 
 vesicles ; valves keeled from the base to the apex, where the wings 
 are broadest and project into a sub-triangular rounded lobe on 
 each side of the style, separated by a broad shallow notch ; 
 style twice as long as the notch. Seeds prismatical-ovoid, coarsely 
 punctured. 
 
 In pasture fields and waste places, and by roadsides. Not 
 uncommon in England ; and in Scotland more common than 
 L. campestre, reaching as far north as Morayshire and Dumbarton- 
 shire. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring, Summer. 
 
 Very like L. campestre, but the woody rootstock produces 
 many more stems, from 6 to 18 inches long, decumbent at the 
 base and curving upwards at the extremity, where they are fre- 
 quently corymbosely branched. The stem leaves are shorter, more 
 sagittate at the base, and generally more distinctly toothed ; the 
 flowers larger ; the anthers violet. The pods are extremely similar, 
 but in the present species a little more narrowed towards the base, 
 
 * The Plate is K B. 1803, with a jjod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, and the pod 
 3f L. hirtum omitted. 
 
 2 F 
 
218 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 and considerably so towards the apex, Arhich is less deeply notched 
 on account of the wings not being so miicli developed. The surface 
 of the pods is glabrous, with but a slight trace of the vesicular 
 papilhe which form so conspicuous a feature in tliose of L. cara- 
 pestre. The style is a little longer than in that species, and projects 
 conspicuously beyond the notch. The seeds are shorter and more 
 regularly oblong-ovoid. The stem and pedicels are hispid, Avith 
 short spreading hairs. The leaves vary from being downy to quite 
 glabrous, in which latter case it is probably the form distinguished 
 as L. heterophyllum (Bentham), of which, however, I have seen no 
 authentic specimens. 
 
 Smooth Field Fep2)erwort. 
 
 Sub-Genus IV.— CAEDARIA. D. C. 
 
 Pod cordate - deltoid, sub-didymous from being constricted 
 between the valves, which are convex both above and below, 
 indistinctly keeled, and not at all winged. Cotyledons entii'e. 
 
 SPECIES VI.— LEPIDIUM DRAB A. Linn. 
 
 Plate CLVIII.» 
 
 Cardaria Draba, Beich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. IX. Fig. 4211. 
 Cardaria Draba, De Vaux, Journal Bot. Vol. III. p. 163. 
 Coclilearia Draba, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. ii. p. 904. 
 
 Rootstock slender, woody. Stems svxb-solitary, flexuous, ascend- 
 ing. Radical leaves obovate, stalked. Stem leaves sessile ; the 
 lower ones obovate, slightly sagittate at the base ; upper ones 
 oblong-oval, ovate or lanceolate, amplexicaul, with very large 
 converging auricles. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals. 
 Stamens 6. Pod rather broader than long, reniform - deltoid, 
 constricted between the valves, which have no wing ; style more 
 than half as long as the pod. Seeds obovate-ovoid, coarsely 
 punctured. 
 
 In fields and waste ground, but certainly not native. Battersea 
 Pields and railway banks near Porest Hill, Surrey ; near Rams- 
 gate, Dartford, and Woolwich, Kent ; near Oakington, Cambridge- 
 shire ; in several places in Essex ; Swansea, Glamorgan ; and also 
 in Cheshire, Worcester, and a few other counties. 
 
 [England]. Perennial. Summer. 
 
 • The Plate is E. B. S. 2«1S3, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
CRUCIFER^. 219 
 
 Kootstock branched, producing barren tnfts of radical leaves 
 and zigzag stems 1 to 2 feet long, corymbosely branched at 
 the summit. Radical leaves stalked, dentate or sinuate, those 
 on the flowering stems decayed by the time the flowers expand ; 
 lower stem leaves much narrowed towards the base, where they are 
 again expanded into 2 small acute auricles ; upper leaves varying 
 from ovate to lanceolate, with very large acute (or more rarely 
 obtuse) auricles meeting in front of the stem. Elowers white, about 
 \ inch across, with the petals broadly obovate, attenuated into a 
 long slender claw. Fruiting raceme short. Pedicels spreading, 
 about ^ inch long. Pod (exclusive of style) about ^ inch long by j 
 broad when equally developed ; but this is rarely the case, as one 
 of the valves is usually larger than the other, and tJie seed in the 
 smaller valve is generally abortive ; valves much contracted where 
 they meet each other, so as to carry the seed with them when 
 tbey fall off ; the surfaces with small vesicular papillye. Seeds dark 
 brown. Plant sub-glabrous or with adpressed hairs, glaucous. 
 
 Whitlow JPepperwort. 
 
 French, Passerar/e Brave. 
 
 GJENUS XXV— S E N E B I E R A. B.C. 
 
 Sepals short, spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal, entire, 
 or none. Stamens without wings or appendages, 2 or 4 of them 
 sometimes abortive or absent. Pod compressed at right angles 
 to the replum, transversely ovoid or reuiform, with radiating or 
 transverse irregular ridges, notched or pointed at the apex, con- 
 stricted between the valves so as to be didymous ; valves without 
 Avings, not separating, or, if they do, closed over the seed and 
 carrying it with them ; style none, or short. Seeds 1 in each cell 
 of the pod, roundish-ovoid, scai'cely compressed. Embryo with 
 the cotyledons folded over on themselves above the base. 
 
 Small annual or biennial herbs, diffusely branched ; primary 
 axis reduced to a sub-sessile leafless inflorescence. Plowers small, 
 Avhite, in lateral and terminal corymbs afterwards lengthening 
 into short racemes. 
 
 This genus of plants was named in honour ot John de Seuebier, of Geneva, a 
 vegetable phyBiologist, 
 
220 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 SPECIES I.— SENEBIERA DIDYMA. Pers. 
 
 Plate CLIX.* 
 
 Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. IX. Fig. 4209. 
 
 S. pinnatitida, D. C. Syst. Vol. II. p. 523. Gr. &, Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 154. 
 
 Coronopus didynia, Sm. Brit. Fl. Vol. III. p. 691. 
 
 Lepidium didymum, Linn. Maat. XCII. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 248. 
 
 Petals shorter than the sepals, or none. Pods transversely- 
 ovoid, notched both at the base and apex, much constricted 
 between the valves so as to be didymous ; valves deciduous, 
 roundish-ovoid, their surface with waved transverse ridges ana- 
 stomosing in the middle, but not projecting in points beyond the 
 margins ; stigma sessile in the apical notch. 
 
 In waste ground and on roadsides in the southern and western 
 counties of England. Probably wild in Cornwall, Devon, Somer- 
 set, Hants, South Wales, and Carnarvonshire ; but north of the 
 latter county, and on the east coast, and in a few of the inland 
 counties, it cannot be considered as more than an escape from 
 gardens. 
 
 England, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. Summer, Autumn. 
 
 Stems all lateral, procnmbent, spreading, somewhat dicho- 
 tomously branched towards the extremity, 6 inches to 1 foot 
 long. Leaves stalked, the uppermost sessile, all deeply pinnatihd 
 (almost pinnate) ; segments of the radical and lower stem leaves 
 obovate or oblanceolate, divided into slender acute lobes princi- 
 pally on the side directed towards the apex of the leaf, those of the 
 upper leaves narrower and more entire. Inflorescence in sessile 
 corymbs, one (the central axis) in the middle of the stems; the 
 others opposite the leaves or in the forks of the branches. Plowers 
 white, 21) inch across ; petals white, not exceeding the sepals, but 
 most usually absent ; stamens with seldom more than 2 of the 
 filaments bearing antliers. Fruiting raceme short but rather lax ; 
 pedicels spreading, \ to -]- inch long, slender. Pods tV inch long 
 by -To inch broad ; the valves containing the seeds falling off very 
 readily, and then Ijeariug some resembkmce to the achenes of one of 
 the Batrachian llanunculi. Seeds pale yellowish brown, reniform, 
 pimctate-striate. Embryo with the lower part of the cotyledons 
 in the same line as the radicle, the upper part folded over so as to 
 bring tlie tip of the back of one of them against the radicle, much 
 as in Subularia; but in that the cotyledons are straight or slightly 
 
 * The Plate is E. B. 248, with additions by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
CRUCIFERiE. 221 
 
 convex towards the outside above tlic fold, while in the present 
 phmt they are concave to the outside. Leaves somewhat fleshy, 
 deep green, giaucous. Stem and pedicels slightly hairy. 
 
 Lesser Wart Cress. 
 
 French, Senebiere d Silicules Jumdles. German, ZweUcnotige Feldkresse. 
 
 SPECIES II.— SEN EB IE R A CORONOPUS. Poir. 
 Plate CLX.* 
 
 Eeidi. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Teir. Tab. IX. Fig. 4210. 
 Coronopus Ruellii, Gaert. Vol. II. p. 293. Sin. Eng. Bot. No. 1660. 
 Cochleai'ia Coronopus, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 904. 
 
 Petals longer than the sepals. Pods reniform, much compressed, 
 emarginate at the base, but with a pyramidal jjoiut at the apex, 
 with a furrow between the valves, but not didymous ; valves not 
 deciduous, their surface rugose, with prominent waved ridges, 
 which project beyond the edges of the valves, forming compressed 
 tubercles, and these ridges are generally connected by smaller 
 transverse wrinkles ; style forming the apex of the pyramidal point. 
 
 In waste ground and by roadsides. Common in the South and 
 East of England ; rare in Scotland, where it is confined to the 
 coast, reaching its northern limit in Moray and Wigtoushire. 
 
 England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. 
 
 Stems all lateral, prostrate, spreading, somewhat dichotomously 
 branched towards the extremity, 2 to 12 inches long. Leaves 
 stalked, deeply pinnatifid (almost pinnate) ; segments of the radical 
 and lower stem leaves obovate or oblanceolate, divided into short 
 lol;)es principally on the side directed towards the apex of the leaf, 
 those of the ujjper leaves narrower and more entire. Inflorescence 
 in sessile corymbs, one (the central axis) in the middle of the stems, 
 the others opposite the leaves. Flowers white, -^ j inch across ; petals 
 one-fourth as long again as the sepals, which are more persistent 
 than in S. didyma; stamens generally all perfect. Fruiting raceme 
 very short and dense ; pedicels spreading, ^ inch long, very thick. 
 Pods g inch long by ^ inch broad, varying (even on the same plant) 
 in the degree of prominence of the ridges, and tlie presence or 
 absence of connecting cross wrinkles ; wlieu tliese are present, the 
 surface is honeycombed ; the furrow between tlie valves deeper on 
 
 * The Plate i- E. B. IGGO, with adtlitious by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. 
 
222 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 the upper side than ou the lower. Seeds resemblincj those of 
 S. didyma, but scarcely curved and twice as larye, Tlaut deep 
 green, rather fleshy, entirely glabrous. 
 
 Common JVart Cress, Swine^s Cress. 
 
 French, Smebiere Come de Cerf. Geiman, Gemeine Feldkresse. 
 
 This little plant has a very active flavour of a mustard and cress character, every 
 part of it, seed-pods and all, partaking of it. It is called Swine's Cress, because piyn 
 are said to indulge in it. 
 
 Teibe XI.— ISATIDE/E. 
 Cotyledons flat, i. e. bent over close to the base, with the 
 radicle lying on the back of one of them (incumbent). Pod short 
 and rather broad, compressed at right angles to the plane of 
 the junction of the valves (there being no replum), 1-celled and 
 1-seeded ; valves not separating at all, or only opening a little way. 
 
 GENUS XXri.—l SATIS. Linn. 
 
 Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal, entire, with 
 short claws. Stemens without wings or ajipendages. Pod oval- 
 oblong or linear, flattened, the greater portion of it consisting 
 of the enormously developed wings of the valves ; the cell itself 
 occupying a small space in the middle, and containing a single 
 seed ; valves not separating ; stigma sessile. Seeds px-ismatic- 
 cylindrical, not margined. 
 
 Annual or biennial, erect, branched herbs, with the stem 
 leaves sagittate. Elowers generally yellow, in compound corym- 
 bose jianicles made up of numerous small simple corymbs, which 
 lengthen into very short racemes in fruit. Pedicels very slender. 
 Pod large, pendulous, articulated to the pedicels. 
 
 The name of tliis genus comes from laai^to (isazo), to render equal, the plant being 
 supposed to destroy by its application all roughness and inequalities of the skin. All 
 the species yield a blue dye, wiiich is used by dyers. It is often used as a substitute 
 for indigo, which it greatly resembles. 
 
 SPECIES I.-I SAT IS TINCTORIA. Linn. 
 
 Plate CLXI.« 
 
 Eeich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. IV. Fig. 4177, 
 
 Radical leaves slightly denticulate or crenate ; stem leaves 
 
 ■" Drawn from E. B. 97, and corrected from a Guildford specimen by Mr. J. E. 
 
 So A L-roy. 
 
CUUCIFERiE. 223 
 
 amplpxicaul, sagittate, entire. Pods narrowly oblong, slightly 
 narrowed towards the base, truncate or rounded at the apex. 
 
 In cultivated fields and in chalk-pits, but certainly not native, 
 and scarcely even naturalized except in the chalk-pits near Guildford, 
 Surrey. 
 
 [England, Scotland]. Biennial. Early Summer. 
 
 Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, branched at the top. Radical 
 leaves ovate or lanceolate, attenuated at the base into long 
 footstalks. Stem leaves sessile, sagittate at the base; the lower 
 ones oblanceolate ; upper ones oblong- lanceolate or lanceolate. 
 Corymbs crowded at the ends of the branches. Elowers about ^ inch 
 across; sepals yellow; petals narrowly oblanceolate, twice as long 
 as the sepals, yellow. Eruiting raceme very short ; pedicels very 
 slender, deflexed, ^ to ^ inch long. Pods pendulous, about -} incli 
 long and ^ inch broad, glabrous, at first straw-coloured", luit 
 purplish brown when ri])e; the pod itself, which contains the seed, 
 is elliptical, with a longitudinal rib prolonged beyond the base and 
 apex until it reaches the base and apex of the wing, which is rather 
 more than thrice as broad as the cell of the pod, and much less hard 
 in consistency. Seeds yellowish brown, three times as long as 
 broad. Radical leaves not glabrous, with short distant hairs ; stem 
 leaves glabrous and glaucous. Stem glabrous towards the top, and 
 nearly so throughout. 
 
 Dijer's Woad. 
 
 French, Pastel des Teinturiers. German, Fdrher- Waid. 
 
 TTie history of Woad as a British plant commences with that of this island, when 
 Cfesar found the natives stained with it. At this time it must have been a plentiful 
 inhabitant of the country, but afterwards, probably from its extensive use, it became less 
 common, and we find, our Saxon forefathers importing Woad to dye their homespun 
 cloth. Their name for it was Wad, or Waad, whence the English word in use for the 
 colour itself The plant is still cultivated in this country on account of its colouring 
 properties, chiefly in Lincolnshire, and is used not so much to produce a blue colour 
 on cloths as to form a base or mordant for a black dye. The cultivation of Woad was 
 formerly carried on by people who devoted themselves entirely to it ; and as crops of 
 the plant are not successful for more than two yeai-s on the same piece of land, they 
 never stayed long in one place, but hiring land in various disti-icts, led a wanderinc life 
 with their families, and gained their living by their crops ; now, however, many farmers 
 devote a portion of their land to the growth of Woad, alternating the spots year after 
 year. The foliage is the part of the plant used ; the leaves are |)icked off first when 
 the herb is in flower, the lower ones being taken just when turning yellowish • the 
 gathering is repeated three or four times at intervals of a few weeks ; but the first 
 jiicking is the best. The leaves are dried a little in the sun, then they are "round in 
 a mill to a pasty mass, which is formed into heaps exposed to the air, but protected 
 from rain, until it ferments. A crust which forms over it is carefullv prevented from 
 breaking, and when fermentation is complete, usually in about a fortnight, the mass is 
 
224 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 again mixed up ami formed into cakes. Before being used by the dyer, these cakes have 
 to be again broken u)), moistened, and subjected to further fermentation : much of the 
 quality of the dye is said to depend on the way in which this operation is performed. 
 The colour is brought out by mixing an infusion of the Woad thus prepared with lime- 
 water. The best Woad is worth £20 or more a ton, although its price has declined 
 since the extensive introduction of indigo, to which it is inferior in richness of colour, 
 but is more permanent. Some time ago the Woad was recommended as a fodder plant, 
 and has been so employed in France and Belgium ; but our farmers do not consider it a 
 remunerative investment in comparison with our own root and leaf crops. The interest 
 of this plant is considerable, when we consider the antiquity of its use, and its connection 
 with the earliest attemjits at personal decoration by our forefathers, to whom it supplied, 
 according to historians and poets, all the requirements of a fashionable toilette. 
 
 EXCLUDED SPECIES. 
 VELLA ANNUA. Linn. (E. B. 1442.) 
 
 Said to have been found on Salisbury Plain. Probably a 
 mistake, as the Rev. W. W. Newbould informs me that the plant 
 which represents it in the Sloane Herbarium is Heseda lutea. 
 
 MALCOMIA MARITIMA. E. Broion. 
 
 Has been found near Dover. No doubt an escape from culti- 
 vation. It does not now grow in the station recorded for it. 
 
 CARDAMINE BELLIDIFOLI A. Lhm. (E. B. 23.55.) 
 
 The only authority for this plant is Withering, in whose Her- 
 barium two examples of it are preserved, said to be from Scotland. 
 The other stations recorded for it have been by mistaking Arabis 
 stricta or hirsuta, and Cochlearia alpina for Cardamine bellidifolia, 
 as shown by the Sloane Herbarium, etc. 
 
 ALYSSUM INCANUM. Linn. 
 
 Has been recorded from near Lewes and Weymouth, but is not 
 permanently established in Britain. 
 
 LEPIDIUM HIRTUM. Linn. 
 
 Smith confounded this plant with L. Smithii, but he sent 
 two pods of the true plant to be drawn for " English Botany." 
 A plant in the Sloane Herbarium from the Welsh mountains may 
 be L. hirtum, but has the pods broader and more oval. 
 
INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 
 
 [Species in CAriTALS, Sub-species in small letters, and Syuouyms m iiuitrs.'} 
 
 PLATE PAOB 
 
 ACONI'TUM 
 
 ■ NAPEL'LUS, Linn XLVIII. 64 
 
 ACT^'A 
 
 SPICATA, Linn XLIX. 67 
 
 ADO'NIS 
 
 AUTUMNA'LIS, Linn XIII. 14 
 
 ALLIA'BIA 
 
 officina'lis, Aodrz C. 146 
 
 ALYS'SUM 
 
 CALYCI'NUM, inm. . . CXXXIX. 196 
 
 [inca'num, Linn.], excluded 224 
 
 . MARiriMUM, Lamarck CXL. 197 
 
 sativum, Sm CXLI. 199 
 
 ANEMO'NE 
 
 ■ APENNI'NA, Linn X. 12 
 
 NEMORO'SA, Linn XI. 12 
 
 PULSATILLA, Linn IX. 10 
 
 RANUNCULOIDES, Linn. . . XII. 13 
 
 AQUILE'GIA 
 
 VULGARIS, Linn XLVI. 60 
 
 AR'ABIS 
 
 cilia'ta, R. Brmm CXVII. 166 
 
 Crantzialna, Ehrh. ? CXIII. 164 
 
 HIRSUTA CXVI. CXVII. 166 
 
 hinuta, Auct. Angl CXVI. 167 
 
 Ms[,ida, Linn, fil CXIII. 164 
 
 PERFOLIA'TA, Lamarck ..CXIX. 169 
 
 PETR.E A, Lamarck CXIII. 164 
 
 sagitU'ta, D.f. CXVI. 167 
 
 STRIC'TA, Uuda CXIV. 165 
 
 THALIA'NA, Linn CXV. 163 
 
 TURRI'TA, Linn CXVIII. 169 
 
 ARMORA'CIA 
 
 ani/-/uVia, " Koch." ....CXXVIII. 181 
 
 i-uiticana, " Fl. der Wett." CXXIX. 183 
 
 BAEBARE'A 
 
 arcua'ta, Ucich CXXI. 172 
 
 BARBARE'A 
 
 eu-vulga'ris CXX. 171 
 
 interme'dia, i3o?raK CXXIII. 174 
 
 parviflo'ra, Fries CXXII. 173 
 
 pat'ula. Fries CXXIV. 175 
 
 PR.E'COX, R Brovm .... OXXIV. 175 
 
 pne'cox, Fries CXXI. 172 
 
 stric'ta, Andrz CXXII. 173 
 
 VULGA'RIS, S. Brown, 
 
 CXX. to CXXIII. 171 
 
 vvJgdris, Anot. Plur CXX. 171 
 
 BATRA'CHIUM 
 
 ■ ■ circinv!ium. Fries XV. 16 
 
 heterophyl' lum. Fries XIX. 21 
 
 pehaHam, Fries .... XVII. XVIII. 19 
 
 BER'BERIS 
 
 VULGA'RIS, im« LI. 71 
 
 BRAS'SICA 
 
 ADPRES'SA, Sois LXXXVI. 129 
 
 AL'BA, Boia LXXXIV. 125 
 
 BRE'VIPES XCIV. XCV. 140 
 
 — campea'tria, Linn LXXXIX. 134 
 
 Cheiran'thus, Vill XCI I. 139 
 
 eu-monen'sis XCI. 138 
 
 MONEN'SIS, Huds. . . XCL XCIL 138 
 
 monen'sia, Auct. Plur XCI. 138 
 
 mura'lis, Bois XCIV. 140 
 
 N,Vpu3, iiim LXXXVIII. 133 
 
 NI'GRA, Koch LXXXV. I29 
 
 OLERA'CEA, Linn LXXXVII. 130 
 
 orienta'lis, Linn CI. 148 
 
 pei'Jolia'ta, Lamarclc CI. 148 
 
 POLYMOR'PHA, 
 
 LXXXVIII. to XC. 135 
 
 Ra'pa, Linn XC. 135 
 
 SINAPIS'TRUM, Boui. LXXXIII. 124 
 
 TEN'UIFOLIA, Boia XCIII. 139 
 
 v'immea, Boia XCV. 142 
 
 BU'X^TAS 
 
 Caki'le, Linn LXXIX. 117 
 
 2g 
 
226 
 
 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 CAKI'LE 
 
 MARIT'IMA, Scop LXXIX. 117 
 
 CAL'THA 
 
 alpe^tris, Schott ? XLI. 52 
 
 CAL'THA 
 
 eu-palus'tris XL. 50 
 
 fiahdUfo'Ua, Boreau XLT. 52 
 
 Gticran^c'rii, Bureau 50 
 
 PALUS'TllIS, Linn XL. 50 
 
 ■ ■ palus'tris, Auct. Plur XL. 50 
 
 palustrk, Boreau XL. 50 
 
 radi'oans, Porslcr XLI. 52 
 
 ripa'riaf Don ? 50 
 
 vulgaris, Schott 50 
 
 CAMELI'NA 
 
 . denta'ta, "Pera."? Boreau ..CXLII. 200 
 
 eu-satl'va CXLI. 199 
 
 tcE'tklii, Fries CXLH. 200 
 
 macrocar'pa, Reich CXLI. 199 
 
 SATIVA, Crantz ..CXLL CXLII. 199 
 
 saliva, Fries CXLI. 199 
 
 CAPSEL'LA 
 
 BUPvSA-PASTO'RIS, Monch. CLII. 211 
 
 CARDAMl'NE 
 
 AMA'RA, Linn CVIII. 157 
 
 ■ [bellidifo'lia, Linn,^, excluded 224 
 
 BULBI'FERA CVIL 156 
 
 eu-hirsu'ta CX. 160 
 
 hastula la. Sm CXIIL 164 
 
 HIRSU'TA, Linn CX. CXI. 160 
 
 hirsu'ta, Eng. Bet CXI. 161 
 
 hirsu'ta, Auct. Plur CX. 160 
 
 hirsu'ta /3, sylvat'ica, Auct. Plur. CXI. 161 
 
 IMPA'TIENS, Linn CXII. 161 
 
 peirw'a, Linn CXIIL 164 
 
 — - PRATEN'SIS, Linn CIX. 158 
 
 sylvat'ica, Lhilc CXI. 161 
 
 CAJiDA'EFA 
 
 Dra'ba, De Vaux CLVIII. 218 
 
 CHAMjE'PLIUM 
 
 — - officinale. Wall XCVI. 143 
 
 polyccratium. Wall XC VII. 144 
 
 CHEIRAN'THUS 
 
 CHE'IRI, Linn CVL 154 
 
 fruliculo'sus, Linn CVL 154 
 
 inca'nus, Linn CV. 1 52 
 
 sinua'ttis, Linn CIV. 152 
 
 CHELIDO'NIUM 
 
 xiomicula'tum, Linn LXV. 96 
 
 CHELIDO'NIU:\I 
 
 — — Glau'cium, Linn LXVI, 97 
 
 hyh'ridum, Linn LXIV. 95 
 
 laciuidtHm, Mill LX VII. 99 
 
 MA'JUS, Linn LXVII. 99 
 
 ma'jM, Mill LXVU. 99 
 
 CLEM'ATIS 
 
 VITAL'BA, Linn. I. 2 
 
 COCHLEA'RIA 
 
 alpi'na, Watson CXXXI. 186 
 
 AN'GLICA, Unn CXXXIIL 187 
 
 ARMORA'CIA, Linn CXXIX. 183 
 
 curon'optis, Linn CLXI. 221 
 
 da'nica, Linn CXXXII. 186 
 
 Dra'ba, Linn CLVIII. 218 
 
 groenlan dica, Sm CXXXI. 186 
 
 officinalis, Linn CXXX. 185 
 
 officinalis a. Hook. & Am. . . CXXX. 185 
 
 o^CTnah's,var.a?p!na, Bab.. . CXXXI. 186 
 
 officinalis y, Hook. & Arn. CXXXII. 185 
 
 POLYMOR'PHA, 
 
 CXXX. to CXXXII. 184 
 
 CONRIN'GIA 
 
 orienta'lk, Reich CI. 148 
 
 thalidna, Reich CXV. 163 
 
 CO na NOP US 
 
 did'yma. Sin CLX. 220 
 
 Ruel'Ui, Gaert CLXI. 221 
 
 CORYDA'LIS 
 
 CLAVICULA'TA, D.C. .... LXX. 103 
 
 digita'ta, Pers LXVIII. 101 
 
 LU'TEA.U.e LXIX. 102 
 
 SOLIDA, Hook LXVIII. 101 
 
 CRAM'BE 
 
 MABITIM A, Unn LXXX. 119 
 
 DELPHINIUM 
 
 AJ A'CIS, Jieich XL VII. A. 62 
 
 CONSOL'IDA, Linn XLVII. B. 63 
 
 . cmsol'ida, Auct. Angl. ..XLVII. A. 62 
 
 ■ coMorirfo/3,pM6e4cens, LoweXLVII. A. 62 
 
 DENT A' EI A 
 
 bulbif'era, Auct. Plur CVIL 156 
 
 DIP LOT AX' IS 
 
 murdlis,J).C XCIV. 140 
 
 tenuifdlia, D. C XCIII. 139 
 
 vi'minea, D. C XCV. 142 
 
 DRA'BA 
 
 AIZOI'DES, jK»n CXXXVIIL 194 
 
INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 
 
 227 
 
 DRA'BA 
 
 brachycar'pa,/o»d.(Fig.2)CXXXIV. 190 
 
 eu-verua (Fig. 1) CXXXIV. 189 
 
 liir'ta, Sm •. . . CXXXVII. 193 
 
 INCA'NA, Linn CXXXVI. 192 
 
 infl.Vta, Watson . . (Fig. 3) CXXXIV. 191 
 
 MURALIS, Linn CXXXV. 191 
 
 pro-Vox, Keich. . . (Fig. 2) CXXXIV. 190 
 
 EUPES'TRIS, iJ.5ro«!)i CXXXVII. 193 
 
 VER'NA, Linn CXXXIV. 189 
 
 rcnia, Reich (Fig. 1) CXXXIV. 189 
 
 . vcrna ^. Koch . . (Fig. 2) CXXXIV. 190 
 
 vertia /3, Hook. &Ain. (Fig. 3) 
 
 CXXXIV. 191 
 
 EPIME'DIUM 
 
 ALPIXUM, iinn LII. 73 
 
 ERAN'THIS 
 
 HYEMALIS, 5aZis6 XLIII. 55 
 
 EEOPiriLA 
 
 ■ glabres'ccns, Jord 189 
 
 hirlel'la, Jord 189 
 
 viajiui'cula, Jord CXXXIV. 189 
 
 stmocar'pa, Jord 1 89 
 
 . -ru^a'm, D.C CXXXIV. 189 
 
 ERUCAS'TRUM 
 
 i«ca'«a?n, Koch LXXXVI. 129 
 
 ERYS'IMUM 
 
 Allia'ria^ LinD C. 146 
 
 Barbarea, Uon CXX. 171 
 
 CHEIEANTHOIDES, Linn. . . CII. 149 
 
 pri^cox, Sm CXXIV. 175 
 
 officina'le, Linn XCVI. 143 
 
 ORIENTALE, R. Brown CI. 148 
 
 per/olia'tum, Crantz CI. 148 
 
 FICA'RIA 
 
 amlji^ua, Boreau XXXIX. 48 
 
 caWuefo'lia, Reich XXXIX. 48 
 
 ranunculoi' de», ^ioDch ....XXXIX. 47 
 
 rannnculoida, Reich XXXIX. 48 
 
 FUMA'RIA 
 
 agrclria. Mitt LXXIII. 107 
 
 Bastar'di, Boreau LXXIII. 107 
 
 Borae'i, Jord LXXII. 106 
 
 hulhdsa y, Linn LXVIIL 101 
 
 calycina, Bab LXXV. 1 09 
 
 CAPREOLA'TA, Linn. 
 
 LXXI. to LXXIV. 104 
 
 capreola'ta, Leighton LXXIV. 108, 
 
 capreola'laP, Leighto'nii,'Bah.l.XJi.JI. 106 
 
 cajA-iola'ta y, mddia, Bab... LXXIII. 107 
 
 PLATE PAGB 
 
 FUMA'RIA 
 
 clavicuMta, Linn LXX. 103 
 
 confu'sa, Jord LXXIII. 107 
 
 densijio'ra, D. C LXXV. 109 
 
 leucan'tha, Viv. Cors LXXVIII. 114 
 
 lu'lea, Linn LXIX. 102 
 
 me' dm, Bast LXXIII. 107 
 
 MICRAX'THA, Lai; LXXV. 109 
 
 mura'lis, Sander LXXIV. 108 
 
 mura'lis, Boreau LXXII. 106 
 
 OFFICINALIS, Linn LXXVI. 110 
 
 officina'lis, Benth. 
 
 LXXII. to LXXVIIL 115 
 
 pallidiflo'ra, Jord LXXI. 105 
 
 pallidiio'ra a, Jorda'ni, Bab. LXXI. 105 
 
 pallidido'ra ji, Bonm, Bab. . . LXXI. 105 
 
 parviflo'r.a, ianmrct LXXVIII. 114 
 
 aol'ida, Sm LXVI II. 101 
 
 spccio'sa, Lloyd LXXI. 105 
 
 ■ TENUISEC'TA. 
 
 LXXVn. LXXVIII. 113 
 
 Vaillan'tii, Lois LXXVII. 113 
 
 Vaillan'tii, partly Bab. (E. B. S.) 
 
 LXXVIIL 114 
 
 GLAU'CIUM 
 
 CORNICULA'TUM, Curt LXV. 96 
 
 fla'rum, Crantz LXVI. 97 
 
 hyb'ridum, Lois LXI V. 9o 
 
 LU'TEUM, Scop LXVI. 97 
 
 phceni'cium, Crantz LXV. 96 
 
 viola'ceum, Juss LXIV. 95 
 
 GLTCE 
 
 marit'ima, Lindley CXL. 197 
 
 HELLEB'ORUS 
 
 FCE'TIDUS, Linn XLV 58 
 
 kt/emaUis, Linn XLIII. 55 
 
 VI'RIDIS, Linn. XLIV. 56 
 
 HES'PERIS 
 
 inodo'ra, Linn., Sm CIII. 150 
 
 MATRON A'LIS, Linn CIII. 150 
 
 EIRSCHFEL'DIA 
 
 adprcs'sa, Monch LXXXVI. 129 
 
 HUTCHIN'SIA 
 
 PETR^ A, R. Brown CLI. 210 
 
 IBE'RTS 
 
 AMA'EA, Linn CXLIX. 207 
 
 nndicau'lis, Linn CL. 209 
 
 ISA'TIS 
 
 TINCTO'RIA CLXII. 222 
 
 2 G 2 
 
228 
 
 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 KO'NIGA 
 
 ■m.aridm.a, R. Brown CXL. 197 
 
 LEPID'IUM 
 
 CAMPES'TRE, R. Brtnim. . . . CLVI. 216 
 
 did'ymnm, Linn CLX. 220 
 
 DRA'BA, Linn CLVIIL 218 
 
 heterophyi'lum j3, cancs'ccns, Gr. & 
 
 Godr. CLVII. 217 
 
 [hir'tum, Linn.], excluded 221 
 
 hii^ium, Sm., in part CLVIT. 224 
 
 LATIFO'LIUM, Linn CLllI. 213 
 
 petrce'um, Linu CLI. 210 
 
 RDDERA'LE, Linn CLIV. 214 
 
 SATI'VUM, Linn CLV. 215 
 
 SMITH'II, Huuk CLVir. 217 
 
 LOBULARIA 
 
 mantHma, Desv CXL. 197 
 
 [MALCO'MIA 
 
 ■ marit'iina, R. Brown], excluded 224 
 
 MATTHI'OLA 
 
 INCA'NA, R. Brown CV. 152 
 
 . SmUA'TA, R. Brown CIV. 152 
 
 MECONOP'SIS 
 
 CAM'ERICA, Vig LXIH. 94 
 
 MYOSU'RUS 
 
 MINIMUS, .tkn XIV. 15 
 
 NASTURTIUM 
 
 AMPHIB'IUM,K.B)0«m,CXXVIII. 181 
 
 OFFICINA'LE, R. Brown . . CXXV. 176 
 
 officinale, Reich CXXV. 176 
 
 PALUS'TRE,O.C. CXXVII. 180 
 
 ■ siifo'linni, Reich 1 77 
 
 SYLVES'TRE, R. Brown . . CXXVI. 179 
 
 tares tre, R. Brown CXXVII. 180 
 
 NUTHAR 
 
 ■ interme dium, Ledebour LV. 78 
 
 LU TEA, Sm LIV. 78 
 
 lu'tca, var., Benth LVI. 80 
 
 ■ viin'iina. Sm LVI. 80 
 
 PUMILA, Sm LVI. 80 
 
 NYMPH.'E'A 
 
 ALBA.imn LIII. 76 
 
 PAPA'VER 
 
 ARGEMO'NE, linn LXI. 91 
 
 cam'bricum, h\iin LXllF. 94 
 
 nU'ElUM, Linn LIX. 88 
 
 daoinvi, LanjoLLt: LIX. 89 
 
 PAPA'VER 
 
 du'hium, Reich LX. 
 
 hoTten' se, Husscnot LVII. A, 
 
 HYB'RIDUM, Ziim LXII. 
 
 intermedium, Becker 
 
 lavigdlum "M.B.," Reich LIX. 
 
 Lamot'tei, Boreau LIX. 
 
 . Lecoq'ii, Lamotte LX. 
 
 [nudicau'le, Linn.], excluded 
 
 officinale, Omcl LVII. b. 
 
 RHCEAS, Linn LVIII. 
 
 sciit/'cmvi, Godr LVII. 
 
 SOMNIF'ERUM, Litm LVII. 
 
 somnif'emm, Gmel LVII. A. 
 
 somniferum, Gr. & Godr. . . LVII. B. 
 
 somnif'erum,vM:al'bum,D.C. LVII.B. 
 
 somniferum, var. macrocar'pum, 
 
 Coss. & Germ., LVII. B. 
 
 go»!ni7'e)-«m,Tar.ni'(/rMm,D.C.LVII.A. 
 
 somniferum, var. officinale, Coss. 4; 
 
 Germ. LVII. B. 
 
 somniferum, var. selig'erum, Godr. 
 
 LVII. A. 
 P^O'NIA 
 
 CORALLI'NA, Retz L. 
 
 P TILS AT in LA 
 
 vulgaris, Mill. 
 
 .IX. 10 
 
 RANUN'CULUS 
 
 A'CRIS, Linn XXXIII. 
 
 . dcris, Jord XXXIII. 
 
 a'cris, Reich 
 
 [alpes'tris, Linn.], excluded 
 
 AQUA'TILIS, Linn. XVII. to XXL 
 
 aqua'tilis, Auot. Plur. XVII. XVIII. 
 
 agua'tilis, Benth XV. to XXIV. 
 
 aqua'tilis y, Sm XV. 
 
 aqua'tilis I, Sm XVI. 
 
 ARVEN'SIS, Linn XXXVIIL 
 
 AURI'COMUS, Linn XXXIL 
 
 Bach'ii, Wirtg 
 
 . BAUDO'TII, Godr. XXIL XXIII. 
 
 Baudo'tii, Gr. & Godr XXIL 
 
 BULBO'SUS, Linn XXXV. 
 
 cceno'sus, Guss XXVI. 
 
 ccmo'sus, Gr. & Godr. et Auct. Plur. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 callhwfo'lius, " Bluff." .... XXXIX. 
 
 CIRCINA'TUS, Sib XV. 
 
 confu'sus, Gr. & Godr XXIII. 
 
 dirarica'tus, Schrank XV. 
 
 Droue'tii, Schultz XX. 
 
 eu-a'cris XXXIII. 
 
 eu-Fica'ria XXXIX. 
 
 eu-Fl.im'mula XXIX. 
 
 —— FICAKIA, ii'nn XXXIX. 
 
INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 
 
 229 
 
 FLATS PAG 
 
 RANTTN'CULTJS 
 
 Fica'ria, Jord XXXIX. 
 
 Ftca'ria, F. Scbultz XXXIX. 
 
 Fica'ria ft hicumbcns, F. Schultz, 
 
 XXXIX. 
 fiUfor'mis, Mich XXX. 
 
 FLAM'MTJLA, Sm. . . XXIX. XXX. 
 
 Plam'miUa, Linn, et Auct. Plur. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 Plam'mula /3, Auct. Plur XXX. 
 
 Flam'mula d, Sm XXX. 
 
 floribun'dun, B.ib XVIII. 
 
 FLU'ITANS, Zam, XVI. 
 
 Jlui-ia'lilis, "Wigg.," Wall XVI. 
 
 [graniin'eus, Zinn.], excluded 
 
 HEDERA'CEUS, Linn XXVL 
 
 heteropliyl'lus, Bab XIX. 
 
 HIRSUTUS, CuH XXXVI. 
 
 ■ LENORMAN'DI, SchuUz XXV. 
 
 LINGUA, Linn XXXI. 
 
 OPHIOGLOSSIFO'LIUS, Vill. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 PARVIFLO'EUS, Linn. XXXVIT. 
 
 peltatus, Fries XVII. XVIII. 
 
 pelta'tus, Bab XVII. 
 
 pdta'tusJ " Schrank," Boreau . . XIX. 
 
 pcuccdanifo'lius, Desf XVI. 
 
 Philonu'tis, Ehrh XXXVI. 
 
 pscudo-jluitans, Newbould 
 
 rectus, " Bauh." BoreaQ 
 
 EE'PENS, Linn XXXIV. 
 
 rep'tans, Linn XXX. 
 
 rep'tam, Thuil 
 
 sar'dous, Crantz XXXVI. 
 
 SCELERA'TUS, Linn XXVII. 
 
 alagnalis, WaU XV. 
 
 Stev'eni, " Andrz.," Boreau XXXIII. 
 
 trichophyl'lus, Chaix XXI. 
 
 . TiaPARTI'TUS, D.C. .... XXIV. 
 
 viUga'tus, Jord '. 
 
 RAPHANIS'TRUM 
 
 viarit'imum, Reich. , 
 
 seg'elumj Reich 
 
 . ..LXXXIL 122 
 ....LXXXL 120 
 
 RAPH'ANUS 
 
 MARITIMDS, Sm LXXXIL 122 
 
 RAPHANIS'TRUM, ii»».LXXXI. 120 
 
 R(EME'RIA 
 
 HYB'RIDA LXIV. 95 
 
 EOB'IPA 
 
 amphib'ia, Linn., Sm CXXVIII. 181 
 
 nasturtioi'des, Spach CXXVII. 180 
 
 rustica'na, Or. & Godr. .. . CXXIX. 183 
 
 SENEBIE'RA 
 
 CORO'NOPUS CLXI. 221 
 
 DID'YMA, Pers CLX. 220 
 
 pinnaiifida, D.C CLX. 220 
 
 snxA'prs 
 
 al'ba, Linn LXXXIV. 125 
 
 arvm'sis, Linn LXXXIII. 124 
 
 Cheimn'thiu, Koch XCII. 139 
 
 inca'na, Lmn. ? LXXXVI. 129 
 
 nigra, Linn LXXXV. 12t> 
 
 tenuifo'lia, Sm XCIII. 139 
 
 SISYM'BRIUAI 
 
 ALLIARIA, Scop C. 146 
 
 ampUUium, Linn CXXVIII. 181 
 
 IRIO, Linn XCIX. 145 
 
 moneii'se, " Linn.," Sm XCI. 138 
 
 mura'le, Linn XCIV. 140 
 
 Nastur'tium, hinn CXXV. 176 
 
 OFFICINALE, Scop XCVI. 143 
 
 POLYCERATIUM, Linn. XCVII. 144 
 
 SOPHIA, imn XCVIIL 145 
 
 si/hes'tre, Linn CXXVI. 179 
 
 tenuifo Hum, Linn XCIII. 139 
 
 terres'tre, Sm CXXVII. 180 
 
 SISYM'BRIUM 
 
 thalia'num, Gaud CXV. 163 
 
 vi'mineum, Linn XC V. 142 
 
 SUBULA'RIA 
 
 AQUA'TICA, Linn CXLIII. 201 
 
 TEESDA'LIA 
 
 Ibe'ris, D.C CL. 209 
 
 NUDICAU'LIS, S. Brown CL. 209 
 
 pctrce'a, Jieich CLI. 210 
 
 THALIC'TRUM 
 
 ALPI'NUM, Linn II. 4 
 
 colli'num^.WM VII. 8 
 
 eu'-minus [ IV. 5 
 
 FLA'VUM, it»ra VIIL 9 
 
 flaVum, ifeicA VIII. 9 
 
 flexuo'sum, Bemh V, 6 
 
 KOCH'II, i^-Wa VI. 7 
 
 ma jus, Sm V. 6 
 
 MINUS, Linn III. to V. 4 
 
 minus, Auct. Plur III. IV. 5 
 
 minus /3, (in part), Benth V. 6 
 
 minus y. Hook, li, Am VII. 8 
 
 mcmlaJnum, Wall IV. £ 
 
 Moriso'ni, Reich VIII. 
 
 riparium, Jord ^' 11 1. 9 
 
 I .SAXAT'ILE, Sckkich, Bab Vil. • 
 
230 
 
 ENGLISn BOTANY. 
 
 THLASTI 
 
 ALPES'TEE, Livn. 
 
 CXL\a. to CXLVIII. 204 
 
 alpes'tre, Gr. & Godr C'XLVI. 205 
 
 alpes'tre, Sm CXLVIII. 206 
 
 alpe^lre, var. a, Bab CXLVI. 205 
 
 alpe^tre, var. /3, Bab CXLVII. 206 
 
 alpes'tre, var. y. Hook. & Arn. 
 
 CXLVIII. 206 
 
 ARVEN'SE, Linn CXLIV. 202 
 
 Sarsapasto'ris, Linn CLII. 211 
 
 cofom!«((Vf,"Lej.,"Crepin CXLVIII. 206 
 
 cam^ies'tre, Linn CLVI. 216 
 
 hhHum, Sm CLVII. 217 
 
 occita'num, Jord CXLVII. 206 
 
 PLATE PAGE 
 
 THLASTI 
 
 PERFOLIA'TUM, Linn. ...CXLV. 203 
 
 sylves'tre, Jord CXLVI. 205 
 
 vi'rens, Jm-d CXLVI II. 206 
 
 TROL'LIUS 
 
 EUROP^'US, Linn XLII. 53 
 
 TURRFTIS 
 
 glabra, Linn CXIX. 109 
 
 /aVsu'fa, Sm CXVI. 167 
 
 [VEL'LA 
 
 an'nua, Linn.\ excluded 224 
 
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 PLATE PACK 
 
 Aconite, Common Winter XLIII. 56 
 
 Aconite XLVIII. 65 
 
 Adders'-tongue-leavedSpe.irwort, XXVIII. 33 
 
 Alpine Barrenwort LII. 7-4 
 
 Meadow Rue II. 4 
 
 Penny Cies.s, Green .... CXLVIII. 207 
 
 Penny Cress, Long-styled, CXLVII. 206 
 
 Penny Cress, Short-styled, CXLVI. 205 
 
 . Rock Cress CXIII. 165 
 
 • Shepherd's Pnrae 205 
 
 WhitlowGrass, Yellow, CXXXVIII. 195 
 
 Alyssura, Calycine CXXXIX. 197 
 
 Seaside CXL. 198 
 
 Sweet CXL. 198 
 
 American Cress CXXIV. 176 
 
 Amphibious Yellow Cress CXXVIIL 182 
 
 Anemone IX. 11 
 
 Blue X. 12 
 
 Crowfoot Wood '. XII. 13 
 
 Wood XL 13 
 
 Yellow Wood Xn. 13 
 
 Annual YeUow Cress CXXVII. 181 
 
 Aqu.-itic Awlwort CXLIII. 201 
 
 Autumnal Pheas.ant's Eye XIII. 14 
 
 Awlwort, Water CXLIIL 201 
 
 Baneberry XLIX. 67 
 
 Barberry, Common LI. 72 
 
 Barrenwort, Alpine LII. 74 
 
 BasUrd Cress, Perfoliate-leaved . . CXLV. 204 
 
 Bastard's Rampant Fumitory. . . . LXXIII. 107 
 
 Baudot's Water Crowfoot . . XXII. XXIII. 26 
 
 Bear's-foot XLV. 59 
 
 Bitter Candytuft CXLIX. 208 
 
 Bitter Cress CVIII. 158 
 
 Black Mustard LXXXV. 127 
 
 Blue Mountain Anemone X. 12 
 
 Boreau's Rampant Fumitory .... LXXII. 106 
 
 Branching Larkspur XL VII. 63 
 
 Brandy Bottle LFV. 79 
 
 Bristol Rock Cress CXIV. 166 
 
 Broad-leaved Hedge Mnstard XCIX. 146 
 
 Pepperwort CLIII. 213 
 
 Bulbiferous Coralwort CVIL 157 
 
 Bulbous-rooted Crowfoot XXXV. 42 I 
 
 Buttercup XXXIII. 39 | 
 
 Cabbage Mustard CI. 119 
 
 pr.ATB PAfiH 
 
 Cabbage, Sea LXXXVIL 130 
 
 Wild LXXXVIL 130 
 
 Caltrops, Water XLI. 52 
 
 Calycine Alyssum CXXXIX. 1 97 
 
 Candytuft, Bitter CXLIX. 208 
 
 Celandine, Common LXVII. 100 
 
 • Crowfoot XXXIX. 49 
 
 Lesser XXXIX. 49 
 
 Celery-leaved Crowfoot XXVII. 32 
 
 Chariock LXXXIII. 121 
 
 Jointed LXXXI 12] 
 
 Sea LXXXIL 123 
 
 White LXXXL lil 
 
 Wild LXXXL 121 
 
 Climbing Fumitory, White LXX. 1 04 
 
 Close-flowered Fumitory LXXV. 110 
 
 Coleseed LXXXVIIL 134 
 
 Wild LXXXIX. 135 
 
 Colewort, Sea LXXXVIL 130 
 
 Columbine, Common XLVI. 61 
 
 Coral Peony L. 69 
 
 Coralwort, Bulbiferous CA'II. 157 
 
 Corn Crowfoot XXXVIII. 46 
 
 Mustard LXXXIIL 124 
 
 Poppy LVIII. 88 
 
 Rose LVIII. 83 
 
 CornBeld Penny Cress CXLIV. 202 
 
 Coi^dalis LXIX. 103 
 
 Solid-rooted LXVIII. 102 
 
 Cow Cress CLVI. 217 
 
 Creeping Crowfoot XXXIV. 41 
 
 Yellow Cress CXXVI. 1 80 
 
 Cress, Alpine Rock CXIII. 165 
 
 American CXXIV. 176 
 
 Amphibious Yellow . . ..CXXVIIL 182 
 
 Annual Yellow CXXVIL 181 
 
 Bitter CVIII. 158 
 
 Bristol Rock CXIV. 166 
 
 Common Water CXXV. 178 
 
 Common WaU CXV. 104 
 
 Cornfield Penny CXLIV. 202 
 
 Cow CLVL 217 
 
 . Creeping Yellow CXXVL 180 
 
 Early Winter CXXIV. 176 
 
 Field Penny CXLLV. 202 
 
 I Fringed Rock CXVIL 167 
 
 I Garden CLV. 152 
 
 Green Alpine Penny. . . . CXLVIIL 207 
 
232 
 
 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 PLATE PAOB 
 
 Cress, Hairy Rock CXVI. 167 
 
 Hairy Wall CXVI. 166 
 
 Lesser Wart CLIX. 221 
 
 Long-styled Alpine Penny CXLVII. 206 
 
 Marsh Yellow CXXVII. 181 
 
 Pendulous-podded Wall .. CXVin. 169 
 
 Perfoliate-leaved Bastard . . CXLV. 204 
 
 Perfoliate Penny CXLV. 204 
 
 Shepherd's CL. 209 
 
 Short-styled Alpine Penny CXLVI. 205 
 
 Smooth Tower Wall CXIX. 170 
 
 Swine's CLX. 222 
 
 Thalius'Wall CXV. 164 
 
 Tower Wall CXVIIL 169 
 
 Wart CLX. 222 
 
 Winter CXX. 171 
 
 Crowfoot, Baudot's Water. . XXII. XXIII. 26 
 
 Bulbous-rooted XXXV. 42 
 
 Celandine XXXIX. 49 
 
 Celery-leaved XXVIL 32 
 
 Corn XXXVIIL 46 
 
 Creeping XXXIV. 41 
 
 Floating Water XVL 19 
 
 Golden-haired XXXII. 37 
 
 Hairy XXXVL 44 
 
 Ivy -leaved Water XXVI. 30 
 
 .. Lenormand's Water XXV. 29 
 
 Rigid-leaved Water XV. 17 
 
 Kiver XVL 19 
 
 Sm-iU-flowered XXXVIL 45 
 
 . Three-lobed Water XXIV. 28 
 
 Upright Me,tdow XXXIIL 39 
 
 Water XXI. 24 
 
 Wood XXXIL 37 
 
 Wood Anemone XII. 13 
 
 Cuckoo Flower CIX. 159 
 
 Cultivated Gold of Pleasure CXLL 200 
 
 Damask Violets CIII. 151 
 
 Dan.e's Violet CIIL 151 
 
 Dyer's Woad CLXI. 223 
 
 Early Winter Cress CXXIV. 176 
 
 Earth-Smoke, Common LXXVI. Ill 
 
 Earth-Smoke, Rampant LXXIV. 108 
 
 Entire-leaved Male Peony L. 69 
 
 Fetid Gold of Pleasure CXLII. 200 
 
 Figwort XXXIX. 49 
 
 Fine-leaved Hedge Mustard XCVIIL 145 
 
 Flix Weed XCVIIL 145 
 
 Floating Water Crowfoot XVI. 19 
 
 Fringed Rock Cress CXVII. 167 
 
 Fumitory, Bastard's Rampant ..LXXIII. 107 
 
 Boreau'e Rampant ....LXXII. 106 
 
 Climbing White LXX. 104 
 
 PLATE PAOB 
 
 Fumitory, Close-flowered LXXV. 110 
 
 Common LXXVL 111 
 
 — Lamarck's Small-flowered 
 
 LXXVIIL 115 
 
 LeVaiUanfs LXXVII. 114 
 
 Rampant LXXIV. 108 
 
 Small-flowered. LXXVIL 114 
 
 Solid Bulbous LXVin. 102 
 
 . Yellow LXIX. 103 
 
 Garden Cress CLV. 215 
 
 Poppy, Common LVII. 84 
 
 Garlic Hedge Mustard C. 147 
 
 Gilliflower CVL 154 
 
 Queen's CIIL 151 
 
 Globe Flower XLII. 54 
 
 Gold of Pleasure, Cultivated CXLL 200 
 
 Fetid CXLIL 200 
 
 Golden-haired Crowfoot XXXII. 37 
 
 Goldilocks XXXIL 37 
 
 Grass, Common Scurvy CXXX. 185 
 
 CommonWbitlow(Fig. 2)CXXXIV. 190 
 
 Common Whitlow (Fig. 3) CXXXIV. 191 
 
 Hastate-leaved Scurvy ..CXXXII. 187 
 
 Hoary Whitlow CXXXVL 193 
 
 Long-leaved Scurvy .... CXXXIII. 188 
 
 Mountain Scurvy CXXXI. 186 
 
 Bock Whitlow CXXXVIL 194 
 
 SpeedwellleavedWhitlowCXXXV. 192 
 
 Twisted-podded Whitlow CXXXVL 193 
 
 Wall Whitlow CXXXV. 192 
 
 Woolly Whitlow CXXXVL 193 
 
 Yellow Alpine Whitlow CXXXVIII. 195 
 
 Great Sea Stock CIV. 152 
 
 Water Rocket CXXVIIL 182 
 
 Greater Spearworl XXXI. 36 
 
 Green Alpine Penny Cress .... CXLVIII. 207 
 . Hellebore XLIV. 57 
 
 Hairy Crowfoot XXXVL 44 
 
 -leaved Ladies' Smock CX. 160 
 
 BockCress CXVL 167 
 
 Tower Mustard CXVI. 166 
 
 Wall Cress CXVL 166 
 
 Hare's Ear Mustard CI. 149 
 
 Hastate-leaved Scurvy-Grass. . . . CXXXII. 187 
 
 HeadWark LVIIL 88 
 
 Hedge Mustard XCVI. 144 
 
 . Garlic C. 147 
 
 Hellebore, Green XLIV. 57 
 
 Stinking XLV. 59 
 
 Herb Christopher XLIX. 67 
 
 St. Barbara CXX. 171 
 
 Hoary Mustard LXXXVI. 129 
 
 Shrubby Stuck CV. 153 
 
 Whitlow Grass CXXXVL 193 
 
 Horn Poppy, Red LXV. 97 
 
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 233 
 
 PLATE PAOB 
 
 Horn Poppy, Violet LXIV. 96 
 
 Yellow LXVI. 98 
 
 HorseraJish CXXIX. 183 
 
 Hutuhiusia, Rock CLI. 210 
 
 Imjiatient-podded Ladies' Smock ..CXII. 162 
 
 Intermediate Yellow Rocket CXXIII. 175 
 
 Ivy-leaved Water Crowfoot XXVI. 30 
 
 Jack-bythe-Hedge C. 147 
 
 Jagged Water Radish, Small . . CXXVII. 181 
 
 J oiuted Charlock LXXXI. 121 
 
 Kingcup XXXIII. 39 
 
 Koch's ileadow Rue VI. 7 
 
 Ladies' Smock CVIII. 158 
 
 Hairy-leaved CX. 160 
 
 Impatient-podded ..CXII. 162 
 
 Meadow CIX. 159 
 
 Lamarck's Small-flonered Fumitory 
 
 LXXVIII. 115 
 
 Large-calyxed Madwort CXXXIX. 197 
 
 Larkspur, Branching XLVII. 63 
 
 Wild XLVIL 64 
 
 Least Water Lily LVI. 80 
 
 Lenormand's W^ater Crowfoot XXV. 29 
 
 Lesser Celandine XXXIX. 49 
 
 Meadow Rue, var. a III. 5 
 
 Meadow Rue, var. (i IV. 6 
 
 Spearwort XXX. 35 
 
 Wart Cress CLIX. 221 
 
 Le Vaill.ani's Fumitory LXXVII. 114 
 
 Lily, Le.i.st Water LVI. 80 
 
 White Water LIII. 77 
 
 Yellow Water LV. 79 
 
 London Rocket XCIX. 146 
 
 Long-leaved Scurvy-Grass .... CXXXIII. 188 
 
 Long Prickly-headed Poppy LXI. 92 
 
 Smooth-headed Poppy LX. 91 
 
 Long-styled Alpine Penny Cress C'XLVII. 206 
 
 Madwort, Large calyxed CXXXIX. 197 
 
 Male Peony, Entire-leaved L. 69 
 
 Marigold, Marsh XLI. 52 
 
 Marsh Marigold XLI. 52 
 
 Nasturtium CXXVIL 181 
 
 Yellow Cross CXXVII. 181 
 
 May Flower CIX. 159 
 
 Meadow Crowfoot, Upright XXXIII. 39 
 
 Ladies' Smock CIX. 159 
 
 Rout XLL 52 
 
 Rue, Alpine II. i 
 
 — Koch's VI. 7 
 
 Lesser, var. a III. 5 
 
 Lesser, var. fi IV. 5 
 
 Stone VII. 8 
 
 Yellow Vin. 10 
 
 Zigzag V. 6 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 PI-ATB PACK 
 
 Mithridate Mustard CXLIV. 202 
 
 Pepperwort CLVI. 217 
 
 Mongrel Poppy LXII. 93 
 
 Monkshood XLVIII. 65 
 
 Mountain Anemone, Blue X. 12 
 
 Scurvy-Grass CXXXI. 186 
 
 Mousetail, Common XIV. 15 
 
 Little XIV. 15 
 
 Mustard, Black LXXXV. 127 
 
 Broad-leaved Hedge XCIX. 146 
 
 Cabbage CI. 149 
 
 Corn LXXXin. 142 
 
 Fine-leaved Hedge XCVIII. 145 
 
 Garlic Hedge C. 147 
 
 H.airy Tower CX VL 166 
 
 Hare's Ear CI. 149 
 
 Hedge XCVI. 144 
 
 Hoary LXXXVI. 129 
 
 Mithiidate CXLIV. 202 
 
 Narrow-leaved XCIII. 140 
 
 Sand or Wall XCI V. 141 
 
 Treacle CII. 149 
 
 White LXXXIV. 125 
 
 Wild LXXXin. 124 
 
 Nailwort CXXXIV. 189 
 
 Narrow-leaved Pepperwort CLIV. 214 
 
 Wall Mustard XCIII. 140 
 
 Nasturtium, Marsh CXXVII. 181 
 
 Wild CXXVL 180 
 
 Navette, Wild LXXXIX. 135 
 
 Navew LXXXVIIL 134 
 
 Wild LXXXIX. 135 
 
 Old Man's Beard I. 3 
 
 Opium Poppy LVIL 84 
 
 Parmacetic, Poor Man's CLII. 212 
 
 Pasque Flower IX. 1 1 
 
 Pendulous-podded Wall Cress . . CXVIIL 169 
 
 Penny Cress, Green Alpine CXLVIII. 207 
 
 Field CXLIV. 202 
 
 Long-styled Alpine CXLVII. 206 
 
 Perfoliate CXLV. 204 
 
 Short-styled Alpine. .CXLV I. 205 
 
 Peony, Entire-leaved L. 69 
 
 Coral L. 69 
 
 Male L. 69 
 
 Pepper, Poor M.an's CLIII. 213 
 
 Pepperwort, Broad-leaved CLIII. 213 
 
 Rubbish CLIV. 214 
 
 Mithridate CLVI. 217 
 
 Nanow-leaved CLIV. 214 
 
 Smooth Field CLVII. 218 
 
 Whitlow CLVin. 219 
 
 Perfoliate Penny Cress CXLV. 204 
 
 Shepherd's Purse CXLV. 204 
 
 Perfoliate-leaved Bastard Cress CXLV. 204 
 
 2 n 
 
234 
 
 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 PLATE PAGE 
 
 Pheasant's Eye, Autumnal XIII. 14 
 
 Common XIII. 14 
 
 PUewort XXXIX. 49 
 
 Poor Man's Parmacetio CLII. 212 
 
 Pepper CLIII. 213 
 
 -Rhubarb II. 4 
 
 Poppy, Common Garden LVII. 84 
 
 Common Red LVIII. 88 
 
 Corn LVIII. 88 
 
 Mongrel LXII. 93 
 
 Opium LVII. 84 
 
 Prickly-headed LXI. 92 
 
 EedHorn LXV. 97 
 
 Pound Prickly-headed LXII. 93 
 
 Sleep-bearing LVII. 84 
 
 Smooth-headed LX. 91 
 
 VioletHorn LXIV. 96 
 
 Welsh LXIII. 94 
 
 White LVII. 84 
 
 YeUow LXIII. 94 
 
 YellowHorn LXVL 98 
 
 Purple Sea Rocket LXXIX. 118 
 
 Queen's GiUiflower CIII. 151 
 
 Radish, Great Water CXXVIII. 1 82 
 
 Sea LXXXIL 123 
 
 SmallJagged Water. ... CXXVIL 181 
 
 Wild LXXXL 121 
 
 Rampant Earth-Smoke LXXIV. 108 
 
 Fumitory LXXIV. 108 
 
 Bastard's.... LXXIIL 107 
 
 Boreau's LXXII. 106 
 
 Rape LXXXVIIL 134 
 
 Red Horn Poppy LXV. 97 
 
 Mailkes LVIIL 88 
 
 • Poppy, Common LVIII. 88 
 
 . .Weed LVIIL 88 
 
 Reichenbach's Yellow Rocket CXXI. 1 73 
 
 Rigid-leaved Water Crowfoot XV. 1 7 
 
 River Crowfoot XVI. 19 
 
 Rock Cress, Alpine CXIII. 165 
 
 Bristol CXIV. 166 
 
 Fringed CXVIL 167 
 
 Hairy CXVI. 167 
 
 Rock Hutcbinsia CLI. 210 
 
 Whitlow Grass CXXXVII. 194 
 
 Rocket, Great Water CXXVIII. 182 
 
 Intermediate Yellow .... CXXIII. 175 
 
 . _ London XCIX. 146 
 
 Purple Sea LXXIX. 118 
 
 Reichenbach's YeUow .... CXXI. 173 
 
 Small-flower'd Yellow. . . . CXXII. 174 
 
 Small Sand XCV. 142 
 
 WaU XCIIL 140 
 
 Water CXXVI. ISO 
 
 . YuUow - CXX. 171 
 
 Rose, Corn LVIIL 88 
 
 Round Prickly-headed Poppy LXII. 93 
 
 Rout, Meadow XLI. 52 
 
 Rubbish Pepperwort CLIV. 214 
 
 Rue, Alpine Meadow II. 4 
 
 Koch's Meadow VI. 7 
 
 Lesser Meadow, var. a III. 5 
 
 Lesser Meadow, var. /3 IV. 6 
 
 Stone Meadow VII. 8 
 
 Zigzag Meadow V. 6 
 
 Yellow Meadow VIII. , 10 
 
 Sand or Wall Mustard XCIV. 141 
 
 ■ Rocket, Small XCV. 142 
 
 Sauce Alone C. 147 
 
 Scurvy-Grass, Common CXXX. 185 
 
 Hastate-leaved . . CXXXII. 187 
 
 Long-leaved .... CXXXIIL 188 
 
 Mountain CXXXI. 186 
 
 Sea Cabbage LXXXVIL 130 
 
 Charlock LXXXIL 123 
 
 Colewort LXXXVIL 130 
 
 Green Whitlow Grass . . CXXXVIII. 195 
 
 Kale LXXX. 119 
 
 Radish LXXXIL 123 
 
 ' Rocket, Purple LXXIX. 118 
 
 Seaside Alyssum CXL. 198 
 
 Sea Stock, Great CIV. 152 
 
 Shepherd's Cress CL. 209 
 
 Purse, Alpine 205 
 
 Perfoliate CXLV. 204 
 
 Short-styled Alpine Penny Cress. . CXLVI. 205 
 
 Shrubby Stock, Hoary CV. 153 
 
 Sleep-bearing Poppy LVII. 84 
 
 Small-flowered Crowfoot XXXVII. 45 
 
 — Fumitory, Lamarck's, 
 
 LXXVIII. 115 
 
 Le Vaillant's, 
 
 LXXVIL 114 
 
 Yellow Rocket CXXII. 174 
 
 Small Jagged Water Radish .... CXXVII. 181 
 
 Smooth Field Pepperwort CLVII. 218 
 
 Tower Wall Cress CXIX. 1 70 
 
 Solid Bulbous Fumitory LXVIIL 102 
 
 Solid-rooted Corydalis LXVIIL 102 
 
 Spearwort, Adder's-tongue-leaved. XXVIII. 33 
 
 Greater XXXI. 36 
 
 Lesser XXX. 35 
 
 SpeedweU-leaved Whitlow Grass, CXXXV. 192 
 
 Squats LXVL 98 
 
 St. James's Weed CLIL 212 
 
 Stinking Hellebore XLV. 59 
 
 Stock, GreatSea CIV. 152 
 
 Hoary Shrubby CV. 153 
 
 Stone Meadow Rue VII. 8 
 
 Swallow-wort LXVII. 100 
 
 Swedish Turnip LX.XXIX. 135 
 
INDEX TO ENGLISU NAMES. 
 
 PLATE PACK 
 
 Swuet Alyssum CXL. 198 
 
 Swine'sUress CLX. 222 
 
 Thalius' Wall Cress CXV. 161 
 
 Tbree-lobed Water Crowfoot XXIV. 28 
 
 Toothwort CVII. 157 
 
 Tower Mustard, Hairy CXVI. 166 
 
 Turkey Pod CXVIII. 169 
 
 Wall Cress CXVIII. 169 
 
 Smooth CXIX. 170 
 
 Traveller's Joy !■ 3 
 
 Treacle Mustard CII. 149 
 
 Turkey Pod CXV. 164 
 
 Tower CXVIII. 169 
 
 Turnip XC. 136 
 
 Swedish LXXXIX. 135 
 
 Twisted-podded Whitlow Grass CXXXVI. 193 
 
 Upright Meadow Crowfoot ....XXXIII. 39 
 
 Violet, Dame's CIII. 151 
 
 HornPoppy LXIV. 96 
 
 Violets, Damask CIII. 151 
 
 Wall Cress 163 
 
 Hairy CXVI. 166 
 
 Pendulous-podded.... CXVIII. 169 
 
 Smooth Tower CXIX. 170 
 
 Thalius' CXV. 164 
 
 Tower CXVIII. 169 
 
 Wall Mustard, Narrow-leaved XCIII. 140 
 
 Kocket XCIII. 140 
 
 Whitlow Grass CXXXV. 192 
 
 AVallflower CII. 149 
 
 . CV. 154 
 
 Common CVI. 154 
 
 Wart Cress, Common CLX. 222 
 
 Lesser CLIX. 221 
 
 Water Caltrops XLI. 52 
 
 Can LIV. 79 
 
 — Cress, Common CXXV. 178 
 
 Crowfoot XXI. 24 
 
 Baudot's . . XXII. XXIII. 26 
 
 Ivy-leaved XXVI. 30 
 
 Lenormand's XXV. 29 
 
 Rigid-leaved XV. 17 
 
 Three-lobed XXIV. 28 
 
 Lily, Common Yellow LIV. 79 
 
 Least LVL 80 
 
 White LIIL 77 
 
 Radish, Small Jagged . . CXXVII. 181 
 
 Rocket CXXVL 180 
 
 Great CXXVIIL 182 
 
 Weed, FUx XCVIII. 145 
 
 PLATE PAOft 
 
 Weed, Red LVIIL 88 
 
 SLJames's CLII. 212 
 
 Welsh Poppy LXIII. 94 
 
 White Charlock LXXXL 121 
 
 Climbing Fumitory LXX. 104 
 
 Mustard LXXXIV. 125 
 
 Poppy LVIL 84 
 
 Water Lily LIIL 77 
 
 Whitlow Grass, Common(Fig. 2)CXXXIV. 190 
 (Fig. 3)CXXXIV. 191 
 
 Hoary CXXXVI. 193 
 
 Rock CXXXVIL 194 
 
 Sea Green. . . . CXXXVIII. 195 
 
 Speedwell-leaved, CXXXV. 192 
 
 Twisted-podded, CXXXVI. 193 
 
 Wall CXXXV. 192 
 
 WooUy CXXXVI. 193 
 
 Yellow Alpine, CXXXVIIL 195 
 
 Whitlow Pepperwort CLVIIL 219 
 
 Wild Cabbage LXXXVII. 130 
 
 Charlock LXXXL 121 
 
 Coleseed LXXXIX. 135 
 
 Larkspur XLVIL 64 
 
 Mustard LXXXIIL 124 
 
 Nasturtium CXXVT. 180 
 
 Navette LXXXIX. 135 
 
 Navew LXXXIX. 135 
 
 . Radish LXXXL 121 
 
 Wind Flower XI. 13 
 
 Winter Aconite, Common XLIII. 66 
 
 Cress CXX. 171 
 
 ^ Early CXXIV. 176 
 
 Woad CLXI. 223 
 
 Wolfsbane, Common XLVIII. 65 
 
 Wood Anemone XI. 13 
 
 Crowfoot XII. 13 
 
 Yellow XII. 13 
 
 Wood Crowfoot XXXII. 37 
 
 WooUy AVhitlow Grass CXXXVI. 193 
 
 Wormseed Mustard CII. 149 
 
 YeUow Alpine Whitlow Grass, CXXXVIII. 195 
 
 Cress, Amphibious CXXVIII. 182 
 
 Annual CXXVIL 181 
 
 Creeping CXXVI. 180 
 
 Fumitory LXIX. 103 
 
 Horn Poppy LX VI. 98 
 
 — Meadow Rue VIII. 10 
 
 Poppy LXIII. 94 
 
 Rocket CXX. 171 
 
 Intermediate CXXIII. 1 75 
 
 Reiclitnbach's CXXL 173 
 
 Small lluwered ....CXXIL 174 
 
 Water Lily, Common LIV. 79 
 
 Wood Anemone XII. 13 
 
LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, 
 
 STAJIIOUD SIllEET ANU CllAKlSG CRUS5. 
 
ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
Clematis Viliilba. Common Traveller's Joy. 
 
Tluilidrum Aij)iimm. .Upiue Me;idow Rue. 
 
HI. 
 
 Ttaiiclruni inimi-, mamuTium Lesser Meadcrw Rue. yar- 
 
IV. 
 
 TliaJictniin minus. montJinum. Lesser MciiiLow Rue. tat P 
 
TliaJictrum flexuosum Zigzag Meadow Rue. 
 
VI. 
 
 ThaJietruiii Koohii Koch's Meadow Rue 
 
Vil 
 
 Thalictrum saxatile Sloiie Meadow Rue. 
 
Vlll. 
 
 >^ 
 
 ^f* 
 
 Tlialiotytiin flaviim rominoii MeHdow Rue 
 
IX 
 
 Anemone Pulsatilla Pasque-flcrwer Anemone 
 
Anemone Apennina Blue Mountain Anemone 
 
XI. 
 
 Anemone nemorosa. Wood Anemone. 
 
XI! 
 
 4* 
 
 iVntmonc ranunculoidPs. Yellow Wood Ancinoiit 
 
Xlil 
 
 # V ^^# t P 
 
 \Aoni» a\itumnali5. Common Phensant's-eve. 
 
XIV. 
 
 Myasurus nuiumus Common Mouse -tail. 
 
XV. 
 
 t B. .V. 4any 
 
 RojiiuKiilu!. oir< iiiMius Kiend-leaved Water -crowlool 
 

XIX. 
 
 Various leaved Water-crowfoot. 
 
XX. 
 
 E. JJ. .SI <:!»}% 
 
 Ranunculus Droueni. Orouer* Water-cro-wl'oot 
 
E. B S- iHOS- 
 
 H»n»ii<-.ilii< nu-hophrliui Hail-leav-a V,«ur-C'- — f 
 
XXIII. 
 
 fcinuiiculus Bau.iotn/3 Confuea 
 
XXIV. 
 
 Ranunculus tnpartitui. Threc-Jobed Waiei-(i(jwloi>t 
 
EBS 1930 
 
 Ranunculus Lenormandi Lenormajid's Water -cro-wfool 
 
XXVI. 
 
 M-. 
 
 >^ 
 
 Ranunculus hee'eraceus. Iv_v-leaved 'Waicr-crcrvfoot 
 
W'Vll 
 
 f 
 
 ^■^z 
 
 \. 
 
 Riuiuiiculus r.celeralu.s Celer,)- -leaved 'Water- crowlool. 
 
XXVlll. 
 
 /.f/ 
 
 S. iO:i:i ^'^J 
 
 Raminculus ophlo^jossifoiius. AoIAct's ton^Tic-icaved Crowlcot. 
 
XXIX. 
 
 Ivajiunculus eu-Flainmul.i . Lesser Speai-worl . 
 
XXX. 
 
 
 f- 'v. 
 
 R.iimiiciilu> reptaiis. ( ifppiuji Spt-.u-worl . 
 
XXXI. 
 
 Ranunculus Lmpiia. Greater Spear wort . 
 
XXXIl. 
 
 Ranunculus iiiirioomui. Wood Crowfoot 
 
XXXIU. 
 
 / s 
 
 m 
 
 kanuncidus eu-;icris. Upripht Meadow ( rowl'oot. 
 
XXX IV. 
 
 
 % 
 
 W tf 
 
 Ranunculus repens. Creepuns Crowloot. 
 
XXXV. 
 
 'MM 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ranunculus liulliosu?. IJuUious Crovlbot. 
 
XXXVI. 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 nr^ 
 
 Rajmnculus hir»utus. Ha-iry Crfrwfoot. 
 
XXXVII. 
 
 
 * [I 
 
 Ik ^ 
 
 Honuiiculus parvifloi-us Small flowered Cravrf'oot. 
 
XXXVllI. 
 
 t V ^ 
 
 f (ft l> 
 
 % ^ 
 
 Ranunculus arvensis. Com (.rervri»9l. 
 
XXXIX. 
 
 ♦ Jlk 
 
 Ranunculus eu-ficaria . Lesser CeLmdine. 
 
XI. 
 
 CaJxha eu-paJuslns. Common Marsh- Marvg.<)lcl. 
 
i>:^ 
 
 laJtha radicans. CVeepine Maj-^h-Marv<iol<l 
 
XLU 
 
 \ 
 
 TroLUus europjEus. Mounliun Globc-l'lower. 
 
XL.lll 
 
 traiulus hyemalis. Common Wimer-aooniit 
 
XL.IV. 
 
 Hellfhovus vu-idis. Green Helleliore. 
 
\v 
 
 Helleboru!. lortiUus. Sunltinti- Hcllelioi-e. 
 
XI.Vl. 
 
 AquJe&ia vule,-aris. Common (.oliiml) 
 
Xl.VII. 
 
 I 
 
 Dclphmium Ajacis. BTanctir^- LaEkq)Hi-. 
 
XLVII 
 
 Acorutuni Napellus. Common iloiikshood. ' 
 
Xl.IX. 
 
 ? 
 
 Acta;a spicata . Herb Christopher 
 
Pieonia coralima. Entire-lcnvcil Ptt-oi 
 
^ ^^ ][ '\\ 
 
 iJerberis vuigans. Coinmoii Barbcnv'. 
 
Epimedium nlpmuin. Alpine Barren wort . 
 
/ ^- 
 
 Kvmplicea albca. White Water -Lily. 
 
LIV. 
 
 X -\* 
 
 ^ 
 
 Nuphar lutea, var major. Common Yellow Water-Loly 
 
LV 
 
 Nupluir lulea, van minor formnon Yellow Water-LUy. .«^ p 
 
^^r J^M 
 
 Nuphar purrula. Least Water Lily. 
 
LVII. 
 
 Papaver hortense. (>>inmon Gaitien Poppv. 
 
/ 
 
 PaiMiver Rhoeas. Common Red Poppy. 
 
LIX. 
 
 Papaver Lamortei- Ljunotte's lonar-smooth-heiuled Vo}j]iy, 
 
l.X. 
 
 ^^^^L 
 
 ~ 
 
 Papaver I.ecoqii. Loivg' smooth headedPoppy 
 
LXI 
 
 fttpaver Ar8:emone. Lon^-prickly-heaxled Poppjr. 
 
LXU. 
 
 
 i 
 
 PapaTer hrbndum. Rovind -pnoklv- headed Poppy 
 
Lxni. 
 
 Meconopsif nambnccT . YeUow ^Velsh-J'oppv 
 
LXIV. 
 
 Rfemerui livbrida Violet Horn-Poppy. 
 
LXV. 
 
 Gl«uc*uni coniiculAtum . ^M■a^let Hom-Popnv 
 
LXVl. 
 
 GlaunuiTi luteiim YelloA- Horn-1'oppv. 
 
LXVII. 
 
 Ch«;lidoin«in maju-i Ceiandjiie. 
 
LXX'lll. 
 
 C'orvdalis soLida. Solid Bullnnis Riiuaorv. 
 
LXK. 
 
 >^ 
 
 f'orydaJjs lut<"a . Yellow Furrutorv. 
 
LXX. 
 
 i v^ y 
 
 \ 
 
 '-O 
 
 
 Corjdtiljs cLaviciilata WKite climhinp Fiiirutorv. 
 
Franaria PaAlidifiora . Pair. T Lowered PtnmUny. 
 
LXXU. 
 
 I 
 
 c 
 
 .^ /- 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 Fiunaria Bai'Ki. I>'T<-;iii's Hunip^uii Fiimirorv 
 
,1 
 
 
•^; 
 
 Fnii.ann rimrMis, Rampant Fuiiulory. 
 
LXXV. 
 
 Fumana rmcrnntha (lose-flrrwercci Fiuintoi 
 
LXXVl. 
 
 h 4' ■ w 
 
 
 ,4. 
 
 %■!■ •\ }V 
 
 ^ h 
 
 ,^^v 
 
 y\yM0 
 
 
 
 
 ^^i^.. 
 
 Funiana ofhaiuilas. « ommo,. Fu.mtory. 
 

 
LXXVlll 
 
 Fumarui paivii'lora. Lamiixk's sniail Qowci-ed Fumitory. 
 
t^aiale mai-il.ma. S,., Roc- 
 
 ket . 
 
l.XXX. 
 
 
 K ft "*' 
 
 triUiJ"" marHuna 
 
 Sph Raie 
 
(^^ 
 
 T^^ 
 
 Riiphaiiu.s Riiplianiitiiiin. WiM Radish 
 
LXXXIl 
 
 Raplianus iiiai-iliiiius. Sea RiLcLish. 
 
LXXXI 
 
 Brassica Sinapistruni, AVild Mustard. 
 
XXXIV 
 
 Brassica aiba. White Mustard. 
 
LXXXV 
 
 .mV'in: 
 
 Brassica runTa . Black Mustard . 
 
LXXXVl. 
 
 I 
 
 E.B.i: 2*<-' 
 
 Briussica adi>iessa 
 
 Hoarv Mustard 
 
Bra.sbicii oli-iaci-.i Sc.i (.a bbajie. 
 
I.XXXVlll 
 
 / / 
 
 BrasMca Na|>ii> Ra 
 
Hrassii-a campestns Wild Ne 
 
Bra^sica rapa. ( onunon Turnip. 
 
XCI. 
 
 l>wHrf waiUiower - eabbagw 
 
xcu. ! 
 
 I 
 
 K.P ^ z«^ 
 
 "Bra-ssic 
 
 
Xciii 
 
 IJiM-M.'a l.-n.afol,a Wail F{„<U,-i 
 
XCIV. 
 
xcv. 
 
 Brassica vnTunca Small Sanrl RorUi-t. 
 
XCVI. 
 
 Sisy-nibniun olTiciiiaJe Common llpiia.e-iinistarcl . 
 
XWll. 
 
 Sisvinhnum pc-W.-.r^iH""' 
 
 lVo»ti-aU- H.'.l.i.-u.u,tii.a 
 
XCVIII. 
 
 SisyaiibnujTi Siiplua. Flax-wi~--' 
 
XCIX. 
 
 SisymKnam Ino. London Rocket 
 
^^ 
 
 
 \ f 
 
 SisyiTihriun, AU.ar.a (;«pl.^ hedse-.uusi 
 
 ard 
 
CI 
 
 Erysimum oneutalc Hare's -rai- f,-iM? 
 
CII. 
 
 Ei-vMinum riu'iiiLnthoidcs. Treacle he<l re -mustard. 
 
cm. 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 Hcsperis m.itronalis. Dame's Rocket. 
 
CIV. 
 
 ► # 
 
 MnttluoLa sinuata Sea Stock. 
 
Matthiola incana. Hoiiry Slinibbv Stock. 
 
CVI. 
 
 
 Qieiranthus Qieiri. "Wall- flower. 
 
evil. 
 
 Car<ia.niiiie biilbifera. Bulbiferous Coral-worl. 
 
(Vlll. 
 
 (ardanune amara. Bitter Ladv's-smocU . 
 
CIX. 
 
 E £ 77(5. 
 
 CaMaimne prat«nsis 
 
 Meado*- Lady S- smock 
 
( X. 
 
 C.Lrilauiiuc en liii-sut<-i. I'oininon liair^v Lailj ' s - smock . 
 
CXI 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 Cardaraine sjlvatica. Wood hairy Lady 's -smock. 
 
■CXll. 
 
 '(! , f 
 
 Cardajnine impatiens. ImpoXient Lady's- smock. 
 
CXlll. 
 
 t t 
 
 iVrubfc. |>ctra-a Alpim- Rock-cress. 
 
ex IV, 
 
 f V 
 
 Arabib stnota . Bristol Roek-cress. 
 
Btji,^ 
 
 Arabis Thc-iiiana Th ait- -cress. 
 
f ♦ 
 
 Arabi!. sa(filtala. Hnirv Rock-crcso 
 
CXVll 
 
 Ar?ir<i» ciiuiui. irinuivn UocU-crcss, 
 
cxyiii. 
 
 1^ 
 
 Arabis Tun-ita Tower Wa.U 'imsh 
 

 Arabis perfoiuita. Sinoolh Towei -mustard 
 
cxx . 
 
 K. B. -i^- 
 
 Barbar-^a v^,l.-ar.s ton,n,on ^eUo^-rooU.. 
 
CXX! 
 
 Bavbart-u arcuala. Keichenbach's Yellow- rock t-l 
 
GXXIl. 
 
 iJarbaj-eu su-icttt. Siuaii I'lcrwered YcLLo-a- - rocke 
 
CXXIIl. 
 
 \ 
 
 Boj-borea intermedia. Intermediate Yellow -rorki^t 
 
CXXIV. 
 
 r 
 
 Barburea j^ra-rox Americin Cress. 
 
cxxv. 
 
 Nasturtium olTicinaie. Watei-tie! 
 
CXXVl. 
 
 NasturUum svlvestre. Cree])uig Yello-w- cress. 
 
CXXVII. 
 
 \ ^\ 
 
 J^aslurtium paiuatre. Marsh Teilow- cress. 
 
CXXVlll. 
 
 Nasturtium ;unpliil>ium. Great Yellow -cress. 
 
CXXIX. 
 
 CooUearia Armoracui. llorse-Kadish. 
 
cxxx. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Coclileiiria ol'f'icinaiis. Coiiiiuoii Sc-urvy-g,Tas 
 
LXXXl 
 
 iHi 
 
 ^ 
 
 Jf 
 
 Cochlearia alpina. Mounlain Scurvy-grass. 
 
( XXXli. 
 
 ... f ^ 
 
 V t 
 
 Cochleanii clanica. Haslate-kaved S<■UI■vy-g,Tas^ 
 
I XXXlll. 
 
 Cochlearia anglica. Lung-leaved Scurvy-£n*ass. 
 
/ A: 
 
 Drata verna. Common "Wlvitlo-w- grass. 
 
 1. Draba-eu-vema. 
 
 2. Draba brachycarpa. 
 
 5. Uraba inflata. 
 
cxxxv. 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 Driihil mural i». Sprrdwel I -leaved Wliitlow-srrass. 
 
CXXXVl. 
 
 l>i-aba iiicana . Twisted -podrfed Wiitlow -^.t^ss 
 
C.XXXV! 
 
 \7 
 
 ♦ f 
 
 f 
 
 Draba rupestris. Rtx-k Whitlow -lo-ass. 
 
CXXXVUI. 
 
 f 
 
 Ui-.tlxi (uioiJe*. 'i'iUuw iilpine Wnutlvw-Kras!. 
 
Aiyssum ca-lyciiiuni. CaJycine Alyssuni. 
 
CXL. 
 
 S 
 
 \ 
 
 o y 
 
 Alyssum maritimum . Sweet .Vlyssum. 
 
ex LI. 
 
 I 
 
 ' / 
 
 fajneluia eu-sativa tirltivaied Gold-i>i'-j.»leasure. 
 
CXLIl. 
 
 i 
 
 Camelina lopuda. Fnend Gold-of-pleiusurf. 
 
SubukuoH iiquatica "Water A"wl--wort. 
 
e;xL.iv. 
 
 T' 
 
 '¥/ '■/. 
 
 f 
 
 Tlila-,{u iu->'«^iise Kielri I'tjiny- Cress 
 
CXL\ 
 
 TkijLspi jjerfoliatum Perfoliate IViiuv- ('re»«. 
 
CXLVI. 
 
 Thlaspi sylvestre. Short-styled alpine Penny-Cress. 
 
CXLVIl. 
 
 Thlaspi occitanum. Long-stjLed alpine Pennv-Cress. 
 
CXLVIU. 
 
 '\1 
 
 ♦ ♦ 
 
 Thlaspi vlrens. Green aipine Penny-Cress 
 
CXLIX. 
 
 Ibens aiTuira. Bitter Candy tuft. 
 
CL. 
 
 w 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Teesdalia nudicaulis. leaked- stalked Teeidaiia 
 
k^ v^ \ 
 
 Hutchinsia. petr>ea. Rock Hutclilnsia. 
 
rui 
 
 ^ 1^ f I 
 
 Capsella Bursa -piustons. Sheplxerd's Purse. 
 
CLllI. 
 
 Lepidiuin lalxibhum. Broad leaved Pepper-wort. 
 
CLIV. 
 
 cp 
 
 Lepxd.um ruderale. Narrow leaved Pej.per-wort. 
 
CLV. 
 
 Lepidium sativum. Garden Cress. 
 
CLVl. 
 
 • 
 
 Lepidiuin uanipestre. (^ojninoii Mithnciatc l'eppfi--wort 
 
Cl.VU. 
 
 Lejjidiiim Snuiini. Hajrv Milliridale J*ep[)erw.)rt 
 
CLVUI. 
 
 
 
 Lepidium l>i-aba. Whitlow iVjjpi-rwoit. 
 
CLIX. 
 
 :^4 *^ ""'& Ci^ ^ 
 
 Sencbirrii didy^oJii l,r»5^i Swiiic' ■, I rcss 
 
CLX. 
 
 Senebiera G)ronopus. Comnion Swine's -Cress. 
 
C^Xl. 
 
 Isatis tuictoria Dyer's "Woad. 
 
August, 1 88 1. 
 
 GEORGE BELL & SONS' 
 
 LIST OF WORKS 
 
 ON 
 
 BOTANY & NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 THE LIBRARY OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 THIS uniform series of Works on the various branches of Natural History 
 has attained a high reputation, both for the low prices at which 
 they are publislied and the general excellence with which they are produced. 
 They form collectively a Standard Set of Works on the different subjects which 
 they illustrate, and deserve tiie attention of all who stud}' this branch of science 
 for their faithful illustrations and accuracy of description; the plates being 
 carefidly executed by accomplished artists, and the authorship entrusted to writers 
 of acknowledged merit. Indeed no higher testimony can be borne to their 
 value than the fact that the late Prince Consort (himself an able student of 
 Natural History) so highly esteemed those which were published during his life- 
 time that he purchased copies of them for presentation to public institutions. 
 
 Kew Edition, with Additions. 
 Dedicated bv Peemission to Hee Most Gracious Majesty the Queen. 
 
 A HISTORY OF BRITISH BIRDS. 
 
 By the Eev. F. O. Morri.'^, 1!.A., iJemb< r of the Ashmolean Society. Illus- 
 trated with 365 coloured Engravings. Six Volumes, super-royal 8vo., 
 £6 6s. 
 
 In this work the author has amassed information from every reliable source, and 
 in addition to necessary scientific details, he has interspersed throughout his pages 
 a vast fund of anecdotes, illustrative of the marvellous instincts and peculiar habits 
 of the feathered inhabitants of our land, and has thus made his work at once 
 entertaining; and instructive, and in the widest sense a ' History of British Birds.' 
 
 New Edition, Enlarged. 
 
 A NATUEZL HISTORY OF THE NESTS AND EGGS OF 
 
 BRITISH BIRDS. By the Eev. P. 0. Morris, B.A. Illustrated with 
 T,y'> coloured Plates. In Three Yolumes, super-royal 8vo., £3 3s. 
 
 Designed as a supplement to the ' History of British Birds,' this work gives the 
 fullest information respecting the localities and construction of their nests, the 
 number and peculiarities of their eggs, and all the instruction requisite for deter- 
 mining to what species they belong. Each egg is figured and minutely described, 
 and a number of nests are accurately drawn from specimius. 
 
( 2 ) 
 
 A New and Revised Edition now ready. 
 
 A HISTORY OF THE BIRDS OF EUROPE, 
 
 ]vrOT OBSERVED IX THE BRITISH ISLES. By C. R. Beee, M.D., 
 F.Z.S. Illustrated with 238 coloured Plates of Birds and Eggs. In 
 Five Volumes, super-royal 8to., £5 5s. 
 
 This work forms an appropriate supplement to Morris, Yarrell, or any other work on 
 British Birds, and with any of them forms a comprehensive aecount of the Ornithology 
 of Europe. In addition to the personal ability of the Author for his task, he has had 
 the assistance of many eminent Continental naturalists, among whom are Professors 
 Blasius of Brunswick, Schlegel of Leydcn, M. de Selys-Longchamps, and M. Moquin- 
 Tandon. 
 
 'Dr. Bree is favourably known to ornithologists by numerous contributions to our zoological 
 periodicals, in all of which there is found the same genial spirit, and the same tone of good 
 feeling, kindliness, and reverence, which pervade the present work. . . . The figures are, for 
 the most part, highly satisfactory, and leave us in wonder how they could be produced, in 
 combination with the full and copious text, for so small a price.' — Athenaum. 
 
 New Edition, Enlarged. 
 
 A HISTORY OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 
 
 By the Rev. F. 0. Morris, B.A. Illustrated with 72 beautifully-coloured 
 Plates. In One Volume, sujicr-royal 8vo., price £1 Is. 
 
 With coloured illustrations of all the species, and separate figures of the male 
 and female, where there is any obvious difference between them, and also of the 
 under side, together with the Caterpillar and Chrysalis ; and a full description of 
 each, with copious accounts of their several habits, localities, and tunes of appear- 
 ance, together with details as to their preservation, etc., with new and valuable 
 information — the result of the author's experience for many years. 
 
 A NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH MOTHS. 
 
 Accurately delineating every known species, with the English as well as 
 the scientifio names, accompanied by full descriptions, date of appearance, 
 lists of the localities they haunt, their food in the catei^pillar state, and 
 other features of their habits and modes of existence, &c. By the Rev. 
 F. 0. MoEEis, B.A. The Plates contain nearly 2,000 exquisitely coloured 
 Specimens. In Four Volumes, royal 8vo., price £6 6s. 
 
 'Speaking of entomology, we should place Mr. Morris' "History of British Moths" at the head. 
 It gives a coloured figure of every known British moth, together with dates of appearance, 
 localities, description, and food of caterpillar. It forms a handsome work for a libraiy, and will, 
 we should hope, lead many to commence the fascinating study of entomology.' — The Record. 
 
 'We can easily imagine that the announcement of the publication of a "Natural Histoiy of 
 British Moths" will awaken a strong desire in many of our readers to become possessed of so 
 desirable a treatise. There are probably some thousands, especially among the j'ounger portion 
 of our population, who pay a little attention to entomology, and of these by far the gi-eater 
 number devote their energies to the study of the butterflies and moths, the two great groups of 
 insects forming the order Lepidoptera of entomologists. To these, if we may judge ft-om the 
 recollections of our own early feelings, no present could be more welcome than a good "Natural 
 History of British Moths." The illustrations are exceedingly numerous, occupying no fewer 
 than 132 plates, and including a figure of every species, and in some cases of the principal 
 varieties. The figures are generally exceedingly well executed and life-like; they are all coloured, 
 and will doubtless afford great assistance to many a collector in naming his captures.' — Th( 
 Spectator, 
 
( 3 ) 
 BEAUTIFUL-LEAVED PLANTS. 
 
 Describing the most beautiful-leaved Plants in cultivation in this countiy. 
 By E. J. Lowe, Esq., F.R.S., F.E.A.S., assisted by W. Howaud, F.H.S. 
 Illustrated with 60 coloured Illustrations. In One Volume, super-royal 
 8vo., price £1 Is. 
 
 *In this volume we have a de-scription of a l.irge number of stove, conservatoiy, and garden 
 plants cultivated in this country, of which the leaves rather than the flowers are objects of interest. 
 The exquisite and delicate forms of many ornamental plants common to the hothouses and green- 
 houses of the wealthy are here depicted, with wonderfiit lidelity, in a series of beautiful 
 illustrations in the natural colour of the plants.' — The Bookselhr. 
 
 NEW AND RARE BEAUTIFUL-LEAVED PLANTS. 
 
 By Shiklev Hibberd, F.K.H.8. Illustrated with .54 coloured Engravings. 
 In One Volume, super-royal 8vo., price £1 .5s. 
 
 ■A bit of information as to the pictures maybe acceptable. First, observe the tinting of the 
 leaves, and the groundwork of such a subject as Soktnum maryinatum as a sample of the whole. 
 Then accept the information that these pictures are not chromo-lithographs, not coloured by hand ; 
 they are all, from lii"£t to last, irood engravinfjif, and we imagine, but cannot of coui-se express any 
 opinion on the subject, that as works of art. representative of the present state of an important 
 industiy. they are not simply interesting, but remarkable,' — Gon/i-tievs' Clironicle. 
 
 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR VARIETIES. 
 
 By E. J. Lowe, Esq., F.K.S., F.E.A.S., &c. Illustrated with 79 coloured 
 Plates and 909 Wood Engravings. In Two Volumes, royal 8to., price £2 2s. 
 
 The importance and value of this work may be inferred from the fact that it 
 contains descriptions of 1294 varieties of British Ferns, with seventy-nine coloured 
 plates of species and varieties, and 909 wood engravings. The descriptions are 
 written in a popular manner, containing much interesting information. The localities 
 are described, each syuon_vm given, and a description of the proper method of 
 cultivation. To show the extent and value of the illustrations it may be mentioned, 
 that of Srolopendrium vulrjare alone there are one hundred and eighty-four varieties 
 figured. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH AND EXOTIC FERNS 
 
 By E. J. Lowe, Esq., F.E.S., F.K.A.S., &c. lUustrated with 479 flnely- 
 colotircd Plates. In Eight Volumes, super-royal 8vo., price £6 6s. 
 
 'A book which should contain ample means of studying and identifying the Exotic species 
 accessible to pei-sons of moderate means, has hitherto been a desideratum. This want the 
 present work promises most hopefully to fill. It is admirably "got up:" the plates are care- 
 fully and prettily executed; there is a neat iUustrative woodcut at the head of each description, 
 and the letterpress is full and practical, without being deficient in scientific accuracy. It is 
 really the cheapest work for its excellence we have ever seen, and should be "in the haniL? 
 of I'vf-ry ^nrdener and ^\^ry jirivnte person who cultivates these charming objects." ' — Athenaeum. 
 
 A NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW AND RARE PERNS. 
 
 Containing Species and Varieties not included in 'Ferns, British and 
 Exotic' By E. J. Lowe, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &c. Illustrated with 
 72 coloured Plates and numerous Woodcuts. In One Volume, super-royal 
 Svo., price £1 Is. 
 
 'Although the "X.atur<al Historj- of British and Exotic Ferns" cont.ains coloured illustration!- 
 of between five and sis hundred species of Ferns cultivated in this countiy, still so many new 
 ones have been introduced, that it has been deemed necessary to publish a separate volume. 
 This work will be found to contain coloured plates or woodcut illufltrations of one hundred 
 and fifty-one new species, or new varieties of species that have been already figured in the 
 preceding volumes,' — J'reface. 
 
( 4 ) 
 A NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH GRASSES. 
 
 By E. J. Lowe, Esa., F.E.S., F.R.A.S., &c. lUustrated with 74 finely- 
 coloured Plates. In One Volume, super-royal 8vo., price £1 Is. 
 
 This is a work not only valuable to the botanical student for its pictorial 
 accuracy, but of use also to the landed proprietor and the f;u':uer, pointing out 
 to them those grasses which are useful and lucrative in husbandry, and teaching 
 them the varied soils and positions upon which they thrive, and explaining their 
 qualities and the several uses to which they are applied in many branches of 
 manufacture and industry. There is much interesting matter also in this volume 
 appertaining to the ancient customs and superstitions connected with the subject, 
 which the author brings before his reader in a forcible rather than in a prolix 
 style. 
 
 'It is veiy faithftd, and marvellously cheap, considering the beautiful manner in which it Is 
 produced.' — LUeranj Record, 
 
 MAUND'S BOTANIC GARDEN. 
 
 Consisting of highly-finished Figures of Hardy Ornamental Flowering 
 Plants Cultivated in Great Britain, with their Xames, Orders, History, 
 Qualities, Culture, and Physiological Observations. By B. Mauxd, F.L.S. 
 Xew Edition, edited by James C. Xiven, Curator of the Botanic Gardens, 
 Hull. With 250 Coloured Plates, giving 1247 figures. In Six Volumes, 
 super-royal 8vo., £12 12s. 
 
 BRITISH SEA-WEEDS. 
 
 Drawn from Professor Harvey's 'Phycologia Britannica.' "With Descriptions, 
 an Amateur's Synopsis, Rules for Laying on Sea-weeds, an Ordei for 
 Arranging them in the Herbarium, and an Appendix of New Species. By 
 Mrs. Alpred Gaiit. Illustrated with 80 coloured Plates, containing 384 
 figures. In Two Volumes, super-royal 8vo., price £2 10s. 
 
 'Those who are acquainted with Sire. Gatty's "Parables from Nature," and especially with 
 her delightful Parable about '-Red Snow," need not be told that the literary part has been 
 ably executed by a competent and loving observer. In her present work she has endeavoured, 
 and we think most successfully, to translate the terms and phrases of science into the language 
 of amateurs, ilre. Gatty's familiarity with the plants themselves h.as enabled her to do this 
 ofl&ce without falling into the errors to which a mere compiler in separating from the beaten 
 track would be liable.' — Gardeners^ Chronicle. 
 
 ALPINE PLANTS. 
 
 Descriptions and 103 accurately-coloured Figures ^drawn and engraved ex- 
 pressly for this Work) of some of the most striking and beautiful of the 
 Alpine Flowers. Edited by David "Woostee, joint editor of the latest 
 editions of Loudon's 'Encyclopedias of Gardening and Plants,' 'Hortus 
 Britannicus,' &c. In One Volume, super-royal 8vo., price £1 5s. 
 
 'The manner in which "Alpine Plants" is produced is creditable alike to author and artist. 
 The literary poi-tion is not the mere diy botanical descriptions often found in such works, but 
 a popular description of the plant, instructions as to its culture and treatment, with any in- 
 teresting information in connexion with it that can be obtained. . . . "We heartily commend 
 this work to aU lovers of &oyieta.' —Jounuil of Horticulture. 
 
 'Not least among the illustrated Christm;is books should be reckoned this interesting work 
 with its beautifully coloured specimens.' — Saturdai/ Rerieic, 
 
 ' The letterpress is full, no doubt, of the most accurate botanical learning, but what we have to 
 speak of more particularly are the illustrations, and these strike us as among the best specimens of 
 wood-block printmg. There is about them none of that plastered gaudiness, that thick and sticky 
 style in which too often the wood-engraver endeavoure to paint the lUy. A crocus seems just to 
 have thrust itself through the brown soil which the thaw has softened.'— TVme*, 
 
( 5 ) 
 ALPINE PLANTS. 
 
 Second Seeies. Containing Fifty-four Coloured Plates, with one or two 
 Figures on each Plate. Descriptions and accurately-coloured Figures 
 (drawn and engraved expressly for this AVork) of the most striking and 
 beautiful of the Alpine Plants. Edited by David Woostee. Price £1 5s. 
 
 BRITISH MOSSES. 
 
 Their Homes, Aspects, Structure, and Uses. Containing a Coloured Figure 
 of each species, etched from Xature. By F. E. Tsrpp. Illustrated with 39 
 beautifully-coloured Plates. In Two Volumes, super-royal 8vo., £2 10s. 
 
 •It is a book to read, to ponder, to mark, learn, and inwardly digest. . . . Let those who want to 
 know the ••moral" of mosses enquire within the covers of the volume. He will there find that 
 these humble plants have their uses, their virtues, and their mission.' — Morniny At!ftrtis(r. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE FISHES OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 
 
 By Jonathan Couch, F.L.t^.. Illustrated with 256 carefully coloured 
 Plates. Ifew Edition, in Four Volumes, super- royal 8vo., price £4 4s. 
 
 'The author, who is well known as one of the firet practical authorities on British fishes, 
 has for fifty years been obsemng, noting, and drawing, with his own pencil, the various fish 
 which live in British waters — a vast labour, in which he has been assisted by scientific friends 
 living in various portions of the United Kingdom. The drawings are beautifully coloured to 
 life, and some of the portraits (especially of the dog-fish) are really marvellous, rendering 
 the recognition of a fish a work of the greatest ease.'— The Field. 
 
 SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY: 
 
 Containing a Description and Life-size coloured Drawing of every British 
 Plant. Edited and brought up to the Present Standard of Scientific 
 Knowledge by T. Boswell, (formerly Stme,) LL.D. F.L.S. &c. With 
 Popular Descriptions of the Uses, History, and Traditions of each Plant, by 
 Mrs. Lankestee, Author of 'Wild Flowers Worth Xotice,' 'The British 
 Ferns,' &c. The Figures by J. E. Sowerby, James Sowerbt, F.L.S., 
 J. De C. Sowehby, F.L.S., and J. W. Saltee, A.L.S. In Eleven Volumes, 
 with 1824 fuU-page coloured plates, super-royal 8vo. (For prices see p. 7.) 
 
 'Under the editorship of T. Boswell Syme, F.L S., assisted by Mrs. Lankester, "Sowerby's 
 English Botany,'" when finished, will be exhaustive of the subject, and worthy of the branch 
 of science it illustrates. ... In tui-ning over the charmingly executed hand-coloured plates 
 of British plants which encumber these volumes with riches, the reader cannot help being 
 struck with the beauty of many of the humblest flowering weeds we tread on with careless 
 step. We cannot dwell upon many of the individuals grouped in the splendid bouquet of 
 flowers presented in these pages, and it will be sufficient to state that the work is pledged to 
 contain a figure of eveiy wild flower indigenous to these isles.' — The Times. 
 
 'The most complete Flora of Great Britain ever brought out. This great work wiU find 
 a place wherever botanical science is cultivated, and the study of our native plants, with all 
 their fascinating associations, held dear.' — Athenmim. 
 
 ' Nothing can exceed the beauty and accuracy of the coloured figures. They are drawn 
 life-size — an advantage which every young amateur will recognise who has vainly puzzled over 
 drawings in which a celandine is as'big as a poppy — they are enriched with delicate delinea- 
 tions of fruit, petal, anther, and any organ which happens to be remarkable in its fonn — and 
 not a few plates are altogether new. ... A clear, bold distinctive type enables the reader 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 to take in at :i glance the arrangemeut and divisions of eveiy Jjage. And Mrs, Lankester 
 has added to the technical description by the editor an extremely interesting popular sketch, 
 which follows in smaller type. The English, French, and German popular names are given, 
 and, wherever that delicate and difficult step is at all practicable, their derivation also. 
 Medical properties, superstitions, and fancies, and poetic tributes and illusions, follow. In 
 short, there is nothing more left to be desired.' — Guardian. 
 
 'Without question, this is the standard work on Botany, and indispensable to eveiy 
 botanist. . . . The plates are most accurate and beautiful, and the entire work cannot be 
 too strongly recommended to all who are interested in Botany.' — Illustrated Xtms. 
 
 SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. I. contains-- 
 
 All the Plants ranked under the orders Ranunculacese, Berberidaoete, 
 NymphiBacese, Papaveracese, and Cruciferije. 
 
 SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. II. contains— 
 
 All the plants ranked under the orders Kesedacece, Cistacese, Violacese, 
 Droseracese, Polygalacese, Frankeniacece, Carophyllacefe, Portulacaceae, 
 Tamariscaceae, Elatinaceae, Hypericaceae, Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Liuacese, 
 Geraniaeese, IlicineEe, Celastracese, Rhamnaceee, SapindaosEe. 
 
 SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. III. contains— 
 
 AH the Plants ranked under the orders Leguniinifer:e and liosacese. 
 
 SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. IV. contains— 
 
 All the Plants ranked under the orders Ly thracese, Onagraceffi, . Cucur- 
 bitacese, Grossulariaceae, Crassulaceae, Saxifragaceae, Umbilliferce, Araliacece, 
 Cornacefe, Loranthaceoe, Caprifoliaeese, Rubiacese, Valerianaccne, and Dip- 
 sacese. 
 
 SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. V. contains— * 
 
 AH the Plants ranked under the order Compositte. 
 
 SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. VI. contains- 
 
 All the Plants ranked under the orders Campanulaceoe, EricaceiB, Jas- 
 miuacese, Apocynacea;, Gentianaceae, Polemoniacere, Convolvulacea;, Sola- 
 naeese, ScropliulariacesB, Orobanchaeece, and Verbenacea;. 
 
 SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. VII. contains— 
 
 All the Plants ranked under the orders Labiatae, Boraginaceie, Lentibu- 
 lariaoeje, Primulaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Plantagiuacese, Paronychiaceiu, and 
 Amarantacese. 
 
 SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. VIII. contains— 
 
 All the Plants ranked under the orders Chenopodiacete, Polygonacece, 
 Eleg^nacete, Tliymelacese, Santalaceoe, Aristolochiacea?, Enipetracene, Eu- 
 phorbiaceae, Callitrichaceae, Ceratophyllacea;, Urticacea:^, Amentifer», and 
 Coniferae.